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26616_CongregationBethIsrael(NewOrleans)
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congregation israel new_orleans congregation israel hebrew modern orthodox located louisiana founded tracing roots oldest orthodox congregation new_orleans region originally located street constructed moved building canal boulevard new_orleans time largest orthodox congregation membership families 1960s fell year canal boulevard building severely flooded new_orleans failure disaster hurricane katrina despite attempts save seven destroyed prayer books building suffered flooding damage caused theft copper air conditioning wake katrina member families left new_orleans including congregation began sharing space reform suburb new_orleans congregation purchased land built new early history oldest orthodox congregation new_orleans region prominent founded early traces roots older mid-19th century new_orleans number small orthodox congregations eastern european jews generally structured lines included jews lithuanian jews israel following non following congregation consisting primarily prussian jews organized right way followed polish rite known polish congregation built block street section new_orleans sole orthodox congregation construct building minority jews orthodox congregations rented space met members homes membership exceeded disbanded merged number small orthodox congregations burial society form israel services initially held rented quarters block street purchased home mayor street funds new acquisition came orthodox reform communities new_orleans building congregation began holding services time high holy days membership grew quickly israel second largest jewish congregation city member families number grown families membership fallen families year income today moses congregation year moved served death 1920s early 2000s rebuilt street location new building designed noted southern architect particularly jewish religious buildings designed including non religious buildings louisiana new building seating capacity reflected growing economic social confidence membership beautiful stained glass windows magnificent imported european hand carved stars david ceiling building dedicated september boston guest speaker impressed stayed built institute building street adjoining school served orthodox alternative existing comprised nursery school hebrew school sunday school building housed offices little word services held twice day congregation leased land cemetery site early shared congregations 1930s purchased cemetery street joined post hold early 1940s president successor miller tenure neighborhood began deteriorate members started moving congregation embarked search new location purchased block land canal boulevard walker street neighborhood moved new larger building leader successful run seat nearby cause concern congregation spoke duke feeling people taken modern guise members duke piece suit blow dried hair sweet smile serve hide inherent racism violence campaign anti duke rally planned held israel cancelled strong objections members larger jewish community felt actions actually create support duke levy statements rule violence efforts duke world war israel described largest orthodox congregation south 1960s member families number reduced fewer israel held services twice day new_orleans hurricane katrina aftermath result hurricane katrina subsequent failures congregation building filled feet water garnered national attention attempts save evacuated tennessee katrina hit contacted worked search rescue teams israel years contacting federal officials hired helicopter fly mile met search rescue team appointed retrieve group rubber reach enter sanctuary rescued silver ornaments despite efforts seven buried initially buried backyard non jewish secretary received rescue subsequently buried grave died katrina buried new_orleans months later addition losing lost furniture members homes flooded forcing congregation receive assistance replacing assets immediately sent israel israel congregation charleston south_carolina congregation sons providence rhode_island donated year old los_angeles heard difficult circumstances support mother spearheaded fund raising drive selling watches ultimately raised buy dedicated august days anniversary hurricane ceremony donated new time wake katrina families members left new_orleans gave membership congregation included family flood board directors informed joined april able meet contractual obligations pay past december family lost home possessions living memphis resigned effective november citing loss lack functioning area children soon flood received offer temporarily use space congregation gates prayer reform suburb new_orleans congregation began holding weekly services renting office space unclear difficult financial shape allowed means build building suffered flood damage july thieves stole copper main air conditioning system broke water main water second floor flooded building days depth feet discovered property sale recent events congregation began joint programming remaining orthodox summer hired new graduate previously served associate arrested united_nations april sit demanding iran expelled help attract new members summer started recruitment campaign placing advertisement new_york newspaper designing website campaign tagline believe ability destroy believe ability rebuild saying end october new members joined new_orleans lost membership katrina new_orleans opened location started project effort attract new orthodox families new_orleans families given generous financial assistance return commit providing community service maintaining enclosure completed month assisting supervision local supermarket according new families area new_orleans likely fastest growing modern orthodox community united_states april year gave congregation new building time member families associate member families families belonged congregation decided erect new land purchased lot stood high holy days planned launch capital campaign raise million construction building new building completed occupied august old building stood vacant purchased surgeon use medical offices saved brought new building originally building street stained glass window wooden plaque honoring pioneer donor families street previously featured lit family left following year citing deteriorating jewish educational landscape new_orleans jewish school established closed year hurricane katrina able regain peak enrollment students jewish population exceeded pre katrina size demographic changes negatively affected school population school board began recruiting non jewish students changed new_orleans jewish day school community day school enrollment continued fall students half non jewish demographic changes affected saturday morning service attracted friday night service daily israel hired succeed join following year native new_england like received
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Congregation Beth Israel (New Orleans)
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Philosophy and religion
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Religion
|
Religious congregations, denominations, and organizations
|
27533_LingbaoSchool
|
simplified chinese traditional chinese pinyin known important school emerged china early fifth century lasted years absorbed currents dynasty synthesis religious ideas based texts rituals buddhist practices borrowed concepts buddhism including concept elements important concept earlier belief attaining remained school similar master important gods form gods existed charge preparing spirits ritual initially individual practice later went transformation emphasis collective rites important scripture known compiled based earlier works longer exists distinct movement left influences subsequent branches masters popular contemporary northern china defined following tradition history began scriptures revealed claimed scriptures came line transmission going great uncle transmitted scriptures disciples scriptures quickly gained immense popularity compiled catalogue texts responsible ritual organization texts ritual provided solid foundation prospered subsequent centuries dynasty influence declined school prominent borrowing practices accepted aristocracy established influence court beliefs early scriptures borrowed buddhist stylistic conceptual elements describes hybrids rebirth beliefs borrowed buddhism names different deities heavens given titles based sanskrit sanskrit terms borrowed given completely different meanings significant concept borrowed buddhism buddhism share idea people earth prisons hungry ghost animal man death body refined palace supreme darkness located north south body consisted steps components person refined palace supreme darkness followed yang components concept rebirth chinese adaptation buddhism mixing traditional chinese concepts newly arrived buddhist ideas heavily buddhism unlike previous systems divided regions supposed regions idea borrowed buddhism addition regions heavens divided sectors heavens placed horizontally periphery disc sectors ruled emperor populated earlier cosmic age like buddhism heavens divided worlds desire form buddhist beliefs proposing heavens rotated huge mountain known residence version deity certain traditional ideas retained idea world originated type known divided heaven earth furthermore subdivided types correspond deities lords treasure sacred treasure divine treasure deities later introduced teachings perfect teachings form basis later classification texts apocalyptic notions appeared developed fully supposed time divided cosmic cycles phases end cosmic era god colour associated era descend earth reveal teaching save fixed number people death types cosmic eras short ones characterized excess energy long ones characterized excess yang energy end short cosmic era moon produce flood mountains renew universe change rankings members bureaucracy end long cosmic era evil creatures heaven earth turned upside metals stones melted people followed correct teaching revealed god colour gathered queen mother west transported land bliss affected apocalypse addition borrowing deities developed gods supreme god known played similar role according scriptures god went series cycles given names similar names emerging beginning period important god form chief disciple main gods hierarchy deities associated spirits went death prepare rebirth head group gods known perfected southern beneath director charge life records spirits lord han controlled city dead principal gods hierarchy deities dragon kings demon kings deities present heavens human body responsible maintaining body guarding registers life regulating souls internal deities particularly important great unity lived head white prime descend liver lungs director lived heart sexual organs finally peach child lived lower normally deities resided heavens activated descend body practices techniques despite belief maintained traditional idea certain techniques allow achieve technique essence sun moon practitioners expose bodies certain times month closing eyes enter bodies body sun essence matched heart red moon matched seen black interior meditation practices achieved rituals early ritual individual basis meditation chamber courtyard house early practitioners professional priests students later movement developed religious institutions established clergy ritual practice communal rite ritual shares great deal ritual traditions like traditions rituals theatrical quality involved accompanying music dances chants shared aspect ritual meaning carried different levels simultaneously example ritual performed priest repeat ritual interior meditation categories ritual known heavenly carried prevent natural disasters dynasty ritual carried honour imperial family later performed ritual performed ensure dead rest final type ritual survived human performed ensure salvation mankind rituals survived assumed role jade register ensuring salvation preventing bad weather canon scriptures arose direct result success earlier texts scriptures based text known text compiled borrowed work great uncle ancient text provided framework remainder canon based directions texts descended believed revealed presumably original owner purported transmitted texts disciple transmitted known innovations claim texts derive likely way antiquity reality likely assembled years texts extremely popular canon mix previous traditions combining features ancient texts buddhist ideas important texts canon scripture upper chapters according edited total texts canon lost legacy school survive distinct entity ritual apparatus forms basis present day ritual practice addition innovations introduced survived present including division sections corresponding different teachings corresponding teaching integration buddhism practices beliefs ensured buddhist elements remain important aspect later aided integrating buddhism levels society china
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Lingbao School
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Philosophy and religion
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Religion
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Religious congregations, denominations, and organizations
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3221_Turuma
|
finnish word type warship built swedish archipelago fleet late 18th century specifically developed warfare coasts finland designed prolific naval architect use area shallow waters groups islands extend stockholm way designed replace core fleets operated coasts baltic_sea bigger draft somewhat slower offered superior accommodation crew roughly times number heavy guns propelled sails smaller sailing warships suitable operations shallow confined waters built including modified version pleasure craft command ship heaviest arsenal archipelago fleet number served russo swedish war masts decks equipped pairs crew length width draft armament consisted heavy guns swivel guns close quarter combat background early 18th century establishment russian naval power baltic challenged interests sweden time major powers baltic time included territory modern finland baltic states dominion held baltic sea routes established new capital naval base saint_petersburg great northern war sweden lost baltic state territories experienced destructive russian raiding finland chain islands stretched way capital stockholm traumatic experience led establishment shallow draft vessels consisted mainly smaller versions traditional mediterranean warship akin complemented gun disastrous war russia minor involvement prussia war showed need expansion development specialized vessels traditional effective troop transports amphibious operations severely especially relation large crews man crew rowers typically armed pounder cannon pounders bow lacked adequate shelter rower soldiers great numbers succumbed illness war archipelago fleet defeat russia commission assigned identify weaknesses eastern defenses came conclusion fortifications southeastern finland needed improved expanded strong coastal navy built artillery officer driving force changes conclusions decisions committee based ideas improvements dedicated archipelago fleet founded command army department highest commander official fleet army decades archipelago fleet went changes caused competition hats caps dominant political time rivalries army navy parliamentary victory hats coup état archipelago fleet status independent organization army secured given finnish squadron based fleet based stockholm included archipelago fleet swedish squadron swedish military invested considerable resources new army branch professional independent organization archipelago fleet attracted social cultural elite enjoyed protection patronage strengthened authority absolute monarch coup base archipelago fleet initially traditional war war revealed inherent weaknesses firepower inadequate inefficient terms manpower poor protection crew particularly war gun barges heavily armed driven flat broadside vessels shallow draft tried compensate lack firepower proven far slow effective suggested new archipelago vessels developed combined sufficient firepower decent crew accommodations started successful collaboration naval architect developed new vessels type pounder gun schooner rigging pairs types archipelago frigates vessels specifically designed use archipelago south coast finland named finnish provinces types called archipelago frigates swedish english historical literature smaller described archipelago design completed type archipelago frigate closest fit description showing considerable similarities small ocean going frigates low hull forecastle low quarterdeck deck masts initially rigged sails like later replaced conventional square frigate rig combined masts improved performance sail best archipelago fleet slower ordinary sailing vessels long wide draft ship hull expanded remained roughly armament considerably heavier smaller ships built pounders regular broadside arrangement firing forecastle deck facing straight forward pounders close range action carried pound swivel guns addition pound stern additional carried pairs ships men rowed sitting weather deck gun deck attached rectangular designed improve leverage despite performed poorly difficult kind contrary wind calm weather average speed reported low half knot design similar types archipelago frigates primary difference rowed providing better leverage placing closer waterline later considerably larger heavily armed robust construction naval historian gone describing variations type especially considering pre war designs crew varied depending model required man concept hybrid frigates propulsion capabilities new small built english tudor navy early century royal_navy successor later equipped equivalent sixth rates ports early baltic variations mediterranean introduced russian navy duties 18th century suggested possible inspirations new designs identical mediterranean inspired vessel russian navy considered similar function use terminology referring swedish prizes captured ships special purpose ships designed special royal yacht long wide schooner rigged masts later changed rig intended craft carry broadside armament similar regular rejected ordered craft built armament consisting light swivel guns decorated stringent version sweden defined fitted great cabin suited royal audiences conferences served staff ship war poor king abandoned dramatic escape service seven built swedish navy russian war complete war built altogether fourteen completed making common archipelago frigate types outbreak war formed core archipelago flotilla finland support amphibious operations conduct raids russian archipelago fleet time acting sea borne flank support swedish army finnish mainland fought second battles august bulk firepower larger swedish vessels second july reduced ship like specialized archipelago vessels limited advantages superior firepower sailing qualities average slow potential effective weapon matching forward firepower severely broadside armament inside enemy formation considerable havoc maneuver achieved actual battle leaving tactical role like effective defensive formations lacked mobility needed offensive archipelago warfare war ended converted hospital ships second battle clearly showed smaller far efficient coastal warfare displaced archipelago frigates squadrons finnish war ships fourteen built swedish archipelago fleet vessels listed basic information extent recorded specifications identical vessels listed directly marked dash built russian baltic fleet based directly mediterranean
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Turuma
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Warfare
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Warships and naval units
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Warships of Sweden
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11248_JohnEricsson-classmonitor
|
monitor monitors group iron monitors built mid late 1860s designed supervision swedish born inventor built sweden generally monitors kept reserve majority year commissioned year ships foreign visit russia visits norway count foreign country personal union sweden remained swedish norwegian waters rest careers monitors ran aground salvaged repaired monitors reconstructed modern guns scrapped instead thought cost effective rebuild old ship surviving ships mobilized world war sold scrap design description ironclads designed meet need swedish norwegian navies small shallow draft armored ships capable defending coastal waters larger virginia early interest sweden new type warship ideal coastal defense duties parliamentary committee set earlier investigate state swedish navy concluded existing fleet obsolete new construction steam powered built iron designer builder monitor born sweden american citizen offered share design response sent lieutenant united_states study monitor design construction arrived july toured rolling mills gun visited different ironclads construction returned sweden having completed drawings monitor type ship supervision ships measured meters long overall beam meters draft meters displaced metric tons long tons ships divided main compartments watertight bulkheads time flying bridge later superstructure added ship gun turret funnel initially crew numbered officers men increased ships modified additional weapons built ship class somewhat larger half sisters meters long overall maximum beam meters ship drew meters displaced metric tons long tons fully loaded propulsion ships twin cylinder steam engines designed driving single bladed meter propeller engines powered fire tube boilers working pressure psi kpa cm2 engines produced total indicated horsepower gave monitors maximum speed knots mph calm waters ships carried tonnes long tons coal day steaming armament lead ship carried pair inch donated turret gun weighed approximately pounds fired pound solid shot pound explosive shell massive shells took minutes maximum muzzle velocity guns designated satisfied performance replaced guns later ships briefly armed pair millimeter guns rearmed millimeter rifled breech derived french design ship delivered equipped guns building weighed kilograms fired projectiles muzzle velocity maximum elevation range meters improved version developed 1870s fitted overhauled guns heavier kilograms higher muzzle velocity coupled increased elevation gave range meters monitors gradually received guns monitor received pair millimeter machine guns designed machine gun weighed kilograms rate fire rounds minute projectiles muzzle velocity maximum range meters guns replaced 1880s millimeter gun enlarged version original design kilogram gun rate fire rounds minute round muzzle velocity maximum range meters armor ships complete waterline armor belt wrought iron meters high millimeters thick armor consisted plates backed millimeters wood lower edge belt millimeters thick plates thick maximum thickness armored deck millimeters layers gun turret armor consisted layers iron totaling millimeters thickness monitors armor turret reinforced thickness millimeters face millimeters sides inside turret lined catch splinters base turret protected millimeter millimeters high turret roof millimeters thick conning tower positioned turret sides layers millimeters thick funnel protected layers armor total thickness millimeters half height construction service july later king inspected steam frigates norwegian monitor departed port visits later known august visited grand duke russia head imperial_russian_navy foreign visits swedish monitors generally monitors kept reserve majority year commissioned months summer fall named inventor kept pattern remained reserve afterward rearmed millimeter guns original guns monument ship reactivated sporadically reconstructed gun turret fixed place modified serve barbette new millimeter guns guns elevate firing arc millimeter quick firing guns added superstructure ship boilers replaced new cylindrical ones working pressure cm2 kpa psi reached knots mph sea trials early 1900s millimeter machine guns removed later millimeter guns added superstructure ship assigned local defense force sold swedish november company converted barge years final fate unknown later spelled laid reserve rearmed millimeter guns serial numbers laid ship ran aground sank july salvaged august managed proceed power repairs subsequent court martial ordered ship captain pay costs salvage repairs despite caused ship ground recommissioned placed reserve reconstructed received pair new millimeter guns given elevation limits ship received millimeter guns new boilers reactivated world war assigned local defense flotilla decommissioned sold following year new owner converted barge stockholm harbor commissioned monitors active mobilized world war received millimeter guns ship reconstructed time similar manner received millimeter quick firing guns taken class torpedo boats joined sister flotilla world war shared fate seven cruises finally placed reserve late funds requested rebuild refused decommissioned august advertised sale details fate unknown presumably sold scrapped built monitor type ship laid norwegian parliament authorized construction sweden cost norwegian armed pair steel millimeter armstrong rifled muzzle loading guns turret millimeter gun ship ran aground lightly damaged visited sweden occasion visiting sweden west coast ports early 1870s reconstructed turret converted barbette main guns replaced pair millimeter quick firing guns addition millimeter millimeter guns mounted superstructure millimeter hotchkiss barrel revolving guns spent career scrapped
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John Ericsson-class monitor
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Warfare
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Warships and naval units
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Warships of Sweden
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3307_CharlotteLewis(Lost)
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lost fictional character abc television series lost played charlotte introduced second episode season cultural mission island oceanic flight crashed island initially held hostage plane crash survivors freed person team switches place helps prevent poison gas released island develops relationship charlotte dies daniel arms frequent time traveling causes conceived creators american charlotte changed british producers impressed english actress audition supposed feature episodes season writers guild america strike role expanded resulted starring episodes fourth fifth seasons charlotte introduction new characters freighter introduced season received storylines later episodes mixed reception acting praised arc season young shown living parents scientific community known initiative island oceanic flight later crash confronted adult attempts persuade return island leaves seen evacuating island fifth season finale incident charlotte grows unaware born goes study undergraduate degree earns doctoral degree cultural university_of_oxford interest stemming desire find birthplace visiting excavation site charlotte discovers remains polar bear collar bearing initiative logo charlotte travel freighter island born find rival forced helicopter lightning storm island charlotte arrives island december held hostage number survivors oceanic flight believe dangerous spots belongs member team survivors wish investigate charlotte attempts leave ben shoots wearing vest survives forcing ben reveal charlotte team looking rescue mission survivors group encounters fellow survivors miles agree miles switch places charlotte reuniting tests memory playing cards noting progress remember cards night charlotte sneak initiative station potential source poison gas getting medical supplies staff initiative station notices charlotte smiling wife remarks korean charlotte know likes woman confronts charlotte korean saying hurt promise sun island later begins ferry survivors freighter charlotte chooses remain island believes found birthplace kisses watches leaves ben causes island charlotte remaining survivors begin randomly travel time charlotte experiences realizes unable remember mother maiden time jump charlotte miles captured love time jump severe collapses dies charlotte remembers living island child recognizes man told return left island season experienced characters shown charlotte set blind date spend night catches going belongings throws apartment comes apartment later apologize refuses telling blew chance concert series finale reunited development creation casting island season producers began plan freighter came wanted new characters scientists interested finding island personal reasons decided create character interested lost named charlotte staples lewis reference lost producer said clue direction taking season role originally offered chose join heroes instead producers cast english actress won charm presence charisma casting charlotte described hot funny successful academic knows handle real world lots emotions beneath surface lost producers described female version auditions producers provide fake scenes new characters identities secret audition scene flashback disappointed whilst recording audition producer noticed shows asked audition british accent according opened dimension character producers hadn charlotte changed american english pleased able use accent previous roles american characters subsequently began watch seasons lost dvd watching fourth episode received news chosen role watched previous episodes lost weeks started working found amazing moment felt like stepped cast unaware guest star develop regular planned feature episodes season helped develop charlotte outfit pleased wearing comfortable jeans boots role required small hair makeup stated wanted rough wanted roll mud gun welcome change usual roles required hair makeup heels storyline progression charlotte discovery polar bear initiative collar caused fan speculation connection island unaware charlotte backstory flashback confirmed dead noted feel like seat audience like hell going hell going happen exciting actually found freeing know character history felt natural performance felt charlotte relationship allowed character develop softer human thought relationship audience good chemistry episodes season written production stopped writers guild america strike strike resolved episodes written originally planned season result charlotte role continued season enjoyed speaking korean nice home wished scene aired excited discovered charlotte grew island hoped scenes plays character history island negotiating contracts june found character die season summed charlotte season arc demise charlotte death scene written favourite scenes wrote season loved emotion scene audience learning charlotte backstory thought performance elevate words level called best thing entire career enjoyed playing significant role episode episodes charlotte death sees young charlotte scene set created continuity error date birth given confirmed dead july lost producers explained official lost audio changed age charlotte portraying mid facebook page timeline error fault unhappy blamed clarified mistake apologized blaming producer noticed years younger age charlotte originally conceived suggested charlotte birthday changed realizing effect subsequent season returned guest appearances season charlotte described charlotte role lifetime cited reason cast better roles following series conclusion reception producers lost nervous new characters received characters introduced season hated fan community according charlotte received fans describing speculated characters new_york_post praised cast addition ign described charlotte new characters freighter great exciting liked introduction new characters freighter got flashback little time island end episode felt true handle like individuals entertainment_weekly liked fascinating new characters brought mind blowing new possibilities exciting new theory fodder buddytv called perfect introduction guide liked introduction praised actors performances season charlotte storylines mixed reactions thought charlotte mission woman felt forced liked charlotte juliet fight scene episode buddytv thought plot filler wondered added charlotte charlotte speaks korean nice home james_poniewozik time curious past member know secretive sinister bunch intrigued scene called unexpected scenes felt charlotte death explored happening episode time death alan_sepinwall star-ledger noted portrayal grief care death variety said times charlotte acts translator finally ing worthwhile felt distracted charlotte episode reaction time travel different shown constant found incredibly awkward charlotte explained backstory guide praised acting saying fine work lost
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Charlotte Lewis (Lost)
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Media and drama
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Television
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Lost series
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6144_MilesStraume
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fictional character played abc television series lost miles introduced early fourth season sarcastic medium crew member aboard freighter called offshore island lost takes place miles arrives island eventually taken captive played suspects freighter harm fellow crash survivors flight expose island general public miles mission obtain instead tries cut deal ben lie miles employer ben dead writers created role miles specifically seeing guest star actor read chose resembles word powerful reaction character positive arc miles born march child lives mother california miles know father told mother dead care alive forcing leave miles baby miles father having disdain fathers children seven years old miles discovers hear thoughts death dead professional develops ability access specific information deceased early december seven years old miles hired million freighter called island retrieve mass murderer named believes miles able communicate killed gain information location leaves miles briefly abducted team claims know miles father source warns miles mission instead trying convince miles join season miles flown helicopter freighter island december science team day island miles encounters survivors september flight believed dead world large hostile survivors killing colleague miles taken prisoner survivor kept near barracks island day miles temporarily escapes ben taken prisoner miles tell ben dead exchange million double paying barracks december mercenary team freighter murder people miles leaves aaron beach camp way miles dead bodies later night claire disappears jungle initially blames miles miles arrives december shortly rescued far island freighter explodes mercenary team killed island indigenous people ben leadership day ben moves island turning large frozen wheel underground season group beach begin flashing time landing fourteen different times island past future span week wheel turned according fellow freighter science team member physicist past changed suddenly appearing times happened survivors settle point miles passengers remain survive physically separated meet years july miles group barracks join initiative organization conducting scientific research living eventually ben despite option board submarine real world survivors stay island hope return time knew miles security officer ends friends discovers mother father live island father man organization station specific orientation films miles approach father continuing harbor resentment absence miles life july thirty year old security officer miles month old infant miles living island survivors jack kate flight rescued nearly years earlier december arrive island flying near island late join prisoner suspicion miles stays distant father talking late night witnesses peaceful moment younger self father days later groups future exposed morning comes clean future warns catastrophic incident occur building site swan planned island station dedicated instructs evacuate island non essential personnel ordering wife baby miles leave shortly finding adult miles son confronting miles realizes caused father order mother month old self leave hydrogen bomb buried island detonated swan site underground electromagnetic pocket energy timeline altered preventing group future having come island saving died arrived plan proceeds planned miles expresses skepticism antagonistic members engage jack believing miles juliet kate come aid swan site goes arm caught debris miles rushes saving calling dad tells father run far possible site bomb detonated goes white leaving miles status uncertain season episode season miles revealed returned future survivors kate jack temple save asks miles remain help bury deceased juliet use power find trying tell died reluctantly agrees seconds tells worked captured shortly taken temple stays jack kate escape days later jack escape miles left infected infected shows talk spokesperson kate returns hoping find claire miles tells claire held hostage later night temple killing path miles kate flee separated miles room ben burst help secret safely enters room miles uses gift discover jacob died reveals ben killed shelter oceanic flight survivors beach camp confronting ben later miles refuses offered million exchange freeing ben ben spared miles diamonds buried compensate lack money island jack richard join group miles particularly happy greet days later richard decides mission stop man black escaping destroy flight island dubbed man black stays trapped area destroys remaining dynamite old ship island thinking save disagreement richard splits group party talk man black richard party search explosives miles decides follow richard ben telling seen thing action doesn want talk miles richard ben barracks ben secretly kept closet miles hears screams ben daughter alex buried come confronted says needs hiding place monster coming ben reluctantly says hide secret room man black comes richard says talk claiming wants richard join ben goes miles saying sticking surviving decides leave run jungle finds jungle calls ben gave richard gets says miles need destroy plane saying finish started miles richard boat left dock boat reveals richard starting age rowing spot drifting water life boat frank proposes leave island plane man black comes richard miles agree miles radios ben saying plan plane talking claire comes bushes fires warning shots tell come closer richard manages calm refuses plane miles radios time kate picks says plane getting ready tells kate claire wanting come kate radio miles asks frank plane frank says check electrical outlet miles richard repair tape rejoin frank cockpit richard miles cockpit frank tries time turn plane time succeeds miles heads watch want come miles announces clear takeoff closes door frank tells richard miles open door sees kate miles opens door lets kate claire miles sits miles smile sight island getting smaller smaller distance oceanic flight crash island resulting different background miles instead professional medium officer partner comment miles indicates father alive reality working museum charlotte miles sets blind date ford working james miles feels lacks trust later gains access james credit card account learns partner like said instead going australia angrily demanding answers miles james eventually informing con miles objects james intention kill cooper car crashes theirs pursue hit run driver revealed kate receiving surveillance tape showing leaving scene crime miles informs james home sister law miles blocks door arrests personality miles initially hostile survivors kills colleague dies telling kate sure affected death hot dug accent learning miles captured guy pain ass miles nicknames acquaintances prompting critics fans characters compare character nickname mini claims approached people like character assumes miles wit devil care sort attitude usually people like kind throwing quick quirky remarks hiding definitely hiding asked miles like responded don think similar don know guess moments said miles doesn know social great don know social stated miles trust dead living intrigued miles stated haunted sure thoughts communication dead great thing happy skill miles speak dead similarity noted manners communication vary miles able access person mind death physically deceased executive producer writer commented unique abilities question differ explored end series development day april episode titled remember aired lost creator met fellow executive producer writer runner said actor night going tell wonder impression correctly guest starred time character young angry mental patient mid contacted agent informed july available interested working lost limit leak auditioned character scene created specifically audition analogous role want believed auditioning role russell brilliant mathematician late immense knowledge scientific fields limited social skills broken personal relationships actor tried writers written role miles accepted job character completely rewritten simply chosen writers thought cool sounded like relocated new_york filmed hawaii described initially contracted guest star potential regular status future came fruition struggled secrecy knowing character background motivations found understanding character clothing costume designer based miles wardrobe choice rolling_stones member specifically picture wore vest believed miles fit look bought jacket added hood writers planned ninth tenth episode fourth season focus miles backstory pushed thirteenth episode fifth season result strike revelation miles son confirmed miles flashback episode plot point speculated internet fan community early miles appearance speculation occurred following broadcast fifth season premiere seen tending baby boy influenced way revealed writers looked way present information way interesting insulting viewers predicting resulted miles discussing miles saying dad cut commercial break reception appearances nominated supporting television actor category lost plays entourage according miles new characters received fans chicago_tribune said intense portrayal new_york_post praised cast addition newsday thought current interesting actors mix alan_sepinwall star-ledger commented miles easily favorite characters introduced confirmed dead throw medium science fiction love sarcastic energy brings ben ones getting good liners miles introduction second episode fourth season entertainment_weekly wrote strong impression cast ign stated adequate job getting miles arrogant brand confidence
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Miles Straume
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Media and drama
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Television
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Lost series
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9339_BooneCarlyle
|
fictional character played abc drama television series lost chronicles lives survivors plane crash south pacific introduced pilot episode fellow crash survivor tries contribute safety eventually protégé unlike characters season rewritten based actors largely production want shoot pilot jumped opportunity found working creator executive producer character generally received critics fans usa_today described privileged young man maturity dies injuries crushed inside falling plane arc crash born october son wealthy head wedding company years old marries year old daughter named shannon years old chief operating officer mother business new_york_city fondness develops romantic attraction learns shannon financial difficulties father death offers money accept rescues shannon times abusive relationships paying leave rescue attempt leads sydney australia september learns relationships actually shannon money attention deeply hurt deception shannon sex australian boyfriend runs away money day board flight return united_states island unsuccessfully tries perform unconscious claims learned convinces retrieve pen maintains generally helpful attitude remains protective shannon criticizes protective attitude combines jealousy develops feelings unsuccessfully attempts discourage relationship drawn hunting survival skills fellow apprentice begins distance survivors find metal hatch tracking kidnapped hatch keeping existence secret survivors exercise fourth day island allowing resolve feelings shannon sees shannon killed monster days crash discover heroin runner stuck high tree canopy climbs aircraft finds working radio cockpit uses transmit signal receives response message man later revealed tail section survivors aircraft falls nose ground severe injuries despite jack attempts treat dies november tries pass message shannon jack dies able finish sentence said news character death pretty devastating notable death major character series weeks later experiences self induced longer haired appears pushes wheelchair imaginary sydney international airport survivors present acting different roles tells airport danger close end finds stick covered blood appears bloody injured tells got don time oceanic cover story ones survived initial crash soon died internal injuries alternate timeline alternate timeline shannon goes flight sits finds supposedly going australia parallel island timeline tells crashed follow plane lands hand exits plane reappears final episode lost end talking car dark street witness beating guy outside bar shannon shouts leave brother gets car intervene shannon memories restored moment touch having bring shannon car jokes beating thanks taking time comments difficult shannon return australia agree effort worth moment memories restored people jack church reunites characteristics usa_today described young man island challenges variety called hot headed entertainment_weekly wrote tempered quick decisions good intentions sixth day island soon finds drowning immediately tries save succeed casualty trying leadership role steals camp water plan survivors turn suspects shannon medicine attempts steal aside shannon closest acted father figure mentor younger inexperienced unlike including shannon tried help island similarly trust guidance feel like hero wanted reflects aspects personality desire unique purpose willingness believe unlikely offers help fellow survivors joining party trying send radio distress second day helping distress signal eighth day searching abducted sixteenth day standing guard return eighth day ign wrote appeared integral survival appeared pure honest guy tried help people island attempted carry weight seemingly unscathed survivors oceanic flight development unlike characters season rewritten based actors largely production originally going named going nickname script pilot writers ran search replace change jack counted script read want shoot pilot jumped opportunity found working creator executive producer paid episode initially received highest billing credits producers decided list main cast appeared total episodes voice heard sixth episode physically appeared episodes season credit special guest star returned flashbacks shannon season flashback producers ask cut hair days work wear wig making hair noticeably longer confusion spelling appears grave appears subtitles hearts minds original outline eleventh episode accompanied guest characters search claire discover hatch final product accompanied choice leading death executive producers stated took news character death professionally said found pretty devastating death notable death major character series according executive producers death sense story perspective fuel rivalry jack lead events season finale following departure abc signed year contract stated lost greatest experience greatest year life reception buddytv called fan favorite episodes aired article usa today called camera friendly poll run spring favorite fourteen main lost characters placed seventh votes death guide critic wrote misses pretty eyes ign ranked tenth best character seasons lost won screen actors guild award best ensemble drama series nominated category choice breakout performance male teen choice awards lost plays starring lost voted teens change world despite years old time teen people called placed ninth guide list
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Boone Carlyle
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Media and drama
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Television
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Lost series
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10220_RoseandBernardNadler
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rose rose fictional characters abc television series lost played respectively rose bernard visit faith honeymoon australia hope healing rose cancer bernard visits return flight plane splits half halves crashing different parts island couple reunite midway season rose reveals island healed time traveling season separate remaining survivors build cabin near ocean live originally story woman separated husband plane crashes going kate kate role series changed producers kept story rose couple story prior plane crash based events life married husband dying anderson having acting commitments writers found difficult finding time actors appear resulting character featuring season critics reacted positively couple hoping appear frequently actors praised work arc couple backstory told flashbacks office manager meets car stuck night dating months bernard proposes prompts rose reveal cancer gone returned year left live marry regardless honeymoon australia bernard takes rose faith named despite initial protests agrees unable heal rose tells bernard able order stop time left flashback pilot rose seated oceanic flight bernard leaves use plane suddenly hits splits apart fuselage tail section landing opposite ends island impact rose lies unconscious beach fuselage survivors eventually revived jack days island rose shock keeps away survivors attracting attention jack jack believes bernard dead rose adamant alive claire kidnapped island inhabitants known survivors rose charlie believes fault encourages lose hope season shown bernard lands tail section survivors island invade camp bernard finds remaining survivors inland discover abandoned research station find assortment items including radio bernard uses radio makes contact fuselage survivors switches dismissing trick fuselage survivors michael meet tail section survivors bernard rose alive set migrate fuselage survivors near fuselage survivors beach camp accidentally kills fuselage survivors shannon refuses allow eventually press bernard reunited rose bernard plan create giant sign beach rose spreading false hope survivors refuses confesses healed australia healed island fears illness return leave island episode season greatest hits jack announces plan rig tents dynamite prevent kidnapping rose bernard assist tying lengths wire rose grows concerned bernard volunteers stay detonate dynamite reluctantly allows grows angry jack plan later night bernard captured soon rescued juliet kill holding hostage rose watches jack contacts nearby freighter believes come rescue season premiere beginning end survivors reunite jungle terry quinn proposes hide freighter crew believes dangerous bernard allows rose decide follow jack chooses jack people arrived freighter use code contact boat bernard knows code reveals lying message fact coming rescue jack falls ill needs appendix removed rose bernard help operation rose prepares table bernard helps knock rose confused jack fell ill island normally sickness ben leader causes island rose bernard survivors begin jump different periods time eventually lose years juliet kate encounter rose bernard couple explains built cabin retired purposely avoiding contact remaining survivors wish live remaining days peace later rescue threatened man black reach agreement leave rose bernard season experienced characters shown rose supervisor agency bernard working series finale rose bernard reunite survivors plane church prepare development initial plans series jack going die midway episode kate emerge leader survivors kate original backstory husband went bathroom shortly plane split mid air island remain adamant alive lost producers changed minds jack death decided leader created new backstory kate liked kate original backstory rose rose black producers thought audience expect rose husband black decided bernard white character surprise audience expected audience assume black man tail section survivors bernard rose unaware plans husband tall black man playing scenes found bernard white surprised shocked unaware character playing cast lost audition performed scene man plane crash informed daughter alive noted covered similar emotion scene bernard told rose alive anderson given rough idea appear start seasons anderson deliberately meet reunion scene collision wanted authentic possible following episode comments expect rose husband white jack quickly changes subject producers felt important address couple saying audience thinking agreed thought odd issue addressed anderson glad brought issue liked jack pay attention couple backstory originally planned told season season lost writers wanted tell story background characters rose bernard prominent characters fans keen learn backstory decided episode focusing couple husband going health problems shooting season inspiration rose flashbacks following episode think rose healing island stated cured reused footage pilot rose bernard feature season episode greatest hits writers cited anderson projects reason absence additionally feared fans complain couple appeared actors star billing received limited early season writers want couple stand background wanted rose bernard interesting storylines anderson found normally fun portraying villains playing bernard greatest rides life reception series rose bernard received ign found conversation rose insists bernard alive touching guide called terrific hoped producers use future entertainment_weekly surprised discovered bernard white unsure senior editor thought super emotional bernard asked survivors rose alive aol squad liked showed characters stories longing noted couple represent theme lost producer called rose bernard beloved characters thought excellent job washington_post thought touching poignant couple backstory based real life conceded whilst learning rose bernard backstory entertaining wasted time slowed pace storytelling zap2it pleased rose bernard returned greatest_hits los_angeles_times hoped featured saying brought kill anti climactic entertainment_weekly called return sight sore eyes chicago_tribune thought rose speaking fans said live die jack going punch face hoped rose bernard feature future episodes couple ranked twelfth ign list characters seasons critics ign liked rose live die line called surprising comic relief stuff solid character development characters like rose remember evolve spend time couple called unofficial heart critics noted appearance welcome squad thought rose role nice home awesome asked questions fans asking variety loved seeing bernard adams mode season finale zap2it compared bernard appearance moses fisherman said gorgeous gorgeous scene stands criticism angst turmoil major characters alan_sepinwall star-ledger called best moving scenes finale thought scene useful allowed characters leave caused question opting right wrong thing huffington_post thought decision participate solidified adam eve skeletons caves shown case season chicago_tribune listed pair favourite characters series commenting things seeing comfortably retirement cabin dog vincent good sense island rat race optimistic straightforward attitudes earth humor grounded lost gave window goodness knows needed
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Rose and Bernard Nadler
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Media and drama
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Television
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Lost series
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11461_Libby(Lost)
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lost fictional character abc drama television series lost chronicles lives people plane crashes remote island played american actress character introduced member tail section survivors second season episode everybody hates hugo bernard ends role living character episode reception character generally positive especially death controversy exists traffic violation actress plays surname given character clip reel deceased characters comic con presented appeared episodes second season fourth twice season everybody loves hugo finale end season main character centric episode details past brief flashback end episode dave shown point view supposed return season appearance appearance second season fourth season episode meet prior crash little known life prior island states days visited vermont broke leg skiing accident attended medical school year dropping clinical psychologist shown live die ends island meets played café tells california learns intention join sailing race decides donate elizabeth gift given named late husband david stayed place patients include mother prior boarding oceanic flight argument crash ends tail section survivors immediately tries help injured background medicine including die days later days crash invade camp kidnap remaining survivors paranoia soon remaining tail section survivors causing speculate flight leads death eventually remaining survivors way arrow find radio allowing brief contact real tries steal radio stops murders group stays arrow michael arrive everybody hates hugo group learns survivors group soon decides leave join main group survivors journey orders michael fruit found soon michael finds decides leave search son find michael leading group allowing start journey trek abandoned numerous occur including mysterious disappearance death shannon joins main camp start romantically involved especially tells remembers stepped foot plane aside friends claire helps memories claire kidnapping leave tries help bernard loses interest dave helps solve food addiction fails food coincidentally falls sky supply drop sensing wrong confronts eventually ends cliff jump tries stop leads feelings relationship grows decides plan dates road secretly plans picnic eventually confesses caught food arrive beach tells forgot drinks blankets tells rose bernard bottle wine gets blankets turns fatal mistake accidentally shot michael getting hours later found unconscious alongside dead injured michael found fled jack tries save fails decides ease pain heroin jack injected drug says michael says jack assumes concern tells michael okay makes passes dying buried coincidentally aboard elizabeth weeks later visits grave expresses misses leaving flower island presence continues michael death scene meet appears michael hospital nurse blankets stomach representing position shot turns dream follows freighter tries trick michael pushing button pushes extended version oceanic press conference initial survivors died week mental institution alternate timeline day sees commercial memories past life island come flooding later mexican restaurant sees tells thinks connected soul mates later tracks tells visions fact visions mental institution invites date date kiss memories island come flooding assures isn crazy alternate time line revealed meeting place reunites characters church sits personality mysterious character seated tail section plane character written late early fifties easy eyes good people know quoted variety saying character going bring flavor doesn exist right intense characters person want trenches seen beautiful blonde true love described mysterious especially backstory revealed ign described loose end storyline contradictions tells characters flashbacks viewers profession clinical psychologist stay mental institution seen helpful people claire bernard example exhibiting virtue assists resolving mental problems characters described shrink mega cute blonde chick profession appearance nickname upbeat like personality development american actress portrays episodes series veteran actress originally approached play character ended playing role instead audition think cast learned excited fan moved twin daughters los_angeles hawaii lost filmed originally going killed considered unpopular character producers thought death generate sympathy fans decided liked killed emotional impact additionally producers writers ran ideas compelling storyline character according writers try develop story romance ran possible avenues character writers thought story dramatic characters weeks written arrested driving influence hawaii separate incidents led fans speculate cause characters deaths episode road producers denied claim rodriguez confirmed producers comments denied relation arrests characters deaths took news death character badly sad decision producers felt sorry tried help new job cast pilot cbs called picked network main characters centric episode detailing life crash writers said reason killing character explore backstory mysterious posthumous way producers intended explore backstory flashbacks season later fourth season character appear appeared meet backstory explored september writers stated backstory probably explored fifth season revealed story explored saying learned kill likely cooperate producers said busy commitments reveal story revealed deleted scene married times prior plane crash marriage counseling theories unknown aspects life exist including assumptions initiative employee person planted flashback characters brother campbell surname given run later revealed smith comic con clip lost major death scenes producers brought character second half final season return stated finally questions answered jokingly responded said reunion season sweet honest think hopefully people scenes feeling incredibly real grateful got play scenes got sort express ways hasn able reception liked character death popularity increased added mystery character poll conducted buddytv characters seldom seen received highest votes romantic described entertainment_weekly played charming won screen actors guild award best ensemble drama series returned praised producers said smart engaging actor
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Libby (Lost)
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Media and drama
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Television
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Lost series
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11804_DanielFaraday
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fictional character abc television series lost played introduced season premiere physicist suffers short term memory loss possibly experiments team aboard freighter offshore island time series plays important role sharing knowledge time travel time traveling shot killed unaware son cast role tremendous intelligence writer producers favorite character actors davies critically praised performance critics generally disappointed character death season named best arc background daniel born raised daniel hiding identity father pushing develop scientific mind social life casual pursuits graduating university_of_oxford girlfriend daniel offered million grant industrialist 1990s daniel started working physicist oxford controversial experiments including sending subject consciousness time initial tests lab rats resulted deaths led abandonment studies tenure daniel encountered suffering temporal displacement trapping daniel helped ground consciousness telling find constant time frames decided penny encounter profound effect daniel legitimacy time displacement theories prompted resume abandoned experiments daniel eventually performed similar experiments ended suffering temporal displacement eventually fell coma temporary periods funds continuing care provided result fate oxford fired daniel quietly removed references having university point daniel performed experiment resulting long term memory damage essex massachusetts daniel saw news report covering discovery apparent wreckage oceanic flight depths trench approached daniel informing trench wreckage hoax urged island said heal plight daniel reluctant convinced daniel recruited covert team alongside organized led mission travel island find current leader disable initiative station called contained poisonous gases season arrives island helicopter december setting foot island memory problem slowly encounters survivors oceanic flight believed dead world large island starts conducting experiment island unique passage time reuniting charlotte initiative station potential source poison gas later corpse freighter doctor ashore confronts forced confess freighter arrived sent island rescue survivors time daniel realizes secondary protocol detailing whereabouts activated necessitating immediate departure island begins ferry survivors freighter charlotte miles choose remain island daniel survivors caught midway island blows island moved season ben causes island charlotte remaining survivors begin travel time survivors sent past swan initiative station telling find daniel mother island jumping past group captured mistake military personnel forced disable hydrogen bomb labelled time period confesses love charlotte telling bury bomb survivors experience time jump time jumps cause charlotte experience double vision eventually collapses dies charlotte tells remembers living island child recognizes man told return left island quinn stops time jumps remaining survivors stranded group barracks false join initiative despite option board submarine real world survivors stay island hope return time knew scientist leaves island joins headquarters michigan daniel arrives island sets stop construction swan station drilling hits electromagnetic energy pocket ultimately results crash flight plans detonate hydrogen bomb destroy unstable electromagnetic energy pushing button save world flight crash putting plan action daniel visits young charlotte telling return island leaves daniel travels camp jack lily obtain bomb breaks camp threatens shoot shot mother daniel dies tells son sent island despite knowing die oceanic flight crash island different background daniel allowed pursue passion music trained physics trying persuade stop pursuing approaches shares theory timeline altered tells recently saw red haired woman strongly felt knew loved daniel states encounter series notes journal mathematician identified advanced quantum mechanics topic knows daniel shows notes world experiencing correct path tells half sister find later meets charlotte benefit concert realize daniel takes stage play charlotte watches crowd later implied aware living convinces let live rest allowed live life wanted past allowed spend time son development landed island season producers began plan boat came wanted new characters interested finding island personal reasons casting freighter folk nickname lost producers use refer daniel charlotte miles frank fake names scenes temporarily assigned limit leak initial casting daniel referred brilliant mathematician russell cast daniel writer producers favorite character actors think quality tremendous intelligence perfect producers constructed role davies based performances davies met costume designer wearing thin black tie merged cool edgy look idea character clothes loosely woven dress shirt davies reportedly took crash course physics understand character better called obvious shout scientist physicist originally planned recurring role reception worried new characters received fans unhappy reaction new characters introduced season following introduction confirmed dead characters received new_york_post citing reason improved ratings ign described daniel new characters freighter great exciting liked introduction new characters freighter got flashback little time island end episode felt true handle like individuals buddytv called perfect introduction guide liked introduction praised actors performances entertainment_weekly liked fascinating new characters brought mind blowing new possibilities exciting new theory fodder critics praised davies performance appearance beach deemed performance primetime emmy award alan_sepinwall star-ledger claimed davies performance outstanding huffington_post said daniel favorite characters wrote davies presents awkward mannerisms later review commented huge fan davies course couple years thanks performance said variable revealed different daniel true nature physicist good evil decided decent guy barring experimenting girlfriend running away brain turned thing past lost confused big earnest eyes decided forgive episode showed dynamic heart daniel vulnerability like broken beings man issues week dove inside dynamic daniel mother growing believed davies acting high point episode reviewer claimed loved sort explanation daniel changed mind changing past thought work daniel think possible rush took care explain critics expressed shock death felt daniel said shooting daniel end stunning claimed internal character piece variable great ending daniel submitted episode constant behalf primetime emmy award outstanding supporting actor drama series
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Daniel Faraday
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Media and drama
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Television
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Lost series
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14928_MichaelDawson(Lost)
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lost fictional character played abc television series lost michael served secondary antagonist second season losing custody battle taylor michael son years reunite dies journey home plane crashes mysterious island kidnapped island previous inhabitants michael spends time trying retrieve eventually successful leave island guilt murders commit achieve leads son suicide attempt returns island freighter killed bomb explodes michael reappears ghost apologizes killing initially skeptical role took lost creator told season arc michael rewritten originally going love triangle korean couple sun positive fan reaction couple meant storyline dropped michael leaves island season knew return lost point felt tell michael story reception character mixed acting praised arc michael life plane crash shown flashbacks special leaves michael son born travels amsterdam years later susan tells intends married michael enraged hit car leaving hospitalized months susan tracks hospital tries convince parental rights new husband adopt michael refuses resulting custody battle susan convinces best decision years later susan dies husband asks michael custody living australia michael agrees return flight calls mother asks instead plane crashes island michael dog vincent survivors vincent runs jungle michael searches avail later terry quinn returns vincent michael despite gesture michael skeptical want spending time michael attacked korean survivor gold watch michael started wearing wife sun approaches explain father watch reveals speaks english michael begins constructing hope escape island witnessing completed burned michael blames later confesses want leave island changed mind michael bond sun reveals ability speak english men begin work second offer final space board season finale exodus michael sets sail far island encounter small fishing boat occupants fishing boat long inhabited island kidnap destroy beginning season michael stranded middle ocean missing wash ashore discover knocked unconscious survivors tail section plane convincing tail section survivors plane return beach camp fuselage survivors later michael offers shift hatch survivors found begins receiving computer messages thinks gives directions held michael ventures search moments leaving camp kidnap hold hostage michael told retrieve leader held prisoner hatch bring kate jack return let leave island order free leader ben michael convinces guarding ben kill ben behalf instead kills hands gun combination walks michael shoots twice succeeds bringing requested survivors ben reunites michael given boat coordinates freedom sail away island flashback meet reveals manage return new_york_city michael hands grandmother michael attempts suicide unable cope guilt murders tom arrives tells michael saving survivors imminent threat tom gives michael passport new order infiltrate freighter trying find island freighter receives ben instructs send information crew sabotage radio room boat engines season appearance michael meets managed island freighter tell freighter captain michael true identity orders repair engines season finale michael attempt bomb planted freighter michael bomb liquid nitrogen tells leave nitrogen supply nitrogen runs appears michael tells bomb michael killed explosion having achieved redemption seeking michael reappears halfway sixth season ghost explains island voices died island turns depart michael stops apologizes pain caused characteristics season stated michael expected far expected try characters think challenging little complicated hopefully smart thoughtful think michael things lot bad luck defends michael behavior season saying michael keeps stepping trouble actually asked variety described michael interesting oceanic flawed tortured hard read volatile fighting innate talents worst enemy times totally stand guy ign calls michael natural father michael known frequently shouting son seen boy development producers auditioning actors roles lost area producers called natural audition initially skeptical took role lost creator explained attracted role michael guy lot conflict exactly sure season michael going love triangle sun dropped positive fan reaction sun relationship storyline revisited missing pieces buried secrets shows michael sun kissing michael going enemies season producers felt good chemistry storyline changed friends called filming season best years working actor lost writer explained michael storyline season father save son noted worse second episode season originally going centric rewritten minute changed michael centric episode received swimming lessons preparation episode unaware character captured told michael going kill described shooting scenes road michael murders tough day scene shot season michael sailing away island long camera shot sail boat far pier time returned equipment packed away said felt fitting actually like knew day producers reveal details know actor left design come leaving island second season finale live die michael supposed return season finale filming pilot demons unable return instead returned seventh episode season return meant announced lost slot comic con international complaints abc president entertainment commented big announcements lost panel journalists felt announcements press meeting fan convention numerous reporters asked announced lost producer contacted gave permission returning lost comic con confirmed cast member flashback lost producer said michael story storylines character undertook extreme actions order basically son island sailed boat think curious happened fate feel michael story compelling season disappointed brought killed michael chance reunite son saying questions writers respond black people winds child plays big weird stereotype black person wasn interesting responded pride having racially diverse cast painful actor storyline ends fantastic actor presence added enormously lost later said thought making racial comment felt like discussed matter producers said happy return lost know storyline reception michael centric episode special received critics ign said michael flashback heart look relationship lack son added michael life brilliant performance shines entertainment_weekly called best episode michael character development said favorite scenes entire season michael bonding letters drawing moving finally relating father son michael centric episode season received said wasn interesting entertainment_weekly called flashbacks integrated flashbacks seen far felt new learned like michael island storyline noting got sense actors directors weren sure scenes episodes later thought michael dad act increasingly tedious michael murdered road called single biggest lost history aol squad wrote suspected going die thought amazing shot zap2it described double murder brilliant added second season jaw dropping moments according fans michael praised acting saying michael bloody betrayal hard swallow sells reviewers joked frequently michael shouts alan_sepinwall star-ledger aol squad entertainment weekly screen actors guild award best ensemble drama series entertainment_weekly mixed views prospect michael returning season favorite actors liked peaceful series michael constantly screaming ign called michael return worst kept secret lost history found reveal exciting alan_sepinwall star-ledger found fine performance meet sepinwall wrote michael struggle deal guilt bargain save moving example writers season trying build emotional impact happened variety happy michael wrote plays right time scenery man trying right thing time digital spy commented michael plight conveyed plenty thrills way fourth season finale aired entertainment_weekly ranked michael unable commit suicide thirteenth best moment season add story line didn match hype buddytv called michael death culmination fairly lackluster story arc
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Michael Dawson (Lost)
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Media and drama
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Television
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Lost series
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15409_BenLinus
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fictional character portrayed abc television series lost ben leader group island natives called initially known survivors oceanic flight began main antagonist second seasons subsequent seasons morally ambiguous ally main characters characters frequently describe loyal hinted driven higher purpose characters lost ben history revealed flashbacks episodes set time periods revealed slowly series progresses portrayed young ben late season character centric episode man curtain ben childhood explored fifth season series partially set fifth season episode dead dead explores ben fragile state following events fourth season loyalty island led death adoptive daughter flashbacks audience ben original acquisition alex rise leadership rival originally cast guest appearances second season role expanded leader ben regular cast member season onward reviews focus ben mysterious motives portrayal garnered positive reviews resulting nominations emmy outstanding supporting actor year year winning ranked guide network special greatest characters time rolling_stone ranked greatest villains time arc prior crash flashbacks man curtain born woods outside portland oregon emily dies giving birth ben ben young father island dad offered job working initiative island ben begins visions mother roger starts drinking heavily verbally ben develops hatred initiative day runs away barracks comes island natives known initiative jungle grants ben request join group tells needs patient season shows young ben coming contact captured oceanic flight survivors brought time following episode helps free impression sent bring richard instead shoots ben leaves dead fellow crash survivor refuses help boy ben richard informs ben henceforth lose innocence leader sends ben kill french scientist island ben learns child kidnaps baby warning come looking baby wants live years revealed flashbacks ben kills father poison gas discovers initiative member dead poison gas island assumes leadership role allegedly interact real leader jacob communicate group days crash oceanic flight ben discovers spinal witnessing crash sends investigate chooses order remove ben competition affections woman recruited island years previously order help fertility problems crash seasons season episode ben juliet enter station pearl watch jack monitor ben tells juliet convince jack perform surgery dies ben shows juliet corpse knows ben island forever ben makes appearance season episode caught trap set pretends man minnesota crashed island traveling hot air balloon turns takes swan station held captive interrogated ben exposed fraud body real found set free crash survivor son kidnapped michael successfully brings jack kate pier ben gives boat leave island son ben takes jack kate smaller island nearby beginning season ben gives juliet task jack kate kept admits jack having spine asks remove order leave island surgery wakes jack refuses finish kate safely away escape ben operation finished returns barracks rest jack tow comes rescue jack ben confrontation ben tells magic box produce wishes shows father holding captive brought island box ben offers opportunity join kills cooper ben knows won kill cold blood makes offer way returns days later cooper corpse having deed ben takes meet jacob ben discovers hear jacob shoots leaves dead returns camp tells richard second command lead remaining temple ben takes alex attempts prevent jack sending radio message nearby freighter reunites alex mother claims jack contacts freighter single person island die ben beaten taken hostage forced watch freighter contacted episode season beginning end survivors divide groups believe people freighter dangerous ben join head barracks ben confesses freighter crew come capture medium freighter makes deal ben asking million exchange reporting ben dead man sent freighter ben agrees miles claims small fortune ben eventually gets freedom tells sent freighter free ben urges alex boyfriend mother travel temple protection people freighter ambushed route mercenaries freighter alex killed alex taken hostage revealing ben daughter shape things come leader mercenaries threatens shoot come forward ben denies attachment results execution ben claims changed rules summons smoke monster attack mercenaries leaves hugo reyes communicate jacob enters jacob cabin returns stating need island station allows ben sends new leader enters secret level turns large frozen wheel wall island new location ben transported specifically tunisia ancient country shape things come ben arrives months ahead left island ben finds funeral wife recruits personal assassin telling ordered assassination wife ben provides list targets successfully kills years point ben apartment london inform intention kill daughter retribution death alex seasons leaves island bring survivors island ben tracks gets reveal knows returning island kills stages suicide ben visits jack funeral home housing body telling jack help return island way bring left including corpse ben boards flight rest survivors crashes island jack kate transported sun ben remain resurrected plane crash lands ben attempts boat main island sun strikes head takes boat frank ben left care survivors including ben regains consciousness finds alive convinces knew bringing island stopped suicide attempt merely gain information travels ben judged monster fail find monster barracks head temple ben travel series tunnels beneath temple ben falls floor leaves pull monster flows surrounds ben showing flashes decisions life involving alex monster takes form alex pushes ben wall says knows ben planning kill hunt destroy orders follow asks disappears return camp group announces taking jacob walking ben relates experience monster promise asks convinces ben kill jacob richard leads base statue jacob lives met jacob jacob observes found revealed resurrected instead monster taking form ben confronts jacob revealed time ben tenure leader jacob dismissive stabs jacob twice killing destiny island sealing fate jacob death monster tells ben richard wants speak ben exits statue richard throws corpse real brought statue survivors flight led ben forced group bring start shooting monster disappears returns black smoke form killing group monster returns form informs ben real thoughts ben ben finds crying jacob chamber sets sun bury going temple believe safe monster funeral ben provides eulogy expresses sincere killing arrive temple monster destroying place return beach temporary shelter ben attempts killing jacob forces dig grave explains kill ben murdering father figure later monster visits ben telling join ben ben escapes chases come face face jungle ben points rifle ben explains killed jacob particularly daughter understands allows rejoin group jack richard join group meeting deciding richard suggests stop monster escaping blowing plane destroys available dynamite richard insists find explosives ben miles join richard rest decide talk monster ben richard miles arrive barracks soon joined monster ben murders able deal monster spare daughter monster ben find monster forces destroy island run jack group heart island removes island causing island begin collapsing jack kills monster ben volunteer stay island jack assist island jack tells die jack gives new position protector island ben advises approach island duties kindness helpful attitude asks ben advisor honored undisclosed period time ben orders arrives logistics warehouse guam speaks workers instructs facility shut afterward ben arrives visits ben tells special help father michael dead offers job return island experienced survivors shown season substitute shown teacher ben life general particularly principal care school living father life support school shown close relationship star pupil alex befriends substitute teacher studying having sexual affair school nurses campus ben attempts blackmail threatening reveal affair citing position principal demand swiftly saying makes good threats alex chances going yale_university decrease substantially requested write recommendation letter wanting save alex educational future ben backs days later ben notices waiting outside school car extended time runs swiftly drives soon ambulance arrives ben gets sits critically injured assuring right returns school ben catches beats ben severely saying trying help let ben vision previous life beating ben believes information alex sees badly ben beaten invites house mother supper tells ben alex views father ben begins cry ben waits outside chapel oceanic survivors plan sees time ben apologizes killing later comes chapel invites ben ben declines saying ready saying things work accepts tells ben real good number help protecting island ben touched responds great number hugo personality ben extremely ability lie manipulate people physical disadvantage speaks low frequently speech dry jokes petty point murder wants claims born island leading thought miracle pregnant women die island later confesses lying unsuccessfully tries convince survivors succeeds manipulating turn jack held prisoner guise claims sacrifice innocent lives order accomplish goals shown opposite season finale ben informed captured crash survivors tom tells ben unwilling reveal information rest survivors ben quickly replies shoot want answer questions kill conversely ben refuses allow spy freighter destroy long reaches island kill deserve die furthermore confronts ben causing freighter explode ben replies ben unclear motives led speculation possible status villain digital_spy describes ben supposed villain good guy following fourth season episode shape things come actor suspects ben lie ambiguous making wonderful role rarely shown losing control emotions big way explains cold trace warmth makes vulnerable enemies ben known commitment island necessary protect attempting kill jack survivors begin freighter risky unpredictable step moving island prevent freighter crew finding plan described know reviewer thinks ben talks quietly measured lots ben appears know turkish asks horseback late season development won primetime emmy award guest appearance serial killer practice lost producers liked work practice keen cast role ben known thought fit character originally contracted appear episodes lost making appearance midway second season episode producers impressed contracted episodes citing scene end truth ben asks milk moment knew keeper regular cast season worked initial appearances different actor cast leader intended survivors leader right realize episode producers state knew ben big bad idea character importance second season recurring role told ben backstory receive scripts minute enjoyed ambiguity ben motives allowed paint way cast play ben flashbacks episode man curtain wife cast ben mother following telling people parties desperate referring scene season ben seemingly fits lethal comments word doesn sort detached looks feel like sort scientific experiment interested way experiment runs course think day find parents people science plays juliet think huge surprise juliet ben feelings juliet think circumstances thought juliet kind wonderful mind think ben probably tremendous respect juliet fact got amazing mind amazing know intelligence think draws season producers deliberately left ambiguous ben oceanic survivors plane crash island appeared reception critical reception beginning season ign described ben best villains television eerie manner delivery later season problem ben taken grain salt entertainment_weekly noted saying don trust ben idea lying telling truth thing reasonably sure says purpose character audience ben father issues revealed end season described original lost character trait means thrust ben development eventually following penultimate episode season stated limited screen time performance shines hope survives events finale love seeing character week picked season highlights partly development ben adding picture final seasons ben gave reasons look forward season entertainment_weekly describes ben minor character entertainment_weekly praised acting beginning season calling genius role alan_sepinwall star-ledger worried actor good character popular kept alive makes heroes look like following confirmed dead entertainment_weekly felt isn business ben manipulating promise island secrets getting little bit old said hate ben realize fine actor job buddytv said consider mind blown referring economist revealed working ben oscar buddytv called acting god ign found best moments power struggle ben scenes best series opens perfect display quinn work quinn captures uncertainty perfectly opening scene fun watch ben prey weakness character wrote big eyes lengthy pages dialogue proved lost star heart soul emmy belong wrote better work guide puts ben shape things come moments week stating lost doesn better digital_spy describes performance fantastic layers intrigue humanity buddytv found performance fantastic adding nailed critic squad placed second list seven new characters worked ranking lost awards nominated satellite award best supporting actor series miniseries lost ugly betty following season nominated saturn award best supporting actor television losing heroes later year nominated primetime emmy award outstanding supporting actor drama series primetime emmy awards lost fellow lost cast member nominated satellite award best supporting actor series miniseries time losing eventually won saturn award best supporting actor television beating fellow lost actors quinn nominated nominated primetime emmy award 60th primetime emmy awards lost damages september finally won primetime emmy award portrayal 61st primetime emmy awards nominated miniseries lost final nomination portrayal nominated primetime emmy award 62nd primetime emmy awards time losing breaking bad
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Ben Linus
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Media and drama
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Television
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Lost series
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19491_Dave(Lost)
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dave lost dave 43rd episode lost 18th episode second season episode directed written aired april abc flashbacks hugo reyes mental institution deals imaginary friend dave brief flashback episode revealing attended institution island events present day seeing dave island survivors confront stated backstory revealed false episode addresses fan theory considered events series dreams character dave written denied problems disappeared father scenes filmed reveal imaginary plot twist plot flashback mental institution friends dave tells ignore doctors avoid medication try escape day doctor brooks proves dave real taking photo showing dave picture later night dave wakes escape institute dave window confronts declares dave real window going bed later flashback reveals moment brooks took picture dave patient staring room explains faint recognition island island confesses eating disorder shows food expresses interest getting rid encourages destroys supplies survivors jungle following enormous package food sky suggestion charge supplies sees dave tries follow goes jungle loses dave trail twice mocking decides leave beach caves way dave reappears tells happened night escape attempt fantasy dave escaped went state imagined proof dave points appearances numbers said intern winning lottery ticket hatch computer number sequence dave takes cliff tells jump dream jumping decide follow dave finds states believes happening real dream including convinces kissing hatch henry new cover story proved false henry finally admits says killed talks later terry quinn confronts prisoner demanding know let caught thinking find swan henry calls hatch joke saying entered numbers computer pushed button simply stood watched numbers turn red reset replies angrily henry lying replies lying production abc concerned content episode arguing idea story head offering explanation recurring theory events series character dave meant felt problem encourages played way director described like revealed comes father later appear series played writers wanted imagine friend wrapped unresolved relationship dad final scene secret assistant director scripts prevent woman mental institution woman set including daughter dressed robes appear background characters director decided depict dave way audiences believe real character actually interacting physical world similar films sixth sense beautiful mind scene dave walks jungle red orange flowers placed add magic scene described wonderland feel scene intended humorous moment suggesting tent knocked adding trying escape pulled scene dave starts listing island events occurring mind suffered continuous military exercises led takes ruined plane noises weather problems plagued production loud waves causing beach scene post production rain day changing location basketball game scene indoor court leading second day filming cliff cliff digitally redesigned post production appear actors standing edge dave jump making stunt double jump body hitting water resulting splash rendered computer graphics mental hospital shot honolulu brooks office inside studio reception million american viewers tuned episode reviews mixed entertainment_weekly praised performances said episode island feel dangerous squad felt story hatch interesting scenes considered dave depressing opposition light hearted centered episodes ign gave episode considering entertaining doesn impact series website later ranked dave 9th worst lost episode describing meaningless saying flashback felt pretty new_york magazine listed dave sixth pointless episodes lost list considering episode theory wasn prevalent waste time hand los_angeles_times ranked episode 30th best series describing misunderstood episode lost saying dave real meant twist biggest expression found island
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Dave (Lost)
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Media and drama
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Television
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Lost series
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21091_TomFriendly
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referred tom friendly fictional character portrayed abc television series lost series follows lives survivors crash oceanic flight survivors find mysterious tropical island interact group known appear lived island long crash tom influential member introduced season finale exodus kidnaps survivors character makes appearances killed season finale looking glass tom appears twice season flashbacks characters initially credited playing man friendly season character given montage deceased characters shown lost producers present character tom friendly accepted role despite knowing sole motivation chance work lost producer speculation tom sexuality arose commented kate type began playing character season tom shown kissing man cheek lost producer commented revelation subtle tom received positively critics particularly appearance arc flashback woman set years crash oceanic flight tom brief conversation newly recruited mentions patient shown flashbacks leave kidnapped weeks plane crash tom oversees progress medical station criticizes kidnapping claire making list days island survivors finish building year old son sail tom makes appearance exodus arrives wearing fake beard old clothes crew kidnap destroy michael goes searching jungle tom captures confronts survivors looking michael tom warns come closer leaves michael tow deal michael bring hugo reyes exchange second season finale live die michael successfully leads jack kate ambush point including tom pier tom knocks jack kate unconscious transports small island nearby season tom operation leader jack performing letting kate escape loses trust juliet believing plotting ben expresses views sheriff returning island shown flashback season tom leaves island tracks michael manhattan michael trying kill tells michael island let die gives address hotel tom convinces michael work ben instructs job board freighter set sail fiji michael arrives port tom tells wait day explosive device kill freighter crew preventing reaching island returns barracks seen playing football jack shortly abandon barracks making camp jungle route temple tom shocked ben agrees survivors jacob ben superior faith ben leadership shaken ignores ben calls intervene begins beat andrew ben returns jacob orders raid survivors beach camp night tom party sent looking glass season finale captured party ben radios tom shoot code signal tom shoot bullets ground pretending kill hostages rest survivors met ben tom expresses regret finishing hostages killed seven arrival van juliet sees rest attack party killed tom admits defeat shoots heart claiming life payment taking juliet later tom near jungle team deceased characteristics tom introduced season finale wears fake beard old clothes continues appear guise second season revealing beard fake finale actor portrays tom informed character beard fake near end season producers describe tom friendly earning nickname friendly critic described sarcastic bright tom dislike blood causes struggle supervising ben operation believes makes think similar tom commenting loyal loyal person common don know socially awkward tom revealed gay season stated got group people somebody got marching different drummer development met lost producer working opportunity work motivation tom script description character watches episode series admits knowing happening time appearance season finale exodus credited man called season season appearances friendly confirmed friendly real producers refer internally friendly surname later suggested actually friendly comic con nicknamed hunting party led critics season finale live die revealed tom character death noted kill don mean don need anymore cause everybody got past season premiere tale cities tom tells kate type comment resulted online discussion regard tom sexual orientation hinted lost character later joked kate type gay began playing character tried subtly jack claiming attraction got half season fourth season episode meet kevin johnson tom seen kissing new_york lover broadcast meet kevin johnson confirmed line season premiere allusion tom sexuality felt needed explicitly confirmed noted confirmation scene meet subtle lost writer stated great tom realize true gentleman reception ign loved tom appearance great scene introduction camp found fan reaction appearance tough went people dirty looks like going boy noted gradually improved appearances season aol squad listed tom entertaining guest roles seasons commenting counting episode favorite money disturbing showed blue words gon boy scene head days exodus aired ben tom relatively menacing time feeling terrifying sea captain review season episode woman wizard called return favorite tom highlight following posthumous flashback appearance meet said feel worse death wasn ben scary heart san_francisco_chronicle thought revelation tom gay unique funny twist huffington_post noted revelation little oddly placed kind like let characters gay cool perfectly normal gay character
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Tom Friendly
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Media and drama
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Television
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Lost series
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22004_AnaLuciaCortez
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fictional character abc television series lost played appearance guest star season finale main cast season oceanic flight splits mid air tail section fuselage crash opposite sides mysterious island leader tail section flashbacks centric episodes collision road life police officer crash rodriguez provoked controversy stopped police driving influence weeks character killed leading speculation reason death producers lost stated rodriguez interested appearing season death written beginning shot killed arc prior crash officer pregnant loses baby shot suspect scene spends months physical psychological therapy suspect arrested refuses identify release kills outside bar decides leave force eventually finds work airport security guard meets airport bar asks accompany sydney bodyguard sydney ways buys ticket oceanic flight return los_angeles brief flashback season finale bar airport unaware christian son pair arrange continue conversation flight flight plane splits half parts crashing different sides island tail section survivors story tail section survivors cope days island shown days landing ocean best help need night survivors kidnapped mysterious inhabitants island nights later taken second raid kills finds list descriptions victims fellow survivor traitor moves inland pit throws confesses night tricks kills small group heads inland discovering bunker known arrow trek atop hill tells worked real traitor struggle broken stick returns group tells safe fellow tail section survivors bring discovering washed shore breaks free follows finds michael michael thrown pit follows pretending captured believes fellow survivors releases travel camp survivors near camp mistakes shannon shoots fatally island events collision guilt shannon death shannon lover tied refuses let group reasoning reluctantly lets invited bunker fuselage survivors found man claiming manages receive map crashed balloon takes charlie eventually discovers crash site body real second centric episode road attempts speak henry assaulted nearly killed seeking revenge steals gun returns hatch attempts kill henry unable bring michael offers kill behalf hands gun shoots heart killing buried killed michael death makes appearances dream vision lie flash sideways died personality described demanding hostile bully called brooding broken cop perpetual described character charge nature inability reasoned away decisions aol squad felt lacking common sense squad thought angry power mad total job according supervising producer somebody want victim victim swore victim rodriguez described character intuitive adding like character pretty aware suspicious street smart speak mind quality development february lost producers began looking woman mid leader tail section romantic interest jack agent time called producers informing rodriguez interested role year rodriguez producers lost creator met rodriguez explained interested season nomadic spirit like arc called producers liked energy agreed plan kill end season rodriguez felt tough female roles wanted role different planned start tough character audience expect layers character gradually rodriguez described type creature island reconstructed character slightly fit liked rodriguez making street smart speak mind quality appearance penultimate episode season order set character cast season rodriguez told character mother police force style leadership deliberately contrasts jack jack reluctant leader quickly takes charge early appearances shown tough flashbacks collision revealed lost baby softer came time kill character killed time create emotional impact happened amidst rumours characters killed actresses question arrested filming location producers denied killed rodriguez behaviour set saying interaction told professional rodriguez felt comfortable series happy leave felt help grow personally woman mixed feelings leaving hawaii lost filmed hard deal loved scenery reception described intensely hated characters television fall hostile bully added murdering shannon sympathy previously known survivors fans hate found makes creation character rodriguez hire strokes brilliant writing casting lost producers described hero squad unhappy prospect death feeling important love hate character disrupted jack kate love triangle created conflicts interesting zap2it admitted enjoyed kind later article described death brilliant added liked character stop second season jaw dropping moments shot death second ign list lost deaths immediate impact series unexpected end second season dvd supervising producer says brought real strength dynamic element role won screen actors guild award outstanding performance ensemble drama series cast lost won alma award outstanding supporting actress television series
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Ana Lucia Cortez
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Media and drama
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Television
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Lost series
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25215_FrankLapidus
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fictional character abc television series lost played frank introduced second episode season pilot hired mission island oceanic flight crashed aids survivors crash mercenary helps rescue group known oceanic years later frank encounters group working commercial airline pilot plane lands island forcibly taken group passengers headed working island highest authority figure jacob series finale ultimately escapes island fellow inhabitants frank created executive producer pitching years unseen character episode producers choice role developed suit personality result writers guild america strike frank role half season diminished planned storylines carried fifth season frank introduction new characters freighter introduced season received return season lost executive producer confirmed interview series regular sixth final season arc originally new_york frank intended pilot flight crashed island encountered bahamas ringing state body pilot flight shown sea bed television news claimed frank later recruited pilot behalf freighter destined island flight crashed frank reveals conspiracy theorist believes survivors flight goes pilot helicopter freighter island approach team consisting parachute safety frank able land helicopter significant damage identifies local response return charlotte held hostage flies freighter later frank actions fellow freighter passenger mercenary hired capture island helps group survivors avoid team later attempts resist command murders freighter captain display power forced comply able secretly transfer satellite phone survivors warning group survivors mercenaries frank attempts fly safety lack fuel group consisting hugo reyes crash ocean later rescued ship belonging girlfriend following rescue frank begins working encounters survivors years later flight guam frank realizes oceanic intend return island minutes later flight experiences extreme frank pilot able land plane adjacent pilot killed gathering survivors flight frank accompanies sun ben main island meet reveals remaining survivors travelled time christian instructs await arrival sun determined remain find husband frank parts returning intent repairing jet radio help return frank finds passenger found guns island claimed leadership group unable answer cryptic question lies shadow statue attacks knocks frank later regains consciousness transported main island flight survivors discussing potential candidate asks candidate refuse elaborate frank accompanies group jungle meet island native inhabitants foot aforementioned statue season premiere frank tells sun trust men witnesses man black quinn posing knock advisor burial real frank accompanies ben sun rescue attacked temple rescue miles eventually decide head beach frank miles saying ben killed jacob tells ben original pilot flight beach jack richard arrive order stop man black leaving island richard suggests destroy plane killed holding frank goes group order dynamite blows ship order prevent anymore risks destroying dynamite supplies tells plan talk man black richard goes plan destroy plane frank joins jack sun group merge man black camp later second command arrives camp threatens destroy camp artillery shells man black frank jack sun plan man black joining escape man black group jack leaves group reluctance leave island remaining group reach locked animal man black attacks camp allowing jack joined man black free frank rest group head plane leave island plane man black reveals plane rigged suggests leave island submarine frank group reach sub control man black men attack manage jack discovers man black planted jack bag sacrifices runs far away explodes explosion causes submarine sink frank knocked door hits frank makes surface water found richard miles head blow plane frank convinces steal plane let fly repair work picking kate claire plane takes heads home development landed island season producers began plan boat came wanted new characters interested finding island personal reasons team created consisted frank referred freighter folk relationship survivors flight formed fourth season executive producer writer pitching years finally naming unseen character fourteenth episode season developed character helicopter pilot according producers choice role enjoyed roles man marshal commended intense eyes stating exactly right offered having audition time producers began consider role taken break acting living afghanistan charity work running contacted appearing mountain venezuela having opened seen series producers talked seasons attempt convince return acting accept role cast unaware guest star develop regular focus character diminished writers guild america strike resulted fourth season cut short half season feature character stories planned frank fellow freighter folk deferred fifth season frank originally envisioned beard time casting felt beard worked character allowed role requirement length character remained return fifth season episode set years original introduction praised way character developed suit explaining meeting discussing interested personally experiences going incorporate elements expanded beauty feed concept based idea actor characters suits rack tailor exciting positive nice dance given overarching overview character new freighter folk found exciting creating level intrigue cast crew fans prior arrival island described drunk entertainment_weekly deemed laid new characters commented rolled places little longer agreeing assessment little nomadic said frank takes face value true conspiracy probably seen episode x-files pay reception initially worried freighter folk characters received fans unhappy reaction new characters introduced season following introduction confirmed dead characters received new_york_post citing reason improved ratings aol squad wrote episode won called frank favorite new lost character ign described frank new characters freighter great exciting writing exceptional screen presence regular cast members extent guide praised casting freighter folk noting personal favourite appearance marshall deemed group stronger actors lost stars expressed hope remain longer entertainment_weekly called new characters fascinating wrote totally worked intriguing left philadelphia_inquirer deemed frank flashback mind bending buddytv called confirmed dead perfect introduction new characters writing wait find guide enjoyed introduction praised actors performances highlighted introduction freighter folk highlights season opining fit seamlessly ensemble digital_spy praised season introducing frank deemed real cult figure contrast critical wrote amazed economy precision new characters introduced got flashback little time island end episode felt true handle like individuals possible exception frank bit generic drunk guy following episode nice home guide noted intrigued seemingly heroic antics saving group survivors men overall confused motivations freighter folk wrote frank return fifth season episode shocking meant opined chances frank plane astronomical fact supposed pilot flight makes situation unusual appearance episode absurd half seasons lost makes perfect sense wrote great frank missed character presence hoped play major returning island
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Frank Lapidus
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Media and drama
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Television
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Lost series
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27076_Mr.Eko
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fictional character played abc television series lost introduced second season episode plane crash survivors plane tail section flashbacks reveal leader gang save brother lived nigeria assumed brother identity priest brother killed drug killed defense left nigeria priest australia investigating alleged miracle girl came life drowning australia boarded flight plane crashed left survivors deserted island lost creators fans work hbo asked portray character initially interested joining cast persuaded shorter period mind lot influence character changing character making adjustments personality appearing season asked write character feel home hawaii decided shocking emotional death best way character depart seeing brother island chases smoke monster brutally murders received positive responses critics fans disappointed character killed season toy figure included second series lost toy figures distributed appearances prior crash originally nigeria born january grew looking younger brother lived small village revealed 23rd day playing local children gang raids village search young recruits refuses shoot elderly man steps shoots fate impressed actions away draw away religious lifestyle criminal life adopted title grows fearless drug lord vicious leader guerrilla group brother honoured priest years abduction returns home village ask help heroin hidden large number statues intends fly country refuses threatens associates burn church sign documents allow appear priests men assemble airfield day shipment ready smuggled revealed tipped military tries convince plans military arrives killed ensuing gun battle kicked plane plane leaves mistaken released village feeling guilty death assumes role village priest day encounters gang deal delivered village exchange village safety soon afterward arrive church attempt cut hands fights kills shock village church boarded leaves london leaving england assumes brother identity serving priest australia father asks investigate reported miracle young lady come life drowning girl father dismisses miracle act incompetence undertaker claiming girl suffering severe doctor result soon prepares board flight shortly buying ticket encounters girl investigation tells saw places brother message faith crash crash lands tail section survivors ocean short distance beach group night island kidnap survivors kills resisting kidnap attempt feeling guilty remains mute following days beats unconscious arrive beach pit innocence proven tail section survivors head camp fuselage survivors arrival kate quinn shows orientation video initiative watches fits remaining fuselage survivors 23rd discovers virgin mary statue possession demands taken came knowing brother body charlie decide burn plane heroin filled statues day island baby aaron mother discovers survivors hold named captured swan hatch requests speak confesses killing people night crash expresses leaving following confession starts building church beach charlie help tell help dream church ventures jungle claiming hunt escaped manages taking drew map resulting discovery pearl station watching station orientation video vows continue pushing button hatch despite protests season finale live die initiate lock computer room desperate let run goes dynamite ship wrecked island plane attempt blow open blast door effect knock unconscious unable prevent reaching zero result station survives dragged away polar bear charlie later rescue pull safety cost living awakens find tent telling needs confess finding tent fire searching soon decides follow pearl station waiting outside sees follows confession learning merely deception grows angry chases jungle confronts monster thrown finally thrown ground fatally wounded saw devil dying reason decides tell said dies image happy children walking distance final episode fourth season seen sitting table seemingly seat leaves says personality creating character producers envisioned character comes terms living island consumed trying introduced person tail section plane mysterious complex character said character fighting battle internal struggle life led worthy pride shame explained dedication pushing button hatch seeing hatch answer mystery life described natural leader strong silent type man words said don mess bank hawaii fan said character criminal pretending priest replied actually priest pretending criminal development character created explore spiritual element add african character producers thought provide cultural variety cast lost creators choice actor portray seen hbo wire clear unavailable filming schedule wire decided contact big fans work hbo prison drama time filming unfamiliar lost intention joining cast producers succeeded role want long term commitment hired short period time accepted opportunity play character different faith buddhism enjoyed idea deserted island lived deserted island years prior cast weeks hired moved hawaii filming took place created passive character idea changed producers saw play character explained saw screen shirt foot stick beating guys knew guy wasn going passive priest eventually decided combine original idea character character originally character named later cast changed order consistent tribal lineage refers nigeria coming lord adding character suggestion thought thing world changed minds repeating times realizing cool character appeared shown briefly knocking main characters stick given stick told knock guys felt better way entrance religious scripture stick suggestion season felt uncomfortable living hawaii wanted return residence london england discussed departure decided character die episodes season found shocking emotional death best way write character felt death cost living character complete commenting cost living written episode knew able season later said preferred character remain little longer hints possibilities character returning despite wishes return sixth season producers stated returning actor eventually offered guest role series finale turned salary disagreements reception overall character positively received week received lot surprise called creatively complex characters island los_angeles_times depicted island favorite ign named best character seasons lost performance praised critics san_francisco_chronicle said probably best actor cast shared screen actors guild award outstanding performance ensemble drama series cast lost named year entertainment_weekly nominated lost award heroes generally critics fans disappointed killed season called best character disappointed death response death entertainment weekly stated miss acting guess sacrifice island demanded writing zap2it said death hard loud long ign listed death number list lost deaths
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Mr. Eko
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Media and drama
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Television
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Lost series
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27372_DanielleRousseau
