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11923_Chrysippus | greek greek philosopher native moved athens young man pupil school died head school prolific writer expanded fundamental doctrines founder school earned title second founder excelled logic theory knowledge ethics physics created original system logic order better understand workings universe role humanity adhered view fate sought role personal freedom thought action ethics taught depended understanding nature universe taught therapy crush soul initiated success influential philosophical movements centuries greek roman world life son born slight stature reputed trained long distance runner young lost substantial inherited property confiscated king treasury moved athens disciple head school believed attended courses successor threw study system reputation learning contemporaries considerable noted intellectual self confidence reliance ability shown things request supposed principles find succeeded head school died prolific writer said rarely gone writing lines day composed works desire comprehensive meant sides argument opponents accused filling books quotations considered obscure style abilities highly regarded came seen authority school died age gives different accounts death account seized having drunk wine feast died soon second account watching eat cried drink pure wine wash died fit laughter nephew erected statue honour succeeded head school pupil written works survived fragments quoted works later authors like recently segments providence discovered work philosophy long successful career resisting attacks academy hoped simply defend assaults past possible attack future took doctrines definitive system elaborated physical doctrines theory knowledge created formal logic short system said logic wrote subject logic created system logic aristotle term logic concerned terms man men mortal man mortal logic hand concerned day day light day light earlier worked field pupils aristotle investigated hypothetical developed principles coherent system logic defined proposition capable denied affirmed gave examples day walking distinguished simple non simple modern terminology known atomic molecular simple proposition elementary statement day simple linked form non simple use logical kinds molecular according types molecular familiar modern logic listed including conjunction studied criteria truth closely debate statements pupil writing years later refers debate regarded true correct incorrect consequent meant proposition day talking true day fall silent argued true clause lead conclusion proposition day talking false invalid possible atomic elements things exist atomic elements exists adopted view impossible true denial consequent incompatible corresponds modern day strict developed system use types basic arguments argument forms called played role rules called means complex reduced forms rules survived called rule cut rule chain reduced simple purpose merely create formal system understood study operations reason divine reason universe human beings goal find valid rules forms proof help people find way life logical work analyzed speech handling names terms devoted effort according wrote works books seven works books works books works books given puzzles categories category disposed attested surviving evidence frequently makes use categories substance quality makes little use categories disposed disposed relation clear categories special significance clear doctrine categories work later later reception came renowned foremost ancient greece alexandria wanted mention master homer master poets aristotle chose wrote gods use use logical work came neglected forgotten aristotle logic prevailed partly seen practical partly taken recently 19th century logic treated contempt barren formulaic system merely clothing logic aristotle new terminology 20th century advances logic modern clear logic constituted significant achievement truth distinguished error sage possesses right reason theory knowledge senses transmit messages external world reports controlled referring innate ideas comparing previous reports stored mind defined impressions sense impression soul interpreted literally compared impression soul impression seal wax preferred regard alteration change soul soul receives modification external object acts air receives countless strokes people speaking impression soul purely passive impression reveals existence cause light displays elements power object resides understanding come impression understanding having power expresses speech affection receives object true presentations distinguished false use memory classification comparison sense organ mind healthy provided external object seen heard presentation power lies power context people understood rational beings reason developed notions physics insisted organic unity universe mutual parts said universe soul controlling mind following determined fiery breath primitive substance universe objects matter informing soul provides form matter substance maintains unity universe constitutes soul immortal essence person living thing human classical elements change process fire solidified air air water lastly water earth process dissolution takes place reverse order earth water water air air fire human soul divided senses power reproduction power speech ruling located chest head individual souls according view originated souls wise people survive longer death individual soul survive periodic universe renewed fate things happen according fate accidental hidden cause unity world consists chain like dependence cause cause place sufficient cause according proposition true false apply future events motion exists cause proposition true false efficient causes true false proposition true false motion cause effects owe existence prior causes things happen fate follows happens happens fate view fate entirely based view universe individual things persons come consideration dependent parts respect determined relation consequently subject general order world opponents objected determined destiny individual responsibility happen come replied distinction simple complex ill fated happens person recovery linked consulting doctor consulting doctor fated occur person recovery complex fact human actions fact destiny decided relation things events fated occur non destruction coat says fated simply fated taken care saved enemies fated fleeing enemies having children fated willing lie woman things occur willing contributing zeal things says fated things occur conjunction personal effort power says power included fate actions related overarching network fate moral responsibility respond impressions remains determining power active working particular according nature rational creatures objects action brought operation causes depending nature things character agent actions produced external causes operation external causes virtue vice set things power consequently responsible moral responsibility depends freedom matter possible act differently subtle position attempts reconcile human responsibility known soft argued existence fate based thought good evidence possible predict future future accidental believed natural symptoms certain occurrences countless indications course providence meaning having known humanity argued events replied behaviour warnings included chain god believed universe god affirmed universe god universal soul guiding principle universe operating mind reason common nature things existence based beliefs physicist philosopher identified sought prove existence god making use argument humanity produce produces better humanity humanity produce things universe heavenly bodies etc produces superior humanity superior humanity god god exists spoke god gods interpreted gods traditional greek religion viewing different aspects reality tells maintained people air seas earth known treated similar style names gods addition universe exists benefit universal god case beautiful dwelling place built owners mice ought way regard universe dwelling place gods response question evil exist good universe replied evil removed removed firstly argued following impossible good exist evil justice known injustice courage wisdom secondly apparent exist consequent nature goodness necessary human skull small thin bones reasons utility superior utility meant skull vulnerable blows distributed according rational punish wicked important world order evil good disguise ultimately best compared evil coarse comedy offensive improves piece criticize evil regarded allow taken use mathematics regarded bodies surfaces lines places void time infinitely determined principal features infinite set man finger infinite number parts universe man said man parts finger universe parts man responded problem posed cone divided plane parallel base surfaces segments equal unequal equal cone cylinder unequal surface cone stepped reply surfaces equal unequal effect law excluded middle respect equal unequal anticipated important principle modern limit process convergence limit notable claiming number considered number ancient greeks viewed things measured aristotle wrote measure things measured measure beginning number asserted magnitude greek generally accepted greeks wrote magnitude contradiction terms ethics taught ethics depended physics physical stated appropriate way approaching subject good evil virtues happiness nature things administration universe goal life said live accordance experience actual course nature person individual nature nature universe life lived accordance human nature universe human nature ethical humanity akin divine fire material embodiment reason people conduct accordingly people freedom freedom consists emancipation desires lust position life domination etc reason laid greatest stress worth dignity individual power admitted good bad class things indifferent things morally indifferent best includes health honour worst includes sickness poverty accepted normal ordinary usage refer preferred indifferent things good wise person said uses things requiring practice habit necessary render virtue perfect individual words thing moral progress character built sought free emotions regarded contrary nature emotions disturbing element right judgment wrote book concerning therapy emotions like diseases crush soul sought wrong turn gather impetus started running difficult stop hope emotions heat love anger calm prepare advance deal emotions mind present applying reason emotions greed pride lust understand harm cause | Chrysippus | Philosophy and religion | Philosophy | Philosophers |
13480_RamprasadSen | poet saint eighteenth century poems known popular usually addressed hindu goddess written stories life typically include legends myths mixed biographical details said born family showed poetry early age disciple scholar known songs eventually court poet life subject stories depicting devotion relationship literary works include krishna credited creating new form combined folk style music classical melodies new style took root culture poet composers combining folk based melodies mixing common style music classical semi classical folk songs sung today popular collection songs sold temples biography mixture biography metaphor legend early life born village banks thirty miles north family absence birth records actual birth date known believed father doctor sanskrit scholar mother second wife sent sanskrit school learned sanskrit grammar literature persian hindi youth talent poetry learning new languages hoped son follow profession showed interest practical pursuits grew spiritual caused great deal anxiety parents believing marriage responsible parents married girl named years old keeping family custom newly couple initiated family spiritual teacher according traditional accounts initiation guru consumed intense longing goddess year initiation lost guru later disciple scholar known author book instructed spiritual disciplines worship employment instead following parents wishes looking job said devoted time died provisions support family forced finally poverty moved worked household monthly salary thirty according traditional accounts employment write songs fellow employees appalled write poems account book reported employer reading work moved literary skill instead dismissing work asked return village compose songs continuing pay salary poetry returning village spent time meditation prayer traditional accounts tell performed including standing neck deep river singing songs regularly practice grove trees regarded holy tradition reportedly spend hours altar inside interred snake frog rabbit fox man according popular stories vision form landlord heard hymns ardent appointed court poet rarely attended court spend time worship instead giving acres km2 tax free land return dedicated book beautiful knowledge gave title entertainer poets years stayed singing hymns recognized said visited court request death old age looked son daughter law folk story told death fond taking night festival lights night performed sang night morning carried water head followed carried clay image immersed night worship holy river water neck deep singing image immersed died believed recent documentary evidence dated april bearing sign witness clearly proves fact alive said preserved displayed stories legends popular stories legends told known stories girl helped day repairing fence assistance daughter left shortly soon girl didn recognize came help finishing task vanished according story realized manifestation popular story told vision goddess way river daily ritual bath beautiful young woman stopped asking hear sing song divine mother requested wait getting late noon worship returned couldn find began think play sitting surrounded light heard female voice saying came way hear songs leave disappointed angry immediately left find mother sing walking miles reached took rest tree bank reportedly received vision saw mystical light heard mother voice saying stay sing place live universe poetry influence regarded notable figures movement eighteenth century credited tradition songs goddess poet address intimate devotion sing tender loving mother little girl school poets continued tradition created new form combined folk style music classical melodies new form took root culture years hundreds poet composers combining folk based melodies bringing styles music included classical semi classical folk poetic style described sweet familiar lyrics sung classical style folk style notable successors composers style songs known devotion included background events time famine economic hardships deterioration rural culture poems popular lifetime literary works include sixth seventh decade 18th century krishna collection lyric narrative poetry describing early life krishna incomplete book poems songs krishna complete collection discovered written narrative style popular literature telling traditional love story children kings aided meeting falling love marrying known respected work expresses deepest feelings love shares intimate relationship child love quarrel mother human birth mystic nineteenth century sang songs regarded beloved poet songs recorded gospel point mentions spend hours singing songs great mother songs describing direct vision god admirer songs frequently singing compared english poet hymns goddess follows popular poems describes human attempt understand goddess songs popular recited regularly worship scholar notes songs broadcast radio sung streets homes temples calcutta cross section people children elderly businessmen scholars monks youth classes songs sung popular singers like master literature combination simple words songs hearts floods eye tears reading texts found | Ramprasad Sen | Philosophy and religion | Philosophy | Philosophers |