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fictional character abc drama television series lost chronicles lives people plane crashes remote island croatian actress plays scientist island sixteen years prior crash oceanic flight killed fourth season american actress portrayed younger version character fifth season later reappears episode sixth season recurring island character appeared nineteen episodes seasons episode voice heard final episode sixth season character commonly known french woman survivors island introduced early season sixteen years prior plane crash member french research vessel ship ran aground island months stranded gave birth daughter alex taken island original inhabitants group called primary objective reunite daughter achieved season finale looking glass reunion short lived shot killed band mercenaries middle fourth season writers wrote series request wish travel hawaii film scenes later called rumor producers planned flashback episode season delayed writers guild america strike writers stated fifth season story told told flashback fifth season lost younger version shown critical reaction character generally positive expressed disappointment execution death scene arc prior crash sixteen years oceanic crashes island heavily pregnant member person crew aboard french research vessel days crew picked radio signal repeating set numbers attempting find source signal ship ran aground rocks surrounding island reaching shore team found oceanic survivor water time travelling result time shifts moving flight survivors island history later tells survivors oceanic months arrival island natives called carried disease rest crew contracted believed disease allowed reach rest world killed colleagues including husband robert past witnesses different version past shown responsible sickness forced kill crew confronts father child robert gunpoint accuses changed inside temple robert denies explaining monster security system temple convinces lower weapon attempts shoot shot attempts kill having witnessed moments team entered believing disease radio tower changed message numbers repeating distress days later gave birth daughter week alex birth came took alex ben told child safe lucky left alive leaving ben tells hears run way began setting traps jungle hope catching people responsible alex kidnapping crash makes appearance season episode solitary captures plane crash survivors eventually convinces allows return camp close eye survivors weeks later comes claire left jungle kidnapped noticing claire shouting presence knocks unconscious carries survivors makes appearance numbers shoots charlie season finale set days plane crash arrives beach warns coming claire gives birth son aaron steals intends swap child come reluctantly returns season set weeks later informs caught later turns ben later joins claire searching medicine claire baby work stations disappointed found trace alex begins leave claire tells believes alex helped escape captured midway season kate persuades help survivors find home informing alex helped escape arrive group watches bushes alex walks past days later leads survivors radio tower order contact nearby freighter route encounter ben alex ben explains season begins survivors dividing groups believe people freighter dangerous including alex joining terry quinn learning freighter crew intentions kill island ben directs alex boyfriend head temple rest located way shot unseen attackers killed buried bodies discovered miles claire leave travel beach flash sideways mother alex lives alex introduces mother hurt battered alex bring home dinner alex talking tells death father closest father figure got visibly touched development named french swiss philosopher french actress croatian led speculation france official lost producer joked french woman speaks croatian accent living woods sixteen years eating bugs got issues issues need overcome actually embrace understood decision meet daughter believing prepared moment met time minutes shooting reunion scene season finale actors believed scene huge moment characters described basic human moment glad beautiful partner noted physical resemblance said asked character written series want travel hawaii film scenes later called rumor producers decided shot possibility returning season runners executive producers originally intended flashback episode season result writer strike come pass asked flashback season said story definitively revealed use word flashback revealed trying steer away word flashback embracing new word explained flashbacks flash forwards going different year going mix instead flashbacks like previous seasons stories fifth season play island stories different points time writers supposedly scheduling appearance fifth season end making appearance returns form sideways counterpart crashed island lost alex went insane sixth season reception review season episode solitary ign commented appeared emotionally fragile later seasons like loose cannon found series progressed mystery character unable deliver impact appearance review numbers makes second appearance described encounter episode best moment finds comfort expect lost creator commended giving character heart soul managed identifiable complex unknown fate meet heavily discussed critics alan_sepinwall star felt relationship alex reunion remained death wasted opportunity powerful death scene buddytv believed survive mainly waiting flashback seasons thought death ensure happen disappointed death scene noting wasn shocked killed scene felt like tossed case serve season finale felt deserved screen time episode leading death san_francisco_chronicle described rude lazy way rid buddytv found death scene unsatisfactory commenting entirely scene end felt artificial like accidentally flipped different agree shot arrow shocking come putting recurring character life pose cliffhanger appearances lost key recurring key guest
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Danielle Rousseau
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Media and drama
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Television
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Lost series
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27933_ShannonRutherford
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fictional character played abc drama television series lost chronicled lives survivors plane crash shannon introduced pilot episode fellow crash survivor series regular funeral kate time island spent time formed relationship survivor plane crash shannon accidentally shot mistakes casting process compared played character idea encouraging writers write romantic relationship character shannon story critics found largely character shortly death nonetheless grace received teen choice award nomination role shannon arc prior crash shannon father marries frost spends studies ballet gets older teaches dance classes young girls eighteen shannon father dies car crash prepared money property goes wife refuses help shannon financially despite shannon winning prestigious non paying martha graham dance company new_york unable come money shannon moves france short time work pair shannon later forms plan con giving inheritance deserved playing knowledge love makes appear boyfriend brian abuses pays brian leave shannon plans secretly half money con sydney abusive boyfriend ruins shannon ruse cuts check storms hotel room plans return states shannon boyfriend takes money shannon goes hotel room sydney drunk allows seduce sex shannon tells things way expresses anger know control situation relationship following morning sydney airport approaches shannon asking watch bag soon leaves doomed flight takes shannon hand hands love briefly relieving misery hours flight moments crash shannon momentarily seen row crash landing island decides join transmit distress signal argument discover french looped signal transmitted shannon knowledge language translate later shannon attack found sun plants help breathing selfish manipulative behavior brands shannon useless help translate maps belonging french woman radio transmission shannon soon form romantic relationship returning romantic night beach learns died falling great height funeral shannon speak allows talk instead shannon holds terry quinn responsible death asks action refuses steals key gun case holds gunpoint jungle arrives beach morning warn camp imminent arrival shannon prepares migrate caves rest group leaving survivors built gives shannon dog vincent means help recover loss start season shannon loses vincent jungle searching shocked find standing wet finds disappears days builds shannon shelter beach brings soon decide sleep time leaves bottle water shannon absence shannon sees vision standing shelter experience dream uses vincent try find lead grave takes vincent jungle pursuit starts rain shannon admit feelings seeing shannon runs accidentally shot mistakes dies moments later arms shannon death left caused rift survivors rest season shown guilt ridden killing shannon season experienced survivors shown alternate timeline plane crashed seen plane traveling explains went save shannon bad relationship want come series finale end attacked outside local bar watching shannon tries defend gets car knocks attacker unconscious gets help shannon remember lives island realize later night reunited passengers oceanic personality casting process shannon compared lost producer described bitch like typical daddy girl gets wants responsible bit found shannon self centered called daddy girl describes self centered little bitch night island shannon confident rescued refusing help organize care rose lost husband spends time catching fish apologizes behalf shannon poor guy like use case says shannon don way look don seriously joke trying contribute useless help translate maps obtained development producers looking paris quality play shannon shallow storyline require lot women auditioned producers finally settled written bitch season producers needed character use create opposition conflict producers thought interesting shannon relationship interest came idea unrelated romantic encounter twist backstory killed end season forces shannon adult existence island grace noted person knew loved shannon spite course losing especially left unresolved change freed develop relationship plays came idea shannon relationship thought shock relationship woman looked like miss america unlikely pairing come completely left field pairing shannon person according lost producer relationships audience expect necessarily ones producers necessarily going want try find ways characters don expect kind connect connect ways kind surprising shannon flashbacks abandoned allow audience emotional level character finally understand way death planned start season producers wanted survivors tail section plane survivors fuselage forced come difficult circumstances death spin direction commented sort understood lost sign going constant character turnover stakes island life death felt intense emotional sense loss watching death post death appearance collision credited special guest star received billing returned season appearing flashbacks noted fun actually shannon stories shannon originally season premiere sixth final season written grace unavailable producers eventually arranged grace appear end reception ign critical shannon relationship plane crash commenting shannon ability sort understand french training little impact characters bring little table intriguing storylines characters deserve attention relationship added final act finally lust exciting ultimately built lost universe later review episode following death commented shannon left little season especially shannon high point documents given opportunity shine acceptable job distraught sibling looking blame death finally real depth shannon character quest vengeance believable according shannon sympathy previously known survivors iii aol squad joked mother devil shannon right killing thought death troubled shannon likable found love season death far lose jack kate sun chicago_tribune felt fans echoed view describing reaction muted angry shooting shannon won screen actors guild award best ensemble drama series nominated choice breakout performance female lost
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Shannon Rutherford
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Media and drama
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Television
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Lost series
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3411_GlobalClimateCoalition
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global climate coalition international group businesses opposed action reduce greenhouse gas emissions challenged science global warming largest industry group active climate policy prominent industry advocate international climate negotiations involved opposition protocol played role blocking ratification united_states coalition promoted views climate dissolved membership declined face improved understanding role greenhouse gases climate change public criticism founding global climate coalition formed project auspices formed represent interests major producers users fossil oppose regulation global warming challenge science global warming context founding included establishment nasa congressional testimony climate change occurring government affairs offices corporations recognized organized montreal protocol international treaty phased clean air act united_states recognized fossil targeted regulation according mission statement home page website established coordinate business participation international policy debate issue global climate change global warming executive director press release said organized leading voice industry global climate change issue reorganized independently chairman board directors director government relations founding member founding member board directors later leadership role coalition leading member coalition executive vice president chairman coalition board directors founding members included executive director previously director government relations run public relations firm largest industry group active climate policy companies industry associations members considering member corporations member trade associations business represented member trade associations represented businesses industry sectors represented included aluminium paper transportation power generation petroleum chemical small businesses major oil companies members members industries adversely effected limitations fossil fuel consumption funded membership advocacy activities powerful groups action global warming prominent industry advocate international climate negotiations led campaign opposed policies reduce greenhouse gas emissions powerful non governmental organizations representing business interests climate policy according professor advocacy activities included lobbying government officials lobbying press releases advertising participation international climate conferences criticism processes international climate organizations critiques climate models personal attacks scientists policy positions advocated coalition included denial climate change emphasizing uncertainty advocating additional research highlighting benefits risks climate change stressing priority economic development defending national sovereignty opposition regulation greenhouse gas emissions sent major international climate conventions nations non profits send official delegates conferences registered non governmental organization executives members attended official conferences delegates president addressed urging caution responding global warming offering new proposals said bush speech strong concurred priorities economic development additional research sent attendees earth summit rio_de_janeiro lobbied targets december executive director wrote letter new_york_times considerable debate man greenhouse gases produced primarily burning fossil triggering dangerous global warming trend distributed half hour video entitled planet earth hundreds journalists white_house middle eastern oil producing countries suggested increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide boost crop yields solve world hunger president bill_clinton pledged reducing emissions greenhouse gases levels year executive director said economic health nation lobbying key defeat united states senate clinton tax proposal united_states secretary energy said needed strengthened voluntary carbon dioxide reductions said disturbed president voluntary climate action plan getting way inadequate stringent measures needed domestically fund original scientific research climate claims relied largely successor edited funded promoted views climate michaels published report entitled global warming extreme weather fact fiction written members questioned climate change denial shifted message highlighting economic costs proposed greenhouse gas regulations limited effectiveness proposals developing nations conference berlin agreed negotiate greenhouse gas limits executive director said agreement gave developing countries like china india mexico free ride change relations sovereign countries united_nations significant implications way economy washington press conference eve second united nations climate change conference geneva executive director said time decision conference geneva issued statement said early determine causes global warming representatives lobbied scientists september conference mexico_city actor chairman earth day interviewed clinton sent mail said car grand current car chevrolet predicting future climate change assembled advisory committee scientific technical experts internal page report climate science entitled predicting future climate change said scientific basis potential impact human emissions greenhouse gases climate established denied early operating committee asked advisory committee sections arguments accepted report distributed members draft document disclosed lawsuit filed auto industry california efforts regulate automotive greenhouse gas emissions according new_york_times demonstrated coalition worked sway opinion scientific technical experts advising science backing role greenhouse gases global warming refuted according remarkable showing fossil fuel companies deception climate science continued present day decades ago companies scientific experts internally realities implications climate change second assessment report industry participant review process prior publication second assessment report distributed report entitled scientific reporters scientists coalition report said lead author chapter assessment entitled detection climate change causes altered text acceptance approval authors strike content uncertainty science repeated charges letter wall_street_journal published june coalition ran newspaper advertisements said management promptly printed versions credibility lost authors said edits comments peer review agreed processes main industry group united_states opposed protocol committed signatories reduce greenhouse gas emissions coalition leading industry group working opposition protocol according led opposition protocol according los_angeles_times prior spent million annually lobbying limits emissions annual revenue peaked million spent million advertising opposition treaty coalition funded hired advertising firm produced harry advertising campaign opposed clinton health care initiative advertisements said climate treaty isn global won work americans pay price cents gasoline opposed signing protocol clinton influential withdrawal protocol administration president according briefing notes prepared secretary state bush rejection protocol based input lobbying key july unanimous passage united states senate reflected coalition position restrictions greenhouse gas emissions include developing countries chairman told congressional committee mandatory greenhouse gas emissions limits rush judgement coalition sent delegates conference parties december day delegates reached agreement legally binding limits greenhouse gas emissions chairman said agreement defeated senate executive director compared protocol membership decline dissolution challenge science prompted backlash environmental groups described club called members withdraw support abandonment global climate coalition leading companies partly response mounting evidence world getting warmer according delegates introduced unsuccessful proposal hurricanes members weakened coalition resigned later announced support protocol commitment greenhouse gas reductions withdrew criticism european environmental groups company withdraw new_york_times described departure latest sign divisions heavy industry respond global warming left coalition left corporate members targets national student run university campaign december early march withdrew coalition members joined represented diverse including business interests commitment peer reviewed scientific research accepted need emissions restrictions address climate change association trade associations membership limited trade associations individual corporations represented trade association brown called effort conceal real issue loss key corporate members president withdrew process disbanded absent participation effectiveness process limited said website mission successfully achieved writing point congress administration agree accept mandatory cuts emissions required protocol reception compared role public policy debate climate change roles public policy debate tobacco safety tobacco industry group promoted misleading science said promoting doubt science 1990s nations took action fossil fuel industry managed american journalists treat accelerating warming said said story according los_angeles_times members integrated projections climate models operational planning publicly criticising models members membership notes
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Global Climate Coalition
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Natural sciences
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Earth science
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Climate change
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3434_Raëlism
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known movement ufo religion founded known teaches life earth scientifically created species members species appeared human having personal contacts descendants humans early humanity angels gods believe include jesus informed humans era founder members claim received final message purpose inform world humans aware peaceful wish welcomed quasi clerical structure seven levels joining movement requires official religions ethics include world peace sharing democracy sexuality important doctrine liberal views sexuality attracted priests bishops religions founded originally handed bishop company claimed american woman underwent standard procedure led birth daughter eve december believe claim nonetheless attracted national authorities mainstream media look cult status frequently use symbol peace halted requests territory israel later lebanon establishing embassy religion uses embedded star david starting symbol replaced variant star symbol public relations particularly israel history beginnings rooted claims french automobile journalist race car driver books book tells truth took planet alien encounters beings gave knowledge origins major religions movement traces beginnings conference paris france thousand people organization born double acronym french language stands movement welcoming creators humanity pour des moses preceded christ christ called transformed movement increasingly global fifth book sensual meditation published formal publication japanese language began mission japan years later africa target area mission spread messages december ceo company called announced birth baby eve supposedly human clone announcement ignited media attention ethical debate doubt criticism claims hoax movement including suggested steps achieving important agenda claim combine accelerated growth process form mind transfer achieve eternal life member hierarchy structure seven levels ascending level level levels consist guides level guide known guide guides final level level priest guide bishops priests promote lower level members level time annual bishop priest propose new guide long candidate level guides assist regional guides level assigning non guide members levels assistant priests organizers assistant organizers members structure begin level annual structure claimed members guides bishops held highest position seven year terms women groups women membership anecdotes newsletter report female joining movement asian chapter women chief executive officer play powerful role major groups women founded 1990s consists women humanity initiation rites include declaring oath making contract agrees defender ideology founder hierarchy rose angels white angels women respectively human claim headlines daily_telegraph wrote members order provided sexual pleasure helped donate eggs efforts human days later time magazine wrote french chemist order angels member time cult specialist called transparent movements witnessed alarmed women promise defend life bodies instructed women members play pro sex feminist role girls group women movement suppression feminine acts pleasure including sexual intercourse men women girls solely consists women work sex industry women girls reason performing prostitute organization set support choice women working sex industry girls founder featured october issue playboy rites practices initiation ceremony major initiation rite baptism transmission cellular plan performed upper level members clergy known guides introduced act obligation preparing baptism baptism known transmission cellular plan cellular refers organic cells body plan refers genetic makeup individual baptism involves guide member laying water forehead new member practice began sunday april baptised believe genetic information recorded remote computer recognized final hour judged extraterrestrial ceremonial dates performed special days year dates mark calendar dates august marks anniversary atomic bombing hiroshima december marking day says personal encounter extraterrestrial october says took spacecraft following day meals jesus past religious figures sunday april believe date dark skinned created sensual meditation sensual meditation set exercises public book practiced members exercises usually taught activities outreach advocacy history members toured public settings advocating birth control hope genetically modified food allow eliminate obligation work world science technology founded company someday human beings scientifically recreated process human organization mission oppose female ufo exhibits structure members set exhibitions beliefs extraterrestrial intelligent designers sending crop circles arrival embassy smaller meetings non annual typically larger structure members run organized group exercises involving meditation senses authority fringe religious movements spoke practiced exercise called sensual meditation discovered playing fields radical self reconstruction new forms authority new modes self relating encouraged music feature large gatherings night performances colored indicate wanted couple simply meet people yearly basis members organize attractive sexually adventurous news called annual cross camp new age retreat spanish television agency reported men women cross dressing plays activities observations disturbed reporter entered said french journalist went taped couples having sexual intercourse tents tapes gained widespread negative publicity news stories described practices form tents actually privacy attendees sharing person ejected called research sake called encouraged clear myths media rogue researchers activism routinely advocate sex positive feminism genetically modified food protested wars catholic_church august day year tech article usa_today newspaper mentions unlikely ally brazil movement gave vocal support response company support genetically modified organisms particularly country brazilian farmers genetically engineered plant artificially adapted spoke brazilian government ban anti war took anti war demonstration seoul korea white alien costumes bore signs bearing message war wants peace protest invasion iraq anti catholic catholic schools montreal canada objected proposed machine contrary mission response guides event dubbed operation gave catholic students thousand commissioner catholic schools montreal said stop july streets attracted italians swiss people gave protesting existence child roman catholic clergy france recommended parents send children catholic confession episcopal vicar geneva sued libel win judge accept charges reason attacking catholic_church october canadian anti clerical parade handed christian crosses high school students students invited burn crosses park far montreal sign letters roman_catholic_church called hatred school boards attempted prevent students meeting converts religions believe god deity clergy mainstream religions joined especially quebec structure movement promoted level priest bishop extensive bible training teaching skills roman catholic priests converted bishop joined openly gay stated worldwide mixed couples common especially christians intentional controversy canada studied movement says movement intentionally moderate level controversy maintain membership example group attempt tie views matters ranging strained relations middle_east regular online press releases view shared executive director anti cult organization says controversy leads criticism religious non religious people organizers deliberate attempts shock capture media imagination book yes human attracted media attention release including segments minutes gregory stock described project sufficiently quirky command instant media attention estimated group received free publicity worth million result claim lawyer politician wished clone dead son help services overwhelmed volume media attention interview said chief executive press beliefs theologian new religious movements described early developmental stage beliefs distance dominant intellectual climate claims life earth humans included created scientifically members extraterrestrial race appeared similar small humans depicted angels gods believe correct historical meaning word sense came sky belief extraterrestrial play central claim offering services homosexual couples want child partner dna states ufo religions heavy support social scholar long contacts associated belief mind transfer coupled human mind personality new disease free body publicly deny existence ethereal soul supernatural god believe humanity generations past resurrected albeit scientific way believe ages members civilization sent different including moses jesus role guide humanity prepare humans future created result sexual union human woman possible advanced dna synthesis genetic engineering later reduced frequent visits humans largely left progress time send final messenger disclose extraterrestrial embassy establishing political economic ties believe sex normal natural healthy life encourage people true natural sexuality promote healing damaging messages strict belief systems social natural sexuality acceptance homosexuality legal safe adult activity promoted healthy long life attract young converts religion believe sexuality gift pleasure mankind book let welcome fathers space says new advanced extraterrestrial ultimately practice final religion religion infinite involves practice according writers influenced beliefs include encouraged feel right matches rules culture live according majority loosely affiliated members following rules concerning diet drugs sexual activity described books attend monthly meetings pay proportion income committed members follow rules remain movement structure according director built museum called pressure exerted members attend annual allows members convinced enthusiasm voluntarily cited claimed members students conducted survey membership canada found respondents human opposed scientific definition reproductive simply creation genetically identical living thing seek genetically clone individuals rapidly accelerate growth clone adulthood process like guided self assembly rapidly expanded cells transfer mind personality donor clone believe humanity attain eternal life science told banning development human comparable medical advances blood founded venture ltd corporation research human company later changed handed bishop chief executive claimed human baby conceived technology time subsidiary claimed possession cell fusion device assisted human embryos vatican said expressed brutal mentality attempting clone human beings pope criticized experiment believes threatens dignity human life response leader dismissed pope ethical concerns calling accumulation religious response association south korean immigration authorities airport denied entry country decision led quick cancellation planned seven registered south_korea instructed protest near ordered leave officials detained hours international airport wife left tokyo took plane way canada responded saying korean officials treated like north korean wait apology coming korea ethics lgbt issues movement defends rights freedoms recognises gay marriage gay clergy leaders performed licensed sex marriages pleasure according book love involves experiencing different varieties possibilities allow break habits order life pleasant interesting thing stop war injustice today world believe right form new religions new political parties long promote violence believe gives order harm fault encourage adult homosexual bisexual relationships society recognize legally swiss government authorities responded views sensual meditation fear threat public morals supporting sex education children express view sex education teaches obtain sexual encourage sexual abuse children views sexual predators guides force missionary ideas members minimum seven years time believe takes person biological cells los_angeles california condemned acts consider disease particularly associated catholic priests saying minors adults mixed act sex authorities swiss claimed support doctrine complete sexual liberty denied application live area website denied sexual freedom adults way implies structure universe proposed states universe creator infinite time finite size surrounded infinite space universe larger level matter possibly organism particles bodies possess like smaller scale pattern universe believed infinitely repetitive infinitely small infinitely large state originally called singular verified scientifically difference mass activity life inside living thing undergo time passes living thing single step believe universe infinite time space lacks center imagine ethereal soul fourth activity rite sensual meditation creation life earth book message given republished intelligent design message designers isbn claims december found spacecraft shaped like flattened bell landed inside volcano near capital city year old human like extraterrestrial inside spacecraft named said primitive people earth called members extraterrestrial race seen came sky explained earth originally void life thick clouds shallow seas came broke apart clouds exposed seas sunlight built continent synthesized global ecosystem solar astronomy genetic engineering allowed adapt life earth thermal chemical makeup gave explanations following garden large laboratory based artificially constructed continent spaceship preserved dna animals tower rocket supposed reach creators planet great flood nuclear missile explosion sent tidal wave floods following explosions scattered speak language tribes according contacted people act earth including moses john baptist jesus muhammad religions thought origins include christianity islam point view religious texts indicate return age unveiling truth humans world appear drop sky meet embassy asked build share advanced scientific knowledge humanity stated main goals movement inform people possible extraterrestrial race humanity chance creating life planets believe humanity able create life planets humanity peaceful stop war case humanity travel distances stars create life planet progress molecular biology enable teams create continents life scratch progress social engineering ensure creation better chance surviving having potential understand creators research civilization occur planet allow scientists decide traces origin left role life creation someday revealed progress achieved science teams ultimately sustain perpetual chain life coming judgment believe ethereal soul exists free physical confinement believe advanced right recording memories dna human beings release information coming resurrection people brought dead realized based actions past life people excluded physical creation include achieved positive evil expressed interest hitler war trials punishment mentioned solution terrorism suicide attacks perpetrators able escape punishment killing recreated attacks embassy believe life earth religions world work believe scientists ancient people saw gods gave believe temple support official contact main religions new jerusalem vision establish embassy base cost million landing pad serve extraterrestrial location intended neutral territory jerusalem surrounded acres capable supporting people twice estimated membership april chicago_sun-times estimated funding cosmic million funding risen million million saved embassy october funding reached million proposed architecture location having entrance chamber leading conference room people dining room capacity plan seven rooms purpose receiving human guests embassy embassy building swimming pool center large park protected wall maximum stories surround entire complex trees bushes planted outskirts wall area walls northern southern entrance landing pad embassy able fit spaceship meters diameter terrace terrace rooms seven rooms directly underneath landing pad protected occupants rooms thick metal door finally wants avoid military radar surveillance embassy buildings administration food water provisions state art communication systems vision nearby replica open public expected visitors like inside real december leader decided extend possibility building embassy outside jerusalem allow significant portion embassy property covered water area proposed embassy property envisioned minimum square kilometers radius kilometers form book outlined plan peaceful worldwide political union democratic require members electorate meet minimum standard intelligence proposed average candidate average voter world government global currency common language transformation world civil police current state system inadequate dealing contemporary global issues typical human rights current economic system line proposes different economic model called recommends world government regions inhabitants vote region want regions defined divided sectors principle democracy applied sectors region defined having equal numbers inhabitants regions different levels population proportional voting power status current difficulty ideas means assessing intelligence ill defined idea offered specialists etc perfect choose existing ones series tests define person level intelligence designed measure intellectual potential accumulation knowledge lack scientific necessary inclusion properly political ideology noted number modern historical controversies surrounding presents idea classic provocative ideal necessarily model humanity follow book took planet claims extraterrestrial gave idea economic establishment people ownership businesses goods created instead people rent period years founders able receive years die later inherited relatives years state balancing children born financial means tasks endeavors benefit humanity family houses inherited generation generation free rent later book says road world money capitalism opposed communism capitalism allow contribute society contribute scientific technological development capitalism society produce money money important short run quickly cost goods putting people work religious symbol believe restoring historical meaning symbol peace good luck east religious symbol peace harmony montreal anti cult organization called statements article branding promoters racism church use logo description extraterrestrial global government percent average intelligence excluded electorate outside office spoke act religious minority january dozen people protested use logo miami use practices led criticism group florida jewish anti cult organization february modified symbol official reason given request change symbol order help negotiations israel building greet anticipated space vessels country continued deny request stated government discussing proposals movement build embassy lebanon condition display logo building mixes star david according involved declined offer wished symbol official symbol europe america original founder leader decided original symbol star david official symbol worldwide reception parliamentary commission issued report categorized french word cult reasons classification parliamentary inquiry commission issued report categorized sect professor stated sect cult commercial website collects large sums money interested human labor state classified religion reporters welcomed permission believe footage took makes clear cult guide said wired interview ashamed shown concerns incident estranged wife characterised cult leader claimed brought groups female home held affected children early age
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Raëlism
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Philosophy and religion
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Religion
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Religions and religious movements
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3716_Jainism
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traditionally known ancient indian religion belonging tradition non violence living beings possible extent main principles non non followers main vows lying non stealing monks follow completely observe partially self discipline major focuses function souls help motto word derives sanskrit word human conquered inner like attachment desire anger pride greed etc called followers path practiced preached known trace history succession teachers path known current era started concluded believe eternal forgotten revived time time philosophy oldest indian philosophy separates body matter soul consciousness completely maintain living beings soul perfect immortal souls liability repeated deaths said imprisoned body practitioners believe non violence self control means liberation texts reject idea creator deity eternal universe elaborate framework types life includes life forms invisible greatly influenced adopted principles life majority reside india million followers smaller major world religions outside india largest communities found united_states europe kenya canada divided major basic common prayer major festivals include aka non violence principle non violence non injury fundamental known aspect everyday implementation principle non violence comprehensive religions identity believe avoiding harm thoughts speech actions according text killing living injury act non injury extend practice humans living beings reason identity majority practicing violence animals production dairy products encouraged humans animals insects living offered protection practice avoidance intentional harm insects emphasized example insects home escorted instead killed teaches intentional harm absence compassion action violent humans animals insects efforts plants necessary admit plants destroyed sake food accept violence human survival including eat root vegetables potatoes tiny organisms injured plant pulled ability seen characteristic living believe intent emotions act violence important action example person kills living later regrets act compared person kills kind living anger revenge etc soldier acting self defense different type violence killing person hatred revenge violence war self defense justified resort peaceful measures thoroughly exhausted according text causes injury injury caused living beings non second main principle non non means maintaining open includes recognition perspectives humble respect differences beliefs encourages adherents consider views beliefs rivals opposing parties principle influenced adopt principles religious tolerance formally stated observing objects infinite qualities modes existence completely aspects finite human perception beings objects aspects capable partial knowledge accordingly single specific human view claim represent absolute truth illustrate theory blind men elephant story blind man feels different elephant trunk leg ear claim understand explain true appearance elephant limited perspectives partly succeed concept non explained expand concept non recommends expression epithet phrase expression means ways perspective reality complex single proposition express nature term proposition giving point view removing statement seven theory partial viewpoints compound sanskrit words partial viewpoint school thought debate arrive certain point view object infinite aspects describe practice speak relevant aspects ignore irrelevant holds philosophical disputes arise confusion adopt outcome purposes pursue realize partial expression truth enables reality non attachment main principle non attachment non includes non emphasizes taking necessary ownership objects allowed non attachment possessions taught followers minimize tendency unnecessary material possessions limit attachment current possessions wealth possessions shared donated possible attachment possessions said result direct harm oneself texts mention attachment possessions kinds attachment internal possessions attachment external possessions fourteen internal possessions wrong belief sex male sex passion female sex passion sex passion defects laughter like dislike sorrow fear disgust anger pride greed external possessions divided sub classes non living living according texts internal external possessions proved injury non manifestation passion attachment termed non violence manifestation passion considered injury said essence scripture according sacred text attachment possessions additionally identifies mind anger pride ego greed recommends conquering anger forgiveness pride straight greed practices accordance principle non violence beings strict followers limit dairy products avoid root vegetables avoid eating sunset fast year particularly festivals takes forms practiced based ability examples include eating meals day drinking water day eating sunset eating processed foods eating food sugar oil salt prayers purpose prayer break barriers desires assist liberation soul pray favors material goods rewards fundamental prayer recited time worship qualities supreme including attained salvation order adopt similar behavior meditation developed type meditation called term derived word goal achieve feeling perfect understand truth self sam means state aimed developing refrain injury particularly important religious festival believed meditation assist managing balancing great emphasis placed internal control thoughts influence behavior actions goals follow duties known practising praising teachers monks texts meditation forms wish stop influx extend reflections mentioned ancient texts like world soul pain suffering implied inability share suffering sorrow body soul body influx matter matter gradual matter form divisions universe nature conditions prevailing different regions heavens like extreme difficulty obtaining human birth subsequently attaining true faith truth festivals important annual event usually celebrated august september lasts days time lay people increase level spiritual intensity prayer meditation help main vows emphasized time set rules followers encouraged practice according ability desires day involves focused prayer meditation session known conclusion festival followers request forgiveness offenses committed year forgiveness asked saying means offended way thought word action seek forgiveness literal meaning coming birth era usually celebrated late march early april based lunar calendar festival marks anniversary hindu festival celebrated date celebrated atmosphere simplicity equity charity philanthropy environmental consciousness temples homes offices shops decorated lights small oil lamps lights symbolic knowledge removal ignorance distributed morning offered praying temples world new year starts right festivals celebrated rituals rituals basic worship ritual practised seeing pure self idols example related life events called rituals practices include performing ceremonial bath images sites include site mount capital locations divine events occurred temple places associated lives great men places associated famous centers learning encouraged respected monks live extremely lifestyles follow main vows strictly observe complete monks permanent home possessions use vehicles travel place distance place place months prepare food live people offer monks carry like object called fallen feathers sweep ground ahead sitting avoid inadvertently crushing small insects monks carry like object dense thick thread strands monks follow duties known practising praising teachers monks monks presence needed rituals confused priests employ need perform special daily rituals duties temple ethics ethical code seven vows vows include merit vows encourages spiritual development cultivation personal wisdom self control main vows means non injury major taken cause harm living beings involves intentional harm living creatures actions speech thoughts considered foremost vows means truth speak truth given priority principles yield conflict situation speaking truth lead violence silence observed means stealing willingly offered attempting material wealth exploit weak considered theft fair value given goods services purchased means monks requires exercise control senses control sexual activity means non includes non non attachment objects places people monks completely renounce property social relations monks practice cardinal principles stealing non strictly encouraged observe current practical limitations observed end life voluntary gradual reduction food liquid intake conditions condition severe famine disease great disability old age person nearing end seen spiritual detachment requiring great deal spiritual accomplishment maturity declaration person finished world chosen leave believe allows achieve death dignity great reduction negative philosophy according simple substances existence soul matter time space philosophers distinguish substance body thing declaring simple element reality compound substances claim partial total destruction body thing substance destroyed according substance sub qualities exist apart instance quality moisture like exist water conceived separately possible create destroy substance means time existing substances shall cease soul soul substance called distinguished remaining substances matter time space collectively called intelligence soul substance endowed found substances nature soul substance said freedom modifications said subject knowledge enjoyment suffering varying degrees according circumstances texts living beings soul perfect immortal souls said embodied body prison non soul matter considered non intelligent substance consisting infinity particles eternal said possess sensible qualities taste smell color certain forms touch sound time said cause continuity succession kinds space space divided parts space occupied universe portion universe portion found remaining substances souls matter time region pure space containing substance lying stretched sides bounds worlds entire universe substances said helpful motion stationary states things respectively enabling place place come rest condition motion reality philosophy based seven known attempt explain nature provide solutions ultimate goal liberation soul soul characterized consciousness non living entities consist matter space time influx evil matter soul mutual soul masks reaching true potential perfect knowledge perception matter soul gradual separation falling matter soul liberation complete matter bound particular soul soul according belief souls pure possess qualities infinite knowledge infinite perception infinite bliss infinite energy ideal state reality qualities found soul association matter ultimate goal realization reality relationship soul explained analogy gold gold found mixed natural state similarly ideal pure state soul mixed like gold soul achieved proper methods applied theory attach responsibility individual action cited explain suffering pain special type raises soul supreme status texts state life principles senses energy life duration organ speech mind table living beings possess accordance senses texts universe created cease exist independent self sufficient require superior power govern elaborate descriptions shape function physical universe constituents provided canonical texts commentaries writings philosopher monks according texts universe divided parts upper middle lower worlds called respectively constituents living entity matter substance responsible motion substance responsible rest space time time beginning eternal cosmic wheel time called according texts universe rise fall periods regeneration cycle time divided parts half cycles ascending descending period progressive prosperity happiness increases period increasing sorrow according currently 5th half time cycle exactly years years left present age sorrow misery religion practiced form liberation possible end religion disappear appear advent years following table depicts trend start reversing onset half time cycle regeneration according texts beings called born earth universal history compilation deeds persons comprise emperor world lord material realm possesses power finds ambitions list universal monarchs golden greatest mentioned scriptures texts like like mention india came known memory sets brothers heroes violent heroes described villains according legends ultimately kill attain liberation goes heaven death hell account violent exploits intended uphold according text knowledge kinds knowledge sensory knowledge regarded indirect knowledge remaining direct knowledge divine preaching hall called discourse delivered called comprises fourteen discourse recorded chief disciples composed departments generally represented tree branches historically based teachings present half cycle passed ages lost famine caused death saints thousand years death comprise thirty works liberation path liberation called path liberation text right faith right knowledge right conduct constitute path liberation book reality writes perfect release liberation path liberation method attained singular path order indicate constitute path liberation views singly constitutes path understood right faith right knowledge right conduct constitute direct path liberation following constitute path liberation right view belief substances like soul non soul right knowledge knowledge substances doubt right conduct free attachment right believer commit injury stages path philosophy fourteen stages soul pass order attain liberation called second stage soul destroys including knowledge results manifestation infinite knowledge said true nature soul pass stage called fully established right faith right knowledge right conduct according texts total destruction released pure soul goes summit universe eternal bliss soul removes ignorance 4th stage 6th stage 12th stage activities body mind speech 14th stage liberation god texts reject idea creator destroyer god eternal universe divides cycle time parts according belief half cycle time grace universe teach doctrine right faith right knowledge right conduct word signifies founder means passage sea path sea deaths said present half cycle 6th century revered texts explain existed exist modern historians place earliest evidence 9th century perfect souls body called perfect souls body called liberated souls helps achieve liberation role models seeking liberation called human spiritual guides fold order consists male female described religion teach supreme enlightenment guide teacher points way enlightenment struggle enlightenment following verses definition god according nature things true god free faults weaknesses lower nature things way constituted free hunger disease birth death fear pride attachment worry hatred sweat sleep surprise called god history origins origins obscure philosophy believe religion eternal said founder present half cycle vice president india wrote evidence far century people doubt prevailed mentions view founder believed older wonderful saying existence long composed volume claim great antiquity religion earliest prophet mentioned belonging remote past earliest literature found traces existence religious order 6th century bce fourth era appears tradition beginning followed religion established long ago predecessor historical figure lived 9th century bce antiquity view truth idea religion goes remote antiquity antiquity question pre called period recently dramatically illuminated discovery series great late stone age cities dating fourth millennium evidence presence monks south india second centuries archaeological evidence monks second century royal patronage ancient city capital modern described text important centre time frequented merchants revered known bce conquered took statue capital said flourished empire came power downfall emperor bce life disciple migrated bce grandson emperor said converted monk named conversion credited actively spreading parts india making possible monks travel lands building thousands temples establishing millions icons ruled place called 1st century bce emperor dynasty invaded retrieved statue installed near capital according ruler military victor according said certainty probably free subjects including chinese traveller notes numerous present time near surviving stone monuments king dynasty northern raised monk named supported rule king 8th century converted disciple famous monk converted friend authored famous epic titled decline major religion declined number factors including religious groups persecution withdrawal royal patronage absence central leadership time faced rivalry buddhism hindu suffered isolated violent groups main factor responsible decline religion success hindu movements 7th century saw considerable growth expense efforts saints like royal patronage key factor growth decline king converted influence work certain expresses contempt converted contemporary king 11th century minister king succeeded converting numerous sect destroyed temples belonging adapted use king follower sect influence grew rapidly hindu grew compromised following hindu rituals customs hindu deities literature legends massacre ancient times buddhist king bce said ordered killings drew picture feet king briefly converted said ordered massacre conversion legends found texts appear fabricated propaganda stories destruction sect sect common time way prove superiority sect legend ordering crushed oil mill appear historically true decline continued muslim conquests indian muslims rulers din oppressed community idols destroyed temples converted burned books killed conversions peaceful 13th century known peaceful propagation islam enjoyed relations rulers tributary hindu kingdoms period number influence diminished significantly rivalry community majority currently reside india million followers relatively small compared major world religions form india population concentrated states delhi significant populations outside india large communities found united_states europe temples built places smaller communities exist kenya canada developed system philosophy ethics great impact indian culture contributed culture language indian states encourage research obtain higher education monks particularly published numerous research according indian census highest degree literacy religious community india percent manuscript libraries oldest country libraries including large number preserved manuscripts schools branches community divided major denominations monks sky clad tradition wear clothes female sect wear plain white referred white clad hand wear white seamless clothes reign knowing indirectly predicted year long famine moved disciples pupil stayed famine followers returned found stayed started wearing white clothes unacceptable remained naked began naked white clothed saw opposed according required complete nudity evidence naked philosophers greek records early fourth century bce supports claim preserved ancient practice earliest record beliefs contained 2nd century believe remained unmarried believe married woman bore daughter believe women attain liberation female excavations revealed statues time 1st century represented clothes monks cloth wrapped left arm identified half clothed mentioned texts believed originated followed nudity beliefs literature sect maintains lost famine lost according partial knowledge original canon later learned started restore written words teachings subject matter century guided teachings written form wrote palm leaves oldest known texts texts include main texts famous texts include scholars believe author oldest extant work literature tamil 3rd century bce considered work scholars supports chapter states giving animal sacrifice worth thousand offerings fire verse famous tamil poetic work composed monks earliest surviving epic tamil literature written epic major work tamil literature describing historical events time prevailing religions buddhism according holds endowed chair tamil studies written legend tamil literary assemblies based permanent assembly called established likely assembly model tradition fabricated legend scholars poets authored tamil classics period beginning period 9th 13th centuries authors predominantly earliest known literature dominated 12th century wrote aspects faith greatest poets court poet king best known art architecture contributed significantly indian art architecture mainly depict important people seated standing posture attendant spirits guard usually shown figures seals bear similarity images nude posture earliest known image museum approximately dated 3rd century bce bronze images seen prince mumbai museum dated 2nd century bce tower good example architecture decorated manuscripts preserved libraries containing paintings illustrations depict historical events known life usually depicted lotus position standing position distinguished long locks hair falling shoulders bull images appear sculptures paintings incidents life like marriage marking forehead depicted paintings presenting pottery bowl followers seen painting house weaving visited mother associated distinctive listed texts caves stone beds inscriptions sculptures site wrote great books grammar tamil temples remnants ancient temples cave temples found india notable caves near temples near cave temple regarded finest examples art oldest famous centre region possesses early cave shelter medieval rock cut temple excellent paintings comparable paintings steep hill contains isolated locally known derived seven holes cut rock serve steps leading shelter cave seventeen stone beds aligned rows raised portion served largest stone bed distinct inscription 2nd century bce inscriptions belonging 8th century bce found nearby beds continued 7th 8th centuries inscriptions remaining stone beds monks 8th century temple marks revival south india statues sculptures metre foot statue referred built minister commander situated district state statue voted sms poll india conducted times_of_india statue depicting erected tall large number offerings worship excavated symbols important symbol arms symbolize states existence according heavenly human like flora fauna reception like religions criticized praised practices beliefs greatly influenced adopting principles compassion forms life importance vows self discipline self mutual tolerance people different said religion world explained principle deeply systematically discussed human life principle non violence ascribed practice people world achieve end life world sure status sure respected greatest authority appreciated role development indian religious philosophy words asks saved indian society burden animal sacrifices crushed life revolution took strong stand exclusively morals philosophical truths
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Jainism
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Philosophy and religion
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Religion
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Religions and religious movements
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9731_EnglishReformation
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english reformation series events 16th century england church_of_england broke away authority pope roman_catholic_church events associated wider process religious political movement affected practice christianity europe period factors contributed process decline rise nationalism rise common law invention printing press increased circulation bible transmission new knowledge ideas scholars upper middle classes readers general phases covered wales ireland largely driven changes government policy public opinion gradually accommodated based henry_viii desire marriage requested vii outset political affair theological dispute reality political differences rome england allowed growing theological disputes come fore break rome pope general councils church decided doctrine church law governed code canon law final jurisdiction rome church taxes paid straight rome pope final word appointment bishops break rome effected series acts parliament passed act supremacy declared henry supreme head earth church_of_england title renounced mary process restoring papal jurisdiction elizabeth royal supremacy title supreme governor final authority legal disputes rested monarch deprived revenue final appointment bishops theology church_of_england markedly protestant reign henry son largely lines laid archbishop mary process reversed church_of_england placed papal jurisdiction soon elizabeth reintroduced protestant faith moderate manner structure theology church matter fierce dispute generations violent aspect disputes manifested english civil wars ended roman catholic monarch deposed parliament asked william mary rule jointly conjunction english bill rights glorious revolution emerged church established church number non churches members suffered civil disabilities removed time legacy past roman catholic establishment remained issue time exists today substantial minority remained roman catholic england effort british systems church organisation remained illegal 19th century background henry_viii marriages desire male heir henry_viii ascended english throne age marriage catherine widow brother arthur june coronation unlike father secretive conservative young henry appeared heard masses day hunting season powerful mind let influenced advisors apart night day susceptible ear contributed state hostility young contemporaries lord chancellor cardinal long ear henry roman catholicism secure defended roman_catholic_church accusations book wrote probably considerable help conservative bishop rochester john fisher entitled defence seven awarded title defender faith pope successive english british monarchs retained title present broke away title conferred parliament split enemies court included influenced lutheran ideas attractive charismatic anne arrived court years france educated france maid honour woman charm style wit match henry late henry wanted marriage catherine produced male heir survived adulthood henry wanted son secure tudor dynasty henry father ascended throne england civil warfare rival claims english crown henry wanted avoid similar uncertainty succession catherine surviving child princess mary henry claimed lack male heir marriage eyes god catherine late brother wife biblical teachings henry married special pope needed allow wedding place henry argued wrong marriage valid henry asked pope vii marriage pope refused according pope marriage basis canonical previously feared wrath catherine nephew holy roman emperor troops earlier year sacked rome briefly taken pope prisoner combination conscience desire rid queen compelling indictment chancellor cardinal taking authority crown subsequent death november way london answer charge high treason left henry open opposing influences supporters queen sanctioned abandonment roman allegiance opportunity parliamentary debate legislation king summoned parliament deal bringing wanted reform disagreed form known common lawyers resented privileges clergy summon courts influenced lutheran hostile theology rome henry chancellor thomas successor wanted reform wanted new laws lawyer member parliament protestant saw parliament advance henry wanted protestant beliefs practices friends wanted closest friends soon archbishop matter progress possible pope afraid emperor charles henry anne allies wished simply ignore pope october meeting clergy lawyers advised parliament archbishop act pope prohibition henry resolved bully priests actions king english clergy having brought chancellor cardinal henry_viii finally resolved charge english clergy secure agreement forbade obedience authority pope foreign rulers enacted individuals ordinary course court proceedings henry having charged queen catherine supporters exeter decided proceed clergy henry claimed church_of_england pardon granted january clergy wanted payment spread years henry refused responded withdrawing payment altogether demanded henry fulfill certain guarantees money henry refused conditions agreed year period payment added articles specified clergy recognise henry sole protector church clergy england king spiritual jurisdiction privileges church upheld royal laws realm king pardoned clergy violating statute pardoned legislative acts parliament championed catherine clergy inserted article phrase far word god allows requested discussion met stunned silence said silent consent clergyman responded silent granted consent king articles payment march year parliament passed breaking power rome proceeded little little brought parliament listed grievances church including abuses power independent legislative power finally king demanded church renounce authority laws submission clergy recognised church longer canon law royal licence king permission law making body parliament subsequently passed day resigned chancellor leaving henry chief minister chancellor power came lost informal relations henry acts parliament followed act restraint proposed clergy pay year revenue rome initially controversial required henry visit house_of_lords times act restraint appeals drafted apart appeals rome ecclesiastical matters declared realm england empire accepted world governed king having dignity royal estate unto body compact sorts degrees people divided terms names spirituality owe bear god natural humble obedience declared england independent country respect english historian called act essential ingredient tudor revolution theory national sovereignty act outlawed rome ordered refused king nomination bishop liable punishment finally acts supremacy henry supreme head earth church_of_england disregarded usage custom foreign laws foreign authority having taken pre honeymoon henry married january easier death strong opponent successor archbishop_of_canterbury prepared grant marriage catherine henry required going far judgement henry marriage catherine law god anne gave birth daughter princess elizabeth september pope responded marriage henry roman_catholic_church july henry december consequently year act fruits tenths transferred taxes ecclesiastical income pope crown act concerning peter outlawed annual payment landowners penny pope act reiterated england superior god grace henry imperial crown diminished pope case resisted parliament passed act high treason death deny following year thomas executed legislation finally parliament passed act pope authority removed papal authority legal rome power england decide disputes concerning scripture theological break rome reformation come ideas views german reformer school widely known disputed england major manifestation theological england movement writings 14th century bible translator stressed scripture execution sir leader rebellion access power 15th century reduced numbers influence especially london essex kent bristol north receptive new ideas came looked reform lifestyle clergy emphasised preaching word altar holding memorial party actions government ideas critical papal supremacy held wished assert supremacy secular state church thomas initially roman catholic including dean warned nearly great danger faith wicked lives clergy impact thinking different order main thinking justification faith good works threatened basis roman catholic system endowed masses prayers dead doctrine faith pious acts prayers masses view secure grace god printing widespread end previous century meant vernacular produced quantity english translation banned impossible prevent copies smuggled widely read church longer effectively interpretation group cambridge met white horse tavern known soon influential members included eventually burned change mind borne partly membership team negotiating finally came stay secretly married niece position complicated fact favour henry felt obliged seek assistance brought contact radical ideas associated programme assisted influence episcopal appointments merely clergy power rome persuaded henry safety political alliances rome attempt bring lay negotiations german lutheran princes possibility act avenge rejected aunt enforce pope came brought ideas baptism henry prepared maintain possibility alliance noticeable programme began abolition feast days occasion vice particularly harvest time immediate effect village life offerings images discouraged issued monasteries dissolved places images burned grounds objects devotion candles lit images prohibited english latin bought reformation begin affect towns villages england places people like initiated monasteries ostensibly examine character fact value assets view crown undergoing financial difficulties wealth church contrast political weakness appropriation church property feasible suppression monasteries raise funds unknown previously thing instructions cardinal raise funds proposed colleges years allowed inventory monasteries possessed visiting commissioners claimed uncovered sexual financial monks justification suppression church owned fifth land england realised gentry nobility selling huge church lands powerful people realm reasons began affecting smaller houses valued year henry revenue help build coastal defences expected invasion land given crown sold aristocracy royal supremacy raised attack affected lay people attacked sent break monastic buildings suppression commissioners attacked local people places series uprisings roman catholics late early autumn great muster number lincolnshire nervous gentry managed difficulty disperse masses tried unsuccessfully negotiate king petition matter revolt spread yorkshire rebels gathered york leader negotiated restoration sixteen northern monasteries actually dissolved promises duke suffolk ignored king orders suffolk instructed rebellion seven lincolnshire rebels executed northern pilgrimage rebellions took place cornwall early norfolk received similar treatment took years complete process moved dissolution larger monasteries escaped earlier houses gave voluntarily sought exemption payment houses closed monks sought transfer larger houses secular priests including eighteen refused killed man henry_viii personally devised plan form thirteen new counties based monastery scheme partly carried new established bristol gloucester oxford westminster chester instance leicester reformation reversed abolition papal authority way orderly change violence destruction disputes communities led violence radical challenge forms faith reported daily developments tried hide king henry knew acted end proclamation issued forbidding free discussion forbidding clerical marriage pain death henry personally presided trial november denying real presence time shared drafting proclamation giving days country parliament passed articles roman catholic practices clerical importance confession priest prescribed penalties denied henry observed year display june henry longtime advisor loyal servant executed different reasons advanced enforce act articles supported barnes responsible henry marriage fourth wife arrests act followed lay low henry began attack free availability bible instructed parish acquire book bible largest volume english instruction largely ignored new version great bible largely english translation hebrew greek scriptures authorised august henry announced desire corrected referred universities undertake parishes case reluctant use english mood expressed fear bible reading led place removed act henry restricted bible reading men women noble birth expressed fears parliament word god disputed sung house tavern contrary true meaning doctrine conservatives duke norfolk king members regency council death time died earl brother henry wife uncle future managed number alliances influential gain control persuaded henry change replace norfolk supporters edward reformation henry died year old son inherited throne edward child brought protestant initially little account politically lord protector commissioned virtual regent near sovereign powers duke somerset proceeded partly powers acted saw political advantage images tightly drawn version fiercely enforced informally instruction images churches dismantled stained glass statues destroyed screens cut bells taken prohibited burned sold melted sold requirement clergy lifted banned ashes prohibited provide masses dead abolished completely received disputed modern historian contends people ceased believe masses souls argue demolition removal images coincided activity royal visitors evidence ambiguous introduced book common prayer english appearances kept structure mass altered theology holy gifts consecrated bread wine offered god sacrifice stone replaced wooden communion tables public break past changed look focus church interiors visible influential new provided protestant ministers roman catholic priests conservative adaptation draft preface explicitly mentions historic succession described case adoption medieval forms new purposes appointment bench removed refusal bishops enforce regulations obstacle change henceforth reformation proceeded prayer book conservative approved prison cell patient catholic interpretation replaced second radical prayer book altered service remove sense material sacrifice offered god keeping belief sacrifice thanksgiving praise word edward parliament repealed father articles enforcement new place struggle order day devon rebellions cornwall parishes sent young men considerable loss life places causes rebellions easy pin july southern england quiet burst places significantly rebellion apart spectacular pieces resistance places priests continued prayers landowners pay opposition removal images widespread commonwealth commissioned task image breaking suffolk task records enormous kent southeast compliance willing sale plate opportunity money true london kent reformation ideas deeply popular thinking effect resistance somerset lord protector feared reformation cease prayer book point earl lord president died public roman catholic saw implementation reforming policy means defeating rivals destruction sale changed church forever churches concealed silver buried stone disputes government parishes church property edward died july duke northumberland attempted protestant lady queen gave mary opportunity proclaimed queen suffolk london crowds mary reign henry roman catholic daughter mary reformation legislation repealed mary sought achieve reunion rome act parliament henry marriage mother claim throne achieving objective straightforward pope prepared accept reunion church property disputes settled practice meant letting bought church property cardinal pole arrive archbishop_of_canterbury place mary imprisoned tried executed treason supported claims resolved tried major coup unexpectedly withdrew minute burned stake government propaganda victory mary secure needed heir advice married son spain needed prevent protestant half sister elizabeth crown returning england opposition rebellion kent led sir provided philip inherit kingdom heir received estates coronation provide heir pregnant likely suffered cancer ironically blow fell pope died successor pope declared war philip recalled pole rome tried mary refused let support expected grateful pope denied initial tone regime began medieval laws restored ensued burnt stake resulted queen known influence fled recorded executions detail mary subsequently ordered book placed cathedral land fact executed revolts david rebellion unknown number monks died refusing submit tried certainly exceeded number heroism example witnessed places set people regime slow consolidation roman catholic strength mary years reconciled roman catholic produced collection printing presses produced materials recruitment english clergy began rise decade repairs long neglected churches began parishes restoration repair continued new bells bought churches produced profits commissioners visited ensure restored rebuilt plate purchased pole determined remake past insisted scripture teaching education improving clergy moral standards difficult determine far previous reigns broken roman catholic devotion belief saints especially drew public financial support shaken church return significantly trust clergy changed minds willing leave new wives required bound weakened monasteries reinstated parish religion marked religious cultural observed enthusiasm marred poor produced poverty want restoration faith england state time consequently secretly underground congregations planning long haul ministry survival mary death november childless having provision roman catholic succeed consolidation following mary childless death half sister elizabeth inherited throne important concerns elizabeth early reign religion elizabeth roman catholic church considered illegitimate time observed turmoil brought edward introduction radical protestant reforms communion roman_catholic_church severed elizabeth relied primarily chief advisors sir secretary state sir lord keeper great seal direction matter chiefly supported father idea reforming church minor adjustments way elizabeth advisors aimed church included opinions groups excluded remained loyal pope tolerated fact regarded pope refused accept elizabeth queen england roman catholics given hard choice loyal church country priests meant life run cases death treason group tolerated people wanted reform finally gave church_of_england longer true church believed refused obey bible formed small groups convinced believers outside church government responded imprisonment exile try crush church_of_england contained groups believed form church included leaders like second group looked opportunities roman catholic practices stuart kings chance group came called wanted remove remaining traces old ways stuart kings rough passage end elizabeth reign church_of_england firmly place held seeds future conflict parliament summoned consider reformation bill create new church reformation bill defined communion celebration opposed celebration included abuse pope ordered ministers wear roman catholic allowed ministers marry banned images churches confirmed elizabeth supreme governor church_of_england bill met heavy resistance house_of_lords roman catholic bishops lay peers voted reworked bill changed allow belief communion refused grant elizabeth title church parliament easter resumed government entered new bills houses act supremacy act act supremacy act void certain specific exceptions act repealed henry_viii legislation onwards denied authority rome confirmed elizabeth supreme governor church_of_england supreme governor suitably title elizabeth head church saying important reasons satisfied felt woman rule church acted way english roman catholics clergy elizabeth changes wholesale half brother edward bishops lost posts oxford colleges deprived dignitaries resigned oath bishops removed ecclesiastical bench replaced agree reforms question images elizabeth initial reaction allow restoration new bishops elevated protested allowed enforce demolition london queen ordered demolition determination prevent restoration evidenced destruction stone statues ornaments queen appointed new removing roman catholic elizabeth council conflicts court greatly diminished act supremacy passed difficulty act act forced people attend sunday service anglican church new version book common prayer passed votes bill cautious initial reformation bill revoked harsh laws proposed roman catholics removed abuse pope kept wording allowed beliefs presence christ parliament dismissed elizabeth cecil drafted additions settlement largely stressed continuity catholic past clergy ordered wear use cope allowed collegiate ornaments states ornaments church ministers thereof shall remain second year reign mass celebrated 19th century interpreted permission wear opposed ordinary baker bread bread communion opposition settlement rural england largely roman catholic changes aimed acceptance settlement succeeded sheer length elizabeth reign mary able impose programme mere years elizabeth delayed looking new day restoration commanded defeated passing years roman catholics elizabeth reign saw emergence encompassed whilst agreed national church felt church partially reformed ranged hostility content prayer book ceremony desire church governance radically reformed archbishop_of_canterbury chose oppose queen desire forward agenda ended word bear choose majesty heavenly majesty god placed house arrest trouble deprived death end hopes supporters successor archbishop reflected queen determination discipline unprepared accept settlement imposed degree obedience clergy apparently alarmed queen ministers lord cause helped friends martin tracts attacked clergy humorous tone outraged senior clergy set government unsuccessful attempt run writer earth defeat spanish incidentally difficult resist conclusion god blew wind scattered offended religious establishment land huge numbers roman catholics bending times hoping fresh reverse hidden golden bequeathed kept mass celebrated places alongside new communion service difficult roman catholic priests lived double life apparently avoiding taking oath time passed refusal attend protestant services common seminary priests trained rome good losses english priests encouraged underground church growing fast church_of_england protestant roman catholics minority public attempt restore old religion occurred rising northern attempt spite tumultuous crowds greeted rebels durham rebellion spread assistance sought communication allies court poor came near freeing presence rallied support imprisonment roman_catholic_church refusal occasional attendance protestant services elizabeth pope presented choice roman catholics arrival seminary priests roman catholics brought trouble elizabeth ministers took steps stem tide fines refusal attend church raised service month times wage treason reconciled rome execution priests began seventy roman catholic priest ordained abroad enter country called queen choice moderate roman catholics lay treason list catholic extensive distance legislation enforcement governmental attacks gentry actually fined fines imposed reduced rates persecution eased priests came recognise refuse communion occasional faith tested huge number roman catholics north disappeared general population priests largely served great roman catholic houses hide mass pastoral care fell supported foreign priests came seen legacy time elizabeth death party emerged perfectly hostile rome preferred revised book common prayer matters offensive roman catholics removed centre stage new dispute wished end prayer book party considerable body people looked rejected spirituality prayer book preferred governance bishops groups elizabeth death new savage episode reformation process gestation reigns stuart kings james charles battle lines defined leading ultimately english civil war english soil parts civilian population war partly religion abolition prayer book element causes conflict historian noted legacy tumultuous events recognised commonwealth restoration followed party core restored church_of_england price division historiography christopher recent historiography english reformation historical journal vol marshall peter defining july vol john english catholic historians history memory historical journal
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English Reformation
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Philosophy and religion
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Religion
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Religions and religious movements
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9841_StateShinto
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state describes ideological use native folk traditions state strongly encouraged practices emphasize emperor divine exercised control finances training regimes priests ideology emerged start era government officials defined freedom religion constitution scholars believed reflected historical fact emperor divine origins religious belief enjoy privileged relationship japanese state state seen non religious moral tradition patriotic practice early era attempts unite state failed non religious concept ideological incorporated state bureaucracy defined patriotic religious institutions served state purposes honoring war dead state integrated local political functions occasionally local opposition resentment fewer financed state nearly closed merged neighbors shrine organizations began independently embrace state regardless funding priests persecution performing traditionally religious ceremonies draw distinction ideological traditional military leaders introduced term state differentiate state ideology traditional practices directive decree established religion banned ideological uses state controversy continues surround use symbols state functions origins term blend indigenous japanese folk practices court manners spirit worship dates beliefs unified era chronicles japan referenced term eighth century set doctrines founder draws set creation myths described books directive united_states general headquarters introduced distinction began governing japan second world war directive officially abolition governmental sponsorship support control state defined branch official acts japanese government differentiated religion classified non religious national cult state term abolish practices relied support ideology refusing ban practices outright japan post war constitution able preserve freedom religion definitions definition requires distinction term aspect set nationalist symbols integrated ideology scholars use terms shrine state contemporary scholars use term shrine refer majority outside state influence leaving state refer practices deliberately intended reflect state ideology interpretations generally refers use practices incorporated national ideology period starting described state supported inspired ideology practice intended inspire national integration unity loyalty understood refer state rituals ideology emperor worship traditional emphasis japanese emperors dedicated state official designation practice belief period instead developed end war describe mixture state support non religious shrine activities ideological support policy education including training shrine priests permitted form traditional religious reflect state position direct control state extent emperor worship supported population unclear scholars argue government funding control adequate justify claim existence extent popular support actions categorized state subject debate contemporary authorities reject concept state seek restore elements practice naming time periods emperor view sees state purely invention directive political ideology religious practice western sense unknown japan prior restoration religion understood encompass series beliefs faith closely associated western power restoration established emperor religious figure head japanese state religious freedom initially response demands western governments japan allowed christian missionaries pressure western governments viewed christianity foreign threat state challenged establish interpretation incorporated promoted emperor divine lineage establishing unique form cultural practice laws protecting freedom religion ideology presented religion unity government teaching religion religious practice understood form education consists traditions imperial house beginning age gods continuing history scholars argue system existed corresponding state creation bureau distinguished religions managed temples separated state bureaucracy distinguished buddhist temples christian churches formulated religious marked start state official designation non religious recognized state religion era instead considered appropriation traditional state financial support aligned ideology education initiatives specific financial support new frame practice patriotic moral tradition early era divine origin emperor official position state taught classrooms myth historical fact priests hired teach public schools cultivated teaching alongside reverence emperor compulsory class trips practitioners emphasized ritual aspect traditional civic practice explicitly faith participate balancing understanding source japan emperor state able participation rituals japanese subjects claiming respect freedom religion state able place civic society ways religions included teaching ideological strand public schools including ceremonial emperor rites involving emperor portrait government organized established ideology protect non religious distinction practices align state functions increasingly prohibited included preaching conducting use symbolic gate restricted government supported religious rituals state functions restricted practitioners driven underground frequently arrested alternative movements hampered imprisonment priests status separation called state changed point pressured focus emperor shrine priests face persecution intellectuals time critics argument time religious catholic_church agreed state definition announced visits purely civil value state control government ideological interest known debate control government local long shrine finances purely state supported priests state supported tended avoid preaching ideological matters establishment board government issued policy limit financial support shrine village state supported followed specific guidelines funding encouraged partners larger result initiative consolidate beliefs state approved practices japan reduced consolidating control favorable state interpretation graduates state run schools allowed public school teachers greater number better trained priests state supported schools combined rising patriotic believed seeded environment emperor worship possible financial support local official rules shrine priests specifically called duty observe festivals rituals state adopt practice independent financial support government advocated support state independently including shrine priest collaboration organization shrine priest training organization state created wartime shrine board expanded control state expanded state role point individual priests limited political roles delegated certain rituals shrine rarely encouraged emperor worship aspects state ideology independently shrine priest member board previously sought public office scholars suggest evidence state use ends priest attempt achieve political power ideological origins scholar suggests frame state practices drew state previous failures consolidate religious state purposes national learning early attempt develop ideological interpretations later form basis state ideology period educational philosophy sought pure form japanese stripped foreign influences particularly buddhism era scholar advocated return national learning way eliminate influence buddhism form priests scholars lead great campaign advocating fusion nationalism worship emperor previous tradition absolute obedience emperor initiative failed attract public support intellectuals dismissed idea author dismissed campaign time insignificant movement despite failure interpretation encourage later scholar advocated control practice governmental activists urged leaders consolidate diverse localized practices standardized national practice argued unify japan support emperor state responded establishing government bureaucracy encouraged segregation spirits buddhist ones emphasized divine lineage emperor sun goddess action sought reverse blending buddhist practices japan department unsuccessful demoted ministry policy religions taken ministry intended rituals saw small success fell short original intent national teaching calling return group priests issued collective statement calling national teaching statement advocated understanding distinct religions argued preservation traditions imperial house represented form japanese state rites scholars wrote teaching codes national government people error japan called divine land ruled heavenly deities descendants consolidate work deities way consolidation rule divine descendants called signatories statement included leaders practitioners scholars chief priest shrine head shrine head major shrine tokyo nonetheless concept national learning failed hold popular attempted training priests created division state actors local priests disagreed content standardized training debate concerned spirits include rituals particularly state included debate marked rise sect open stronger state presence sect sect advocated recognition god equal theological consequences emperor worship debate debate posed ideological threat era government result debate concentrated religion doctrine stating rituals performed state religious doctrines followed individuals families logic rituals civic responsibility japanese subjects expected participate religious matter personal faith subject freedom religion debate marked early failure crafting unified national practice led sharp decline state grants appointment priests government positions took responsibility began separate religious practices ministry stopped financial support aside select imperial tied state functions shrine shrine built war dead emperor visited performed rites war dead highest possible honor time state began assign meanings rooted patriotic nationalism including network dedicated soldiers killed battle assignments connection history local led resentment contemporary times shrine controversial symbol japanese nationalists citizens political visit site honor relatives killed battle spirit said class war criminals criminals secret ceremony raised japanese international community emperor visited shrine visits prime ministers government officials shrine subject lawsuits media controversy occupied territories japanese extended territorial holdings constructed purpose hosting japanese occupied lands practice began shrine taiwan major built asia included korea designated shrine national importance included shrine singapore san shrine china java japanese built occupied korea worship mandatory statement head korea wrote directive existence totally distinct religion worship act patriotism loyalty basic moral virtues nation post war january emperor issued statement referred humanity declaration quoted charter oath emperor announced human form japan built myths general headquarters quickly defined banned practices identified state saw freedom religion crucial aspect post war japan place ban japanese religious ceremonies involving emperor general sought maintain authority emperor avoid lasting resentment japanese people occupation reconstruction japan stated established free japanese people direct indirect believe believe religion cult officially designated state prevent theory beliefs propaganda today continues perform rituals private ceremonies participation belief longer compelled japanese citizens funded state aspects government enforcement practices school trips forbidden innovations era present contemporary belief priests non religious cultural practice encourages national unity controversies controversy emerged weddings members present merging state functions japanese treasury pay events preserves distinction state shrine functions politically active encouraging support emperor including campaigns distributing shrine important state presence connection emperor contrast era shrine frequently target state controversies likely owing japanese soldiers killed warfare conservative politicians nationalist interest groups continue advocate returning emperor central political religious position believe restore national sense unity
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State Shinto
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Philosophy and religion
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Religion
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Religions and religious movements
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11942_ChurchoftheSubGenius
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church parody religion better known belief systems teaches complex philosophy focuses salesman 1950s revered prophet church leaders developed detailed narratives relationship gods central deity accompanied gods drawn ancient mythology popular fiction literature describes grand conspiracy seeks world followers narratives church presents blend cultural references elaborate remix sources founded 1970s serves leader publicist imitated actions religious leaders tactic culture attempt undermine better known church leaders followers avoid mainstream belief absolute truths group holds quality importance clearly defined number followers unknown church message welcomed college students artists united_states group compared journalists consider church elaborate joke academics defended honest system deeply held beliefs origins founded born born born present group inception organization recorded activity publication document known pamphlet dallas texas document announced impending end world possible deaths readers criticized christian god new age perceptions spirituality church leaders maintain man named founded group members constructed elaborate account life described commentators fictional assert contacted meeting person year persuaded join shortly describes sacred professional beliefs deities beliefs simple narrative striking outside observers bizarre convoluted group developed intricate mythology involving gods aliens usually considered observers religions primary deity generally known cast extraterrestrial contacted 1940s accounts state encounter occurred building television watching late night television gave supernatural knowledge past future addition incredible power posed deep questions alien receiving mysterious answers discussion centered powerful conspiracy church attributes command world regarded church relatively evil classified rebel gods leaders note quality expressed stark fist removal church teaches elder gods committed human pain relatively good comparison character leader elder gods study religious scholar states work model approach scripture aspects fiction treated real church aspects popular culture spirituality leaders teach nature consequently quotation marks cast world avatar hold died times church primary symbol icon face pipe states image taken clip art likened 1950s era salesman church canon contains references aspects culture united_states decade religious scholar argues type reference simultaneously critiques concept american dream church mythology intended lead powerful conspiracy individuals work living refused support group instead organized counter movement church leaders teach intelligent child grew older studied religious traditions including fourth way key event life occurred traveled learned vital truths topics including church teaches exist members descended relative church identifies mother church leaders cite lack resemblance mother husband reason revealing father married woman named leaders identify couple belief resembles hindu doctrines church literature variously described occupation drilling equipment sales accounts life generally emphasize good fortune intelligence leaders believe capable time travel ability results occasional changes doctrine deemed sacred doctrine church consequently members attempt follow plans conspiracy literature incorporates aspects conspiracy theories teaching grand conspiracy root lesser ones records conspiracy leaders monitor humans contain church view conspiracy uses facade empowering messages people service church refers individuals states unaware organization power control leaders teach cultural religious conspiracy propaganda maintain followers capable developing imagination church teaches empowered members owing descent church followers capacity deep understanding lack cultural studies scholar states church develops commentary religion morality members believe service conspiracy seek bar quality promoted church teachings center capitalized defined claim embodies quality church members seek acquire believe allow free comfortable life hard work responsibility claim sex avoidance work taught key ways gain believes ability achieve goals states church description recalls way described casts unique magical system distribution named members founders based dallas distributed document moved cleveland ohio claimed church members actual number lower minister church consists paying fee estimated ministers church annual income reached members male according social maintains fit society ultimately triumph church experienced success converting college students particularly gained popularity american cities including san_francisco cleveland church members voiced concerns amusement new members took church seriously fearing acted like cult followers concept parodies expressed concern church doctrines pre existing mentally ill believes church genuinely helps adherents notable associates church include members cartoonist provided early publicity church comics anthology references church present works art including internet based collaborative fiction hat comic book band sublime album freedom television program instructions church leaders issued specific instructions followers casts ideology specific commands particularly group values command regular employment stop working church view sic opposition idea working living leaders state members collect public assistance lieu maintaining employment second command purchase products sold church leaders teach founded gain wealth unlike religious groups church admits profit presumably mocking religious groups financial motives sees instruction buy ironic parody greed good mentality 1980s notes group emphasizes consumption popular cultural artefacts consumption simultaneously emphasized processes remix command rebel law order specifically church security cameras encourages computer notes instruction recalls critique law order fourth command rid world descend leaders teach hopes rid earth percent humanity making earth clear group praises drug abuse abortion effective methods individuals fifth command exploit fear specifically individuals conspiracy church leaders teach members conspiracy fear events local groups members known host periodic events known include music art forms leaders comical names angry occur bars similar venues compares style services casts preaching sessions events examples concept spaces ordinary constraints social control suspended occasion presence wife church leader meeting included public nudity goat costume contributed losing custody children court case publicity surrounding event ultimately church recruitment efforts church celebrates holidays honor characters drawn fiction popular culture pagan groups occasionally assisted church events members little emphasis meetings citing church focus book discusses community held multiple states continental united_states different countries including china netherlands germany church held non events burning man festival relationship hosts festival ohio members access discounted tickets ace annual festival day early literature july introduced significant date later known day church held identified date significance 1950s claiming world experience massive change date beings arrive earth leaders declared paying members transported union world destroyed sent joyful hell anticipation event day drills held july church held large clothing optional new_york attended members event ostensibly intended celebrate coming aliens appearance detected technology available time speculated arrive interpreted satire way religious groups revised failures critics dismissed event prank form performance art church business manager admitted group strange predictions aliens contended statements believable account jesus walk water theory conspiracy lied year present year actually lied liberation date pass cause followers lose faith precaution members continue gather day july events non appearance aliens celebrated casts productions echo ancient greek plays publishing online established website members active 1990s print gained significant online presence successful advent internet communities church pioneer religious use notes use medium seen rejection labor practices published official teachings non works book discusses length published sold copies years print casts book arms forces visual style content book mirror group draws themes fiction established new religions number topics including number writers authored stories build mythology compiled published core texts presented style notes group texts cultural artifacts remixed new creation process argues variety concepts describes web references video group promoted video produced radio hosts radio shows world including broadcasters atlanta ohio maryland california hour church popular audio production broadcast radio stations united_states canada analysis commentary comparative religion church teachings perceived christianity earning reputation parody religion church leaders stated met narratives echo extraterrestrial themes found notes descriptions bear noticeable similarities powerful alien found writings church rhetoric seen satirical imitation 1980s sees church faux culture targeting prosperity theology describes original innovation contemporary religion religious scholar views church attempting idea authenticity religion religions create sense similarity compares radical 17th century movement england notes statements shocked attacking traditional notions religious political authority view demonstrates legitimate pedigree history western religion american journalist church 20th century american religious movement citing shared emphasis freedom number similarities goddess chaos adherents believed members wife ally humans like rejects absolute truth contradictions religious scholar views church sees child groups heavily influenced writings referred members pope bob states groups elements common explicitly remixes pop culture scholars difficulty defining church commentators placed church category joke religions usually seen description sees partially accurate irony essential aspect faith terms describe church include faux cult post modern cult satirical sophisticated joke religion anti religion religion high parody members church consistently maintained practice religion described group satire real stupid religion contends honest nature religions states church accorded status functional equivalent religion authentic religion sees arguably legitimate path liberation citing culture activism church religion joke reverse view spiritual manifestation cultural shift irony believes broad agreement church fundamentally different type group religions date antiquity prefers use term fake religion describe group sees group popular movements look feel like religion apparent excess mock religion knight characterizes church spoof religion viable system right argues church forms counterpart concept arguing create consume popular culture practice spirituality describes popular culture sources explicitly creative process maintaining prompts reader adopt group views forcing individual reconsider methods approaching content states group attempts strip references original meaning necessarily losing status icons addition sees church goal modes thought behavior american culture believes attempts fight culturally thought patterns shocking people argues traditional approaches religion cast seriousness measure devotion approach believes failed contemporary society feels irony common value ignored religions embracing quality maintains offers accessible groups literature scholar critical notes church present truth faults examining concept truth addition believes group attempts radical perspective literal fantastic embrace criticism writer member criticized church alleging group come characterized submission authority believes initially served later took aspects allegations cult like behavior appeared newspaper sunday themed vandalism struck english town publications book simon isbn high mail simon isbn tales bob short stories isbn revelation bob appointed read churches simon isbn isbn holland arise dvd moving pictures
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Church of the SubGenius
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Philosophy and religion
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Religion
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Religions and religious movements
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12002_Antoinism
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christian oriented new religious movement founded louis joseph sur total temples reading rooms world thousands members remains religion established belgium notoriety success went outside country mainly active france religious movement characterized structure simple rites discretion tolerance raised catholic worked coal youth performing military service marrying catherine moved times professional reasons deeply impressed writings organized group 1890s death son marked definitive loss faith catholicism explained views book discovered gifts healing quickly known gathered followers mainly workers disappointed catholicism medicine broke started religion published books outlining doctrine consecrated temple death catherine ensured continuity religion promoting centralized worship person husband providing additional rules organization died differences happened french belgian temples beliefs combine elements catholicism healing views man reach consciousness getting rid illusion matter produced intelligence source evil suffering purpose life release oneself cycle moral progression aided human actions acquired silent prayer harm caused diseases enemies freedom conscience free considered important creed religion practice exclusive provide social issues focused healing interfere medical field discourage resort traditional medicine simple brief services performed temples generally twice day composed forms worship general operation consists transmission fluid reading writings members performed services wear entirely black dress sign intense involvement religion paid temples place people wish obtain request frequently related health celebrations include christian holidays days commemorate founding couple dedication temple registered organism public utility belgium religious association france religion directed college composed active members called financed anonymous donations ask money followers france cult classification parliamentary report criticized studied religious group people involved anti fight report history founder childhood professional activities born june place called chapel youngest large family belonged roman_catholic_church mother born raised street attended primary school age louis employed coal following footsteps father day working lamp went apparent reason interpreted divine sign abandon work worked years factory enrolled militia belgium filled military obligations franco prussian war accidentally killed legal action event led question meaning life marrying april father son born prussia september baptized days later family went belgium august bought horse vegetable began suffer recurring stomach february returned poland hired chief pastor wife ran school years later family moved sur belgium built houses workers february sentenced fine grounds physical violence october collector factory influence young showed great historian described devotion despite strong faith religion began influenced writings friend initiated attending meetings alongside wife nephew sur friends started movement called vine lord les ill son attended evening school worked railways death april group definitively broke christianity participating meetings parents believed deceased son paris published book entitled little explain views shaped catholic_church writing successful translated spanish organized public meetings sunday month home second fourth sundays home people invited meetings discovered gifts healing received heal known distributed learned advocated avoidance foods november prosecutor received anonymous letter asked doctors investigate healing activities december commissioner raided installed received orders heal sick days later prosecutor doctors asked healing activities attended report prosecutor stated anthony cooperative treatments simple certain obtained suggestion noticed absolute sincerity asserted activities danger public health appeared february patients reported having cured succeeded witness box finally sentenced suspended fine prevent enjoy great renown december approximately people attended inauguration new building located corner streets purchased earlier year decorated portraits cure house posted advertisement journal messenger seeking doctors associate attempt meet success time deeply influenced book invisible began particularly recent trial gradually left false group vine lord participate creation members attend preparatory meeting refused contribution patients day time published page commented passages reference foundation new religion discovered spirituality called new led definitely decide heal faith perform collective healing temple started lay foundations structured religious movement year followers vine lord attended time national convention officially marked end mutual support following year publicly practice addition moral dimension present doctrine experimental disappeared given abandonment doctrine new religious group criticized journals time student named employee coal years ago certain gift healing treating knee foot wife consulted patients sued january grounds illegal practice art healing explained court wanted disappear pain sent patients doctors told judge simply hand forehead patients prescribed drugs denied charge witnesses heard testified distributed money poor appeared june courtroom entirely filled parents child cured testified witness box pronounced indictment judgment finally june president acquitted men absent court following appeal prosecutor appeared court october indictment analyzing legislation illegal art healing claiming october year confirmed deeply thanked faithful teachings magazine halo consciousness conscience published april books published works new doctrine developed contained creed principles father time temple quickly filled day received daily letters unlike today performed wearing coats hats easter appear public lived practice prayer worship assumed followers published literature august announced longer individual consecrated temple sur located alfred cost presented wife successor appointed council composed followers manage financial issues religion meeting june council proposed publishing newspaper titled released september year printing copies issue subscribers context legal proceedings worship registration secretary committee wrote minister interior march minister justice religious affairs april petition signatures demand official recognition religion sent house_of_representatives december minister justice january predictions inaccurate regarded prophet followers said perform supernatural said possible phenomena named father followers died doctrine june result attack stroke rumors day believed believe procession took place funeral june great event occasion faithful came pray body subsequently allowed body initially grave town cemetery widow asked country queen allow carry body temple garden chapel erected request failed legacy street spa named father street decision city painted plaster bust exhibited splinter groups alive minor split group led man named important born nephew named participated circle uncle vine lord decided splinter believed gifts healing tried heal achieve success returned group uncle accompanied patients russia enjoyed success healed people week came belgium complaints doctors built hall called moral school morale healed sick roughly teachings uncle explained theory books respectively published entitled christ speaks christ identified jesus christ john baptist considered potential writings encouraged diet vegetables boiled water marriage convicted illegally practicing healing art moved movement disappeared following death march criticized catholic clergy members wife catherine successor wife catherine born sur died november sur called mother followers designated successor received advice manage religion december september sent letters respectively minister justice obtain legal recognition worship month march following years secretary worship sent letters purpose resulted recognition public utility religion seek prevent movement death journal published articles presented catherine legitimate successor precisely limits role avoid succession crisis ensure continuity religion catherine decided promote centralized worship person husband established rules example placed temple high platform photograph husband mention father making operation added portrait authorized members involved religion perform general operation higher platform wanted ceremony preceded statement father performs operation faith placed obtain satisfaction insisted installed platform sat reading writings organized father day june rituals baptism communion marriage transformed group religion ordered changed husband writings closed reading rooms followers gave personal teachings unlike writings husband sold changes rules established catherine recorded books available remaining confidential june faithful named replaced perform general operation platform temple continuity worship history quiet belgium president successors led religion death alongside members body authority catherine challenged death belgian branch movement withdrawn religious changes removal photographs temples baptism marriage communion opposition translation works belgian group claiming faithful true tradition opened temple april preferred portraits temple france wanted faithful requirements provided founding couple spite differences branches support tolerance death catherine forms remain different today belgium france belgium growth religion quickly begin slow decline indicated fact temple built currently unused lack dressed members money contrast constructions temples france continued new temple opened beliefs theology believes universe composed spiritual world governed law god consciousness corporal world governed natural laws matter illusion perceived imagination generated intelligence man combines worlds physical body divine consciousness views importance human laws science weakened based consciousness intelligence view matter considered sin error causes suffering religious movement believes moral progression death spirit human body reflects degree spiritual elevation person past lives progress spiritual course allows end reach divine state releases cycle harm caused disease people seen beneficial cure pain increase spiritual progress contribute salvation silent prayer considered way connect spirit consciousness suffered disease demonstrated dedication life regarded followers role model attain salvation doctrine provides interpretation original sin book genesis adam began follow eve placed confidence symbol matter imagining physical world abandoned divine consciousness lived produced ideas good evil tree knowledge good evil bible tree science sight evil claimed religion particular conception god exist outside humans exist outside god god live highly recommended love enemies addition doctrine trinity accepted flexible little binding beliefs close contemporary belief followers choose beliefs wish interpret events want religion great importance freedom conscience free renders attractive promotes diversity beliefs followers refer simultaneously religious traditions believers incarnation god continue practice catholicism consider prophet equal jesus christ adhere new age doctrines perceive spiritual figure movement rejects children people visit temple religions teach faith prayer people material world considers tolerance highest virtue religion provide issues divorce abortion sexuality political purpose use honorary titles considering people equal periodical directed writer summarized main purposes religion mutual aid spiritual human solidarity availability fundamental principle fluid theme thoughts words human actions social ties considered quality depends moral progress person spiritual heavy transmitted perceived intelligence meditation good fluid supposed acquired love prayer uses act divine power person destroy evil heal believed transmit good fluid temple platform place number good supposed dress worship placed bed suffering person help recovery similarly faithful request paper box platform wish happen buy photo ceremony protected prevent negative enter temple rules established example perform worship allowed wear jewelry makeup building healing focused healing propose diagnosis practice laying hands faithful resort traditional medicine books temple stated allowed discourage consult doctor pray find inspired doctor generally consulting merely supplement medicine doctrine religious group compared spite similarities religion works belgian historian rejected idea potential influences doctrines according possible influenced alive observers thought obtained resulted suggestion wrote articles subject time criticized lack control vague surrounding considered healing decades form protest efficiency medicine traditional representation disease real healing attained new approach disease considered particular reduced biological dimension management disease sick responsible illness concluded protest evolved time disease represented model indicates process religion personal real life experience presented cause disease relation global society practices worship worship takes place temples dressed member enters temple calling brother sister visitors service informal singing pre set prayers lasts minutes attendance worship required people come sporadically according worship ritual time big emotional intensity intimate aspect service composed practices general operation established begins ends strokes bell briefly announced dressed member room temple climb highest platform dressed follower goes platform standing pray minutes transmit fluid reading sacred texts scheduled case france dressed follower perform reading originally practiced form worship holidays sundays 1st 15th days month extending days week general operation performed temples longer furthermore december catherine decided ritual perform sunday reading lecture lasts minutes consists reading book dressed follower reading ends thanks audience differences schedules services belgium france table service people regular faithful visitors ask consult small rooms temple lives apartment adjacent temple available receive suffering persons standing image patient expresses minutes request wishes obtain touching consultant shoulder hand presumably convey fluid work said consultant love god allow find spiritual journey leading healing purpose discover origin consultant problem beliefs linked person history understand bear consequences preceding life survey reported showed received patients period days reasons related physical psychological sentimental professional issues people consulted doctor healing process include teaching psychological manipulation necessarily imply end problem illness divided phases relief provided listening god acceptance problem requires recognition responsibilities finally inner peace results immediate gradual considered religion supposed occur inevitably necessary conditions including faith patient met consultant necessarily follower deemed healing marriage communion baptism funeral catherine established rituals baptism blessing couples communion young people simply consist elevation thought place services consulting room temple rituals particular meaning religion considered performed request followers including young people want provide religious dimension important moments lives performed request concerned person family asks rituals religion procession takes place cemetery funeral home deceased person brought temple read principles father text help soul come body note people attend services asked funeral rites religion holidays decided model holidays catholicism followers celebrate christian holidays including saints christmas easter easter monday ascension days appropriate portions works read services special days attendance worship generally higher moments june father day established wife shortly death temples closed day purpose followers came attend ceremony city performed pilgrimage sur participate procession city outlined main events life procession withdrawn pilgrimage longer organized day faithful pay homage founder temples august temple day commemorates temple day general operation took place temple ceremony continued public hall shocked followers following year ceremony took place exclusively temple november mother day anniversary catherine death religious clothing symbols wearing religious clothing indicates intense involvement religion person makes choice mandatory devoted faithful perform worship celebrations tasks temple called moral work expected participate moral elevation followers wore special time case faithful entirely black dress men designed women catherine precisely codified dimensions writings dresses young people sexes actually worn historically wearing dress subject debate refusing wear generated scandal justify subject saying revealed inspiration past dress worn street followers immediately identified public currently generally worn context worship removed locker room temple clothing men composed dress resembles worn catholic clergy monastery closed buttons plus hat clothing women wide dress accompanied cape veil view collar important believed fluid resides emblem tree science sight evil features facade highest platform temple seven branches represent seven deadly sins sin rejected religion eyes symbolize view sins tree roots symbol intelligence links man matter branches mention worship written organization status belgium religion organized association lucrative purpose immediately registered organism public utility request recognized public worship worship deity ceremonies currently headed college religion legally registered religious association france published journal february modification statutes appeared august worship exempt property taxes public buildings belgium france places worship temples place worship financed anonymous donations members participate construction consecrated prior use worship means ceremony received good fluid founders alive duly authorized follower exterior facade displays architecture variable according temples includes words worship year building entrance porch writings religious movement internal regulations france list places worship holidays photos couple temples exhibited display windows inside walls painted green symbol decoration small papers walls indicate visitors speak temple rows wooden benches separated center aisle devoted faithful visitors facing floor platform worship performed text called halo consciousness conscience written wall france highest platform adorned left right representation tree science sight evil symbol photo catherine photo father slightly higher left right rooms consulting offices walls tables impressive image adjacent temple small apartment continuously occupied movement owner reading rooms worship celebrated places counts temples belgium france opened reading rooms belgium guadeloupe australia brazil italy reading room egypt quickly closed november publications literature mainly composed writings considered sacred followers modified include books grouped volumes sold temples read worship revelation father par coronation revealed work according writings shine qualities style view shared observers statements gathered books called remain accessible dressed members april religion published journal halo consciousness september august belgian writer published biography based real facts strengthen faith sold temples hierarchy financial issues organization reduced possible slightly different france belgium belgium organized manage material issues currently composed members including chairman treasurer secretary representative father abolished internal regulations temples france movement led religious association called worship manage material issues decisions implemented college moral secretary elected serves legal representative religion locally nominate dressed followers perform reading worship serve composed seven members including issues related temple depends women men chosen ministers catherine promoted gender equality worship cases deceased remains leader religion led compare pope catholic_church dressed members paid attend specific training receive initiation rite want access function feel inspired obtain approval promise respect rules including confessions traditional medicine receiving kind required mental preparation includes prayer meditation regarded mere charisma function reproduce prevent popular worship practiced voluntarily dressed followers paid worship religion sold sacred books refuses form contribution person family founding couple living donations rejected religion money treasury anonymous donations accepted worship treasury belgium finances published year council meeting decline minimal activity religion membership categories perform worship people wear religious clothing regular faithful attend service week occasional members visitors aim heal comfort faith seek convert new people number followers difficult assess statistics established religion period rapid growth belgium number followers currently decline country temples forced close lack money faithful example human rights counted country france religion remains active counts regular members estimates worldwide membership vary thousand future growth number followers affected certain rules group practice suffers lack social visibility people unaware temples neighborhood availability required worship absence income religion dressed members old age retired people mainly composed year old people majority women membership attracted belgium 19th century followers modest social status miners generally people interested spirituality odds catholic_church display skeptical attitude traditional medicine jews muslims catholics accurate depiction writer novel soul described followers kind charitable people reception growth criticism died fewer thousand followers thousands supporters 1920s number followers rose including belgium decades spread fast american newspapers published religion stating attracting considerable attention europe author considered physique found attractive contributed success according success healing early 20th century explained fact offered alternative legitimate institutions control body soul catholic_church medicine added carrier social protest way integration french historian stated religion appeared calm disapproved group turned away journals circles criticized beginnings president considered religion parasitic stems came healthy strong tree philosophical standpoint criticized entire chapter book noting point view teachings vague mixture theories protestant displayed strong fellow feeling journals religion received little opposition catholic_church criticized issues considering example priest published page expressed concerns doctrines qualified sacred texts concluded suffered father considered doctrine anarchy negative teachings confused writings followers author blamed having substituted jesus christ deemed demonic faith later father published books analyzed non groups including according concerned expansion 1930s published writings subject recently religion studied protestant perspective pastor classification france worship classified cult parliamentary reports considered oldest groups books published belgian french anti cult associations activists included lists state emergency better know better defend oneself france worldwide état les france published centre annex french report cult classifications worship listed officially cancelled addition letter french minister interior wrote movement considered administrative point view having exclusive purpose exercise religion 18th 19th articles french law separation churches state added allowed receive donations meant religious nature challenged early 2000s membership mother husband remove custody son decision received attention media criticized french heard belgian commission philosopher said establishment cult movements dangerous bad image honourable organizations director centre information advice harmful organizations centre information sur les organisations said belgian worship complaint years rare case report similarly les comment received reporting heal prayer long prevent people getting proper treatment legal means addition stopped monitoring religion given absence problem national service pastoral new beliefs analyses new religious movements catholic point view wrote listed parliamentary report feature similarly deeply studied religious group concluded cult influence members behaviour world exclusive shows hostility social systems according group cult language confused word cult characterized mystical experience break dominant religious tradition individual social issues magical ethical dimensions refer directly considered christian based new religious movement british classified category secretary french study new religious movements deemed group church new religion elements christianity protestant belgian protestant periodical said group listed cult parliamentary report philosophical religious movement encyclopedia journalist qualified genuine religion stated ask money followers practice excessive
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Philosophy and religion
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french known christian movement established france december close communion church belongs movement founded gather churches created assemblies developed quickly eastern northern france numbered members church founded converted christianity healed subsequent leader farmer pastor churches discovering evangelical mission directed church main beliefs expressed creed articles faith practices nearly identical evangelical groups special focus gifts holy spirit late 1990s church embroiled trials grounds financial issues losing sex scandal church led federation dissolved church independent church subject recurring public controversy anti cult associations organizations members vast majority media presented dangerous group mainly intensive missionary activities healing practices church eventually listed cult parliamentary reports established protestant academic circles disagreed assessment considering church genuine group responded criticism defensive strategy included outreach historians better ties mainstream religions local national institutions history founder born deceased said healed leader religious groups switzerland led baptized june created documented files church president followed born family lived father farmer mayor city expected run family farm older age developed interest pastoral ministry attended theological training training later completed studies farmer missionary departments discovered missions notably attracted form christianity emphasized missionary zeal ministry founded evangelical group city caused conflict family religious leaders neighbors early 1960s pastor church conducted humanitarian activities farm providing relief homeless prisoners drug directed church years later decided farming fully devote religious activities appointed treasurer elected president seven years later leadership church quickly opened places worship northern trained converts including son ordained sent direct new assemblies legally registered purpose churches composed thirty pastor accused adultery church members resulted expulsion january father considered guilty covering son actions refused retire led believers leave church vote federation dissolution officially announced defunct november churches northwest previously members gathered union association registered champagne places worship independent including church evangelical church late beliefs church said situated crossroads movements explanations provided define place religious group christianity wrote church created meeting movement sensibility inside french movement tradition peaceful considered fits assemblies god history second wave european experienced revival 1970s 1980s described encyclopedia newest protestant groups evangelical expert deemed church non baptist group common characteristics explained professed high degree religious activism according church displayed classical structured little contact churches anti cult association centre les said church comes classical movement emerged france 1950s includes groups church main beliefs expressed creed initially composed articles faith based biblical passages adopted church beliefs identical ones evangelical groups including biblical authority viewed word god literal biblical interpretation trinity special focus gifts holy spirit later number articles faith reduced points noted explicit concerning issues subject public controversies said evolution linked generation gap continues advocate healthy living illustrating speeches stories resulting non christian lifestyle son placed emphasis spiritual gifts depth faith website church defines respects current principles freedom conscience discourage medical treatment encourages believers participate social life claim exclusive salvation practices church weekly services located especially people disabilities meeting devoted particular christian practice prayer bible reading singing weekly worship meetings composed biblical studies religious experiences hymns meditation worship prayers services dynamic charismatic emotional evolving trance results pastor calls holy spirit come congregation usually lasts minutes women heads covered worship established record public baptized member life known faithful important place church pastor break religious affiliation determined foundation new group despite obstacles said directed god spiritual course mixes extraordinary presented example follow noted purpose strengthen converts faith generally common thread lifestyle faithful presented story wandering covered failures god decides manifest life future member future convert demands sign god reality requires variable length time strength faith experience holy spirit engages fully church conversion said lead lifestyle provide expanded network friends members actively participate personally family friends professional associates church door door big tent public squares mission weeks follow tightly planned program church denied practising christian people criticism methods church avoided insisting publicly continued highlight particular decided stop hospitals streets reduce frequency big church features religious instruction ages leads choir football team celebrates holy thursday supper believers marriages baptism practiced pastor approval reserved people aged years sundays month conventions year church scheduled church social humanitarian activities recreational days including activities theater library trips clothing exchange paint shop organization finances church headquarters located eventually moved building costing million federation associated established assist suffering people evangelical musical group property management church owns printing house publishes writings worship including quarterly newsletter ear published president vice president church spokesman secretary treasurer federation year week course organized churches belonging named blessing school intensive bible training consists prayers religious teachings history singing lessons film screenings debates organizational structure church similar local assembly autonomous form unique centralized organization gives role head church assemblies federation considered annex churches spirit protestant groups decisions federation church monthly pastoral meetings leadership team attending brothers meeting composed appointed elders men members certain length time church criticized wealth monthly quarterly donations encouraged second article statutes according property acquisition evidence significant income parliamentary report considered church small cult cult annual income million provided relatively accurate information annual budget church estimated million total donations respectively mainly sunday offerings donations loans financial products property income commission estimated church property million december church net active wealth composed real estate stock reached million concerning finances church said applies major principles economy recovery devotion voluntary work solidarity money comes sunday collections personal loans donations intended particular use external financial support accounts published annual general assembly church financial commission federation work outside church permanent receive low salary affiliated assurance des membership enjoyed significant growth professor grace wrote religious movement reached status small decades following foundation number rose church membership varied members federation declared people regularly attend sunday service including members sunday worship according reported federation members noted criticism impact church growth number fallen year compensate number people leave church sex scandal founding church attendance services dropped assemblies belonging church widely established french regions called big regional cult spread eastern france following year parliamentary report listed places worship church stated list incomplete incorrect places missed belonged churches dissolved federation counted churches court cases direction des contested religious status church donations saying association devoted exclusive purpose celebration worship result tax recovery sent church december rose million years later penalties included tax considered tragic situation human rights fiscal administrative harassment church deemed decision tried possible legal means challenge january church president awarded overturned tax considered material injury sentenced france violating freedom thought conscience religion basis 9th article september case related custody year old child left child father member church mother member stating people affiliated church submit behavior time beliefs practice involve young children meetings religious practices sued twice church grounds complaint filed february letter movement labelled cult following definition groups activities result notable mental manipulation minds profound degradation human person managing people lose critical sense locking intellectual june march sentenced church pay court costs damages second complaint filed november sued distributing publication critical church complaints dismissed appeals filed church rejected court held writings fall said damages church honor proven called cult association merely nature trends religious community reports practices including relating disease healing methods recruitment agencies providing relief indicating community september recognized religious status church granted tax exemption place worship decision issued october judge stated refusal grant donations church supported evidence president said complaints faithful physical abuse dismissed reception included church list parliamentary reports based reports direction des labelled church evangelical movement despite similarities churches associated included list report said group active evangelical groups said motivated genuine slid role guru benefit freedoms protestant official structures edge parliamentary reports list legal status criticized religious historians academics circular prime minister statement secretary said list movements attached parliamentary report relevant longer recommended use anti cult groups considered church cult local branch centre les directed intense campaign group repeated warnings media president union des associations des said television considered church cult criticism church includes methods recruitment considered aggressive psychiatric hospitals schools buses similar environments directed suffering people interpretation bible pressure prospective members quickly join group family identical language clothing followers reflecting loss education children considered banned activities music television makeup trousers women long hair covered environment worship faithful excessive appeals money dubious detrimental members health strong influence members lack qualifications delegate said criticism based facts collected members families court response writer protestant journal contended sole case sufficient criticize federation delegate stated complaints come exclusively church association noted similarities church considered cult continued monitor hold faithful media generally critical church presenting cult negative local press articles appeared mentioning status beliefs controversial issues included critical reports members noted vocabulary arguments media intentionally repetition developed media coverage church facilitate objective investigation according study expert new religious movements member destroyed furniture belonging church july anti cult associations news media took member presenting victim cult french talk broadcast france father year old daughter member church mother said daughter criticized school closed role women church explained suffered cancer years earlier tried heal considered homosexuality said found diary spoke imminent death reach heaven meet grandparents association defense religious freedom conscience criticized talk lack alternative viewpoints response criticism church subject neutral press articles appeared normal respectable contends late 1980s leader said representatives consider cult church explained criticism came catholic vice president opposed conversion church son law explanation later denied educator hostile group including pastor founder anti cult group source parliamentary report critical beliefs church reported publication report including building permits spent period years legal fees defend interests church participated survey led possible change government policy new religious movements following publication parliamentary report church reacted seeking help academics specializing religious issues including generally criticized cult classification deemed church danger proven said classification cult absurd decision considered church bit radical overall harmless noting group sued maintained church criticized rapid growth deemed pastor influence faithful far critics said said debate sect sense certainly cult popular parliamentary sense term contacted academics participate documentary church refused explain position said church theology clearly mainline criticized belong establishment church bodies church established dialogue catholic_church agreed meet champagne reluctant want serve umbrella cult accusations agreed establish meeting october dialogue church advised develop ties publicly cult status church january protestant figures churches including president provided support expressing favorable opinion church church established ties local national institutions administrative courts municipalities tax authorities asked member reason cult designation response provide details content work direction des report advised ask sur les information june church representatives met president advised movement integrate clarify situation church appealed christian oriented organization protect freedom religion belief
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Evangelical Missionary Church of Besançon
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religious cultural group related principal branch day saint movement began upstate new_york 1820s smith death followed today understood members independent non practicing center cultural influence utah north_america continent majority live outside united_states developed strong sense stems doctrine history 19th century converts tended gather central geographic location minority openly practiced marriage form religious large amounts time resources serving church young choose serve time mission health code alcoholic tobacco coffee tea addictive substances tend family oriented strong connections generations extended family reflective belief families sealed death strict law requiring sexual relations outside marriage fidelity marriage self identify christian non dispute beliefs differ mainstream christianity believe bible books scripture book unique view believe people spirit children god believe returning god requires following example jesus christ accepting baptism believe christ church restored guided living central faith belief god speaks children answers prayers high birth conversion rates population grown significantly recent decades rising million million terminology word refers members belief book members refer day saints saints term embraced adherents notably day saint denominations rejected members day saints members groups commonly use word reference self characterization encourages use word reference members church leaders encourage members use church emphasize focus jesus christ word associated marriage distinguishing practice early renounced discontinued years today practiced people broken history history shaped people strong sense unity start tried establish society history divided broad time periods early history lifetime pioneer era leadership successors modern era beginning turn 20th century period smith tried literally build city called converts gather pioneer era landscape villages utah modern times ideal gather individual congregations central geographic location beginnings trace origins visions reported having early 1820s living upstate new_york smith said angel directed buried book written golden plates containing religious history ancient people smith published said translation plates march book named ancient prophet historian compiled book april smith founded early church grew westward smith sent missionaries preach restored gospel church moved ohio missionaries large number converts smith began establishing outpost missouri planned eventually build city new jerusalem missouri settlers alarmed rapid influx expelled nearby local residents took smith led mission known recover land began building temple ohio church flourished missouri later asked leave secured land era ended failure church sponsored bank caused widespread smith remaining church missouri fall tensions escalated war old missouri settlers october governor missouri ordered treated enemies driven state november april thousand displaced migrated east illinois converted banks mississippi_river illinois began construction temple city church new headquarters gathering place grew rapidly fueled converts europe smith introduced temple ceremonies meant seal families doctrines eternal progression marriage smith created service organization women called organization called council representing future kingdom god earth smith published story vision father son appeared years old vision come regarded important event human history birth ministry resurrection jesus christ local political tensions fueled internal dissent escalated conflicts anti june smith brother killed mob illinois smith logical successor deaths caused succession crisis assumed leadership majority day saints young close associate smith senior smaller groups day saints followed leaders form denominations day saint movement pioneer era years smith death conflicts escalated illinois residents prevent war led pioneers day saints temporary winter quarters nebraska eventually beginning having failed build confines american society began construct society isolation based beliefs values cooperative ethic developed decade half important settlers branched large desert region known corridor efforts seen religious duties new villages governed bishops local lay religious leaders viewed land commonwealth maintaining operative system irrigation allowed build farming community desert greatly expanded missionary efforts establishing missions europe latin_america converts expected gather young presidency seventy thousand converts immigrated america converts came england scandinavia quickly community immigrants crossed great plains wagons drawn later groups pulled possessions small 1860s newcomers began new railroad construction church leaders publicized previously secret practice marriage form years percent families entered marriages religious duty number marriages reaching peak declining rest century reasons marriage practice economic sense wives single women arrived utah brothers fathers offer societal support tensions escalated americans largely result accusations involving rule president sent army utah interpreted open aggression fearing repeat missouri illinois prepared defend determined torch homes case invaded relatively peaceful utah war ensued notable instance violence massacre leaders local militia ordered killing civilian party traveling utah escalating tensions young agreed step position governor replaced non alfred significant political power young death followed presidents resisted efforts united_states congress outlaw marriages ruled united_states religious duty suitable defense practicing went hiding later congress began seizing church assets september church president issued manifesto officially suspended practice manifesto dissolve existing marriages relations united_states markedly improved utah admitted state manifesto continued enter marriages eventually stopped church president congress issued second manifesto calling marriages church cease eventually church adopted policy members found practicing today seeks actively distance groups continue practice modern times early 20th century began american mainstream began broadcasting weekly performance national radio asset public relations emphasized patriotism industry rising status american religious denominations middle class 1920s 1930s began migrating utah trend great depression looked work find spread church leaders created programs help preserve tight community feel culture addition weekly worship services began participating numerous programs organization church sponsored dances ward basketball camping trips plays religious education programs youth college students great depression church started welfare program meet needs poor members grown include humanitarian branch provides relief disaster victims later half 20th century movement conservative attempting regain status peculiar people 1960s 1970s brought changes leaders alarmed erosion traditional values sexual revolution widespread use recreational drugs moral forces saw damaging family partly counter greater emphasis family life religious education missionary work conservative process result today probably integrated mainstream society early 1960s black people members congregations time black membership small enforced policy restricted men black african descent ordained church lay church sharply criticized policy civil rights movement policy remained force reversal prompted questions mixed race converts brazil general greeted change joy relief black membership grown approximately black members church percent total membership africa brazil caribbean black membership continued grow substantially especially west_africa temples built black members organization black members ban endorsed church grew rapidly world war world wide organization missionaries sent globe church doubled size years outside united_states inside estimated million roughly percent living outside united_states estimated approximately million roughly total membership regularly attend services majority white non hispanic percent distributed western_europe global distribution resembles contact model organization headquarters utah church general congregations continents teach doctrines international tend absorb good deal culture possibly church hierarchy missionary presence international bring pieces heritage church adapting church practices local cultures chile areas higher percentage united_states percent countries percent include culture practices isolation utah allowed create culture faith spread world distinctive practices followed converts urged undergo lifestyle changes sins adopt foreign standards conduct practices common include studying scriptures praying daily regularly attending sunday worship services participating church programs activities work sundays possible important church services considered lord supper commonly called church members renew baptism emphasize standards believe taught jesus christ including personal honesty integrity obedience law outside marriage fidelity marriage percent lived utah center cultural influence utah living average culturally politically conservative living cosmopolitan centers self identifying attend church somewhat average living states nonetheless live utah tend culturally politically conservative members religious groups place greater emphasis pioneer heritage international generally descendants pioneers strong sense stems doctrine history members responsibility time talents helping poor building church church divided locality congregations called making stake vast majority church leadership positions lay positions church leaders work hours week unpaid church service contribute percent income church involved humanitarian efforts young men women elderly couples choose serve mission time church pay adhere health law code interpreted prohibiting consumption tobacco alcohol coffee tea encouraging use herbs grains fruits moderate consumption meat word wisdom understood harmful addictive substances practices use illegal drugs abuse drugs oppose behaviors viewing pornography gambling concept united family lives progresses forever core day saint doctrine place high importance family life hold weekly family home evenings evening set aside family bonding study prayer activities day saint fathers hold typically children shortly birth formally child parents hope pray children gain gospel grow marry temples strict law requiring sexual relations outside opposite sex marriage strict fidelity marriage sexual activity homosexual outside marriage considered sin marriage recognized man woman sex marriages performed supported church members encouraged marry children day saint families tend larger average opposed abortion exceptional circumstances pregnancy result rape life health mother jeopardy practicing adult wear religious remind encourage dress form media pornographic way including media depicts graphic representations sex violence body discouraged exception single pair women self identify gay lesbian bisexual remain good standing church homosexual relations obey law official numbers estimates average members ward experience sex attraction president estimates percent stay church individuals come forward different support groups websites discussing homosexual attractions concurrent church membership groups members known day saints constitute percent beliefs practices generally guided teachings leaders smaller groups differ mainstream ways members actively participate worship services church called active akin qualifying expressions non non practicing relation members religious groups release statistics church activity likely percent united_states percent worldwide regularly attend worship services reasons inactivity include lifestyle issues problems social integration activity rates tend vary age occurs frequently age majority active members return church activity later life day saints seek religion referred members broke issue known groups differ mainstream primarily belief practice marriage thought members percent roughly half practicing number largest church addition marriage groups practice form christian known law seeks distance groups members discovered practicing teaching today majority members liberal known approach teachings scripture look scriptures spiritual guidance necessarily believe teachings literally uniquely true liberal revelation process god gradually brings human beings greater understanding liberal place good loving fellow human beings importance believing correctly separate context members small progressive groups adopted label cultural cultural individuals believe doctrines self identify usually result having raised faith having converted spent large portion life active member cultural actively involved church cases officially members church beliefs canon consisting bible old new book collection revelations writings known pearl great price relatively open definition scripture general rule spoken written prophet inspiration considered word god bible written word god far translated correctly book believed written ancient viewed companion bible definition teachings smith successors accepted scripture measured draw heavily canon believe friendly universe governed god aim bring children eternal life unique perspective nature god origin man purpose life instance believe pre mortal existence people literal spirit children god god presented plan salvation allow children progress like plan involved spirits receiving bodies earth going trials order learn progress receive joy important plan involved jesus eldest god children coming earth literal son god conquer sin death god children return according person lives earth resurrected nearly received kingdoms glory accepted highest kingdom person fully accept christ faith baptism laying hands according original principles christianity known great began long ascension jesus christ marked corruption christian doctrine greek followers dividing different ideological groups claim led loss authority administer church believe god restored early christian church particular believe angels peter james john john baptist moses appeared smith bestowed authorities believe church true living church divine authority restored smith self identify christian christians particularly evangelical disagree view view religions having portions truth good works having genuine value structure president prophet revelations church aspect ordinary access inspiration thought guide encouraged seek personal revelations vision proof heavens open god answers prayers place considerable emphasis asking god find true claim heavenly visions like smith response prayers feel god talks hearts minds beliefs considered strange modernized world continue hold beliefs feel god spoken
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Mormons
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christian religious group sect existed england named greek meaning love community founded reverend somerset sect built church london briefly bases suffolk brighton ideas community based theories german religious primary object state church_of_england dismissed prince earlier career radical teachings predicted imminent return jesus christ according newspaper accounts prince successor declared jesus christ community consisted wealthy unmarried women prince took spiritual later investigations shown solely spiritual produced illegitimate children prince lost lawsuit brought behalf family group vanished public eye finally closed member sister died reverend studied medicine obtained qualifications appointed medical officer bath native city compelled ill health abandon profession entered student campus gathered band earnest religious enthusiasts known vice principal college contacted wells installed prince somerset sole charge illness absence rector reverend church small services prince acted possessed throwing church congregations grew week possession repeated congregation divided separate services men women subsequently separated generally included females wealthy bishop summoned investigate practices time prince contracted spiritual marriage persuaded absorbed personality god visible embodiment holy spirit illness read cured embraced strange doctrines conversions countryside neighbouring towns end rector deprived living prince disciples started brief existence meeting supportive farmer barn prince money inherited death wife martha marry sister rector moved suffolk prince started build congregation grew subsequent years expelled prince opened known area brighton established chief success lay town prince soon moved followers number followers estimated prince critics fifth number got given beloved lamb names designated leader disciples possessions throw common stock poor looked forward end present content short remainder world live common ties treat purely spiritual money obtained house love enlarged furnished sisters contributed immediately married prince nearest disciples eldest sisters objected spiritual marriage entailed life writer reports pregnant member community unlikely committed adultery husband accused later gained sole custody child proving good moral character court wrote younger sister warning come despite travelled somerset join mother emily feared spiritual financial influence prince established daughters emily instructed son nephew son law travel somerset rescue unmarried daughter arrival men succeeded removing november imprisoned place villa following persistent claims mother enlisted medical aid certified insane placed house asylum treatment forced asylum remained interest respect rights psychiatric patients presiding physician notes condition treatment recorded escaped asylum january travelling london meet reverend hotel square recaptured days later railway station alerted commissioners report led release sued brother cousin brother law abduction false imprisonment trial reported daily times newspaper brother sued prince money given result influence case prince won case costs cases resolved returned spent rest life years establishment love prince female followers engaged public ceremonial sexual intercourse table large audience scandal led faithful friends unable longer endure regarded amazing mixture offered acceptance prominent remained received titles ones angel trumpet seven witnesses forth extensive building work undertaken accommodate members followers prince followers moved summer feet high walls built bedroom house attached chapel stables cottages set gardens buildings designed chapel stained glass completed today attached house grade listed building prince died aged followers buried prince grounds chapel coffin positioned vertically standing day resurrection early 20th century houses arts crafts style built members including daughter violet closure community chapel studio production children television programmes including complex buildings known market chapel received planning permission conversion residential house market built london designed gothic style fairly conventional floor plan outside church riot symbolism main sport large carvings angels man eagle bull lion figures cast bronze look quarters earth base flanking weather certain symbolic debt jerusalem depicting fiery arrows presumably desire main clearly spear stained glass windows designed noted children book illustrator unconventional nature sect illustrate true station church abandoned prince died replaced reverend started leading meetings community recruited young female followers supplement population took second wife children named glory power fame spread far india warned false teachings predicted miserable end house belonged visited film metro land built neo gothic style currently home television presenter previously home died sect gradually declined member sister died funeral time outsiders admitted chapel books sect love inaccurate popular account according review history prince leadership granddaughter published account life child family sect book includes family photographs details conversations child elderly sect members
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way rice way rice chinese pinyin way master commonly abbreviated simply chinese movement founded master height movement controlled state valley north state incorporated kingdom followers master dispersed china believed order achieve correct balance present body having poor quantity body result illness eventually death meditation restore body sex avoided result loss correct balance body death death transported prison face eternal state divided regions led official district civil register recorded people names ranks times year registers updated time important feast child rank rose automatically adults raise rank religious achievement marriage higher ranked people divine generals command fight demons caused bad luck disease state system law encouraged confession strict punishment criminals asked confess crimes given public work sentence texts written survive important commentary state lasted years beliefs influenced subsequent movements history announced appeared commanded rid world establish new state consisting chosen people master began spread newly founded movement province movement initially called way rice person wishing join required donate rice movement spread rapidly particularly son grandson able convert groups cause man belonging people strengthened movement related rebelled han dynasty sent conquer valley north control subsequent battle killed founded state enjoying independence ruler attacked state forced flee later surrendered given title land family members generals followers forced parts china group sent area sent family relocated administrative headquarters located today popularity religious leader lend legitimacy proclaiming court inherited divine authority church laws shortly surrender died succeeded son point historical sources text indicates community result political turmoil kingdom collapse fall scattered adherents master masters later 4th 5th centuries distinct northern texts significant master text survives period commentary text gives insight beliefs meditation practices rituals addition commentary humanity intended audience instead sage text attributed master text reflects master thought practice later text written known commands families great composed divided community dispersal population written persona probable text written probably died beliefs practices believed upcoming apocalypse nearly destroy humanity adherents master right balance survive disaster seed people earth destruction foundation master belief energy source known born source life things human body contains spirits need proper balance types yang blended mixed yang goal achieve higher plane order preserve internal spirits meditation guides correctly body spirits correctly known order obtain surviving evidence describes meditation practices common goal early extend life achieving believed order achieve supposed extend life current world death world order death adept perfectly internal spirits refined internal spirits died world spirit venture form refined perfected state surviving texts describe kind place failed internal spirits prior death underground earth prisons subject eternal illness community regarded ill way sin caused leave body necessary life order cure illness crucial factor ensuring loss accomplished spending time chamber silence reflecting sins beating breasts heaven illness cured ways medicinal herbs listening ritual music eating little extreme importance ideal diet consist food things air person absorb meditation sexuality practicing correct sexual practices method body internal spirits believed embodiment life shortened fact indicates people sex purposes reproduction practice known union sex order brain advocated non simply way avoid losing addition thought method stealing woman man completely wrong practiced despite opposition reproductive sex possibility supported sex purposes reproduction master text 5th century describes elaborate sexual ritual description ritual organization region governed divided regions administrative religious reasons regions connected phases periods year depending birth signs belonged districts regions administered officials command armies spirits composed generals officers soldiers system administration reflected system governance described administration religion closely linked system adherents grouped families attached district families districts gods held copies civil registers registers detailed records people recorded person rank identity location changes registered accompanied monetary contribution known wage faith requests gods followed bureaucratic model drawn according specific administrative codes effectiveness requests depended accuracy registers kept gods new members sect divided groups led instructors instructed similar found likely type meditation later widespread movements instructors handled religious administrative duties receiving taxes set road travelers rank person determined divine generals disposal number divine scriptures obtained divine generals fight wandering demons bring illness person received general age years subsequent ceremonies given generals achieve higher ranking complement achieved age nineteen marriage unite sets generals giving couple use divine generals marriage increases ranking achieved religious achievement certain dates year group ceremonies took place masters teachings ceremonies communal took place food eaten offered gods took place birth death occurred order bring happiness prevent evil participants feast organized based religious standing merit determining factors important dates known important held annual census taken recording deaths peoples movements time adherents expected donate rice gives movement law state sin criminal behavior differentiated order eliminate sin acknowledge crime quiet room write confessions offered lord heaven lord earth lord water public crimes accused pardoned times actions sentenced sentence depended type crime involved community service minor crime sentence usually repair road repeat asked donate building materials improve local buildings laws banned alcohol prohibited killing animals spring summer legacy belief practices profound legacy future belief movement marked significant change earlier philosophical movements longer philosophical wealthy promoted classes society including non chinese addition group form organized helped spread beliefs organized religious ancestors subsequent movements movements medieval claimed affinity
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Way of the Five Pecks of Rice
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sanskrit listen physical mental spiritual practice discipline originated ancient india broad variety schools practices goals buddhism known types origins speculated date traditions mentioned likely developed sixth fifth centuries bce ancient india movements chronology earliest texts describing practices unclear credited buddhist probably century bce later date half 1st millennium gained prominence west 20th century texts emerged 11th century origins india later introduced west following success late 19th early 20th century 1980s popular system physical exercise western world indian traditions physical exercise spiritual core major orthodox schools called closely related philosophy studies tried determine effectiveness intervention cancer heart disease results studies mixed inconclusive cancer studies suggesting unclear effectiveness suggesting reduce risk factors aid patient psychological healing process etymology root means add join unite attach common literal sense extension horses word took broader meanings employment use application performance compare uses harness use developments sense word post moods zeal found indian epic poetry compound words containing sanskrit meanings connection contact union method application addition performance simpler words means combined example means contact cord medical sense applying similar instrument means case thigh astronomical sense conjunction moon term expressing connection relation man etc means devoted attachment movement term sense meaning connection compound given technical meaning designating practical aspects philosophy union supreme performance duties everyday life according 6th century term derived roots concentrate context root concentrate considered traditional commentators correct etymology accordance wrote commentary states means concentration according term derived roots concentrate practices follows philosophy high level commitment called applied man woman traditionally denoting woman goals ultimate goal liberation exact definition form takes depends philosophical theological system according principal meanings disciplined method attaining goal techniques controlling body mind schools systems philosophy connection words referring traditions particular techniques goal practice according 5th century onward core principles place variations principles developed forms time means discovering dysfunctional perception overcoming release suffering inner peace salvation illustration principle found hindu texts number buddhist works texts raising expansion consciousness oneself discussed sources literature buddhist texts path consciousness enabling permanent true reality examples found school texts buddhism texts different ways technique entering bodies generating multiple bodies supernatural accomplishments states white described literature buddhism buddhist suggests fringe practices far removed mainstream goal meditation driven means liberation indian religions white principle relates legendary goals practice different practical goals practice viewed south asian thought practice beginning hindu buddhist philosophical schools schools term applied variety practices methods including buddhist practices include called refers limbs practiced attain described term originally referred ultimate goal usually common classical considered philosophical school context schools accept source knowledge influence considered scripture classical status acquired 20th century twentieth century works considered central works prevailed described refers considered central text school hindu philosophy called kings term originally referred ultimate royal goal usually common incorporates ethical practices systematic exercises self development techniques body mind spirit school accept reliable means knowledge perception direct sensory observations testimony experts orthodox schools strongly unlike school pursues non approach school accepts concept personal essentially inactive deity personal god foundations school hindu philosophy incorporates ethical introspective way life focused self physically mentally ultimate goal liberated unified content state existence called kind focusing physical mental strength building exercises described primarily texts 15th century author unknown late 17th century late 17th century scholars include preceding authored 11th century list widely considered responsible know today founded indian series sanskrit parallel unite buddhism buddhist meditation encompasses variety meditation techniques aim develop concentration powers insight core techniques preserved ancient buddhist texts teacher student pursue meditation path enlightenment closest words meditation classical languages buddhism meditation central practice spirituality meditation aims realizing self attain salvation soul complete freedom aims reach remain pure state soul believed pure conscious attachment meditation broadly categorized samuel states contested concept described according samuel practices 9th 10th century buddhist texts included practices elaborate deity drawings fierce male particularly female deities life stage related rituals extensive use sexual techniques aimed help health long life liberation modern health application apart spiritual goals physical alleviate health problems reduce stress spine contemporary times complete exercise program physical therapy routine practice continues rise contemporary american culture sufficient adequate knowledge practice origins according undoubtedly hindu movement spiritual meditation marketed supplement routine scope hindu identity contemporaries hindu faith argue popular gets concerned people origins history contemporaries state practice credit practice achieve benefit custom published results review alternative sought determine suitable covered health insurance practices evaluated clear evidence effectiveness found reviewers limited drawing definite conclusions lack studies clinical conditions lack information reported reviews potentially primary studies history origins matter debate consensus chronology specific origin developed ancient india suggested origins bce period bce movement according exist traditions simplistic undoubtedly found elements traditions played important formation ideal pre philosophical begin emerge texts bce bce philosophical schools buddhism taking form coherent philosophical system began emerge middle ages saw development satellite traditions came attention educated western public mid 19th century topics indian philosophy pre elements state originated marshall scholars suggest seal discovered sites depict figures positions resembling common meditation pose interpretation considered speculative uncertain recent analysis case projecting later practices findings period bce according indian researchers generally favoured linear theory attempts interpret origin early development indian practices growth genesis like traditional regards source spiritual knowledge practices concentration described according best evidence date suggests practices developed circles early movements probably sixth fifth centuries bce according philosophy non system includes school hindu philosophy buddhism derive sources reflects older pre upper class northeastern india rooted archaic speculation buddhism systems references use root word hymn dedication rising morning interpreted control earliest evidence tradition found hymn states times left little evidence existence practices achievements evidence survived indirect existence accomplished times doubted describe little evidence practices early references practices later earliest example practice consciously regulating breath mentioned hymn bce practice concentrating senses self mentioned hymn bce practices practices concentration priests conduct sacrifice group mentioned emphasized evolved early contain references group techniques controlling breath vital energies mentioned texts corpus bce rig suggests presence early tradition era bce concepts begin emerge texts bce canon middle known appearance word meaning modern term composed fourth century bce defined steady control senses cessation mental activity leading supreme state early concepts defines levels existence according proximity seen process ascent consciousness earliest literary work highlights white states earliest extant systematic account bridge earlier uses term found hindu scripture dating century bce describes hierarchy mind body constituents senses mind intellect etc comprise categories philosophy system grounds texts schools hymns book late millennium bce text states procedure body held upright posture breath restrained mind inside cave place simple plain silence gently flowing water noises harsh winds likely composed later century mentions method breath control introspective withdrawal senses meditation mind concentration philosophical inquiry creative reasoning absorption intense spiritual union addition discussion principal related texts composed 1st 2nd millennium discuss methods historical texts alexander great reached india 4th century bce army took greek academics later wrote memoirs geography people customs saw alexander companion quoted book sections describes india claims indian practiced different standing sitting lying naked mentions colleague trying meet initially denied audience later invited sent king curious wisdom philosophy learn consider best doctrine life rid spirit pain pleasure man trains body order opinions strengthened shame life fare best place inhabit equipment outfit principles significant history spiritual reflect ancient roots balance later works buddhist respectively states principle non non simple living discussed later early buddhist texts states founder system use experiences previously gained teachers time notes buddhism speak systematic comprehensive integral school practice oldest preserved entirety chronology completion related unclear like ancient hindu texts early known buddhist sources like mention meditation describes resemble early hindu descriptions meditation practices called texts earliest known specific discussion buddhist literature understood modern context fourth century scriptures buddhist school fifth century system buddhist school sources buddhist ones difficult distinguish nature early school elements derived schools contemporary systems alluded lost time early buddhist texts describe practices states borrowed tradition canon contains passages describes pressing tongue purposes controlling hunger mind depending passage mention tongue inserted true posture pressure heel similar modern stimulate uncertainty chronology author origin buddhist meditation observes meditation meditation originated tradition earliest reference meditation oldest describes kinds vital energies concepts later traditions internal sound veins described defines mastery body senses song lord uses term extensively variety ways addition entire chapter dedicated traditional practice including meditation introduces prominent types action devotion knowledge consists chapters verses chapter named different eighteen different scholars divide sections chapters dealing middle containing chapters rough elements found chapters description early form called cessation contained section 12th chapter verses section dated bce emphasizes progressive withdrawal contents consciousness thoughts etc self realized terms like subtle reflection discrimination similar terminology mentioned described uniform goal mentioned separation self matter entering etc described goals verses describe identical describes early practice meditation defines purpose experience uniting individual universal things classical era bce period witnessed texts buddhism discussing systematically compiling methods practices considered key work classical period era bce philosophical schools buddhism taking form coherent philosophical system began emerge philosophy mentioned sanskrit texts dated completed bce verse example states categories traditions india began adopt systematic century probably oldest begin taking systematic form building early works principles appear ideas commentary called commentary exposition philosophy describes relation systems schools differences accepted conception personal god developed non system hindu philosophy system referred parallels close says popular distinguished lord hindu philosophy orthodox accept testimony philosophical schools author indian philosophy believes process began middle culminated numerous parallels concepts ancient buddhist schools thought particularly 2nd century bce 1st century notes synthesis traditions adopt reflective methods gaining reliable knowledge buddhism idea suggests adopt pursuit altered state awareness unlike buddhist concept self soul like believing individual self soul concept philosophy ancient traditions meditation ideas widely regarded compilation formal philosophy verses later indian scholars studied published commentaries referred defines word second definition meaning sanskrit terms translates modifications mind translates mind stuff taking forms explains essentially consists practices culminating attaining state consciousness free modes active thought eventually attaining state consciousness unaware object external aware nature consciousness object meaning understood practice mental control goal state perfection process according context union implies joining things principles result state union lower self higher self state characterized absence described eternal peace pure love self realization liberation writing basis system referred concept derived 29th book non violence non living beings non non stealing fidelity partner non non purity mind speech body acceptance circumstances persistent meditation study self self reflection study literally means seat refers seated position meditation breath breath stop interpreted control life force withdrawal sense organs external objects concentration fixing attention single object meditation intense nature object meditation liberation merging consciousness object meditation largest surviving schools hindu traditions share thematic principles concepts belief self soul degree style methods school accepts means reliable knowledge accepts ways disputes school believes state individual discovers sense independent identity contrast believes state individual discovers sense universal self hold free conscience liberated self aware school use practices reading seeking supreme good ultimate freedom classical treatise attributed sage takes form dialogue renowned philosopher text contains chapters origin traced period second century bce fourth century texts like borrowed verses frequent references discusses numerous breathing exercises body meditation according 2nd century text sum activities mind speech body calls cause influx path liberation describes devotion path liberation highest form devotion mention major vows minor vows led certain like essentially system thinking grew fledged religion constraints bear resemblance major vows indicating history strong cross traditions mainstream influence noticed founded aligned school late phase indian antiquity eve development movement arises period 4th 5th centuries received provided framework engaging practices lead path sect teaches way reach enlightenment middle ages middle ages saw development satellite traditions emerged period movement movement development medieval advocated concept personal god supreme personality movement initiated 6th 9th centuries started gaining influence india 12th 15th centuries traditions integrated aspects practical exercises devotion practice form called separation emphasizes pointed concentration krishna genre arose india later 5th century states contested term considered school practices appeared complete form buddhist hindu texts 10th century history ideas school influenced hindu buddhist traditions elements rituals adopted influenced state functions medieval buddhist hindu kingdoms east southeast_asia turn millennium emerged buddhism known buddhism texts compiled starting 7th century translations completed 8th century texts main source buddhist knowledge imported later translated chinese asian languages helping spread ideas buddhist text introduced significant practice earliest references buddhist works dating eighth century earliest definition found 11th century buddhist text defines relation center channel etc basic formulated elements posture breathing exercises referred elaborated 15th century differs substantially focuses physical body leading mind vital energy compared seated sitting meditation posture marks development body popular usage modern variations style people associate word today similar diving board preparing body ready receive higher techniques meditation word comes means sun means moon groups prominent 15th 16th century nascent stage compositions guru founder describe dialogues hindu community practiced rejected rites rituals connected path meditation instead guru states listen tells truth discipline mind word divine grace brings union understands sees good deeds help merge modern history reception west came attention educated western public mid-19th century topics indian philosophy context interest published treatise hindu teacher actively advocate aspects western audience toured europe united_states 1890s reception received built active interest intellectuals particular drew german interest philosophers scholars like brothers august varying degrees interests things indian large influence american public view views current end 19th century provided basis reception theory practice correspondence spiritual physical reception based currents religious philosophical reform transformation 19th early 20th centuries rooted romanian currents traditions brought new element reception strong emphasis seminal book freedom introduction traditions philosophy conception attained practice shifted experiencing theory mind body american born travels lands founded teachings gave glimpse practices modern scientific study began works major late 19th century continued 20th century western medical researchers came starting study science west early 21st century typically associates term form exercise 1910s 1920s usa suffered period bad publicity largely backlash immigration rise values number scandals 1930s 1940s began gain public acceptance result celebrity endorsement 1950s united_states saw period paranoia 1960s western interest hindu spirituality reached peak giving rise great number schools specifically advocated western public period influential indian teachers came teachers active west period included brought united_states comprehensive classical teachings subtle body theory elements included teachers training united_states canada second boom followed 1980s follower connected heart health purely physical system health exercises outside counter culture circles unconnected religious numerous modern origin strongly overlapped 19th century western exercise traditions popularity usa risen constantly number people practiced form grown million million drawn support world leaders barack_obama stated universal language spiritual exercise united_states crossing lines religion cultures day millions people practice improve health overall encouraging presidential active lifestyle award support answer challenge supports integration exercise healthy individuals long properly trained professionals deliver instruction college cites promotion profound mental physical spiritual awareness benefits form stretching breath control core strength medicine potential benefits adults medical community regards results research significant point flaws undermine results research taken form preliminary studies clinical trials low quality including small sample sizes inadequate lack high risk bias long term users united_states reported mental health improvements reduced symptoms evidence suggest regular practice increases brain levels shown improve mood anxiety matched exercises walking main focuses exercise breathing meditation beneficial suffering heart disease overall studies effects heart disease suggest reduce high blood pressure improve symptoms heart failure enhance cardiac rehabilitation lower risk factors chronic low pain specialist found beneficial usual care clinical trial smaller studies support finding healthy lower backs programme dominant treatment society cheaper effective usual care fewer days work year research group tested effects lower pain weeks group volunteers practiced control group continued standard treatment pain reported pain participants decreased standard treatment group percent drop participants drop use pain medication emergence studies investigating intervention cancer patients treatment cancer patients decrease depression pain fatigue increase anxiety control based stress reduction programs include mind body technique reduce stress study found seven weeks group treated reported significantly mood disturbance reduced stress compared control group study found showed positive effects sleep anxiety quality life spiritual growth cancer patients studied treatment encouraging inconclusive evidence suggests treatment help alleviate symptoms improve health related quality life implementation lifestyle shown help substance abuse increase quality life according psychological like behavior quality recovery index shown study functioning executive functioning including control acute benefit physical injuries small percentage practitioners year suffer physical injuries analogous sports injuries caution common sense recommended criticized potentially dangerous cause range medical conditions including outlet syndrome spine spinal tears damage common nerve foot drop etc problems published january resulted controversy international community broad science writer author science risks rewards suffered injury performing posture torn muscles knee injuries common result practice extensive survey practitioners australia showed suffered physical injury practicing previous months respondents suffered injury producing prolonged pain requiring medical treatment shoulder stands lotus half lotus seated cross legged position forward bends backward bends produced greatest number injuries practitioners recommend certain exercises women pregnant women nursing mothers meditation breathing exercises certain safe beneficial women categories encouraged main reasons experts cite causing negative effects instructors lack qualification demand classes grows people certified instructors relatively little training newly certified instructor evaluate condition new class recommend certain poses appropriate props avoid injuries turn beginning student abilities body advanced poses body flexible strong perform tear neck provide blood brain result rotation neck neck extended occur variety contexts event occur practices condition result stroke tears damage structure joining hip reported resulted practice claimed excellent training children form physical exercise breathing focus stress relief school districts considered incorporating programs california school district gained judge approval use holding parents claimed practice religious state funded program physiology time extended physiology developed especially tradition pictures humans composed bodies cover bodies described adds fourth state described integrated gross body comprising subtle body composed vital breath energy mind intellect body comprising bliss subtle body energy flows channels concentrated specialized meditation buddhism derives sanskrit chinese form school buddhism noted proximity west set alongside schools meditation display obvious family segregation deserves attention practices exist buddhist school certain essential elements important buddhism general particular buddhism tradition path meditation practice divided vehicles said increasingly profound described ultimate practice traditions include called class practices include system practiced breath heart rhythm tradition practices discipline includes breath work precise dynamic movements centre body ancient depicted walls summer temple semi popular account refers generation heat body foundation claims involves reconciliation apparent mind relating theoretical implications reception religions christianity christians integrate aspects eastern spirituality prayer meditation attributed desire experience god complete way congregation doctrine faith having worked years cardinal pope said meditation christian learn religious traditions controlled quoting meditation catholic_church rejects true holy religions ways rejected hand simply christian contrary useful long christian conception prayer logic requirements obscured context bits pieces taken expressed previously roman_catholic_church christian organizations expressed concerns disapproval respect eastern new age practices include meditation vatican issued documents aspects christian meditation christian reflection new age critical eastern new age practices document published page handbook detailing vatican position vatican warned concentration physical aspects meditation cult body states lead psychic disturbance times moral compared early days christianity church opposed belief salvation came faith mystical inner knowledge letter says prayer enriched meditation methods developed religions cultures maintains idea fit nature approaches prayer christian beliefs ultimate reality christian organizations consider incompatible religious background considering new age movement inconsistent christianity view holds christian meditation lead religious held association christians practice ritual simultaneously operates anchor maintains promotes activity sail allows institutional boundaries crossed islam early 11th century persian scholar visited india lived years help translated significant sanskrit works arabic persian languages translation preserved core themes philosophy certain commentaries making consistent islamic theology version reached persia arabian peninsula later 16th century text translated arabic persian accepted mainstream islam minority islamic mystic movement particularly adopted indian including breath control text 16th century drew controversy interest persecuted beliefs malaysia islamic body passed prohibiting muslims practicing saying elements practice muslims malaysia practicing years criticized decision insulting sisters islam women rights group malaysia expressed disappointment said form exercise legally malaysia prime minister clarified physical exercise chanting religious prohibited islamic body indonesia passed banning grounds contains hindu elements turn criticized islamic seminary india similar banning link issued grand egypt islamic singapore earlier iran according approximately centres country quarter capital groups seen practising parks met opposition conservatives turkey head discounted personal development techniques commercial ventures lead comments context possibly form expense islam international day december member approved consensus resolution establishing june international day declaration day came adoption june international day indian prime minister address september suggesting june international day said date longest day year special significance parts world international day observed world june people including indian prime minister large number dignitaries performed minutes day devoted observed millions world event established records largest class people record participating eighty
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Yoga
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Philosophy and religion
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Religion
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Religions and religious movements
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18966_NewAge
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new age new age term applied range spiritual religious beliefs practices developed western nations 1970s precise scholarly definitions movement differ emphasis largely result highly eclectic structure considered religious involved typically prefer designation spiritual rarely use term new age scholars subject refer new age movement contest term believing gives false sense phenomenon form western new age movement drew heavily number older traditions particular emerged current developed eighteenth century prominent influences include work ideas new thought number mid twentieth century influences ufo religions 1950s 1960s exerted strong influence early development new age movement exact origins movement remain contested agreed developed 1970s time centred largely united_kingdom expanded grew largely 1980s 1990s particular united_states despite highly eclectic nature number beliefs commonly found new age movement identified movement typically adopts belief form universe including human beings strong emphasis spiritual authority self accompanied common belief wide variety semi divine non human entities angels masters humans communicate particularly form typically viewing human history divided series distinct ages common new age belief humanity lived age great technological advancement spiritual wisdom entered period spiritual establishment coming age movement gets strong focus healing particularly forms alternative medicine emphasis new age science seeks unite science spirituality involved new age movement primarily middle upper middle class backgrounds degree involved movement varied considerably adopted number new age ideas practices fully embraced dedicated lives movement generated criticism established christian organisations contemporary pagan indigenous communities 1990s onward movement subject research academic scholars religious studies definition new age phenomenon proved difficult define scholarly disagreement religious studies scholar characterised new age movement eclectic beliefs practices ways life identified singular phenomenon use similar human condition transformed similarly historian religion termed common variety contemporary popular practices beliefs emerged late 1970s largely united historical links shared discourse air religion described new age movement umbrella term includes great variety groups identities united expectation major universal change primarily founded individual collective development human potential religious studies scholar adopted different approach asserting new age label attached fit result means different things different people argued idea new age movement considered unified ideology believed considered unified movement conversely echoing view new age phenomenon entity religious studies scholar rejected idea new age movement deeming false category groups individuals new age movement reject term new age reference term new involved commonly describe spiritual observed use term optional episodic declining overall adding individuals use usually qualification instance placing inverted religious studies scholar acknowledged new age problematic term asserted exists comparable term covers aspects movement remained useful category scholars use involved movement rarely consider religion negatively solely organized religion instead describe practices spirituality religious studies scholars repeatedly referred movement religion new age movement form western considered new age form popular culture criticism represented reaction dominant western values christian religion adding new age religion criticism random falls ideas earlier western groups york described new age movement new religious movement conversely rejected believed elements new age movement represented applicable group hammer identified new age movement corresponding concept folk religions seeks deal questions subjects like death disease fashion process available narratives rituals york divides new age movement broad trends social camp represents groups primarily seek bring social change second camp instead focus contact spirit entities york group spiritual camp represents middle ground camps focuses largely individual development terminology new age term new age related terms like new era new world long emergence new age movement widely assert better way life humanity instance widely political contexts great seal united_states designed new order ages 1980s soviet premier proclaimed mankind entering new age term appeared western schools thought having scattered use mid nineteenth century onward american published message alfred began editing weekly journal christian socialism titled new age concept coming new age inaugurated return earth jesus christ theme poetry appeared work american term prominently titles new age education new age 1930s 1960s small number groups individuals preoccupied concept coming new age prominently term accordingly term recurring motif spirituality expressed view term new age originally apocalyptic emblem later tag spiritual history according scholar history expressed view surprisingly ignorant actual historical roots beliefs form western stretch southern europe late antiquity following age enlightenment 18th century europe new ideas developed response development scientific new trend termed scholars key factor development new age emerged earliest influences new age swedish 18th century christian mystic professed ability communicate angels demons spirits attempt unite science religion prediction coming era particular cited ways new age movement early influence late 17th early 18th century german physician claimed existence force known animal running human body establishment religion influenced 1840s identified precursor new age movement particular rejection established christianity claims representing scientific approach religion emphasis spirit entities major influence new age society group founded late 19th century books isis unveiled secret doctrine claimed society conveying essence world religions emphasized focus comparative religion new thought developed late nineteenth century new_england christian oriented healing movement spreading united_states identified important influence new age movement indian philosophy brought west late 19th century ideas roots work early 20th century writers american mystic theologian founder seminal influence later termed new age movement known particular practice refer prominent influence psychologist proponent concept age believed new age movement direct found ufo religions 1950s termed new age movement new religious movements strong apocalyptic beliefs coming new age typically asserted brought contact examples groups included founded new age established new_zealand historical perspective new age phenomenon rooted 1960s common usage terms new age age reference coming era found instance appearing festival lyrics opening song musical hair american tribal love rock musical decade witnessed emergence variety new religious movements newly established religions united_states creating spiritual drew included established interest asian religious ideas eighteenth century new developments variants buddhism imported west asia following government decision asian exclusion act established california similar personal growth centers developed links psychology human potential movement emerged come exert strong influence new age movement britain number small religious groups came identified light movement begun declaring existence coming new age influenced strongly ideas bailey prominent groups founded scottish area founders older generation attracted increasing numbers baby 1960s extent population grown circa residents october founder attended meeting prominent figures britain titled significance group new age held park course weekend groups create backdrop new age movement emerged point new age phenomenon represents synthesis different movements strands thought york asserted new age bore similarities earlier forms western asian religion remained distinct predecessors self consciousness new way thinking emergence development argued circa emblem new age came passed pioneers alternative spirituality groups wider array baby happened fundamental transformation meaning term new age referred specifically coming era point came wider sense refer variety activities practices 1960s rapidly declined start 1970s large collapse movement members counter culture subsequently early adherents new age movement exact origins new age movement remain issue debate asserted emerged early 1970s instead traced emergence 1970s adding entered development 1980s early form movement based largely britain exhibited strong influence termed early core movement new age new age strict sense 1970s new age movement expanded cover wide variety alternative spiritual religious beliefs practices explicitly held belief age widely recognised broadly similar search alternatives mainstream society new age banner bring wider american society terms development new age new age wider sense stores came known new age shops opened selling related books magazines jewellery crystals playing new age music smell probably influenced thousand small gift stores increasingly defined new age new age titles came increasingly available mainstream websites like came associated new age phenomenon openly embraced term new age books like work revelation birth new age book new age politics healing self society terms employed new age included green alternative spiritual witnessed foundation est training course prominent early movement suggested 1970s witnessed growth relationship new age movement older new thought movement evidenced widespread use course new age music crystal healing new thought churches figures new thought movement challenging compatibility new age new thought perspectives decades site pilgrimage greatly expanded size people joined community workshops conferences held brought new age world key events occurred raised public awareness new age publication best selling books love signs release book limb later adapted television mini series convergence alignment august organized arizona convergence attracted people movement single event suggested movement influenced enterprise culture encouraged governments 1980s onward emphasis initiative self reliance new age ideas claims material course conversations god note denies books obvious text emerged dialogue deeper process comparable automatic writing contributed movement growth significant new age movement cited core works new age ideas included series published onward publication course work prophecy variety books best sellers book series instance selling million copies books videos compact discs websites development internet particular popularized new age ideas widely accessible new age ideas influenced development rave culture late 1980s 1990s britain 1980s term new age travellers came use term new age came increasingly widely popular media 1990s beliefs practices great diversity beliefs practices found new age movement according york united shared vision radical mystical transformation personal collective levels movement aims create spirituality borders inclusive new age resulted common represents supermarket spirituality theology noted existence integral necessary new age ideas added movement ideas nature reflect marked rigid definitions new age theology exhibiting approach accepts personal perspectives divine equally valid intentional nature reflects new age idea human mind language number traits repeatedly associated new age literature idea frequently described terms ocean infinite spirit stream essence universal principle second common trait characterisation mind consciousness intelligence description form energy fourth trait characterisation life force essence creativity fifth concept consists love new age groups view ultimate source things originate usually divine creation myths articulated publications outlining ultimate source came create universe contrast emphasised idea universal inter single source new age idea existence connected single rejecting christian thought science number linked interpretation universe hypothesis idea results common new age belief humans divine essence concept described terms inner divine self influenced ideas subtle bodies common new age idea holds existence higher self human connects divine essence universe advise human mind creation stories common new age sources accounts reflecting movement framework describing original things universe additional common theme human souls living spiritual world descended world matter new age movement typically views material universe meaningful illusion humans try use focus escaping spiritual realms physical world seen domain learning growth human soul pass higher levels existence widespread belief reality engaged ongoing process evolution evolution typically seen evolution assumes process headed specific goal open ended creative evolution new age movement unclear divine beings divided entities believed exist humanity literature talk non human beings interested spiritual development humanity variously referred names angels guardian angels personal guides masters teachers contacts new age reflecting individual authors figure jesus christ mentioned new age literature principle humanity advanced human self spirituality new age movement exhibits strong emphasis idea individual experiences primary source authority spiritual matters exhibits termed reflects world view radically democratic result strong emphasis freedom individual movement emphasis led ethical disagreements new age participants stress need help universe disagreed refusing aid believed result conflicts self authority ethic movement differences role accorded voices authority outside self present group core belief movement idea humans beings state trance act channel information sources normal sources described god gods ascended masters spirit guides angels historical figures collective unconscious nature spirits described form articulated revelation identified forms trance open prominent examples new age movement include claims contacted entity called claims jesus christ academic examined variety new age messages noted typically echoed tone content offering analysis human condition giving instructions advice humanity discover true destiny new messages rival scriptures main world religions sources spiritual authority describe historical religious revelations forms attempting legitimate contemporary practices concept spirit entities links research new age movement emphasis proving existence life death absent research focus testing consistency cycles age new age thought typically world developing series large astronomical cycles identified concept distinct ages older roots western thought new age movement adopted despite fact new age ages eclectic doctrine new age literature claims humanity lived age spiritual wisdom writings like ancient period spiritual wisdom associated concepts advanced societies living lost continents atlantis idea ancient societies like far advanced modern scholarship accepts new age literature ancient period spiritual wisdom ultimately gave way age spiritual decline termed age characterised negative period humanity new age literature views important learning experience species stated new age perceptions history extremely use description reflecting little interest historiography history myth noted highly placing western civilization centre historical development common belief new age movement humanity entered coming enter new age known age characterised new age love joy peace abundance harmony golden age dreamed accepting belief coming new age movement described highly positive celebratory cited apocalyptic movement opinions nature coming new age differ instance differences belief commencement new age author claiming began practitioners placed beginning claiming begin centuries millennium differences new age envisioned termed moderate perspective believed marked improvement current society affected new age concerns convergence science global embrace alternative medicine general concerns including end violence crime war environment international operation adopt fully vision believing world wholly transformed age light humans evolving totally spiritual beings experiencing unlimited love bliss happiness age viewed eternal instead believed thousand years replaced age beliefs movement new age come emphasise idea established human agency assert established aid non human forces spirits participants movement typically express view spiritual actions helping bring age common belief higher powers universe helping birth new age healing alternative medicine core factor new age movement emphasis healing use alternative medicine general movement health natural state human illness disruption natural balance new age seek heal illness general concept includes physical mental spiritual aspects critiques mainstream western medicine simply attempting cure disease affinity forms traditional medicine found world concept personal growth greatly emphasised healing aspects new age movement movement focus self spirituality led emphasis self healing present movement ideas focus healing healing earth healing elements movement difficult classify given variety terms new age authors different terms refer trends use term refer different things developed set categories forms new age healing roughly argues contemporary western society human potential accordingly offer path individuals access parts alienated suppressed enabling reach potential live meaningful life described psychology theoretical wing contrast schools psychological thought psychology takes religious mystical experiences seriously exploring uses altered states consciousness closely connected consciousness current argues specialist altered states consciousness seeks adopt imitate traditional techniques form personal healing growth identified second main healing current new age movement health emerged 1970s free clinic movement 1960s connections idea human individual relationship mind body spirit healing process individual integrating powers universe wide array methods utilised health movement common including forms meditation therapy psychic healing medicine healing crystals metals music therapy use crystal healing particularly prominent visual movement health movement discussed inter relation health new age movement illustrated description angel therapy ireland new age science according new age movement attempts create includes science spirituality typically rejects scientific method academic establishment times active movement employ terminology concepts borrowed science particularly number prominent influences new age movement came backgrounds professional scientists instead typically expresses view universe come replace academic establishment shift academic scientific establishments dismiss new age science pseudo science best existing fringes genuine scientific research identified new age science form movement interested developing unified world views discover nature divine establish scientific basis religious belief presented strong arguments challenging new age treatment science figures new age movement notably physics drawn parallels theories traditional forms arguing ancient religious ideas proven contemporary science new adopted hypothesis earth acts akin single living organism expanded idea include idea earth consciousness intelligence ethics ethical new age phenomenon argued central ethical new age movement divine potential given movement interpretation universe prohibits belief good evil negative events happen interpreted result evil lessons designed teach individual enable advance rejects christian emphasis sin guilt believing generate fear hinder spiritual evolution typically blaming judging actions believing individual adopts negative attitudes spiritual evolution instead movement emphasizes positive thinking beliefs power thoughts vary new age literature examples generate positive thinking include repeated statements carrying positive messages white light according question death pressing problem requiring answer new age movement belief common viewed humanity progressive spiritual evolution new age literature reality usually treated self evident explanation practitioners embrace belief endorse belief ensures cosmic justice adopt belief treating law cause effect assures cosmic balance cases stress system punishment past actions new age literature discussing claim human soul carries personality death body higher self connects survives order body believed higher self chooses body circumstances born order use vessel learn new lessons advance spiritual evolution prominent new age writers expressed view humans totally responsible events happen life idea empowering times past life employed new age movement order reveal higher soul previous incarnations usually explicit healing purpose lifestyle new age spirituality led wide array literature subject active niche market books music crafts services alternative medicine available stores festivals new age known mind body spirit psychic alternative health spaces variety goods services displayed different vendors including forms alternative medicine practices card reading prominent example mind body spirit festival held annually united_kingdom religious studies scholar noted encounter wide range beliefs practices crystal healing photography psychic art angels past life therapy ufo religion new age music number new age proponents emphasised use spiritual techniques tool attaining financial prosperity moving movement away counter cultural origins embracing attitude books published established new age centres held spiritual classes aimed specifically business people new age groups developed specialised training businesses 1980s prominent corporations embraced new age hoping increase productivity efficiency work force cases resulted employees bringing legal action employers claiming religious beliefs damaged psychological health use spiritual techniques method attaining profit issue major dispute wider new age movement prominent criticising trends community lack social conscience particular movement commercial elements caused problems given conflict general economically york highlighted tension exists new age private enterprise given encourages individuals choose spiritual practices grounds personal preference encourages behave consumer considered suited modern society demographics studies demographics new age practitioners established certain sectors society likely involved movement noted influential male approximately thirds participants female movement strongly argues shows tension women empowerment primarily middle class phenomenon mid-1990s asserted new age movement primarily found united_states canada western_europe australia new_zealand problematic number individuals involved movement don explicitly identify individuals self identify participate new age practices instead identify jewish christian buddhist highlighted range attempts establish number new age participants period noting estimates ranged million believed higher ranges estimates greatly inflated instance erroneous assumption americans believed movement suggested million people contact new age practices ideas described typical participant new age religious mixing matching cultural resources animated spiritual quest noted movement embraced baby generation born transmitted parts american society asserted movement strongly associated members middle upper middle classes western society added broad demographic movement attracted diverse typical new educated mainstream society arguing movement believe crisis suggested movement appealed practitioners 1960s counter culture came feel unable change society nonetheless interested changing self believed individuals culturally new age offer new age attracting expressive people comfortable ideals movement self spirituality focus particularly appealing new age suited needs individual traditional religious options available primarily needs community believed adoption new age beliefs practices fitted model religious conversion adopted practices easily considered converted religion highlighted involved movement varying degrees argued involved movement divided broad groups comprised completely dedicated ideals working goals second consisted worked unrelated fields spent free time involved movement activities casual occasionally involved new age activities movement central aspect life new age practices filtered wider western society poll instance revealing population tried alternative people practice new age spirituality embrace lifestyle included lifestyle health demographic market segment figures rising related sustainable living green ecological initiatives generally composed relatively affluent educated segment market segment estimated usd billion approximately percent united_states consumer market according new_york_times study showed million americans included demographic coined term cultural book cultural million people changing world states seeing demand products equal quality community advocate living simple sustainable manner reduce humanity impact natural resources earth new age movement centered rebuilding sense community counter social attempted formation intentional communities individuals come live work communal lifestyle new age centres set parts world representing form movement notable examples include boulder colorado holly farm near vancouver criticising mainstream western education movement new age groups established schools education children cases groups sought introduce new age spiritual techniques pre existing establishments music term new age music applied manner forms ambient music genre developed 1960s 1970s particularly work brian genre nature resulted popular new age circles forms genre having specifically new age orientation studies determined new age music effective component stress management style began 1970s works free form jazz groups recording label oregon pre ambient bands ambient music performer classical avant garde musician early 1970s instrumental acoustic electronic styles new age music evolved include wide range styles electronic space music synthesizers acoustic native american drums singing australian world music sounds spiritual chanting cultures reception earliest academic studies new age movement performed specialists study new religious movements research scholars alternative spirituality thought new age movement insignificant cultural alternately largely negative critical new age groups influenced anti cult movement published historical analysis new age texts year published study movement focused manifestation britain early studies based analysis publications analysis practitioners book culture conspiracy apocalyptic visions written professor emeritus political science argues beliefs greatly facilitated advent internet exposed people beliefs fringe political religious life identifies trends terms rise popularity knowledge voices concern trends lead mass devastating effect american political life christian perspectives majority published criticism new age movement come christians particular religion wing united_states new age movement major concern evangelical christian groups 1980s attitude gradually influenced british evangelical groups decade evangelical writers published books criticising new age movement christian perspective number characterised conspiracy theories origin purpose movement successful publication novel sold million copies depicted new age movement league feminism secular education overthrow christianity criticism sustained stated widespread agreement regard new age ideas contrary christian tradition doctrine book age french scholar priest criticised new age movement described anglo saxon movement beginning invade france asked represented coming anti christ jewish conspiracy project global government noted parallels said christians roman_catholic_church published christian reflection new age following year study page document criticizes new age practices meditation crystal healing according vatican states attained new age practices confused prayer viewed signs god presence cardinal president said misleading answer oldest hopes man president stated vatican conference document church avoids concept close new age report advised christians respect sincerity new age persons spiritual searches witness gospel perspectives issue academic debate connection new age movement contemporary neo confused religious studies scholar asserted significant overlap religious movements stated parallels new age movement ways differs sharply overlaps minor ways stated pagan new age movements share overlap largely distinct phenomena suggested forms contemporary new age movement particularly pre dated movement pagan religions practices identified new age portrayed new age different streams merge points differences movements highlighted new age movement focuses improved future focus pre christian past similarly new age movement typically message sees religions fundamentally stresses difference religions embracing theology new age light centred image acknowledges light dark life death recognises savage natural world new age movement shows little interest magic conversely core interests pagan religions sought distance new age movement new age insult community conversely involved new age expressed criticism emphasizing material world spiritual expressed criticism high fees charged new age teachers typically present pagan movement word rhyme sewage native american indigenous responses new age movement accused cultural sacred ceremonies intellectual cultural property indigenous peoples indigenous american spiritual leaders elders councils creek denounced new age sacred ceremonies intellectual property stating value instructions ceremonies led unauthorized people questionable maybe meaningless individual carrying false messages traditional leaders peoples reached consensus reject ceremonial ways non indians new age movement fully understanding deliberately way life declared war plastic medicine people spiritual ways issued declaration protecting ceremonies cultural intellectual property respective indigenous nations article indigenous peoples right maintain control protect develop cultural heritage traditional knowledge traditional cultural expressions sciences technologies cultures including human genetic resources seeds knowledge properties fauna flora oral traditions designs sports traditional games visual performing arts right maintain control protect develop intellectual property cultural heritage traditional knowledge traditional cultural expressions declaration rights indigenous peoples indigenous leaders spoken individuals communities world white man spiritual ways selfish gain regard spiritual people term plastic plastic medicine people applied outsiders identify holy people traditional spiritual leaders genuine connection traditions cultures claim represent social political movement commentators focused personal aspects new age movement social political component new age political movement visible 1970s peaked 1980s continued 1990s 21st century political movement evolved new directions late 20th century political turmoil 1960s activists north_america europe disillusioned traditional revolutionary political began searching new politics gave special weight topics consciousness ecology personal spiritual development community empowerment global unity books new age acknowledged search attempted articulate politics according observers new age politics originally appeared canada books described new age political include conspiracy wave politics solar age new genesis prophecy spiritual politics books issued major publishers international 1980s new age political ideas discussed big city newspapers established political magazines addition new age periodicals regularly addressing social political issues observers pointed periodicals included denmark odyssey south_africa india political movement organizations sprang generate popular support new age political ideas policy positions commentators identified citizens legislator new age political organizations occasion new age political organizing outside writer activists pointed future hands movement norway claimed adherents population million early european green movements books periodicals organizations speak voice commentators found sounded common themes world reflect best significant social political problems years political system needs transformed reformed help new political theory appropriate time seeing connected step way creating new political theory away categories left right essential task significant social change requires deep changes consciousness institutional change consciousness needs aware feminist oriented global unity desirable values include diversity sense community sense human growth development economic growth overarching goal new age society ownership control institutions important size institutions important away big governments big corporations large institutions extent lives begin process structures horizontal networks global unification key goal probably best accomplished networking levels establishing centralized world state agent political change longer working class economic class instead developing personally live lives dignity service evolution preferred revolution forces evolutionary change need statistical majority critical mass informed committed aware people nation forward time themes began 1980s observers north_america europe acknowledging emergence new age political ideology political objections century end end 20th century criticisms directed new age political project quarters especially liberal left religious right left scholars argued new age politics personal growth little political change political scientist said new age politics fails recognize realities economic political power opposed capitalist system liberal activist argued new age politics social conflict effective politically right worried drive come new consciousness new values time tested old values worried celebration diversity leave strong viewpoint place guide society left right impressed new age ability organize politically explanations offered practical political weakness said new age political activists 1970s 1980s simply far advance time suggested new age activists commitment frustrating process consensus decision making fault dissolved founder told interviewer alliance new age counter cultural appeal broad public new political directions 21st century 21st century writers activists continue pursue political project new age roots differs project come principal difference anticipated texts like new age politics author essay human potential movement historian essay different ways absolutely right book house divided texts new age political perspective recognized legitimate presented merely strong points blind spots like rest result alter nature new age political project political perspective unique strengths significant weaknesses longer sense try convert new age political perspective attempted 1970s 1980s sense try construct higher political synthesis took political perspective account including new age difference eras political thought 21st century political actors use term new age describe work observers attribute negative term new age acquired instead terms employed similar sense personal political development proceeding time example according anthology political scientists writers academics use term substitute terms new age new popularized use term integral emphasizes term evolutionary terms found authors book titles
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New Age
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Philosophy and religion
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Religion
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Religions and religious movements
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19456_ChristianScience