15531_Maitreyi | friendly hindu philosopher lived later period ancient india mentioned wives sage estimated lived 8th century bce hindu epic described philosopher married ancient sanskrit literature known hymns attributed explored hindu concept soul self dialogue according dialogue love driven person soul discusses nature unity core philosophy dialogue topic commentary cited example educational opportunities available women philosophical achievements considered symbol indian intellectual women institution named honour early life daughter sage referred mentioned women scholars era father lived capital minister court king ancient india described philosopher said wife sage time hindu epic states young beauty marries explains philosophy described lifelong called female ancient sanskrit literature estimated lived 8th century bce described scholarly wife wife housewife lived studied engaged theological dialogues husband addition making self inquiries dialogue hymns attributed explores hindu concept soul self dialogue contained dialogue called dialogue states love driven person soul discusses nature unity core philosophy dialogue appears hindu texts earliest chapter modified chapter principal oldest dating approximately bce dialogue survived manuscript schools significant literary differences share philosophical theme achieved success stages life student family retirement wished old age asked permission telling wanted divide assets said interested wealth immortal wanted learn dialogue follows explains views soul ultimate reality objects parts explanation requests scholars differing views dialogue evidence ancient tradition women accepted active participants spiritual discussions scholars american professor history religions states dialogue portrayed author story wives distinguished intellect american professor contrast states portrayed minded challenges dialogue asks right questions millennium indian scholars viewed male female dialogue profound sides refuses wealth wishing share husband spiritual knowledge known versions story challenges theory acknowledges motivations questions evidence ultimate knowledge lover dialogue significant gender relations scholar influential school hindu philosophy wrote purpose dialogue chapter highlight importance knowledge understand according dialogue suggests prescribed texts means knowledge adds pursuit self knowledge considered important dialogue repeated chapter logical finale discussion nature love dialogue includes discussion love essence loves suggesting love connection soul universal self related individual according theological author editor asserts love reflection soul parents love children love religion entire world german oxford_university professor says love described dialogue extends aspects life verse gods dear love gods love self gods dear dialogue class class worlds gods beings soul hear perceive know self known concluding dialogue inner self soul tells leaves leads life legacy mentioned number regarded learned women ancient india intellectual women india college named retreat location | Maitreyi | Philosophy and religion | Philosophy | Philosophers |
20400_IdriesShah | hindi june november known arabic pen author teacher tradition wrote dozen books topics ranging psychology spirituality culture studies born india descendant family nobles grew mainly england early writings centred magic established publishing house producing translations classics titles seminal work appeared received internationally founded london based educational charity devoted study human behaviour culture similar organisation exists united_states stanford_university psychology professor appointed deputy writings presented universal form wisdom islam emphasizing static adapted current time place people framed teaching western psychological terms extensive use traditional teaching stories texts contained multiple layers meaning designed trigger insight self reflection reader best known collections humorous stories times criticized questioned credentials background role controversy surrounding new translation published friend older brother came particular scrutiny notable defenders chief novelist came recognized spokesman west visiting professor number western universities works played significant presenting form spiritual wisdom necessarily attached specific religion life family early life born india indian father writer diplomat scottish mother family paternal ancestral home near paternal grandfather north indian state hereditary title family gained thanks services earlier ancestor rendered british mainly grew vicinity london according began accompanying father travels young age travelled widely returned england family home years travels work able meet spend time prominent distinguished personalities east west williams writes upbringing presented young man marked intelligence soon proved possess opportunities acquire truly international outlook broad vision acquaintance people places professional diplomat advanced age longer experience career diplomacy attract described unconventional upbringing bbc interview described father extended family friends tried expose children impacts wide range contacts experiences intention producing rounded person described approach education family moved london oxford escape blitz german bombing spent years city accompanied father secretary father meat mission returned england october following allegations improper business dealings personal life married daughter followed twins son daughter friendship publication end 1950s established contact circles london acted secretary companion founder modern time days hold court interested table restaurant swiss cottage north london tuesday evening founded publishing house titles biography titled witch book attributed followers fact written according want confuse students seen interest tradition said somewhat disillusioned told day visiting tea interviewing wished news world reporter material good authority group cornerstone religion coming age january trip met english poet wrote graves pension requesting opportunity day long added currently researching religions attending experiments conducted britain mushroom eating topic interest graves time told graves intensely preoccupied moment carrying forward intuitive knowledge graves soon close friends graves took supportive interest writing career encouraged publish authoritative treatment western readership practical means study managed obtain substantial advance book resolving temporary financial difficulties appeared published long introduction book chronicles impact development western traditions seventh century onward work figures john cross classic like books topic conspicuous avoiding terminology identified interpretation traditional islam book employed deliberately scattered style wrote graves aim condition people prevent conventional form exposition book sold poorly invested considerable money advertising graves told worry writing hurt allowed publication said proud having assisted publication assured book recognised long leave find readers hear voice spreading envisaged connection june couple years prior publication established contact members movement formed mystical teachings press article appeared describing author visit secret monastery methods similar methods apparently taught monastery implied representative england earliest pupils work contact article attached special significance told symbol said revealed secrets went far heard introduced including noted student founder located acre estate kingston thames surrey time bennett investigated origins teachings based numerous statements travels bennett east met convinced adopted ideas techniques heard lectures early 1920s origin teaching studied bennett wrote meeting autobiography witness wary decided forward teacher appeared conversations convinced ought elizabeth went dinner meet turned young man early spoke english beard gestures taken english public school type impressions unfavourable restless smoked intent making good impression halfway evening attitude completely changed recognized unusually gifted man marks man worked seriously knowing cautious man trained assessing information years accepted assurances belief important mission west ought help accomplish gave bennett declaration people tradition authorised share document announced opportunity transmission secret hidden special superior form knowledge combined personal impression bennett formed convinced bennett genuine monastery afghanistan inner circle teachings inspired years bennett weekly private talks lasted hours later gave talks students bennett says plans included reaching people occupied positions authority power half consciously aware problems mankind longer solved economic political social action people touched said new forces moving world help mankind survive coming crisis bennett agreed ideas agreed people attracted overtly spiritual movements seldom possessed qualities needed reach occupy positions authority sufficient grounds believing world people occupying important positions capable looking limitations cultures hope mankind lies intervention higher source bennett wrote seen know idle intensely task given wishing support work bennett decided long time discussing matter council members institute springs property insisted gift strings attached property transferred banned bennett associates visiting bennett feel bennett says receive invitation party held lasted days nights primarily young people attracting worked bennett years says acquired main activity giving parties encounters enjoyed attitude bennett said different styles work like struggle denial way treat work joke months sold plot worth developer proceeds establish work activities near acre estate belonged family lord founder springs property bennett handed care body pupils comprising people promised integrate suitable half number found place work years later author suggested bennett bennett gave account matter autobiography said behaviour transfer property hard bear insisted man exquisite manners delicate considered adopted behaviour deliberately sure bonds severed added far suitable place work said felt sadness lost identity concluded account matter stating gained freedom contact learned love people understand according later engaged discussions heads groups new_york letter march bennett wrote madame aware limitations able new_york elizabeth visited foundation saw leading people new_york group preparing come fruition tell refer connection capacity turning upside useless people passive useless avoid issue time hope good come continue work author clinical psychologist later wrote witnessing growing foundation hoped new blood leadership come came prevailing sense leaders work change treasure costs preserved original form stronger wish new wave inspiration studies founded later renamed educational charity aimed study debate education research aspects human thought behaviour culture established place gathering discussion poets philosophers world established literary scene time held meetings gave lectures awarding international scholars including sir head european studies chairman institute early 1970s early member supporter presentations given institute scientists like visitors pupils pupils included poet zoologist psychologist interior house decorated fashion held sunday guests large dining room estate stable nicknamed elephant reference eastern tale elephant dark following years developed means publishing distributing translations numerous classics addition collected translated wrote thousands tales making available western audience books lectures books feature character illustrations provided interpretation stories previously considered muslim cultures presented featured television documentary aired bbc segments included interviewed unfinished animated film scientist discussing use stories guests included