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christian science set beliefs practices belonging family new religious movements developed 19th century new_england argued book science health sickness illusion corrected prayer book central text bible sold million copies followers granted charter found built boston massachusetts fastest growing religion united_states nearly members figure declined church known newspaper won seven pulitzer prizes reading rooms open public cities described return primitive christianity lost element healing key differences christian science theology branches christianity particular adherents radical form philosophical believing reality purely spiritual material world illusion includes view disease mental error physical disorder sick treated medicine form prayer seeks correct beliefs responsible illusion ill health church require christian scientists avoid medical care adherents use physicians broken bones required law maintains prayer effective combined medicine 1880s 1990s avoidance medical treatment led deaths adherents children parents prosecuted cases convicted neglect overview family periods protestant christian revival new religious movements united_states half 19th century included came known family groups divine science later 1890s liberal section movement known new thought distinguish authoritarian term referred movement philosophical belief mental world adherents believed material phenomena result mental states view expressed life consciousness god mind supreme cause referred truth god love life spirit principle father mother reflecting elements berkeley groups known mind cure movement strong focus healing medical practice infancy patients regularly fared better provided fertile soil mind cure groups argued sickness absence right thinking failure connect movement traced roots united_states new_england turned mental motto truth cure patient leading debate based ideas new thought differed saw views unique final revelation idea animal marked distinction people harmed bad thoughts introducing element fear absent new thought literature significantly dismissed material world illusion merely subordinate mind leading reject use medicine making controversial groups reality purely spiritual theology leaders place religion mainstream christian teaching according reject identification new thought movement strongly influenced upbringing founding april wrote wanted primitive christianity lost element healing later suggested kind second coming inspired text manual ordained bible science health pastor according church adherents accept inspired word bible sufficient guide eternal life acknowledge supreme infinite god acknowledge son christ holy ghost divine man god image likeness christian science theology differs respects traditional christianity science health key christian concepts including trinity jesus resurrection edition included christian vocabulary added key scriptures title core theology view spiritual world reality entirely good material world evil sickness death illusion saw humanity idea mind perfect eternal unlimited reflects divine according called mortal man simply humanity distorted view despite view non existence evil important element theology evil thought form animal cause harm harm apparent viewed god person described god discussing term father mother god founder edition referred god god represented synonyms mind spirit soul principle life truth love holy ghost heaven hell states mind prayer process involves scientist engaging silent argument matter practitioners fee including address ill health problems wilson writes healing premises ill health accident claims lead state consciousness things exist realization heal closed system thought viewed performed correctly healing confirms power truth absence derives failure specifically bad thoughts individuals accepted true creation narrative book genesis chapter verse god created man image likeness rejected rest story false material according wilson theology viewed trinity suggestive saw jesus christian scientist way shower humanity god distinguished jesus man concept christ synonym truth jesus person fully manifest divine sacrifice sins humanity forgiveness sin jesus suffering god offerings writes wilson god views life death vague according wilson doctrine soul christian science death individual continues state worked salvation proving truths christian science believe dead living communicate conservative protestant clergy view inspired challenge bible authority viewed cult uses modern sense word anti christian book cases christian scientists expelled christian congregations ministers worried choosing leave correspondent wrote boston mind cure scores valued church members joining christian scientist branch organization far impossible check described appeal new religion birth religion born farm bow new_hampshire youngest children family protestant father deeply religious man according account christianity warfare sin religion human brotherhood common women time given little formal education said read widely home childhood lived protracted ill health complaining chronic spinal according biographers experiencing spells literary critic described kind anthology nineteenth century nervous husband died 23rd birthday months married months son born leaving result poor health lost custody boy sources differ prevented second husband left years marriage said promised child legal guardian unclear lost contact son legal doctrine women united_states children guardians husband gilbert died years married believed killed animal years later apparently need loyalty affection legally adopted year old second son accounts charismatic able inspire great loyalty writes according exemplified female charismatic leader viewed head church death wrote christian scientists beloved leader included articles published journals unusual personality flourished despite numerous disputes initiated followers like patch colour gray communities wrote laid aside air entered room left like people prominent critic described vain jealous ways interesting woman lived extraordinary tried remedy ill health including month stay hill new_hampshire told seven years prior second marriage effectively confined bed room heard healing method developed portland maine self styled interested healing recovering suddenly condition believed consumption tuberculosis attending lecture maine french began named german physician argued existence fluid bodies influence force called animal assistant traveled maine new_brunswick giving demonstrations trance offer mind readings suggestions abandoned realized suggestion apparent came view disease mental state jesus healed arm known wrote arm cause effect addressed intelligence applied wisdom cause jesus relied christ synonym power believed human beings access referred idea february christian science phrase writing wrote patients year sit explain disease minds control wet hands heads talking helped said manipulation began write thoughts work published posthumously generous allowing patients copy essays questions answers issue onwards accused having based work patient met portland october helped stairs consulting rooms spoke highly following month letter truth opposes error giving intelligence matter placing pain placed changes currents system normal action second letter offered supply quotations theory christ jesus returned times staying weeks portland visiting daily wrote regularly composed mid light science sits sage profound mental healing patient march patients portland suffered returned home warren maine stayed months giving mental healing ease breathing problem writing times absent treatment called angel visits letters said seen room april gave public lecture warren contrasting mental healing entitled spiritual science healing disease opposed rochester rapping fall died january months father wrote poem january lines death healed truth christ taught published local newspaper weeks later february slipped ice massachusetts injuring head neck christian scientists fall birth religion decades later wrote day fall helped reading certain bible passage editions identified mark later said matthew passage jesus healing read healing truth sense result rose dressed better health enjoyed physician treated time swore injury responded remedy said healing fall experiences associated development mental healing edition wrote discovery science mentally applied heal sick seeing told laid foundations mental healing practising edition attributed discovery difficulties chronic child editions attributes difficulties linked fall christian science letter prospective student considered healed time unclear weeks fall requested treatment patient june year mayor told city sent letter states owing unsafe condition streets slipped fell causing personal injuries little prospect recovering asking injuries received february husband filed lawsuit city recover damages teaching march month fall husband married years moved room point husband left evicted unable pay weekly rent appears returned briefly moved boarding house july august paid bill fall marriage sent year time divorced student shoe worker house stayed advertised patients offering cure consumption asked crafts set practice plan came addition teaching started write end began work interpretation genesis intended volume book published bible spiritual meaning summer lodging advertised students magazine husband surname promised principle science heal medicine electricity physiology required success difficult cases offered worth bed board treat daughter lung condition teach healing method stayed years teaching unpublished essay questions answers acknowledged manuscript spoke promised teach healing method time called moral science moral science practice asked leave early fell issues including request pay printer publish genesis manuscript apparently ran words returned stay resumed contact kennedy fellow years earlier working box factory earliest students asked join opening moral science practice patients teach agreed pay previous years tuition kennedy rented rooms june placed sign yard kennedy practice popular wrote people kennedy hurt doesn help center shoe industry students factory workers charged raised weeks later week course lessons reduced seven based lessons revised version questions answers manuscript called science man sick healed embracing questions answers moral science shorter manuscripts soul inquiry man written classes questions answers began god answer principle wisdom love truth books mental healing appeared time influenced thinking patient allowed students copies manuscripts forbidden bond showing students agreed pay percent annually income derived work failed practice teach taught patients heads lay hands belief forever kennedy manipulate student head solar class preparation head abandoned women complained having hair stomach held appeal eventually told ignore manuscript healing involve touching patients sued students unsuccessfully royalties practices testified claimed longer needed eat seen dead raised told judge meant seen dead understanding raised kennedy decided end end business partnership accused cheating cards scenes caused walked temporary reconciliation unhappy abandonment head dispute student played local press decided way kennedy settled financial affairs left writes point written pages renting rooms broad street broad street came market march purchased taking students pay mortgage attic room house completed shortly moving close student years old married joined class later left wife hope marry feelings seven students agreed form association pay certain week preach sunday called placed sign broad street according regular turnover tenants domestic staff accused stealing house blamed turn people according gossip attractive woman men came went engaged hurt wrote light course believe free love love publication book called science life july students paid boston printer company produce edition printer began work september stopped advance payment ran progress slow book science health chapters pages finally appeared october published book positively received wrote modern phrase christian revelations pleased written woman printer poor called edition chaotic poorly topics spelling mistakes changed second edition poorly edition switched time cambridge successor continued print book death 6th edition added key scriptures later retitled key scriptures page containing definitions biblical terms book sold copies august advice hired editor literary adviser issue contributed controversial clergyman book editor 16th edition 50th editions appeared according literary speaking death said rewritten wrote toned style affected thinking letter july wrote change meaning bring continued revise book death added chapter healing christian science sentinel editions final ran chapters pages seven major revisions according members encouraged buy income derived sale rings pictures mary baker asked christian scientist buy dozen afford copyright expired church persuaded congress extend bill supported president richard_nixon aides law overturned unconstitutional challenge independent group sold million copies sickness error expanded view sickness mental error people said simply reading healed claimed cancer wrote december article called christian world personally healed tuberculosis visit cancer eaten flesh neck exposed vein stood like cord physically restored sight blind hearing deaf speech dumb lame walk wrote views derived having witnessed apparent recovery patients treated drinking plain water concluded argued naming reading disease turn thoughts physical symptoms recording ages reduce human lifespan explain individuals harmed poison holding beliefs referred power majority opinion allowed exceptions prayer including broken limbs said healed broken bones mental surgery skill learned believe medicine incompatible medicine asserts needs fixed asserts spiritual reality perfect beliefs contrary need corrected 1890s studied healing published founded senior thesis wrote claims based self diagnosis reports doctors attributed effect medical lecturer called patients victims obscure nervous writes key christian science appeal time success rate compared favorably physicians particularly came women health doctors medical school surgical practices poor comparison effect treated matter treatment worked stark argues elaborate intensely psychological christian science treatments maximize effects having advantage causing harm animal january approach surprise married students gilbert believed student business partner plotting weeks wedding suspected hinted october successor instead expelled money filed lawsuits royalties unpaid tuition fees wrote required absolute students conviction center plots counter plots feature life believed students called animal evil thought referred animal mental mental influence wilson writes concept animal important added page chapter 16th edition book editor chapter reduced renamed final edition seven page chapter called animal spoke openly including press husband died told boston_globe animal killed argued reality entirely spiritual entirely good remained true human beings affected belief evil meant power power illusion evil like bankrupt credit granted writes wilson defend organized watches students known mental workers adverse treatment enemies called taking enemy thought according students tell mind affected wish affect evil thought kennedy poisoned set called secret society students known private meeting deal animal said group met twice later years wilson writes concluded individuals ought taken thought came animal force felt students focusing public discussion animal declined adds continued play important role teaching christian science private secretary years life wrote hour long watches held home times day protect manual members practising requires teachers students defend mental return evil evil trial conspiracy charge brought case salem massachusetts practicing came known second salem trial case filed patients said appeared court brown behalf preparation hearing organized hour watch broad street asked students think hours block arrived court supporters including cloud witnesses according boston_globe judge dismissed case attempt tried end dispute october husband student charged murder said offered complex series claims counter claims charges dropped witness retracted statement attributed allegation plot students undermine sales second edition published lawyer apply attachment order house collect fee growth establishing church boston august members granted charter form services held people homes later hall boston january granted charter form teach moral science application treatment disease college lived new sign appeared broad street october revolt church members resigned signing document complaining frequent temper love money appearance students remained including loyal personal assistant appointed pastor church november drew resolution february chosen messenger god nations despite support ended time church struggling reputation damaged disputes years old decided boston early rented house columbus avenue silver plaque announcing arrival college published offered members lesson course years practice doctor christian science life character conform divine science students study science scriptures mental healing textbooks october closed college students took course person married couple making rich woman wrote turned possibly death gilbert husband gilbert died heart disease june shortly boston invited boston_globe home day death killed animal courtesy certain parties boston sworn globe wrote doctor performed autopsy showed husband heart responded giving interviews wrote articles household real life version charismatic beautiful interest women rights mind cure shortly death moved door columbus avenue students following year founded later called spread news ideas united_states church building accused promoting reverend gordon letter read popular monday lectures temple boston demanded right reply march told congregation believed god supreme described healing christ come destroy power flesh wrote occasion marked emergence american religious life church building erected wisconsin local women believed helped payment mortgage church purchased land street boston erection building asked prominent scientist establish church new_york end christian science teaching sprung united_states december moved room house commonwealth avenue boston teaching classes year probably equivalent members united_states having started years earlier debt debt single controversial issue life according source stood accused having copied identified texts example open letter church dated september published miscellaneous writings identical essay man integrity published english reader acknowledged influence early years prospective student asked methods replied later drew distinction methods arguing involved mind healing depended connection february patient accused letters teaching work response said experimented mental healing years met wrote later caught thoughts caught pleased issue went court september complained student copied parts pamphlet counter claimed copied place son unwilling produce father manuscripts sent country fearing litigation won case things stirred pamphlet called publication true history mental healing charge christian science came divine revelation stemmed use manuscript right teaching said helped fix unpublished work stood accused having copied biographers wrote son held identical copy wife manuscript teaching dated february months met july new_york_times obtained copy manuscript son passages highlight similarities published notes manuscript newspaper alleged transition words manuscripts published biographers continued disagree influence director church argued far thought concerned practically animal worked church wrote influenced influenced argued taken huge gill general similarities started teaching course week classes started calling professor wrote hundreds students practising knew helped world took place year practitioners charged practicing medicine licence acquitted trial convictions overturned appeal charge march massachusetts attended daughter daughter death baby survive defense argued died medical attention corner acquitted dismay secretary resigned distanced corner telling attended college term entered class 1990s parents practitioners prosecuted acquitted adults children died medical care charges ranged neglect second degree murder declared war christian scientists journal called similar ideas communities spreading diseases reluctant convict defendants believed helping patient opposition effort strengthen medical licensing laws writes courts public debate witnesses linked healing claims early christianity gain support christians christian scientist wisconsin won case allowed son attend public school despite smallpox arrested avoiding smallpox epidemic georgia advised adherents obey law appeal gospel save bad results october seven year old daughter died white plains new_york received medical care authorities pursued charges controversy prompted declare public thought better acquainted christian scientists shall decline doctor infectious diseases time church required report diseases health boards close students graduate apparently need affection loyalty adopted legally november year changed year later october closed according state attorney investigating colleges graduating medical students mortgage land boston church purchased purchased middle man worth considerably told church land building condition formally dissolve church apparently intended internal rebellions following year dissolved wilson writes allowed create central church controlled person board directors answered gave church stability helped survive death cornerstone containing bible writings list directors financial contributors laid bay area boston church members raised funds construction building finished december cost contained mother room tower personal use furnished rare books dressing gown spent night later turned storage room room italian marble word mother engraved floor years boston membership exceeded original church capacity block church purchased people completed cost million attracted criticism christian scientists spent money magnificent church maintained hospitals missions went fastest growing american religion early 20th century federal religious census recorded christian scientists years later seven churches united_states figure risen churches began appear countries england canada view prominent contemporaneous critic article published cosmopolitan october appeared book wrote secret history world empire replaces christianity pope described sees money power glory vain jealous arrogant concerned shallow incapable reasoning outside commercial lines selfish science health called strange frantic argued written christian science wrote god time series individual man individual horse god series equal apart felt ambivalent mind cure arguing thing wholly beautiful daughter christian scientist wrote book awake perfect day articles history appeared magazine installments january june preceded editorial december essence articles included court documents associates chief concern money derived material published book life mary baker history christian science key source non church histories religion editor chief assigned writers work series including novelist principal author book kept print early life church bought original manuscript republished copyright expired friends suit death march relatives filed unsuccessful lawsuit friends suit members household alleging unable manage affairs long time personal assistant particular target allegations page story october headline said dying cancer staff taken control fortune woman public newspaper persuaded family friends file lawsuit joined action including biological son adoptive son interviewed home august judge concluded mentally competent response stories asked church july found christian science monitor platform responsible journalism appeared november year motto man mankind went win seven pulitzer prizes died years later evening saturday december aged announced end sunday morning service passed sight said time come death christian scientists look return world estate valued million left church decline census height religion popularity counted christian scientists united_states million movement decline church sold buildings free funds closed churches los_angeles sold million building sold converted estimated scientists united_states million according church said time new members admitted africa united_states offered numbers manual prohibits church publishing membership figures provide names practitioners scientists trained offer prayer behalf practitioners united_states worldwide stark writes clusters practitioners listed living retirement communities stark attributes rise movement centuries factors chiefly medical practice infancy patients fared better medical treatment prayer favorable comparison factors included church retained cultural continuity christianity stressing christian adopting terms despite new content introduced members expected drink smoke pleased exceptions avoidance medicine permitted percent united_states female percent population church attractive women offered professional opportunities difficult women find work outside home practitioners lessons practitioners listed edition women increased medicine world war heralded religion decline stark charts use kill bacteria availability 1940s factors increased career opportunities women membership elderly percent christian scientists time movement began spread stark writes characteristics earliest members movement tend reproduced subsequent converts significant percentage scientists remained single placed little emphasis marriage family scientists children adults unlikely converted missionaries relied internal growth conversion rate families high study cited stark people raised percent scientists healing practices prayer avoid medical treatment relying instead prayer prayer consists arguing oneself appeals personal god set words wrote repeat god seven synonyms love spirit soul principle mind spirit substance mind man image likeness mind intelligence spirit substance love love reality deny religions existence evil symptoms illness concludes writes asserting disease lie word god power heal practitioners certified charge fee prayer practitioners worldwide united_states charged mail telephone face face consultation training week lesson course called primary class based chapter practitioners wanting teach primary class day normal class held boston years teachers nursing homes offer medical services nurses christian scientists completed course religious study training basic skills feeding bathing christian science sentinel publish healing accompanied statements people know witnessed healing integrity sharing writes seriousness treated ignores factors false caused self limiting conditions negative accounts published strengthen people tendency rely anecdotes church published accounts april church study published examined church said involved conditions medically diagnosed medically confirmed follow examinations report offered evidence medical follow listed report flaws failed compare rates successful unsuccessful treatment religious main criticism face children denied equal protection law sick disabled children told thing wrong incorrect thinking practitioners told parents parents thoughts harm children church maintains members free choose medical care said fear regards failure seek medical care children child neglect regardless motivation united_states christian science church persuaded federal local government create maintain religious exemption statutes amendment free exercise clause reads congress shall law establishment religion prohibiting free exercise thereof life threatening situations children access medical care early access seriousness illness recognized encouraged educate physical conviction christian scientist mother year old died medical care massachusetts church lobbied welfare add religious exemption code federal regulations added stated parents provide medical treatment child religious reasons considered states obliged include lose funding wording clear referred largely result lobbying legal duty government eliminated regulation states guam district_of_columbia religious civil codes child abuse neglect february states allowed religious compulsory june australia church group religious exemption april government said planned remove child deaths cases early 1990s prosecutors charged adults children died illnesses medical care death year old pneumonia massachusetts 20th century known church child cases according mother convicted sentenced years probation prosecution church began lobbying religious month old died detroit michigan parents persuaded seek timely medical care responded founding legal duty child seven parents united_states prosecuted convictions overturned year old died phoenix arizona living months leg inch parents pleaded guilty reckless prominent case massachusetts commonwealth saw parents year old convicted died conviction overturned court ruled couple reasonably believed rely prayer prosecuted time church held liable overturned appeal year old died minnesota church sent christian science nurse sit doctors testified saved injection hours death mother stepfather charged charges dismissed boy father sued mother stepfather nurse nursing home church awarded million damages later reduced million million damages church overturned award church nursing home finding judgment forced church abandon teaching central unconstitutional individuals duty care boy church nursing home church christ scientist governance hierarchy boston uses definite article church city called followed city example london church closes city renamed founded april led president person board directors public relations department known representatives world set protect church reputation church accused 1990s internal criticism firing staff practitioners members church administration headquartered corner massachusetts avenue boston acre site includes mother church extension building houses mary baker library church administrative staff sunday school building church building includes story administration building designed housed administrative staff church departments children fountain reflecting pool manual manual mother church published lists church laws requirements members include daily prayer daily study bible science health members church periodicals afford pay annual tax church dollar include engaging mental visiting store sells books joining churches publishing articles religion medicine courts law publishing number church members manual prohibits engaging public debate christian science board approval learning includes golden rule member shall drive goes continually house summer resort near purpose services clergy rituals performs marriages main religious texts bible science health church readers read aloud texts services select hymns sunday morning wednesday evening services members offer wednesday meetings success attribute including recovery ill health notable members notable scientists included directors central intelligence admiral richard_nixon chief staff chief domestic advisor nasa astronaut naval officer survived sinking concentration scientists film industry including day raised parents include military analyst actor raised left church son child prominent publishes periodicals including winner seven pulitzer prizes daily circulation contracted moved largely online presence weekly print run 1980s church produced television programs founded hour news channel closed heavy losses months church publishes weekly christian monthly herald christian science non english publication april online issues journal sentinel herald available online subscribers church faced internal dissent decision publish destiny written privately printed president book suggested woman apocalypse new testament family bequeathed million church condition publish authorize book money stanford_university church published book available reading rooms senior employee fired failing support church decision editorial staff religious journals resigned end parties disputed making book available constituted authorization split ways works
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Christian Science
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Philosophy and religion
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Religion
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Religions and religious movements
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20337_FlyingSpaghettiMonster
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deity social movement promotes light hearted view religion opposes teaching intelligent design public schools according adherents real legitimate religion legally recognized religion netherlands new_zealand representatives authorized celebrate weddings legally recognized wedding performed april united_states month federal judge ruled church flying monster real religion described satirical open letter written protest decision permit teaching intelligent design alternative evolution public school science classes henderson published letter website rapidly internet phenomenon symbol opposition teaching intelligent design public schools popularity exposure contemporary version russell argument burden proof lies claims reject received praise scientific community criticism proponents intelligent design engaged disputes including florida played role local school board adopting new rules teaching evolution generally presented henderson website described prophet gospel flying monster written henderson central belief invisible created universe pirates revered original henderson asserts decline number pirates years cause global warming community henderson website share ideas crafts representing images discuss sightings history january year old physics graduate sent open letter letter henderson belief scientist carbon dates object supernatural creator closely resembles changing results henderson argued beliefs valid intelligent design called equal time science classrooms alongside intelligent design evolution letter sent prior kansas evolution hearings argument teaching intelligent design biology classes henderson describing concerned citizen representing million argued intelligent design belief universe created equally valid letter noted think look forward time theories given equal time science classrooms country eventually world time time time logical based overwhelming evidence according henderson intelligent design movement uses ambiguous references designer entity fulfill role including henderson explained don problem religion problem religion posing science god intelligent guess sense humor having received reply henderson posted letter website gaining significant public interest shortly internet phenomenon henderson published responses received board members board members opposed curriculum amendments responded positively fourth board member responded comment offense mock god henderson published significant hate mail including death threats received year sending open letter henderson received thousands eventually totaling said percent supportive percent said going hell time site garnered tens millions hits internet phenomenon word henderson challenge board spread website cause received attention support satirical nature henderson argument popular humor internet culture websites featured websites awful fan sites emerged public awareness grew mainstream media picked phenomenon symbol case intelligent design public education open letter printed large newspapers including new_york_times washington_post chicago_sun-times received worldwide press attention according journalist henderson surprised success stating wrote letter amusement august response challenge reader announced prize later raised designed currency individual produce evidence proving jesus son modeled parody similar challenge issued young earth according henderson newspaper articles attracted attention book publishers said point publishers interested november henderson received advance write gospel flying monster november voted allow criticisms evolution including language intelligent design testing standards february board voted reject amended science standards enacted fifth time years board rewritten standards evolution positions henderson stated allowed rejection general beliefs held henderson proposed reaction common arguments proponents intelligent design canonical beliefs presented henderson letter gospel flying monster henderson web site described prophet tend creation central creation myth invisible created universe drinking heavily according beliefs monster cause flawed earth furthermore according evidence evolution planted effort test faith certain biblical scientific measurements dating taken changing results conception heaven includes beer volcano prostitute factory hell similar beer sexually transmitted diseases pirates global warming according beliefs pirates absolute divine beings original furthermore believe concept pirates thieves spread christian middle ages instead believe peace loving explorers good distributed candy small children adding modern pirates way similar fun loving history addition believe ghost pirates responsible mysteriously lost ships planes bermuda triangle celebrate international talk like pirate day september inclusion pirates henderson original letter effort illustrate imply henderson presented argument global warming earthquakes hurricanes natural disasters direct effect numbers pirates 1800s deliberately misleading accompanying letter numbers axis shows number pirates decreased global temperatures increased parodies suggestion religious groups high numbers disasters wars world lack respect worship deity henderson interpreted growing pirate activities additional support pointing highest number pirates lowest carbon emissions country holidays beliefs extend religious ceremony celebrate friday holy day prayers concluded final declaration term terms referring instant deity time christmas celebrate defined holiday named holiday holiday place specific date holiday season reject specific requirements holiday celebrate holiday manner celebrate parody parody interpret increasing usage happy holidays traditional merry christmas support december white_house christmas cards wished people happy holiday season leading henderson write president note thanks including fish emblem depicting plane henderson thanked use phrase books gospel flying monster december received reported advance write gospel flying monster henderson said planned use proceeds book build pirate ship spread religion book released march beliefs established open letter henderson employs satire present perceived flaws evolutionary biology discusses history lifestyle perspective gospel urges readers try thirty days saying don like old religion likely henderson states website copies book sold scientific american described gospel elaborate spoof funny nominated award humor selected winner austin chronicle characterized book necessary bit comic relief overly battle science daily_telegraph wrote gospel slightly repetitive overall brilliant provocative witty important gem book advocates intelligent design labeled gospel loose canon september henderson received advance write gospel flying monster member forums known announced beginning project collect texts fellow holy book church flying monster essentially analogous bible book completed available download excerpts loose canon include thou monsters use protection monster deserves monsters false monsters half ass job receive half ass great pirate solomon grabbed ceremonial struck remaining influence cultural phenomenon consists thousands followers primarily concentrated college campuses north_america europe according associated_press henderson website kind opponents intelligent design visitors track meetings pirate clad sell sample photographs visions august swedish concept designer created adaptation creation adam god remains facto brand image produced comedy called december detailing history production spawned sequel called performed december communal activity attracted attention religious scholars assembled panel meeting discuss november talks delivered annual meeting san_diego talks titles sauce implications religion examined elements necessary group constitute religion speakers anti religion like actually religion talks based paper published panel garnered audience conference attendees conference organizers received critical christians offended october local chapter sponsored annual convention called campus speeches topics debate christian experts held organizers event largest gathering midwest born poet fiction writer entitled poetry book thriller poems nonprofit site group ongoing competition religious congregations number loans issued team group motto thou share seek funding allusion loose canon states thou share seek finding march funded loans called flying monster reference use religious disputes owing popularity media exposure modern version russell proponents argue existence invisible similar proposed supernatural beings demonstrates burden proof rests existence beings explains somebody says want believe god furthermore according editor ultimately argument holding view creation view equally plausible similar argument discussed books god december credited successful efforts florida dissuade adopting new science standards evolution issue raised seven board members declared personal belief intelligent design opponents describing members demanding equal instruction time board member supported intelligent design dismissed mail ridiculous insulting stating laughing stock world later stated interest engaging seeking discredit intelligent design controversy developed scientists expressed opposition intelligent design response hopes new applied science campus university vice president expressed surprise stating intelligent design science pseudo science unhappy outcome chose resign issue board members expressed desire return day day work running school district legal status national branches countries officially legally recognized religion varying degrees success recognized religion netherlands new_zealand representatives authorized celebrate weddings federal court state nebraska ruled satirical parody religion actual religion result entitled religious accommodation religious land use persons act question theology ruling reads gospel work satire meant entertain making pointed political statement read religious doctrine little different grounding religious exercise work fiction claimed faith test case argue freedom religion oppose government discrimination people follow recognized religion marriage operates mill website enables jurisdictions credentials needed weddings separation church state government valid mill november minneapolis based sued minnesota fourteenth amendment equal protection clause amendment free speech clause attorney claiming discrimination statute clearly permits recognition marriage religious credentials consist obtained requirement absolutely meaningless terms ensuring qualifications marriage days prior hearing matter changed policy allow rogers ability weddings action effort deny court jurisdiction underlying claim held issue dismissed case human rights county washington court holds case text legally recognized wedding occurred new_zealand april free speech march high school student north_carolina suspended wearing pirate said faith protested suspension saying violated amendment rights religious freedom freedom expression believe matter stupid sound able express want said march tennessee permitted place statue free speech zone courthouse lawn proceeded display gained national interest online news sites covered rolling_stone_magazine later removed premises long term statues result controversy statue december multiple denominations given equal access placing holiday displays courthouse lawn virginia petitioned allow representation county courthouse equally jewish christian scene commissioner stated religions allowed religion represented support commissioners motion rejected commissioner stated petition garnered attention seen september arrested greece charges offense religion creation satirical facebook page called elder based known deceased greek orthodox monk face substituted local sauce dish case started facebook flame reached created strong political reaction arrest august christian orthodox religious activists attacked peaceful rally russian organized knocking people rally ground police arrested charged later complained arrested walking february union officials forbade group display posters student orientation conference later banned group conference leading complaints interference free speech students union subsequently apologized november obtained city signage germany announcing time friday weekly mass alongside signage catholic protestant sunday services identity photos july austrian won legal right shown driving license photo wearing head years spent pursuing permission obtaining examination psychologically fit drive got idea reading austrian regulations allow official photos worn religious reasons february self declared denied right wear head driver license photo stated list approved religious march belgian identity photos refused local national wore head july member czech_republic given permission wear head photograph official card spokesman explained application laws religious medical reasons permitted doesn hide face august student got approval wear head driver license photo student said think sort gag prank college student thousands including political religious milestone january member new_york town council wore taking oath office june new_zealand man obtained driver license photograph wearing blue head granted law allowing wearing religious official photos november porn star obtained identity photo traditional office hurricane utah director utah says dozen state driver license photos taken similar years november massachusetts resident allowed wear head driver license photo cited religious beliefs miller resides said friday november absolutely loves history story website says existed secrecy hundreds years entered mainstream miller represented quest legal center january russian got driver license photo sources report form recognised austrian authorities religious parody religion denied austrian authorities saying religious motives reason grant permission wearing passport czech_republic recognised religious anti clerical protesters wore square milan italy june mock obedience critical reception according associated_press lines point letter scientific basis intelligent design idea creature created universe intelligent design supporters demand equal time science class reasonable solution sciences classes best available science praised clever effective argument daily_telegraph described applauded henderson ing defence science new_york_times said henderson wit addition mentioned article example evolution enter ing popular culture author deemed necessary evolution prevail intelligent design abstract paper describes potent example monstrous humor popular tool author praised henderson website contains numerous endorsements scientific community guardian noted joke course arguably rational promotes intelligent design contested saying problem logic arbitrary explanation experience intelligent agents producing type complexity nature columnist wrote boston_globe intelligent design isn bible flying science view science rejected genesis young earth ministry said ironically addition mocking god identifying specific deity leaving open possibility monster intelligent designer satire possible hasn affiliated particular religion exactly opposite critics claim pastor teaches southern baptist theological seminary commented happy think hurts program mocking christian tradition correct impression genuine contempt biblical faith camp parody lame things encouraging cheap shots opponents
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Flying Spaghetti Monster
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Philosophy and religion
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Religion
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Religions and religious movements
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21440_AgudathIsraelEtzAhayem
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israel israel congregation israel tree life conservative jewish congregation located road montgomery alabama israel established orthodox speaking recent eastern european immigrants rejected reform practices montgomery established congregation montgomery temple renting quarters number years congregation purchased permanent building monroe street constructed new building israel came national attention civil rights movement activism eventually left result constructed current building road joined subsequently hired orthodox israel conservative woman alabama left seek treatment aids result accidental needle working nurse established speaking particularly rhodes congregation grew slowly completed construction building congregation moved new building 1990s children moved away montgomery difficulty finding lead congregations merged adopted current israel merger president israel early history jews immigrated montgomery russia poland romania late 19th century israel established members montgomery oldest temple originally organized orthodox congregation montgomery german jews 1870s steadily adopted reform practices changed temple officially joined reform movement recent eastern european immigrant members wanted service hebrew followed orthodox practice decided organize congregation president hungarian jew immigrated galveston texas ran small dry goods store montgomery donated rooms house new congregation held services congregation constitution written services held hebrew men women sat separately men covered heads mandated constitution years congregation grew moved number rented locations including rented office space annex members annual revenue today year temple members revenues today reflecting membership growing israel wrote constitution english year congregation dedicated permanent building monroe street hired time purchased building monroe congregation built new land handsome brick building notable shape dedicated time israel member families native czechoslovakia ukraine pulpit moving louisiana chicago native previously served virginia house israel calgary alberta served membership dropped member families era israel came national attention wake montgomery bus boycott time serving israel years mississippi 8th generation line friends hebrew speaking avenue church result friendship king involved civil rights movement known liberal frequently appearing local television radio stations king discuss civil rights issues including boycott spoke panel clergy local radio station included white roman catholic priest nearby black baptist minister black activist bennett subsequently arrested obscure conspiracy charge picture appeared article boycott leadership grew concerned activism lead backlash trustees called emergency meeting sent president demand support boycott ask life withdraw article agree submit public speeches board advance pre approval refused insisted participation endorsement boycott wrote sermon following included prayer participants boycott sermon printed called trustees inform contents trustee asked modify sermon refused trustees ordered stop inviting black weekly hebrew class speeches statements outside long completely refused trustees responded refusing visit home literally turning backs contract came renewal year argued matter vote trustees refused voted renew contract left trustees unanimously voted sign agreement discuss segregation post 1950s traditional strictly orthodox example monroe street building seating men left seating women right mixed seating middle following departure congregation formally moved conservative hiring conservative moved current location road hired graduated mixed seating turn microphone turn faced congregation orthodox style november hired missouri served retirement succeeded graduate served moving israel pennsylvania mid-1970s early 1980s graduate joined director hebrew education program position held receiving conservative jewish theological seminary america joined israel served israel hired convert catholicism nurse posted intern hired time graduation conservative woman alabama following year revealed aids result accidental needle working nurse congregation rallied insisting continue work wearing red aids awareness gave position moved birmingham alabama cutting edge treatment birmingham aids research clinic died joined israel graduate ordained assistant georgia coming israel chaplain stationed adriatic_sea war tenure remained reserve notable members president inducted secretary state attorney general lieutenant governor governor alabama don family members catholic wife grew birmingham alabama children jewish daughter celebrated february jew rhodes settled montgomery sponsored greek orthodox friend jews followed rhodes rest greece turkey small community celebrated held high holiday services space rented israel named congregation tree life writing constitution temple gave formally incorporated congregation bought house street completed construction building time congregation comprised families german occupation greece jews rhodes sent concentration camp result members close family members killed holocaust occupation members congregation rhodes buried war retrieved sent israel able 1950s added great deal english prayer services conducted solely hebrew montgomery bus boycott solomon spoke favor boycott segregation citing demand social justice followed told friends longer come dinner received bomb threat toned support congregation moved new building children congregation generally moved away montgomery 1990s congregation difficulty finding relying instead lay leaders occasional services nearby ended services congregation member families board directors decided accept offer enter merger negotiations israel israel merged israel oversaw merger merged congregation israel new combined traditions rituals moved congregation israel previous years congregation new_jersey led protests congregation posthumous induction prominent united_states_navy officer frequent political candidate outspoken moved pittsburgh august congregation post native baltimore master degree physics decades worked software engineer began studying studies ordained israel president
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Agudath Israel Etz Ahayem
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Philosophy and religion
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Religion
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Religions and religious movements
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22128_TheNorthernCelestialMasters
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type way master simplified chinese traditional chinese pinyin movement existed north china southern northern continuation way masters practiced followers community forced relocate group established family followed master brought new version master northern northern government embraced form established state religion creating new lasted arrival buddhism great influence bringing influencing diet practitioners art produced areas dominated began buddhist influence collapsed fled quickly important religious center survived distinct school late 7th century integrated wider movement history northern member master family came area near inspired burgeoning movement retreated mount song receive inspiration mountain described text history dynasty visited twice visit revealed text known new code text contained designed new religious community messenger came offered new text called perfect scripture registers charts lost appointed new took texts court welcomed garnered support prime minister greatly admired immediately drawn appreciated mathematical skills hoped help improve longevity techniques shared dream society land peace justice prevailed new code realm large altar built near capital practitioners performed rites prayers daily gained great deal power court began purge buddhist clergy led major persecution released body lost greatest supporter court shortly death national history dynasty containing portraits rulers carved stone enraged emperor executed execution community forced flee settling center late fleeing court transformed important religious center according legend home recipient time center buildings greatly expanded scriptures collected including materials schools 7th century school prominent role series debates examined buddhism better suited bring stability realm debate surrounded scholar proposed buddhism abolished china naturally happy suggestions countered arguments second debate concerned friend wrote buddhism emperors support issued secured precedence buddhism remained place came power time served refuge fleeing persecution emperor dynasty south final northern master arrived later achieved favor death remained important place learning ceased considered distinct school texts important text period new code text revealed lost apart fragments surviving text contains thirty outline rules rules outlined proper public conduct case sickness guidelines describing set ritual instructions concerning funeral rites practice petitions important text school period called scripture western ascension text describes emigration india transmission text narrative uses stories framework describe adept live life text describes adept use inherent world outlines meditation techniques discusses results living life happens death beliefs northern master variety similar different earlier form unlike prior incarnations supported sexual practices means achieving text urged sexual arts religion addition states religion religious taxes faithful inheritance religious titles closely linked claimed student specific requirements followed rules influenced buddhism practice form idea came buddhism condemned movements called texts copied recited people good life gain new age bad insects animals similarities earlier master include role viewed existed created world believed creator universe came earth intermittently bring forth sacred scriptures including continued appear periodically bring forth new scriptures adherents surrounded entourage announced envoy extremely closely linked certain sources announced practices followed certain regular communal rites communal rites involved formal long seven days order members eating meat green banquet consisted courses wine rice vegetarian meal ritual activity activities usually involved series bows burning held died attendees perform rituals aimed sins deceased existed chinese buddhism groups practice lived monastic lifestyle known today location monastery developed phase influence buddhism period clear distinction developed lay monastic followers way monks sought salvation influenced buddhism art art objects produced time objects closely modeled buddhist designs image god usually carved stone inscriptions carving inscriptions usually prayers dead wish happiness family members wishes political peace contents inscriptions close relationship buddhism existed state relationship especially evident sided carvings sides general sources catherine women vincent encyclopedia london harper china london lonely planet encyclopedia london encyclopedia london northern masters encyclopedia london albany richard court edited yale_university growth religion stanford stanford_university evolution ritual james journal
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The Northern Celestial Masters
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Philosophy and religion
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Religion
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Religions and religious movements
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27612_Taoism
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known religious philosophical tradition chinese origin emphasis living harmony accordance natural flow cosmic structural order universe commonly referred thought philosophy later incorporated religious traditions practices ancient chinese religion hundreds years original development term means natural way universe way path principle found unrelated ancient chinese religions denotes source force exists drew notions heavily influenced informed acknowledged oldest text ancient chinese classics system philosophical thought ethics human based cycles change natural social worlds means includes instructions practice adhered modern day religious referred diverged sharply thoughts rigid rituals social classes compact ambiguous book containing teachings attributed chinese pinyin wade widely considered work philosophy writings interprets adds teaching classic texts provide philosophical foundation china combinations creates documented ethics vary depending particular school general tend emphasize action non action simplicity treasures sperm energy essence physical body energy including thoughts emotions spirit spiritual power profound influence chinese culture course centuries chinese pinyin usually care note distinction ritual tradition customs practices found chinese folk religion appear blurred chinese especially chinese buddhism martial arts traditional chinese medicine styles history china influence surrounding societies asia literature grew steadily compiled form canon published behest emperor chinese history times nominated state religion 17th century fell favor today ancient thought incorporated ancient chinese religion religions officially recognized taiwan travel readily east asian roots claims adherents number societies sizable communities hong_kong taiwan japan southeast_asia definition spelling pronunciation english speakers continue debate preferred words root chinese word way path older wade system modern pinyin system linguistic terminology formed chinese way route principle native debate involves politics mention pronounced pronounced english speakers disagree theory wade pinyin articulated investment book titled jones averages pun jones illustrates pronunciation widespread familiarity speech pronounced reading chinese weak english stop shows american british english differences study major english published great_britain united_states found common british sources american ones word translate different chinese terms refer different aspects tradition field religion chinese pinyin lit teachings aspect family organized religious movements sharing concepts terminology philosophy recognized school philosophy chinese pinyin lit school family chinese pinyin lit learning mystical aspect philosophical doctrines based texts chinese pinyin chinese pinyin texts linked philosophy early han dynasty notably unlikely familiar text identified classification arise death discussed distinction rejected majority western japanese scholars contested difficulties different schools movements fall umbrella definition single organized religion like traditions studied mere variant chinese folk religion share similar concepts chinese folk religion separate core teachings agree unified religion constantly consisted combination teachings based variety original revelations chinese philosopher views religion embedded chinese history tradition later chinese buddhism fall pattern thinking organizing sense remain religious individually assume forms philosophy practical wisdom noted view heaven flows mainly observation meditation teaching way include way heaven independently human nature chinese history religions buddhism stand independent views involved process attempting find convergence speak unity religious teaching term traditionally chinese language terms defining lay people doctrines practices fall instead field folk religion literature 19th early 20th centuries translation master priest applied ordained institution represent culture professional basis experts employ knowledge ritual skills benefit community role priests reflects definition framework development local words scheme structure chinese folk religion proposed body traditions comparable role non ritual masters traditions term chinese literally follower meaning lay member believer modern invention goes introduction western category organized religion china 20th century creation little application fabric chinese society continues order larger structure chinese religion origins development traditionally regarded founder closely associated context original actually existed disputed work attributed dated late 4th century bce draws foundations form main elements yang phases developed period 4th 3rd centuries identifies components emergence philosophical techniques achieving practices achieving longevity elements traced prehistoric folk religions china later tradition particular practices drew states era phenomena connected culture northern china probably derived antiquity supposedly later insisted case terms designate individuals dedicated magic medicine methods longevity case translation close relied activities organized form school later known school developed movement end 2nd century founded claimed appeared year school officially recognized ruler rise power return received imperial recognition century bce form school gained official status china dynasty emperors claimed relative movement developed earlier 4th century basis series revelations gods spirits certain years compiled series scriptures later served foundation school greatest influence song dynasty song emperors notably active promoting collecting texts publishing editions 12th century founded flourished 13th 14th century dynasty largest important school school revered master met successful influencing khan restraint brutal conquests khan decree school exempt taxation buddhism consciously synthesized school eventually imperial state bureaucratic purposes dynasty favored classics works 18th century imperial library constituted excluded virtually books beginning 20th century fallen favor example complete copy remained white cloud monastery beijing today religions recognized government activities freely practiced taiwan claims millions adherents doctrines ethics tends emphasize themes simplicity detachment desires important concepts texts chinese pinyin literally means way interpreted road channel path doctrine line natural spontaneous eternal beginning things way things pursue course variously denoted flow universe necessary ground demonstration nature individuals find active expression called spelled pronounced translated chinese pinyin sense results individual living ambiguous term simplified chinese traditional chinese pinyin constitutes leading ethical concept refers intentional action carries meaning lacking common translations action action intent meaning emphasized expression action action ancient texts associated water yielding nature philosophy accordance proposes universe works according ways world manner rhythm cycles change disrupt harmony consequences likely result outcome identify root problem asserts place harmony natural universe potentially harmful interference avoided way goals achieved sage seeks come harmony great chinese pinyin wade jan lit self self organisation regarded central value describes state things basic character usually associated creativity attain identify involves freeing oneself desire simplicity cited metaphor simplified chinese traditional chinese pinyin wade lit uncut wood block represents original nature prior imprint culture individual usually referred state returns treasures treasures simplified chinese traditional chinese pinyin comprise basic virtues chinese pinyin usually translated compassion chinese pinyin usually translated chinese pinyin literally daring act heavens usually translated practical political philosophy translated aggressive war capital punishment absolute simplicity living refusal assert active authority treasures refer chinese pinyin usually translated essence spirit terms elements traditional chinese concept human body shares foundation framework play important role inner evolution extremes meet main characters shares similar views headed bce school concepts phases yang spirit universe seen constant process creating exists mere aspect condensed life indefinite potential perpetual transformation condensed state different states hand abstract entities yang extremes constantly play exist human beings seen universe example comprise form organs consequence believed deeper understanding universe achieved understanding oneself theology practiced religion asian communities theology dependent existence anthropomorphic communities worship attributed founder philosophical doctrine deities ancient chinese folklore theological basis religion traditions world given philosophical emphasis way anthropomorphic concepts god beliefs include teachings based sources chinese folk religious practice popular religious opted mythical figures chinese folklore actual figures worship better understood analogous saints catholic divine deities possess supernatural powers different branches differing beliefs especially concerning deities proper composition certain core beliefs nearly share traditional confused western concepts necessarily indicate union eternal spirit example hindu sense popular typically presents jade emperor official head deity intellectual elite sect usually present lord pure ones deities tends mirror bureaucracy deities promoted demoted actions number mysterious figures appear lesser extent generally objects worship texts widely considered influential text according legend written book simply referred authorship precise date origin unity text subject debate probably known certainty earliest texts excavated written bamboo date late 4th century bce history religious ritual text famous opening lines pinyin told eternal pinyin named eternal significant times debate english translation particular translation best thematically ordered main themes text repeatedly expressed variant slight difference leading themes revolve nature attain said great things small means ancient commentaries important texts right oldest commentary likely written 2nd century important commentaries include book simplified chinese traditional chinese pinyin named purported author composite writings sources considered important texts commentator circa helped establish text important source thought traditional view wrote seven chapters inner chapters students related responsible parts outer miscellaneous chapters work uses anecdotes dialogues express main themes oneself laws natural world way elements originally system origins mentions organised system philosophy religious practice text later philosophical importance commentaries consists combinations called traditionally chosen throwing coins yarrow sticks idea situation hand reading changing lines idea developing original read meditation change occurs assists managing yang cycles advocated oldest known version text dated recently recorded 18th century master continued advocate usage treasury referred canon originally compiled song version surviving today published dynasty includes texts following example divided caves arranged highest lowest real truth includes texts mystery includes scriptures divine includes texts revelations generally consult published versions individually choose inherit texts included texts passed generations teacher student school tradition approaching study believed reciting certain texts rewarded texts famous important texts traditional treatise response retribution discusses sin ethics popular morality tract centuries asserts harmony live long lives wicked descendants suffer shortened lives symbols images simplified chinese traditional chinese pinyin commonly known yang symbol simply yang associated symbolism exclusive symbol organizations use actually neo pan chinese likely symbol decorations organization flags temple floors clerical robes according song dynasty sources originated 10th century previously yang tiger dragon temples fly square triangular flags typically feature mystical writing intended fulfill functions including providing guidance spirits dead bring good fortune increase life span etc flags banners gods seven stars displayed representing chinese equivalent dynasty big considered deity han dynasty considered path god temples southern china taiwan identified roofs feature dragons multi colored tiles stand harmony yang phoenix related symbol pearl seen roofs dragons master general chinese architecture universal features distinguish structures practices vegetarian diet diet encourages rituals certain dates food set sacrifice spirits deceased gods festival include slaughtered animals pigs ducks fruit form sacrifice involves burning paper assumption images consumed fire mere image actual item spirit world making available revered ancestors departed loved ones points diet fast observed particular holidays street place lively affairs invariably involve flower covered broadcasting traditional music variously include lion dances dragon dances human occupied seventh lord eighth lord spirit medium cut skin knives practicing honor guards demonic makeup carrying god images participants considered performers possessed gods spirits question fortune telling including forms long considered traditional pursuit widely encountered academic social distinction martial forms spirit writing typically practiced writing physical cultivation important element rituals exercises substances aiming oneself cosmic forces undertaking spiritual journeys improving physical health extending life point immortal beings referred characteristic method aiming longevity early scriptures like achieving outlined number martial arts traditions particularly ones falling category like principles significant extent practitioners consider art means practising society adherents number difficult estimate variety factors including defining according survey religion china year number people practicing form chinese folk religion near million chinese million practice form defined folk faith detail million people passed formal initiation adhere exclusively chinese people influenced way tradition recently efforts revive practice religion formed received official approval disbanded cultural revolution established headquarters association branch monasteries temples reopened rebuilt belonging schools schools officially allowed chinese government prefers model clergy clergy married reside home literature art influenced cultures korea japan vietnam organized attracted large non chinese following modern times taiwan million people population identify data collected religious demographics hong_kong singapore respectively people cities identify art poetry chinese history examples art influenced thought notable painters influenced include arts represents diverse regions time spans commonly associated ancient art commissioned aristocracy scholars masters directly engaged art political aspects favors philosophical government cited early example proponent hand politics main issue relations religions scholars believe arose philosophical terms shared traditionally held teacher explicitly criticized work general rejects emphasis rituals social order conventional morality favors instead entry buddhism china marked significant interaction originally seen kind foreign buddhism scriptures translated chinese vocabulary representatives early chinese buddhism like knew deeply influenced texts especially shaped development buddhism introducing elements like concept distrust scripture text emphasis embracing life living moment hand incorporated buddhist elements period monasteries prohibition alcohol doctrine collecting scripture organisation ideological political rivals centuries buddhism deeply influenced example influential philosophical commentators rivals share similar values embracing philosophy emphasizing moral behavior human perfection time chinese people identified extent traditions simultaneously aspects schools school authors dealt comparative studies christianity interest students history religion comparison teachings jesus authors believe parallels ignored opinion main difference christianity personal god number authors including argued moral ethical religions similar work christ eternal provides study light christian revelation synthetic doctrine
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Taoism
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Philosophy and religion
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Religion
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Religions and religious movements
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3529_SvalbardandJanMayen
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norwegian statistical designation defined parts norway separate jurisdictions combined purposes category related resulted country code level domain issued uses code named archipelago sovereignty norway subject special status granted remote island permanent population county governor common integrated parts norway allocated counties separate code proposed united_nations norwegian authorities took initiative include code official language norwegian constituents archipelago arctic midway mainland norway group islands range north latitude east area square kilometres residents largest island followed administrative center settlements addition research outposts russian mining community research community mining outpost treaty recognizes norwegian sovereignty archipelago governor subordinate police unlike rest norway including free economic zone zone area jan volcanic island located border single island covers area square kilometres dominated metre tall volcano island population combined military meteorological outpost operates annexed island norway february island island county governor authority delegated station commander application designation equivalent category users classification systems cases report separately islands instead rolling information norway category flag coat arms flag norway group attempt change code previously failed opposition statistics use population trade essentially means entry system assigning codes administrative divisions subdivision occurs norway entry jan administrative subdivision codes jan level domain virtue code grouped allocated internet country code level domain norway given responsibility domain policy prohibits registration domains institutions connected use domain norwegian authorities want domain resources sold party
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Svalbard and Jan Mayen
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Geography and places
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Geography
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Islands
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3607_IslandsoftheForth
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islands forth islands forth group small islands located estuary east coast scotland group lie open waters majority east city edinburgh islands lie west river estuary islands varied geology history ecclesiastical connections involved military centuries recorded history aids navigation erected islands dating 17th century islands permanently inhabited area diversity bird sea life scientific northern derived bird connection bass rock islands eastern scotland size group geography isle coast south south outer group islands near east west known simply bass lamb second group lie inner forth north shore lies midway north south nearer edinburgh south shore west waters islands resident population recent years monasteries fortifications past late 19th century isle population island names element word island geology islands remnants isle rock fine dark grey colour green largely bass volcanic plug popular making stones island origin partly studies landscape beneath waters revealed visible surface larger tail structure similar structure created glacial action tidal kilometres west component rock origin volcanic origin sections sandstone coal limestone named containing numerous fossils springs island similarly varied consisting sandstone limestone natural history important area nature conservation range habitats including extensive named developed typically dominated rush sea club rush sea common grass inner important nationally internationally important numbers birds hosts populations knot great outer islands support significant numbers nesting nesting northern largest single rock world viewed mainland rock looks white sheer number birds tonnes year scientific names derived rock bird traditionally known locally eggs meat considered estimated birds harvested rock bird species rock include duck numerous lies close harbour historically rabbit warren rabbits bred food wiped 1950s atlantic colony largest britain pairs endangered onwards invasion non endemic plant tree preventing chicks year project led launched early hundreds volunteers working hard rid island problem ferried boat centre winter months sea signs starting return island breed reserves noted species bird varieties recorded isle history islands contain pre historic remains created cultures names unknown affected successive influences celtic norse english speaking peoples historic period reflected names islands came attack early historic period 15th century reign king site extraordinary experiment according historian james directed dumb woman transported island language grow speak isolated rest world thought original language language god reliable account spoke reported spoke good hebrew isolated refuge victims history repeated passengers plague ridden ship plague came mainland russian sailors died infectious disease buried mentioned shakespeare described saint english garrisons raided english troops 14th century wars independence 16th century suffered english occupation garrisoned islands force marines ordered reinforce built large square fort corner towers site present day lighthouse forces mainly italian mercenaries ejected combined franco scottish force general later fortifications islands including fortified subsequent years fear napoleonic invasion world wars gun world wars derelict concrete structures designed island look like battleship distance buildings later filming scenes film ecclesiastical associations islands said connections saints connections islands mother said cast deep waters isle father resulted abundance fish seas nearby murdered invading killed raid buried stone coffin island said floated coming rest churchyard isle long history ecclesiastical activity remains including 13th century church irish missionary resided bass 8th century ruined 12th century chapel dedicated connections king alexander island decided site monastery 7th century founded school late 7th century having met derived island vicar navigation isles act aid navigation numerous devices guide shipping busy waters near ports construction begun designed built lighthouse stands metres high operational light built automated light small rock automated early time controlled powered gas delivered weekly lighthouse constructed bass rock isle light long history having operation crude coal fired structure erected existing building constructed converted rock station automated march island owned commissioners northern lights managed national nature reserve islands accessible public transport regular summer service islands outer islands isle north outer kilometres coast mainland kilometres long kilometres wide total area hectares acres making far largest forth islands inhabited past recorded living lighthouse tidal north joined main island bridge north north east south east lie offshore south bass rock kilometres offshore kilometres north east steep sided island currently lived centuries castle dating 14th century later prison remains chapel built circa family owned island centuries belongs sir family purchased rock features works fiction including hectares acres extent second largest islands forth small stack lies offshore northwest lies north harbour purchased sir lamb island long wide flanked south dog shore including law rocks february island bought israeli kilometres north west like nearby islands result volcanic activity substantial population accessed primitive eastern shore said based map shape island attended companion called south dog south separated main bulk high tides inner islands close shores history dominated religion use military events currently owned founder doesn live lies kilometres east kilometres north city edinburgh metres metres size rocks known cow lie north half way hazard identified permanent light island recent resident population census usually resident population recorded time census resident employed maintains island runs shop summer 14th century john records referring sea north including rough island possibly island island long history fortification incorporated forth bridge foundations laid bridge disaster plans abandoned construction bridge west end island extended pier foundation island construction office castle buildings accommodate workers stone castle build bridge estuary tidal island hectares acres extent currently lies mile shore popular recreation area speed water rises catch visitors leaving stranded island tidal reaches near consists reed beds salt marshes derelict farmhouse island managed island nature reserve upstream smaller includes small islands small north shore west east near artificial island reclaimed land created salt production land reclaimed ash power station onwards mainland offshore rocks grid reference called 17th century map appears reclaimed land coast south grid reference nearby castle tidal island forth road bridge south bay lies common rocks west vows lie farther coast east vows hazard shipping entrance fewer south coast little lies including lie outside port
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Islands of the Forth
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Geography and places
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Geography
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Islands
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3931_PedraBranca,Singapore
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singapore referred malaysia outlying island easternmost point singapore means white rock portuguese portuguese pronunciation refers whitish bird deposited rock island consists small granite rocks area square metres low water spring tide measures longest metres average width metres despite singapore sovereignty island unique distinction located planning area political constituency country situated meets maritime features near sovereignty malaysia consists clusters small rocks metres apart situated nautical miles south nautical miles south south west rock formation visible low tide known sailors centuries originally territory founded remained new british sphere influence following signing anglo dutch treaty united_kingdom netherlands british built lighthouse island seeking consent authorities informing decision time straits settlements administered island singapore assumed responsibility dissolution straits settlements september acting state secretary responding colonial secretary singapore status island stated government claim ownership december malaysia published map showed island territorial waters ignited year territorial dispute issue sovereignty nearby maritime features presented resolution ruled singapore sovereignty island originally sovereignty united_kingdom singapore carried acts sovereignty respect island failure malaysia predecessors respond acts actions demonstrated singapore sovereignty island meant singapore gained sovereignty hand remains malaysian territory singapore manifested acts sovereignty respect court rule definitively remaining merely declaring belonged state territorial waters located malaysia singapore established named maritime boundary area determine ownership etymology means white rock portuguese refers whitish bird deposited rock black island nesting ground english language language press singapore malaysia referred island means white rock island government malaysia subsequently decided drop word island august foreign minister said malaysia considered maritime feature meet internationally recognised criteria island land inhabited humans economic activity island known chinese pinyin means white reef tamil geography located island area square metres low water spring tide measures longest mere metres average width metres approximately nautical miles east singapore nautical miles south malaysia nautical miles north indonesia maritime features near sovereignty malaysia consists clusters small rocks metres apart situated nautical miles south island stand metres metres permanently water hand rock formation visible low tide nautical miles south south west ownership definitively determined malaysia singapore rock samples composed light coarse granite standpoint maritime features belong rock body history 1840s known sailors centuries chinese sailing instructions based information compiled admiral advised navigator departing dragon teeth gate rocky gateway singapore steer course watches vessel reached mentioned dutch voyager account publication work island began appearing regularly european maps far_east english edition work stated cape hook named east miles miles lies sea called come china danger left pilots come way originally territory founded son sultan century dutch governor wrote asking send boats cruise south vicinity stop chinese traders entering plan force chinese captured straits diverted action provoked protest showed sultan regarded seizure infringement sovereignty area letters written government india singapore confirm understanding islands region came addition 19th century documents exercised authority sea people inhabited maritime areas visited letter november government surveyor singapore reported need exclude built calling half fishing half sect noted frequently visit rock visits encouraged trust straits neighbouring shores islands lives taken people march united_kingdom netherlands signed anglo dutch treaty divided old new new british sphere influence dutch influence article treaty britain agreed shall islands south islands straits fell british sphere influence included remained territorial domain new 1840s captain scottish prepared charts sailing instructions china cape good hope intermediate ports died merchants felt building fitting tribute early november proposed preferred sites preference expressed time november governor straits settlements wrote sultan matter letters found english translations replies dated november indicate sultan favoured proposal particular wrote east india company liberty light house spot deemed eligible days later november governor wrote secretary government india recommend lighthouse sited things said rock willingly enclosed replies received sultan apparently governor understanding situation communicate sultan unclear correspondence limited extended potential sites lighthouse sovereignty place chosen lighthouse ceded permission build maintain operate lighthouse granted august governor wrote government india indicating trusted construction lighthouse begin soon light quarters daily paramount importance vessels wrecked vicinity coast april lords admiralty london informed inclined think best point lighthouse captain commander steamer called carried surveys august report dated august said decidedly opinion proper position light placed safety shipping entering departing following day governor wrote government india stating government perceive true position lighthouse october president council india approved site lighthouse gave approval february year government india asked governor measures construction lighthouse evidence authorities singapore thought necessary desirable inform authorities decision lighthouse seek consent erection private subscribers wishing commemorate raised sum compound interest came spanish dollars paid singapore authorities funds building works government india agreement authorised governor prepare law imposing duty vessels entering singapore asked immediate measures begin constructing lighthouse light act duly enacted council january appointed governor architect project took charge planning supervising construction construction work began late march early april queen_victoria birthday foundation stone laid ceremony conducted members newly founded east attended governor commander singapore garrison rear admiral foreign construction lighthouse continued till october resumed monsoon april involved including chinese assistants indian convict labourers cook assistant defend island attack pirates pirates notorious construction chinese labourers killed pirate raids building materials supplies brought supported required stayed island supervise works ceremonial lighting lamp arranged september attended governor foreign dignitaries senior residents singapore reported simultaneous rising guests dinner table announced process illumination commenced cheers welcomed light like probably serve guide midnight path thousand years come october lighthouse permanently turned finally departed singapore november 1970s india declared property straits settlements singapore crown colony straits settlements light houses ordinance lighthouse singapore duties levied ships passing abolished instead costs lighthouse shared neighbouring states following world war singapore separate straits settlements joined states including form june colonial secretary singapore wrote british adviser sultan clarify status noted rock outside limits ceded island singapore treaty friendship alliance august entered maintaining lighthouse built international usage doubt rights obligations colony asked document showing lease grant rock ceded government state way disposed acting state secretary replied september government claim ownership correspondence indicated understood sovereignty united_kingdom colony singapore self governing state left british_empire join years later singapore fully independent republic official publication meteorological information collected malaya listed singapore station lighthouse described way joint malaysian publication year singapore left federation countries began reporting meteorological information separately malaysia ceased referring maps published malaysian surveyor general director general mapping island indicated word singapore designation island singapore sovereignty hand designation island malaysian sovereignty singapore operated lighthouse singapore replaced original fired lamp automated navigational lights 1970s considered feasibility carrying square metres land ahead project permission installed military station shared subsequently installed eastern half island communications tower odd ships pass daily south middle channels main shipping channels eastern present 1980s malaysian marine police boats entered waters occasions malaysia singapore acted restraint having given strict instructions matters prime minister malaysia visit vicinity island boat intercepted singapore naval vessels avoid international incident directed boat leave effect june declared protected area meaning consequently permit maritime required access island presence criminal offence october man convicted illegally landing court documents said gone indonesia later married started family indonesian woman left unstable income inability hold job illegally indonesia cheated passport personal documents friend lee hatched plan pretend lost fisherman hope rescue singapore february paid transport sea coast guard navy patrols disembarked arrested staff stationed lee pleaded guilty illegally entering singapore landing place second charge found protected place permission taken consideration sentencing purposes lee pro lawyer said sign warning island lee sentenced weeks imprisonment speaking november minister mentor mentioned considered land building nuclear power plant plant built main island singapore international standards require safety zone kilometres plant recognised probably feasible kilometres malaysian coast territorial dispute case december director published map entitled boundaries malaysia showing territorial waters singapore rejected claim diplomatic note february asked map corrected dispute resolved exchange correspondence talks round talks february issue sovereignty raised malaysia singapore agreed submit dispute signing special agreement purpose february court july case heard peace palace november delivered judgment held originally sovereignty conduct singapore predecessors title sovereign failure malaysia predecessors respond conduct showed dispute parties arose sovereignty island passed singapore relevant conduct singapore predecessors included investigating marine accidents vicinity island planning land works installing naval communications equipment requiring malaysian officials wishing visit island obtain permits contrast successors taken action respect island june century acting secretary stated claim ownership visits island singapore express permission maps published malaysia 1960s 1970s indicated recognised singapore sovereignty like sultan held original ancient title middle rocks singapore exercised rights sovereign middle rocks determined malaysia retained sovereignty maritime feature noted fell apparently overlapping territorial waters mainland malaysia court mandated draw line respect territorial waters malaysia singapore area question simply held sovereignty belonged state owned territorial waters located reactions decision malaysia singapore agreed respect accept decision malaysian foreign minister later said country renewed search letters written governor sultan seeking permission build noted rules allowed case reviewed years new evidence response singapore law minister said city state wait new evidence malaysian government come week delivery judgment asked malaysian media cease word island refer july response questions singapore members parliament senior minister state foreign affairs stated maritime territory island included territorial sea nautical miles condemned malaysia foreign minister spirit legal structure claim unacceptable principles international law response spokesman said singapore stated claim territorial sea september reiterated claim following judgment statements clear limits singapore territorial sea overlapped claims neighbouring countries singapore negotiate countries arrive agreed accordance international law august said malaysia took view singapore entitled claim considered maritime feature meet internationally recognised criteria island land inhabited humans economic activity national day awards august singapore announced awards conferred number people organisations special contributions case chief justice ambassador large justice attorney general singapore appeared counsel advocates singapore respectively awarded order second class order class distinguished service order service medal conferred special consultant attorney general chambers people attorney general chambers maritime receive public administration medal medal efficiency medal president certificate issued maritime awards presented november resolution outstanding issues malaysia singapore established named maritime boundary area determine ownership following meeting june committee agreed technical sub committee established oversee conduct joint survey works prepare way talks maritime issues area incident occurred waters provide humanitarian assistance vessels involved finally malaysian fishermen continue traditional fishing activities waters september reported joint survey works technical preparations survey provide data future discussions maritime formed meeting august decided traditional fishing activities countries continue waters nautical miles articles singapore encyclopedia singapore editions isbn archived original april books john isbn tommy road singapore association isbn isbn singapore account light house erected near singapore singapore news reports june singapore gets july singapore claim ground archived original july december story told book scenes account year saga december storm fire today archived original december images singapore aerial photograph image island google maps
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Pedra Branca, Singapore
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Geography and places
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Geography
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Islands
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4979_Gigha
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small island west coast scotland island forms usually resident population people climate mild higher average sunshine hours soils fertile long history having inhabited continuously prehistoric times important role ancestral home fell control norse lords isles incorporated modern scotland saw variety conflicts medieval period population peaked eighteenth century 20th century island numerous owners caused problems developing island beginning 21st century resident numbers fallen community buy transformed island growing population variety new commercial activities complement farming tourism attractions island include gardens abundant wildlife especially numerous surrounding rocks etymology occupied speakers languages names islands possible meaning result modern authorities hold probably derived meaning good island god island norse historical text saga explicitly calls island despite suggest derived instead meaning island norse normally shows form notes isle called charter appears old maps speculates possible pre norse gig female fertility symbol offers possibility isle norse female resident nicknamed widespread pronunciation southern preserve geography geology lies kilometres coast long roughly north south direction maximum wide total area acres highest elevation reaches metres rocky central spine composed main settlement south east coast offers small anchorage sheltered north west east bays names imply lie small climate mild higher average sunshine hours minimum temperatures lower average days ground frost scotland annual rainfall typically millimetres millimetres surrounding islands lies offshore south smaller island lies west south east sandy spit connects north west north rocks called common meaning black rock sound separates attendant isles mainland west north west respectively large islands south west north ireland seen clear days rocks port ellen little coast north small rocks small rock islands seas asked tourist knew local resident replied know aren good history inhabited continuously prehistoric times standing stones island archaeological sites including standing stones stone near early historic period domain appears centred included title king number presumed kings evidence island seat power mac king mid late 6th century annals refer battle later identified taking place referred sources believe battle took place norse period nearby centre norse control later island appears norse origin meaning disputed norse vicinity possibly hill viking grave found revealed number artefacts including bronze weighing balance dated 10th century prior battle norway said visited island according saga written king sailed south anchored king john met came ship king desired follow banner king john said sworn oath scottish king held lands king dispose estates conferred king kept time mind fidelity laid charge king received bad accounts came king sailing west told news breaking faith turned scottish monarch king believe till found king stay abbot monastery waited begging protection dwelling king granted writing sick time died corpse carried interred church spread fringed grave called saint john coup bruce regime attempted court john lord isles edward confirmed territories lords acquired days robert awarded john lands lewis previously held loyal john provided edward real assistance deposition restoration meant grants john void possessions confirmed king john inherited great brother law meant john included western ancestral home clan possesses clan badge distinctly different larger better known english share chief origin obscure hereditary keepers lords isles 15th 16th centuries known chief principal clan surname power grew spread influence decreased time remote island far removed campbell power began grow prominence long time regarded chief clan alexander lord isles granted island remainder owned monks island came control remained hands brief 19th century prize means hazards notorious pirate murdered numerous island residents dozen years later title deeds lost gentlemen slain raiders medieval conflict relinquished holdings conflicts intensified ravaged atrocities committed clans escalated extent parliament devised known effort quell hostilities despite governments actions secure peace time ravaged islands men besieged angus castle siege lifted agreed surrender half lands despite agreement invaded islands angus aided action lewis supporting harris angus sold junior cousin earl pre arranged campbell immediately church dates period carved medieval grave 17th century visiting late 17th century wrote isle rocky parts mould brown red good cultivation corn growing cattle bred cows horses sheep church island called altar east end font stone large small hole middle goes church family principal isle buried east church plot ground set apart tombs handed sword representation man isle wood kind bushes little hills scotland visited island remaining loyal crown modern period eighteenth century population peaked declined close 19th century half millennium association sold isle nephew 1st baron son lieutenant colonel built mansion house remained family hands 20th century island owners major bought island sold passing ownership world war brother law turn sold sir recalled generous owner encouraged dairy farming created gardens purchased estate retaining time created fish farm growing international reputation years little development took place owners recalled island briefly passed hands property developer subsequently family prior sale 1960s resident numbers fallen beginning 21st century population reduced housing stock poor condition overview population trends note figures include community buy challenges created private came end march managed help grants loans highlands islands enterprise purchase island million development trust called result march day purchase went celebrated island independence day million financial support form short term loan money pay loan largely raised selling house gardens businessman california dennis operates flower business boat tours company house rented bed breakfast business additional raised fundraising ventures allowing loan paid march community buy private businesses sprung providing boost local economy including multi award winning island population economy begun recover result activities economy economy largely dependent livestock farming tourism limited fishing moves economy community buy fish farm island small scale fishing hectares acres land farmed relative size fertile productive island scotland cattle kept island goat cheese produced closed 1980s revived october announced population reached rise cent buy chairman quoted saying trust turned years population decline head encouraging new development growth local economy sign surge people wanting relocate struggling meet demand housing despite building new homes issues island ownership unique consequently island highlighted edition bbc series historian stated transfer ownership brought spectacular reversal slide complete population collapse suggested government learn lessons community buy outs inform big society plans census island population grew period scottish island populations grew wind turbines set buy operate wind turbines known locally dancing ladies commissioned january capable generating power revenue produced selling electricity grid called residents control project profits community transport infrastructure grass landing strip running east west near southern end island requiring prior permission landing closest glasgow international airport typically minute flight away small aircraft ferry service links island village peninsula scottish mainland turn links road primary school island secondary pupils mainland education pier post office shop island attractions attractions island include hectares acres gardens begun sir known sandy beaches thirteenth century chapel ruins hole golf course wildlife set eastern shores atlantic_ocean attracts wide variety sea birds breed inland ducks found red crow present considerable numbers occasional visitors mammals represented red deer red fox hare mid-20th century boats engaged fishing commercial activity ceased time ago coasts seen numerous august ran aground west ship remained reef calm overnight conditions crew passengers rescued following morning april steamship lost rocks cargo coal iron owned route time september british steam liner bombed german aircraft south whilst carrying french troops crewmen died attack survivors successfully picked fire drifted wrecked years later deliberately sunk sound bombing practice russian factory ship hit freak waves ran aground port ban crew evacuated seven crew members air lifted safety men killed accident culture vigorous tradition represented mainly family called mac active thought descendants 1990s reported island resident spoke numbers declined significantly recent years historically strong speaking area census island reported speaking dropped range census percentage speakers dropped studied extensively 1930s noted features weak received funding development body run series learning weekends island combined cultural revival tourism development initiative conversation music form backbone weekends run winter months notable residents managed jobs years working life time featured english foreign second language study book widely english textbooks adults 3rd edition chairman brother mid 15th century harper noted sculptor island oldest resident death
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Gigha
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Geography and places
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Geography
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Islands
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5356_InnerHebrides
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inner scottish inner isles archipelago west coast mainland scotland south east outer island chains form experience mild oceanic climate comprise inhabited islands islands area greater hectares acres main commercial activities tourism fishing modern times formed separate local government jurisdictions north south islands area km2 population population density km2 square mile important prehistoric structures pre date written references islands roman greek authors historic period earliest known settlers north southern kingdom prior islands kingdom norse ruled years sovereignty transferred scotland treaty perth control islands held clan chiefs principally 19th century devastating effect communities recent years population levels ceased decline sea transport crucial variety ferry services operate mainland scotland islands language remains strong areas landscapes inspired variety artists diversity wildlife geography islands form disparate archipelago largest islands south north largest populous area km2 population southern group area roughly corresponding ancient kingdom incorporated modern council area northern islands county area physical largest islands follows geology islands varied mountainous whilst like relatively low lying highest mountains peaks metres common coastline fertile low lying islands swept strong tides tide race largest world smaller including small isles summer isles human inhabited islands population census grown period scottish island populations grew area greater acres records date settlement smaller islands incomplete inhabited point early historic norse periods common main island chains scotland smaller remote islands abandoned 19th 20th centuries cases continuous prehistoric times islands perceived relatively self sufficient agricultural economies view developed outsiders remote islands lacked essential services modern industrial economy populations larger islands grew overall main commercial activities tourism fishing centred including isle single overall area relatively reliant primary industries public sector dependence self employment micro business parts defined highlands islands enterprise economically fragile areas islands placed exploit energy particularly onshore offshore wind peninsula example economically robust area islands development support local economy climate influence atlantic_ocean creates mild oceanic climate temperatures generally cool averaging january july peninsula snow seldom lies sea level fewer mainland winds limiting factor vegetation speed mph recorded south common rainfall generally high mountains hills places country days sunshine typically hours bright sunshine month originally settled era diversity prehistoric sites flint found field near dated find indicate presence summer hunting party permanent settlement burnt shells microscopic found indicate settlement kind oldest evidence occupation scotland evidence large scale processing dated circa found pit dig discovered remains hundreds thousands burned shells gives insight communal activity forward planning period nuts harvested single year analysis suggests trees cut time scale activity scotland lack large game island suggests possibility contained community largely vegetarian diet time spent island stone traces red found dated earliest stone built structures found far scotland general sites lack scale drama found western isles numerous iron age sites including remains fort similar layout complex atlantic etymology earliest extant written reference islands appears elder natural history states writing years later drawing earlier naval expedition refers latin translation writes possibly specifically meaning probably took information visited britain possible information west coast scotland poor quality watson states meaning unknown root pre celtic early written references include flight people ireland north mentioned 12th century meaning deep sea isle refers meaning east near individual island place names outer mixed norse origins history map identifies tribes lived roman era written records life begin 6th century founding kingdom recorded encompassed roughly scotland ireland consisted initially main north based based end 7th century fourth emerged based eastern figure large history founding monastery ensured great importance spread christianity northern britain far unique territory sufficiently important death recorded frequency smaller sites known annals kingdom independent existence ended viking age eventually merged lands form north inner nominally control historical record sparse norse rule according conquered occupied isles unknown onwards repeated raids british isles recorded islands britain devastated sacked besieged kings likely scandinavian significant western coasts scotland 9th century references foreign appear term variously succeeding centuries refer individuals mixed scandinavian celtic descent culture dominant south west scotland parts isles early 10th century obscure period far concerned fought battle recorded king isles difficult reconcile records irish annals norse sources likely norwegian fought control period 9th 12th centuries stout earl took command position retained period killed battle period uncertainty possible son mighty ruler circa death decades later late 12th century irish influence significant feature island life mac high king ireland took possession isles records rulers obscured arrival king dublin isles ancestor succeeding rulers isles eventually ousted fled died plague clear extent dominance asserted islands north man growing irish influence seas brought rapid decisive response norway established direct norwegian second expedition saw incursions ireland august killed fighting king isles followed succession descendants kings norway ruled north years control southern lost emergence self styled lord took control met death invasion scottish mainland point black grandson took possession northern southern isles distributed sons descendant eventually known lords isles giving rise life scottish monarchs sought control islands descendants held strategy eventually led invasion king norway stalemate battle retreated died following expedition rights norwegian crown old yielded result treaty perth clans scottish rule lords isles phrase recorded continue rule subjects king scots fourth lord isles family powerful position secret treaty england negotiated castle signed servant english crown scotland found treaty issued sentence lands restored promise good behaviour unable control son defeated battle bloody bay fought coast near rebellion nephew provoked lands time powerful clans post norse period originally based following isles emerged independent clan substantial centred south bitter rivals attempt murder church retaliation previous massacre resulted failure rebellion famous rescuing prince charles edward stuart troops story strongly associated escape buried visited journey western islands scotland written johnson words mentioned history courage fidelity virtues mentioned honour wake rebellion clan system broken islands series landed estates british era implementation new kingdom great_britain clans distant monarch strong considerable number came support earl rising including aftermath decisive effectively ended hopes stuart restoration widely felt british government strategy clan chiefs turn descendants english speaking main concern revenues estates brought welfare lived brought peace islands following century came terrible price early 19th century time improvement population growth roads built slate industry significant employer surrounding islands construction canals engineering works bridge atlantic improved transport access mid-19th century inhabitants parts devastated destroyed communities highlands islands human populations evicted replaced sheep farms position exacerbated failure islands industry 18th century end napoleonic wars large scale emigration endemic battle involved demonstration lack access land serving notices event instrumental creation reported situation highlands disturbances continued passing act occasion marines deployed maintain order remained new economic opportunities emerged export cattle commercial fishing tourism nonetheless emigration military service choice archipelago populations continued late 19th 20th centuries population fell lengthy periods continuous occupation notwithstanding smaller islands abandoned isles 1880s nonetheless continuing gradual economic improvements visible replacement traditional accommodation modern design recent years assistance highlands islands enterprise island populations begun increase decades decline transport scheduled ferry services scottish mainland operate routes including peninsula ferries reach islands route ross port service form outer north services available onward journeys stations direct services glasgow scheduled flights airport airport near port ellen archipelago exposed wind tide numerous sites wrecked ships sited aid navigation locations lighthouse located remote rock warns away area nearby originally considered impossible site light loss steamer thirty hands maiden voyage astonishing vessels area storm december encouraged positive action remote lighthouse vicinity height metres tallest scotland language speakers equal population archipelago speakers languages time modern variant remains strong parts education scotland act led generations forbidden speak native language classroom recognised having dealt major blow language children beaten speaking school late 1930s recently scotland act enacted order provide continuing support language time census parish speakers overall having distributed time population speaking students travel world attend college based arts landscapes inspired variety musicians writers artists known cave famous written inspired visit contemporary musicians associated islands include song based traditional song poet born setting best known poem wrote novel whilst living wrote screenplay film adaptation whilst author train dragon spent childhood summers stated beautiful places earth kind place expect dragons overhead wildlife respects generally lack biodiversity comparison mainland britain example half number species islands offer naturalist observing local abundance found 18th century noted tables stranger received plenty wanting tract land inhabited wild scarcely remember seen dinner game sea fish needs told supplies great europe sell numerous yearly england supposed want beef home sheep goats great numbers common domestic modern era life includes red rock dove atlantic golden eagle white tailed sea eagle named introduced successfully spread neighbouring islands including small population red billed concentrated islands mountain hare apparently absent 18th century rabbit abundant wild cat pine red deer common hills grey seal common seal present coasts scotland internationally important numbers colonies found isles abundant rich fresh water streams contain brown trout atlantic salmon water offshore killer sharks sea life seen edible crab found example sound nationally important horse beds sea heather containing bell heather cross heath abundant diversity arctic alpine plants including alpine
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Inner Hebrides
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Geography and places
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Geography
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Islands
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5525_BarraHead
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known southernmost outer scotland forms isles archipelago originally referred southernmost common entire island highest point island numerous prehistoric structures island permanent occupation individuals occurred historic period peaking 19th century economy residents based agriculture fishing cliffs provide nesting sites designated head lighthouse built operated inhabited lighthouse keepers wives lighthouse automated island completely rough seas surround island test prototype etymology modern straightforward meaning island case island names number additional complications fuller names meaning head bishop respectively refers southernmost island reference bishop isles alternative isles archipelago member english language alternative island geography geology lies west sea south strong tidal stream wedge shaped island kilometres long kilometres wide topography lacks variety valley bays streams small island consists lighthouse constructed rock small granite quarry west continuation platform depth metres sea floor largely devoid sand evidence rocky platform extends south kilometres glacial action sea channel east significantly deeper open ocean west reaching metres rocky north coast small landing place west small east track leads westward upward slope island lighthouse west land relatively flat low lying area known ending little islands south coast dominated high cliffs rise metres point south west southern prominence located mid way south coast highest point island summit lies high cliffs easily reached track leads lighthouse passes north summit metres cliff edge guards coast far lighthouse located near prominence east point narrow monster visiting wrote sight experienced look lighthouse stormy day oneself hanging ocean surrounded sides fearful air crowded birds produce appearance heavy whilst cries ocean tremendous gusts wind coming forced blast pipe impossible hear person speak history inhabited prehistoric times identified eighty archaeological sites island majority pre medieval date tombs sites assumed burial suggesting significant settlement fort broken fort lies north west second site nearby dating largely destroyed construction lighthouse visiting late 17th century writer described having round walls divided little apartments century later wrote believed served watch tower presumed site chapel near point east landing place cross tentatively dated sixth ninth centuries found archaeological evidence norse presence boat shaped stone settings found far chapel graves period occupation referring time martin suggested life difficult islands extent cultivation fishing natives fishing steward island seeing plenty fish occasion raise 18th century population settlement concentrated north east coast census recorded population rising declining houses 19th century permanently resident population remained stable families number fell native leaving point families lighthouse keepers residents island light overview population trends notes population includes permanent residents recorded population includes lighthouse keepers given taken april temporarily resident fishermen traditional economy culture 19th century agriculture based crops potatoes livestock including sheep cattle kept use transport materials lighthouse goats recorded lacks brought considerable effort harvest seas remained important island base exploiting rich stocks white fish fishermen local islands important economy supplying food feathers sale abundance single caught birds hours visiting professor natural history wrote reaching landed soon found cleared reception wild eggs bread butter house came home eggs rocks birds caught travel writer arrived aboard receiving outrageous welcome despite fact speaking locals lame sentences english wrote hosts dressed healthy looking delicious cream large clean wooden protestant island purchased bible paying purchases dried fish bird concluded island far atlantic exposed fury generally inaccessible population advantages religious supplied annual visit priest interesting people education considerable sacrifices obtain island children described scholars home later attended school created sub school children attendance closed years operation lighthouse identifies southern entrance roughly halfway foot stone tower stands west island steep cliff making light feet sea level range miles shallow water west break blow atlantic storms small fish thrown grass cliff sir recorded movement long tons block feet ground violent storm designed built light exhibited october oil burning light converted lighthouse converted automatic operation october keepers withdrawn dangerous landing conditions lighthouse classified rock station early 20th century small boats lost enormous swell landing place regulations associated change prevented alongside landings lighthouse men keeping onshore departure families meant end regular links sea regular mist fog rendered signalling unreliable system wireless communications proposed installed pier built late 1930s approach war sophisticated radar system installed guard western approaches involved landing hundreds steel drums containing steel cables create large radar masts robust scots erected crane ashore small walled cemetery constructed halfway lighthouse summit keepers contains grave visiting inspector number keepers children bomber crashed cliffs nearby world war wreck discovered years later rock early 1970s research project sponsored prototype safety boat assisted developing atlantic class boat atlantic modified long range operations offshore capability project involved multi organisation operation included featured series stamps class stamp shows metres class action kilometres south west metres swell kilometres hour wind natural history scotland purchased island local syndicate called head isles company owned island able acquire miss provide area natural beauty memory parents courage late brother bernard removed sheep island citing difficulties maintaining flock remote location form important breeding site thousand pairs especially important islands having breeding population species present include variety island largely covered maritime grassland heath yellow flag iris grow grey seals regularly seen landing cove island designated notable residents island best known resident aka giant measured tall aged seventeen joined travelling disliked publicity returned islands run dairy summer spend winters home
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Barra Head
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Geography and places
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Geography
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Islands
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6028_Hualālai
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pronounced hawaiian active volcano island westernmost youngest active shield form island following larger peak stands feet sea level estimated risen sea level years ago despite maintaining low level activity eruption considered active expected time century relative residents area caused activity consequences event area near volcano inhabited centuries hawaiian natives dating recorded history coast west particular royal complexes volcano important home rare species nature reserves near summit popular hiking attraction today coast near vacation resorts built historic flows national historical park geology structural features stands prominence westernmost major form island post shield stage development overall shape structure youthful structure denoted rift zones developed approximately northwest moderately developed southeast poorly developed northwards east summit arranged rift zones summit collapse crater atop small lava shield southern slope modern town consists lava flows covered layer volcanic ash thick comparison island tallest oldest active second smallest making island major hawaiian hill volcanic cone standing tall measuring diameter extends prominence north summit cone constructed type volcanic lava exists volcano flows slowly typically hawaiian characteristic caused high composition typical originally formed eruption little years ago continued build distinct flows recognized partially covered flows built distinctive structure known ridge westward facing flank forms large underwater slump known slump area km2 slump consists intricate formation beaches waterline area explored closely joint japan united_states project explore volcano flanks utilizing remotely operated vehicle data collected showed lava flows originated shallow water deep unlike similar slump formed gradually known source rock earth mantle brought lava flows prehistoric deposits event contain large size abundant quantity history lava attributed shield stage found offshore volcano northwest rift zone indicative submarine volcano construction found wells driven volcano depth persisted estimated years ago entered post shield stage stage presently years ago sign change geological mapping volcano indicated volcano surface topped lava flows years entirely composed shield half years old years age years originated lava flows poured sea west coast history active volcano making island larger erupted times years times activity volcano years recent calm period earthquake activity seen growth homes businesses resorts mountain flanks recent major activity volcano intense earthquake likely caused action near volcano peak relatively recent past potentially active expected years lava divided exposed lava flows erupted volcano years rock units age groups summarized table eruption erupted eruption produced fluid lava flows entered ocean western tip island active time produced flows eventually reached ocean total output volume flow estimated volcanic vent situated high slope produced large flow dubbed flow reached ocean distinct way overran village valuable fishing pond local legend failure offerings animals items gods flow finally stopped threw lock hair fire flow known particularly large quantity came major outflow event reached sea south bay destroying village flow known flow formed located north eruption concurrent eruption nearby near past recent activity erupted severe earthquake shook volcano lasting month caused worth damage district million earthquakes felt far away honolulu probably caused movement near surface surface activity eruption hawaii earthquake north near caused damage area future monitoring erupted years ago near future year estimated pause activity coming end presents distinct hazard communities example event eruption similar event volcano summit covered completely matter hours according lava scale listed threat level comparison listed threat levels flanks volcano pose lower threat population area near rift zones distance short slopes steep lava poses threat near source maintained seismic recording station east summit monitor volcano time single earthquake indicative activity volcano occurred experience magnitude earthquakes year attributed deep source coast north western rift zone related movement currently process upgrading aging monitoring equipment funds agency plans add sensors help monitor activity addition uses gps measure slight changes tilt slope indicative movement survey conducted years changes recorded human history home native people ancient times centuries ago built dry plateau east mountain lies shore west site ancient hawaiian settlement called lands water rugged volcanic terrain attracted sea life making appealing place settle main attractions park area constructed rocks natural coast extensive settlement south park favored hawaiian royalty long hawaii rested year campaign unite hawaiian isles death triggered social chaos built missionaries lava rock crushed coral stands today hawaii kings spent time maintained museum today coast west popular location vacation resorts rain shadow mountain causes sunny days resort built golf course vacation home complex built flow damaged generated earthquake hawaii belt road traverses western slopes upper route called lower route named coffee crop grows western slope near town family early coffee merchant owned large ranch western volcano road slopes named frank known saddle road crosses plateau north provides remote training ground united_states_army recreational significance interesting features especially volcanic popular destination relatively easy climb land summit volcano owned routinely denies access attempting climb routes pass estate hiking illegal laws enforced slip popular features sister pit deepest island known pit explored depth known deeper walls proper technical equipment ecology environment bare volcanic rock covered form vegetation bushes grass common trees grow summit collapse particular vegetation sized vertical forests inside including tree volcano populated birds animals coast particular attracts fish sea dependent animals green sea turtle black winged averages rainfall year summit gets rain coast typically obscured heavy cloud cover ecological reserves lie flanks forest sanctuary established sister reserve long term ecological research hawaiian moist forest dry forest lies mile volcano summit northwestern flank elevation differs sea level near coastal edge near summit median annual rainfall plentiful lava flows 19th century provide unique soil growth region southern section reserve closest summit split bird sanctuary forest reserve southwestern flank volcano preserves extensive forest stand smaller trees reserve measures acres protects ecosystem largely surrounding area spring reserve lower slopes mountain somewhat home flowering woody dense
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Hualālai
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Geography and places
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Geography
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Islands
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8280_Orkney
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scottish known archipelago scotland united_kingdom situated north coast great_britain kilometres north coast comprises approximately islands inhabited largest island mainland referred mainland area square kilometres making sixth largest scottish island tenth largest island british isles largest settlement administrative centre form dates pre roman era islands inhabited years originally occupied tribes invaded forcibly annexed norway settled norse annexed following failed payment bride margaret denmark contains oldest best preserved sites europe heart designated council areas scotland constituency area county local council councils scotland majority elected members addition mainland islands groups north south isles underlying geological base old red sandstone climate mild soils extremely fertile land farmed agriculture important sector economy significant wind marine energy resources growing importance island generates total yearly electricity demand local people known distinctive dialect scots rich inheritance folklore abundance marine wildlife origin visited britain probably described triangular shape northern tip called referred visible writing 1st century roman called islands claiming father law discovered hitherto unknown previously referred islands usually interpret element tribal meaning young pig young speakers old irish referred islands island pigs archipelago known modern welsh modern representing case ending refers islands seminal work ecclesiastical history english people norwegian settlers arriving late ninth century seal added island end seal islands later shortened english according named earl called norse knew mainland horse island island referred stems sixteenth century rarely locally history shell recovered excavations mainland dated indicating presence nomadic tribes earliest known permanent settlement island dates village europe best preserved settlement believed inhabited remains era include passage grave ring standing stones settlements abandoned possibly changes climate bronze age fewer large stone structures built great ceremonial circles continued use slowly introduced scotland europe lengthy period relatively sites dating era impressive mound near ring islands sites remains houses iron age excavations mainland revealed atlantic built similar finds mainland impressive structures ruins later round towers called associated settlements nature origin buildings subject ongoing debate structures period include underground usually association earlier sites roman invasion britain king british leaders said submitted emperor fleet come gone possibly direct roman influence limited trade conquest late iron age kingdom archaeological remains period impressive reason suppose fertile soils rich seas provided comfortable living began influence islands close era principally role celtic missionaries evidenced islands bearing epithet commemoration presence establish gradually late 8th century onwards nature transition controversial theories range peaceful integration genocide norwegian rule saw significant influx norwegian settlers late 8th early 9th centuries islands headquarters pirate expeditions carried norway coasts mainland scotland response norwegian king fair hair annexed comprising clear story appears based later scholars believe received death son battle scotland passed brother mighty line barely survived son slave founded dynasty controlled islands centuries death succeeded son time deposed norwegian king raiding base killed death presumed burial led long period strife initially pagan culture detailed information return christian religion islands scotland elusive suggests islands stopped way ireland norway king summoned stout said order subjects baptised refuse killed spot swear island fire steel agreed islands christian stroke receiving bishop early 11th century mighty son grandson king mac scotland sons ruled half 11th century extended authority small maritime empire stretching dublin died sons paul succeeded fighting battle bridge paul adults dispute carried generation killed april cousin resulted building today dominating feature unusually onwards norse owed allegiance norway scottish crown holdings line norse ended murder granted second son earl angus norway confirmed earl death child princess margaret maid norway route mainland scotland created disputed succession led wars scottish independence passed family barons near edinburgh evidence viking presence widespread includes settlement vast majority place names inscriptions scottish rule pledged christian capacity king norway security payment daughter margaret scotland money paid connection crown scotland perpetual history prior time largely history ruling aristocracy ordinary people emerge greater clarity influx scottish helped create diverse independent community included farmers fishermen merchants called proved increasingly able defend rights feudal 16th century boats mainland scotland netherlands dominated local herring fishery little evidence fleet 19th century grew rapidly boats involved 1840s later leading centres development white fish dominant scottish ports 17th century formed overwhelming majority employees canada harsh climate reputation boat handling skills ideal candidates canadian north period burning briefly islands economy example long tons burned produced ash bringing local economy industry collapsed suddenly removal imported agricultural improvements beginning 17th century resulted enclosure ultimately victoria era emergence large managed farms shift rotation system producing high quality beef cattle 18th century largely sympathies end rebellion large number fled north mainland scotland sought refuge helped safety sweden islands ensured remained outlook safe place land supplies spain aid cause place british isles held month defeat main army 20th century site royal_navy base scapa_flow played major role world war armistice german high seas fleet transferred entirety scapa_flow await decision future german sailors opened sea scuttled ships ships salvaged remaining favoured recreational divers month world war german boat sank royal_navy battleship scapa_flow result barriers built close access channels additional advantage creating enabling travellers island island road instead obliged rely ferries constructed italian prisoners war constructed ornate italian chapel world war politicians german occupied norway asked german authorities norway sought new opportunities expansion navy base run war eventually closing problem declining population significant post war years decades 20th century recovery life focused growing prosperity emergence relatively society rated best place live scotland according survey overview population trends modern era population peaked mid 19th century declined century low fewer 1970s declines particularly significant outlying islands remain vulnerable ongoing losses ways distinct islands scotland trends similar experienced archipelago population grew decade recorded census period scottish island populations grew geography separated mainland scotland kilometre wide island lies north west measuring kilometres northeast southwest kilometres east west covers square kilometres islands mainly low lying sharply rising sandstone hills mainland rugged cliffs western coasts nearly islands merely streams draining high land coastlines islands divided straits generally called sounds tidal currents called locally isles swift frequent islands notable absence trees partly accounted wind islands mainland mainland largest island island heart transportation system ferry air connections islands outside world island densely populated population islands fertile farmland mainland split areas called east west mainland areas determined lie east west bulk mainland lies west comparatively little land lying east parishes east mainland parishes island low lying especially east mainland coastal cliffs north west mainland contains remnants numerous viking constructions main sites included heart world heritage site inscribed islands group classified north south mainland exceptions remote lie kilometres west archipelago form local government purposes island names represents norse meaning island described small northern group islands extensive consists large number moderately sized islands linked mainland ferries air services farming fishing tourism main sources income islands northerly lies kilometres nearest neighbour west population connected ferry air known centre centre island island main industries extraction limestone lie north west mainland sound known ancient monuments including ruins round church south east contains site castle lie east south population castle short distance north small islands group include south isles southern group islands surrounds scapa_flow second largest isles northern end highest elevation archipelago old man known lies east scapa_flow linked causeway hosts cultural events festival horse boys match saturday august location tomb eagles linked ferry mainland known large oil terminal 19th century tower connected south connected road mainland include lie south closer scottish mainland geology superficial rock entirely old red sandstone middle age neighbouring mainland county sandstone rests rocks series seen mainland narrow strip exposed small island represented grey granite divided main groups lower sequence age dominated beds lower upper deposited later formation found east mainland old man formed sandstone group metres thick places lies inclined interpretation matter continuing debate older rocks cut series faults active deposition sequences strong fold traverses axis north south volcanic rocks found western eastern mainland proposed differences chemistry means remains uncertain late age found glacial presence chalk flint originated bed north_sea demonstrate influence ice action islands boulder clay abundant cover substantial areas climate cool temperate climate remarkably mild steady northerly latitude influence average temperature year winter summer average annual rainfall varies millimetres millimetres winds key feature climate summer constant winter frequent strong winds average hours recorded annually tourists islands summers longest day sun rises sets complete darkness unknown long twilight known dim winter nights long shortest day sun rises sets time year aurora occasionally seen northern horizon moderate activity averages table largest settlement weather station politics represented house_of_commons constituency member parliament current incumbent seat held liberal democrats predecessors longer represent great_britain constituency member past post system current liberal democrats previously deputy minister highlands islands electoral region consists members independent stand representatives political party political party supported rest scotland contested general election movement coalition movement equivalent chose contest seat movement free run candidate came 4th votes cast experiment repeated scottish independence referendum voters voted question scotland independent country highest vote council area scotland turnout referendum votes cast area independence comparison votes independence economy soil generally fertile land taken farms agriculture far important sector economy providing employment quarter workforce agricultural land grazing sheep cattle production hectares acres woodland occupying hectares acres fishing declined importance employed individuals islands economically active population modern industry concentrating herring white fish crabs salmon fish farming today traditional sectors economy export beef cheese beer fish recent years growth areas including tourism food manufacture jewellery crafts production construction oil transportation oil terminal accounts total employment public services play significant role employing islands workforce registered enterprises agriculture forestry fishing manufacturing construction wholesale retail repairs hotels restaurants public service related businesses employ people power significant wind marine energy resources energy recently come prominence connected mainland generates net power comes mainly wind turbines situated right scottish government backed research facility installed wave testing system mainland tidal power testing station island official opening project site described kind world set provide developers wave tidal energy devices purpose built performance testing facility funding wave farm announced world largest capacity generated machines cost million scottish conjunction began implementation regional power zone scheme kind world involves active network management better use existing infrastructure allow new non firm generation output network transport air highland operates main airport airport franchise provides services scottish mainland glasgow airport council operates airfields larger islands including shortest scheduled air service world islands scheduled minutes duration minute wind right direction ferry ferries serve link rest scotland link islands ferry services operate scottish mainland following routes hope operated john south seasonal passenger service operated john ferries operated operated operated inter island ferry services connect inhabited islands mainland operated company owned media served weekly local newspaper local bbc radio station local opt broadcasts twice daily local news entertainment commercial radio station broadcast parts mainland closure november broadcasts outside community radio station broadcasts festivals islands home international festivals including september folk festival june language literature folklore beginning recorded history islands inhabited language script cited evidence pre norse existence old irish norse occupation wholly norse language changed local end 18th century finally died replaced dialect scots dialect low influences television education large number attempts writers radio use distinctive sing song accent dialect words norse origin remain use word frequently encountered visitors meaning small derived french rich folklore tales concern form draws islands scandinavian connections local customs past included marriage ceremonies stone formed king lot certain versions legend ruler sons major characters matter britain best known literary figures modern poet poet novelist novelist native term reflects strongly held identity tradition annexation scotland took place centuries ago regard scots second speaks scotland talking land immediate south speaks mainland mean mainland clans like traditions scottish highlands islands indigenous culture connections registered designed island residents pipe bands native refer non native residents islands ferry term use nearly centuries natural history abundance wildlife especially grey common seals seen coasts inland distinct subspecies common introduced humans endemic distinct varieties found islands south mainland remarkable species absent mainland britain coastline known colourful flowers including sea sea sea common sea bell common heather scottish found coasts nearby stands trees generally rare small forest named happy valley trees lush gardens created near second half 20th century sheep unusual breed animal largely diet confined year conserve limited grazing inland island habitat atlantic century live water considered locally extinct introduction alien prior natural predator common native bird populations
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Orkney
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Geography and places
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Geography
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Islands
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8521_GreatCaptainIsland
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great captain island known great captain island island coast connecticut acre island largest island group includes island remnant glacial large glacial erratic southern island east west sides connected island owners owned town island home great captain island light 19th century lighthouse restored non navigational aid actual navigation aid skeletal tower erected great captain island state important bird areas according town operates ferry service island second week june second week september trails laid visitors western island picnic tables posted swimming areas island open year round ferry running summer public tours lighthouse island available location geology acre island largest island group includes town states great captain island remnant glacial contains diversity rock granite large glacial erratic southern island east west sides connected southern winds way lighthouse history theories island got island named captain rumored buried treasure gold silver town acknowledges theory states captain title reportedly captain partner recorded real estate transaction town military commander granted island federal government purchased acres land southeast states new_york connecticut claimed island 19th century years commission resolved dispute favor connecticut lighthouse keepers families farmed tract land areas island hunting fishing recreational use rest island sold developer built opened exclusive site opening beginning great depression soon closed town acquired island sold property time inadvertently destroyed dropping searching missing plane fire destroy rest club purchased island employee recreational spot built cottages ownership named town purchased federal government turned remaining tract land lighthouse rests lighthouse great captain island light constructed acre tract land sold government lighthouse poor construction replaced new granite dwelling attached lighthouse design old field point light new_york rhode_island lighthouse skeletal tower replaced town acquired property time site lighthouse dilapidated successful restoration effort completed non navigational light activated great captain island light added national_register_of_historic_places september memorial plaque installed honor people lived connection town died september attacks non navigational second flashing green light installed lighthouse february lighthouse currently occupied family act property wildlife state important bird areas provide essential habitat bird species according great blue island 1990s great snowy black crowned night live island island known state largest early 2000s populations dramatically summer counts total director bird conservation connecticut thinks bird populations hurt human disturbances possibly competition great owl lives island fed birds said overall pollution waters effect bird populations island year island area lawn replaced oak ash cherry tree heaven lighthouse openings provide variety habitats wildlife barrier shrubs planted cliffs east lighthouse access town operates ferry service island second week june second week september trails laid visitors western island picnic tables posted swimming areas island open year round ferry running summer public tours lighthouse island available hurricane sandy damaged area washed away walkway
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Great Captain Island
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Geography and places
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Geography
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Islands
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8976_IsleofArran
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isle pronounced largest island scotland area square kilometres seventh largest scottish island council area census resident population culturally physically similar separated peninsula divided highland lowland areas described paradise continuously inhabited early period numerous prehistoric remains found 6th century onwards speaking peoples ireland island centre religious activity troubled viking age property norwegian crown formally absorbed kingdom scotland 13th century 19th century led significant end language way life economy population recovered recent years main industry tourism diversity wildlife including species tree endemic area etymology islands scotland occupied speakers languages names islands possible meaning result unusual far clear mac states said unrelated ireland means kidney shaped irish kidney unusually scottish island offers meaning high place corresponds geography significantly land immediately surrounds shores place names existed later replaced speaking spread ireland adjacent kingdom viking age island vast majority scottish islands property norwegian crown time known result norse influence current place names viking origin geography geology island lies profile north hills seen coast known sight referred sleeping warrior resemblance resting human figure highest hills goat fell metres north east highest peak north west metres largest valley island west whilst narrow east surround goat fell terrain south mountainous considerable portion interior lies metres reaches metres summit south referred scotland miniature divided highland lowland areas runs northeast southwest scotland popular destination come rocks ranging age interior northern half island taken large granite created substantial activity million years ago period comprises outer ring coarse granite inner core finer granite later granite late rocks include extensive composite south island central ring complex eroded system surrounded near continuous ring rocks rocks dominate southern half island especially old contain pitted marks created lightning strikes large sand dunes preserved near showing presence ancient desert central complex subsided blocks sandstone rare example cretaceous chalk 19th century mined near discovered nearly tons produced closed 11th duke hamilton grounds scene reopened world war operated vein ran visiting found example north near provided evidence theories age earth spot famous places study geology pleistocene entirely covered scotland ice highest peaks time retreat ice close pleistocene sea levels metres lower present likely circa island connected mainland scotland sea level changes rise land makes charting post glacial coastlines complex task evident island post glacial raised beaches king cave south west coast example raised beach cave metres long metres high lies present day sea level tall sea cliffs north east including large rock heights far north end island villages villages mainly shoreline old norse broad bay site ferry terminal hotels majority shops seat hamilton largest village island population compared villages include family principal seat north north east south west south south east surrounding islands smaller satellite islands holy isle lies east opposite located south coast tiny lies kilometres north south west connected low tide islands include climate influence atlantic_ocean create mild oceanic climate temperatures generally cool averaging january july sea level southern half island mountainous favourable climate north east coast sheltered prevailing winds west south snow seldom lies sea level frequent mainland islands west coast scotland annual rainfall generally high south west north east mountains receiving annually june months upwards hours bright sunshine recorded average history particular concentration early form gallery grave typical style structures rectangular stone earth mound chamber lined larger stone pottery bone fragments found inside chambers suggest area public display ritual good examples west village similar structures called giants graves numerous standing stones dating prehistoric times including stone circles deposits island locally making items era early bronze age items transported britain bronze age sites excavated including mound near near produced bronze dagger gold south west near ruin iron age fortified structure dating original walls metres thick enclosed circular area metres diameter medieval era ancient irish poem called recorded 13th century describes attractions island sea strikes shoulders companies men feed blue spears merry hills food refreshing water streams nuts plenty wood monastery founded 6th century active centre activities caves point contain slab ancient altar stone prints right feet said 11th century south isles isles death isles came direct rule norway restored local rule death ruled son angus scottish isles broke away completely independent kingdom battle kingdoms norway scotland king norway reclaimed norwegian provinces west arriving rewarded number grants lands given following death later year norway ceded islands western scotland scottish crown treaty perth substantial viking grave discovered near south containing iron nails fragments bronze 9th century bronze coin grave similar date nearby yielded sword shield medieval man opposite island near said taken shelter 14th century bruce returned island having earlier granted lands assistance rendered time played prominent island medieval history probably dating 13th century captured english forces wars independence taken scottish troops badly damaged action english ships sustained attack john lord isles originally seat clan stewart passed family 15th century short time reign king james 16th century isle regency 5th lord modern era commencement early modern period james 2nd lord hamilton cousin scotland helped arrange marriage princess england reward created earl local economy period based run rig system basic crops potatoes population slowly grew early 19th century alexander 10th duke hamilton embarked programme devastating effect island population improvements typically led land rented families converted single farm cases land promised canada adult male april example boarded brig month journey half paid duke arrival quebec hectares acres available heads extended families villages removed culture island devastated writer wrote hear duke hamilton away man mother son isle pity memorial constructed shore paid canadian descendant august flying international airport canada crashed north goat fell passengers crew died resident population decline figure recorded background scottish island populations growing period spoken widely beginning 20th century census reported speakers eastern island western island percentage island dropped onwards number speakers fell vague quotes reporting inhabitants island speakers showing declined population continued decline native speakers died 1990s current day speakers originate areas scotland residents age speak reasonably documented carried island reporting spoken fair number old inhabitants interviewed locations description dialect published runs pages information survey scotland collected dialect data scotland interviewed native speakers dialect falls firmly southern group referred peripheral celtic studies shows stop replacing old irish hiatus road normally dropping father normally preservation long weak fan normally unusual feature good normally mac notes island poetic native island nicknamed meaning big rabbit locally pronounced local government seventeenth century late twentieth century reorganisation local government district tier system local government lasted etc scotland act came effect regions districts replacing authorities council area constituent islands old county statistical purposes registration county ceremonial purposes area house_of_commons constituency represented labour_party previously constituency constituency currently represented labour held seat gained majority making marginal seat significantly increased majority labour_party health services island provided bed acute hospital provides primary care services supports hospital practice based base branch transport connected scottish mainland ferries isles summer day trips available board steamer service operated local resident connects neighbouring holy isle roads island kilometres long coast road island kilometres stretch road previously designated classified road travelling south goes round south coast continuing north west coast island point road east coast point coast road ventures inland climb metres pass located roads run east west island main cross island road kilometres long called string climbs kilometres minor road branches right single track road ross runs kilometres island explored public transport bus service operated economy main industry island tourism main attractions imposing owned contains hotels restaurants leisure complexes biggest employers island local businesses include opened produces range island number golf courses including hole links course founded farming forestry important industries plans large salmon farm holding fish criticised feared facility scotland marine zone announced september brewery founded march near brewery produces regular wheat beer popular brand include sunset seasonal called winter brewery open tours shop business went subsequently sold june brewery production widely available scotland culture scottish dialect died speaker died 1970s set end 1990s features note model castle adventure newspaper listed november title local newspaper closest circulation area entry reads banner founded readership cent britain seventh largest shore island online weekly publication called voice relies mainly articles contributed community members version game monopoly launched style create mistakenly associated isle natural history island endemic species tree trees scottish mountain ash cut rarity measured numbers endangered tree species world protected north end island partly national nature reserve monitored staff recorded mature trees typically trees mountain slopes close tree line grow lower altitudes preserved species bird recorded including black falcon golden eagle reported extensive surveys unable record similarly red billed longer breeds island red deer numerous northern hills populations red common offshore harbour sharks species northern marine protected area zone terms marine scotland act means fish taken designated area scottish government created scotland order protect delicate beds south fishermen breached voluntary agreement vicinity notable residents sir chancellor chief medical officer author scottish brother alexander founded daniel grandfather prime minister minister scotland scots playwright poet politician journalist children writer zoologist
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Isle of Arran
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Geography and places
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Geography
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Islands
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9871_Hebrides
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old norse comprise widespread diverse archipelago west coast mainland scotland main groups inner islands long history occupation dating culture residents affected successive influences celtic norse english speaking peoples diversity reflected names given islands derived languages spoken historic prehistoric times artists inspired experiences today economy islands dependent fishing tourism oil industry energy lack biodiversity comparison mainland britain seals present coasts internationally important numbers geology geography climate diverse geology ranging age strata oldest rocks europe divided main groups separated north south lie closer mainland scotland include small isles inhabited islands group outer chain islands small located kilometres west mainland scotland inhabited islands archipelago main islands include north south total islands area approximately square kilometres population descriptions scope scotland describes lying east include offshore islands islands lie sea described formal definitions exist past outer referred today known phrase refer general cool temperate climate remarkably mild steady northerly latitude influence outer average temperature year january summer average annual rainfall lewis millimetres sunshine hours range summer days relatively long august period history settled era earlier climatic conditions improved sustain human settlement occupation site dated years oldest evidence occupation scotland examples structures period finest example standing stones dating 3rd millennium bronze age settlement site prehistoric found celtic era greek historian wrote island called means round temple stood moon appeared little distance earth years reference stone circle traveller called related tale expedition west coast scotland shortly stated journey islands visited retreat holy men mentioned island written records native life begin 6th century founding kingdom took place encompassed roughly scotland ireland figure large history founding monastery ensured kingdom great importance spread christianity northern britain far unique territory sufficiently important death recorded frequency smaller sites known annals north inner nominally control historical record sparse hunter states relation king sixth century western isles inhabitants appear culture speech time likely regarded fairly distant presence norwegian control viking raids began scottish shores end 8th century came norse control settlement ensuing decades especially following success battle western isles dominant figure mid 9th century time amassed substantial island realm variety alliances norse leaders nominally owed allegiance norwegian crown practice control fairly limited norse control scotland formally signed islands norway scottish acceptance iii king isles came norwegian king conquered swift campaign earlier year directed local norwegian leaders island petty kingdoms capturing islands imposed direct royal control price recorded lewis fire played high heaven flame houses king dyed sword red blood rulers kings norway situation lasted time outer remained norwegian control broke royal house following ill fated expedition norway yielded result treaty perth contribution islands found personal place names archaeological record norse period limited best known find lewis date mid 12th century scottish control norse era drew close norse speaking princes gradually replaced speaking clan chiefs including lewis harris transition little relieve islands strife early 14th century isles based theory chiefs feudal superiors managed exert control lords isles ruled subjects king scots fourth lord isles family powerful position rebellion nephew provoked family lands king authorised gentleman initially successful colonists driven local forces commanded based forces colonists tried result attempt successful course time lewis held later pursued approach investing fishing particular royalist led lewis garrisoned wars kingdoms troops destroyed old castle early british era implementation new kingdom great_britain clans distant monarch strong considerable number came support earl rising including aftermath decisive effectively ended hopes stuart restoration widely felt british government strategy clan chiefs turn descendants english speaking main concern revenues estates brought welfare lived brought peace islands following century came terrible price wake rebellion clan system broken islands series landed estates early 19th century time improvement population growth roads built slate industry significant employer surrounding islands construction canals engineering works bridge atlantic improved transport access mid-19th century inhabitants parts devastated destroyed communities highlands islands human populations evicted replaced sheep farms position exacerbated failure islands industry 18th century end napoleonic wars large scale emigration endemic battle involved demonstration lack access land serving notices event instrumental creation reported situation highlands disturbances continued passing act modern economy remained new economic opportunities emerged export cattle commercial fishing tourism nonetheless emigration military service choice archipelago populations continued late 19th century 20th century lengthy periods continuous occupation notwithstanding smaller islands abandoned continuing gradual economic improvements visible replacement traditional accommodation modern design assistance highlands islands enterprise islands populations begun increase decades decline discovery substantial deposits north_sea oil sector contributed degree economic stability recent decades example yard history significant employer oil industries media arts known cave famous composed residing islands composed contemporary musicians associated islands include poet born setting best known poem novelist lived wrote whilst living contains references harris inspired holiday visit wrote screenplay film adaptation whilst song named british horror film man set fictional island experimental person adventure video game takes place unnamed island british romantic comedy bride set fictional language residents spoken variety different languages long period human occupation assumed northern language arrived ireland growing influence kingdom 6th century onwards dominant language southern time time military meant prevalent north place names existed prior 9th century viking occupation means southern isles given contrast northern isles south place names common 13th century main language entire archipelago use scots english prominent recent times contain largest concentration speakers scotland especially true outer majority people speak language scottish college based ironically given status western isles stronghold scotland language islands means isles foreigners roots time norse etymology earliest written references survived relating islands elder natural history states makes separate reference watson concludes outer writing years later drawing earlier naval expeditions writes possibly meaning later texts classical latin writers use forms recorded pre celtic use tribal root suggested irish attempt reproduce word translating tribe come root meaning horse watson notes possible relationship ancient irish tribal personal king recorded names individual islands reflect complex linguistic history majority norse roots pre celtic origin 7th century abbot records pre celtic names etymology complex include pre celtic root lewis old norse suggestions norse meaning song house origin norse credentials questionable earliest comprehensive written list island names undertaken cases provides earliest written form island inhabited islands larger ones listed lewis harris largest island scotland largest british isles great_britain ireland incorporates lewis north harris south frequently referred individual islands joined land border remarkably island common english referred lewis harris lewis harris harris lewis etc reason treated separate islands lewis pre celtic origin harris problematic refer harris possibly outer word derive ancient greek meaning desert origin similarly unclear examples inner island names originally completely replaced example records names passed usage norse era locations clear island celtic replaced similar sounding norse reverted essentially norse ending example islands names islands follow general patterns inhabited islands following largest etymology small archipelago west outer main island complex saint known theories proposed word origin dates late 16th century notes appears dutch map dated derived norse sweet mistaken dutch assumption spring dedicated saint consisting norse words origin long pre dates use similarly open interpretation watson offers old irish word meaning death possibly relating dangerous seas drawing saga describing early 13th century voyage ireland mentions visit islands speculates shape resembles norse etymology small islands complex relation believed black dismal translation noting usual natural history respects generally lack biodiversity comparison mainland britain example half number species islands provide breeding grounds important species including world largest colony northern life includes red rock dove atlantic golden eagle white tailed sea eagle named introduced successfully spread neighbouring islands including small population red billed concentrated islands red deer common hills grey seal common seal present coasts scotland internationally important numbers colonies found isles rich freshwater streams contain brown trout atlantic salmon water offshore killer sharks seen heather containing bell heather cross heath abundant diversity arctic alpine plants including alpine south national nature reserve owned managed reserve covers hectares range local habitats species flowering plants recorded reserve nationally scarce south considered best place aquatic plant slender considerable controversy animals native outer having introduced 1970s reduce garden spread posed threat eggs ground nesting birds undertook area halted trapped animals relocated mainland
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Hebrides
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Geography and places
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Geography
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Islands
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10035_OuterHebrides
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outer known scottish islands strangers long_island island chain west coast mainland scotland islands geographically council areas scotland form separated scottish mainland waters little predominant spoken language areas english speakers form majority islands bedrock formed ancient rocks climate mild oceanic inhabited islands total population substantial islands roughly kilometres important prehistoric structures pre date written references islands roman greek authors western isles norse kingdom lasted years sovereignty transferred scotland treaty perth control islands held clan chiefs principal 19th century devastating effect communities recent years population levels ceased decline land local control commercial activity based tourism fishing weaving sea transport crucial variety ferry services operate islands mainland scotland modern navigation systems dangers past stormy seas claimed ships religion music sport important aspects local culture numerous designated conservation areas protect natural environment geography main islands form archipelago major islands include lewis harris north south lewis harris area hectares largest island scotland largest british isles great_britain ireland incorporates lewis north harris south frequently referred individual islands joined land border island common english referred lewis harris lewis harris harris lewis etc largest islands deeply arms sea freshwater outer total scotland lewis particular landscapes high percentage freshwater maze complexity shapes harris fewer large bodies water small kilometres long large islands midst including surface area mean depth metres island north said probably britain approaches complexity outline south largest kilometres long cuts island western coastline islands fertile low lying lewis comparatively flat largely consists blanket highest south west harris mountainous large areas exposed rock archipelago reaches height collectively referred sandy beaches wide cultivated areas west virtually mountainous areas east highest peak metres immediate combined area hectares includes islands link bridges hectares extent rugged interior surrounded extensive beaches flora fauna archipelago protected habitat including islands surrounding waters sites special scientific interest largest north hectares acres hectares acres extent south national nature reserve owned managed reserve covers hectares range local habitats species flowering plants recorded reserve nationally scarce south considered best place aquatic plant considerable controversy animals native islands having introduced 1970s reduce garden spread posed threat eggs ground nesting birds undertook area halted trapped animals relocated mainland nationally important populations breeding present outer including common islands provide habitat important species golden eagle offshore shark species whale seen regularly islands populations international significance northern amounting world population breeding pairs european population pairs northern pairs respective totals important breeding ground pairs european population var endemic local variants dark green green white butterflies subspecies range confined islands bears population inhabited islands total population time census figure period scottish island populations grew largest settlement outer lewis population addition major south ford connect north northern south islands linked smaller bridges bridge connections lewis harris respectively linking southern means inhabited islands connected island land transport route islands islands greater size hectares acres outer including islands common main island chains scotland remote islands abandoned 19th 20th centuries cases continuous prehistoric period islands identified outer example identified eighty archaeological sites island majority pre medieval date 18th century population native left island completely lighthouse smaller islands continue contribute modern culture boat song evocative island life written abandonment island hosted bbc television series played scottish history young charles edward stuart hid men days whilst royal_navy vessels patrolled smaller isles island groups pepper north_atlantic surrounding main islands outer cases culturally kilometres west lewis lies small military base similar distance north lewis small remote islands support small population grew grain raised cattle rock thousands northern nest special arrangement young known harvested annually men status kilometres west north island act decreed remains matter international dispute geology islands bedrock formed oldest rocks europe having formed period billion years ago addition outer form basement deposits scottish mainland west thrust islands rocks largely origin mixed marble later granite delicate pink colours exposed islands referred old boy granite found parish west lewis forms summit plateau mountain harris granite similar composition rocks found mountains moon relatively small sandstone near formed later respectively sandstone thought old red sandstone climate outer cool temperate climate remarkably mild steady northerly latitude influence average temperature year january summer average annual rainfall lewis millimetres sunshine hours range year summer days relatively long august period winds key feature climate summer constant according writer visitor asks weather forecast like answer dry wet sunny quote figure scale day butt lewis small fish blown grass metre high cliffs winter storms originally settled era diversity important prehistoric sites north constructed circa scotland earliest type artificial island stones dating finest example stone circle scotland primary metres high creating metres diameter south site prehistoric found impressive ruins lewis date etymology earliest written references survived relating islands elder natural history states makes separate reference watson concludes outer writing years later drawing earlier naval expeditions distinguished writes possibly meaning early celtic means deep sea isle probably took information visited britain possible information west coast scotland poor quality breeze suggests lewis harris largest island outer single island long_island watson states meaning unknown root pre celtic murray claims originally derived meaning isles edge sea idea repeated firm evidence emerged early written references include flight people ireland mentioned 12th century 13th century poem concerning heir throne isles said broken gate means plain precise meaning text clear irish mythology islands home described huge ugly ship men sea pirates tribute coasts ireland kings mac son goddess ruled deep seas modern islands referred collectively long_island outer isles islands foreigners strangers heard occasionally originally mainland islands ruled norse individual island place names outer mixed norse origins terms repeatedly islands called meaning tidal island history scotland way life troubled extinguished rome asserted abandoned permanent occupation writes years studies period roman conquest major medium long term impact scotland present evidence terms environment economy society impact appears limited general picture remains broad continuity disruption roman presence scotland little series brief longer indigenous development romans direct impact highlands islands evidence actually landed outer later iron age inhabitants northern western probably historical record sparse hunter states relation king sixth century western isles inhabitants appear culture speech time likely regarded fairly distant presence island site stone extant symbol stone outer 6th century shows flower rod lunar crescent added later somewhat crude cross norse control viking raids began scottish shores end 8th century came norse control settlement ensuing decades especially following success battle western isles dominant figure mid 9th century time amassed substantial island realm variety alliances norse leaders nominally owed allegiance norwegian crown practice control fairly limited norse control scotland formally signed islands norway scottish acceptance iii king isles came norwegian king conquered swift campaign earlier year directed local norwegian leaders islands petty kingdoms capturing islands imposed direct royal control price recorded lewis fire played high heaven flame houses king dyed sword red blood thompson provides literal translation fire played trees mounted heaven far wide people driven flight fire houses kingdom isles rulers kings norway kingdom parts south isles encompassing situation lasted time outer remained norwegian control broke royal house following ill fated expedition norway outer yielded result treaty perth contribution islands found personal archaeological record norse period limited best known find time lewis date mid 12th century scots rule norse era drew close norse speaking princes gradually replaced speaking clan chiefs including lewis harris transition little relieve islands strife early 14th century isles based theory chiefs feudal superiors managed exert control growing threat posed scottish crown led dissolution isles king power subdue organised military immediate successors lacked ability provide alternative form governance attempts control outer little expeditions earl besieged captured castle cannon james conducted royal tour forcing clan chiefs accompany followed period peace soon clans king authorised gentleman initially successful colonists driven local forces commanded based forces colonists tried result attempt successful course time lewis held later pursued approach investing fishing particular historian moved write end seventeenth century picture lewis people pursuing peace plenty establishing orderly government island great deal rescue people ignorance found immersed sphere economics policy apparently little service community royalist led lewis garrisoned wars kingdoms troops destroyed old castle fought royalist battle new era involvement affairs wider world commence british era implementation new kingdom great_britain clan distant monarch strong considerable number came support earl response rising muted nonetheless aftermath decisive effectively ended hopes stuart restoration widely felt british government strategy clan chiefs turn descendants english speaking main concern revenues estates brought welfare lived brought peace islands following century came terrible price 19th century destroyed communities highlands islands human populations evicted replaced sheep farms example colonel gordon owner south evicted thousands cruelty offered sell government colony islands completely cleared populations today subject recalled bitterness resentment areas position exacerbated failure islands industry 18th century end napoleonic wars large scale emigration endemic example hundreds left north cape nova scotia pre clearance population island fallen remained new economic opportunities emerged export cattle commercial fishing tourism summer season 1860s 1870s thousand inhabitants lewis found mainland scotland employed fishing boats nonetheless emigration military service choice archipelago populations continued late 19th 20th centuries population north work passing act helped social unrest continued july grazing land raided men isles took legal action raiders visiting judge took view neglected duties landowner long indifference gone far drive continuous occupation notwithstanding islands abandoned process involved transition places perceived relatively self sufficient agricultural economies view held island residents outsiders alike lacked essential services modern industrial economy gradual economic improvements visible replacement traditional accommodation modern design creation highlands discovery substantial deposits north_sea oil establishment local authority islands recently sector contributed degree economic stability recent decades yard history significant employer oil industries local authority employs people making largest employer outer area plan economy economy modern commercial activities centre tourism fishing weaving including manufacture harris larger islands development support local economy striking contrast 19th 20th century domination thirds western isles population lives community owned estates economic position islands remains relatively western isles including defined highlands islands enterprise economically fragile area estimated trade deficit million overall area relatively reliant primary industries public sector fishing fish farming particular vulnerable environmental impacts changing market pressures european legislation optimism possibility future developments example energy generation tourism education declines 20th century population politics local government passing scotland act lewis formed county ross rest archipelago including harris outer council area rest scotland similar councils established islands formed council areas cover country council officially known terms names scotland act council base lewis known locally simply councils scotland majority elected members independent run run coalition constituency covering area seat held angus scottish parliament constituency area incumbent scottish independence referendum led debate constitutional position linked similar initiatives language outer historically strong scottish speaking area census reported parishes speaking including areas high population density education scotland act led generations forbidden speak native language classroom recognised having dealt major blow language people living recall beaten speaking school nonetheless areas speaking exception south census island overall speaking south harris north lewis speakers total speakers outer strongly coherent speaking area scotland areas speaking areas highest density near harris whilst areas lowest density speakers scotland act enacted provide continuing support language overall percentage speakers outer fallen transport scheduled ferry services operate following routes harris north lewis summer ferries operate islands services available onward journeys stations direct services glasgow parliamentary approval notwithstanding plans 1890s lay railway connection unable obtain sufficient funding scheduled flights airports inter island mainland airport world scheduled flights landing beach high water sea flight times vary tide bus services operated bus based numerous operators run bulk services archipelago exposed wind tide sited aid navigation locations south north numerous sites wrecked ships isles location enduring mystery occurred december lighthouse keepers vanished trace immigrant ship liverpool bound montreal canada struck rocks storm tuesday september minutes ship began founder break casting people raging sea spite conditions tried rescue passengers crew remains men women children buried dunes beach small monument marks site tiny east coast lewis site sinking hours worst maritime disasters united_kingdom waters 20th century sound provided inspiration novel politician ran aground cargo single religion culture sport christianity deep roots owing mainly different clans past people northern islands north historically predominantly presbyterian southern islands south predominantly roman catholic time census population identified affiliated roman catholic christian churches group belong known strict stated religion western isles scottish council area smallest percentage population small congregations lewis harris outer diocese isles catholic traditions music popular islands lewis plays active role promoting genre began aim developing practice study language literature music drama culture islands week festival inspired scotland founded lewis harris society outdoor activities including rugby football golf fishing riding athletics multi sports popular adventure race run daily stages takes place length islands includes hill road running road mountain short sea demanding sea sections main sports centres swimming pool sports centre western isles member south home golf course oldest links outer designed old use 1930s existence largely forgotten restored morris original design know going british drama romance film set outer depicting local lifestyles speech
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Outer Hebrides
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Geography and places
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Geography
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Islands
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12647_MerseaIsland
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island island south east comes word meaning island pool island split main areas connected mainland causeway floods high tide island inhabited pre roman times holiday destination occupants fishing key industry island particularly tourism makes significant island economy west thought existed 7th century dates 12th 13th centuries island popular 16th 19th century focal point troops world wars number observation posts found island tourism remains popular number beach holiday parks island week long festival boat racing takes place summer geography island lies miles south east miles east county town easterly inhabited island united_kingdom tidal islands accessed foot road british mainland situated estuary area rivers area square miles km2 formed north west connect smaller lies adjacent north area immediately surrounding island consists important sanctuary migratory birds island sits mix boulder clay sand gravel internally island split west main inhabited area containing marina predominantly farmland includes east small hamlet hill north land immediately facing known flats beach low tide seen west divided areas southwest west serves fishing industries contains number listed buildings centre contains church peter paul beach south derived word meaning island pool mentioned book derived meaning land economy main industries farming fishing leisure boating industry harvested island roman times shipped worldwide extensive history association trade attracts significant number tourists year today trade predominantly pacific introduced area essex fishery opened mayor september company shed restaurant west island serves fresh order praised quality small shops ice cream businesses serve tourism sited world war near beach camping sites island help contribute island economy summer months largest residents history evidence pre roman settlement form red hills remains celtic salt workings large british round near contained remains cremated adult glass lead local large mosaic floor found underneath west discovered evidence roman remains church west believed holiday destination romans staying evidence shown number fish traps exist island date 7th century established large fish southwest island built church west damaged norse raiders rebuilt west tower added church 11th century south aisle 15th continued end 18th century causeway built oak piles discovered dated land granted abbey france survived dissolution monasteries dates 12th 13th century extensions late 15th 16th church hall surrounded moat thought remains danish refuge defeat king alfred english civil war built aim blockading river ruins remain known legally protected english_heritage scheduled monument fishing grew importance island time numerous fish installed 16th 17th centuries dutch french settlers arrived island locals supplemented income trade smuggling remained popular mid-19th century favoured rose immediately north store pond alongside inn early 19th century increased demand despite limited supply channel led traders places pass native island end 19th century land island partially reclaimed allowing easier access police officer island appointed school opened reverend author onward christian soldiers novel set rector east world war soldiers came lost lives troops stationed island war crash landed nearby great northwest island survivors stationed moving prisoner war camps obtained grant set world war exhibition ivy farm features information soldiers took war west self governing urban district allowed set self contained water sewer system unlike coastal resorts island immediately develop facilities aside beach stretch outbreak world war island line invasion heavily fortified coastal resorts island drew london war progressed moved safer settlements inland troops stationed island guard invasion battery inch guns installed beach battery observation post number installations survived seen south coast island converted cafe war island suffered severe winter weather destroyed fishery flooding numerous beach swept sea service launched following initiative approached capability station operates atlantic class 1960s population increased considerably population west rising suffered increased popularity abroad compared nearby resorts predominantly isolated rural atmosphere continued popularity sailing thousand locals signed petition proposed opening store island expressing concern trade away local businesses june queen celebrations island declared mock independence day travelling island paid passport proceeds went war veteran charity help heroes education foundation primary school pupils aged school additional nursery children aged school built additional classrooms added secondary schools island nearest thomas lord school school transport main access island causeway known carrying road road covered high tides especially spring tides north_sea flood submerged feet water cutting access mainland west complained lack adequate signage people rescued high tide hours provides live view access corresponding website lists upcoming high tides likelihood road railway railway boom mid 19th century goods transported boat barge local businessmen proposed railway island ended pier south additional station plans abandoned world war regular bus service links west east foot ferry runs point clear estuary including scheduled service summer demand service spring autumn culture island setting works spent childhood holidays island included novel published plot disguised suffolk novel set week week long august festival boat racing organised west yacht club established week starting monday races boat classes estuary large celebrated event round island race attempt sail round island direction helped volunteers saturday followed selection water sports display dusk popular events saturday walking pole rigged hosting thames sailing barge takes place combines food theatre showing meals particularly local live music storytelling island home compete essex youth football team
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Mersea Island
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Geography and places
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Geography
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Islands
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12933_WehIsland
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local population commonly referred largest city small active volcanic island northwest sumatra minutes fast regular ship hours ferry mainland originally connected mainland separated sea volcano eruption pleistocene era island situated largest city island northernmost outpost indonesia island known ecosystem indonesian government declared square kilometres inland sea island wildlife protection area rare shark species found shore island habitat threatened coral reef areas island known large variety fish species geography located groups islands scattered line sumatra north burma plate lies active moving small plate complex geological fault system volcanic arc islands created length sea movement island lies kilometres northernmost tip sumatra island small km2 mountainous highest peak volcano metres high known eruption estimated occurred pleistocene age result mountain partially collapsed filled sea forming separate island depth metres close city underwater emerge kind tree hour port west underwater suitable diving called point volcanic cone found jungle fields island metres southeast summit kilometres kilometres northwest summit western shore bay surrounding known diving tourism coral reefs traveling saudi_arabia possible sea place indonesian muslims pilgrimage season inhabitants census reported inhabitants large majority population remaining chinese unknown island inhabited islam main religion special province law applied exclusively province christians island chinese december massive scale earthquake struck earthquake triggered series killed people indonesia effect island relatively small unknown inhabitants killed event economy economy dominated agriculture main products small scale fisheries operate area fishermen explosives fishing extensively wildlife protection area declared indonesian government includes square kilometres inland square kilometres surrounding sea main cities ferry port serves hub island mainland sumatra important late nineteenth century city entry busy shipping route suez_canal opened indonesian archipelago reached africa suez_canal route indonesia shorter natural harbour relatively deep sheltered water dutch_east_indies government decided open opened ships dock associate harbour intended coal station dutch navy later served merchant vessels transfer export goods northern sumatra year vessels pass indonesian government declared gain economic benefit establishing port hub international vessels passing deep water harbour port facilities developed served located currently serving airport nearest airport sultan airport located airport half hour drive close center ferries ferry harbour leaving known underwater diving hiking volcanic mountain beach resorts main attractions small village known location diving meters known coral reefs dive operators ecosystem conducted survey coral reef area according survey coral diversity relatively low fish species variation rich species found survey include march specimen rare unusual species shark shark washed ashore beach shark distinctive large mouth short snout broadly rounded dorsal view specimen said 21st 23rd sighting species discovery male shark measuring metres length weighing pounds frozen sent scientific study findings sharks pacific indian atlantic oceans earthquake affected island ecosystem large destroyed debris land deposited nearby reefs result save forest apart underwater ecosystem island habitat threatened species species known island heavy island survival species uncertain held september participants expected australia united_states england germany malaysia singapore thailand hong_kong tourism small island beaches visited day rental vehicles public transport black sandy beach half hour drive port small fee visitor enter beautiful scenery miles hour drive modest stalls accommodations dive resort busiest beach cheaper white sandy beach metres long considered paradise directly offshore
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Weh Island
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Geography and places
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Geography
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Islands
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16599_Lågskär
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swedish low small island archipelago finland belongs municipality situated kilometres south baltic sea main island measures hectares acres area rock sea cliffs rocky shores found coastline island breeding ground status frequented use lighthouse buildings stay ferry routes pass kilometres including ferry stockholm ferry ferry ferry past vessels sunk coast history earliest island linked wooden beacon existed island 1840s lighthouse constructed replace beacon inhabitants comprising families lighthouse keepers addition livestock fishing hunting wildlife families ran school children lighthouse society functioned time wooden lighthouse stone structure destroyed world war existing lighthouse built introduced rotating gas lighting device noted kind world lighthouse automated lighthouse keepers vacated island april german nassau class battleship ran aground heavy fog world war german vessel sprang leak sank crew survived evening october finnish submarine torpedoed sank soviet class submarine near geography island comprises mix rocky areas vegetation centre rock sea cliffs rocky shores found coastline small sandy beach north west near island particularly south rocky rocks including east identified island wetland middle basins measuring metres width situated separates basins nature wildlife area measuring hectares acres size islands area measuring hectares acres size recognized designation hectares acres overlaps site occasionally visited operate bird ringing station established use abandoned buildings stay island identified finnish magazine important breeding bird islands island key bird species breeding species recorded mute swan duck black water rail colonies white tailed eagle despite harsh conditions vegetation island fairly diverse following island grazing ban vegetation thick resulted breeding ground large reed bed small area fish species reported late 19th century small rock pool metres size continue flourish lengths varying centimetres found coastline study species recorded depths varying metres species reported include followed lesser number previous 1950s study
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Lågskär
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Geography and places
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Geography
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Islands
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16796_Lundy
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largest island lies miles coast distance channel gives british sea area islands england designated national character area england natural regions resident population people including volunteers include warden ranger island manager farmer bar house keeping staff live village south island visitors day holiday properties camp site staying visitors south island opinion poll radio_times readers named britain tenth greatest natural wonder entire island designated england statutory reserve marine conservation zone unique flora fauna managed behalf history believed come old norse word island old norse word island alternative explanation suggested referring wooded area evidence occupation period onward bronze age burial inscribed early medieval period early medieval monastery possibly dedicated beacon hill cemetery excavated cemetery contains inscribed stones dated 5th 6th century site originally enclosed bank ditch visible south west corner walls moved old light constructed celtic christian type common known welsh surviving examples cornwall wales devon thomas proposed stage sequence site usage area round fields fallen construction cemetery construction focal grave rectangular stone enclosure containing single grave interior enclosure filled small granite pieces graves located west enclosure date time years later focal grave opened removed body moved church time stages grave construction focal grave graves found excavation considering excavation uncovered small area cemetery graves inscribed stones celtic inscribed stones found cemetery latin male discovered latin female discovered latin male discovered male son discovered granted henry_ii major international maritime force time interests certainly important port probably increasing threat posed norse sea raiders unclear took possession island ownership disputed family island reign fined island cut necessary supplies evidence weak hold island came king john accession confirmed earlier grant family implicated murder messenger years later attempt kill man later confessed agent family fled lived virtual king built stronghold area known paradise feet thick walls sent troops island scaled island cliff captured subjects built castle referred castle attempt establish rule law island surrounding waters point 13th century monks order held island piracy centuries island hard govern trouble followed english foreign pirates including members family took control island short periods ships forced navigate close dangerous banks fast flowing tidal range feet greatest world island profitable location prey passing bristol bound merchant ships bringing valuable goods overseas occupied years north african invaders command dutch flew ottoman flag island captured europeans held sent slaves island plagued pirate ships french english spanish origin incursions eventually ended sir late island fell prey french civil war english civil war held king charles rebuilding island expense friend strong supporter royalist cause expert mining royalist territory held second civil wars receiving permission charles surrendered island february representing general island acquired lord 18th 19th centuries late 18th early 19th centuries years particularly ownership member parliament sheriff devon island housing supposed leased owner 1st heir family cornwall rent contracted government transport virginia diverted ship use personal slaves later involved insurance purchased ship loaded valuable cargo having cleared port mainland ship cargo removed stored cave built setting sail days bound vessel sighted set fire scuttled crew taken stricken ship ship landed safely sir 1st purchased island john cleveland today sir planted island small self contained irish colony constitution divorce laws stamps tenants came sir irish estate experienced agricultural difficulties island led sir seek island hands failing attempt sell island base troops 1st death son sir hunt 2nd great difficulty securing profit property 1820s agreed purchase island refused complete sale felt 2nd good title respect sale terms island free taxes purchased summer retreat shooting cost today claimed free island successfully resisted jurisdiction mainland consequence referred kingdom heaven belongs fact county devon buildings island today including designed architect originally known simply villa date heaven period georgian style villa built expense building road beach financial assistance provided despite regular use road following construction villa general cost running island effect family finances damaged reduced profits sugar plantations jamaica message bottle seamen washed ashore devon letter dated august read dear brother god prepare search bottle letter display devon england schooner reputed carrying ivory gold dust wrecked place called cove february ivory apparently recovered years later leather bags supposed contain gold dust found 20th 21st centuries succeeded son reverend hudson heaven thanks legacy née heaven able fulfill life ambition building stone church island completed stands today lasting memorial heaven period designated english_heritage grade listed building said able afford church new harbour choice church best financial interests island money establishing family financial coupled disastrous investment speculation early 20th century caused severe financial hudson heaven died succeeded nephew outbreak world war matters deteriorated seriously family sold family sold island mail contract proclaimed king issued coins denominations nominally equivalent british penny resulting prosecution united_kingdom act house_of_lords found guilty fined expenses coins withdrawn collectors items fantasy coin set gold issued commemorate years purchased island son awarded posthumous victoria_cross battle india memorial quarry died residents pay taxes united_kingdom pass customs travelled island ruled virtual owner claimed independent united_kingdom contrast later territorial following death son sale british millionaire purchased island today gave leased managed island income arranging day trips letting holiday cottages donations sculpture erected life sized sculptures land placed near centre compass points commission celebrate 50th anniversary scotland suffolk bay island visited day year september closed weeks owing outbreak wreck battleship naval history wreck royal_navy battleship steaming heavy fog ran hard aground near island southwest corner thinking aground point english mainland landing party went ashore help finding encountering lighthouse keeper island north light efforts royal_navy salvage badly damaged battleship summer failed decided sell scrap scrapped scene years diving clubs visit site armour plate live inch millimetre shells remain remains german bomber second world war german bombers crash landed island march crew survived taken prisoner second april pilot killed crew members taken prisoner second plane bombed british ship engine damaged anti aircraft fire forcing crash land remains found crash site reportedly avoid crew story reconnaissance mission geography island miles long north south little miles wide area acres highest point beacon hill feet sea level yards northeastern coast seal rock called seals rest inhabit yards wide near small pocket beach geology island primarily composed granite million years slate southern end plateau soil mainly cutting granite small number composed unique given term precisely defined fallen climate island lies borderline meet mild climate cool wet winters mild wet summers ecology flora endemic plant species species primitive 1980s eastern island spread specimens planted garden victorian times non native plant undertaken volunteers past years operation known island vegetation plateau mainly dry heath area heath northern end island rich species areas dry heath acidic grassland mosaic characterised western semi improved acidic grassland yorkshire fog abundant communities occur mainly western patches eastern fauna terrestrial invertebrates taxa endemic feeding endemic beetle species leaf beetle family var variety true family addition main host form species beetle wide variety species endemic island resident note british species spider birds number given island declined late 20th early 21st centuries breeding population estimated pairs consequence brown black rats eliminated possibly result commercial fishing sand principal prey breeding numbers slowly increasing adults seen taking fish isolated island major migration routes rich bird life popular site large numbers black legged nest cliffs herring lesser black backed meadow common robin smaller populations falcon raven attracted birds particular species north_america island bird list totals species included following species represents sole british record ancient eastern eastern records american robin common britain american robin occurred times britain second fourth records britain second eastern britain fourth black faced britain british birds sighted single records indicated little glossy records little records records white records wilson laughing great spotted black billed yellow billed records european roller olive backed alpine red flanked black records desert white records grey records records arctic records western lesser grey red eyed records barred yellow yellow records black headed records rose records baltimore records mammals home unusual range mammals introduced including distinct breed wild pony pony recently places black rat found regularly rest united_kingdom largely replaced brown rats occasional sightings port towns thames estuary island order protect nesting species island home include grey seal deer feral goats unusually rabbits island compared typical rabbit population devastated leaving pairs previous individuals sheep island shown vary according requirements distribution food risk predation marine habitat proposal establish marine reserve survey led supported team students provision establishment statutory marine nature reserves included november secretary state environment announced designation statutory reserve outstanding variety marine habitats wildlife large number rare unusual species waters including species branching sea fans cup statutory zone marine nature conservation set waters east island declared having successful ways including increasing size number reserve potential benefits marine wildlife zone received mixed reaction local fishermen january island britain marine conservation zone designated marine coastal access act designed help preserve important habitats species transport island ways depending time year summer months april october visitors carried vessel sails usually days week saturdays additional july august voyage takes average hours depending ports tides weather registered bremen germany sailing engine replaced winter months november march service island served scheduled helicopter service point helicopter operates flights noon field point far beacon grass runway yards available allowing access small aircraft piloted properly equipped experienced island point takes hours depending wind tides entrance free arriving scheduled transport visitors arriving non scheduled transport charged entrance fee currently additional charge light aircraft arriving non scheduled transport charged additional fee transporting island island general manager launched appeal raise save mile long beach road damaged heavy rain high seas road built half 19th century provide people goods safe access island metres fund raising completed march foundations lighthouse laid lighthouse known old light built obtained year lease foot granite tower summit designed built cost site beacon hill feet sea level highest base lighthouse britain light obscured fog counter problem built lighthouse lights lower fixed white light upper quick flashing white light showing seconds quick revolution gave impression fixed light flashes contributed grounding emma bound martinique board drowned including year old niece divorced wife owing ongoing complaints difficulty sighting light fog lighthouse abandoned built old light associated keepers houses kept open current north built island replace old lighthouse painted white run maintained north lighthouse feet tall slightly taller south focal plane produces quick white flash seconds originally lit petroleum oil lifted small transported small railway powered remains seen abandoned lighthouse uses discharge fed island main supply northern light converted solar power light mounted old fog horn building tower south lighthouse focal length feet quick white flash seconds seen small white dot point miles south east automated converted solar power old lens use electricity supply small power station comprising series diesel engines offering phase supply island buildings waste heat engine jackets district heating pipe plans collect waste heat engine exhaust heat gases feed district heat network improve efficiency power normally switched staying island holiday properties sleeping people include lighthouse castle victorian mansion buildings constructed island granite island south island field shop hot cold running water showers toilets adjacent building island popular rock having longest continuous slab climb devil slide administration island area district english county devon forms ward constituency member parliament constituency stamps owing decline population lack interest mail contract ended presence end years handled mail island charge november decided offset expense issuing postage stamps pink blue equivalent english penny printing stamps continues day available face value stick stamps envelope allows use envelope placed left right reserved postage stamp stamps stamps cancelled circular face value stamps covers cost postage letters island mainland onward delivery final destination world gets bulk rate letters stamps type postage stamp known local carriage labels local stamps issues increasing value years including air mail featuring variety people highly sought collectors market value early issues risen substantially years thousands annual visitors stamps collection british local posts collectors stamps included catalogue british local stamps later specialist include stamps published catalogue published specialised guide island stamps published 11th edition guide considered gold standard owing extensive approach varieties errors specialised items fantasy issues comprehensive collection stamps collection donated held home includes artwork texts essays devices issued stamps popular culture ship named tons captured sunk january german navy flying norwegian flag island prominently featured juvenile gothic mystery secret underground room plot highlights geographical historical points interest including family book published features novel pseudonym
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Lundy
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Geography and places
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Geography
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Islands
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16993_Mingulay
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scottish pronounced second largest outer scotland located miles south known important populations including black legged nest sea cliffs highest british isles iron age remains culture island influenced early christianity 15th 19th centuries lands subsequently suffered hands thousand years continuous island abandoned speaking residents remained longer grazing sheep island associated boat song composed following abandonment scotland owned geology soils pleistocene era covered ice sheets spread scotland atlantic_ocean outer retreat ice years ago sea levels lower present circa joined single large island comprising outer steadily rising sea levels time isolated island interspersed granite ice deposited erratic blocks rock boulder clay eastern island rest island covered thin acidic soils bare rock geography pre history small archipelago known bishop isles composed cluster islands surrounded sea making passage island matter considerable hazard form southern end larger group large beach eastern isle settlement note village located tiny cove old norse ship valley scots bay steep western deep sea cliffs thought highest rise sea level boasts large sea old norse mound mound natural arch cliffs boats sail rare days restless sea calm outlying including twin rocks south west south nearby island big little smaller stack called north highest hills old norse hill named relief ship sent sent discover communications island ceased called sent ashore returned report residents died disease fearing plague refused allow board survived year climbed hill day look rescue island settled granted land south western features remains iron age fort pre historic site near western landing place southern end bay stone circle year old found resting sand near village overlooking bay stone hammer discovered nearby possible date find contain remains historic times heavily influenced celtic norse scots culture evident variety names isle possesses derived misleading second largest isles lower lying appears smaller sea variants speakers turn variously described island pronunciation finally settling current variant murray states appropriately means history culture christianity clan little doubt early christianity influenced example nearby islands cross inscribed direct evidence found circa onwards viking raids outer gathered pace similarly viking graves found replicated whilst definite indications norse settlement presence island confirmed features named 12th century onwards norse power weakened reverted scots control lords isles emerged dominant local power adopted cliffs traditional crest war cry based fishing white fish herring pasture land sheep cattle pigs kept dependent bounty provided example rent chicks reformation reached south outer roman catholicism held sway 12th century early 20th lack resident priest meant services organised lay community local culture traditions songs story telling rich varied observed failure reach far 18th century journey favourable ceremony ignorant nations ceremony tradition extended savage parts scotland chief ministers abolish stated continued remembrance religion local beliefs welcome practitioners organised religion thought live near summit hill associated music taken granted generally avoided powers seventh son seventh son assumed sufficient treatment diseases tuberculosis old ways dying estates including isles sold colonel lack consideration tenants potato matched zeal create sheep farms effect increasing population families evicted chose settle ships nova scotia regard probably advantage actually reduced inherited estate visited year period tenure population island later census records residents occupying houses compared total families large children uncommon generations sharing single small house life operative fishing cutting landing boats communal activities island remote means cut 19th century fishermen sold fish glasgow ireland men women worked east coast herring fishing industry food brought mainland scotland regular basis height village life mill chapel house consisting church priest residence school despite continuous population thousand years evacuations began island completely abandoned residents evacuation numerous reasons evacuation boat neighbouring island lost crew half male population encourage confidence fishermen lack sheltered landing meant island weeks time loading unloading goods best worst hazardous meant time possessions fewer doubt population increasingly aware relative isolation writing collapse similar populations neat suggests common thread appear historically aware communities continue existence based endless physical opportunity easier taken tells story men left visiting intended new_york said work returned united_states months later great surprise met friend explained unable return met adverse sea conditions similar difficulties experienced visiting priests doctors bound constant source concern weather huge wave washed taking sheep summit metres sea level speculate quiet failure populations small islands like husband available natural resources certainly population began exceed carrying capacity land installed assist landings south end bay design flawed failure disappointment july grazing land raided isles including families followed raiders led took legal action visiting judge took view neglected duties landowner long indifference gone far drive sheltered metres construction causeway wrote better thousand times die hardships lot november families consisting individuals sheltered beach plight raiders raised westminster despite considerable public sympathy eventually sentenced months prison shortly purchased entire island aim providing new summer families living families remained planned leave dozen fishermen families living summer island finally abandoned wished stay population reduced viable number lack school closed april factor doubt parish priest encouraged claimed like travelling church receive collection box visits bears similarities island evacuated referred near distance long island 19th century visitor commented primitive especially regards houses suggesting lack permanent landing greater import sheer distance present day island evacuated purchased sold experience sheep farmer australia montana russell clearly man liked company choosing live island autumn winter pet cats joined spring summer seven years sold farmer essex visited rarely let local farmers attempted sell island success local syndicate called head isles completed purchase advent motor boats islands considerably easier company ownership continued years acquired provide area natural beauty memory parents courage late brother bernard buildings survive island chapel house recently lost roof wall flora fauna large population important breeding ground pairs european population pairs black legged pairs individuals pairs pairs storm common arctic species nest sea cliffs stack late 18th century driven away recorded sheep island rough population rabbits introduced evacuation grey seals abundant numbers having grown substantially departure human residents breed use beach winter flora island typical outer heather moss grass single tree metre high cliff overlooking sea holly rare grown late nineteenth century sea normally found sea level able grow high cliff tops ocean spray spring summer wild flowers deserted village nearby site special scientific interest visiting island attracts regular visits recent years popular rock scotland operates licensed information available tourist office occasional anchorage sheltered westerly winds landing beach difficult regular heavy swell approaching old landing place easier landing place boat song haunting boat song composed founder recorded francis family written style work songs tune invites listener imagine island singing time pulling chorus heel boys let boys bring head round heel boys let boys sailing care white care wind weather let boys inch wearing chorus wives waiting bank boys looking heather pull round boys anchor sun sets chorus recorded numerous artists including lyrics variously interpreted example hall version female vocalist rendering stanza waiting harbour waiting break day waiting harbour sun sets fame song means things popularly associated island evocative island life sung residents having composed long evacuation songs composed residents island survive include song isle written abandonment island trip written father known locally spain having attended possibly period lived songs oral tradition relating discussed literature local tradition french gold intended support rebellion hidden sea cave west coast story forms basis novel children isolated human colony book engines light series science fiction novels partly set
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Mingulay
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Geography and places
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Geography
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Islands
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17576_FlannanIsles
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isles isles scottish pronounced alternatively seven hunters small island group outer scotland approximately kilometres west seventh century irish preacher abbot islands devoid permanent residents isles lighthouse location enduring mystery occurred december lighthouse keepers vanished trace geography islands split groups main cluster rocks lie northeast include principal islands big isle approximately hectares acres extent south lie eastward isle main western isle natural rock arch sad sunk rock total land area amounts approximately hectares acres highest point metres sea level geology consists dark prehistoric times area covered ice sheets spread scotland atlantic_ocean retreat ice circa years sea levels metres lower present likely existing islands larger land mass separated outer miles open water steadily rising sea levels reduced land remaining sea level present extent possible landing places visiting east west hazardous given regular heavy swells history implies hosts ruined stone shelter home lighthouse ruined chapel dedicated lighthouse keepers referred dog small size ruined described collectively entirely clear chapel honours likely seventh century abbot county alternatively half brother eighth century gave nearby island certain son abbot called died loaned isolated isles archipelago known seven hunters middle ages called seven holy isles lists number unusual customs associated regular removing hat making turn reaching plateau possible saint lived unlikely permanent residents islands fell decline result ninth century viking invasions construction lighthouse occupation shortly dawn twentieth century built near highest point keepers disappeared trace causing public attention speculation lighthouse longer occupied automated wildlife isles provide nesting population including atlantic northern european storm common black legged late middle ages regularly raided nests eggs birds feathers population rabbits brought islands lighthouse keepers sheep fertile islands pilot species commonly observed vicinity islands december fiction isles particular feature prominently location murder central plot coffin road novel peter feature epic novel silver
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Flannan Isles
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Geography and places
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Geography
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Islands
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17836_Shetland
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called archipelago scotland lies northeast island great_britain forms united_kingdom islands lie northeast southeast form division atlantic_ocean west north_sea east total area km2 population totalled comprising constituency council areas scotland islands administrative centre capital taking largest island known simply mainland area km2 making largest scottish island fifth largest british isles additional inhabited islands archipelago oceanic climate complex geology rugged coastline low rolling hills humans lived period earliest written references islands date roman times early historic period dominated scandinavian influences especially norway islands scotland 15th century scotland trade northern europe decreased fishing continued important aspect economy present day discovery north_sea oil 1970s significantly boosted employment public sector revenues local way life reflects joint norse scottish heritage including fire festival strong musical tradition especially traditional style islands produced variety writers prose poetry numerous areas set aside protect local fauna flora including number important nesting sites pony known animal breeds distinguished local breeds include sheep cow duck pig extinct approximately islands motto appears council coat arms land phrase taken danish basic law mentioned saga means law shall land built etymology derived old norse words land land roman authors elder referred seven islands respectively assumed possible early written reference islands report describing discovery conquest roman fleet seen early irish literature referred isles cats pre norse inhabitants islands cat tribe occupied parts northern scottish mainland found meaning cats oldest version modern form recorded letter count intermediate possible cat sound forms norse 16th century gradually replaced scots initial letter middle scots letter pronunciation identical original sound use letter discontinued replaced similar looking letter form describe county council source individual islands norse names obscure represent pre norse possibly pre celtic names elements geography geology kilometres north mainland scotland covers area square kilometres coastline kilometres long capital largest settlement population half archipelago total population people live kilometres town west coast capital population islands inhabited main island group known mainland largest lie north lie east east smaller islands west mainland inhabited islands west walls fair isle kilometres south west east islands include known finest preserved example scotland iron age round towers isle connected mainland largest active stack northernmost point british isles location means provides number records northerly castle united_kingdom northerly settlement geology complex numerous faults fold axes islands northern outpost rocks histories similar scottish mainland deposits granite distinctive features remnants floor economy depends oil bearing sediments surrounding seas geological evidence shows caused hit rest east coast scotland created wave metres high modern populations highest highest point reaches metres pleistocene entirely covered islands period glacial erratic came rest prominent unusually number locations south west mainland including climate oceanic temperate maritime climate bordering variety long cool winters short mild summers climate year round moderate influence surrounding seas average peak temperatures march july august temperatures rare highest temperature record july frost free period little months contrast inland areas nearby scandinavia similar latitudes experience significantly larger temperature differences summer winter average highs regular july days comparable time record heat demonstrating effect atlantic_ocean contrast winters considerably expected nearby continental areas comparable winter temperatures parts england wales south general character climate cloudy rain falling days year average yearly precipitation november december months snowfall usually confined period november february snow seldom lies ground day rain falls april august month receives fog common summer cooling effect sea mild southerly islands latitude clear winter nights northern lights seen sky summer perpetual daylight state affairs known locally dim annual bright sunshine averages hours overcast days common practice dating early building stone virtually islands extremely rich physical remains prehistoric eras archaeological sites told site south coast mainland dated provided evidence human activity site provides dates early activity finds walls dated knives stone tools date period pottery found important site indicate activity main settlement dates includes cluster later site provided evidence phases right viking times heel shaped style unique particularly large example numerous erected addition significant ruins old origin purpose matter controversy later iron age inhabitants northern isles probably historical record sparse hunter states relation king sixth century western isles inhabitants appear culture speech time likely regarded fairly distant presence collective site iron age including old joined tentative list history scandinavian expanding population scandinavia led shortage available resources land led period viking expansion norse gradually shifting attention invasion late 8th 9th centuries fate existing indigenous population uncertain identical proportions scandinavian genetic ancestry suggesting islands settled men women equal measure islands headquarters pirate expeditions carried norway coasts mainland scotland response norwegian king fair hair annexed comprising received death son battle scotland passed brother mighty islands late 10th century king summoned stout visit said order subjects baptised refuse killed spot swear island fire steel agreed islands christian stroke unusually onwards norse owed allegiance norway scottish crown holdings earl rebellion broke king norway island sailed norway beaten near bergen victory king placed direct norwegian rule state affairs continued nearly centuries increased scottish interest century onwards scottish monarchs increasingly sought control islands surrounding mainland process begun earnest continued successor strategy eventually led invasion king norway fleet assembled sound sailing scotland stalemate battle retreated died december entertained death bed death halted norwegian expansion scotland following ill fated expedition yielded result treaty perth scots recognised continuing norwegian sovereignty scotland 14th century remained norwegian province scottish influence growing murdered line norse scots houses angus death norway formed political union denmark interest royal house islands declined pledged christian capacity king norway security payment daughter margaret scotland money paid connection crown scotland perpetual 1st earl ceded title following year northern isles directly annexed crown scotland process confirmed parliament nonetheless connection norway proven enduring early 15th century sold goods german buy fish wool butter import salt cloth beer goods late 16th century early 17th century dominated influence earl granted islands half sister scots son patrick commenced building castle imprisonment crown annexed charles granted 7th earl rights held sold 14th earl early british rule trade north german towns lasted act union high salt duties prohibited german merchants trading went economic depression scottish local traders skilled trading fish local merchant took german merchants left fitted ships export fish continent independent farmers negative consequences fish merchant smallpox afflicted islands 17th 18th centuries common population increased maximum british rule came price ordinary people traders nautical skills sought royal_navy served napoleonic wars press gangs period men taken returned home late 19th century owned people emigrated passing act liberal prime minister rule act enabled effectively landowners owner small farms time fishermen holland traditionally gathered year coast fish herring triggered industry islands 1920s stocks fish began production peaked million barrels seven thousand exported 20th century world war served gordon served special local naval reserve 10th stationed single year march ships sailed escorted convoy system total lost men higher proportion britain waves emigration 1920s 1930s world war norwegian naval unit nicknamed bus established autumn base later conduct operations coast norway fishing vessels norwegian refugees gathered bus conducted covert operations carrying intelligence agents refugees instructors resistance military supplies trips sea highly decorated allied naval officer war making raf bases established suffered enemy air attacks oil reserves discovered later 20th century seas east west provided needed alternative source income islands europe largest oil fields result oil revenue cultural links norway small independence movement developed briefly recast constitutional position saw model closest neighbour autonomous denmark economy today main revenue producers agriculture fishing energy petroleum industry crude oil natural gas production creative industries tourism fishing remains central islands economy today total catch tonnes long tons short tons valued million makes half catch weight value significant landings herring farming concerned raising sheep known unusually fine wool crops raised include cold islands harsh environment plants farming small plots land legally restricted basis practised viewed key tradition important source income oil gas landed subsequently largest europe taxes oil increased public sector spending social welfare art sport environmental measures financial development quarters islands workforce employed service sector accounted output access oil revenues funded turn funds wide variety local programmes balance fund million head january signed partnership agreement scottish southern energy turbine wind farm cable energy project produce contribute million economy year plan meeting significant opposition islands primarily resulting anticipated visual impact development pure project research centre uses combination wind power fuel cells create wind hydrogen system project run local community development trust important economy culture fair isle design known industry faces challenges word manufacturers operating certification trademark lady registered served weekly local newspaper online radio service provided commercial radio station popular destination cruise ships lonely planet guide named sixth best region world tourists seeking destinations islands described beautiful rewarding fiercely independent self reliant bunch overall visitor expenditure worth million year cruise liner passengers arrived harbour popular visitor attractions reserve transport transport islands primarily ferry operates inter island services served domestic connection mainland scotland service takes hours operated services increases journey time hours plans road tunnels islands hard convince mainland government finance airport main airport located close south operates flights parts scotland times day destinations glasgow edinburgh located west operated partnership devoted inter island flights inhabited islands airport near allows frequent charter flights transport workers small terminal fifth largest number international passengers scotland public bus services operated mainland archipelago exposed wind tide numerous sites wrecked ships sited aid navigation locations public services local government authority islands based town hall sub divided community council areas civil parishes statistical purposes education high schools anderson junior high schools primary schools home associated islands sport islands represented football team regularly compete islands senior football league churches religion reformation reached archipelago apparently peaceful transition little evidence religious recorded history variety religious denominations represented islands relatively high membership district rest scotland comprising separate district includes catholic population served church sacred heart parish diocese regular worship church chapel christ maintained northerly remote anglican religious order congregation print works offices local newspaper converted chapel politics represented house_of_commons constituency member parliament current incumbent seat held liberal democrats predecessors longer represent constituency member past post system current scottish liberal democrats highlands islands electoral region political composition council councils scotland majority elected members representing political party founded local chapter designed flag cooperation mark anniversary transfer islands norway scotland colours identical flag scotland shaped cross unsuccessful attempts including lord king arms approved official flag local culture arts islands transferred scotland thousands scots families emigrated 16th 17th centuries studies genetic makeup islands population indicate half scandinavian origin component scandinavian ancestry reported combination reflected aspects local life example place use traced language form continued spoken 18th century replaced dialect scots known turn replaced spoken hundreds years extinct written sources remain local radio dialect writing kept alive variety fire festivals held annually middle winter started tuesday january festival years old present highly organised form originally festival held break long nights winter mark end festival celebrating isles heritage includes procession men dressed burning replica cuisine based locally produced lamb beef organic inevitably real producing northerly britain black variety blue potato dark skin coloured flesh markings competes international island games hosted music culture landscapes inspired variety musicians writers film makers formed 1950s promote traditional style vibrant local culture today notable folk music include bid late country musician released commercial recording life work popular years death writers novel pirate set remote inspired visit islands meaning earl mansion doctor born published work descriptive historical graduation thesis inhabitants islands description country scots poet writer lived mid-1930s wrote poems including number directly address reflect environment inspired visit novel largely set book poetry choreographer offers british asian perspective landscape quartet previously lived series crime novels set islands novel basis bbc crime drama television series grew walls arguably finest poet 20th century historian poet novelist socialist best known poets recent times 20th 21st century poets include grew late late monthly magazines production quarterly new founded said scotland longest running literary magazine later 20th century major vehicle work local writers including early work films edge world based true story evacuation inhabitants remote island august lies atlantic_ocean kilometres west outer unable permission film film months summer film events years later documentary return edge world filmed capturing reunion cast crew film revisited island number films including life devil gate nice north comedy documentary annual film festival takes place newly built cinema music education venue wildlife national nature reserves colonies keen preserve flora cover land surfaces mainland separate sites flora landscape marked grazing sheep harsh conditions limited total number plant species native trees crab apple found isolated places cliffs islands flora dominated arctic alpine plants wild flowers moss spring horn scots sea abundant especially sheltered places mouse ear endemic flowering plant found recorded botanist reported sites nineteenth century currently grows hills island nationally scarce found islands recorded fauna numerous colonies birds found islands include atlantic storm red northern great locally called numerous recorded including black snow single pair snowy bred subspecies endemic populations birds golden geographical isolation recent glacial history resulted depleted fauna brown rat house mouse species present islands field mouse archipelago fourth endemic subspecies varieties variants archaeological evidence suggests species present possible introduced population existed bronze age animals variety indigenous breeds pony probably best known important farming tradition written record pony size strongest horse breeds endangered cattle sheep believed originated prior breed semi pig habit attacking extinct lists list counties islands law battle timeline prehistoric status western isles