british psychiatrist discussing effects social conditioning creativity problem solving comedian talking role humour ritual human life program ended asserting humanity evolution breaking psychological limitations constant effectively prevents evolution form going ahead man asleep die wakes organised study groups united_states chilean psychiatrist teaching california late 1960s says disappointed extent school entailed living lineage turned group guidance wrote book entitled psychology meditation associated research psychologist president founder established seeing need books collections ancient new ways thinking formed central source important contemporary traditional literature sole distributor works published associate scientist professor teaching telecommunications time set study groups enterprises promotion ideas like edited anthology writings entitled ideas west later years wrote dozen books following decades drawing classical sources achieving huge worldwide circulation writings appealed primarily oriented western audience translating teachings contemporary psychological language presented vernacular accessible terms illustrating wisdom example proved particularly popular received accepted lecture visiting professor academic institutions including english universities literary educational work found time design air forming company run number textile electronics companies undertook journeys ancestral afghanistan involved setting relief efforts drew experiences later book novel soviet war afghanistan illness late spring year final visit afghanistan suffered successive massive heart attacks told cent heart function left expect survive despite intermittent bouts illness continued working produced books years death died london november age according obituary daily_telegraph collaborator soviet war afghanistan director studies governor member time death books sold million copies dozen languages worldwide reviewed numerous international journals newspapers teachings books magic early books studies called minority beliefs book oriental magic published originally intended titled considerations eastern african minority beliefs followed secret lore magic book originally entitled materials european minority belief literature names books according contributor changed publication commercial publishing practices death father asserted reason son published books subject magic probable popular revival belief significant number people nonsense son eventually completed task researched years published important books subject interview psychology today elaborated main purpose books magic material available general reader long people believed secret books hidden places amazing things held information purpose information magic east west second purpose books forces magic developed come customary physics experience ordinary people think studied gather data analyze phenomena need separate chemistry magic went books subject written current magic fact subsequently avoid disappointed books followed publication featured television sir oriental magic contain sections subject form timeless wisdom presented form timeless wisdom islam emphasised nature alive static adapted visible new times places people schools like waves break rocks sea different forms purpose wrote quoting dismissive descriptions holding academic personal study historical forms methods sufficient basis gaining correct understanding fact obsession traditional forms actually obstacle man bones able recognise comes live expressed idea books like presented path individual religions adapted western audience unlike khan religious spiritual portrayed psychological technology method science achieve self approach especially addressed followers students intellectuals acquainted modern psychology example wrote states man objective enables individual grasp higher facts man invited push evolution ahead called real intellect taught human acquire new subtle sense organs response need believe expressed way humanity evolving certain destiny taking evolution organs come result need specific organs human organism producing new complex organs response need age time space complex organs concerned time space ordinary people regard sporadic occasional power seen organs difference evolution date present need evolution past thousand years given possibility conscious evolution essential evolution future depends dismissed eastern western projections partial included khan version overtly muslim forms found islamic countries hand writings associates implied grand position authority failure acknowledge existence felt best way introduce wisdom west time overcoming problems clarify difference cult educational system contribute knowledge interview explained work educational pattern area approach acted director studies study west later published monograph entitled special problems later explained activities divided different components departments studies studies studies studies helped lead people included promotion knowledge lacking culture needed restored spread understanding social conditioning difference rational intuitive modes thought activities people minds free wide ranging studies included institutions activities lectures provided information acted cultural liaison public finally studies referred school carrying activities prescribed teacher training forms necessarily fit notion mystical school aims declaration people tradition given addition making announcement feeding certain fields thought certain ideas pointing factors surrounding work declaration practical task task locate individuals capacity obtaining special knowledge man available group special manner group forms organism right place right time provide external interior format work ideas suitable local conditions balance theory practice bbc interview explained contemporary approach interested making available west aspects shall use west time don want turn good europeans poor people asked don use traditional methods spiritual training instance dealing people seek hunt course answer reason came house today fact mystical system religion body knowledge frequently characterised work preliminary actual study way learning read write seen preliminary study literature psychology correctly oriented spirituality obsession mistaken trying spiritual practices personality end argued reason work produced onwards psychological nature focused attacking false self way understand seek think frequently criticised mentioning god writings reply given man present state point talking god illustrated problem book east finding speak language ants approached god like resemble answered god single sting god teaching stories teaching stories humour great effect work emphasised function surprising anecdotes fresh perspectives tales revealed reading discussion tales group setting significant activities members study circles engaged way surprising tales student normal unaware mode consciousness studied stanford_university psychology professor fellow psychologist eminent writers poet nobel prize winning novelist notable profoundly influenced met 1960s realising ideal partner teachings translating deputy united_states psychology consciousness enthusiastically received academic psychology community coincided new interests field study techniques designed achieve shifts mood awareness published books field years philosopher science physicist teaching tales corpus habits mind prevented people scientific method nature way science includes tales tales exploits original historical cultural setting teaching stories kind told later written purpose faith practice successive generations considered suitable people ages including children contained multiple layers meaning likened story peach person emotionally stirred exterior peach lent eat peach taste delight throw away stone crack find delicious hidden depth manner invited audience receive story failing uncover story merely amusing superficial person accomplish looking peach tale allowed touched mentions father storytelling points book arabian nights discuss use teaching stories father told stories worked reveal layers information fragments truth fantasy didn need given right conditions stories activated explains father stories wisdom father tale hand divert attention use way idea thought great collections stories east like wisdom knowledge ready studied appreciated stories represented mere entertainment saw complex psychological documents forming body knowledge collected refined dawn humanity passed word mouth later book continues discussion stories teaching tools quoting following explanation father gave end story stories technical documents like maps kind people use maps forgotten think strange way teach stories long ago way people passed wisdom knew wisdom story layers way fish frozen block ice world living lost skill skill certainly hear stories like stories feel warm past layer ice stories like lovely know play chess drawn game complicated drained imagine game lost society centuries fine pieces found cluster round praise imagine fine object purpose entertain eyes stories inner value lost way time knew play rules forgotten people game played europe north_america cites example story tells man looking key ground passing neighbour asks man fact place lost key man replies lost home light house writing world islam quotes story featuring asked describe qualities teacher explains wrote beautiful poetry inspired self sacrifice service fellow man readily qualities find qualities recommended proceeds list qualities actually enabled effective teacher irritated caused examine trace source angry feel transform anger explains followed path blame intentionally provoking vicious attacks order bring students critics light allowing seen showed strange strange commonplace realise views culture practical life concern reveal underlying cultures hidden factors determining individual behaviour discounted western focus appearances reflected mere fashion habit drew attention origins culture unconscious mixed motivations people groups formed pointed individual group levels short term disasters turn vice versa knowledge little affect way people respond events occur advocate abandonment duties instead argued treasure sought disciple derive struggles everyday living considered practical work means self work line traditional adoption ordinary earned worked status teacher remained guru identity desire found cult sect rejected academic hat writing concluded best seen embodiment tradition intuitive aspects mind regarded productive working legacy considered books legacy function fulfilled longer promoting distributing teacher publications important activity work students fund raising purposes transforming public awareness suspended activities following formation new charity ceased activities earlier headed active united_states terrorist attacks example sent advertising afghanistan related books authored circle members linking publications need improved cross cultural understanding interviewed psychology today july asked sake humanity like happen replied want case anybody listening products years psychological research studied public everybody findings way thinking great body psychological information refuse use brother writer teacher brothers taught students 1960s agreed disagree went separate ways following death fair number students affiliated movement daughters notable reporting women rights afghanistan documentary beneath veil son noted travel writer journalist reception books achieved considerable critical acclaim subject bbc documentary pair eyes works way reflections chosen outstanding book year bbc critics programme honours won prizes islamic scholar commenting tales said beautifully translated collection positive assessments work entitled studies east west published included contributions sir sir stated partly begun new interesting implications subject review magic monastery noted primarily concerned secret doctrine concerned method mystical knowledge transmitted transmit knowledge direct manner masters chief means means brief stories work way activate hidden forces afghanistan said dreams highly recommended interest basically anthology short stories tales jokes extracts written oral literature forms evening talk interchange modern times afghanistan afghanistan news reported covers important contributions world philosophy science fully authoritative book human development system far doubts background credentials concerned scholar served minister education later ambassador foreign minister afghanistan issued declaration scholars world family afghanistan recognized descendants prophet peace recognized noble descent islam respected teachers scholars son late personally known honourable man rank titles descent attested known professor poet afghanistan praised work friend saying especially appreciated brilliant important services revealing inspirations inner thoughts great teachers islam standard india found dreams fine anthology time entertainment inspiration witty utterly human canadian charity founded decided use children books distribute thousands children canada mexico afghanistan children literacy programme promotion cross cultural understanding series books published non profit initiative american psychologist provides books children initiative school writings hostile critic disagreed assertion teaching essentially nature took exception publication impossible book matter teachers linked article religion today moore covered bennett graves controversies noted surrounded described supported journalists editors critics animators broadcasters travel writers choruses praise moore questioned purported heritage upbringing body school writings authors praise ostensibly parties referring grand prince king presence king incarnation ali axis support efforts market western audience similarly commented poor quality written support noting unfortunately style claims possessed paranormal abilities tone superiority attitude outside apparent absence motivation claims thought merit treatment view marked difference quality writings quality secondary literature moore wilson noted similarities style considered possibility work frequently published publishing house written arguing alternative interpretation literature religious scholar proposed self serving deception definition seen stating critique entrenched positions fixed noting intent undermine false argued myth created writings teaching tool tool supposed dissolve touch concluded taken face value possibility assessment greatest defenders stated interview found taught claims ancient teaching suitable time place stuff east islam like commenting death daily_telegraph stated met surprising book read book changed life describing phenomenon like time characterised sided man person expected meet kind generous modest don look face hand quotes saying good friend teacher odd years professor long time researcher area meditation change consciousness began study teaching stories early expressed view western benefit perspective provided universal essence provided suitable materials studied correct manner sequence given writings translations teaching stories designed purpose mind recommended interested assessing matter noted authorities accepted position spokesman contemporary psychologist consciousness researcher commented writings produced profound appreciation psychology written asked assessment said important work large scale stirring people effectively place making think showing modes thought appear free largely referred breaking people fixed ideas directions awakening process necessary preparation new world indian philosopher mystic commenting work described diamond value added man introduced west incredible service small anecdotes beautiful capacity exactly translate poignant writing guide pronounced extremely wide ranging introduction adding slant evident historical book successful provoking interest general reader described learning learn collection interviews talks short writings best works providing solid orientation psychological approach work noting best provides insights students nonsense spiritual marketplace social psychologist book innate emotional needs new approach emotional health clear thinking wrote understood appreciated real significance human nature book brain big bang explosive origin creativity mental illness said stories told young old alike lay mind living overcoming everyday difficulties travelling spiritual path impact recognized felt months years hearing reading eventually structural content contain exploit pattern matching nature brain possible students observe functioning emotionally responses changing life circumstances makes easier action required reality minds connect higher realms teaching stories read told reflected analysed destroys beneficial impact mind added great collector publisher tales writings contain long term impact quality understood vital importance humanity mental blueprint aspect books examples notes years truly wealthy respected figure higher british society controversies arose autobiographical data mentioning prophet muhammad secret order tradition taught historical facts link prophet muhammad number people sharing link today years later million elements autobiography appeared pure fiction hammer noted books remained public demand played significant role representing essence non life spiritual wisdom wrote extremely gifted unlike merely commercial writers taken time produce elaborate internally consistent system attracted range eminent people provoked stimulated thought diverse quarters moore acknowledged contribution sorts brought energy resource self ended conclusion self sacrifice self tradition prophet islam god merely opined books great deal harder read write controversy reception movement marked controversy hostile presented classical writings tools self development contemporary people objects historical study graves introduction written help described senior male line descent prophet having inherited secret mysteries ancestors fact grand privately writing friend graves confessed misleading introduction included editions book included anchor editions critic scholar article critical called pseudo like opined graves trying upgrade lineage reference senior male line descent unfortunate sons died infancy accepted family descended seventh great ibn ali younger son marriage daughter prophet ibn considered lineage special islamic world walks society sides religious political fence described books trivial errors fact inaccurate translations oriental names words plain adding good measure remarkable opinion importance took dim view honour saying considered claims book behalf father concerning representing tradition self serving publicity marked disregard facts expressing amusement manner bbc radio interview concluded western intellectuals desperate find answers questions confronted wisdom mysterious east abandon critical submit kind belonged realm pseudo centred god man controversy late 1960s early 1970s came attack controversy surrounding publication new translation older brother translation presented poem based supposedly derived manuscript family possession years reviewed book expressed conviction story ancient manuscript false father expected graves present original manuscript clear matter died car accident november year later graves asked produce manuscript replied letter manuscript possession producing prove accurately dated current methods authenticity contested time wrote realised making noise intent opposition carrying campaign let face listening added father infuriated casting refused engage felt father response correct graves noting widely perceived having fallen prey brothers gross deception affected income sales historical writings insisted producing manuscript matter family honour pressed reminding previous promises produce manuscript necessary brothers produced manuscript leading graves nephew biographer muse hard believe bearing mind brothers obligations graves withheld manuscript existed place according widow writing years later graves complete faith authenticity manuscript friendship chance view text person scholarly consensus today jan khan manuscript hoax graves translation fact based victorian amateur scholar analysis sources previous translator works magic oriental magic isbn secret lore magic isbn isbn tales isbn dreams isbn reflections isbn way isbn book book isbn wisdom isbn probe isbn east studies isbn magic monastery isbn elephant dark christianity islam isbn seeing isbn isbn special illumination use humour isbn isbn learning learn psychology spirituality evenings letters lectures isbn observations isbn truth isbn thought action isbn commanding self isbn knowing know isbn collections stories exploits isbn incredible isbn isbn world isbn studies english england isbn natives restless isbn englishman handbook isbn travel destination isbn fiction london ltd isbn folklore isbn children half boy isbn farmer wife isbn lion saw water isbn boy isbn clever boy terrible dangerous animal isbn magic horse isbn man bad manners isbn old woman eagle isbn silly chicken isbn spinner tent isbn man fox isbn history secret societies isbn isbn lectures framework new knowledge london sound recording questions answers london sound recording king alexander world men sound recording king alexander technology edged sword london sound recording learning stories lecture isbn nature knowledge lecture isbn advanced psychology east lecture isbn overcoming assumptions spiritual development previously entitled psychology east lecture isbn | Idries Shah | Philosophy and religion | Philosophy | Philosophers |
27927_SunTzu | rendered chinese general military philosopher lived spring autumn period ancient china traditionally credited author art war widely influential work military strategy affected western eastern philosophy aside legacy author art war revered chinese asian culture legendary historical figure birth known outside family courtesy best known west means master sun uncertain traditional historians placed minister king dated lifetime modern scholars accepting nonetheless place existing text art war later states period based style composition descriptions warfare traditional accounts state general descendant wrote treatise military tactics titled art war referred classical chinese texts historians believed identical prior treatise work praised employed composition twentieth century art war grew popularity saw practical use western society continues influence competitive endeavors asia europe america including culture politics business sports modern warfare life oldest available sources disagree born states born later records grand historian states native sources agree born late spring autumn period active general serving king late sixth century beginning victories inspired write art war art war widely read military subsequent period time constant war seven nations han fought control vast fertile territory known stories taken illustrates temperament follows hiring king tested skills commanding train soldiers divided companies appointing favored king company commanders ordered face right response said general case responsible ensuring soldiers understood commands given reiterated command ordered execution king favored king protests explained general soldiers understood commands obey fault officers said general appointed duty carry mission king protested killed new officers chosen replace companies aware costs performed maneuvers claimed later proved battlefield theories effective example battle successful military career wrote art war based tested expertise historical text written centuries earlier provides detailed account mention art war art war traditionally ascribed presents philosophy war managing conflicts winning battles accepted masterpiece strategy frequently cited referred generals published translated distributed internationally numerous theories concerning text completed concerning identity author authors art war taken roughly current form early han impossible prove definitively completed date differing theories concerning work author authors date completion unlikely completely resolved modern scholars believe contains thoughts original author commentary later military military texts written unification china subsequent book burning second century major works survived later song dynasty works combined text collection called central compilation art war formed foundations orthodox military theory early modern china illustrating point book required reading pass tests imperial appointment military positions uses language unusual western text warfare strategy example eleventh chapter states leader capable plans text contains similar remarks long confused western readers lacking awareness east asian context meanings statements interpreted context thought practice viewed ideal general master led art war considered prime example strategy book popular political leaders business management despite title art war addresses strategy broad fashion touching public administration planning text outlines theories battle advocates diplomacy cultivation relationships nations essential health state april han tombs accidentally unearthed construction workers scholars uncovered collection ancient texts written unusually preserved bamboo slips art war han dynasty noted publication extant written descendant sun previously lost work regarded extremely important scholars relationship work addition body military thought chinese late antiquity discovery significantly expanded body surviving military theory treatise known military text surviving period discovered twentieth century bears closest similarity art war surviving texts long debated traditional dating art war existed cite possible historical text book actually compilation different authors military authorship art war varies scholars included people movements including sun scholar anonymous author school attribute authorship art war historical figure chronicled place origin varies books stated state appear text prior suspected descriptive meaning fugitive warrior surname sun related term fugitive ancient chinese virtue martial corresponds role hero story historically mentioned primary record events 4th century appear sources historical battle attributed battle records fighting battle scholar writes spring autumn annals brief inconsistent choice events note appearance features art war historical texts considered proof authorship certain strategic concepts terrain classification attributed use works methods considered proof historical priority according likely exist served general wrote core book bears argued large scale wars sophisticated techniques detailed text primitive small scale battles believe china 6th century argues teachings probably taught succeeding generations family small school disciples eventually included descendants students revised expanded certain points original text identify issues view point possible art war including terms technology cavalry philosophical ideas events military techniques available additionally records professional generals spring autumn period extant period doubt rank caused confusion art war actually written traditional view written historical active years spring autumn period second view held scholars places art war middle late states period finally school claims slips published half 5th century based adherents interpret bamboo slips discovered varying theories evidence compilation military later years instead written historical legacy influenced notable figures recounted china historical emperor considered book ending time 20th century chinese communist