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Shetland
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Geography and places
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Geography
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Islands
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18045_DucieIsland
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lies kilometres east kilometres east total area square miles km2 includes miles long measured northeast southwest mile wide island composed westward edwards despite sparse vegetation known breeding ground number bird species world population murphy nests pairs red tailed fairy world population species discovered named rediscovered captain sent capture named island honour 3rd baron claimed united_states united_kingdom annexed december distance rarely visited today history island discovered spanish expedition led portuguese sailor january expedition began peru supported pope viii spain given command san fleet nicknamed reyes wise men objective expedition soldiers provisions establish colony eighteen discoveries trip named island roughly moon set day sighted islands named incarnation unclear henderson island confusion later compounded chart produced admiral marked island rediscovered named island march captain hms britain arrest bounty edwards named honour 3rd baron served earlier career turned northwards change course edwards sight islands group maintained course eventually reached found bounty crew essex whale attacked sunk november mistakenly believed reached month sea fact reached captain surrey searching survivors essex recorded landing arrived hms november wrote comprehensive description island expedition land members crew sailed small boats based survey admiralty chart island published nearly years available map island june mail ship ran aground island returning san_francisco peru unloading cargo way new orders calculated route passing miles east george left mate command half hour later mate saw white line disregarded assumption water later realising land avoid running aground failed look saying thought white land cloud crew unsuccessful attempts float ship master sailed ship boats assisted local inhabitants returned aboard american boat rescue rest crew incident later investigated court liverpool ultimate cause wreck left possible causes included calculation error master unknown current carried ship island court declared master guilty wrongdoing stone marker memorial inscription located landing point unveiled commemorate recovery anchor wreck lies offshore memorial stone metres water proposed island science later recommended major expeditions came island record include southeast oceania expedition recent expeditions include new expedition year sir produced sharks including rarely approached cruise ships landings year addition visits known dump island nearby waters sovereignty captain discovered considered british possession claimed united_states established territory deposits claimed possession long country despite claims territories based documents united_states united_kingdom recognised sovereignty claimed considered mere discovery island sufficient claim sovereignty formal act possession considered proper procedure claim rights territory ultimately united_states assert sovereignty claimed territories pacific order council island governed high commissioner fiji december commissioned captain group visited nearby islands annexed united_kingdom annexed procedure placed authority western pacific high commissioner stated dispatch assured islands considered frequently visited past claim contested grounds distance lack suitable boat navigate distance casting doubt visited august captain commander reaffirmed british sovereignty placing boards proclaiming island property king george islands thought valuable potential seaplane bases ceased effect british governor fiji appointed governor separate british colony new constitution enacted february establishing rest islands ruled governor designated british monarch presently july elizabeth_ii governor duty enforce provisions constitution geography lies miles east claimed southernmost world degrees south latitude degrees south latitude assertion behalf doubtful land area acres km2 maximum elevation occurring westward feet located miles west edge formed approximately million years ago formed later caused leak generated leak spread fracture zone formed movement henderson speculated southern consists westward edwards accessed foot low tide named visited expedition north east rim larger combined measuring acres long thin largely forested composed ridges coral rubble named ship wrecked south second largest composed sand coral rubble borders named lies immediately east characteristics named captain west smallest appears sandy distance soil composed coral rubble dead shells highest point rises feet average sea level named westward ship carried members expedition central accessible boat way channel yards wide located southwest maximum depth feet consists sand coral common caused tunnels drain water ocean flora vegetation sparse lack fresh water species plant currently known grow smallest island edwards forested recorded specimens found expedition expedition whitney south sea expedition grass found disappeared storm waves island time expedition dominates vegetation additionally number species algae including fauna populated species birds fish reptiles sparse living coral found dominant species family coral dead presumed killed cold water birds terrestrial birds found known breed birds recorded nesting include red billed red tailed fairy great masked red number species including blue brown lesser white recorded members family murphy christmas island particularly important murphy world population breeds pairs christmas world total population found island red tailed fairy breed world population species phoenix previously inhabited apparently disappeared whitney expedition scientific expedition island identified important bird area principally colonies murphy herald christmas fish fish species inhabit southeastern oceania indian_ocean noted poisonous fishes dangerous sharks yellow edged known cause poisoning inhabited sharks reef shark shark dangerous humans seldom aggressive provoked species found exclusively species henderson species unnamed species genus unnamed species genus sand lance terrestrial inhabit island include white photographed expedition reported journal expedition species uncertain thought possibly oceanic mourning scientific expedition found specimens mourning white known inhabit rat successful programme aid conservation bird species threatened increasing rat population green sea turtles feed seen breed
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Ducie Island
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Geography and places
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Geography
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Islands
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19771_Islay
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eye pronounced southernmost island scotland known queen lies south west kilometres north irish coast island capital distinctive round located main port fifth largest scottish island seventh largest island surrounding great_britain total area square kilometres ample evidence prehistoric settlement written reference come 1st century island early middle ages absorbed norse kingdom isles later medieval period marked cultural high point transfer emergence clan isles originally centred 17th century star waned improvements agriculture transport led rising population peaked mid-19th century followed substantial forced declining resident numbers today inhabitants main commercial activities agriculture tourism island long history religious spoken quarter population landscapes celebrated art forms growing interest energy home bird species populations greenland white fronted popular destination year climate mild geography kilometres long north south kilometres broad east coast rugged mountainous rising highest peak feet western separated main bulk island waters south north fertile southwestern arm called conspicuous northwest coast south coast sheltered prevailing winds result relatively wooded coast numerous bays sea including bay far southwest rocky largely peninsula called closest point ireland island population mainly centred villages port ellen smaller villages include rest island sparsely populated mainly agricultural small freshwater interior including numerous burns island bear river despite small size significant sea north end draining enters head numerous small islands coasts largest nave island northwest coast south coast geology underlying geology intricate small area deformed rock complex dominated coarse cut large deformed thought complex lies beneath rocks forms bedrock northern end rich marine sandstone unique scotland nearly metres thick south strip limestone cuts centre island south band continuation beds zones dominated fold known south shattered coastline formed older group west centre island rich origin formed branch great fault called fault main line passes north separates limestone rocks result occasional minor earth bed near provides evidence ice age pre comparatively recent times island ice covered pleistocene save edge ice sheet complex changes sea level melting ice caps left series raised beaches coast late low lying land rest island flooded creating islands climate influence keeps climate mild compared mainland scotland snow rarely seen sea level light short lived wind speeds average kilometres hour annually winter sweep atlantic kilometres hour mph travelling living island winter difficult ferry air links mainland suffer delays months april july september result busiest times tourism sunshine hours typically highest coasts especially west etymology probably recorded use suggesting tribal seventh century referred island occurs early irish records old norse root unknown origin seventeenth century maps spelling appears form poetic language known usually translated queen green isle native called pronounced pre norse names total place names island mixture norse later english influences norse ask meaning ash tree bay common norse meaning farm names versions height saint common villages developed 18th 19th centuries english stronger influence names result port charlotte example named daughter island owner earliest settlers nomadic hunter arrived period retreat pleistocene ice caps flint found field near dates earliest evidence human presence found far scotland stone culture found port near foraging pigs probably came summer camp hunters travelling round coast boats finds dated dating shells debris kitchen settlements permanent allowing construction communal monuments spectacular prehistoric structure island square metres iron age fort occupies prominent commanding views surrounding landscape origin probably mixture old norse language means fort means fort evidence subject roman military control small numbers finds coin century suggest links kind intermittent roman presence mainland ruins south east remains numerous atlantic indicate influences northern scotland forms building originate including sites south east stone causeway leading adjacent islands visible beneath surface water controversy nature relationship indigenous peoples ireland south west scotland late iron age widely accepted theory populated immigrants replacing earlier culture suggested scotland indigenous area history 6th century mainland lay kingdom strong links ireland according history men scotland ruled group son king branch kingdom killed unidentified location warrior army led king based mainland scotland lists believed oldest reference naval battle british isles brief record engagement rival groups evidence descended brother legendary king existence brief thirty households island later said divided great eponymous founder norse influence arrival scandinavian settlers western scotland ninth century long lasting effect centuries islands west fell control rulers norse origin case place names suggests complete break past conclude settlements prior norse arrival evidence inhabitants settlements existed continued exist spoken language southern norse period place evidence suggests status possibly indicating enslaved population norse rulers sea kingdom connection origins obscure chronicles son black place origin variously interpreted ireland iceland state scots built ship boat use iron bolts unknown date driven city later known high king ireland according annals masters died following year local tradition suggests standing stone near grave genuine 11th century norse grave slab found associated burial slab decorated foliage style art irish style cross unique scandinavian scotland 12th century granddaughter married ambitious nobleman grandson increasingly unpopular king isles time spurred action fought seas january result bloody stalemate island kingdom temporarily divided taking control southern years later completely ousted united kingdom divide established death descendants continued describe king 13th century following treaty yielded scottish rule lords isles descendants rulers powerful clans including support opponents king robert bruce led lands distributed chief mac held parts estates eventually inherited married cousin john controlled significant stretches western scotland save onwards john began style lord isles title implied connection earlier kings isles extension degree independence scottish crown claimed heirs generations initially power base shores northeastern successive chiefs proclaimed lord isles advisory council isles met control west grew strength twin castles sound heart early 15th century charter record lands granted resident lord isles earliest records public use significant historical document john earl ross struck alliance england terms treaty westminster onset wars roses prevented edward fulfilling obligations ally compelled estates titles james ordered demolished buildings razed coronation stone destroyed discourage attempts restoration visited late 17th century recorded description seen 16th 17th centuries initially wake royal opposition holdings restored observed island fertile natural good hunting plentiful salmon seals referred castle south east controlled castle west implied dispute continued expelled force defeated clash irish branch family led edinburgh use regarded weakened grip southern possessions scottish crown mounted expedition subdue handed sir return undertaking island eventually achieved setback occurred civil war army sir arrived island besieged royalist garrison laid waste island felt sufficiently ease construct hotel principal island residence structure built sir category listed building british era beginning 18th century population found dispersed small farming families villages size near existed time church houses merchants craft workers razed improve grounds agricultural economy dependent farming including staples supplemented stock carrying capacity island recorded cows horses rental listing purchased remained family ownership sold ancestor baron owns substantial portion island defining aspect 19th century gradual improvement transport infrastructure roads built canal shortened sea distance glasgow numerous traditional ferry crossings augmented new rubble piers built locations new harbour constructed port initially sense optimism fishing cattle trades prevailed population expanded partly result 18th century boom introduction potato staple population island estimated grew relationship landowners island residents proved estate owners realised money sheep farming indigenous small farmers wholesale commonplace people emigrated purely economic reasons having forced land predecessors farmed centuries census recorded citizens making new homes canada united_states population continued decline 20th century today world war troop ships months american vessel torpedoed february loss lives lies deep water kilometres west october involved collision heavy seas troops new_york lost steering drifted west coast answering destroyer attempted come alongside managed rescue men nonetheless wrecked shore near total loss lives monument erected coast commemorate sinking ships military cemetery created dead nations disaster buried american bodies later removed world war raf built airfield later civil airport flying boat base march flying boat crew rescued aircraft landed broke gale sank radar station bay low station economy modern economy agriculture fishing tourism agriculture fishing remains owned non resident estate owners sheep farming dairy cattle run tenant farmers fine wild brown trout salmon fishing september held island numerous biggest fishing event held scotland sea popular especially west coast coast commercial boats crab fishing undertaken port ellen regions scotland identity protected law active industry island second largest employer agriculture south island produce strong flavour considered intensely east west north island produced substantially lighter taste opened west coast oldest record legal island refers time operation example port charlotte operated closed remains business march announced reopen port charlotte equipment tourism summer visitors arrive year ferry air main attractions scenery history bird watching world famous operate shops tours visitor centres visitor centre open daily summer energy location exposed force north_atlantic led site pioneering scotland wave power station near wave power generator designed built researchers financially backed european_union known constraints capacity limited providing electricity island grid world commercial wave power station march largest tidal array world approved planned turbines predicted generate power homes project located offers strong currents shelter storms transport roads island single track passing places main roads runs east coast island bus service provided airport offers flights glasgow international airport regular basis operate regular ferry services taking hours ferries run summer purpose built vessel entered service operate small car ferry behalf begin operating passenger services port ellen northern_ireland form june july august aid navigation include light built north western tip constructed port ellen unusual design isolated rock tower kilometres north west activities delivering news people fortnight named community newspaper year brewery real premises near early 21st century campus set teaches language culture heritage port community centre port charlotte equipped micro wind turbine ground source heating system creation local development trust language historically strong speaking area parishes reported percent speaking dropped percent speakers rest percent speaker overall island population speakers census dropped percent low figure overall nonetheless strongly speaking island highest percentage recorded percent lowest percent far north south island weakest areas general dialect distinctive patterns strongly especially distinctive features shift long high degree retention long shift dark lack groups example nose retention past tense particle example rose instead sits group words distinctive certain area strong similarities southern northern irish examples instead common formula gun math thank instead common compare irish able instead common hurry instead common irish religion associated churches uncertain age seen carved cross erected historic times associated pre christian wishing ceremonies pagan beliefs folk early pioneers christianity legacy period includes 8th century famous treasure carved local carved cross similar age heavily found served site lay worship norse settlers pagan substantial number sites clay small burial grounds later norse era 12th century island diocese isles established king diocese fell jurisdiction principal churches norwegian model 5th earl strong supporter reformation little evidence beliefs greeted enthusiasm initially reformed churches parishes created based new church end century seven churches including round local folklore leave corner devil hide architectural gem constructed located outside village served variety churches congregations island meet located congregation uses services media arts featured scenes film documentary coastal command partly filmed folk rock singer included isle album gift flower garden song praising pastoral island home 20th century scottish song written derived earlier song 1990s bbc adaptation partly filmed featured race rival length parts programme recorded based archaeological television programme excavated episode broadcast japanese author visited island sample seven single island later wrote travel book called language whiskey wildlife home species wildlife especially known birds winter visiting numbers reached recent years arriving single day greenland white fronted smaller numbers canada found flocks include mute duck long tailed duck elusive summer visitors resident birds include red billed golden eagle falcon barn owl raven introduced white tailed sea eagle seen regularly coasts species breed island year different species seen time population thousand red deer inhabit hills deer found southeast deer common low lying ground common coasts common grey seals breed offshore variety regularly recorded including pilot killer bottle snake common widespread commonly seen island supports significant population marsh numerous butterflies mild climate supports diversity flora typical notable natives authority celtic folklore joint inventor campbell recorder son father bankruptcy prevented estate monument commemorating scottish political reporter bbc brought attended liberal democrat deputy chief whip born hill farming parents represented westminster born reverend known exploits france world war born long career colonial administrator governor singapore wrote number books including governor general india recipient victoria_cross general figure american revolution president born secretary general nato british defence secretary lord sir born steered course junior school government chief scientific adviser late 1980s early 1990s
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Islay
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Geography and places
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Geography
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Islands
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20347_DubhArtach
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remote rock west coast scotland lying miles west miles south west lighthouse designed tower height feet erected shore station constructed isle rock subject extraordinary sea conditions waves feet encountered keepers despite adverse conditions men served light lengthy periods automated official lighthouse known interpretations provided original meaning black rock likely geology pre historic times covered ice sheets spread scotland atlantic_ocean outer retreat ice years ago sea levels feet lower present rise land makes estimating post glacial coastlines complex task circa likely western edge large land bridge linking island ireland scotland land mass included islands probably connected mainland scotland near south steadily rising sea levels slowly isolated finally submerged today rounded dark green mass rock called feet long feet wide rises feet sea level submarine surveys indicate rock eastern end valley stretching miles atlantic account seemingly abnormal seas tower subjected isolated outpost author wrote ugly reef pleasant shelves pools creeks child play summer like oval black trap sparsely alive insect bug life sea birds sea ran like mill race outer reef weather rock meaning translation black rock obsolete word rock rocky ground irish variation forms simple case false splitting final pronunciation seemingly following word suggesting ear believed black dismal translation noting usual 7th century life calls rock black stack west watson suggests root old irish meaning death believes occurs main island archipelago offers meaning black deadly known prior construction lighthouse planning construction lighthouse thirty ships wrecked reef requirement lighthouse warn away guide past lie ross originally considered impossible site light loss steamer thirty hands maiden voyage astonishing vessels area storm december encouraged positive action pressure captain admiralty engineering work supervised famous family engineers brothers thomas father david commencing work thomas noted work ordinary magnitude land base construction light near fourteen miles distant open sea little island provided granite quarry shore station work lighthouse completed initial construction rock began june supervision required iron summer brought high seas resulted breaking water falling roof feet sea level held firm fourteen men including trapped days point poured exited remaining food supplies describing similar occasion wrote men sat high iron drum builder rock habit strike human amid music storms despite hardships foot diameter foundation pit excavated solid portion tower rising feet foundation level completed mean feat occasion ton stones course stonework carried rock seen noted destruction occurred height sea glass lighthouse solid base weighing tons rises feet pounding seas twice high nearest british rival blocks having shaped fitted towed rock barges steamer barge carrying tons masonry work completed optical apparatus fog bell installed following year isolated rock light britain use finished tower rises feet foundation seventy seven courses stonework told total cost works undertaken excluding cost establishing shore station extraordinary nature work reduced mere numbers moved note great dangerous work like brought unsuccessfully end praise given men resident superintendent captain steamer master builder rock landing master justice list longer add took lives hand finish turned common history early operations completion construction work result end hazards low tide landing stage feet boat completely reach swell landings use ropes unusual calm days storm seas rise extraordinary heights year operation copper lightning conductor storm height feet high water principal keeper looked light years despite exceptionally adverse conditions faced keepers resulted receiving additional payments kind served light decade found lonely rock cramped quarters taste prevented diving sea attempting swim ashore later events principal keeper reported incident suggested rock experienced earth tower stood fast connection construction shore station played significant novel kidnapped main character experiences dangers rocks distinctive red band painted round middle section tower distinguish miles northwest served shore station dispute concerning financing led visit prominent persons including president chancellor sir lighthouse changed present form reasons clear arguably easier spell lighthouse fully automated following year constructed enable maintenance work undertaken need sea landings
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Dubh Artach
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Geography and places
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Geography
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Islands
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21174_IslandsoftheClyde
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islands clyde islands fifth largest major scottish island groups inner situated islands inhabited larger hectares acres largest populous served dedicated ferry routes unlike larger scottish isles group connected mainland bridges geology area complex islands surrounding sea distinctive features influence atlantic_ocean create mild damp oceanic climate larger islands continuously inhabited times influenced emergence kingdom absorbed emerging kingdom experienced norse incursions early middle ages 13th century diversity wildlife including species rare endemic tree geology geography runs past northern geological perspective islands highlands result referred scotland miniature island popular destination come rocks ranging widely age visiting found example spot famous places study geology group weakly rocks form lie highland boundary fault prominent lies kilometres south rare type micro granite containing known stones stones use granite island common rest scotland covered ice sheets pleistocene ice ages landscape affected highest peaks time retreat ice sea level changes rise land makes charting post glacial coastlines complex task resultant raised beaches prominent feature entire coastline soils islands reflect diverse geology productive land pattern deposits typical southwest scotland mixture boulder clay glacial deposits eroded valleys raised beach marine deposits especially south west result landscape places inland sandy bays island lie north numerous branching substantial features right include estuary places effect pronounced example metres deep kilometres apart islands exposed wind tide act aid navigation climate clyde lies degrees north latitude canada north influence northern extension winter weather area enjoys mild damp oceanic climate temperatures generally cool averaging january july sea level snow seldom lies sea level generally frequent mainland common islands west coast scotland rainfall generally high south north mountains receiving annually june july months upwards hours bright sunshine recorded average southern particularly high level sunny days history humans arrived clyde fourth millennium probably ireland followed wave peoples route evidence significant route mainland scotland time particular style structure developed clyde estuary western scotland known clyde rectangular shape small chamber faced large stone set end subdivided smaller compartments area displays rituals associated dead placed inside chambers concentrated likely clyde earliest forms monument constructed incoming settlers examples given dating example dated certainly built earlier possibly numerous standing stones dating prehistoric times including stone circles examples settlers constructed sites dating second millennium replaced burial found example settlement evidence especially early era poor queen inch necklace article jewellery jet found dates circa early culture held sway evidence roman occupation southern scotland extended islands early scots rule 2nd century irish influence work region 6th century kingdom established unlike celtic speaking spoke form survives efforts christianity slowly supplanted flourished time late fifth century viking incursions commenced late eighth century islands close shores modern remained period whilst main islands emerging kingdom founded viking influence islands clyde historically formed border zone norse dominated scotland islands fell norwegian 9th 13th centuries norse influence constant warfare western scotland outer remained control isle man south islands clyde kingdom controlled began process islands language culture norse death kingdom split sons islands angus holding nearly century later invading norse forces took walls axes troops commanded repeated feat ensuing battle scots norse forces took place shores inconclusive military contest marked ultimately terminal weakening norse power scotland retreated died december entertained death bed following ill fated expedition rights norwegian crown old relation islands yielded result treaty perth modern scotland mid thirteenth century present day islands clyde remained scotland commencement early medieval period isles diocese man based seat relocated north firstly state affairs continued 16th century scottish reformation century following time significant change new forms transport industry agriculture brought sweeping changes end traditional ways life endured centuries aftermath marked beginning end clan system whilst marked improvements living standards came cost early 19th century alexander 10th duke hamilton embarked programme devastating effect population villages removed culture island dealt terminal blow memorial early form ethnic constructed shore paid canadian descendant 1850s late 20th century famous islands carrying kinds produce products islands formed operate steamer services soon expanded taking rival steamer operators operated glasgow steamer service 20th century islands developed tourist resorts went parallel mainland resorts commenced joint clyde operations new publicly owned company serve running mainland mainland ferries private companies operate services hunter peninsula majority islands time traditional county today islands split equally modern authorities falling council areas islands following table gives list islands area greater hectares approximately acres plus adjacent smaller tidal separated higher stages tide exposed lower stages tide islands inhabited including residents respectively time census usually resident population outlying islands lie remote larger islands listed separately location small hosts naval base home nuclear submarines southern end opens narrows contains sound lies peninsula contains late 11th century king norway arrangement king scotland possession land west coast ship sail dragged kilometres long north west campaign increase possessions declared better land best taking command ship sailing able claim entire peninsula island remained norse rule dozen years result extends kilometres inland longest scotland sea contains found surrounding lies coast near housed old excellent spring water june set fire turf pasture permanently destroyed island grazing blowing island soil sea like arms north contain islands non islands following places shores islands misleading names island cove north south south bay north natural history populations red deer red common offshore harbour sharks species home population wild goats species bird recorded area including black falcon golden eagle reported extensive surveys unable record similarly red billed longer breeds island rare endemic species tree scottish cut endangered tree species world found protected national nature reserve monitored staff cut recorded mature trees discovered steps taken protect known specimens etymology roman historian refers meaning clyde certain probably literal meaning wash probably refers idea river goddess strongly flowing uncertain norse old irish word fire possibly reference signal fires etymology clear offers meaning high place watson suggests pre celtic
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Islands of the Clyde
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Geography and places
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Geography
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Islands
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22127_FlatHolm
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flat welsh limestone island lying approximately forms cardiff includes southerly point wales island long history occupation dating religious uses include visits disciples 6th century site foundation later cholera patients built isolation hospital port cardiff transmitted wireless signals open sea frequent lighthouse built island replaced lighthouse strategic position approaches bristol cardiff series gun known built 1860s line defences known outbreak world war island rearmed forms managed designated site special scientific interest maritime grassland rare plants rock sea wild island significant breeding colonies lesser black backed herring great black backed home slow worms larger usual blue markings history bronze age early christian traces human island late known park phase bronze axe head discovered island island modern lone farmhouse grid reference sub roman period 6th century retreat lived island seven years friend lived time nearby met prayers left island abbot june visited small boat stranded week high winds discovered christian graves located close field northeast island present farmhouse grave opened contained male skeleton open grave marble engraved celtic cross broken second disturbed grave marked found southeast contained coffin constructed iron bolts inside coffin skeletons lime indicating occupants probably died disease anglo saxon medieval called island derives irish word meaning churchyard graveyard belief island religious significance place burial people time island current comes old norse meaning island estuary records indicate viking fleet south brittany led possibly king took refuge island following defeat records mother anglo saxon king england stayed island travelling france norman conquest england invasion lord cousin formed wales proper cardiff castle centre new domain came parish boundary cardiff parish churches kept hereditary property norman lords survey archaeologist unearthed number medieval vicinity farmhouse found evidence continuous occupation island including containing numerous animal bones shells fragments green late 12th 13th century pottery 14th century found island presence pennant sandstone tiles fragment 14th century ridge tile indicate existence substantial medieval building possibly chapel demolished present farmhouse constructed property records king henry_viii granted lease farm island gentleman family remained end 17th century lease passed 18th century smuggling 18th century island location ideal base smuggling alleged old shaft north island connects series natural tunnels concealed exit sea view welsh english coasts customs authorities powerless act boat island according tradition small cave east cliff storage mainly tea 19th century mission clergyman england voluntarily population island created order serve sailing vessels mission later provides ministerial services sailors ports service held annually island year old italian inventor named assisted engineer named transmitted wireless signals open sea near wales having failed interest italian government project brought system britain met time chief engineer major figure field erected high mast receiving mast point trials failed mast raised signals received clearly message sent ready original paper slip signed island communication history october areas link internet wireless connection deployed connection internet access data network main farmhouse councils having cardiff codes years consultant telephone island office county hall atlantic wharf cardiff conditions ships island led british passenger vessel lost seven passengers stranded january passage ireland bristol october british sloop william mary hitting rock islands near known wolves ship route bristol sank minutes mate sailors survivors later rescued having ship rigging passengers lost bodies recovered ship buried steamship ran ashore refloated steamship middlesex lost geography welsh located small circular limestone island approximately diameter covering acres rises gentle slope exposed western rocky shore sheltered easterly cliffs stands prominent lighthouse highest point sea level considered wales nearby island considered england northwest small islands collectively known wolves measuring approximately tidal range second geology recent ice ages million years ago sea level current level joined somerset coast start period years ago ice sheets retreated flat plains surrounding river estuary flooded islands limestone neighbouring composed forms wider basin extending bristol area westwards beneath mouth south wales west barry wales island designated site recognised interest lies south western shoreline north west point wave cut portion limestone displays large fossil marks silver bearing deposits pits visible surface island result trial dispute lead mining rights ended lord making official complaint lighthouse keeper intended lighthouse processing lead mining lead profitable works abandoned red period fills joints limestone showing evidence cave forming processes period caves western north eastern sides island years smuggling buildings lighthouse station high mean high water lamp flashes times seconds red white red white white light visibility nmi data recorded reed note visibility nmi white light nmi red light nmi light island simple mounted wooden frame stood high eastern island bristol found unreliable petitioned actual lighthouse petition failed bristol submitted proposal build lighthouse expense initial proposal failed negotiations resumed soldiers drowned vessel crashed wolves rocks near following disaster finally supported proposal agreed pay construction tower fees permits construction tower finished began operating march lighthouse struck lightning severe storm december keeper narrowly escaped tower severely damaged tall crack repaired oak beams supporting platform circular stone tower updated house powerful tower raised mechanism rotate light installed signal station country private ownership july finally bought lease million million years later fountain oil lamp installed raised diameter installed lighthouse renovated include accommodations keepers lasted lighthouse fully automated keepers withdrawn light converted solar power monitored controlled essex built building grade listed building originally powered engine gave quick succession minute intervals clearly heard people living coasts years following world war heard long short blast nautical data stated interval volunteers flat society help restored horn engines 1960s officially reopened welsh secretary secretary sounded time records monks abbey bristol established dairy farm island granted robert earl gloucester stranded visit passed time exploring island noted tax exempt abbey farm counted seven cows sheep horse pigs dogs census record shows farmhouse later occupied henry emily morgan sons daughters henry niece year old servant farmhouse converted flat hotel bar alley added hotel closed years farmhouse renovated accommodation visitors staying island batteries barracks fortified 1860s following visit queen_victoria prince albert france concerned strength french_navy defence united kingdom direction lord recommended fortification coast defences island line defences known completed series gun built protect bristol cardiff channel remains battery sites island castle rock battery guns pits open backed pit battery guns pit open backed pit battery gun open backed pit gun removed lighthouse battery guns pits open backed pit run northern southern point island western coast rifled muzzle disappearing carriages built royal gun mounted separate batteries pits diameter deep constructed limestone blocks bricks pits advantage invisible shipping offered protection gun crews inch ton guns heavy mobile land service consisted steel rifle tube surrounded wrought iron overall length gun centimetres shell mounted disappearing carriage guns needed fired test purposes stone barracks built sleep men shows barracks occupied master gunner family soldiers son albert born island december men stationed island guns good working order garrison reinforced regular artillery volunteer troops invasion imminent barracks battery located near southernmost battery fortifications included large drainage basin underground storage tank administrative building secure store ditch bank system served protect cross island attack barracks vacated buildings restored educational use radar station outbreak world war soldiers royal artillery stationed island armed inch guns associated anti aircraft close defence guns gun laying radar station placed centre island structures formed protected atlantic shipping convoys cardiff barry works abandoned war island military use remains centre island isolation hospital july steamship left seamen island believed suffering cholera subsequently died accommodation canvas tent regular inhabitants island petitioned cardiff council compensation complaining loss income visitors difficulty selling vegetables grown farm market cardiff owner agreed lease land use military lighthouse year corporation built permanent land use cholera patients building described pavilion comprising bed nurse room sailors arrived cardiff suspected having cholera engineer able deported isolation hospital prevent spread disease second mate sent island measure quickly recovered flat unique victorian isolation hospital sited british offshore island patient die hospital victim plague cremated island end 19th century hospital finally closed remained derelict hospital main block laundry block grade listed buildings considered risk flat project leased island years march county council agreed obtain year lease crown estate starting december designated stipulated lease managed project team operates boat purpose built crossing able carry passengers essential supplies island work supported registered charity flat society flora fauna designated designation covers maritime grassland mainly concentrated edges island endemic plant species relative isolation island allowed number hardy species bird foot lotus biting acre thrive number relatively rare plants rock sea wild grows places found related grows years producing leaves large purple flowers smell flowering dies produces plants introduced medicinal uses include dove foot crane bill plant claimed wide range medicinal uses excellent good cure inward wounds hurts stay bleeding dissolve expel blood heal parts heal outward wild introduced island nearby possibly monks thirty seven plants taken island steep farmer time 1930s died world war occupation fortification island remaining plant reintroduced flat protected fencing near path lighthouse plants grown seed survive island farmhouse garden island significant breeding colony pairs lesser black backed pairs herring pairs great black backed varying numbers common feeding habits lesser black backed studied shown smaller laid previous years feeding increase egg clutch size island home slow worms slow worm population unusually large blue markings island rabbit population introduced farming 12th century suffers effectively contains numbers island initially goats sheep sheep introduced sheep grazing wild island flat project aims develop island showcase sustainable technologies original power supply consisted diesel generators different properties unconnected underground cables installed form mini grid farmhouse workshops fog horn keeper cottage powered system located farmhouse farmhouse diesel generator system extended include battery bank charged solar wind turbine sited redundant telecommunications tower high point island study barrage constructed consequences depending design route number studies proposed latest secretary state business enterprise announced feasibility study september follow report proposal electric barrier generate meet percent britain power needs opposed environmental groups proposed barrage pass miles west study expected years split stages decision point end likely run late focus high level issues reach initial view fundamental issues tidal scheme subject decision end phase second phase look issues detail public consultation early popular culture bbc let look wales presented featured included island bbc programme broadcast february featured possibility bbc series march episode featured island home secret medical facility bbc broadcast featured travelling island slow worms described britain elusive bbc nature broadcast bbc wales june presenter visited
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Flat Holm
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Geography and places
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Geography
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Islands
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22457_Raasay
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scottish island mainland scotland separated sound famous birthplace poet important figure scottish literary renaissance traditionally home island ruled 15th 19th century subsequently series private held title island largely public ownership visited outdoor activity centre means isle deer home endemic subspecies geology geography miles north south miles east west widest terrain varied highest point metres unusual flat topped peak island lies north coast tidal northwest smaller surrounding islands main village near southwest coast interesting island visited students engaged mapping projects south mainly sandstone north grey banded smaller occasionally interspersed limestone related beds contain low grade worked commercially early 20th century remaining reserves estimated million tonnes seas east west deep large having created pleistocene economy culture primary employment tourism working ferry company fishing work primary school older students ferry bus minute ferry ride connects island sites interest include remains ruins inscribed stones abandoned communities walking paths shop post office located accommodation available old manor significant numbers holiday homes especially south island helped arrest population decline inhabitants belong scotland strictly observes sundays public services playground closed ferry run early signed contract number building contractors construct community centre hosted construction began new million ferry terminal bay officially opened august following community million refurbishment undertaken leading temporary closure outdoor centre early hours january building severely damaged fire restoration work commenced august suspended november main contractor went administration work restarted new contractor late officially handed community march addition star accommodation provides outdoor activity centre restaurant bar cafe flora fauna home subspecies bank darker heavier mainland variety found world possibly survivor scandinavian race murray states single specimen pine missing found island records species exist mountain breed regularly visited white tailed sea eagles golden eagles populations red deer european rabbit introduced island proprietor 19th century found small numbers water supports rich variety plants including red dark red mountain numerous apparently extant 1970s recent survey found evidence continued existence stands mixed woodland history spread scots culture north poorly understood little recorded early christian period suggests presence late sixth century following viking expeditions islands called eighth century period religious came jurisdiction yielded result treaty perth time control islands north hands ross addition eagle beach sand spit legacy norse presence 15th 17th century tradition originally held title written record known island ruled younger son chief lewis granted title visited end 17th century noted wood quarters cultivation ground generally unequal springs spring running face high rock east isle white substance fine lime great quantity quarry good stone isle abundance caves west serve lodge families convenience grazing fishing resort summer west particularly near village shore smooth stones different sizes cattle fish produced found isle law observed natives fishing lines equal length longest supposed best access fish prove disadvantage shorter ones forts isle highest south end natural strength form like crown hat called natives needs cousin king denmark lies artificial fort stories high called commonly known built 15th century north east coast base activities prior castle inhabited death drowning chief ruin sitting atop pinnacle meantime moved seat south end island 18th century protestant supported defeat battle prince spent days hiding british troops consequence island support cause original dwellings burnt government troops conversation short stay island prince life run hard live way years captured feared assassination aware risks supporters ran atrocities aftermath shock cumberland said surely man calls duke pretends great general guilty believe arrived island tour visited johnson wrote reception exceeded expectations found plenty usual usual conversation evening came carpet rolled floor musician called company invited dance trip greater general air place far remote regions mind pleasure struck imagination delightful surprise analogous felt unexpected darkness light time dance ceased thirty persons sat tables room supper ladies sung songs listened english audience italian opera delighted sound words understand went exploring described island follows having resolved explore island foot night obtained fellow traveller permission leave day unable hardy walk old promised accompany sprang immediately attended gentlemen traversed country day passed miles rugged ground highland dance highest mountain island returned evening nightly ball active friends remained home survey interest readers shall short compass observations find registered journal english miles long broad south family seat situated pleasing low spot old tower stories mentioned martin taken soon modern house supplies place good grass fields corn lands dressed observed hardly good garden stocked vegetables 19th 20th centuries deep debt chose tasmania having sold failure potato 1840s new owner decided convert land possible sheep farming required removal solution ban marriage cleared including boat loads left australia result left destination estate sold conflicts grew decided turn island sporting purposes september steamship ran aground rock metres vessel recorded having jammed ferry pier sound end island broken rising tide unspecified date company signed deed purchase estate december sale completed island purchased government closed granted land bringing needed employment delivered electricity island 1960s properties purchased resident sussex visited island lack interest earned having purchased property finally sold highlands iron reported early island record investigated subsequent analysis convinced buy island following year completion original plan railway site south point erection objections led plan revised south current pier pier public pier landing charges regulated government order outbreak war completed pier constructed railway works house workforce planned village today known village consists facing rows houses row houses broad open area numbers western row eastern lower southern built stone built half occupied time numbers half numbers occupied newly built brick terrace numbers vacant houses caused labour force called colours introduction submarine warfare concerned availability foreign iron ore company opened domestic mines order supply war effort signed agreement run behalf ministry minor skirmish processing island prisoners island june housed upper village numbers completed northern village converted prisoner war camp simple building barbed wire fence boxes arc lamps corners population lowest percentage children populated scottish island island population fell time date census period scottish island populations grew census relatively high density speakers culture arts tradition born supported chief foremost island day tradition son angus published collection queen_victoria subsequent family members emigrated island direct lives poet born small community west coast island famous poem abandoned community east coast writings combine ancient traditional awareness modernist political outlook areas adjacent frequently referenced work brutality war modern exploitation writes nature leave landscape populated ghosts evicted forced time deer lived life island time spent nearby neighbouring mainland road miles road built hand tools years complete road surfaced local council wife inhabitants road commemorated song album blood strong book drama road based book broadcast october starring composer sir lived takes viking prince sought refuge string quartet tree strings written takes title poem
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Raasay
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Geography and places
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Geography
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Islands
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22980_Eday
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islands located north scottish mainland kilometres area square kilometres ninth largest island archipelago bedrock island exposed sea cliffs preserved tombs evidence bronze age settlement remains norse era castle period scottish rule substantial property developed short period british era agricultural improvements introduced substantial decline population mid nineteenth century century partnership success promoting island economy local reflect diverse linguistic heritage landscapes island surrounding seas attract abundant wildlife geography geology kilometres long north south metres wide narrow neck land sands bay london described waist centre island largely covered heather cultivation confined coasts highest points island centre hill west north south reaches metres derives norse common highest point island past lighting warning largest body fresh water acre south east hill lies western narrow waist smaller north coast population dispersed coastal island status village populous settled areas concentrations east coast post office community facility converted chapel south ferry mainland docks surrounded small islands seemingly impossible green north isles lies metres north settlement east sound south east south west straits known fall lies kilometres west lie north west larger island common neighbouring isles largely formed middle old red sandstone deposited substantial sequence found locations area sound type area places metres thick largely composed yellow red intervening grey rock easily yellow construction sequence deformed major fold north south youngest sequence upper sandstone north island bay red head oldest sequence found eastern island bight war west formed upper sandstone history limited archaeological record provides evidence life later houses monumental structures archipelago parallel united_kingdom located commanding position overlooking metres diameter metres high narrow entrance passage type tomb leads central chamber cells sites interest include stone standing stone dominates col north metres high tallest rectangular shape excavated contains small chamber compartments larger stalls separate entrance probably added later date bronze age sites island provide dramatic remains south west burnt mound period ruins houses similar age near fold metre diameter bronze age enclosure located north site large iron age containing saddle north west settled archaeological evidence sparse norse known conquered occupied isles norse contacts scotland certainly written records 8th century nature frequency unknown place evidence norse presence conclusive little known life island time norse era ruins dates 12th 13th centuries lie green mound east castle important building time scottish rule influx scottish helped create diverse independent community included farmers fishermen merchants called proved increasingly able defend rights feudal nonetheless actions aristocracy continue provide information known affairs time reformation granted bishop turbulent times duties included defend reforming bishop whatsoever invaders later year anti catholic riot son william took running estate course debt edward man aged william attempted sell family interest earl new proprietor sent half dozen broken highland men alarm notorious able use poor relationship elderly father edward son claiming william fired muskets grabbed neck like dog action acting alleged behalf edward evicted william took extraction building stone quarry earl brother granted constructed shortly manufacture salt salt product described fine 17th century undertaken substantial scale indifferent quality early 19th century conducted cottage industry extraction important industry past obtained fuel material exported mainland scotland stewart ambitions considerable described town port right appoint hold markets likely flourish location british era decade 18th century new kingdom great_britain time great interest agricultural improvement changes brought significance mid nineteenth century example potatoes grown comparison gradual changes saw drama property owned school friend smith trader smith notorious pirate sought escape authorities making raid ship revenge ran aground men took prisoner held given reward bell revenge early nineteenth century industry provided significant employment islands market collapsed caused considerable especially hard hit families allowed develop land rising populations meant increasing land values especially small valued acre nearly times price larger farms 20th century saw decline immigration mainland scotland essentially unknown late 1950s population eighth total years earlier etymology derived means island specifically associated economic activity route movement goods boats coast numerous names islands north_atlantic include found west mainland derived bay near central derived meaning courthouse indicating important meeting place norse period scottish history 17th century known common islands place names generally mixture norse scots english influences names existed arrival scandinavian settlers appear completely common signifies enclosure area east coast norse suggests important farm good fertile land associated smaller norse origins inn meaning woodland longer description largely landscape old norse means creatures sandy land bay arrival viking settlers local names reflect activities pre norse monks farm near indicate link past connection means certain occurs frequently rocky coast norse means narrow deep face cliff transport economy reached sea air ferries provide daily ferry crossings inter island air service operated connects airport airport farming local economy especially livestock flocks sheep kept based scottish government backed research facility installed wave testing system mainland tidal power testing station overlooking test site chosen marine currents reach metres second spring tides seven offshore testing connected north isles section national grid underground cable local development trust active promoting island economy instigated numerous projects including heritage centre purchase new diesel tank island community projects contributed island economy community owned wind turbine planned income asset generate expected reduce fuel poverty island support new community enterprises create affordable housing july island celebrated opening restored heritage display area permanent archive café tourist information point records life island past housed centre wind turbine island population recorded census increase usual residents period scottish island populations grew natural history early 19th century wrote local flora island great consisting barren covers acres pretty little plant seed species wild plants recorded island including found century described absolutely birds today red divers arctic black offshore shore birds include meadow rock woodland attracts variety migrants seen coasts colonies harbour grey seals white whale killer whale occasional visitors area ranger guided walks year prominent natives australian pioneer union leader politician born represented born
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Eday
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Geography and places
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Geography
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Islands
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24307_Staffa
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scottish pronounced pillar island island scotland gave reminded houses built vertically placed tree logs lies kilometres west area hectares acres highest point metres sea level island came prominence late 18th century visit sir fellow travellers natural beauty columns general island main sea banks renamed cave visit followed prominent personalities centuries including queen_victoria brought fame island care geology pre history prehistoric times covered ice sheets spread scotland atlantic_ocean outer retreat ice years ago sea levels metres lower present rise land makes estimating post glacial coastlines complex task years ago likely larger island coast mainland scotland included isles steadily rising sea levels isolated little island entirely volcanic origin consists basement underneath black fine layer lava structure contrast slow cooling second layer resulted extraordinary pattern predominantly columns form faces walls principal caves lava contracted series equally spaced centres cooled solidified columns process known columns typically sides common columns divided horizontally cross joints sections represent tops bottoms individual lava flows sections lie regions chaotic known origin unknown flooding lava flow causing rapid cooling interaction stress fields regions approach similar formations found giant causeway northern_ireland island grooves roof cave indicate flow series eroded ash falls rock given series found vicinity erupted million years ago geography lies kilometres west northeast oriented north south kilometre long half kilometre wide extent northeast isle shelves shore coast rugged numerous caves carved rain streams sea grass feed cattle island spring east coast high wide entrance long ridges stand like ribs ship near cave rock pile columns seen fully low tide outlying rocks include north west series stretching half kilometre south west southwest shore cave named 15th century abbot tunnel connecting caves lie south west accessed bay port low tide exploded near causing damage cliff face visible cave metres long famous feature cave large sea cave located near southern tip island high long formed cliffs columns cliff face called great face cliffs caves inspired die english premiered london original cave cave subsequently renamed 3rd century irish warrior nonetheless inspired sound waves cave lyrical visit claiming arrived scotland folk songs ear lovely countryside heart bare legs natives national scenic area scotland history 18th century little known early history swiss town named island monk nearby estate early date brought english speaking world attention visit sir august route iceland company painter banks later president entertained hearing resolved visit set day winds light arrive darkness fallen banks wrote dark carried tent baggage near house island began cook order prepared earliest dawn enjoy conversation gentlemen raised highest expectations disappointed despite infested short stay island provided glowing reports visit confessed forced acknowledge piece architecture formed nature far remains genius taste luxury greeks capable visited clan year banks visit aware banks considered cliff formations called castles johnson wrote ignorance wonders reply considered little seen philosophers struck wonder novelty eminent overseas visitors saint fond wealthy french zoologist american architect naturalist visiting suitably impressed writing superb monument nature regard form bears strong resemblance work art art certainly claim share 19th 20th centuries subsequently stream famous visitors came view wonders including sir visit yielded oil painting exhibited inspiration alice wonderland found volume tourism disappointing writing century later writer agreed complaining visitors character atmosphere stand suggesting know enthusiastic despite presence numerous queen_victoria prince albert rowed cave royal barge times correspondent recorded cleared round northern island noble prospect lay steep barren stretching away atlantic right left cliffs far away ocean fantastic varied forms adjacent islands horizon north good deal obscured notwithstanding distinctly visible deserted solitary aspect island brought strange startling effect presence majesty barge floated cave crew greatest precision animated grand appearance vast entrance proportions presented complained expense ferry saw nonetheless displeased efforts describe cathedral sea finally settled work began wizard dream john passion saw churches seven golden built heaven rugged wonder tenants owners inspiring scenery easy place live single family living diet potatoes grazing animals provide end 18th century deserted apparently terrified severity winter storms signs rig agriculture seen island surviving building ruin 19th century shelter travellers island ownership sold son care trustees trustees sold trustee purchase money paid brother remained family sold private owners including descendant wrote book island finally gifted new_york honour 60th birthday wife eleanor grateful bestowed steward poll radio_times readers named 8th greatest natural wonder britain 20th century issues postage stamps bearing wildlife red deer island later replaced goats small herd black cattle subsequently summer grazing sheep livestock removed led regeneration island vegetation black legged common nest island surrounding waters provide numerous gray seals sharks pilot visiting boat trips allow visitors view caves nest island september landing place tourist boats north possible calm conditions island lacks genuine anchorage
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Staffa
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Geography and places
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Geography
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Islands
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25341_PeterIIsland
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norwegian peter volcanic island kilometres antarctica claimed norway queen land comprises norwegian dependent territories kilometres long square kilometres slightly larger tallest peak ultra meter tall nearly island covered surrounded year pack ice making inaccessible year round little life island apart seals island sighted january named peter russia february set foot island financed successful claimed norway annexed landing occurred island subject scientific research limited tourism island subject treaty automated meteorological station island amateur radio visited island sporadic landings tourists history sighting january expedition commanded ships russian flag named island peter great russia drift ice impossible come nearer kilometers island land spotted south circle southernmost sighted land time discovery january french expedition led ship confirmed discovery land stopped kilometers island pack ice norwegian surveyed island odd prevented landing norwegian whale ship owner financed expeditions research claim land norway motivated british taxation stations hoped able establish stations norwegian territory gain better privileges taxes went home country expedition land island financed second expedition led landed february claimed island norway attempted land hindered pack ice march norwegian royal proclamation declared island norwegian sovereignty march island declared landing occurred february ship biological geological surveys underwent days pack ice forced expedition leave expedition built placed copy document occupation inside june subject treaty norway signing treaty landings island nations scientific investigations limited number ships successfully landed tourists island sent scientists spend days island main focuses aerial photography measurements allow accurate map island produced second important area marine biological investigations geological biological surveys conducted team built automatic weather station sent island geography peter island volcanic island located kilometres coast continental antarctica area square kilometres island entirely covered surface covered ice surrounding island meter tall ice vertical cliffs long stretches ice caps supplemented rock landing possible points short period year island surrounded pack ice landings place west peninsula divides bays cape narrow strips beach suitable landing beach meters wide entered natural arch west plateau north south coasts feature ice shelves eastern features rock columns flat tops sea island shield volcano known active categorized historic based date samples ranging million years ago summit metre wide circular crater ultra prominent peak metres elevation named known volcano extinct upper apparently indicating eruption centuries ago environment island vegetation consists exclusively adapted extreme climate island harsh climate strong winds freezing temperatures steady snowfall keeps vegetation minimum island breeding ground particularly southern wilson storm including visit island numerous seals particularly seals leopard seals smaller numbers southern elephant seals politics peter island norway territorial claims antarctica queen land peter island claim claim sector south island subject treaty treaty ensures free access island scientific investigation states peaceful purposes norway australia france new_zealand united_kingdom mutually recognized claims antarctica norwegian administration island handled located oslo annexation island regulated act march establishes norwegian criminal law private law procedural law applies island addition laws explicitly state valid island establishes land belongs state prohibits storage nuclear products norwegian law required norwegian activity antarctica including follow international environmental law antarctica norwegian citizens plan activities report deny non activity people visiting island follow laws protection nature treatment waste pollution insurance search rescue operations
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Peter I Island
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Geography and places
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Geography
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Islands
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26823_Rùm
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scottish pronunciation small isles district scotland 20th century spelling invented owner sir idea having title largest small isles 15th largest scottish island inhabited thirty people live village east coast island inhabited 8th millennium provides earliest known evidence human occupation scotland early celtic norse settlers left written accounts artefacts 12th 13th centuries island held clans including population grew late 18th century cleared indigenous population island sporting estate exotic constructed purchased mainly origin mountains eroded pleistocene important study site research ecology especially red deer site successful programme white tailed sea eagle economy entirely dependent public body manages island calls greater diversity housing provision ferry links island mainland town etymology suggests probably pre celtic wide island pronounced meaning isle ridge ross notes written record suggests island mac pre unclear origins speculative known certain changed spelling avoid association alcoholic drink spelling dated forerunner reverted use 13th century references island writing calls numerous concerning spoken references islands case use usual forbidden island referred kingdom wild forest island cleared indigenous population prior mapped ordnance survey possible place names speculative nonetheless significant number norse derived names exist centuries viking political control ended indicate importance presence island mapped seven names norse origin geography largest small isles area hectares population census making sparsely populated scottish islands indigenous population residents mixture employees families number researchers school teacher variety small businesses island including accommodation providers artists newly created worked introduction sheep island pigs residents live village east island church pub village hall small primary school shop post office run private business summer open head main anchorage lies north fine beach remains village years served base research red deer area occasionally closed visitors period deer autumn western point peninsula southwest lie cliffs site family decided version inadequate second style greek temple old norse valley near southern ruins lodge built abandoned map produced identified villages north head north northeast modern cove east southeast south harris southwest head northwest island relief spectacular 19th century commentator remarking interior rude mountains scarcely possessing acre level land combination geology topography ideal agricultural conditions doubtful tenth island cultivated 18th century average land rental values neighbouring fifth mean rainfall high millimetres coast millimetres hills spring months usually winter month receive highest level precipitation year climate rest british isles scotland features strongly maritime climate cool summers mild winters weather station providing long term climate observations geology main range hills usually referred order distinguish rocky peaks similar ways better known core deeply eroded volcano active era million years ago developed pre existing structure sandstone resting classified old norse mountain ash trees hill strongholds respectively smallest scottish island summit metres hills include mountain peak young men west likely higher peaks remained pleistocene ice sheets formed extraordinary series layered rocks created crystals accumulated base chamber chamber eventually collapsed forming near vertical northwest coast created forcing way pre existing rock western hills elevated exhibit superb collection including boulder sheets turf banked patterned ground frost circles centimetres diameter produced unusual rock sculptures large granite boulder circles metres flat summit stripes slopes lava flowing away volcanic centre formed gas bubbles leaving holes structure filled green red pre volcanic near southeast corner island extensive deposits sandstone north east farm fields site near provides earliest known evidence human occupation scotland shells found dated period time landscape dominated willow beach site dated presence hunter community advantage local supplies material making tools weapons shell south evidence tidal fish traps examination records indicates soil erosion suggesting clearance woodland agricultural purposes taking place evidence cultivation communities exists climate expanded expense woodland post glacial sea level changes left raised beaches coastline metres present coastline especially harris prehistoric fort sites uncertain date history early christian period lived island decades death recorded annals known conservative matters surviving examples poetry suggest passionate personality wrote scores army crossed long haired sea crossed wave wild region foam seal filled savage white tipped pleasing simple stone pillars found bay cave date period norse rule norse held sway small isles treaty perth clan held later period norse rule possibly century earlier direct evidence norse presence date piece carved ivory unearthed rule island chartered john scots lord isles possible early medieval period island hunting reserve nobility taboo referred john indicates excellent sport inhabitants wooded hilly island years later noted small profit waist hunting raise men time smaller nearby island able raise able men villages suggesting population deliberately constrained substantial stone walls built funnel deer date period exist western 13th century estates powerful brief period passed hands 16th century century probably century earlier island possession transfer occurred having held prisoner months noted island situation continued time small isles suffered armed invasion band including aftermath english defeat burnt isles sword women children later date report received king indicated occupied island despite temporary setbacks island remained hands centuries 17th 18th centuries late 17th century status hunting reserve went decline population numbers started rise black cattle raised export mainland fish caught potatoes grown unusually goats kept inhabitants hair sent glasgow export america economy small dependent bounty sea visiting milk lisbon wine surprised find wine species superior quality told freight unfortunate vessel wrecked near island notwithstanding conditions primitive permanent minister visited obliged conduct open air church mill leather willow bark dressed sea shells lack lime nearby smaller island valued land rental time indicating poverty agriculture growing population demands land led native red deer half 18th century met excursion reported dinner walked high rocky hill view long_island vast deal col come intention pass considerable time island resolved conduct return fortunate planned expedition variety merely going proposed islands egg col islands thing worth seeing event poor weather prevented travellers visiting small isles route 19th century island economy received temporary boost industry wooded island years essentially outside entire island leased relative inhabitants numbering people given year notice quit homes essentially meant enforced leaving island population tenant farmers paying rent island owner law owned land worked houses lived july inhabitants boarded ships dove harmony bound nova_scotia canada passage paid remaining population followed inhabitants island properties wider event came known highland people culture existed forced giving evidence government select committee emigration agent asked people willing came reply willing like leave land ancestors years later eyewitness local shepherd forthcoming description events people island carried mass sea spot born bred wild men heart breaking women children filled air mountainous shore bay turned sheep farm population replaced sheep price wool decline forced relinquish bankrupt words letter worse comfortable people turned years previously letter described curse highland visiting wrote single sheep farmer occupied holdings unfortunate left island proprietor landlord little fortunate tenant island market report went current time eve purchased wealthy englishman converting deer forest strange cycle sold island salisbury converted sporting estate island owned campbell family cotton machinery manufacturer self millionaire lancashire acquired island continued use recreational purposes estate sale described picturesque islands lie west coast scotland sporting estate present equals gave population estate workers families island died buried rock cut octagonal stone tower later demolished moved elaborate modelled greek temple succeeded ownership son 20th century later sir george built sandstone sources stone time people employed estate fourteen paid extra wear worked extensive grounds included hole golf course tennis courts heated turtle ponds including birds paradise birds soil grounds imported grown interior boasted simulate sounds brass drum air room sustained indefinitely finances gradually declined 1920s interest visits decreased sir george died france july interred family widow continued visit late died london aged buried husband sold island save including castle contents knock price understanding national nature reserve overview population trends source stated ecology important study site research ecology numerous academic papers produced based work undertaken island addition status nature reserve designated reserve seventeen sites scheduled nationally important ancient monuments red deer red deer population subject research years recently leadership university_of_cambridge efforts based remote bay north island important development ecology particularly relation understanding aggression game theory goats cattle island small feral goats highland cattle pony herd numbers dozen animals recorded island described small breed eminent beauty small stature averaging hands height dark stripe backs stripes features led speculation related primitive northern european breeds likely originate western mediterranean claimed descended animals travelled spanish probable arrived conventional means goat stocks improved stalking early 20th century acquired reputation size horns thickness flock spends time western sea cliffs native cattle introduced having absent 19th century herd harris area september june north summer months fauna noted bird life population largest breeding colonies world migrating birds spend winters brazil return summer breed underground high white tailed sea eagles island later extinct scotland programme began years young sea eagles norway released successful breeding population wild brown trout european streams salmon occasionally run found native common invertebrates diverse studied numerous species fly beetle butterflies etc having recorded rare species found slopes including ground beetles biting occurs unbelievable numbers october popular series bbc television showed coverage deer bay patch brown earth soil abandoned settlement home thriving population rare poor soil island individuals reached tremendous sizes largest weighing grams speculated good quality soil absence predators flora tree nursery established order support substantial programme introducing native species including silver birch holly forested area consists million introduced native trees shrubs essentially confined vicinity slopes near site surrounding nearby island flora came widespread attention publication book affair british writer television producer book told long running scientific controversy alleged discovery certain plants botanist discoveries considered fraudulent widely believed placed plants island provide evidence theory geological development islands nonetheless native flora offers interest rare arctic alpine endemic varieties heath spotted common species blue heath total higher plant taxa recorded economy transport culture entire island owned managed single estate noted island population comprising employees families researchers teacher recently opposed development island genuine community change approach beginning development manager said clear years small community needs increase housing supply away exclusively tied housing couple new rented houses difference community surprisingly hectares acres estate population thirty issue lack land building spokesman stated clear trust priorities release land prince regeneration trust drawing conservation plan proposals energy generation island task group chaired created generate proposals advancing community development opportunities reported minister environment scottish government june plan announced establish locally run trust aim settlements area village december announced land buildings likely placed community ownership subject ballot electorate january ferry links neighbouring small isles mainland port miles hours sailing time away landing craft style stern ramp allowing vehicles driven vessel new constructed visitors normally permitted bring vehicles small isles summer months islands served ferry miles south best anchorage bays offering temporary poor weather writing 19th century described sweet little away day memorable voyage merely small bay mile breadth curving inland mile half sheltered winds save east flanked south west guarded northern low range slopes sunny time sheep shores yacht lies double yacht shadow bay painted richly clear reflection mountains summer reality programme titled escape experiment island filmed island short lived episodes produced bbc conjunction success wars having teams build vehicles escape island
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Rùm
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Geography and places
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Geography
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Islands
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27181_NorthernIsles
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northern isles northern isles scots old norse archipelago comprising chain islands north coast mainland scotland climate cool temperate influenced surrounding seas main island groups total inhabited islands landscapes fertile agricultural islands contrasting rugged islands north economy dependent fishing oil wealth surrounding seas developing energy industry share common norse history island groups absorbed 15th century remained country following formation later united_kingdom islands played significant naval role world wars 20th century tourism important distinctive prehistoric ruins playing key attraction regular ferry air connections mainland scotland scandinavian influence remains strong especially relation local folklore island chains strong distinct local cultures place names islands dominated norse heritage retain pre celtic elements geography phrase northern isles generally refers main islands lies mainland scotland falls highland council area local government purposes clearly northern isles scotland normally considered similarly distant main group technically small islands lie north coast scotland highland usually considered situated kilometres north coast mainland scotland separated waters largest island known mainland area square kilometres making sixth largest scottish island total population largest town kilometres north mainland scotland covers area square kilometres coastline kilometres long capital largest settlement population half archipelago total population people live kilometres town inhabited islands total geology superficial rock entirely old red sandstone middle age neighbouring mainland county sandstone rests rocks series seen narrow strip older rock exposed small island middle volcanic rocks found western eastern mainland proposed differences chemistry means remains uncertain late age found glacial presence chalk flint originated bed north_sea demonstrate influence ice action islands boulder clay abundant cover substantial areas geology different extremely complex numerous faults fold axes islands northern outpost rocks similar histories scottish mainland small deposits granite distinctive feature remnants floor economy depends oil bearing sediments surrounding seas geological evidence shows caused hit east coast scotland created wave metres high modern populations highest climate northern isles cool temperate climate remarkably mild steady northerly latitude influence surrounding seas average peak temperatures february august temperatures rare frost free period little months average annual rainfall millimetres millimetres winds key feature climate summer constant winter frequent strong winds average hours recorded annually wind farm operates turbines achieved world record capacity course persistent strong winds snowfall usually confined period november february seldom lies ground day rain falls april august month receives average annual bright sunshine averages hours overcast days common tourists islands summers longest day hours daylight complete darkness unknown long twilight known dim winter nights long hours daylight time year aurora occasionally seen northern horizon moderate activity numerous important prehistoric remains especially period form heart world heritage site inscribed ring situated island probably oldest preserved house northern europe structure inhabited years evidently built site older settlement extremely rich physical remains prehistoric eras archaeological sites told remarkable dividing wall ran kilometres island provided outstanding numerous erected time finest preserved example round towers collective site iron age including old joined tentative list history culture politics times culture built unknown late iron age northern isles kingdom main archaeological relics times symbol stones best examples located shows warriors spears sword combined traditional symbols discovered silver jewellery pieces believed date approximately stated treasure best survival scottish silver period variety typical forms animal head forms terminal christianity probably arrived 6th century organised church authority emerged 8th century found site inscribed interpretation caused controversy generally considered irish christian origin norse era 8th century time viking invasions scottish commenced came arrival new culture language fate existing indigenous population uncertain according islands headquarters pirate expeditions carried norway coasts mainland scotland response norwegian king fair hair annexed received death son battle scotland scholars believe story based later islands fully stopped way ireland norway king summoned stout said order subjects baptised refuse killed spot swear island fire steel agreed islands christian stroke receiving bishop early 11th century norwegian rule scots rule 14th century remained norwegian province scottish influence growing murdered line norse scots houses angus pledged christian capacity king norway security payment daughter margaret scotland money paid connection crown scotland permanent 1st earl ceded title following year northern isles directly annexed scotland early british era early 15th century sold goods german trade north german towns lasted act union high salt duties prohibited german merchants trading went economic depression scottish local traders skilled trading fish local merchant took german merchants left fitted ships export fish continent independent farmer fishermen negative consequences fish merchant british rule came price ordinary people traders nautical skills sought royal_navy served napoleonic wars press gangs period men taken returned home late 19th century owned people emigrated passing act liberal prime minister rule act enabled effectively landowners owner small farms experience somewhat different influx scottish helped create diverse independent community included farmers fishermen merchants called proved increasing able defend rights feudal 17th century formed overwhelming majority employees canada harsh climate reputation boat handling skills ideal candidates canadian north period burning briefly islands economy example tonnes long tons burned produced ash bringing local economy agricultural improvements beginning 17th century coincided enclosure victoria era emergence large managed farms shift rotation system producing high quality beef cattle little evidence fishing fleet 19th century grew rapidly boats involved 1840s later leading centres development seamen involved arctic waters 19th century boats generally based britain world wars site navy base scapa_flow played major role world war armistice german high seas fleet transferred entirety scapa_flow decision future german sailors opened sea scuttled ships world war 10th stationed single year march ships sailed escorted convoy system total lost men higher proportion britain waves emigration 1920s 1930s month world war royal_navy battleship sunk german boat scapa_flow result barriers built close access channels additional advantage creating enabling travellers island island road instead obliged rely ferries constructed italian prisoners war constructed ornate italian chapel flow base run war eventually closing world war norwegian naval unit nicknamed bus established autumn base later conduct operations coast norway fishing vessels norwegian refugees gathered bus conducted covert operations carrying intelligence agents refugees instructors resistance military supplies trips sea highly decorated allied naval officer war making problem declining population significant post war years decades 20th century recovery life islands focused growing prosperity emergence relatively society modern times politics history islands norse flavour historic links norway similarities geography history matched elements current political process represented house_of_commons constituency member parliament current incumbent highlands islands electoral region separate elect member past post system separate local councils dominated members political party political party supported rest scotland contested general election movement coalition movement equivalent candidate came 4th votes cast experiment repeated transport ferry services link rest scotland main routes harbour operated inter island ferry services operated operated respective local authorities run service archipelago exposed wind tide numerous sites wrecked ships sited aid navigation locations main airport operated highland franchise provides services scottish mainland glasgow airport similar services fly scottish mainland inter island flights available islands inhabited islands including airport frequent charter flights near transport workers small terminal fifth largest number international passengers scotland scheduled air service shortest world minutes duration economics different resulted local economies main revenue producers agriculture fishing energy petroleum industry offshore crude oil natural gas production creative industries tourism oil gas landed subsequently largest oil europe taxes oil increased public sector spending social welfare art sport environmental measures financial development quarters islands work force employed service sector accounted output fishing remains central islands economy today total catch tonnes long tons short tons valued million contrast fishing declined 19th century impact oil industry significant soil generally fertile land taken farms agriculture far important sector economy providing employment quarter workforce agricultural land grazing sheep cattle production hectares acres woodland occupies hectares acres significant wind marine energy resources energy recently come prominence scottish government backed research facility installed wave testing system mainland tidal power testing station island described kind world set provide developers wave tidal energy devices purpose built performance testing facility culture northern isles rich folklore example tales concerning form draws islands scandinavian connections local customs past included marriage ceremonies stone forms best known literary figures modern poet poet novelist novelist strong tradition local music formed 1950s promote traditional style vibrant local culture today notable folk music include late country musician released commercial recording life work popular years death language language spoken islands descendant extinct 18th 19th century local scots language collectively known scots highly distinctive retain strong influences island names etymology island names dominated norse influence follows listing inhabited islands oldest version modern recorded intermediate 16th century gradually replaced use letter discontinued replaced similar looking letter form describe county council earlier chat island cats cat tribe referred early irish literature possible forms norse cat tribe occupied parts northern scottish mainland norse cat meaning cats location mentioned visited britain known certain mentioned clear referring described great_britain triangular shape northern tip called referred visible writing 1st century roman called islands usually interpreted tribal meaning young pig young old islands island pigs script cited evidence pre norse existence old irish association weight norse norse retained earlier root changed meaning providing definite example adaption pre norse place islands meaning seal islands alternative recorded meaning horse isle contain element meaning plain unlike larger islands obvious final island syllables difficult interpret suggests root helpful island presence good harbour plentiful archipelago written record dates reference suggest judge island suggestion island known associated islands means current island island tidal stream reference strong currents norse gave animal names islands transferred english example horse brother isle norse meaning broad beach island norse meaning small english numerous examples use including meaning large big scots words island names appears small scots scots names
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Northern Isles
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Geography and places
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Geography
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Islands
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28225_Lihou
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small tidal island located west coast island english channel great_britain france forms parish owned officially known number owners past island jointly managed past island locals collection use today mainly tourism including school trips important centre conservation forming wetland site preservation rare birds plants historic ruins farmhouse etymology common nearby islands contains norman means small hill mound developed words means near water historically number alternative forms including attested early twelfth century mentioned sixteenth century common family records suggesting use eighteenth century including royal_navy captain discovered named australian port island attested number countries australia example son enlisted australian forces killed action france numerous instances people surname having migrated united_states geography climate west low tide linked nearby stone causeway apart beaches island high ridge running approximately north south mainly composed rock found granite bedrock island mild oceanic climate like nearby english french coastlines shares weather features winter temperatures falling february summers high august small close island called breeding places number endangered species birds including common numerous species birds plants found sea allow visitors bank certain times year order allow birds breed approximately metres north island submerged called grand considered hazard navigation nineteenth century island identified site nature conservation importance includes parts shoreline march designated wetland site covering hectares acres land sea created marine reserve extensive variety wildlife including species shores species birds observed area geology complex closely associated neighbouring history history closely linked history particular general earliest evidence era objects recovered archaeological 1990s era tombs nearby mainland recorded history began seized brittany ruler normandy nearby tombs traditionally believed meeting places local led conflict church authorities especially established dedicated mary known locally lady number dates suggested establishment estimates ranging early late records suggest abbey authority operated ownership island granted abbey robert duke normandy early eleventh century thought constructed contributions appear fairly affluent time early fourteenth century origin local legend wealthy attempted innocent peasant executed false charges theft silver cups servant called alleged murdered monks assistants attempted surrender subsequently killed assistants tried find sanctuary nearby church eventually fled england returning king pardoned years later tortured death known seized king henry england number alien centuries appointed short installed prior life decades abandoned evidence final prior evidence allocated john appointed governor destroyed prevent french forces capturing island seven years war early nineteenth century farmhouse built island listed owned held post lieutenant ultimately unsuccessful attempt suppress industry based book published year noted presence iron hook gate rocks approximately miles sea remains old roads significantly larger past sea eroded considerable portion remainder nineteenth century start twentieth century island changed hands succession owners including colonel world war occupied germans target practice german artillery causing farmhouse collapse completely summer ruins studied detail john lieutenant colonel purchased plans develop island beginning following year clearing area old farmhouse preparation building new farmhouse construction work continuing organized summer camps young adults island imported sheep consume decided canada island sold robin island bought ruins possibly extensive religious studies excavations ruins including archaeological investigations twelfth fourteenth century graves unearthed economy historically important location commercially significant industry based harvesting local language records suggest considerable activity early beginning nineteenth century value great lieutenant owner initiated court case prevent drying beaches case eventually led new regulations issued legislature known chief pleas time based review ancient royal ruled favour effect permission harvest granted inhabitants parishes century later factory established island produce economic island ecological tourism based farmhouse operated overall responsibility island remains small issued stamps states assumed responsibility postal services previously provided
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Lihou
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Geography and places
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Geography
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Islands
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3541_ScienTOMogy
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new_zealand based parody site actor involvement initially hosted domain site created response extensive media publicity surrounding cruise appearances today gained press attention site proprietor contacted cease letter alleging copyright infringement claiming word close word proprietor initially agreed church demands decided site consulting attorneys internet traffic site later increased dramatically result media attention surrounding allegations copyright infringement development new_zealand created july appeared today interview speaking dangers drugs following incident jumped couch love interview site stated goal exposing behavior relentless crusade promote site mainly store parody satire material including depictions cruise holmes straight jackets video showing cruise shooting lightning clarify position parody site contained requested reader understand agree continuing site stated obviously absolutely connection whatsoever sic affiliated organizations designed commentary criticism limits free speech content treated opinion material owned respective trademark owners site thank continue site fake cruise claims refer instead order clear public relations problems parody version cruise states kind like word bears bears scary add word fun enjoyable treat church response web site drew media attention attorneys contacted claiming domain infringement trademark despite different word letter september issued cease order demanding shut site transfer ownership church threatening lawsuit church law firm stated cause likelihood confusion violating act letter stated notice registration use domain fashion caused falsely associated client registered mark fact changed letter protect trademark infringement lawyer quoted saying use somebody trademark regardless saying haven given permission site responded statement site purely satirical entertainment contains fact claims site clearly states site absolutely connection whatsoever affiliated organisations originally relented agreed change domain october news took parody film passion christ consulting lawyers october responded church far aggressive stance believing accusation completely publicly refused challenging church keeping domain court interview news reiterated going retain rights transfer requested media attention said began receive annoying calls local stupid answer speak church member kept insisting meet talk church aftermath threats gave web site cult following taking normal traffic hits day million matter hours wall_street_journal carried reports commenting irony situation noting site message press exposure threats increased traffic raised objections use parody term news reported originally agreed site running accessible july awarded cruise rights domain claims addition hosting original cease letter gives legal commentary issues pertaining controversy page provided organization discuss trademark occur non owner trademark uses work activity likely average person page notes non usage non commercial parody filed lawsuit opened litigation present site inactive internet archive version site july
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ScienTOMogy
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Engineering and technology
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Computing and engineering
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Websites and the Internet
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4967_Hightail
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cloud service lets users send receive digitally sign files founded company renamed company early focus helping users send files large email started adding features plug ins businesses service grew quickly firm raised million funding service web client mobile devices business applications company launched designed encourage creative professionals conception idea delivery history founded early years pursued advertising revenues managed business development created graphic design including logo focused user experience technical work company users growing percent month september invested mainly send large files photos audio files large file size limits set email providers time million funding raised august falling founders years left company stayed product management marketing role guilty making denial service dos attacks website service december june took ceo continued raise total million grew file recipients saw service works reaching paying users million registered users march january acquired developer add iphone app developer aol yahoo executive appointed ceo company file sharing remote document access placing competition began advertising competitors box like files dropped boxed january acquired company develops found mac application searches files computers connected networks july year announced represent file sharing file collaboration services new mobile ios windows devices introduced unlimited storage option september acquired security focused file sharing service hosting files inside corporate november raised million additional funding resigned ceo september allegedly disagreements board directors replaced founder products services users service file recipients provided link file downloaded users manage files online system create access online storage addition service applications windows mac mobile ios android devices business applications allow users send files application documents signed digitally mouse touch screen service pay use security feature files sent transit stored individual devices consumer version sold basis business product sold originally released business version additional features corporate use remote data mobile devices service level agreements controls compliance requirements company million registered users countries use free service storage half million pay unlimited storage additional features software versions initially known way individuals share personal files images corporate suite released management reporting features business users following year tool party websites called introduced added allowed files sent applications like year new release included built added million users following months july online management system digital signing features introduced order compete following month added applications mac ios android devices march released separate product intended business users called later renamed reception magazine gave service rating reviewer found app easy use noted digital signing cloud storage features wilson reported problems trying use digital signing feature phone held vertically experienced occasional crashes gave service praised product unlimited downloads accessibility mobile device tests service took seven minutes file compared industry average minutes according review probably powerful features ability sign digital documents review said service easy use noted features protection file tracking interface branding pointed users copy files sent application reviewer liked collaboration tools complaints user interface business product advisor stated better advantage integration corporate environments conducted comparative review vendors file sharing collaboration market gave average score end user perspective slightly average score administrator perspective noted model expensive user basis lack caps affordable heavy users found easy secure noted lacked features competitors
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Hightail
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Engineering and technology
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Computing and engineering
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Websites and the Internet
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5761_Movieland
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known subscription based movie download service subject thousands complaints washington state attorney general office agencies consumers said held hostage repeated pop windows demands payment triggered free day trial period said heard saw pop advertised service personal information need filled begin free trial filed complaint defendants august charging having engaged nationwide scheme use deception extract payments consumers attorney general state washington filed complaint charging defendants violating state consumer protection act overview movie download service pop ads sites ads offer day free trial access members content including music news updated sports scores adult movies ads forms fill need provide credit card number mail address making trial appear anonymous site states virus free extra charge site program access service early consumer complaints began operations fall earlier consumer complaints began soon consumers claimed signed free trial service heard got pop demand payment said found software computers free utility company denied installed software means media coverage early january recounted consumer complaints mentioned anti companies buying google advertisements product ability remove report updated february calls component fully disclose installing completely remove components obligations process software disclosure harvest referred form behaviour july report cited complaints august filed complaint united_states obtain preliminary permanent relief contracts relief defendants unfair acts practices violation section act complaint alleged defendants demanding payment fix problem created installing software removed reasonable means according complaint repeatedly bombarded consumers pop windows accompanied music lasted nearly minute demanded minimum payment end recurring pop cycle claiming consumers signed day free trial cancel service trial period complaint charged installation defendants download manager merely smoke screen defendants true purpose install software files consumers computers enable defendants launch pop windows consumers computers demanding payments defendants pop windows display payment demands significantly disrupt consumers use computers defendants cause pop payment demands display particular computer time cause increasing frequency pop ups large dark background took screen blocking access windows contain close minimize buttons forcing user continue pop showed date time content access software installed system day free trial began text click continue purchase license stop graphic reading stop click continue option offered button labeled continue continue brought pop second clip featuring woman introduced personal customer service representative stated cancel trial period legally payment terms conditions agreed installed content delivery software clip neared conclusion new dialog box entitled payment options appeared choosing close window option ended pop ups cycle began addition complaint alleged defendants numerous false statements attempting collect payments consumers claiming computer owner receiving pop payment demands paid owner computer received pop ups legally pay computer owner satisfy contract person entered computer customer service telephone number provided number consumers called recorded told charge hang seconds complaint alleged defendants difficult impossible consumers software attempting remove add remove programs function web page telling pay fee stop pop ups way consumers regain control computers pay fee pay computer technician remove software position representatives said downloads computers accidentally insisting drive downloads said lawsuit brought pointed time complaint filed federal judge rejected request temporary order immediately ended cited billing practices terms service web site warned users cancel pay day period pop billing begin appear frequently choose payment options pay license said pop ups anti fraud mechanism received consumers intentionally software intentional steps default setting cancel company stated programs bundled software company disputed claim software difficult rid said removed defendants following companies individuals named defendants complaint international inc inc film web inc source inc sole officer director triumphant videos officer director film web source pre trial november defendants signed governing pre trial conduct admitting wrongdoing violation law involvement acts practices alleged complaint defendants agreed clear prominent prior software download installation download install software user explicit consent clearly prominently site terms service nature frequency duration pop windows appear purported obligation payment pop ups lock access rest computer agreed fixed limits pop ups generate computer maximum day hour requirement provide mute button sound content pop ups able close windows provide toll free number email utility request stopping pop ups certain conditions defendants promised clearly label single click download install buttons pre select default required represent consumers legal contractual obligation pay software computer owner provided personal identification agreed pay failure pay result collection proceedings affect computer owner credit status owner provided personal identification credit card agreed pay customer service agents state believe computer owner responsible paying download offer purchase options including time day non license access service terminate settlement complaint scheduled tried united_states january trial defendants chose settle court settled september admitting wrongdoing violation law defendants agreed permanent terms pre trial including limiting number frequency duration billing pop ups pay consumers paid program result repeated pop demands defendants agreed stop offering anonymous free trials users install time years age provide install time link terms service end user license agreement download software user removed prominently post removal instructions web sites agreement requires herd change address employment status new business years complaints state washington august attorney general state washington charged herd violating state consumer protection act complaint filed seattle alleged unlawful business acts practices similar alleged complaint alleged violations washington state law defendants subject fines violation act violation found liable subject paying affected consumers alleged violations law alleged violations washington state law included taking control user computer violation act consumer protection act remotely installing billing software controls pop cycle ability software violation acts listing software software business practices violation aggressive billing method failure disclose including use billing method forces payment completely users access computers threats harassment intimidation billing practices violation threatening collection proceedings adverse effect users credit records fact defendants know consumer referring consumers legal obligation pay fact legally binding contract failure disclose material facts violation aggressive relentless threatening form payment demands fact option software disabled defendants transmit software user computer violation including stating software contains fact software constitutes behavior announcing suit following seven month investigation washington attorney general rejected possible defense defendants claim users legally pay service lacks merit consumers provide knowing consent installation relentless pop demands said furthermore computer owners responsible satisfy contracts people including minors entered computer said defendants threats collection proceedings adverse effects users credit ratings defendants way personally identify computer users assistant attorney general said tactics forced consumers pay service said sued getting complaints consumers felt harassed held barrel payments didn agree said harassment intimidation consumer high pressure tactic pay legally pay settlement settled washington april terms similar settlement specific washington consumers agreeing pay washington consumer prominently state important contract terms including cost subscription service advertisements
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Movieland
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Engineering and technology
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Computing and engineering
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Websites and the Internet
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6654_Whedonesque.com
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referred spelled site logo collaborative devoted works inception angel expanded follow professional output careers cast crew associated projects site recognized media outlets awards writings originally posted simply site referenced books cited academic papers drum interest products comic book editors gauge reader reactions occasionally posted personal political views site writers guild america strike led mistakenly believe personal official site prompted fans writers cause posters site usually referred user registration required post closed history origin started remains site owner february started set rules designed mandate linking external sites encourage civil conduct discourage copyright violations minimize discussion contentious issues print media mention sentence usa today month launch cited internet sites article commemorating end growth site popularity grew started posting acknowledged reading late account created use august post directly site april announcing preview screenings later extended involvement site means communication fans topics including season comic books status updates projects use maintains list threads started posted angel fall comic book author began posting late saw major internet media november selected site week commented rate things related clearly laid guidelines posting solid policy label december usa today pop candy selected gang people calling visit day piles links posted fellow cited case study marketing success recognition early announced end relationship movie post directly cited traditional media including los_angeles_times industry press year cited modest coverage involvement february cited source new_york_times piece novel kind freedom later year cited mainstream media treatment especially post explaining new pilot horrible sing blog site taken day attention prompted release horrible resulting site movement originated unlike previous mainstream media mentions horrible garnered mainland european media attention august wired cited coverage youtube leak demo reel produced animated series time major media outlets began noting source received including times online blog week awarded march times review stated latest news items rumours sightings concerning time wonder boy creator logged daily kind people appreciate smart sophisticated dialogue plotting best web site nominated award entertainment_weekly selected greatest websites december selected eighth list essential calling reservoir material starred near projects angel personal blog comparing captivity advertising controversy posted multiple messages writers guild america strike official website role erroneously attributed media outlets describe relationship site institution media websites continued cite discussions work coverage guardian radio blog called ultimate later quoted administrator follow piece zap2it referred things account frequent collaborator created began posting march posts episode quoted washington_post impact books academic papers addition news outlets picked stories quotes site referenced number books academic papers cited general reference physics angel guide specific posts included reading angel likewise academic studies journal included papers cited issues issue reference included specific topics posts site inception september website cited mit masters thesis entitled television engagement medium positive reaction academic interest works maintains category academic posts includes notices public lectures calls papers academic analyses projects separate category maintained posts content marketing site owner stated provide service influence site recognized vendors place gauge fan reactions merchandise april said release images later cancelled card set exclusively season comic editor wrote editorial column read reactions sex encounter issue credits helping sell essays vampire slayer fan websites featured click critics power fan websites held center media new_york attendees included event highlighted popular fan run websites focused current media participant remarked center trying kind hard figure thing doesn evidenced fact appeared program event writers guild america strike late posts writers guild america strike prompted reader support writers grew multi movement dubbed wall_street_journal noted novel use similar sites rolling_stone featured websites mentioned best strike writing writer specifically credited readers providing pizza striking writers
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Whedonesque.com
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Engineering and technology
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Computing and engineering
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Websites and the Internet
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6969_February2010Australiancyberattacks
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february australian february australian series denial service attacks conducted anonymous online community australian government response proposed web censorship regulations given attacks perpetrators resulted access government websites february accompanied phone calls government offices actual size attack number perpetrators involved unknown estimated number systems involved ranged hundreds thousands traffic caused disruption multiple government websites australian telecommunications minister proposed regulations mainly filter sites pornographic content groups advocating access internet companies like google yahoo object proposed filter spokesperson said actions legitimate form protest called irresponsible attacks drew criticism filter protest groups initial stage followed small person protests february called project background attack began protest responding plan australian telecommunications minister require internet service providers block australian users illegal government deemed unwanted content websites blocked feature pornography showing rape child sex abuse small women appear legal age female drawn depictions acts included proposal proposed filter includes gambling sites showing drug use leaked version proposed referred refused classification list showed sites include adult content operation reference material censored google questioned proposal saying broad strongly opposed free speech groups poll conducted television program found respondents favour concept plan survey found concerned government intent list filtered websites secret discovered attack coming february statement released anonymous press days attack said government right refuse citizens access information solely perceive unwanted went read australian government learn mess porn access perfectly legal illegal content reason anonymous previously garnered media attention protests project iranian government september prime minister website similar protest proposed web censorship reforms attacks distributed recruit participants said attack begin february day government websites targeted denial service attacks said government security instead government computer sites left unavailable sporadic periods attack point australian parliament website days high volume requests government site inaccessible time primary target received large traffic government offices flooded mail prank phone calls prime minister pornographic images released attack called focus cartoon pornography female small pornography reports actual size attack varied security expert described attacks equivalent parking truck shopping centre firm marketing security technology said peak attack relatively low second writer described million requests second initially brought parliament website massive site usually receives second appears compromised computers estimates number attacking systems involved ranged hundreds thousands response said attacks legitimate political protest according totally irresponsible potentially deny services australian public said condemned attacks wrong way express disagreement proposed law anti censorship groups criticised attacks saying hurt cause purported spokesperson attackers recommended wider australian public protest filter signing petition anonymous coordinated second phase small protests outside canberra major cities australia february additional demonstrations held country overseas organizers called follow protests project differentiate criticised attacks supporters attack later said taking websites convince government web policy called violence disagreed actions proposed launching additional attack popular government site spokesman said believed real intention capacity follow violent threats attack resulted criticism australia terrorism laws writer wrote provisions leave place legitimate acts online protest sets penalty far high relatively minor vandalism australian teenager charged counts electronic communications access restricted data role attack ordered pay bond instead convicted pleading guilty showing good behaviour july delayed implementing plan pending month review refused classification content rated proposal expected forward opposition coalition internet service providers agreed voluntarily block content
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February 2010 Australian cyberattacks
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Engineering and technology
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Computing and engineering
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Websites and the Internet
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7229_FuckingMachines
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known pornographic website founded features video photographs women engaged sexual sex machines sex toys based san_francisco california site operated web entrepreneur launched september company second website devices shown site created intent bring women authentic performers instructed allow recorded experiencing pleasure site applied trademark phrase united_states patent denied application ruled mark free speech lawyer represented site appealed decision called legal brief entertaining legal documents likely come appeal denied april case terminated argument case known fuck brief website subject attention journalists academics studying sexuality writer highlighted site emphasis communication classed porn wrote adventurous couple guide sex toys helped idea machines aiding sex acts edition described aesthetic devices disturbing wrote examples form devoted chapter phenomenon screening dark love euro horror american cinema titled fucking machines pornography observed strictly speaking women videos controllers controlled history film production founded second website company inc launched september subsequently began use business purposes director site uses professional received university degree film media experience filmmaking operating sex machines began work production assistant focused direction style filming female participants experiencing sincere pleasure machines site features machines designed bring women noted screening dark love majority film production crew members female websites formed values statement set guidelines directors performers taking measures site production staff developed practice interviewing performers film sessions models appearing film shoots instructed authentic experience pleasure machines acting relocated sites film shoots place basement fucking machines featured adult entertainment expo las_vegas nevada marketing tagline sex rpm published book demonstrated including double crane device called machine incorporated rubber moving chain apparatus featured adult treasure expo japan convention center sex technology held october san_francisco california featured robot called live performance expo attendees signed deal pulse distribution sell material sites consumers dvd format dvd distributed site titled volume featured minutes material performers website included devices films article critical california state government directing tax revenue classes film production attended video editors article turn criticized characterized website asserts visitors performers engaged sexual activities depicted videos appear feel bliss experience majority new adult film industry enjoyed work discovered socially acceptable perform sexual device human partner public relations manager observed interview focus material september site live filming audience spectators followed introduction november interactive format viewers watch shoots recommend devices participants site hours archival footage adult film performers including trademark appeal filed request july united_states patent secure intellectual property rights mark having met standard word use entity site involved trademark dispute refused grant trademark site asserting case use mark handled free speech attorney decision government determined lawyer ruled registration refused proposed mark consists comprises immoral matter term fucking offensive vulgar reference act sex mark deemed based rejection statute previously refused applications marks word fuck marks word fucking requests trademark terms including shit turned times mark rejected including word ass accepted times word bitch approved response decision case stated trademark office gone deep end section requests marks immoral matter filed amendment response office action decision august introduced brief challenges characterization word fucking allegedly offensive vulgar root fuck commented brief case frequently involved free speech cases fighting federal government right trademark dirty word filing case entertaining legal documents likely come argument case came known fuck brief argued letter word meaning fuck play role term example fuck mean word force assist expressions joy fucking fuck helps express rage scream fuck football referee cut traffic fuck help express pain frequently thing men mouths strike thumb accidentally hammer fuck vehicle disappointment report card good hoped significant late dinner leaves altogether fuck old friend laugh explained word fuck routinely brief argument term variety ways cited related terms including fuck boots frequent use word fuck films including casino jay reply acknowledged routine use word simultaneously asserted nature word frequently considered shocking formal situations example word basic cable broadcasters fined letting word argued word restricted workplace government regulations filed appeal june matter scheduled hearing told considered appeals mark initially rejected said intending adult industry representative amendment rights stated talked normally sort person thought pretty good shot going advice real agenda adult entertainment attorney stated agreed actions pointed observed significant increase applications rejected potential deemed government stated unfortunate executive branch reaching deep government legislation morality agenda truly encouraging likes needed fight appeal denied april case terminated application status listed abandoned failure respond appealing party analysis advice columnist recommended site readers interested learning sex machines book edited writer commented site emphasis communication author consulted operators research book sex machines photographs interviews visited set classed production phenomenon porn author wrote book adventurous couple guide sex toys machine sex map popular consciousness paving way individual companies mass produce somewhat affordable sex machines couples individuals purchase use home book naked internet author wrote fucking machines fusion female sexuality technology curious thing toys way cast sexuality technology near jon described website dedicated entirely women having sex large elaborate machines article regina noted presence adult entertainment expo mainstream website website years grey area indie internet industry doesn understand year middle mainstream porn village_voice wrote article replaces men feel transform turn edition described aesthetic devices site book author commented devices site mechanical invented observed machines extract false confessions article journalist characterized examples form book screening dark love euro horror american cinema devoted chapter phenomenon titled fucking machines pornography concluded usually criticize female performers visually practically degraded men pornography hard uphold impression videos given pornography difference given sexual fantasies usually require clearly drawn roles dominance submission women resist categories strictly speaking women videos controllers controlled
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Fucking Machines
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Engineering and technology
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Computing and engineering
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Websites and the Internet
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9587_Smartsheet
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software service application collaboration work management developed marketed inc assign tasks track project progress manage share documents manage work like user interface november million people organizations initially unpopular redesign followed increase adoption larger funding rounds service collaborate project documents tasks work combines functionality competes november million users organizations features according forbes relatively simple user interface interface centers similar typically found rows expanded collapsed individual tasks large scale project progress respectively tasks deadline priority person assigned contains dates create calendar view row files attached stored discussion board associated new created pushed staff rows columns information updated tracking task project data point updated automatically service task deadline coming keeps track document versions import data google applications software services like mobile app android iphone operating systems sold subscription basis free version history introduced according company founder initial adoption slow software difficult use end year users company began making changes software eventually cutting percent features purpose making user friendly following launch redesign adoption grew million users organizations integration added october account map tool introduced uses flow work groups employees august version ios app introduced like user interface focus app user interface previously mobile interface different oriented version started introducing closer products thanks changes microsoft making products work better party software january added support microsoft identity management software allowed users log products like users changes directly inc private company develops markets application april employees headquartered washington operates data centers texas virginia illinois company founded summer shortly founder sold prior company initially funded year founding raised million funding employees early raised million funding rounds hired software redesigned company revenues grew percent year consecutive years raised million funding december million
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Smartsheet
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Engineering and technology
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Computing and engineering
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Websites and the Internet
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11260_.bv
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internet country code level domain reserved norwegian dependent territory domain registry sponsor open registration designated august placed registry norwegian policy states sufficient institutions connected domain open registration norwegian policy domain resources plans sell domain later come use regulation follow policy history volcanic island claimed norway domain allocated august time allocated allocation occurred internet assigned numbers authority assigns entities code designated june norwegian computer scientist socialist left party proposed domain online free proposal aims protecting norwegian authorities foreign surveillance march began initial collaboration dutch domain registry purpose examining possibility utilizing domain dutch market common form limited company netherlands popular domain collaboration ended june advised certain parts norwegian domain regulations opened sale domain granted policy management lies trondheim based domain registry unused limited company owned owned legal right manage domains based agreement regulations act supervised based policy use regulated norwegian country code level domains known domain regulation regulation norway eventually come use rules procedures currently domain remains reserved potential future use
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.bv
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Engineering and technology
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Computing and engineering
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Websites and the Internet
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15208_Alt.tv.simpsons
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called regular readers dedicated discussing american television program simpsons created popular community early 1990s continues exist known reviewing episodes minor details writers simpsons know forum occasions read comments character comic book guy respond fans interviews writers admitted like writers participated discussions forum independent commentators forum example active audience claimed simpsons tailor forum history created week march months airing regular episode program episode simpsons open fire christmas special aired december created world wide web emerged earliest discussions held text platforms according canadian journalist writer book early 1990s period popular community internet according computer scientist tracking traffic popular television ahead discussion general television late david_letterman soap operas official method measuring traffic list considered unofficial discussions inception users use discuss quality episode talk continuity errors discuss cultural references usually related pop culture common topic freeze frame gags jokes seen viewer tapes episode image discussions compiled submitted contains episode guides guides provides information characters setting compilation articles interview cast crew frequent topics discussion real life location springfield sexuality shot burns episode publicity stunt burns shot unknown character writers inserted secret clues episode implemented contest discovered shooter animated episode community debated mystery extreme degree officially right answer animated contest regulations winner selected random sample entries sample contain correct answers winner chosen right answer paid cash prize lieu animated relationship writers writers aware jokes expense series character comic book guy represent stereotypical instance occurred seventh season episode radioactive man logging favorite repeated worst episode appeared episode review decided use fan response passion fans eighth season episode largely seen satire hardcore fans response viewer backlash obsession internal consistency fans commonly express sees episode immediately goes internet writes worst episode message board commentary active audience episode writers respond voice comic book guy night doubt worst episode rest assured internet minutes registering disgust world hey know wasn great right complain comic book guy loyal viewer feel owe giving thousands hours entertainment free possibly owe owe comic book guy pause worst episode appears eleventh season episode title twelfth season episode worst episode describing things saying worst writers use test fans seventh season episode writer segment deliberately inserted false equation background scene equation appears false statement appears true evaluated typical precision true proven episode aired generated near miss computer program episode aired response users tested later despair found accurate places expressed scientific reception comments quoted cited writings mass media commentators led situations relations writers viewers strained simpsons creator acknowledged runners reading frustration said feel like knocking electronic case writer comments fans internet interview independent calling beetle saying internet writing writer respond select simpsons fans mail friendly manner claimed people seriously point life hell cartoon implied read chapter wants candy book leaving springfield finds example active audience struggle meaning mentions context fans extreme allow room error writers believe leads appreciation qualities writes book planet simpson cartoon masterpiece documented era defined generation simpsons appeared tailor early 1990s includes minor details reward viewing easily
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Alt.tv.simpsons
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Engineering and technology
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Computing and engineering
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Websites and the Internet
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15299_OverClockedReMix
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known remix non commercial organization dedicated preserving paying tribute video game music arranging interpreting songs new technology software traditional means primary focus website offers thousands free fan video game music arrangements information game music composers resources aspiring artists community forum video game music fans coined word remix refer arrangements opposed remix typically involves alterations master recordings ambiguity term remix organization dedicated distinctive video game themes arrangements involving changing minor details work history organization december spin playing video games format derived commodore arrangement website host fan arrangements lloyd chose expand focus games regardless game system originally coded basic sporting orange color scheme site underwent conversion database driven system visual blue purple current design silver orange remix located moving july domains hosted years eventually self funded switching dedicated hosting late lloyd registered limited liability company originally music submissions evaluated solely better accommodate volume music submissions improve selection consistency panel judges composed accomplished artists contributors community instituted early assist lloyd music selection earlier dispute administrative decisions including proposal judges panel caused artists leave found demanded remixes removed artists left asked works stay submit future works subsequently removed remixes site requested return request granted provision remove work site remix judge head submissions organization june providing initial evaluation submissions freeing lloyd time develop site site fan convention appearance baltimore maryland april joined apart panel discussion virtual communities internet convention sponsored harvard_university main features remixes hosted site submitted variety genres remixes available individually bundled database games composers companies systems remixes released non commercial requiring content policy site remixes based standards guidelines encouraging arrangement creativity capable production quality years works removed initially admitted generally enforcement site standards admission work common violation rip involves obtaining source material making minor modifications passing work violations include stolen recordings cover versions arrangements differ far source material obvious sub par execution website currently hosts digital albums arrange entire game soundtracks created community collaboration new albums added periodically site maintains database skills members community encourage artist collaboration lloyd staff conduct interviews prolific video game music composers celebrities video game music creation discussion forums channel majority community interaction occurs areas discussion include boards devoted reviews works progress projects competitions general boards discussion topics related albums projects addition hosting individual files remix publishes albums entire game soundtracks created collaboration groups released albums musicians chosen handle super street fighter turbo remix soundtrack associate producer heard organization super street fighter turbo tribute album blood asphalt entitled remix super street fighter turbo remix official soundtrack complete track album freely released new arrangements edited versions blood asphalt tracks prior remixes site comprise soundtrack arranged music based knowledge street fighter series music game completed visuals gameplay remix founder david lloyd directed soundtrack served organization contact ensure working large fan community close possible working single composer praised remix music expectations efforts rewarding aspects working remix vice president described soundtrack guests showed demo game praised remixed music aspect demo review remix gaming entertainment website ign commended work great tribute original soundtrack entities favorable reviews soundtrack included eurogamer gamespot gamesradar long time game composer fat man george referred collaboration game audio freely released official indie game soundtracks titles including ios game trenches xbox live arcade game return robots episode invasion addition free albums site partnered release remix commercial album peace years mega man featuring licensed arrangements soundtracks website associated record label sell licensed songs albums july published officially licensed remix arrangement song available stream purchase addition albums remixes community undertaken projects efforts enhance promote main website official skin download manager frequency news blog abandoned long periods inactivity successful projects bundle video game music sound formats accessible endorsed internet radio stream remixes reception community grown word mouth mention website publications websites influential early coverage site came issue electronic gaming monthly covered reports sources gamer magazine magazine nintendo_power magazine bbc_radio_1 hyper magazine industry reaction according interview organization received negative feedback game composer game publisher like communities surrounding fan works foremost honor love think concept goals received video game industry professionals praised compositions including gear country praised work industry figures including doom lead designer fat man george associate producer stated hoped game music scored jake arranged remix future late remix veteran professional game composer released 7th guest fat dance fat man george early followed second remix kind variation dedicated arrangement remix founder final fantasy series composer provided remix performed alongside colleagues game composers entitled wing commander wing theme surf marked release commercial video game music album late october composer big giant circles collaborated arrange track composed game march released remix album monkey business featuring closing track performed game original composer alongside composers ties rare franchise artists beginning directly drawn video game music arrangement seen interest video game music professional music opportunities including dance dance revolution civilization sword andrew monkey island special edition revenge super meat boy beginning invitation promotional cds given away contest prizes performance orchestral game music concert series video games live remixes played concert hall june june performances washington
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OverClocked ReMix
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Engineering and technology
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Computing and engineering
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Websites and the Internet
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17330_Twitter
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twitter twitter online social networking service enables users send read short character messages called registered users read post read users access twitter website interface sms mobile device app based san_francisco offices world twitter created march launched july service rapidly gained worldwide popularity million users posting million day service handled billion search day visited websites described sms internet march twitter million monthly active users history creation initial reaction twitter origins lie session held board members company undergraduate student introduced idea individual sms service communicate small group original project code service idea williams later ascribed inspired character length short codes decision partly fact domain use months launch crew purchased domain changed service twitter developers initially considered short code later changed ease use work project started march published twitter message pacific standard time setting explained origin twitter title came word twitter perfect definition short burst information birds exactly product twitter prototype developed contractor internal service employees version introduced publicly july october members acquired assets including investors shareholders williams fired glass silent twitter twitter spun company april williams provided insight ambiguity defined early period interview twitter wasn clear called social network called hard define didn replace path discovery like time figure twitter actually changed thought beginning described status updates social utility insight eventually came twitter information network social network point twitter popularity south southwest interactive conference event twitter usage increased day twitter people placed inch screens conference exclusively streaming twitter messages remarked newsweek hundreds conference kept constant speakers mentioned service attendance touted reaction conference highly positive said twitter absolutely ruling social software researcher said twitter owning conference twitter staff received festival web award prize remark like thank characters earth twitter message posted nasa astronaut january late november average dozen updates day posted communal account nasa nasa hosted events provide guests access nasa facilities speakers goal participants social networks outreach goals nasa august company appointed president revenue growth company experienced rapid initial growth posted quarter grew million posted quarter february twitter users sending million day march company recorded registered applications june million posted day sent second according twitter march million posted daily noted twitter moved highest ranking social networking site january previous rank second twitter usage spikes prominent events example record set world cup fans wrote second thirty second period japan scored june record broken second posted victory june close japan victory denmark world cup users published second record set women world cup final japan united_states second published american singer michael_jackson died june twitter crashed users status include words michael_jackson rate hour current record august set japan second television screening movie castle sky beating previous record set japan television screening movie twitter acquired application developer april developed twitter client mac iphone application called twitter distributed free charge official twitter client iphone mac september october company began rolling new twitter entirely revamped edition changes included ability pictures videos leaving twitter individual contain links images clips variety supported websites including youtube complete overhaul interface shifted links mentions twitter stream messages log accessible black bar november company confirmed new twitter experience rolled users april twitter tested new phased old twitter came page launched previous retro use issues resolved new reintroduced april december twitter overhauled website feature fly design service says easier new users follow promotes advertising addition home connect discover introduced redesigned profile timeline site layout compared facebook february announced twitter agreed partnership russian search engine finds value partnership twitter real time news feeds twitter director business development explained important twitter content twitter users march twitter celebrated sixth birthday announcing million users sees million day number users september number said million time april twitter announced opening office detroit aim working automotive brands advertising agencies twitter expanded office dublin june modified logo unveiled company blog removing text showcase slightly redesigned bird sole symbol twitter october twitter acquired video clip company called vine launched january twitter released vine standalone app allows users create share second video clips january vine videos shared twitter visible directly users twitter feeds influx inappropriate content rated apple app store december twitter announced surpassed million monthly active users twitter hit million monthly active users september april twitter launched music app called iphone august twitter acquired followed acquisition september september company data showed million users send million daily nearly sent mobile devices june twitter announced acquire technology firm specializing native advertising mobile devices june twitter announced reached undisclosed deal buy service helps edit share video television broadcasts company helping broadcasters rights holders share video content social twitter program july twitter announced intends buy young company called undisclosed sum enables retailers offer online automatically credit cards order receive shop physical stores july twitter announced acquired small security called october twitter announced new partnership partnership intended help businesses use twitter data understand customers businesses trends slow growth february twitter announced acquired niche network social media stars founded acquisition price reportedly million march twitter announced acquisition app allows live streaming video april changed came page launched previous retro use issues resolved new reintroduced april twitter announced acquired commerce ads tech firm million stock later year apparent growth slowed according news websites including initial public offering september twitter announced filed papers ahead planned stock market listing revealed page filing twitter planned raise billion basis stock market debut filing states monthly active users access twitter day posted october amendment filing twitter declared list speculation stock trade exchange decision widely viewed reaction initial public offering facebook november million shares priced issued lead november day trading twitter shares opened closed giving company billion initial offering price twitter ended market billion november founders williams received sum billion received billion payment million december twitter market billion february twitter published results public company showing net loss million fourth quarter january ceo commented report twitter planned expand character limit private messages longer limit july requiring users click characters said twitter lose feeling speed users text leadership chief executive officer saw rounds capital funding venture backed company october williams took role ceo chairman board october williams announced stepping ceo twitter chief operating officer ceo october williams announcement saying stay company completely focused product strategy according new_york_times forged close relationship williams away according magazine williams longer involved day day company focused developing new member twitter board directors promised help way stone twitter working aol advisor volunteer efforts philanthropy january stone announced release social network mobile rejoined twitter march executive chairman focusing product development time split schedule square ceo offices walking distance twitter san_francisco september board members investors resigned twitter october twitter announced hired google executive new director business agency development twitter named executive company july annual salary time restricted stock options million shares valued million june twitter announced ceo resign july said considered potential replacement outgoing ceo october google chief business officer executive chairman replacing remains ceo january executive vice president global advertising marketing digital partnerships named chief marketing officer logo twitter internationally identifiable signature bird logo original logo use launch march september slightly modified version succeeded style website underwent redesign february employee works company platform discussed evolution larry bird logo twitter creative director revealed named nba fame detail confirmed director interactive media asked twitter founder august june twitter unveiled logo redesign replacing larry bird updated icon simply named twitter bird logo revision word twitter letter longer bird sole symbol company branding according designer twitter new logo resembles mountain twitter explains website modify logo rotate bird change logo color etc features publicly visible default restrict message delivery followers users twitter website compatible external applications sms available certain countries users users known following subscribers known followers twitter individual users feed process known users like favorite individual twitter allows users update profile mobile phone text released certain twitter compared web based internet relay chat client time essay technology author described basic mechanics twitter remarkably simple social network twitter revolves principle followers choose follow twitter user user appear reverse chronological order main twitter page follow people mix scrolling page breakfast updates interesting new links music recommendations future education according research published april percent user accounts tweeted content san_antonio based market research firm analyzed originating united_states english week period august separated categories pointless pass value self promotion news despite open contention message twitter short burst information social networking researcher responded survey arguing pear researchers labelled pointless better characterized social peripheral awareness persons want ing know people thinking feeling presence isn viable similarly survey twitter users found specific social role passing messages include expectation linking followers format users group posts topic type use words phrases sign similarly sign followed mentioning users message twitter user share followers user click button late twitter lists feature added making possible users follow hoc lists authors instead individual authors sms users communicate twitter gateway numbers short codes united_states canada india new_zealand isle man based number international use short code united_kingdom accessible orange networks india twitter supports alternative platform called set user work networks similar platform called exists mobile phone users singapore malaysia set largely character limit compatibility sms introducing slang commonly sms messages character limit increased usage shortening services content hosting services accommodate content text longer characters june twitter domain automatic shortening posted website making link staying character limit twitter announced media photos videos person handle count character limit user photo post count characters links longer character limit july twitter launch new way target users tweeted certain engaged certain topics word phrase topic mentioned greater rate said topic topics popular effort users event prompts people talk specific topic topics help twitter users understand happening world people opinions topics result efforts fans certain celebrities cultural phenomena particularly musicians like lady_gaga known little monsters direction fans rihanna fans navy novels twitter altered trend past prevent manipulation type limited success twitter web interface displays list topics home page sponsored content image twitter claimed abusive offensive twitter censored users complained found offensive allegations twitter removed list added sponsored adding following content numerous tools adding content monitoring content conversations including video sharing old fewer half posted posted web user interface users party applications based analysis million verified accounts verified twitter account formally identity person company owns account aim verified status prove real world person company placement small blue right corner user page platform search function twitter responsible assigning blue frequently applied accounts notable people politics music movies business fashion government sports media journalism owners verified accounts access additional features available standard twitter account holders features include ability choose mentions presented verified accounts typically receive lot followers account holders filter notices based verified accounts ability view information followers involvement twitter ability receive direct messages followers selected followers breach twitter rules users placed verified background twitter confirmed conduct invalid following design update twitter platform difficult users verified account layout limitation verified status account person company limited time control regained account legitimate owners happened example twitter account briefly mobile twitter mobile iphone android windows windows phone version website mobile devices sms service years twitter limited use party applications service implementing user limit application august party twitter applications required use method require users enter application method optional compulsory user method redundant longer functional twitter stated mean increased security better experience related headlines feature feature adds websites page website embedded stories websites mentioned feature added twitter viewer doesn understand means click sites read person talking polls october twitter began roll ability attach poll questions polls open hours voters personally identified usage rankings twitter ranked visited websites worldwide web traffic analysis daily user estimates vary company publish statistics active accounts february blog entry ranked twitter social network based count million unique monthly visitors million monthly visits march blog ranked twitter fastest growing website member communities category february twitter annual growth percent increasing unique visitors february million february twitter monthly user retention rate percent demographics twitter mainly older adults social sites twitter said industry analyst studying social media adults catching teens years said according percent twitter users aged seventeen attributed twitter early period social network gained popularity business settings news outlets attracting primarily older users stated twitter begun filter mainstream came culture celebrity britney_spears joined ranks according study june women slightly larger twitter demographic men percent seven percent stated percent users accounted seventy percent activity new_york_city twitter users cities according seven million people twitter september percent twitter users thirty years old percent twitter users higher average compared internet properties african american black sixteen percent hispanic percent percent twitter users total household income prevalence african american twitter usage popular subject research studies september twitter announced million active users logging month million active users day article published january twitter confirmed biggest social media network japan facebook following closely second confirmed stating japan country world twitter leads facebook march twitter announced million monthly active users million mobile million users actively twitter daily million day users checking twitter multiple times day country active users twitter united_states finances funding twitter raised million venture capitalist growth funding exact numbers publicly disclosed twitter round funding undisclosed rumored million million second round funding million round funding million undisclosed investors including twitter backed expeditions industry standard remarked twitter long term viability limited lack revenue twitter board member forecast company profit commerce noting users want buy items directly twitter provides product recommendations promotions march communications consultant predicted interview twitter worth billion months came pass company closed financing round billion september year company raised million new venture capital december approximately billion march twitter shares sold implied billion august twitter announced significant investment led million reported largest venture round history december prince invested million twitter company valued billion time revenue sources july twitter revenue user growth documents published illegally obtained documents projected revenues quarter million fourth quarter million users end year projections end billion revenue million net earnings billion users information twitter planned achieve numbers published response twitter founder published blog post suggesting possibility legal action april twitter announced plans offer paid advertising companies able purchase promoted appear selective search results twitter website similar google advertising model april twitter announced signed number companies wishing advertise including company generated million annual revenue beginning sales midway year company operated loss users photos generate royalty free revenue twitter agreement announced june twitter announced offer small businesses self service advertising system twitter generated million advertising sales self service advertising platform launched march card members merchants invite basis twitter later reported numerous small businesses people self service tool provided feedback indicated impressed feature continue advertising campaign twitter announced march promoted introduced mobile devices april twitter announced twitter ads self service platform consisting promoted promoted accounts available users invite twitter financial revenue statistics quarter reported million technology implementation twitter places great reliance open source software twitter web interface uses rails framework deployed performance enhanced implementation early days twitter stored large split based time posting huge volume coming caused problems reading writing company decided system needed engineering april twitter engineers confirmed switched away rails search stack java blender spring messages handled persistent queue called implementation gradually replaced software written switch given twitter performance boost requests second host requests second host boost greater improvement twitter engineers envisioned starting switch continued development twitter involved switch development single app architecture different services built independently joined remote procedure calls individual registered unique software called data added checks link stored database user receives sent sent search engines process managed takes average august twitter vice president shared blog post company infrastructure handled second week setting new record explained twitter achieved record blending open source technologies service application programming interface allows web services applications integrate twitter interface april twitter adjusted web interface adding search bar topics common phrases appearing messages explains messages instantly newly launched feature twitter unexpectedly important discovery engine finding happening right march twitter available arabic hebrew right left language versions site volunteers helped translating menu options august beta support czech greek added making site available different languages outages twitter experiences users saw fail whale error message image created illustrating orange birds net whale ocean wait moment try november wired interview engineering time noted company taken fail whale production platform stable twitter approximately ninety percent days particularly noticeable events popular technology industry address twitter new engineering team architectural changes deal scale growth stability issues resulted time temporary feature removal august twitter withdrew free sms services users united_kingdom approximately months instant support listed temporarily unavailable october twitter status blog announced instant service longer temporary needed revamped announced twitter aims return service pending necessary major work june called potential unique numerical associated exceeded limit bit signed total messages twitter affected party clients longer access recent patches quickly released iphone applications wait approval june twitter ran slowly time michael_jackson death recorded hour august twitter facebook suffered denial service attack causing twitter website hours later confirmed attacks directed pro georgian user anniversary south war sites september exceeded limit bit unsigned total messages breaking party clients december attack replaced website welcoming screen image green flag site nearly hour connection iran established june july twitter high service rejection rate world cup period response increased substantially november number accounts encountered fault resulted seeing fail whale tried log accounts accounts locked account holders mentions page post timeline number features unavailable june site hour minutes cause described twitter bug july twitter users post messages day advance summer olympics march academy awards posted celebrities seen telecast shut twitter minutes privacy security twitter messages public users send private messages information chosen follow account user chosen follow public accounts changed protected limits information approved followers twitter collects personally identifiable information users shares parties specified privacy policy service reserves right sell information asset company changes hands twitter displays advertising target users based history quote ads directed specifically user security vulnerability reported april twitter phone number sms message users update status page sms vulnerability knew phone number registered victim account weeks discovery twitter introduced optional personal identification number pin users use sms originating messages january high profile twitter accounts compromised twitter administrator dictionary attack including sexually explicit drug related messages sent accounts twitter launched beta version verified accounts service june allowing famous notable people announce twitter account home pages accounts display badge indicating status bug discovered allow twitter user force follow users consent knowledge example comedian account set follow person changed receive nearly response twitter security brought charges service charges settled june time taken action social network security settlement requires twitter number steps secure users private information including maintenance comprehensive information security program independently december issued directing twitter provide information accounts registered associated twitter decided users said statement policy users law enforcement governmental requests information prevented law exploit occurred september worm active twitter user held mouse parts worm script automatically open links post reader account exploit post pop ads links pornographic sites origin worm unclear known twitter scandinavian developer claim modified related exploit found user possibly create coloured japanese developer reported vulnerability twitter august later found created account post coloured messages says exposed security flaw function later created posted automatically tweeted security firm reported virus spread people fun games noted exploited twitter issued statement status blog utc exploit fully twitter representative said charges pressed known subsequently identified case took legal action london twitter requesting twitter release details account holders followed gossip posted twitter private life causing conflict relating privacy head twitter europe said people bad things site need defend laws jurisdiction event controversy site hand information users authorities legally required suggested twitter court order names users responsible illegal activity site reported council england successfully taken legal action twitter court california forcing twitter reveal details user accounts council trying discover identity blogger called monkey allegedly posted statements local january reported twitter acquiring offers protection businesses twitter announced plans use help remove website january twitter began offering feature allow removed country twitter cited france germany examples pro nazi content illegal deleted removed countries use policy block account german neo nazi group october policy following day remove anti semitic french good jew february party public key app written partially funded grant private twitter released twitter announced implement track privacy option blocking feature found track feature works sites agreed service august reported market fake twitter followers increase politicians celebrities apparent popularity black market fake followers known linked nearly politically linked account white_house congress campaign trail june analyzed twitter handles highest rates fake followers president barack_obama percent percent senator john_mccain percent working generate fake followers include campaign workers friends political candidates site offers fake followers people creating eastern_europe asia italian researchers calculated percent total accounts twitter estimates placed figure higher april twitter warned news organizations world secure twitter accounts number high profile official accounts including associated_press guardian twitter announced factor added measure august twitter announced plans introduce report abuse button versions site petition making process complaining harassment easier collected signatures followed posting abusive including rape death threats historian british feminist british men arrested connection incidents august twitter said certain cases pictures people died requests family members authorized individuals followed controversy sharing images twitter showing killing american journalist december twitter announced new reporting blocking policies blocking mechanism devised target received notable coverage february internal twitter memo ceo said frankly ashamed poorly twitter handled abuse admitted twitter lost users result updated terms service privacy policy twitter users outside united_states legally served ireland based instead effective change users subject irish european data protection laws open source twitter history releasing open source software overcoming technical challenges service page developer documentation thanks dozens open source projects revision control software like programming languages software released open source company includes framework creating distributed distributed database library building clients user interface framework ios client package manager popular twitter web design library started twitter popular patent agreement april twitter announced implement patent agreement twitter use patents defensive purposes agreement went effect shortening service created twitter available links posted twitter available general use links posted twitter use twitter hopes service able protect users sites use track links having services parties twitter began experimenting shortening service private messages march domain purchased domain service tested main site accounts september email twitter users said expanding roll service users june twitter announced rolling feature integrated photo sharing service june twitter announced integrated photo sharing service enables users photo attach right users ability add pictures twitter search adding twitter plans provide photo galleries designed gather syndicate photos user uploaded twitter party services computer program automatically posts twitter programmed follow accounts according recent report million fewer accounts twitter fraudulent fake accounts build large follower populations quickly respond include certain word phrase twitter wide open application programming interface cloud possible existence social networking site society issues controversies twitter variety purposes industries scenarios example organize protests referred twitter revolutions include egyptian revolution protests iranian election protests civil unrest systematic literature review analyzed role twitter wide range revolutions social movements austria student protest israel iran green revolution toronto venezuela egypt england occupy movement spain greece movements italy wisconsin labor protests brazil turkey governments iran egypt blocked service retaliation hill february described twitter social media strategic weapon apparent ability align social order real time little advanced sic warning arab spring early number mentioning uprisings tunisia egypt increased study found egyptian population population syrian population active twitter service form civil users expressed outrage twitter joke trial making obvious jokes terrorism british privacy injunction debate country year later celebrities taken notably player identified thousands users protest traditional journalism censored real time practical use twitter exists effective facto emergency communication system breaking news intended designed high performance communication idea emergency communication certainly lost knew service wide reaching effects early san_francisco company communicate earthquakes tweeted news arrest bombing suspect practical use studied twitter ability track spread addition twitter acted automatic response natural disasters bush fires twitter rebels accounts suspended site claim responsibility attack shopping mall september levant service january twitter sued widow man killed shooting attack claiming allowing use platform constituted provision material support terrorist organization illegal federal law twitter disputed claim stating violent threats promotion terrorism deserve place twitter like social networks rules clear believed twitter protected section safe operators interactive computer service liable content published twitter suspended multiple parody accounts russian politics sparking protests raising questions company stands freedom speech following public outcry twitter restored accounts day answering accounts suspended day twitter facebook google microsoft jointly agreed european_union code conduct review majority valid removal illegal hate speech posted services hours censorship twitter twitter banned completely iran china north_korea intermittently blocked numerous countries including egypt iraq turkey venezuela different bases february twitter announced creation stated aim council ensure people feel safe expressing twitter inaugural members council named announcement consisted entirely persons progressive organizations advocated censorship hate speech internet topics claims media censored site list topics twitter responded stating censor contain time twitter executives paid attend political fundraiser hillary_clinton twitter platform banned pro account started critical clinton fundraising wealthy donors impact instant short frequent communication wall_street_journal wrote social networking services twitter mixed feelings technology people early fans good way touch busy friends users starting feel connected check messages odd hours higher bills need tell acquaintances stop announcing having dinner following year described twitter new radio education twitter adopted communication learning tool educational research settings colleges universities promote student interactions especially large lecture courses research found twitter college courses helps students communicate faculty promotes informal learning allows shy students forum increased participation increases student engagement improves overall course grades public figures tech writer commented twitter communication likely firing radio hearing guy september journalist editorial service expanded new extreme ultimate expression generation celebrity youths believe fascinating ought shared world earliest documented forms celebrity related twitter like dates real estate round clock press releases relationship comedian revealing making dinner nightly basis conversely columnist opined twitter appeal challenge trying publish messages tight constraints professor internet law said qualities twitter half baked makes powerful novelist wrote short story called contemporary characters composed entirely nielsen online reported twitter user retention rate percent people stop service month site potentially reach percent internet users twitter won breakout year february discussion journalist stated twitter accounts events lacked rigorous fact checking editorial improvements response gave examples breaking news stories played twitter said users wanted hand accounts stories november twitter named word year declaring new form social interaction time magazine acknowledged growing level influence time determine influence people formula based famous social networking sites twitter facebook list ranges barack_obama lady_gaga government seeing social media role arab spring revolts developed cuban alternative twitter called long term strategy stir unrest service active summer olympics opening ceremony appeared london olympic stadium person sir founder tweeted instantly spelled lights attached chairs people audience world leaders world leaders diplomats taken note twitter rapid expansion increasingly utilizing twitter diplomacy use twitter engage foreign citizens ambassador russia attributed pioneer international twitter diplomacy twitter ambassador posting english russian october queen elizabeth_ii sent mark opening exhibition study website found countries represented united_nations established government twitter accounts study found accounts amounted twitter handles world leaders foreign ministers able reach combined audience million followers according analysis accounts heads state countries leading politicians twitter accounts sent million followers politicians follow accounts religion roman catholic cardinals manage active twitter accounts cardinal papal pope pope twitter account set april successor million followers twitter account caused controversy conservative christians christmas celebrating birth effect capable influencing public opinion culture products political automatically generating mass amounts imitating human communication new_york_times states sleep wake cycles convincing making prone repetitive patterns flag mere programs generated vary simple automated response content creation information sharing depends intention person purchasing creating social implications potentially human perception according study published looking computers social actors journal notes people exhibit remarkable social reactions computers media treating real people real places study concluded viewed credible competent communication interaction making suitable information social media sphere technological advances enabled ability successful implications questioned appearance twitter realm generate creative content relevant product updates unpopular people popular push irrelevant products users spread addition content generating users purchase followers favorites comments websites cater expanding users image accumulation followers followers users profiles gain attention increasing popularity generating web traffic valuable individuals businesses indicates users able create illusion buzz site obtaining followers services underground suppliers operate farms click farms companies facilitate service create fake twitter accounts follow number people twitter accounts post fake like real practice obtaining mass amounts followers permitted twitter emphasis followers likes measure social capital urged people extend circle weak ties promote idea popularity celebrities politicians musicians public figures companies alike according new_york_times significant influence noted sway elections influence stock market public appeal attack governments according documents leaked published july united_kingdom tool named automated posting twitter updates tool named twitter monitoring profile collection television twitter increasingly making interactive social effect referred second screen virtual social television practice called twitter successfully encourage people watch live events super bowl mtv_video_music_awards strategy proven effective regularly scheduled shows direct cross promotions banned french television regulations secret advertising december twitter nielsen entered multi year agreement produce social ratings expected commercially available fall season advertising age said twitter new guide february twitter acquired estimated million million company largest acquisition founded mit media lab data analysis tells brands shows companies social media said gives twitter billion television advertising market april account briefly sending message president barack_obama injured attack white house stocks lost billion value instantly recovering value discovered report false launched twitter advertising product media consumer brands twitter runs video highlights major live broadcasts names messages playing clip october announced partnership twitter allow users tune live streaming set box tablet tapping button embedded selected attempt compete twitter leadership facebook introduced number features drive conversation including verified profiles posts opened new data news media outlets enabling search word public posts mention people mentioned word public private posts set time frame demographic breakdown age gender location people january facebook announced partnership based social company saw social network social available outside company time facebook struck partnership help understand people social network talk topics twitter responded acquiring social firm months later acquisitions partnership research company working develop suite tools british industry august strengthened twitter dominance second screen viewers share experience social media additional tools twitter able improve firm offering allowing instance promote users watching certain programme february major networks signed program bringing variety premium content social platform form real time video clips march itv major broadcaster sign twitter twitter introduced tap video mobile enhance consumer experience june twitter acquired partner ongoing efforts leader social television company helping broadcasters rights holders share video content social twitter program europe twitter partner london based struck numerous deals broadcasters rights holders share video content facebook twitter july twitter announced partnership live stream july democratic national convention july statistics popular accounts twitter accounts followers katy_perry barack_obama youtube rihanna lady_gaga twitter oldest accounts oldest twitter accounts accounts active march belonging twitter employees time including jack stone record million discussed topic twitter october sold special concert presentation segment entitled eat held philippine arena world largest indoor arena located philippines said event attended fans million discussed sports game twitter world cup semi final brazil germany july orchestrated host march broadcast image degeneres said wanted homage record oscar nominations setting new record invited oscar celebrities join resulting photo celebrities broke previous record minutes million times hour end ceremony million times hours later million times march million times group effort parodied simpsons beat previous record held barack_obama following victory presidential election according fastest pace million followers set actor hours minutes april record later broken joined site june amassed million followers hours minutes tweeted moment history twitter airing castle sky august fans tweeted word exact time played movie global peak second beating previous record
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Twitter
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Engineering and technology
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Computing and engineering
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Websites and the Internet
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17467_Doge(meme)
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pronounced internet popular typically consists picture accompanied text comic font foreground text representing kind internal monologue deliberately written form broken english based photograph popular late named know year based launched december featured nascar car sponsorship deal referenced members united_states congress safety video egg video song word crimes weird structure uses word phrases word departure correct english use word properly modify example respect noble uses proper formally correct fashion version noble respect addition phrases ends single word wow origin pronunciation japanese female featured original pedigree sent animal shelter mill shut adopted japanese teacher named citrus fruit thought round face like fruit featured female belonging photographer san_francisco wife accidentally wash making shrink took photograph wearing outside cold night february pictured blog post variations pictures comic text posted blog confessions use intentionally dates june mentioned episode puppet series common speaking countries occasionally pronounced dodge unfamiliar use dog dog gay simply dog spread august images random online searches began increase july google later created egg entered youtube search bar site text displayed colorful similar kind ranked mtv list things pop culture giving thanks compared internal dialog dogs december named know late december members produced material style huffington_post commented killed congress members usage december introduced new making based internet viral phenomenon usage comic gave internet density large star according medium writer early popularity sustained internet communities social media accompanied rapid growth acceptance april experienced second major media resurgence revelations community intent sponsor nascar place picture vehicle car features downloadable content video game nascar media outlets embraced reporting car titles featuring phrases wow advertisement agency feature prominently advertising campaign public transport company stockholm sweden advertisement concerned company special summer tickets featured holding public transport ticket mouth phrases summer cheap buy internet featured safety video released video weird song word crimes song bad grammar illustrate types bad grammar referenced song additions november website defines image variants form language utilizes japanese perception remarkably different known pet owner blog fourth popular pet related blog country december reacting explained honest pictures strange funny impressed skills taste knows maybe don understand living analog life expressed learned risk internet world life blog stated experience breed recognised
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Doge (meme)
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Engineering and technology
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Computing and engineering
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Websites and the Internet
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18706_Norid
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trading domain registry norwegian country code level domains non profit company based trondheim shares offices parent company companies owned operates contract internet assigned numbers authority supervised took responsibility norwegian domain spun separate company open registration history registry given research institute policy makers wanted domain managed non commercial organization responsibility transferred supplier information communications technology norwegian public universities colleges research institutions march time division limited company owned established division responsibility managing domain august given responsibility newly created domains established subsidiary manage technical network service infrastructure established including operation network systems universities colleges time transferred organizations established domain resolution body determine domain disputes political advisory board domain introduced handle aspects provided party separate subsidiary secure management domains independent organization organization limited company wholly owned subsidiary offices located trondheim manages country main domain norway open registration legal right manage domains fold based agreement internet assigned numbers authority regulations act supervised company revenue million norwegian member policy policy use domains regulated norwegian country code level domains known domain regulation regulation effective later come unto use organizations local presence norway registration allowed register domains organization register directly domain register domains geographical domains category second level domains domain names consist characters permitted characters lower case english letters norwegian letter special letters maintains series second level domains geographic locations special institutions series domain names registered domains remain reserved potential future use sale unused item consider domain resources direct contradiction norwegian policy
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Norid
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Engineering and technology
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Computing and engineering
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Websites and the Internet
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19613_ValorporTamaulipas
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courage facebook page covered security updates mexican state founded anonymous user january goal share information social media users drug related violence risk situations state likes routinely posted messages photos crime scenes page country journalists assassinated writing drug trafficking organized crime page survives immune threats early mexican drug trafficking organization issued offering reward information locate administrator family members administrator openly defied criminal organization threat facebook wife children reportedly fled united_states threats security reasons citizen journalist stated facebook page decided stay mexico continue december administrator announced retirement social media history facebook page courage created anonymous user january getting inspiration websites anonymously reported drug violence mexico page regularly posts messages photos crime scenes goal report drug related violence situations risk mexican state frequently posts messages photos criminal activities state including limited law enforcement action photos alleged criminals vehicles reported abandoned vehicles left oil theft activities drug job like given high levels drug related activities northern mexico facebook users check verify shootout area know highway took place reported missing information found shared internet users administrator hand active hours day week mexican mainstream media outlets play violence fear country criminal organizations given censorship popular outlet crime concerned violence according crime journalist information unreliable source happening internet users mexico united_states countries world shown support work followed reports facebook twitter page likes facebook april twitter approximately followers background state home criminal organizations fight control smuggling routes border border area major route human trafficking arms smuggling international trade according started 1930s gang later transformed fledged drug trafficking organization 1980s hand formed late 1990s early 2000s soldiers hired imprisoned new muscle apparent power struggle gulf broke relations early went war state bordering states prompting daily mass mexico dangerous countries planet practice journalism particularly topics organized crime drug trafficking nearly journalists kidnapped killed country killings remain high levels violence attacks press forced local media outlets coverage result people turned social media outlets like hourly updates security atmosphere areas social media reporting carries risks september journalist blogger posting organized crime activities personal blog month alleged twitter users killed hanged bridge denouncing twitter january state homicide rate people widespread organized crime threats june allegedly created facebook page called anti courage intended counter goals page stated information spread benefit community early approximately likes facebook issued drug trafficking organization offered roughly reward information whereabouts administrator identify family members parents brothers sisters children wife included phone number area code administrator responded saying playing hero citizen thanked visitors contributed page gave support project asked continue fight organized crime administrator said continue crime reporting cost life page administrator stated hearing threat wife children left united_states security reasons asked visitors refrain personal facebook twitter accounts information page risk believes mexican criminal organization known state officials working probably responsible threat february video released web depicting supposed collaborator kneeling hands pockets masked man supposed collaborator said refrain publishing information price pay kneeling man warned internet users collaborating pulled trigger shot head apparently killing man administrator responded posting message facebook saying stance authenticity video stated recognize man blog website reported video information authenticity officially confirmed april magazine received information supposed indicated state governor wanted close page false reports governor report said concerned news reference showed mexico world organized crime controlled state released video sent page alleged organized crime group video man woman interrogated alleged drug ask administrator close page reveal true identity couple presented supposed family members administrator later indicated family criminal organization confused simply targeted random family pressure administrator close page responded sending message authorities blamed death person died cardiac arrest couple kidnapped administrator accused authorities protecting drug closure renewal early morning april facebook twitter accounts shut unexpectedly explanation new page created administrators said know happened original administrator wanted continue work nonetheless raised concerns actually working scenes page running page run users similar responsibility posted page closed temporarily order improve page protect administrator advised online users ignore websites posed original page week later original page reopened administrator issued indicated page going close permanently days facebook administrator explained continue collaborating inability properly manage page case organized crime won defeated society defeated family defeated thousands contributors trusted page reported despite fears administrator said talked experience lessons learned head page thanked supported trusted year administrator concluded asking followers forgive days following announcement page operated normally times administrator decided maintaining page thanked media followers supporting concluded saying sure keeping page benefit people goodwill god know irresponsible note confess honor pleasure continue collaborating working team thank people goodwill owe block reopen threats june facebook page blocked month gun related posts considered violation facebook policies order continue reporting posted twitter google accounts october sister page known twitter account kidnapped tortured killed alleged organized crime members strong follower base twitter known posting risk situations information criminal groups captors allegedly posted profile prompting shocking reactions social media revealed identity profession doctor ended saying life come end minutes later asked mistakes posting organized crime warned twitter users posting risk situations fourth final said following close accounts don risk families way ask forgiveness included photos showed alive second showed corpse blood twitter later account photos leaked social media confirmed death facebook page lamented incident stated collaborator unknown murder linked activities social media profession doctor version suggested kidnapped organized crime son alleged drug lord died medical complications captors discovered identity took phone decided threaten rest online community believe version said reasons believe targeted online activities stated threatened twitter user week killed indicated threats similar coincidence retirement new management november page announced retirement facebook stated leaving page personal reasons continue new management person said relationship law enforcement believes benefit community allow citizen reports reach law enforcement directly announced pages new management new management composed people deemed given long history support suffered loss result violence closing statement bid farewell god bringing happiness personal professional life comment section facebook post people thanked support expressed concerned new administration given relationship government sister page similar projects sister page called hope pictures people kidnapped reported disappeared state page list people disappeared projects like courage risk situations reported drug related violence role self defense groups followers likes twitter facebook page uses posts facebook twitter
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Valor por Tamaulipas
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Engineering and technology
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Computing and engineering
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Websites and the Internet
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19936_OperationClambake
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operation operation referred domain website norway based non profit organization launched founded publishes criticism owned maintained stated supports rights people practice religion referred vicious dangerous cult religion website includes texts petitions news articles primary source documents site ranked high second spot google searches term term organization refers traditional notion ron history man humans follow genetic line includes psychological problems humans impacted past experiences domain reference character secretive iii documents site locations internet host secret documents pertaining iii shortly attempted material removed internet sites letters written counsel receiving notice google removed pages decreased site page rank searches inspired google contribute chilling effects archive informing material missing google notices legal threats consulted news media organizations groups information related organizations nbc cited organization investigative journalism piece publications including wall_street_journal new_york_times associated_press spring semester included required reading course copyright censorship received leipzig human rights award european american usa organization opposed foundation operation founded information technology manager norway site domain described provocative seen caricature character registered norway non profit organization chose operation organization reference statements wrote problems human beings today result traumatic events experienced spiritual beings inhabited bodies earth evolution history man asserts humans follow notion genetic line genetic entity include sense eaten certain human psychological problems descend difficulties experienced defined genetic line collection total incidents occurred evolution refers body conflict iii documents prior direct conflict described site pulled book piece blue sky work critical site later focal points termed war internet november sites host secretive iii documents describing story operation maintains position posting internal documents permitted fair use internationally recognized copyright law threatened legal action internet service providers host site demanding removed internet hosting information salon reported blocked viewing sites critical including use content control software program referred critics unable shut internet service provider norway organization succeeded shutting upstream connection site internet service provider netherlands based internet november internet upstream provider received letter counsel alleging copyright trademark infringement involved letter led united_states based company terminating service internet company new backbone provider google incidents documented publications new_york_times controversial force notable web sites including google search engine remove operation containing information site based norway fall jurisdiction march google agreed limit access material critical sued copyright infringement information objected included internal report death images ron google received criticism actions guardian reported suspected mainly concerned secret documents ron said describe alien ruler called root human operation google free speech advocates besieged google complaining company search results prior google site reported site listed fourth search google actions appear searches aftermath google remove links short time place actual links google posted notice explaining links removed internet find information april reported net effect copyright controversy actually drove number links improved search results searches google number results page official site reflecting controversy february interview google founder stated ultimately ended right conclusion didn initially handle correctly groups critical actions later google bomb technique increase google rankings number slot search search engine linking term web pages accused attempt google bombing making large number websites linking terms ron publicity stemming incident impetus google contributing chilling effects archive archives legal threats sorts internet users internet sites chilling effects contains original complaint letter law firm lawyer stated took offense web site saying implies amendment gives people special right questioned google response complaints interview appreciated chilling effects nice compromise explained new scenario generic search link site discusses legal aspects anti site isn listed internet archive removed archival pages request lawyers initially reported pages removed request site owner denied later changed generic blocked site error message reception awards recognition included september web archive spring listed required reading course computers principle practice section copyright censorship received leipzig human rights award european american usa organization states composed opponents world cited committee exposing referred fraud human rights violations united_states secretary state france presented award stated work revealed actions respect intelligence acceptance speech spoke freedom speech emphasized role individual citizen media resources june aired investigative journalism piece referenced screen resource learn exploded souls called operation best known critical web sites referred site fantastic source information interested cult july wall_street_journal included list favorite sites opinion commentary gossip section described popular sites critical news organizations recognized work wrote operation site portrays church money hungry cult article new_york_times stated site portrays church cult exploits members critics news articles called operation anti web site program called controversial sites web associated_press cited iii story describing web site critics advanced taught million years ago cosmic ruler paralyzed people galaxy stacked earth destroyed bodies bombs souls survived recently news media consulted proprietor seeking information background stories involving related organizations sunday_times resources january story links consulted resources article second chance program specifically background doctrine known april daily_news cited emergency bulletin leaders posted claims representatives ministers forbidden campus massacre august associated_press included information article attempts connect religious leaders scholarly perception controls internet world notes site secret library page blocked google short time notes google actions matter indicative policy remove search results threatened governmental action incident google involving web site discussed annual meeting cited domestic copyright law attorney raised free speech concerns case stating danger people attempt silence critics guise copyright infringement amendment politics free speech author raises question private actor united_states power restrict speech dutch citizen publishing netherlands speech protected dutch law interview controversy professor predicted conflicts involving likely occur future stated cutting edge battles procedures tactics remove information find mentioning operation example internet response controversial movement book understanding new religious movements referred site web page devoted negative aspects writing religion online characterizes example sites dedicated called organizations home pages members according internet coverage represents important example competing struggle authority control online proposes seeks demonstrate lacks social value notes content presented site result original research owner collection media reports scholarly popular articles court documents print books complemented links like minded sites hosting essentially information result thought inflation apparent quantity anti material available according designed read meant hold negative views join self stated purpose fight church net compares site propaganda effort writes message presented repeatedly consistently target audience affinity leading somewhat self limiting construction reality
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Operation Clambake
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Engineering and technology
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Computing and engineering
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Websites and the Internet
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20109_ChurchofScientologyeditingonWikipedia
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church editing series incidents led owned networks banned making edits articles relating long controversial history internet initiated campaigns manipulate material remove information critical web early history conflict arose topic website disputes began earnest users describe abusive cult religion disagreements concerning topic grown specific user critic commented daily_telegraph articles neutral requirement reference stated facts revelations software produced called public nature edits able traced directly controlled computers independent reported edits attempts remove criticism main article topic times forbes noted computers remove links anti cult organization taken reported revealed computers promote critical view including adding links founded websites groups affiliated january register reported case involving composed group volunteers voted users order resolve conflict site administrators presented evidence case controlled computers promote organization multiple user accounts user going pseudonym admitted pattern editing stated edits computers continue decided restrict editing addresses belonging prevent biased edits editors administered networks decision accorded controlled addresses status open site large number critics banned committee concluded sides policy resorted battlefield tactics articles living persons worst casualties member wrote majority decision commented new_york_times controversial nature case decision crafted focus directly particular individual media contact emphasized statement generally accepted procedure site ban users violated policy intended prevent promoting propaganda spokesman head communications said arbitration decision intended help restore related articles acceptable state site spokesperson stated decision impacted noted unclear similar ruling applied statements labelled arbitration ruling routine matter maintained gross article statement cnn denied presence organized campaign manipulate representative emphasized users critical organization banned similarly denied leadership arranged campaign manipulate entries background controversial history internet criticized attempting restrict freedom speech internet conflict come known versus internet net organization attempted manipulate maintain power public image web early lawsuits involved dispute included net writing book rights defending free speech digital age author noted earliest widely publicized sets cases involving intellectual property net exploring uses copyright trade secret law comes critics members church guardian noted according security experts conducting campaigns decade remove online information critical organisation response criticism actions internet stated efforts aimed defending secretive spiritual documents legal cases involved focused topic called revealed information advanced methods including levels describe story attorneys representing tried removed maneuver opposite impact serving drive popularity resulting declaration war organization cult dead cow professor computer science department center basis pittsburgh pennsylvania critic proponent freedom speech internet noted organization trying threaten freedom speech internet making service providers legally responsible customers speech journalist founder observed attempts suppress information internet versus net original story heart pretty simple skirmishes continue translations newer media day bunch super secrets spent hours expensive training allowed attempts secrets net resulted published dust completely settled people secret dead said internet learn nearly years ago best way ensure maximum publicity try suppress history early conflict conflict topic arose early website beginnings author noted future internet stop book published grew began attract editors crossed paths disagreed articles simultaneously editing person cult change religion revert article guardian noted individuals debated online classed cult compared noted article disputes gone conflict topic drawn specific disagreements journalist newspapers reported august spokesman said debates controversial topics incredibly time consuming entry covering example contributors argued months method called silent birth quiet birth october article independent commented pages taken special interest groups try page user critic commented daily_telegraph october state articles site saying believes entry balanced account found web commented neutral point view topic good example revolutionary things web find lot sites lot critics sites generally bitter neutral able reference facts revelations development software revealed changes articles organization computers reported edits self interested remove criticism church entry independent noted computers addresses traced critical cult world wide operations times reported computer operated manipulate information article computer linked network references links group dubbed forbes noted officials appear removed critical comments anti cult organization reported depth edits revealed computers associated edits large proportion focused views critical article kurt edited order include link founded edit article forth notion singer childhood led suicide multiple edits involved adding links organizations affiliated reporting slate journalist observed edit associated address related article necessarily indicate edit employee organization explained technically don know came agent company know edit came access network edit occurred working hours reasonably assume person employee company guest allowed access network organization tried remove promotional film featuring celebrity member internet group web based activists known anonymous focused efforts anonymous disrupted websites spread anti materials online july noted war internet collective anonymous fought largely youtube websites emerging movement protests taking place buildings known movement organised style website anonymous internet chat rooms new_york_times noted actions related attempts remove video internet victim effect phenomenon attempts suppress information internet end having opposite impact ban january register reported ongoing case involving according site administrators pro accounts editing site owned computers composed group volunteers voted users order resolve conflict site arbitration case page modified members organization members entries order advertise cause register noted users admitted edited computers operated organization pro editors handle admitted vows continue editing articles computers register quoted user saying going leave voluntarily continue use computer public computers wireless computers station guardian cited register noted technology news website register church organised operation challenge internet criticism effort adhere policy decided restrict editing organization addresses order prevent self serving edits editors administered networks decision accorded controlled addresses status open site members voted favor ruling preventing users editing existing articles creating new articles site previously frequently banned individual users site entire organizations arbitration decision came culmination longstanding struggle involving promoters organization critics practices noted conflict longest running disputes history conflict involved articles topic fourth arbitration case topic prior years case drawn months prior decision committee ruled organization responsibility ensure appropriate use equipment pointed conflict interest involved edits associated computers block addresses includes originating offices los_angeles california organization additionally maintains headquarters florida reported according evidence found multiple users known addresses openly editing related articles equipment apparently coordinating activities sky news noted ban computers applies computer addresses owned operated church associates linked reported decision encyclopedia administrators found computers repeatedly changing pages related church negative references adding positive ones volume changes overwhelming administrators ability reverse block described decision block controlled addresses unprecedented guardian similarly noted feelings world decision enact blanket ban appears unprecedented wrote edits organization motivated massive organized effort look good counter relentless public criticism organization earliest days net wired news reported ban organization triggered repeated editing articles related controversial religion los_angeles_times noted ban stemmed church self serving noted doubted ban controlled addresses commented likelihood individuals creating multiple account names host anti editors topic banned arbitration committee committee noted factor apparent presence notable critics internet organisations apparently editing names citing self published material committee concluded sides policy resorted battlefield tactics create articles complimentary articles living persons worst casualties comments member wrote majority decision case davies commented interview new_york_times obvious case going controversial pretty start tried sure directed fire particular noted recurring pattern disputed editing controversial topics problems core belief issues politics religion nationalism fringe fringe spokesman head communications stated decision focused reducing hostility subject getting articles appropriate state emphasized edits serve interests organizations acceptable procedure adding valuable context articles statement wall_street_journal said people reducing hostility topic getting articles state sense think arbitration committee wants send message neutral accounts fronts don situations lightly understand perspective people individuals best people read asked affiliate arbitration decision included ban addresses answered simple answer looking computers edits coming decision ultimately edits ranges single user accounts people single intention change cases remove information considered censorship doesn work effort kind calm effect bring neutrality quality articles media contact stated controversial compare articles abortion presidential election like near level bitterness fighting commented imply conflict interest unrelated people getting promoters organization getting saying let work pro article noted standard practice ban users found violating rules designed people agenda said approximately users blocked banned day order stop vandalism violating regulations created prevent propaganda spokesperson stated decision impacted english version unknown similar decision future applied site statements stated decision care posted course erroneous commented hope result accurate useful articles characterized decision routine internal action clean editing process emphasized importantly fact finally banned engaged biased editing purposes opposed providing accurate information commented people conflicts time obvious anybody post reported statements says organization regularly monitors internet wrong information belief system members ruling says remain gross article hopes eventually corrected time group ability weakened statement cnn asserted unaware coordinated effort alter representative organization stated members organization attempting correct perceived factual story missed people nonstop attacks church people banned davis denied leadership arranged campaign manipulate entries asserted church huge going going religion reception writing book contributor commented positively article sober text myth probably anonymous article writing book guide author noted imposed rare ban computers repeatedly editing entries august article time titled brief history journalist noted banned addresses owned grounds making edits didn suggest neutral point view encyclopedia golden rule discussed arbitration decision comedy program report commented folks think worst tragedy overlord stacked frozen people detonated hydrogen bombs interview commented historically tried control critics internet posed problems control censorship action disputes occurred internet users pushed roll issue continue attempt representation foreign policy wrote blog post critical arbitration decision stated fan think banning going unfortunately presents editors non neutral group opposes particular set ideas august article guardian journalists observed editors remain anonymous changing content conflicts passed arbitration committee regular source conflict committee blocked editing movement
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Church of Scientology editing on Wikipedia
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Engineering and technology
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Computing and engineering
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Websites and the Internet
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20904_FreeSpeechFlag
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free speech flag free speech flag symbol personal liberty promote freedom speech designed artist flag colors correspond key enabled users copy dvds blu ray discs created key controversy motivated create flag began issuing cease letters websites publishing key commonly referred response attempts remove key internet publicized key news aggregator website example effect background april blogger named published key dvds asked readers share widely knowledge key value allowed users bypass digital rights management copy dvds previously news media reported development news aggregator social media website provided way users vote stories felt votes users drove article key page site advanced access content system organization controlled access dvd key sent cease letter letter claimed publishing news articles website reported key website engaging illegal activity articles numerous journalists reporting news story posted ceo announced website requests self censor articles reporting key decision self censor website caused backlash community form effect trying cracked issue away notes book letter response succeeded making story bigger users sure votes online participation page stories key founder observed community loves voice heard struck chord listening complaints community decision self censor news stories key rose wrote message users reversing decision announced stop self censorship acknowledged understood message members seeing hundreds stories reading thousands comments clear fighting bow bigger company effective immediately won stories comments containing code deal consequences design message writer editor website created intent secret dvd code internet eventually publishing website initial post announcing flag criticized mere use numbers intellectual property want start movement wrote movement reclaim personal liberties laws nation encouraged online viewers work spread message internet freely work end flag symbol support personal freedoms spread far wide embedded secret dvd key colors flag flag code format colors right corner flag implied act publishing number crime zero originally released flag freely rights people similar derivative works later licensed public domain impact soon published publicized multiple websites increasing popularity forbidden code flag flag entered popular culture internet users chose creative ways spread knowledge dvd key users wore code shirts added poems integrated code lyrics hip hop songs created music utilizing values composed song code titled published work youtube sole lyrics song numbers digital code thought source comedy trying quell spread number said ironic thing tried quiet famous number internet senior lecturer commented legality innovative ways internet users like chose secret dvd code don think necessarily designed stay bounds law fun way comment happened think designed law absurd ridiculous abolished placed flag conception larger framework formation communal tribe posed question striped colors arranged flag constitute anti device flag inspired assistant professor program director create sound file key melody similar key cracked playstation gaming system new flag created different user tribute original flag
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Free Speech Flag
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Engineering and technology
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Computing and engineering
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Websites and the Internet
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21201_.sj
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internet country code level domain reserved designation domain registry open registration issuing domain based designation consists separately integrated territories norway arctic archipelago nearly volcanic island designated august time allocated placed registry sponsor norwegian policy states sufficient institutions connected domain open registration norwegian policy domain resources plans sell domain later come use regulation follow policy second level domains reserved areas web addresses history integrated territories norway special status unincorporated area treaty grants norway sovereignty archipelago holds special status things free economic zone nearly volcanic island atlantic_ocean fully integrated norway establishment codes proposed code norwegian authorities chose include area following codes allocated august time allocated june norwegian computer scientist socialist left party proposed domain online free proposal aims protecting norwegian authorities foreign surveillance policy management lies trondheim based domain registry unused limited company owned owned legal right manage domains fold based agreement internet assigned numbers authority regulations act supervised based policy use regulated norwegian country code level domains known domain regulation regulation norway later come unto use rules procedures currently domain remains reserved potential future use sale unused item consider domain resources direct contradiction norwegian policy
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.sj
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Engineering and technology
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Computing and engineering
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Websites and the Internet
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22267_Minneapoliswirelessinternetnetwork