leader partially credited victory art war work strongly influenced writings guerrilla warfare influenced communist world art war introduced japan book quickly popular japanese generals later influence significantly affected unification japan early modern era prior restoration mastery teachings honored teachings exemplified influential subsequently remained popular imperial japanese armed forces admiral fleet led japan forces victory russo japanese war avid reader translated work vietnamese officers study general victories french american forces vietnam likewise avid student ideas america asian conflicts japan north_korea brought attention american military leaders united_states command directed units maintain libraries respective headquarters continuing education personnel art war art war mentioned example works maintained facility staff duty officers obliged prepare short papers presentation officers readings similarly listed gulf war 1990s generals employed principles related deception speed striking enemy weak points united_states western countries criticised truly understanding work art war wider context chinese society rhetoric component incorporated art war according sun art war rhetoric warfare metaphor rhetoric based arts writes warfare analogous battle hearts minds application art war strategies history attributed philosophical rhetoric central principle art war compares ancient chinese traditional rhetoric notably differences rhetoric art war warfare strategies described peaceful passive favoring silence speech form communication behavior highly emphasized art war avoiding confrontation spiritual nature shapes basic principles writes art modern warfare modern interpretation sun importance chinese history critical understanding china push century modern chinese scholars explicitly rely historical strategic lessons art war developing theories seeing direct relationship modern struggles china time great perceived value teachings traditional chinese writers regularly developing strategies chinese state leaders producer adapted life story episode historical drama television series entitled starring | Sun Tzu | Philosophy and religion | Philosophy | Philosophers |
3553_Pandora(Skins) | skins fourth episode series british teen drama skins aired february ireland united_kingdom episode written directed episode focuses character moon miserable boyfriend recently returned holds small party friends descends chaos guests arrive food drugs argument girls sex argument interrupted thomas unexpectedly returns filmed september featured guest appearances real life partners played screen lovers episode brought viewers highest rated programme week received generally positive reviews critics appear episode previously starred father son film perry large plot house friend tells mother misses thomas recently returned country origin later father jim discovers wife infidelity boss steve arrives house declaring love grows miserable jim leaves family desperate fun throws party arrive house party meet mother angela disappointed lack boys drugs alcohol angela strict supervision spikes lily twin sister emily arrive urges emily admit gay emily denies girls unhappy mother behaviour grow increasingly erratic angela carried bedroom sleep locks bathroom upset thomas departure angry believes outside cook jones try sneak girls party cook enters house window accidentally locks inside wardrobe calling friend help goes house sees emily kissing witnesses pair kissing interrupted boyfriend dozens friends arrive house crash party hiding rest party finds cook sex wardrobe fall wall room find dvd shows angela having sex older neighbour martin comes home confronts leaving cook leaves time comes bathroom cook person left house play wanted learning friends human sexuality cook offers sex spend night visits morning sees cook share kiss leaves feeling hurt confronts avail slightly empowered losing tells cook behavior belongs appears understand makes suddenly thomas appears runs arms thoughtful looks production filmed september production block series sixth episode series opening title sequence described filming episode brilliant said spending hours everyday sic world wearing floral prints bright yellow trainers probably fun appeared brief cameo appearance lover played real life partner said working amazing returning work screen parents banks second series brilliant friends rendition nursery rhyme london burning kitchen making arranged homage album published article daily_mail discussing rise curiosity middle class teenage girls said emily kiss skins written young people don sexuality defining bit cooler think characters create love person boy girl music dancing wire london burning reception brought viewers highest rated programme week audience share percent viewers watched episode hour initial broadcast channel episode received positive reviews critic called fantastic episode pleased character graduated random light relief got real insight life praised superb guest actors particularly thought played angela brilliantly digital_spy gave episode positive review describing probably outrageous series date wrote tension set things nicely following episode focused entertainment editor website european thought episode included lot confusing straight relationship drama felt like stuck high school hell wrote making scene ridiculous kind funny likened skins crack felt ensemble cast kids attributed series ing weaknesses found likable believing innocence representative youth characters reviewer lesbian based website called episode reviewer expressed disapproval use katy_perry song kissed girl promotional videos episode | Pandora (Skins) | Media and drama | Television | Skins |
8819_KatieandEmily | emily emily ninth penultimate episode series british teen drama skins aired march ireland united_kingdom episode written directed episode focuses characters twins emily respectively prepare college annual ball refuses leave home recovering hit head rock faces weakening control sister emily girlfriend lily turns emily invitation ball comes family sexuality emily featured numerous cameo appearances series crew members winners skins related competitions filming episode fight scenes according actors bit properly injuries sustained episode drew million viewers broadcast highest rated programme week received generally critics plot emily disguised twin sister arrives college history exam reality home head hit rock friend disappeared embarrassed injuries look miserable loss boyfriend dated spite real love interest begins notice hints realises longer hide fact emily homosexual college emily disguise tells plans spend summer cyprus emily tells miss kiss corridor later find house sex afterward emily asks college ball crippled sexuality refuses leaving emily emily leaves bus stop meets offers shoes jacket tells gay tries comfort admits believes impossible stop loving somebody referring girlfriend moon emily returns home comes family telling having sex girl named father rob dismisses joke mother jenna tries deny emily heated argument leaving crying following morning visits house jenna answers door confronts convincing emily gay warning stay away denies sexual orientation leaves hastily waking emily reconcile secret language emily reluctantly agrees ball shopping ball meet returning dress thomas infidelity friend twins run jones trying dresses reveals emily told sex inadvertently tells unaware accompanying ball volunteers emily later furious emily having sex permission insisting emily gay stupid phone calls emily tricks meeting reveals emily affair warns come ball emily prepare enter ball arrives announcing knows emily walks upset emily leaves starts fight unaware emily presence admits claims emily deserved infuriated emily attacks havoc entire ball emily finally sister raises fist punch moment instead helps stand declaring everybody emily tells person love accepts emily sexuality longer ashamed relationship extends hand emily couple leaves ball hand hand tells emily loves thomas introducing production emily featured number cameo appearances won skins needs competition young directors appears man café meets winners competition win speaking role skins played shop assistant security guard respectively emily shop ball finalist competition starred girl dancing students head form ball series runners played ball crew jack trades appeared poster emily bedroom described filming ball favourite mental day filming end final dancing students head year entire crew danced shot director initially dubious able film emily fight said rehearsal bit properly parts hair extensions emily accidental punching fight choreographed punched air face camera angle appear actually hitting filming genuinely punched thomas accident causing step bare foot injured reception emily brought viewers highest rated programme week audience share percent viewers watched episode hour initial broadcast channel editor chief lesbian based website thought portrayal emily relationship episode good example plotted executed acted storyline coming satisfying conclusion regarded noteworthy event given shows felt emily changing relationship significant character development sympathetic difficulty relating lesbian character critic wrote episode drama flow despite absence principal characters cook impressed episode uplifting ending believed twins mother regarded dance ball fantastic comic moment thrilled conclusion storyline entertainment editor website european wrote felt like joining emily cried breaking thought twins secret language cute review digital_spy highlighted episode dramas believed emily parents slightly creepy sun described emily falling spectacular | Katie and Emily | Media and drama | Television | Skins |
14212_Naomi(Skins) | sixth episode series british teen drama skins aired february ireland united_kingdom episode written directed episode focuses character lily competes college elections student president enters romantic relationship classmate receiving affection teacher episode filmed october weather cold filming scene taking place lake shortened taken standby ambulance suspected brought viewers highest rated programme week critical reviews episode generally positive plot lives mother olivia people communal living arrangement source annoyance privacy invaded wakes morning naked discover male sleeping bed college avoids emily meet politics teacher instead students common room informed upcoming elections student president emily encourages run president refuses later comes cook tries persuade sex jokingly tells better chance winning student elections sees challenge decides register walks home end day urges run elections giving registration form arrives house finds emily waiting bedroom registration form emily starts leave rude despite taking emily advice enter elections returns confronts tells obsessed pursuing sexual relationship suggests stay night morning wakes emily asleep tempted stroke hair instead gets dressed goes college leaving emily bed college sees massive presidential campaign staged cook launches campaign rival cook finds classmates support cook ideas form cook emily subsequently stands flees comfort leaves shocked disgusted kisses goes home finding note emily bed cries sleep emily escape countryside later evening cycle emily favourite places lake sunset swimming lake light share joint act joint leads share kiss proceed love emily wakes following morning find preparing leave pleads leave second time tells accept needs loved goes home find bed mother leaves college devastated sees teachers rigging election prevent cook winning reveals form announced winner presidential act cook starts riot ensuing chaos encouraging likes mother tell begins sex cook realises isn right surprisingly cook doesn mind says good reason follow clever leaves cook sharing better understanding night visits emily house emily refuses open door wanting crying sit opposite sides door admits need somebody love emily offers hand door cat finally emily feelings production filmed october production block series fourth episode series opening title sequence riot scene college filmed extras cook petrol bombing car described costume assistant probably tech special effect filming skins students college common room filmed production originally entire scene supposed filmed emily lake water cold actors unable stay water taken standby ambulance suspected director choreographed emily sex scene prior filming set actions come actors able complete scene limited number takes enjoyed filming scenes stuff like gives experience said concerned said pressured script uncomfortable stylist began differentiate emily twin sister hair makeup episode twins starting paths styled character particular illustrate desperate sister doesn approve new girl life grew beard role given eye character rugged look said cook mock presentation paid homage clash youth cultures days gone reference 1980s marshall cook campaign hand rolling papers reception drew viewers highest rated programme week editor chief lesbian based website wrote episode focus emily best developed honest depictions lesbian teenage relationship seen critic thought cook likable episode enjoyed development friendship found emily plea left heartbreaking called favourite recurring characters series digital spy gave episode positive review describing chaotic lady praised relationship saw reference affair generation character skins second series teacher entertainment editor website european thought emily storyline definitely best portrayals teenage seen writing focus cute girls falling isn half bad writer said probably best individual lesbian episode seen response nude scene said seeing clad hero wasn bad leaving imagination | Naomi (Skins) | Media and drama | Television | Skins |