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minneapolis wireless internet network city minneapolis minnesota covered wireless internet network called wireless minneapolis network proposed point cities nationwide systems place local firm internet beat build operate network guaranteed year dollar contract city network anchor tenant construction began project encountered delays city covered network subsidiary internet responsible system set numerous free internet access points public locations minneapolis network offers speeds second rate month residential subscribers end network city employees plans place police fire departments use future mississippi_river bridge collapsed wireless system helped coordinate emergency services city won praise network singled successful municipal wireless ventures nationwide number stalled failed projects background time wireless network consideration american cities networks process constructing minnesota city owned wireless networks philadelphia considering building texas experimenting specialized government use network network built minneapolis city services run combination fiber services city worked city working field time ranked minneapolis america citing factors city wireless compared national average time history initiative construct wireless internet network initiated city aimed offer city residents wireless access month improve city services fire police giving greater access information route site city digital divide city stated goal network ownership schemes considered process building running system plan named city officials owners operators network scrapped city lacked core million capital investment required initial construction plan ultimately adopted entailed private company building running network plan met opposition organization stated believed city build network contract private company maintain city opened bidding construction network eventually receiving bids different internet service providers atlanta based based internet selected company set trial program minneapolis final decision process outcry arose members lack public hearings subject network internet service provider placed bid build run network city plan involved wireless internet business deputy chief information officer minneapolis stated city worried legal restrictions lawsuits key reasons lack transparency process internet selected build city network late summer firm guaranteed year million contract city anchor tenant wholly owned subsidiary internet tasked installing radio wireless network light poles telephone poles buildings structures construction slated begin weeks city selected internet beginning october expected completed following autumn network referred wireless minneapolis internet provides wired fiber connections available april residents minneapolis connections ran quickly month half price connection later year company announced plans bring internet services farther broader minneapolis metropolitan area nationally internet announced december year bring service minneapolis making municipality world access speed availability usage minneapolis intended covered entirety wireless network certain exceptions lacked infrastructure support system city numerous lakes ruled network coverage sending receiving signals require transmission poles water area city receive service delayed weeks technical challenges posed area uneven terrain mississippi_river east area goal blanket entire city network november spite delays expected area installation residential neighborhood easier thanks flat terrain late completion network stuck misunderstanding stated install radio park land proper permits unaware delay came form light poles breaking stress wireless placed neighborhoods isles area city response city paid million install new light poles area capable supporting entirety city square miles km2 covered network certain challenge areas fitted special equipment internet selected construct network plans existed wireless service available residents subscription month speeds second comparable speeds offered internet service providers area time half cost marketing service including billboards featuring local personality december approximately subscribers according company ceo company original target subscribers expected company reach milestone delays setting network nonetheless firm million profit counted subscribers city minneapolis paying million annually wireless service percent capacity purchased complaints raised municipal departments budgets cost network subscription regardless utilizing departments beginning use network including city city employees trend expected lead usage fourteen percent city purchased capacity end city minneapolis connected security cameras electronic street signs network end intention connect network enabled parking meters garbage trucks system near future fire police conversion network underway city taking necessary precautions ensure services ultimately dedicated frequency continue offer public safety service free wireless access points set city aid city goal increasing access internet internet paid agreed pay percent yearly revenues seven years maintain totaling million points set community centers minneapolis total gone parks street corners city request law enforcement officials concerned potential ability surf internet anonymously free points require user enter credit card number emergency minneapolis wireless network built emergency mind consideration noted proposals networks collapse mississippi_river bridge august application network truly tested point managed cover square miles km2 city network area downtown mississippi_river near bridge collapse site shortly collapse opened network subscribers hastily added wireless area additional speed network cell phone service overwhelmed minutes goal people use communicate network instead voice communications traffic jumped period unclear network usage expand users collapse network heavily government officials rescue personnel log network rescue workers floating middle river receive signal communicate headquarters charge rescue operations wireless service integral sending large files scene use locating survivors utilized media outlets local national reception report municipal wireless networks wall_street_journal minneapolis singled success story publication explaining concept having city anchor tenant good article cited wireless network philadelphia set time minneapolis run built finalist bidding process select network minneapolis relinquished control partially complete network low subscription rate customers year minneapolis subscribers network nearing completion reference variety stalled failed wireless projects country world cited firm got numbers engineering add far article noted minneapolis large cities deployed successfully wireless network tested december wireless testing firm found fastest metro wireless internet network america network received
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Minneapolis wireless internet network
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Engineering and technology
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Computing and engineering
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Websites and the Internet
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22927_TheDailyStormer
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white news commentary website editor founded july faster paced replacement previous website total launched year site noted use humor internet likened cited attractions younger diverse audience website supports russia president guest writers included black hat founder white nationalist authors praised reach taken issue content tone calls involved internet figures politically background told media technology company liberal youth teenager read works communist jewish stuff later studied buddhism islam 20th century french philosophers stated agreed central reservations aspects adolf_hitler regime launched blog total feeling appealing younger demographic articles long launched daily july shorter articles provocative style website named newspaper registered father runs christian inspired counseling service ohio said march spends hours week writing website primarily funded donations regularly site visitors content reception asserts purpose provide means people look world certain way headlines include intelligent people history disliked jews adolf hitler lied man time according daily posts hundreds racist articles targeting black people muslims jews website offers pro coverage conflict considers correct moral position described site newest heated competition rule hate web months march topped oldest largest hate site web terms reach page views based data claimed website traffic doubled months peaking daily visitors stated owed success online popular websites use similar styles website photographs anti semitic quotations including hitler website puts triple names jews far right created fellow website right stuff wrote website growing popularity younger audience use humor attracting activists anti political men rights activists opponents usually identify documented involvement encouragement culture making statements fake online accounts women minorities said ridiculous statements gas repeated media coverage work public holocaust late protests chiefly african americans began hoax campus rally claimed victory rumor spread internet wrote article website release prison recent conversion opposition jews abused compassion build empire likes world seen founder online community wrote article daily encouraging based experiences having bone disease florida based jewish encouraged attack free speech exhibition texas alias religious wrote white articles pseudonym daily attracted media coverage stated white killer june shot african americans death charleston church shooting comments site found similarities user comments roof manifesto stated roof crime publicly violence endorsing roof views october year gave positive reaction attempted assassination pro immigration candidate mayor german city cologne feminist support officially endorsed president candidate said illegal immigrants mexico criminals encouraged website readers vote time lives man actually represents interests website received national international coverage endorsement proposal temporary admitting foreign muslims country proclaimed ultimate according white endorsement movement generally skeptical politicians july daily mentioned democratic representative missouri asked congressional hearing fbi director aware sharing twitter posts white daily_telegraph supporter wrote candidate needed separate white nationalists endorsing ahead politicians deemed holding liberal positions writing atlantic modern focus race color blind causing divisions allowing white nationalist sites gain audience tiny portion support writer analyzed endorsement predicted presidency strengthen organized racist groups lead civil war huffington_post journalist compared white nationalists like leader believed representative ethnic interests time jews believed representative theirs july tweeted image originating far right showing rival hillary_clinton background money balloon shape pointed star calling corrupt candidate deleted image circular balloon believed posted image knowledge balloon star david evidence pragmatic anti listen pro israel statements listen signals pushing media jews bring public fact yes majority sic donors jew terrorists reaction white nationalists stated white nationalist websites taken issue low coverage daily defense christianity white sect praised reach influence criticized beliefs tone believes stopping migration encouraging higher important preserving white race condemned writing impossible race survive adopting views jews hitler holocaust considered attracting poor whites provocative online persona manner monster trucks professional wrestling writing hard conclude paid agent purpose simply discredit white nationalism criticized extremely harsh dismissive insulting tone blacks called activities calls army involved internet came attention october campaign british labour politician jewish member parliament man sent prison sending abusive messages twitter daily encouraged readers send messages long promote violence gave guidelines limit create anonymous mail twitter accounts said received abusive messages week abuse brought speaker deemed beneath contempt launched campaign february australian muslim activist demanded shirt bearing australian flag reading don love leave withdrawn sale woman arrested sending abusive messages interpreted actions freedom speech believed responded ridiculous speech claiming vast majority white people think calling offense people defended took related attempt nintendo marketing officer fired angered gamers allegedly removing provocative content japanese games activists including circulated essay argued foreign bodies impose laws child pornography japan dismissed soon afterward nintendo stating unrelated controversy later year site encouraged racially jewish russian journalist written piece wife found piece critical said abuse lifetime leaving russia escape years earlier june users website revealed personal details jewish woman running congress california sent holocaust related messages printer stunt took credit sending numerous racist anti semitic thousands publicly accessible internet connected country universities urged reader visit website accompany struggle global white supremacy credited stunt april year hitler birthday university germany publish nazi propaganda tracts including website
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The Daily Stormer
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Engineering and technology
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Computing and engineering
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Websites and the Internet
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24565_ArsTechnica
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latin derived art technology technology news information website created publishes news reviews guides issues computer hardware software science technology policy video games site writers work research institutions articles website written formal tone traditional journals privately owned sold online division purchased site million added company group includes wired officially headquartered offices staff works home spread locations including chicago houston new_york_city operations funded primarily online advertising offered paid subscription service website generated controversy prevented readers advertisement blocking software viewing site history created website limited liability company purpose publish computer software related news articles guides words best multi hardware tech coverage possible having fun productive accurate possible latin phrase translates technological art website published news reviews guides content interest computer enthusiasts writers geographically distributed united_states time fisher lived parents house boston massachusetts chicago illinois writers respective cities sold online division sale purchase websites costing million total added company group included wired interview new_york_times fisher said companies offered buy site writers agreed deal felt offered best chance turn hobby business fisher writers time employed fisher editor chief november affected websites owned company board including launched united_kingdom site expand coverage europe content content articles published generally remained creation categorized types news guides reviews features news articles relay current events hosts free internet forum discussion variety topics originally news articles published website relayed technology related websites provided short commentary news generally link original source purchased began publishing original news investigating topics interviewing sources significant portion news articles published original relayed news published website ranging sentences features long articles great depth subject example site published guide architecture named understanding performance article discussed detail theory physics mathematical applications quantum computers website word review described product packaging specific type integrated circuits uses written formal tone found traditional journal website regular writers degrees work academic private research institutions website published computer architecture textbook inside machine performed research developmental scholar public policy institute republished articles biology journal called researchers public september recorded highest daily traffic iphone event coverage recorded million page views million came live blog platform event revenue cost operating funded primarily online advertising originally handled selling advertising space website managed addition online advertising sold website named premier subscribers shown advertisements receive benefits including ability exclusive articles post certain areas forum participate live chat rooms notable people computer industry lesser extent revenue collected content sponsorship series articles future collaboration sponsored site exploring section sponsored data management company past collected shared revenue affiliate marketing advertising deals online retailers sale branded merchandise advertisement block march blocked readers computer programs stop advertisements displayed web viewing website fisher estimated website readers software installed time day block lifted article blocking devastating sites love published readers use software websites care blocking ads devastating sites love making argument blocking ads form stealing immoral result people losing jobs result content given site definitely affect quality content sites real advertising death spin block article controversial generating articles websites broader issue advertising ethics readers generally followed fisher day article published readers software allowed display advertisements readers premier february fisher noted article lowered block rate percent found majority people blocking ads site sites irritating response increasing use intends identify readers filter advertisements ask support site means
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Ars Technica
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Engineering and technology
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Computing and engineering
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Websites and the Internet
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25997_.no
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internet country code level domain norway domain registry based trondheim owned state owned operates supervision registered domains organizations presence norway registration limited domains individuals residing norway register second level domain june directly second level domains exist organizations certain types municipalities schools strict regulations resulted near absence management awarded taken years later domain registered result organizations separate limited company norway allocated open registration originally single domain permitted organization manually checked ensure compliance trademark ownership regulations process automated retrospective dispute resolution scheme introduced resulted boom accumulated exceeding course year domain names consist basic latin letters beginning norwegian language letters language letters permitted domains introduced history domain registry responsibility awarded actual registration work carried registered domains initially workload domain registration light years workload project individual policy makers indicated need domain registration managed non commercial organization responsibility transferred publicly owned supplier information communications technology norwegian public universities colleges research institutions march oldest archived zone file dates includes domains state university colleges connected internet issued domain names causing boom domain registered division transformed limited company owned established division issued responsibility managing domain august given responsibility newly created domains established following year subsidiary manage technical network service infrastructure including operation network systems universities colleges portfolio organizations established domain resolution body resolve domain disputes political advisory board domain introduced handle aspects provided party registered limited company owned secure management domains independent organization organization register single domain document right directly connected company trademark information verified rules february new cap set domains organization longer evaluation right domain registered awarded resulted large increase number domains domain registered year originally basic latin letters permitted february additional characters norwegian languages permitted number permitted domains organization increasing june numerical domains names allowed domain registered january second level domain permitted june gave individuals possibility register november organizations permitted register domains june opened private citizen domains december enabled support management management lies trondheim based domain registry unused limited company owned owned legal right manage domains fold based agreement internet assigned numbers authority regulations electronic communications act supervised policy use regulated norwegian country code level domains known domain regulation regulation norway respectively open registration registration takes place party domain relationship holder regulated civil legal agreements registers domain behalf holder holder holds right domain terminated dispute resolution charges norwegian nok registration change holder nok annual fee domain meet criteria technical administrative resources pay annual fee nok deposit minimum nok depending activity level undertake minimum activity registering domains year registering domain user signs declaration rights parties user assume responsibility consequences use domain registration process fully automated include steps ensure user rights disputes right domain handled court proceedings issues right domain include act trademark holders awarded domain registration solely sell domain trademark owner dispute bodies consider risk confusion based domain content site domain issue ownership subject supreme_court case supreme_court ruled seize domain specifications domains legally regarded assets financial value september registered domains domains percent renewal rate significantly higher liberal domains percent domains problem domains strict registration requirements advisory body thirteen members appointed discuss comment domain policy consists members government authorities internet industry policy organizations local presence norway registration allowed register domains specifically registered organization number postal address norway able actually document activity norway request qualified users register domains directly additional domains second level domain domain available registration individuals register individual registered issued national identity number resident norway years old moving abroad result domain deleted person register domains living abroad limit registered domains person domain names consist characters permitted characters basic latin alphabet norwegian language letters special languages letters domain start end digit letter large number domains registered including basis second level domains specified series geographical names including names settlements islands second level domains future specific internet terms registered internet additional general category potential future second level domains blocked second level domains types second level domains oriented category oriented managed agencies reserved geographic second level domains counties oslo urban areas inhabitants municipalities bergen addition reserved users asked register geographic second level domain local presence area geographic second level domain carried local government area municipality county municipality governor category second level domains require user meet specific characteristics instance upper secondary schools register second level domains managed domains managed government agencies central parts government sites municipalities county municipalities
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Engineering and technology
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Computing and engineering
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Websites and the Internet
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26048_Digitalforensics
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digital digital known digital forensic science branch forensic science encompassing recovery investigation material found digital devices relation computer crime term digital originally synonym computer expanded cover investigation devices capable storing digital data roots personal computing revolution late 1970s early 1980s discipline evolved manner 1990s early 21st century national policies emerged digital investigations variety applications common support hypothesis criminal civil electronic discovery process courts feature private sector internal corporate investigations intrusion investigation specialist probe nature extent unauthorized network intrusion technical aspect investigation divided sub branches relating type digital devices involved computer network forensic data analysis mobile device typical forensic process encompasses seizure forensic imaging acquisition analysis digital media production report collected evidence identifying direct evidence crime digital attribute evidence specific suspects confirm statements determine intent identify sources example copyright cases documents investigations broader scope areas forensic analysis usual aim provide answers series simpler questions involving complex time lines history prior 1980s crimes involving computers dealt existing laws computer crimes recognized included legislation unauthorized modification data computer system years range computer crimes committed increased laws passed deal issues copyright privacy harassment bullying stalking online predators child pornography 1980s federal laws began incorporate computer offences canada country pass legislation followed australian amendments crimes acts british computer act 1980s 1990s growth field growth computer crime 1980s 1990s caused law enforcement agencies begin establishing specialized groups usually national level handle technical aspects investigations example fbi launched computer analysis following year computer crime department set fraud squad law enforcement professionals early members groups computer responsible field initial research direction practical publicized examples digital pursuit investigation use computer network forensic techniques specialized earliest forensic examinations followed profile 1990s high demand new basic investigative resources strain central units lead creation regional local level groups help handle load example set provide national infrastructure computer crime personnel located centrally london regional police forces unit folded period science digital grew hoc tools techniques developed practitioners contrast disciplines developed work scientific community term computer academic literature prior informal use paper attempted justify new discipline forensic science world swift development resulted lack training book high technology crime investigating cases involving computers wrote seizing preserving analyzing evidence stored computer greatest forensic challenge facing law enforcement 1990s forensic tests dna testing performed specially trained experts task collecting analyzing computer evidence assigned patrol officers detectives 2000s developing standards response need bodies agencies published guidelines digital digital evidence produced paper best practices followed publication standard general requirements testing laboratories european lead international treaty came force aim national computer crime laws investigative techniques international operation treaty signed nations including canada japan south_africa european nations ratified issue training received attention commercial companies forensic software developers began offer certification programs digital forensic analysis included topic specialist investigator training facility late 1990s mobile devices widely available advancing simple communication devices found rich forms information crime traditionally associated digital despite digital analysis phones traditional computer media largely problems nature devices focus shifted internet crime particularly risk warfare february report concluded enemies target industry government military air land maritime space domains way transformed battlefield world war fractured physical barriers shield nation attacks commerce communication field digital faces unresolved issues paper bad identified bias windows operating systems digital research identified issues facing digital investigations future including increasing size digital media wide availability consumers growing variety operating systems file formats increasing number individuals owning multiple devices legal limitations investigators paper identified continued training issues high cost entering field development forensic tools 1980s specialized digital forensic tools existed consequently investigators performed live analysis media examining computers operating system existing tools extract evidence practice carried risk modifying data disk inadvertently led claims evidence number tools created early 1990s address problem need software recognized resulting creation developed similar software developed countries hardware software solution released commercially released fixed disk image free australian law enforcement tools allowed create exact copy piece digital media work leaving original disk intact end 1990s demand digital evidence grew advanced commercial tools developed allowing analysts examine copies media live recently trend live memory grown resulting availability tools recently progression tool development occurred mobile devices initially investigators accessed data directly device soon specialist tools appeared forensic process digital forensic investigation commonly consists stages acquisition imaging exhibits analysis reporting acquisition involves capturing image computer volatile memory ram creating exact sector level duplicate forensic duplicate media write blocking device prevent modification original growth size storage media developments cloud computing led use live acquisitions logical copy data acquired complete image physical storage device acquired image logical copy original media data values compared verify copy accurate analysis phase investigator recovers evidence material number different tools article referred step depth systematic search evidence related suspected crime researcher described intuitive procedure obvious evidence identified searches conducted start filling holes actual process analysis vary investigations common include conducting searches digital media files space recovering deleted files extraction registry information example list user accounts attached devices evidence recovered analysed reconstruct events actions reach conclusions work performed specialised staff investigation complete data presented usually form written report lay persons terms application digital commonly criminal law private investigation traditionally associated criminal law evidence collected support oppose hypothesis courts areas wider investigation spanning number disciplines cases collected evidence form intelligence gathering purposes court proceedings example locate identify halt crimes result intelligence gathering held strict forensic standard civil litigation corporate matters digital forms electronic discovery process forensic procedures similar criminal investigations different legal requirements limitations outside courts digital form internal corporate investigations common example following unauthorized network intrusion specialist forensic examination nature extent attack performed damage limitation exercise establish extent intrusion attempt identify attacker attacks commonly conducted phone lines 1980s modern era usually propagated internet main focus digital investigations recover objective evidence criminal activity termed legal diverse range data held digital devices help areas inquiry data logs attribute actions individual example personal documents computer drive identify owner statements information provided involved cross checked digital evidence example investigation murders mobile phone records person claimed showed town time intent finding objective evidence crime committed investigations prove intent known legal term example internet history convicted killer included references site discussing kill people evaluation source file artifacts data identify origin particular piece data example older versions embedded files identified computer created proving file produced digital device examined obtained internet important document related evaluation source data associated digital documents easily modified example changing computer clock affect creation date file document relates detecting identifying details limitations major limitation forensic investigation use initial examination evidence located laws individuals disclose keys relatively new controversial legal considerations examination digital media covered national international legislation civil investigations particular laws restrict abilities analysts undertake examinations restrictions network monitoring reading personal communications exist criminal investigation national laws restrict information seized example united_kingdom seizure evidence law enforcement governed pace act existence early field agency worked establish compatible international standards seizure evidence laws covering computer crime affect forensic investigators computer act access computer material particular concern civil investigators limitations law enforcement individuals right privacy area digital largely courts places limitations ability law enforcement civil investigators intercept access evidence act makes distinction stored communication email archives transmitted communication considered privacy invasion harder obtain warrant affects ability companies investigate computers communications employees aspect debate extent company perform monitoring article european convention human rights asserts similar privacy limitations limits processing sharing personal data external countries ability law enforcement conduct digital investigations powers act digital evidence court law digital evidence falls legal guidelines forms evidence courts usually require stringent guidelines united_states evaluate digital evidence united_kingdom pace acts similar guidelines countries laws federal laws restrict items obvious value acknowledged possible establish digital media prior examination laws dealing digital evidence concerned issues integrity authenticity integrity ensuring act seizing acquiring digital media modify evidence original copy authenticity refers ability confirm integrity information example media matches original evidence ease digital media modified means documenting chain custody crime scene analysis ultimately court form trail important establish authenticity evidence attorneys argued digital evidence theoretically altered reliability evidence judges beginning reject theory case court ruled fact possible alter data contained computer insufficient establish united_kingdom guidelines issued followed help document authenticity integrity evidence digital investigators particularly criminal investigations ensure conclusions based factual evidence expert knowledge example state qualified expert testify form opinion long testimony based sufficient facts data testimony product reliable principles methods witness applied principles methods reliably facts case sub branches digital specific guidelines conduct investigations handling evidence example mobile phones required placed shield seizure acquisition prevent radio traffic device forensic examination computers criminal matters subject guidelines international approaches providing guidance handle electronic evidence offers framework law enforcement judicial authorities countries seek set enhance guidelines identification handling electronic evidence investigative tools digital evidence relies tools extract forensic tools subjected standard judge responsible ensuring processes software acceptable paper argued guidelines required code forensic tools published peer reviewed concluded open source tools clearly meet requirements closed source tools branches digital includes sub branches relating investigation types devices media artifacts computer goal computer explain current state digital artifact computer system storage medium electronic document discipline usually covers computers embedded systems digital devices rudimentary computing power onboard memory static memory pen drives computer deal broad range information logs internet history actual files drive prosecutors recovered computer secure death penalty killer identified email messages detailing torture death fantasies found computer mobile device mobile device sub branch digital relating recovery digital evidence data mobile device differs computer mobile device communication system usually storage mechanisms investigations usually focus simple data data communications sms email depth recovery deleted data sms data mobile device investigation helped murder mobile devices useful providing location information gps location tracking cell site logs track devices range information track network network concerned monitoring analysis computer network traffic local internet purposes information gathering evidence collection intrusion detection traffic usually intercepted level stored later analysis filtered real time unlike areas digital network data volatile rarely logged making discipline fbi lured computer united_states fake job interview monitoring network traffic pair computers fbi identified allowing collect evidence directly russian based computers forensic data analysis branch digital examines structured data aim discover patterns fraudulent activities resulting financial crime database database branch digital relating forensic study investigations use database contents log files ram data build timeline recover relevant information education research academic centre education research forensic sciences north_america offers security risk analysis major digital area related journals security digital evidence international journal forensic computer science journal scale digital device forensic journal
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Digital forensics
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Engineering and technology
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Computing and engineering
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Websites and the Internet
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3542_Nomenclatureofmonoclonalantibodies
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nomenclature nomenclature naming scheme assigning generic names protein produced cells immune system humans animals identify specific foreign object like virus produced identical cells artificially share target object wide range applications including medical uses naming scheme international names inn general word stems identify classes drugs cases placed word finally names end stem unlike nomenclature uses different preceding word parts depending structure function officially called erroneously components stem stem fragments long variable domain domain contains target binding structure included case binding fragments single chain variable fragments artificial proteins parts regions use different naming schemes origin source preceding stem denotes animal obtained produced mice yielding ending usually house mouse non human organisms inn requested rats theoretically non human recognized foreign human immune system rapidly cleared body provoke reaction avoid parts replaced human acid sequences pure human engineered constant region replaced human form termed variable regions substituted case called typically replaced determining regions loops acid sequences outside variable region target structure partly partly use indicate foreign species production human mouse ends human pure human use rat mouse hybrid engineered binding sites different drugs termed target preceding source refers medicine target examples targets organ systems like system infectious agents like bacteria term target imply sort action agents distinguished nomenclature naming scheme originally developed consist final letter dropped resulting difficult examples include system immune system stands nervous system final letter usually omitted following source begins target shortened form example reduced targeting system received inn combination target source results endings like immune system human system dropped new shorter target adopted consist plus omitted source begins example human targeting immune system receive names ending instead old endings like remain unchanged old system employed seven different targets depending type investigated types new convention prefix prefix carries special meaning unique medicine contribute sounding means source target distinguished prefix targeting exactly structure differently differ chemical structure additional words second word following indicates substance attached reasons attached molecules slow degradation decrease shown word agent linked anti drug targeting purposes word example stands toxic predominantly affects cancer cells like binding attached derivative acid example drug contains consequently example including history von discovered animals substances called specific respective received nobel prize physiology medicine find year discovery term german principle production called technology published awarded medicine nobel prize discovery approved clinical use humans introduced system inn list published years later stem proposed current system target source developed collaboration structure largely identical received names following nomenclature october working group revise nomenclature meet challenges discussed april year led adoption new target november spring new names adopted examples new convention composed components shows drug human acting drug designed treatment components marking acting immune system old convention drug targeting alpha broken drug human targeting immune system named commonly medication prevent broken shows drug system following names look new convention applied breast cancer medication analyzed drug targeting system links broken shows drug human acting immune system shows approved clinical use named conventions took effect consequently follow instead targeting
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Nomenclature of monoclonal antibodies
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Natural sciences
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Biology and medicine
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Pharmacology miscellanea
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9341_PlayadeOrovirus
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virus virus probable species found mexican state thought main host sequences parts virus based determined differ acid composition composition closely related virus identified new species closely related virus virus virus black creek canal virus found species virus found different population presence different species argument classifying populations host separate species history occurrence virus identified collected survey wild mammals western mexico discovery published colleagues small mammals sin virus found individuals studied rice rat common species found cotton rat mouse addition yielded found males females acid sequences parts virus differed closely related colleagues identified virus found new species called virus authors prove virus fulfilled criteria identifying new virus species argued likely fulfill criteria currently treated probable species genus consists segments single stranded negative sense virus called large medium small segments entire segment fragment segment segment consists bases starting position code protein addition second base open reading frame occurs middle sequence starting position specimens sequence segment differed changes silent segment differ related virus marsh rice rat virus honduras population black creek canal virus cotton rat sequence differs base fragments sequence segment variable sites observed including non silent sequence differs terms terms effects occurs frequently colleagues suggested primary host virus result species occur closely syndrome disease caused sin virus reported mexico found human blood samples wild known species potential risk infection humans discovery species identified mexico canyon virus small relationships according phylogenetic analyses based sequences segments closely related clade formed virus cotton rat colleagues proposed closely related united single species colleagues surprised find species different noted subspecies infected different colleagues suggested basis lines evidence including presence different western mexican populations represent different species
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Playa de Oro virus
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Natural sciences
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Biology and medicine
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Pharmacology miscellanea
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11203_Poliovirus
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agent commonly known human member family composed protein single stranded positive sense long viral particle diameter symmetry short simple composition non protein coat widely regarded simplest significant virus isolated published different teams researchers mit characterized useful model system understanding biology cycle human cells binding like known cell surface interaction change viral particle necessary viral entry attached host cell membrane entry viral acid thought occur ways formation membrane injected host cell virus taken recent experimental evidence supports hypothesis suggests taken immediately particle viral released positive stranded virus enclosed viral particle messenger immediately translated host cell entry virus cell translation machinery causing cellular protein synthesis favor virus specific protein production unlike host cell end extremely long highly structured region viral called internal entry site discovered found directs translation viral genetic region prevent viral protein production translated long auto internal approximately individual viral proteins problem production refers equal amounts protein produced needed amounts structural control process regulation occur individual viral proteins include seen dependent function multiple copies viral viral small protein viral necessary synthesis viral positive negative strand proteins comprise protein complex needed virus proteins viral translation involve single process synthesis realized order replicated multiple copies synthesis association molecules consisting template growing varying length seen complexes strand synthesis small protein group acting element located stem loop virus molecules synthesis function destined assembly new virus particles packaging survive outside host cell including respectively copies termini form interior surface assemble form outer surface consisting termini form time copies copy virus attached end fully assembled leaves confines host cell hours following initiation infection cells mechanism viral release cell unclear dying cell release drake demonstrated able undergo light allowed undergo multiple host cells viable formed virus single origin structurally similar human use like molecules recognize enter host cells phylogenetic analysis protein sequences suggests evolved cluster virus ancestor arose distinct probably occurred result change cellular cluster leading change allowing virus nervous tissue rate virus relatively high virus synonymous rate site year non synonymous rate site year base distribution non random common expected end higher end use non random ending favoured ending avoided use differs appears driven selection slightly different protein proteins define cellular virus common form encountered nature forms extremely infectious november wild highly localized regions pakistan afghanistan wild declared september detected october india november wild seen detection parts nigeria pakistan specific strains prepare inactive prepared wild reference strains oral contains live weakened strains virus strains monkey kidney cells introduces viral ability virus nervous tissue classified distinct species belonging genus family species eliminated genus assigned species human later renamed genus family type species genus changed human primary infection virus ability enter cell produce additional infectious particles presence thought define animals tissues infected found outside laboratories cells humans higher strictly human naturally species infected gene appears subject positive selection protein domains domain contains virus binding site domain responsible binding virus infection occurs oral route meaning virus viral occurs tract virus shed infected individuals cases primary presence virus occurs infection cases virus spreads sites brown fat tissue muscle sustained viral causes secondary leads development minor symptoms fever sore throat occurs disease occurs virus enters central nervous system motor spinal cord brain stem motor resulting selective destruction motor leading temporary permanent rare cases leads respiratory arrest death cases disease muscle pain frequently observed prior onset weakness typically days weeks prior recovery respects phase infection thought accidental diversion normal infection mechanisms enters poorly understood non mutually exclusive suggested explain entry theories require primary hypothesis pass directly blood central nervous system crossing blood brain barrier independent second hypothesis suggests transported peripheral tissues blood example muscle tissue spinal cord nerve pathways transport hypothesis virus imported infected disease central nervous system believed present surface human cells expression explain certain tissues suggests tissue determined cellular infection recent work suggested type response specifically alpha beta important factor defines types cells support mice expressing genetic engineering lacking type expanded repertoire tissue types mice able infected virus immune system avoidance uses key mechanisms evade immune system capable surviving highly acidic conditions tract allowing virus host spread body system second replicate quickly virus host organs immune response mounted detail given attachment phase surface virus attachment sites located pockets canyon bases narrow access virus attachment sites protected host immune surveillance remainder surface avoid host immune response individuals exposed infection develop immunity immune individuals present tract specifically able block prevent spread virus motor central nervous system infection provide immunity second attacks individual extremely rare mouse humans known natural hosts infected long study small animal model developed laboratories mice engineered express human unlike normal mice mice susceptible injected injected directly spinal cord brain infection mice signs resemble humans central nervous systems paralyzed mice similar humans mouse model human infection proven tool understanding biology distinct types mice studied mice human incorporated mouse mice express highest levels highest sensitivity mice susceptible pathways oral route mice incorporated human mice susceptible infection route possibly express decreased levels mice shown susceptible infection useful infection model mice human located mice exhibit lowest levels expression susceptible infection recently fourth mouse model developed mice carry driven promoter proven susceptible routes addition mice capable developing form development mouse profound effect oral production previously monitoring safety performed susceptible virus approved use mouse alternative method assessing effectiveness mouse model approved tests synthesis baltimore dna technology generate infectious clone animal virus dna introduced cells infectious produced creation infectious clone propelled understanding biology standard technology study group succeeded chemical code producing world synthetic virus scientists converted published sequence bases long dna sequence dna easier short fragments dna sequence obtained mail order assembled complete viral assembled gene synthesis company process took years nineteen markers incorporated synthesized dna distinguished natural convert dna natural state translate producing functional viral particle newly synthetic virus injected mice determine synthetic version able cause disease synthetic virus able replicate cause death mice synthetic version times lethal original virus modification modification virus called recently early clinical trials treating cancer
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Poliovirus
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Natural sciences
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Biology and medicine
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Pharmacology miscellanea
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26149_Elephantendotheliotropicherpesvirus
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elephant elephant type cause highly fatal disease transmitted young asian elephants african elephants related forms identified wild populations generally occasionally cause small types cause highly fatal disease asian elephants kills severely affected individuals disease treated rapid application drugs effective cases case fatal form disease documented tissue samples early 1980s tested positive virus localized skin wild african elephants recorded 1970s documented disease cases north_america europe successfully cured affected young animals born captivity small number older wild born adults held died number cases caused type identified orphan wild asian elephant populations virus transmission members genus novel clade closely related responsible deaths zoo wild asian elephants worldwide especially young currently known species types commonly encountered form numerous distinct strains originally known species type identified causes acute disease high mortality rate asian elephants form virus originally believed occur naturally african elephants occasionally producing skin transmitted asian elephants captivity extensive studies largely concept species types instead identified african elephants second lethal identified asian elephants responsible deaths asian elephant caused disease african elephants reported found wild zoo african elephants species types varieties elephant found eye healthy asian african zoo elephants called gamma closely related known cause disease symptoms studies detected shed trunk wash healthy asian zoo elephant previously disease similarly similar human animal trunk source transmission concerns origins evidence cross species transmission long term contact asian african elephants discouraged avoiding new contacts young captive born asian elephants wild born asian elephants carriers disease analysis number north american cases ruled direct transmission virus affected facilities studied strongly supported idea significant asian carrier population supported fact deceased possible contact african elephants artificial believed transmission factor notes multiple single bull cow elephant died different times facility nearly distinct strains virus died infected time facility pairs identical virus strains program linked testing began aiming test blood samples thousand elephants virus order help identify carriers possible transmission patterns effects treatment found wild captive african elephants affect skin system case produces small pinkish head trunk juveniles appear weeks suggesting intermittently reactivated localized infection remains dormant second case found small white adults characteristic fatal attack quickly number cases death occurred hours onset infection cases longer days virus attacks cells causing blood loss reaches heart kills quickly shock symptoms include eat rapid decreased blood cell count tongue mouth head trunk rapid treatment sustained month appeared cure infected treatment expensive partially effective relies early identification infection chain reaction test blood sample affected animals confirm suspected case identifying viral dna common start treatment earliest possible moment waiting confirmation case prior development test circumstances available disease number conditions quick onset leading rapid death including history virus identified african elephants far 1970s recognised fatal case asian elephant identified washington testing stored tissue samples able identify number earlier deaths virus cases far identified early date total cases north_america europe successfully treated deaths included calculation gives fatality rate known disease cases cases medication applied treatment effective cases cases fatal fraction overall population calculated asian elephants born captivity north_america known died successfully treated medication affected animals young asian elephants born captivity half cases north_america ages years quarters years old cases affected adult elephants born wild oldest aged years recorded cases affected african elephants documented fatal case african elephants month old male number cases attributed wild asian elephants suspected case asia fifth suspected case presence virus confirmed case reported death young wild born female elephant sanctuary virus identified group previously identified european captive populations lethal cases india extensively characterized found consist wide variety genetically diverged strains matching genetic range nearly found previously europe north_america cases attributed reported thailand confirmed evidence similar disease deaths asian countries including thailand india indonesia past years disease captive elephants possibly rampant asian elephants wild research noted required study situation regions wild asian elephant populations
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Elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus
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Natural sciences
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Biology and medicine
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Pharmacology miscellanea
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3545_EckhartTolle
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art german pronunciation born february german born resident canada best known author power new earth awakening life purpose listed influential person world new_york_times writer called popular spiritual author united_states said depressed life underwent age inner transformation spent years wandering state deep bliss spiritual teacher later moved north_america began writing book power published reached lists power sold estimated million million copies respectively north_america approximately million people participated series live television talk host identified particular religion influenced wide range spiritual works lived vancouver british_columbia early life education born small town located north germany describes childhood unhappy particularly early childhood germany parents fought eventually separated felt alienated hostile school environment experienced considerable fear anxiety growing post war germany play bombed buildings later stated pain energy field country age moved spain live father father insist son attend high school elected study literature astronomy languages home age read books written german mystic known said responded deeply books age years inner transformation moved england years taught german spanish london school language studies troubled depression anxiety fear began searching answers life early twenties decided pursue search studying philosophy psychology literature enrolled graduating offered scholarship research cambridge_university began dropped soon inner transformation night age having suffered long periods depression says experienced inner transformation night awakened sleep suffering feelings depression experienced life changing experience says couldn live longer question arose answer live self self felt drawn void didn know time happened mind self problems lives past fearful future collapsed dissolved morning peaceful peace self sense presence observing watching recalls going walk london morning finding deeply peaceful traffic feeling continued began feel strong underlying sense peace situation stopped studying doctorate period years spent time sitting state deep bliss park benches watching world stayed friends buddhist monastery slept rough family thought irresponsible insane changed reports homage german philosopher mystic interview article states saw pile books dream knew written book soon real life ran psychic friend called changed career period cambridge students people met chance began ask beliefs began working counselor spiritual teacher students continued come years relocated major centre alternative living having visited west_coast north_america times settled vancouver british_columbia met wife book power published copies published edition stated personally deliver copies week small vancouver friends helped placing copies book spiritual farther book republished large scale recommended magazine august reached new_york_times best seller list years number list book translated english languages translated arabic published second book july power appeared list best selling books time published book new earth assumed number position new_york_times best seller list times march september end reached list 46th time high sales new earth year followed selection book club january weeks following announcement million copies book shipped partnered produce series sessions beginning weekly sessions included discussions silent questions viewers focused specific chapter new earth attracted million viewers formed company sell products related teachings called created website called streaming video monthly group videos gives speeches workshops english occasionally german spanish travels speaking engagements interview indicated intention creating heavy commercial structure setting centre believes develop said needs careful organization doesn self serving september appeared speakers vancouver peace summit recent book guardians picture book illustrated creator comic strip teachings writes introduction second book true spiritual teacher teach conventional sense word add new information beliefs rules conduct function teacher help remove separates truth words says book power time timeless spiritual teaching essence religions writes religions matter spiritual substance completely obscured large extent divisive forces insanity writes significant thing happen human separation process thinking awareness awareness space thoughts exist says primary cause situation thoughts according official website core teachings lies transformation consciousness spiritual awakening sees step human evolution essential aspect awakening consists ego based state consciousness personal happiness ending violent conflict endemic planet book describes major aspect human ego sense self based unconscious identification memories thoughts major aspect calls pain body accumulation old emotional pain talks relevance figures intellectual popular culture new earth quotes spoken movies day american beauty horse musicians beatles rolling_stones arranged album music entitled music quiet mind including work composed beatles music contemporary artists influences according article new_york_times identified religion uses teachings bible said feel actually work coming teaching stream want mentioned texts hindu scriptures buddhist scriptures course mentioned individuals jesus marcus emphasized mystical schools religions christianity judaism buddhism met spoken wrote foreword diamond pocket reception article new_york_times referred popular spiritual author united states number list influential living people total sales power new earth north_america estimated million million copies respectively books received wide range praise criticism book reviewer characterized power spiritual reviewer wrote clear writing obvious depth experience insight set apart critics characterize books derivative new_york_times article said hardly writer tap american longing meaning success editor chief said writings successful public interest books tell peaceful successful observer called writings mix pseudo science new age philosophy teaching borrowed established religions praise working synthesis traditions new age writer wrote offering contemporary synthesis eastern spiritual teaching normally clothed language providing valuable perspective western culture publisher says ideas talking existence thousands years eastern texts great western able musician annie said kind special quality encountered reception christian christian scholars criticize teachings praise professor christian thought ethics evangelical toronto says odds central christian convictions denies core christianity claiming ultimate distinction humans god jesus professor theology culture evangelical vancouver says gives certain segment population exactly want sort supreme religion draw sorts lesser established religions described spiritual teachers investigated world religions claim found wanting routinely subject religions criticism champion views superior alternatives independent noted fans academic christian circles theologian wrote writing based experience personal reflection makes approach challenge living present moment practical fresh use language traditional christian spirituality teacher religious studies finds common ground christian notes key elements teaching deep mind absolute experience joy betty says view comparable view contemporary catholic monk wrote rarely think air breathe time similar fashion presence god embracing delightful betty says god world radical way christian theology therapy holds audience roman catholic priest theologian credits helping ancient christian modern christians fact brilliantly bringing awareness older tradition ground process breaking theological god acquired jesus spiritual things teaching process doctrine teaching present present friend enemy gospel conflict mature christian anglican bishop said don criticism message think proper attitude new spiritual movements wait selected publications books power guide spiritual enlightenment new world library october isbn isbn practicing power essential teachings exercises power new world library october isbn speaks new world library august isbn new earth awakening life purpose october isbn secret adventure discovery power isbn life inspirational selections new earth november guardians new world library october isbn dvds life purpose inc isbn practicing presence guide spiritual teacher isbn amidst world new world library isbn finding life purpose isbn doorway isbn
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Eckhart Tolle
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Philosophy and religion
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Philosophy
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Philosophers
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4431_AlfredNorthWhitehead
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february december english mathematician philosopher best known defining figure philosophical school known process philosophy today found application wide variety disciplines including ecology theology education physics biology economics psychology areas early career wrote primarily mathematics logic physics notable work fields volume wrote student considered twentieth century important works mathematical logic placed 23rd list english language books twentieth century beginning late 1910s early 1920s gradually turned attention mathematics philosophy science finally developed comprehensive system radically departed western philosophy argued reality consists processes material objects processes best defined relations processes rejecting theory reality fundamentally constructed bits matter exist independently today philosophical works particularly process reality regarded texts process philosophy process philosophy argues urgency coming world web processes integral parts choices actions consequences world reason promising applications thought recent years area ecological civilization environmental ethics pioneered life born father minister successful school boys established grandfather recalled successful grandfather extraordinary man mother apparently particularly close mother mentioned writings evidence wife low opinion educated considered best public schools country childhood described protected school excelled sports mathematics head class began attending cambridge studied mathematics academic advisor earned trinity graduated fourth elected fellow trinity teach write mathematics physics college spending 1890s writing treatise universal 1900s collaborating pupil edition married irish woman raised france daughter sons died action serving world war age resigned senior mathematics trinity moved london lining job unemployed year accepted position mechanics passed year later applied mathematics mechanics position hoped seriously considered accepted position professor applied mathematics newly chartered london old friend recently appointed chief professor mathematics academic responsibilities began seriously expand accepted number high administrative positions system london member time elected dean late post held years member senate chairman senate academic leadership council post held departed america able exert newfound influence successfully lobby new history science department help establish degree previously bachelor_of_arts degrees offered school accessible wealthy students end time england turned attention philosophy advanced training philosophy philosophical work soon highly regarded publishing served president invited year old join faculty harvard_university professor philosophy time harvard produced important philosophical contributions wrote science immediately hailed alternative plagued popular science years later published seminal work process reality compared importance difficulty spent rest lives united_states retired harvard remained cambridge massachusetts death december volume biography definitive presentation life details life remain obscure left family carried instructions papers destroyed death additionally known belief right privacy writing personal letters kind help gain insight life led remarking page biography professional biographer right mind touch currently critical edition writings currently working edition mathematics logic addition numerous articles mathematics wrote major books subject treatise universal written published volumes introduction mathematics books aimed exclusively professional book intended larger audience covering history mathematics philosophical foundations particular regarded important works mathematical logic 20th century addition legacy writer theory extensive considered branch computer science known theory describing spatial relations parts parts parts boundaries parts treatise universal treatise universal term universal essentially meaning today study structures examples models structures credits subject matter term time structures lie drew attention need expand structures class review wrote main idea work unification methods ordinary include comparative study structures separate review wrote possesses unity design remarkable considering variety themes treatise universal sought examine theory extension logic hamilton number system taken volume finished work wrote preface value separate detailed study worthy comparative study sake light thrown general theory symbolic reasoning symbolism particular idea conception space prominent belief properties operations involved form uniform method interpretation results general nature hope form ing uniform method interpretation presumably developed volume completed work subject minimal early 1930s began publishing universal famous mathematical work written student considered twentieth century important works mathematics placed 23rd list english language books twentieth century purpose describe set rules symbolic logic mathematical truths principle proven russell working level mathematics logic took page volume prove proof accompanied comment proposition occasionally useful russell thought originally year complete ended taking years add insult injury came time publication volume work long pages audience narrow professional initially published loss pounds paid apiece russell despite initial loss today likely major academic library world hold copy ultimate substantive legacy mixed generally accepted definitively demonstrated set rules proposed mathematics fact truths mathematics achieve aims come conclusion russell book way legacy described key role possibility achieving stated goals somewhat ironic legacy book popularized modern mathematical logic drew important connections logic introduction mathematics unlike previous books mathematics introduction mathematics aimed exclusively professional intended larger audience book covered nature mathematics unity internal structure nature wrote opening chapter object following chapters teach mathematics enable students beginning course know science necessarily foundation exact thought applied natural phenomena book seen attempt understand growth unity mathematics examination mutual influence mathematics philosophy language physics book little read ways certain points later work philosophy views education showed deep concern educational reform levels addition numerous individually written works subject appointed britain prime minister person committee investigate educational systems practices recommend reform complete work education book aims education essays collected numerous essays addresses subject published essay derived delivered address president london branch cautioned teaching called ideas ideas disconnected information application real life culture opined education ideas useless things harmful teach small parts large number subjects advocated teaching relatively important concepts student link different areas knowledge discovering application actual life education exact opposite value free school model laden values general principles provide students bedrock wisdom help connections areas knowledge usually regarded separate order sort teaching reality pointed need minimize importance radically alter standard examinations school entrance writes school bound pain extinction train boys small set definite examinations free hand develop general education specialist studies accordance opportunities school created staff environment class boys suggest system external tests aims primarily examining individual scholars result educational waste argued curriculum developed specifically students staff risk total interrupted occasional movements group ideas educational writings emphasized importance imagination free play ideas essay universities function writes imagination imagination divorced facts way facts works general principles apply facts exist intellectual survey alternative possibilities consistent principles enables men construct intellectual vision new world philosophy education adequately summarized statement knowledge better fish words bits disconnected knowledge meaningless knowledge find imaginative application students lives useless students good facts thinking philosophy begin career philosopher fact formal training philosophy undergraduate education early life showed great interest respect philosophy evident considered rank amateur letter friend student discussing science aimed explanatory merely descriptive wrote question lands ocean profound ignorance science enter ironically later life 20th century foremost interest philosophical investigation nature universe existence time began writing earnest 1920s impressive accomplishments science led general consensus development comprehensive systems waste time subject testing unimpressed objection notes students class quoted saying scientific man order preserve reputation means having criticized view scientists philosophers assumptions universe works time assumptions easily seen precisely remain acknowledged philosophers hope finally principles argued people need continually imagine basic assumptions universe works philosophy science real progress progress remains permanently reason regarded investigations essential good science good philosophy foremost considered faulty assumptions idea reality fundamentally constructed bits matter exist totally independently rejected favor event based process events primary fundamentally dependent argued basic elements reality regarded constituted experience term experience broadly processes electron collisions said manifest degree experience went separation different kinds real existence exclusively material exclusively mental referred system philosophy organism known widely process philosophy philosophy highly original soon garnered interest philosophical circles publishing served president quoted saying best philosopher writing english impressive different philosophy invited join faculty harvard_university professor philosophy years age thought widely accepted understood philosophical work generally considered difficult understand western canon professional philosophers struggled follow writings famous story illustrating level difficulty philosophy centers delivery lectures following lectures year previous later publish process reality popular lecturer audience entire course audience turned lecture completely merely world large elect father remarked known suspected making went audience subsequent lectures half dozen inappropriate speculate fair portion respect generally shown philosophical peers time arose sheer theologian remarked book religion making embarrassing read page page relatively familiar words understanding single sentence frustration books negatively affect interest fact numerous philosophers chicago perceived importance fully details implications invited america experts chicago lecture explaining thought lecture brilliant promptly hired faculty taught years thirty years afterward chicago closely associated thought shortly book process reality appeared famously wrote review people read recent book generation read generation influence concentric circles common man think work light knowing light came decades discussion analysis able understand readily words proved process reality called arguably impressive single text twentieth century little read little understood partly demands puts readers accept adventure questions separate consensus questioned western philosophy held assumptions universe works managed number 21st century scientific philosophical problems provide novel solutions conception reality convinced scientific notion matter misleading way describing ultimate nature things book science modern world wrote fixed scientific ultimate fact matter material spread space configurations material following fixed routine imposed external relations spring nature assumption scientific assumption shall challenge entirely scientific situation arrived view number problems notion matter importance change thinking material thing like rock person fundamentally thing time changes secondary nature scientific hides fact stays change fundamental emphasizes things flow view concepts quality matter form problematic classical concepts fail adequately account change active nature basic elements world useful world basic building blocks conceived single person instance described overlapping events people change time aged second experience occasions experience distinct progressively connected calls society events assuming enduring objects real fundamental things universe mistaken abstract concrete calls way thing person seen having defining essence core identity describes thing person way thinking things people seen fundamentally time changes secondary core identity mark hair turned gray gotten older person fundamentally existent things occasions experience overlap time space jointly enduring person thing hand ordinary thinking regards essence thing identity core person abstract regarded person thing important features time identities define people people define identities changes moment moment think having enduring essence misses fact things flow useful way speaking pointed limitations language main maintaining way thinking acknowledged difficult wholly past ideas everyday speech moment person life hardly given different proper easy convenient think people objects remaining fundamentally things constantly keeping mind thing different thing moment ago limitations everyday living everyday speech prevent people realizing material substances convenient description particular concrete processes questions year old person different time turns thirty years old ways person points sound think person second second problem importance relations sees object distinct objects object simply matter externally related things idea matter primary makes people think objects fundamentally separate time space necessarily related view relations primary role important student taking notes fall classes wrote reality applies connections relatively things connected real real absolutely real independent fact describes entity sense sum relations entities synthesis reaction world real thing forces rest universe way conform theoretically thing strictly difference entity related entity said exist relations secondary thing thing emphasized entity merely sum relations reaction creativity absolute principle existence entity human tree electron degree novelty responds entities fully determined laws course entities consciousness human actions predicted said tree roots grow electron rain tomorrow inability predict electron movement instance faulty understanding inadequate technology fundamental creativity freedom entities means remain phenomena unpredictable creativity freedom absolute principle entity constrained social structure existence relations actual entity conform settled conditions world freedom exists limits entity arise self determination account world limits set summary rejects idea separate bits matter basic building blocks reality favor idea reality events process reality composed processes dynamic static emphasizing physical things change evolve matter mere events final real things world theory perception described universe entities experience needed new way describing perception limited living self conscious beings term coined comes latin meaning seize term meant indicate kind perception conscious unconscious applying people intended clear rejection theory representative perception mind private ideas entities term indicates actually incorporates aspects perceived thing way entities constituted perceptions relations independent regards perception occurring modes physical conceptual describes experience dominating primitive living organisms sense fate emerged fate words sense relations entities feeling influenced affected surrounding environment senses hand usually referred pure sense perception symbolic interpretation unconscious interpretation words pure appearance image mirror real thing higher organisms like people modes perception combine terms symbolic reference links appearance process automatic people animals difficulty way illustration uses example person encounter chair ordinary person looks sees colored shape immediately chair artist jumped notion chair instead stopped mere beautiful color beautiful shape normal human reaction people place objects categories habit instinct thinking animals thing example points dog acted immediately hypothesis chair jumped way way symbolic reference fusion pure sense perceptions hand relations fact relationships dominate basic mentality dog illustrates sense perceptions indicate higher grade mentality artist illustrates evolution value believed asking questions basic facts existence questions value purpose fully escaped borne thoughts hypothetical natural process life arises simple organic compounds makes startling observation life comparatively survival value humans exist years rocks million forced ask complex organisms evolved place notes certainly appear better game rocks observes mark higher forms life actively engaged modifying environment activity directed fold goal living living living better words sees life directed purpose increasing satisfaction goal sees rise life totally thing wholly matter instead things measure freedom creativity small allows partly self directed process philosopher coined term idea entities experience describe view distinguish idea matter consciousness god idea god differs traditional notions famous pointed criticism christian conception god church gave unto god attributes belonged exclusively criticizing christianity defining god primarily divine king world important attribute power opposed widely accepted forms christianity emphasized idea god called brief vision emphasize ruling ruthless tender elements world slowly operates love finds purpose present kingdom world love rules little oblivious morals look future finds reward immediate present emphasized god necessarily tied religion primarily religious faith saw god necessary system system required order exist possibilities order allowed novelty world provided aim entities ordered exist called nature god interested religious experience led reflect saw second nature god consequent nature conception god entity called fresh theological thinking nature described unlimited conceptual realization absolute wealth unlimited possibility universe nature eternal providing entities universe possibilities realization calls aspect lure feeling eternal urge desire pulling entities universe possibilities god consequent nature hand god reception world activity puts god saves world passes life judgment loses saved words god saves experiences forever experiences change way god world way god changed happens world wider universe lending actions finite creatures eternal significance sees god world fulfilling sees entities world fluent changing things god provide taking god self changing god affecting rest universe time hand sees god permanent change god merely possibilities requires world god gives creatures creatures god change worthwhile quote length way god completed individual fluent finite fact temporal occasions completed union transformed eternal order final absolute wisdom final summary expressed terms group apparent self contradictions depend neglect diverse categories existence shift meaning converts opposition contrast true god permanent world fluent world permanent god fluent true god world world god true comparison world god actual comparison god world actual true world god god world true god world world god true god creates world world creates god world transformed reality heaven reality heaven passes world sense god great companion fellow understands evocative writing god powerful inspire movement known process theology vibrant theological school thought continues thrive today religion core religion individual acknowledged individuals fully separated society argued life internal fact sake external fact relating famous remark religion religion individual solitary religious saw religion system general truths transformed person character took special care note religion good influence necessarily good idea called dangerous religion encourage violent rival religion adherents saw religion beginning saw religion necessarily expanding individual keeping process relations primary wrote religion realization value objective world community derivative component individuals words universe community makes individual entity meaning value exist individual context universal community writes entity find value till merged individual claim objective universe religion world loyalty spirit universal claim way individual universal social aspects religion mutually dependent described religion technically ultimate emotion non temporal primarily belongs conceptual thought words religion takes deeply felt emotions system general truths world helping people identify wider meaning significance religion served kind bridge philosophy emotions purposes particular society task religion philosophy applicable everyday lives ordinary people influence legacy wrote recruited philosophers palette enriched practitioners diverse ecology feminism practices unite political struggle spirituality sciences education recent decades attention work widespread interest extending intellectuals europe china coming diverse fields ecology physics biology education economics psychology attempt interact thought future archbishop_of_canterbury temple lectures subsequently published nature man god number philosophers evolution approach temple 1970s 1980s thought drew attention outside small group philosophers primarily americans today considered especially influential outside relatively specialized circles early followers found primarily initiated interest work thirty years professors philosophy arguably important intellectual thread running taught generations scholars notable interest faded chicago effectively grabbed torch planted firmly california began teaching founded largely influence today remains strongly identified process thought remains concentrated hub activity place thought currently growing quickly china order address challenges modernization china begun blend traditions buddhism post modern philosophy order create ecological civilization date chinese government encouraged building university based centers study philosophy books process philosophers required reading chinese graduate students attributed china interest process philosophy partly stress mutual humanity nature emphasis educational system includes teaching values simply bare facts overall influence difficult characterize english speaking countries primary works little studied outside select number liberal graduate level theology philosophy programs outside circles influence relatively small tended come chiefly work students instance teacher long time friend collaborator taught supervised important figures philosophy dominant strain philosophy english speaking countries 20th century high profile continental tradition french post philosopher remarked stands great anglo american philosopher disciples spread confusion terror french went far greatest philosopher 20th century opinions minority ones recognized particularly influential dominant philosophical schools impossible exactly influence widespread partly ideas somewhat counter intuitive assertion matter inclusion elements philosophy perception simply sheer difficulty density prose process philosophy theology work influential field american progressive theology important early proponent thought theological context spent semester harvard teaching assistant widely credited developing process philosophy blown process theology notable process include process theology typically stresses god nature seeing god process view god fellow understands affected temporal events points people praise human ruler unaffected followers praise worthy quality god instead affected world god appropriately respond world process theology formulated wide variety ways instance advocates process process theology god fact process theology difficult define process diverse views interests process theologian written books biology economics integrate feminist theory theologian writes theology political theory creating god internet age repeatedly credit process theology rising culture expected dominate digital era process philosophy difficult pin process theology practice fields separated volume series thought edited process philosopher theologian displays range areas different process philosophers work including physics ecology medicine public policy politics psychology philosophical school historically close relationship process philosophy american thought highly acknowledged preface process reality edited collected papers founders noted turn student today example philosopher advocates process philosophy addition properly called process philosophers influential philosophy science recent years thought influence scientific research physics aim offer approaches physics mechanism recent examples approaches biology physics thought influence articulated view regarded dual general theory severely criticized suggests constant experimental findings proposes work actually view rendered obsolete discovery waves observed locally largely violate kind local space assumes consequently regarded local assumption uniform temporal geometry particular locally adequate exact replacement need admit geometry gave secondary consideration quantum theory processes proved attractive field work influenced scientists work influential include physical chemist biologist ecology economy promising applications thought recent years area ecological civilization environmental ethics value readily ecological point view work promising alternative traditional providing detailed picture world constituted web relations work pioneered book late theology ecology single authored book environmental ethics authored book leading ecological economist steady state theorist entitled common good economy community environment sustainable future applied thought economics received award ideas improving world order followed second book sustaining common good christian perspective global economy aimed challenge faith great god growth education widely known influence education theory philosophy inspired formation published volumes journal titled process papers process philosophy education theories education led formation new modes learning new models teaching model model developed sought address lack understanding nature people current education systems jordan defined nature man education position having devote energies development coherent ideas nature creature intended model feels model developed deployed successfully china feels stands things curriculum education flexible goals engaged embodied knowledge learning interactions supportive teacher understanding evaluating educational curriculum assumption purpose education help person work product cooperation chinese government organizations philosophy education found institutional support canada created sponsored conferences process philosophy education remains strong proponent education recent books develop philosophy education include modes learning stages education adventure education process philosophers learning teaching research business administration influence philosophy business administration organizational theory led focus identifying investigating effect temporal events opposed static things organizations organization studies discourse variety weak strong process perspectives number philosophers leading figures having explicitly stance management works calls applied process thought articulate philosophy management business administration wider examination social sciences lens process allows comprehensive exploration life active experiencing opposed occasional thoroughly passive happening published books applied process thought applied process thought initial theory research applied process thought following trail papers vein fields philosophy management business ethics written recently mutual influence pioneer fields organizational theory organizational behavior stout sharing understands process difference related unique purpose difference connection analyzed stout process thinking primary works books written listed date publication treatise universal cambridge isbn available online cambridge available online volume cambridge available online cgi vol available cup paperback introduction mathematics cambridge available online vol great books western world series volume cambridge available online cgi volume iii cambridge available online cgi london available online details concerning principles natural knowledge cambridge available online details cambridge based november delivered available online details cambridge available online details science new_york vol great books western world series religion making new_york based lectures symbolism meaning effect new_york based page lectures delivered process reality essay new_york based lectures delivered corrected edition edited errors british american editions provides comprehensive index essays new_york princeton based march delivered princeton_university adventures ideas new_york published cambridge nature life chicago modes thought new_york mathematics good philosophy alfred north edited chicago philosophy alfred north edited chicago essays science philosophy london philosophical library wit wisdom boston
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Alfred North Whitehead
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Philosophy and religion
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Philosophy
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Philosophers
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4618_HowardAdelman
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born january canadian philosopher university professor retired professor emeritus philosophy founders founder director york editor refuge years retirement received honorary university governmental appointments canada abroad recipient numerous awards grants presented inaugural lecture series named honor biography early life career born january toronto ontario earned philosophy member faculty toronto retirement nineteen year old philosophy student hired campus operative meet growing need student housing advice acquired additional properties formed non profit later lecturer philosophy assistant professor principal founders experimental free university organized cooperative principle british namesake obtaining federal market rates incorporated energetic spirit imagination playful sense humor time prone saying teaches studies founder director york years editor canada periodical refugees refuge service recognition served university positions including acting dean terms director graduate program philosophy chair served vice chair senate chair served middle_east director honored speaker annual celebration 20th anniversary held toronto reviewed recent research refugees suggesting probably beneficial detrimental assist refugees post retirement retiring appointed visiting professor princeton_university senior research fellow key centre ethics law justice governance australia serves deputy consortium researchers governance issues australia research director producer host weekly television program israel today broadcast canada parts united_states scholarship author editor scholarly books articles book chapters addition numerous papers addresses professional reports written extensively middle_east humanitarian intervention membership rights ethics early warning conflict management refugee policy including contribution set best known work applied philosophy concerning refugees immigration policy genocide published major study entitled early warning conflict management joint evaluation emergency assistance volume study experience edited path genocide crisis regarded classic subject served associate editor volume encyclopedia genocide crimes humanity efforts earned international acclaim earlier works included publications social criticism reform universities including edited beds selected publications military intervention non intervention century new_york rites return princeton protracted displacement asia place home england isbn blaming united nations april encyclopedia genocide crimes humanity edited detroit isbn war peace analyzing evaluating intervention isbn refugees forced migration spring revisited search lessons preventing genocide case genocide essays understanding early warning prevention virginia association genocide scholars path genocide crisis edited new_brunswick transaction publishers ethics intervention intervention sovereignty responsibility london control prevention canadian refugee policy case immigration refugee policy canada europe toronto difficulties early warning networking conflict management early warning conflict prevention limitations opportunities law international early warning theory practice edited new_york early warning prevention case refugee rights realities evolving international concepts regimes cambridge death rebirth global civilization toronto membership body genocide new_york refugees contemporary perspectives experience new_york state crime migration migration crime milan refugee warriors threats spring failure prevent genocide case winter human labour freedom essays spirit albany preventing massacre case crisis healing protection strategies volume international response conflict genocide lessons experience edited copenhagen early warning response disasters management december indifference versus sentiment jews identities canada jerusalem isbn right canadian refugee policy case spring canada quebec refugee quebec nationalism perspectives legitimate illegitimate discrimination new issues migration geneva african refugees development aid edited isbn canadian immigration refugee policy practice berlin edition isbn genesis domestic regime case hungary toronto isbn immigrants refugees pre modern berlin edition australia toronto isbn refugees conceptual view current research research framework 1990s crossing borders asia pacific soon singapore europe learn canada migration ethics humanitarian intervention case refugees public affairs quarterly humanitarian intervention case law refugee policy canada united_states toronto center migration studies new_york isbn refuge asylum toronto isbn canadian experience toronto isbn physiology university higher education february toronto isbn rational explanation history thesis ottawa canadian central unit beds toronto edited toronto
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Howard Adelman
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Philosophy and religion
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Philosophy
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Philosophers
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6737_JohnHadley(philosopher)
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philosopher born september australian philosopher research concerns moral political philosophy including animal ethics environmental ethics currently senior lecturer philosophy previously taught studied undergraduate doctoral candidate addition variety articles peer reviewed journals edited collections author monograph animal property rights lexington books editor collection known account animal property rights theory proposes wild animals offered property rights territories guardians appointed represent interests decision making procedures suggests account justified directly basis interests animals concerned indirectly natural environments protected theory received discussion popular academic contexts critical responses farming groups mixed responses moral political conducted research issues related animal rights aiding career read bachelor arts doctorate philosophy doctoral thesis supervised submitted title animal property ecological species doctoral research basic elements animal property rights theory assembled leading publication animal property animal rights time published contemporary world working lecturer philosophy department guest lecturer phd worked lecturer communication ethics lecturer philosophy joined lecturer philosophy senior lecturer philosophy questioning collection edited finnish philosopher published book aimed debate animal ethics developing accounts examine problems accounts contribution drew attention perceived inconsistent animal rights philosophy idea moral status determined psychological factors like species human animals kind offers best explanation change natural selection year published monograph entitled animal property rights theory territory rights wild animals book partially building doctoral research presents large new material animal property rights theory research animal property rights known theory animal property rights according animals afforded property rights territory developed theory animal property rights doctoral research monograph academic works addition authored popular articles subject conversation ethics centre discussed topic knowing animals series produced sullivan proposal received attention popular press strong criticism farmers groups journalists writing rural affairs practical proposal rests key principles system according guardians appointed represent animal property holders land management decision making use animals territory marking behaviour determine limits property rejects occupancy labour mixing accounts appropriation instead suggests ways account justified justified directly reference interests animals relies fact wild animals require territory order satisfy basic needs claim results interest territory strong ground right animals right use territory claims necessarily property right territory second justified indirectly animals species given property rights means protecting natural environments presents proposal backdrop explicit holds animal property rights theory potential reconcile animal environmental ethics proposal placed context political turn animal ethics emergence animal ethics literature focused justice academic proposed wild animals afforded property rights habitats british philosopher like interest based account animal rights unlike suggests sovereignty appropriate tool protect animals interest habitat property fails exploring aspects human relationships wild animals explicitly deny extending property rights animals based instance argues duty respect wild animals space claims arguing property right animals difficult instead bases account fact human actions animals painful miserable vulnerable canadian critical proposal extend property rights animals claiming property rights insufficient protect animals interests instead argue animals considered sovereign territories write thing bird property right nest wolf property right den specific bits territory exclusively animal family habitat animals need survive extends far specific exclusive bits territory animals need fly vast territories shared animals protecting bird nest little help nearby holes tall buildings block flight path clear ideas property rights help compare possibility extending property rights animals approach european colonists prepared extend property sovereignty rights native peoples resulting oppression critical sovereignty proposal british philosopher suggests proposals far apart authors indicate british political theorist questions extension property rights animals describing proposal ingenious grounds questions claim relationship property basic needs second denies animal property rights given allow destruction environments contain animals book review stresses significance theory questions extent implementation animal property rights desirable achievement animal rights extent account genuinely property rights research considered ethics humans relationships wild animals environments property rights theory argues duty aid wild animals need duties essentially different humans duties aid distant strangers severely impaired argues property rights consistent interpretation limit right destroy human owned natural environments conducted research animal rights concluding phenomenon complex understanding individual intentions targets necessary understand ethical acts acts appropriately classified terrorism holds direct action tolerated liberal extend certain campaigning tactics threat making sullivan conducted research relationship obligations animals obligations humans scholars argue conflict singer philosophy obligation aid humans protect animals pets spending large amounts money extending lives companions severely ill animals instead donate money aiding developing world critical mainstream animal views written ethics animals ethics animal testing relationship self defence theory abortion animal ethics publications books john animal property rights london united_kingdom london united_kingdom selected articles john problem animal rights theory animal ethics philosophy london united_kingdom john animal rights advocacy legitimate public political studies john liberty life ethics environment john telling like proposal improve transparency research species john animals john paying way opinion advertising access public sphere sullivan conflict peter singer philosophy animal protection versus obligation john animal rights self defense theory john sullivan world poverty environmental values john experience moral responsibility eternal southerly john animal rights terrorism question sullivan dog philosophy tell dog chicago illinois open court publishing john critique moral theory ethics environment john duty aid animals john excluding destruction environmentally sustainable property rights regime philosophy contemporary world john animal property animal rights john reply
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John Hadley (philosopher)
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Philosophy and religion
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Philosophy
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Philosophers
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9795_JerryFodor
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born american philosopher scientist holds position state new jersey professor philosophy emeritus author works fields philosophy mind science laid mind language thought ideas known provocative style principal philosophers mind late twentieth early century addition having exerted enormous influence virtually portion philosophy mind literature work significant impact development sciences argues mental states beliefs desires relations individuals mental representations maintains representations correctly explained terms language thought lot mind furthermore language thought actually existing thing codified brain useful explanatory tool species maintaining thinking mental processes consist primarily operating representations language thought significant parts mind linguistic processes structured terms organs defines functional roles relatively independent central processing mind global domain specific character suggests character permits possibility relations external objects turn makes possible mental states contents things world central processing hand takes care logical relations contents originally rejected idea mental states externally determined aspect recent years devoted writing study philosophy language problem meaning reference mental contents contributions area include called theory reference arguments strongly opposes accounts mind argues mental states hierarchy explanatory levels science laws higher level theory psychology example captured low level explanations behavior emerged prominent critic characterizes ill grounded neo theory natural selection biography born new_york_city jewish descent received degree cum columbia_university studied phd philosophy princeton_university direction faculty cambridge massachusetts professor state new jersey professor philosophy science university new_jersey interest philosophy follows opera regularly writes popular columns london review books topics taught described words close friend gentle man inside body prone style arguing shy time formidable sensitive soul jerry philosophical issue especially dear heart experience mind sharp wit cup coffee morning adding jerry faculty university instantly map common consent leading philosopher mind world today met england found genuine article speaking eye eye member received numerous awards honors princeton_university chancellor princeton_university fellowship oxford_university fellow fellowship won philosophy mind philosophy lecture series prize later published book titled expert delivered prestigious university_of_oxford titled concepts science went wrong went book delivered lecture philosophy mind served vice president president won lives new_york wife grown children nature mental states article attitudes introduced idea mental states relations individuals mental representations despite changes positions years idea intentional attitudes remained unchanged original present time article attempted mental representations specifically sentences language thought necessary explain nature mental states considers alternative completely denies character mental states second considers mental states place relations position subdivided view relations individuals sentences natural languages view individuals expressed sentences position instead properly account nature intentional attitudes necessary employ place relation individuals representations contents considering mental states place relations way representative realism makes possible hold elements necessary solution problem mental representations objects beliefs desires domain mental processes operate considered ideal link notion mental content notion functional architecture notions according best explanation mental processes functional architecture mind following path paved developed strong commitment idea psychological functions concepts position emerges naturally criticism criticisms led hypothesis mind historically questions mental architecture divided contrasting theories nature described horizontal view sees mental processes interactions domain specific example judgment remains judgment judgment experience judgment understanding language second described vertical view claims mental domain specific genetically determined associated distinct structures vertical vision traced 19th century movement called founder claimed mental associated specific physical areas brain level intelligence example literally read size particular bump posterior lobe simplistic view course century revived idea notion precise physical 1980s vocal proponents publication monograph mind properties particular domain possible tie questions functional architecture mental content ability elaborate information independently background beliefs individuals properties allow account notion mental content main idea words properties contents mental states depend exclusively internal relations system relations external world notions mental domain taken expanded scientists evolutionary complains members calls new synthesis taken similar ideas way far insists mind massively contrary researchers believe mind long way having explained model intentional realism theory content essays takes central notions question reality mental representations needs justify realism justify idea contents mental states expressed symbolic structures lot criticism starts criticisms called standard realism view characterized according distinct regards internal structure mental states asserts states non concerns theory mental content asserts roles contents web beliefs modern philosophers mind majority view false second true departs view accepting truth thesis rejecting strongly truth second particular criticizes maintains possible regard intentional states having commit oneself reality mental representations according remains level analysis possibility explaining intentional strategy works standard objection difficult explain psychology beliefs desires works psychology beliefs desires fact false emphasized successes theory truth theory surely presumed likely dealing theory play crowned success obvious favour conception interpretations beliefs desires productivity thought positive arguments favour reality mental representations terms lot maintains language expression thoughts language systematic thoughts systematic draws work model theory mind alternative natural languages explained terms basic concepts productivity productivity refers system ability generate new representations given set symbols john loves mary allow construction sentences john loves mary mary loves john language thought representations constituent parts representations built new strings important productivity rely questionable human argument states able understand sentence virtue understanding example understands john loves mary unable understand mary loves john understands unable understand rarely challenged property natural languages challenge thought systematic way languages tradition tried build non classical networks account apparent language fact productivity depend structure language means language thought language thought second argument provides favour realism involves processes thought argument touches relation theory mind models architecture sentences require unique processes require mechanism certain type notion mental representations goes hand hand idea mental processes calculations act form symbols elaborate theory mind consequently defence model architecture based classic artificial intelligence passes inevitably defence reality mental representations formal notion thought processes advantage highlighting parallels role symbols contents express view plays role role symbols contents relations symbols imitated relations relations connect contents symbols imitated formal rules regulate symbol nature content beginning 1980s adhered notion mental content meaning idea content contrasts sharply role earlier career criticizes role commitment extreme form possibility true mental include explanation content terms anti varied criticisms identifies central problem different notions idea determining factor evaluation notion bond briefly bond meaning considered relevant determination meaning strongly depends notion identity content mental state determined bonds makes realism mental states people differ absolutely general way relevance follow meaning intentional states way bonds consequence people matter temporal sections person intentional state people intentional intentional successful hope intentional psychology theory having criticized idea evaluation concerns internal relations units symbolic system adopt position respect mental content meaning recent years problem mental tied possibility giving sufficient conditions piece world relative expresses represents true piece non intentional non terms goal achieved theory mind challenge theory establish interpretation primitive non logical symbols lot initial proposal determines symbol water expresses property occurrences symbol certain relations water intuitive version theory calls crude theory according theory occurrences symbols express properties causes occurrence term horse example says horse horse order necessary sufficient certain properties occurrence symbol horse law like relation certain properties determine occurrence horse main problem theory erroneous representations problems idea symbol expresses property necessary property cause occurrences horses cause occurrences horse second horses cause occurrences horse horses caused horses times example distance conditions low visibility confused cow horse horses caused cows case symbol doesn express property properties crude theory incapable distinguishing case content symbol case isn gives rise calls problem responds problem defines slightly crude theory according approach necessary break symmetry base crude theory find criterion distinguishing occurrences caused true caused false point departure according false cases dependent true cases reverse true dependence words true contents false ones independently second second occur existence point view errors accidents extension horse cows required meaning horse cows called horses hand horse mean means error horses possible cow called horse putting things seen possibility falsely saying horse existence basis saying truly vice versa terms crude theory fact cows cause horse depends fact horses cause horse fact horses cause horse depend fact cows cause horse 1960s philosophers tried resolve puzzle developing way preserve explanatory mental called folk psychology vision world violate physics proposal reject dominant theories philosophy mind type identity theory problem logical failed account mental states essential psychological explanation especially considers behavior effect single mental event cause effect chain mental events causes type identity theory hand failed explain fact radically different physical systems find identical mental state deeply humans thinking organisms universe identity type theory failed deal accumulating evidence single human brain different referring common mental states different physical systems different species organisms species solve problems according hypothesis designed overcome important function mental state regardless physical substrate foundation view lies principle multiple mental view example computer realize functional state completely different material stuff graphic right basis classified form token evolution written book called darwin got wrong describes neo says darwin theory evolution contribution environment makes shaping species effects evolutionary biologist describes book profoundly critique natural selection moral philosopher anti author praises darwin got wrong valuable onslaught neo book received positive review mathematician criticism wide variety philosophers diverse challenged ideas example language thought hypothesis accused falling prey infinite specifically suggested article explains learning natural languages process formation confirmation lot leaves open question lot considered language requires fundamental substrate form confirm lot learned natural language learning requires substrate lot order learned shouldn said lot substrate substrate hand substrate required lot required learning natural languages case lot response argues lot unique learned language innate formulated argument lot suggested basis evidence behavior computers regard unconscious behavior explicit representation necessary explanation attitudes game chess computer program attribute attitudes computer saying things thinks queen moved left attribute attitudes computer helps explain predict behavior contexts suggest computer actually thinking believing inside circuits equivalent attitude believe kick guy butt obviously true suggests everyday automatic behaviors breathe clear air environment philosophers language criticized self proclaimed extreme concept example takes task criticisms claims structure suggests alternatively simply expresses concept concepts distinguish properties names entities straightforward mapping individual words concepts clothes washing hands share concept theory concept presumably locks unique external property keeping true retain pick different property retain retain clothes retain washing hands theory problem explaining concept fast contributes differently contents fast car fast driver fast track fast time differing interpretations fast sentences specified english result pragmatic matter debate response kind criticism expressed concepts people exist ambiguous look difference chairs exist numbers exist familiar reply goes difference existence chairs existence numbers reflection like difference numbers chairs explain don need exist critics find difficult accept insistence large number concepts primitive example considers concepts effect island week primitive innate fall category calls concepts language single word view bach argues concept certainly composed concepts female fox bachelor single male books darwin got wrong isbn lot language thought revisited isbn variations isbn papers isbn mind doesn work way scope limits psychology isbn isbn concepts science went wrong isbn expert isbn consumer update vol amsterdam isbn guide isbn theory content essays isbn isbn mind essay faculty psychology isbn representations philosophical essays isbn language thought isbn psychology language isbn psychological explanation isbn structure language isbn
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Jerry Fodor
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Philosophy and religion
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Philosophy
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Philosophers
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