20461_JJ(Skinsseries3) | skins series seventh episode series british teen drama skins aired march ireland united_kingdom episode written series creator directed episode focuses character jones syndrome confusion life desire normal strikes friendship attempts solve dispute friends shared love interest filmed november undertook measures character mindset including research creating set later destroying episode featured numerous cameo appearances series crew members drew million viewers broadcast highest rated programme week received generally critics writers decision emily sex drew criticism lesbian community plot visits psychiatrist seeking help recent bouts rage confusion life friends poor advice drugs calm leaving meets emily came clinic receive honest simply prescribed drugs comes shares longing normal day lose reunite cook advises ask things wants visit tell cook house walk having sex emily twin sister accidentally outs emily lesbian leaving looking visibly shaken asks cook refuses tells choose cook returning home sees mother overwhelmed issues blames calls cook tell feels cook preoccupied having sex girl assumes visits reveals seen cook days asks leave cook refuses offers friend visits cook discovers having sex friend moon pretending seen confronts cook friendship shouts cook caring feels cook tells loves brings buy drugs arrested running police pressures cook taking drugs instead meet friends club queue tells lily knows emily relationship reveals unsure sexuality realises love cook cook arrive lets club british electronica duo love dead playing announcing emily inside cook gets fight moves help discovers gave cook drugs cook influence drugs compelled tell truth confesses loves cook says loves knows feelings having affair thomas boyfriend furious leaves club finds emily want home face invites spend night agree friends gets sex charity event mother meets emily morning watches discuss night real friend believes production filmed november production block series eighth episode research help playing syndrome said initial episodes played mad jumped lot episode portrayal bit shot scene involved destroying set bedroom martin believed help mindset able learn character creating room tried organise thoughts friends life martin said involved director actor relationship enjoyed episodes directed series according runner clinic described script place kind place went die suggestion skins offices initially couldn believe studio filming scene admitted worked scene emily bond meeting clinic filmed bristol hill park near tower skins assistant director cameo appearance nurse clinic floor runner featured minor role policeman men fight cook club played members skins crew chris toby location manager appeared non speaking role mental patient pushed wheelchair psychological clinic episode soundtrack comprises piano works composed recorded result suggestion music accompany entire episode reception brought viewers highest rated programme week audience share percent viewers watched episode hour initial broadcast channel received generally positive reviews mainstream critics critic love friendship emily mother smile end episode felt touching moment end credited cook spite character flaws great acting wrote digging slightly deeper issues skins good clearly lots left revealed cook drug induced revelation digital spy reviewed episode positively finding character considered cook confession truly loves revelation cook affair shocking sydney morning herald called episode praising portrayal teenage uncertainty pack emotional punch writing sun commenting drama doesn end episode drew criticism lesbian community lesbian based website regarded emily willingness sex use classic highly offensive stereotype felt undermine means lesbian thought episode fell short previous episode focused emily relationship suggesting written year old female written year old male entertainment editor website european critical episode writing welcome wonderful world television lesbian sleeping men goes hand hand believe emily coming funny sexuality cool | JJ (Skins series 3) | Media and drama | Television | Skins |
3761_ReinaVictoriaEugenia-classbattleship | class battleship class class battleships spanish navy authorized plan navy law class lead ship named king english queen consort ships classified supposed designed built ships built britain involvement world war halted foreign projects constructed british yards background following disastrous losses spanish american war spain lacked money rebuild navy navy law january new program authorizing new battleships class ships passed delay enabled spain advantage experience gained britain world commissioned dreadnought united_states dreadnought uss south_carolina spain incapable building class lack resources contracted design construction shipyard ships second navy law passed named plan second squadron plan called ships dreadnoughts supplement class dreadnoughts named class laid completed design history class consisted ships lead ship named lead ship named king english wife designed planned displace long tons speed knots mph early plans type called armament twin inch guns financial difficulties resulted selection armament twin inch guns instead longer range contemporary ships secondary armament inch guns specifications ships decided probable resembled contemporary british ships closely spaced funnels super imposed turrets fore aft class battleships significant technical assistance britain required outbreak world war led delay class cancellation project spain sign washington naval treaty signatories forced limit ships tons class available future spanish governments construct main ship support planned designs like possible class battleship ship based class constructed | Reina Victoria Eugenia-class battleship | Warfare | Warships and naval units | Warships of Spain |
5179_SpanishbattleshipJaimeI | spanish battleship final member class dreadnought battleships sister ships built shipyard laid february launched september completed december armed main battery inch guns steam speed knots mph served spanish fleet sisters participated war provided gunfire support forces conflict damaged rebel coastal battery ship served republicans spanish civil war nationalist bombers attacked ship twice june destroyed accidental explosion wreck later raised scrapped technical characteristics long waterline long overall beam draft amidships propulsion system consisted shaft parsons steam turbines yarrow boilers engines rated shaft horsepower produced speed knots mph cruising radius nautical miles speed knots mph crew consisted officers enlisted men armed main battery guns mounted twin gun turrets turret placed forward positioned amidships fourth aft superstructure mounting scheme chosen preference superimposed turrets save weight cost secondary battery consisted guns mounted casemates length hull close waterline heavy seas armed pounder guns machine guns armored belt thick amidships main battery turrets protected armor plate conning tower thick sides armored deck thick service history laid naval shipyard february launched september months start world war spain remained neutral conflict britain supplied armament building materials work considerably delayed ship ready sea completed end war work finally finished december completion joined sister ships 1st squadron spanish fleet saw action insurgents morocco war early 1920s sisters insurgents operating coastal battery damaged ship fought spanish civil war outbreak nationalist revolt wireless operators navy headquarters madrid intercepted radio messages general rebels morocco alerted crews aboard ships rebellious officers ensured ships remain republican control vessels crippled poor discipline time murdered officers killed months war shelled number rebel strongholds hit secondary armament nationalist burned waterline later repaired returned service civil war damaged nationalist air attack august single small bomb struck ship bow caused minimal damage attacked drydock repairs recent grounding bombs hit ship caused minor damage june wrecked accidental internal explosion fire sabotage suspected refloated determined repair officially discarded july broken guns recovered rear twin turrets gibraltar coastal defense batteries respectively near abandoned twin turrets place degradation guns placed single mounts locations | Spanish battleship Jaime I | Warfare | Warships and naval units | Warships of Spain |
11622_SpanishbattleshipEspaña | spanish battleship spanish dreadnought battleship lead ship class sister ships built shipyard laid december launched february completed october armed main battery guns speed knots mph served 1st squadron commissioning sisters spain remained neutral world war spanish fleet action conflict provided gunfire support war early 1920s operations ran aground morocco august navy unable raise ship severe storms destroyed wreck led navy abandon technical characteristics long waterline long overall beam draft amidships propulsion system consisted shaft parsons steam turbines yarrow boilers engines rated shaft horsepower produced speed knots mph cruising radius nautical miles speed knots mph crew consisted officers enlisted men armed main battery guns mounted twin gun turrets turret placed forward positioned amidships fourth aft superstructure mounting scheme chosen preference superimposed turrets save weight cost secondary battery consisted guns mounted casemates length hull close waterline heavy seas armed pounder guns machine guns armored belt thick amidships main battery turrets protected armor plate conning tower thick sides armored deck thick service history navy law january authorized construction laid naval shipyard december launched february completed october completion sisters battleships formed 1st squadron spanish fleet spain remained neutral outbreak world war august sisters european dreadnoughts avoid war crossed atlantic represent spain opening ceremonies panama canal major european navies occupied world war spain portugal sent ships ceremonies carried spanish representative discovery chile process ship pass panama canal january ran aground chilean waters return spain refloated difficulty hull badly length rocks tore large hole approximately frames smaller holes frames port starboard divers effected temporary repairs concrete chile followed permanent repairs panama return voyage atlantic period assigned sister ships early 1920s provided fire support campaigns morocco war conducting bombardment near august ran hard aground hired salvage companies battleship declined surveyed wreck unable raise spanish decided remove weight possible attempt permit guns removed dropped overboard picked later salvage vessel battleship armor machinery ammunition stores removed hull sealed partially drained preparation raising waiting necessary equipment italy violent storms hit ship caused damage battered hull longer raised november broke half abandoned guns recovered installed coastal batteries remained service retired service overthrow king namesake ship renamed april | Spanish battleship España | Warfare | Warships and naval units | Warships of Spain |
20770_SpanishbattleshipAlfonsoXIII | spanish battleship spanish dreadnought battleship second member class sister ships built shipyard laid february launched completed august named king spain renamed king exiled following proclamation second spanish republic new namesake earlier sister ship served spanish fleet served spanish fleet spain remained neutral world war sisters european dreadnoughts avoid war sisters participated war provided gunfire support forces ship seized general outbreak spanish civil war steaming april struck sank crew taken destroyer technical characteristics long waterline long overall beam draft amidships propulsion system consisted shaft parsons steam turbines yarrow boilers engines rated shaft horsepower produced speed knots mph cruising radius nautical miles speed knots mph crew consisted officers enlisted men armed main battery guns mounted twin gun turrets turret placed forward positioned amidships fourth aft superstructure mounting scheme chosen preference superimposed turrets save weight cost secondary battery consisted guns mounted casemates length hull close waterline heavy seas armed pounder guns machine guns armored belt thick amidships main battery turrets protected armor plate conning tower thick sides armored deck thick operational history laid naval shipyard february launched completed august completion sisters battleships formed 1st squadron spanish fleet spain remained neutral outbreak world war august sisters european dreadnoughts avoid war august assisted suppression general strikes end war conducted cruises flag including visit maryland cruiser captured united_states spanish american war flew spanish flag honor visit early 1920s provided fire support campaigns morocco war september bombarded positions south spanish troops assaulted positions august participated aerial naval land combined arms operation spanish military history september provided fire support landings decisive franco spanish operation served flagship spanish naval contingent april advent second spanish republic renamed previously held sister ship wrecked engaged combat operations renamed laid awaiting disposal year considered rebuilding ship german class cruisers new oil fired boilers ships hulls lengthened main battery turrets rearranged centerline ships secondary batteries replaced dual purpose guns plan abandoned navy proposed modernization ships radical plan called additional anti aircraft guns modern fire control equipment oil fired boilers increase elevation main guns time general coup july battleship laid detachments army including coastal artillery units harbor sided franco nationalists sailors supported republican government took control ship intent resisting coup crew cruiser engaged artillery duel shore batteries nationalist controlled destroyer engagement lasted days resulted considerable destruction harbor heavily damaged crews convinced surrender refitted fought nationalist spanish civil war operating naval task force captured drove number republican foreign merchant ships seized republican freighter cargo iron ore february april prevented entry british steamer firing main guns freighter bows according nationalist sources blockade runners escorted time destroyer later day accidentally struck laid sank hours later coast near assisting destroyer turning away british ship sinking republican aircraft attacked crew exception seamen rescued | Spanish battleship Alfonso XIII | Warfare | Warships and naval units | Warships of Spain |
24012_España-classbattleship | class battleship class series dreadnought battleships built construction ships particularly vessel significantly delayed shortages supplied great_britain world war particularly armament class comprised spain ships spanish dreadnoughts built smallest battleships type constructed owing weak spanish economy ships armed inch guns small displacement metric tons long tons short tons forced designers compromise armor protection speed served 1st squadron training squadron 1920s saw action war early 1920s supporting spanish ground forces north_africa ran aground august navy salvage instead broke tidal forces renamed namesake king forced exile surviving ships served opposite sides spanish civil war destroyed conflict struck naval laid april sank destroyed internal explosion june development spanish public blamed disastrous losses spanish american war navy recognized need rebuild attempt rebuild navy came fleet plan called fleet centered seven metric ton long ton battleships metric ton long ton cruisers plan proved far ambitious weak spanish economy unstable spanish parliament proved unable provide funding followed fleet plan proposed fleet long tons battleships number torpedo boats submarines fell victim weaknesses spanish government early strong cabinet led came power question naval construction settled fleet plan proposed battleships destroyers torpedo boats craft construction plan years debates plan took place spanish legislature november final approval vote december fleet plan formally signed law january delay enabled spain advantage experience gained britain world commissioned big gun battleship united_states new battleship uss south_carolina principally concerned defending main naval bases secondary importance need new battleship design tightly constrained spanish economy industrial sector need build ships small fit existing dockyard facilities insufficient funds build larger battleships navy result design requirements called relatively heavy offensive power minimal range armor protection navy began discussing design requirements vickers law actually passed september vickers provided proposed design ton battleship armed inch guns design basis requirements design competition issued april submitted bids italian led group included french firm partnered spanish naval formed vickers group spanish backed company proposals seriously considered fourth considered vague navy staff navy minister responsible reviewing proposals prepared design variants called twin gun turrets main battery forward aft offset amidships second proposal triple turrets fore aft twin turret centerline amidships artillery experts navy rejected second variant designs featured arrangement proposal october met recommendations superior committee concluded proposals superior version marked advantage following month met evaluate proposals recommended design followed evaluated proposals november advised superior bid met design requirements legal administrative cost problems february navy requested revised design incorporate alterations including increased improve increased height length main belt armor addition individual gun turret agreed changes march company received contract april constraints imposed spanish economy resulting design produced smallest dreadnought type battleships built completion rapid technological change significantly rise battleships lengthy delays completion later units class general characteristics ships class long waterline long overall beam draft amidships lower normal battleships period displaced metric tons long tons designed long tons combat load vessels masts small superstructure equipped ships reasonably stable compared foreign designs low metacentric height loading caused low stability damaged ship crew officers enlisted men enlisted crew spaces located forward upper deck cramped non commissioned officers located superstructure included senior officers ships initially painted black 1920s gray wore white identification band funnel wore ships removed start civil war dark gray time machinery propulsion system consisted shaft parsons steam turbines coal fired water tube yarrow boilers turbines drove bladed screw propellers wide diameter spare screws kept aboard ship boilers single funnel placed amidships location funnel far foremast kept spotting free smoke interference rendered spotting mainmast essentially useless engines rated shaft horsepower produced speed knots mph according design contract engines capable normal maximum shp speed knots mph shp knots mph forced draft ships exceeded knots mph speed trials ship store long tons coal permitted cruising radius nautical miles speed knots mph armament main armament consisted inch caliber guns manufactured vickers weighed metric tons long tons fired pound shell muzzle velocity guns maximum range yards rate fire round minute guns housed twin turrets arranged centerline fore aft wings turrets operated loaded angle elevation arrangement chosen superfiring turrets american dreadnoughts save weight cost turrets theory fire broadside fire ahead astern blast effects wing turrets generally prohibited firing deck directly ahead astern secondary battery comprised caliber guns mounted individually casemates length hull fired pound shell guns close waterline heavy seas suffered insufficient elevation limited range guns weak effective contemporary destroyers increasingly powerful ships carried pounder guns machine guns landing guns taken ashore armor armor layout class essentially scaled version british class reductions primarily heavy armament vessel limited displacement main belt armor thick tapered end central citadel upper belt protected guns thick turret sides sat barbette protected thick plating conning tower inch thick sides armored deck torpedo bulkhead thick ships heavy armor plating consisted krupp cemented steel krupp steel armor thinner types manufactured britain ships poorly armored compared foreign designs general ships underwater protection greatest weakness armor scheme torpedo bulkhead placed close outer hull reduced ability absorb damage weakness played central role loss grounding sinking single modifications limited modifications possible technical constraints imposed need displacement low insufficient funds effect major reconstruction free uses navy considered proposals battleships early 1920s spanish military budget consumed costs war north_africa came proposed modernization plans called installing new fire control equipment effective additional newer anti aircraft guns building anti torpedo hull improve underwater protection loss knot speed deck armor strengthened ultimately minor modifications possible pair vickers millimeter anti aircraft guns installed turret numbers 1930s foremast reduced slightly surviving ships seized nationalists guns removed use ashore replaced german guns anti aircraft guns remained republicans vickers caliber anti aircraft guns twin hotchkiss mounting construction new drydock built accommodate construction battleships material save armor plate heavy guns fire control equipment manufactured spain contract specified build time years ship years second seven years despite longer construction times later units completion particularly unit held lack materials britain result outbreak world war importantly main guns delivered history member class completed outbreak world war august action spain remained neutral duration war august participated opening ceremonies panama canal joined august 1st squadron spanish fleet late finally completed early 1920s ships served training squadron period spain involved war morocco ships saw action conflict primarily providing artillery support spanish ground forces engaging rebels august bombarding positions ran aground lengthy salvage operation failed free ship november stress repeated tidal broke wreck half overthrow king namesake battleship renamed mid-1930s considered modernization programs surviving battleships came fruition primarily result outbreak spanish civil war ships found opposite sides conflict served nationalists fought republicans coastal bombardment enforce blockade republican ports unsuccessfully attempted disrupt blockade ship engaged august attacked moderately damaged nationalist bombers undergoing repairs destroyed internal explosion june sunk april striking laid coast northern spain guns recovered employed coastal fortifications remained service inch guns salvaged similarly employed broken 1940s remained service decommissioned mid-1990s second raised wreck discovered early 1980s expeditions survey wreck took place february | España-class battleship | Warfare | Warships and naval units | Warships of Spain |
25148_ListofbattleshipsofSpain | list battleships spain half 19th century built series ironclad warships culminated barbette ship 1880s following destruction spanish fleet spanish american war spain slowly began rebuild navy early 20th century built battleships planned ships completed vessels class ships smallest dreadnought type battleships built ships class authorized navy law outbreak world war prevented ships built spain heavily dependent great_britain material technical expertise completed battleships served war north_africa lead ship ran aground wrecked following end world war occasional plans construction new battleships proposed including small design britain powerful nelson class battleships come efforts time outbreak spanish civil war following victory nationalists conflict surviving spanish battleships serving nationalists republicans destroyed proposals construction fast battleships italian design construction large cruisers battlecruiser designs proposed spain outbreak second world war resulted plans disrupted class authorized navy law assigned squadron class spanish dreadnoughts smallest type ship built considered dreadnought type coast defense ships pure battleships ships class built lead ship completed years onset world war resulted delays remaining ships especially equipment armament deliveries england disrupted war obsolete completion rapid progress naval technology saw combat service wars spanish civil war wrecked coast renamed following establishment second spanish republic mid-1930s proposed surviving ships class rebuilt pocket battleships including hull turrets alignment modest rebuild proposed including conversion oil firing outbreak spanish civil war plan rest remaining ships class operating lost spanish civil war serving nationalist struck april sunk fighting republican navy suffered internal explosion june scuttled measure wreck raised following year scrapped class authorized plan navy law ships class named king queen consort designated ships having formally proposed designed planned displace long tons speed knots mph early plans type called armament inch guns financial difficulties resulted selection armament weapons instead significant technical assistance britain required construction class outbreak world war led cancellation project postwar projects following end world war spain participate limited battleship construction signatories battleships long ton displacement class limit considered early 1920s early 1930s navy proposals reduced nelson type ship came project victory spanish civil war plans included acquisition modern battleships variation italian class battleships favored candidate fill requirement late spanish mission italy received assurances technical support construction ships class spanish yards sufficient size construct ships time built italy entry second world war combined limited resources spain led cancellation project super treaty cruiser type projected franco naval expansion plans designs proposed type calling armament inch guns alternatively speculated spanish desired purchase triple millimetre turrets available following decision rebuild damaged battleship twin millimetre turrets war situation meant come project | List of battleships of Spain | Warfare | Warships and naval units | Warships of Spain |
3790_Hogettes | group male fans wore women dresses garden party hats pig purposes cheer favorite nfl team raise money charity group founded regular fixture games nearly years group announced retirement effective end season active members including featured exhibit pro football hall fame group retains high profile largely outrageous costumes frequent work charitable organizations appeared national advertising campaign provide support charities including march raised million charitable causes despite work disliked attacked fans opposing teams history origin traced october founder group went halloween party grandmother retirement home wearing old dresses costume costume hit gathered group men thought tough public dress group children hospitals cheer sick children november group attended football game drag addition pig snout masks reference nickname offensive line players led known group regular fixtures home games old home new home group appearances year charitable events inducted ultimate fans total members group active members conclusion considerable notoriety receive special treatment official recognition conclusion nfl season announced retiring iconic outfits years appearances origin 1980s offensive line coach began refer credited success 1980s early 1990s including super bowl appearances super bowl wins season period group began wearing pig named reference official originally known philanthropy organized attended charitable events washington area years time helped raise million charities including march reaching landmark value remarked lot money bunch fat old pig dresses events golf tournaments including annual charity golf tournament walk truck rallies charity benefits charitable efforts went helping local community money raise goes helping children game annual fund wife bought package subsequently substitute years official member female fan years served game winning annual raised children charities order attend game season online interview fans stated sense humor things day day tough humorous lose tougher face sick child hospital room cheer humorous looks tough national exposure addition gaining national exposure outrageous costumes continuous work charitable organizations guests tonight jay_leno featured television commercial despite generous philanthropy positive attitude stands appreciated owner current owner failed embrace group called incredibly annoying attacked infamous level philadelphia angry fans members addition final season members retired official numerous temporary substitute members including winners game auction retirement january founder announced retiring years telling washington_post seasons guys pig dresses states new era great seeing break scene perfect time retire old era start new insist continue fans charity work washington area | Hogettes | Sports and recreation | Other sports | Sports mascots and supporters |
4031_JacktheBulldog | jack bulldog jack bulldog official mascot athletic teams jack live came use georgetown counts seven official bulldog including living ones current incarnation jack born born named began assisting jack april allowing older jack retire school year transfer duties university administrators determined july school mascot going forward end august new identified breeders introduced campus october jack mascot mascot bulldog types dogs particularly bull associated sports teams ranked jack 8th popular dog american culture today georgetown thirty american universities use bulldog mascot georgia butler yale live bulldog jack portrayed character bulldog mascot tradition dating early dogs dogs associated school sports teams unofficial basis late nineteenth century early dog included called named bulldog named boston bull time primarily associated school football team cared students individual sports teams administration bull decorated world war war dog came campus attending georgetown law time school football team popular halftime push football field established campus celebrity died team chose female bull named jazz brought campus student jazz retitled students traditional school cheer athletic teams possibly named turn dog gave birth daughter students named bull like filled mascot world war athletics school war war series named served mascot author students care time period mascot rival schools common threat animal safety bull costume briefly school school suspended football program larger backlash university sports left school mascot resumption football students editors campus newspaper founded committee raise money purchase new mascot dog time new games committee chose english bulldog dog represent georgetown students followed sports team previously image bulldog time school adopted official logo athletics program new drawing blue gray school colors bulldog logo dog wears cap typical freshman time wear committee bought year old blue ribbon champion dog named royal jacket named colors coat looked like jacket dog renamed like predecessor refused respond jack jack lived outside heated retired replaced second bulldog continued simple jack basketball program gained popularity mascot took duties jack costume worn student updated numerous times recently live owned students times joined jack including named rocky named founders blue fan club began campaign revive tradition official live mascot assistance english professor father initially sought find suitable dog students faculty university want use school funds purchase ultimately raised purchase new named jack officially placed care father february years jack left georgetown named president pennsylvania president died september home parents new_jersey age donations alumni allowed purchase current incarnation jack born jack born new_jersey litter son champion bulldog relation rocky mascot brought campus july placed care father theology professor official registered allows nickname jack referred georgetown founder stood similarly previous mascot officially referred school unsure exact number dogs jack 1970s jack lived father spent time father started jack crew student organization jack crew members required able school spirit ability control jack including aware affinity orange traffic jack email address facebook profile student card local phone number campus listed theology faculty like father jack attended home basketball games center entertained fans attacking cardboard box decorated opponents tradition developed discovered jack attacking boxes mix originally decorated boxes games jack wore leather collar georgetown occasionally wore team jersey sporting number purchased school campus jack attended student meetings booked social functions weighed pounds color described red jack personality described social sense march jack tore surgery repair april march school announced jack retire duties end basketball season officially smaller role jack continued live campus death june march georgetown announced donation new bulldog san_diego breeders children rachel attend school school named father breed champion mother named treasure grandmother live family described laid introduced community ceremony april students discovered homecoming affinity balloons midnight madness attacked blue orange balloons colors georgetown arch rival debut center january men basketball victory february jack met town goodwill tour atlantic conference members summer trainers school determined given exciting life required school mascot best return home environment announcing decision july incident involving small child fall semester subsequent settlement child family contributed school decision georgetown spokesperson said wasn factor surprised schools decision published letter expressing disappointment editorial lamented school choice involve began meeting earlier summer decision search adopted family close georgetown campus august august announced arrival new family offspring treasure mother come different litters officially named compatible dog middle stands bulldog unlike predecessors middle referred born june introduced campus late october appearances men soccer game october jack weighs pounds color described early october school announced new mascot necessarily jesuit selected georgetown community november school choose graduate bulldog works university responding criticism school involved fourteen member replacement process selection students selection new starting december jack began performing home basketball games riding court opening game season school produced dolls jack wearing jersey number honor year school founding | Jack the Bulldog | Sports and recreation | Other sports | Sports mascots and supporters |
6973_Buzz(mascot) | buzz mascot buzz official buzz usually represented stylized yellow black fur white wings yellow head antennae drawn legs arms legs hands white gloves feet black high tops like human invented buzz reflects tradition referring students yellow jackets buzz defended legal conflict salt lake buzz tradition like buzz hand gestures sign language speech school events people dress buzz identities individuals kept secret graduation excellent physical condition tall able suicide flip called buzz flip buzz trademark interested buzz suit day judged buzz buzz officially team buzz happens time buzz beloved students fans spirit antics likes crowd surf buzz seen football games basketball games events buzz field pre game festivities push ups time tech scores conducts band song common beer buzz involved charity events team photos sports conventions official events annual president buzz hired social gatherings weddings birthday parties history term refer students sports teams early 1890s fans wear yellow jackets sporting events support early teams early football teams lacking gold fabric wore yellow told atlanta constitution wanted teams referred october november portrayed football player attacked words somebody time sports teams referred print invention original mascot according winter edition magazine donned costume performed home football games rode wreck appears georgia tech blueprint mascot considered great idea big hit fans idea yellow jacket reintroduced student bland apparently unaware prior initiative paid local theme park costume designer yellow jacket costume wore rally prior tennessee football game obtain permission student weeks later simply field costume football game ran field fans naturally believed character acting official member squad responded accordingly new incarnation yellow jacket mascot given adopted official mascot new buzz character model new emblem designed lawsuit filed trademark infringement lawsuit salt lake buzz minor league baseball team institute negotiated deal team team backed agreement finalized filed suit utah right use mark tech filed won result team forced change salt lake years later adopt current pay spent dispute contests stunts buzz mascot contests buzz won access atlanta poll creative ballot tech students buzz named capital american mascot teams participated capital mascot challenge buzz won mascot year buzz received second place florida june buzz story viewpoint building atlanta university fundraiser | Buzz (mascot) | Sports and recreation | Other sports | Sports mascots and supporters |
16984_LyoandMerly | official summer youth olympics held singapore red male lion stands lion youth olympics blue female combines meaning sea duo represent olympic values excellence traits singapore known designed local company developed costumes youth olympics appeared school events launches participated pre national day parade activities displayed competition venues featured memorabilia background official olympics mascot introduced summer olympics munich germany games varied animals native area games place humans imaginary creatures reflect culture history hosting region traits chosen ideals paralympic movement introduction mascot highlighted lead games help build event anticipation focus placed contemporary olympics summer youth olympics singapore organizing committee extended tradition having new event development early seven mascot design proposals submitted seven proposal company branding animation character development eventually selected initially sought develop robot intending showcase singapore advanced country research olympic prompted away robot theme focus animal company stated wanted develop pair contrasting personalities led creative director hired transform designs actual dimensional forms designing took months issues materials build mascot suits eventually foam selected main material mascot suits heavy head weighing kilograms weighing kilograms heads harness donned mascot minimize costumes included built fan optional cooling available parts mascot production process captured documentary gold journey youth olympic games commissioned designers created elaborate descriptions summarised initials lion youth olympics combination means sea letters stand characters lion city label singapore national symbol singapore respectively resembles spirit youth emblem games reference singapore bid tagline trail pad shaped like island singapore vegetarian deep respect living creatures pad shaped like heart outreach officially introduced november commented duo interesting play fire water added aspects clearly identify hope embraced visitors come youth olympics appeared activities programmes including events schools launches olympic theme featured singapore national day parade held month august participated pre parade activities widely featured games memorabilia sold official youth olympic games shopping centre singapore main shopping street competition venues male medal winners games presented toy victory ceremonies female winners receive toy postage stamps depicting poses featuring games culture education programme olympic sports launched addition limited edition singapore youth olympic games commemorative pack depicted journey taken country won bid host games featured exclusive sheet sport poses appeared coins released commemorate games mural duo artist showcased party held official hotel partner commemorate day countdown games | Lyo and Merly | Sports and recreation | Other sports | Sports mascots and supporters |
23184_KeggytheKeg | unofficial mascot ivy league university new_hampshire united_states anthropomorphic beer created members college humor magazine fill mascot void followed abolition indian mascot nature mascot controversial campus reported variety national media time culture context creation dropping mascot indian official mascot continued known nickname big green citing ambiguity lack having mascot proposed student poll spring decide new mascot came poll students remained dissatisfied choice lost final poll mascot students jack humor magazine expressed interest creating mascot wasn racist biased entirely unacceptable effort force administration adopt interesting mascot created anthropomorphic represents obvious stereotype beer fraternity culture reactions reaction introduction mixed student body president personally endorsed mascot search college newspaper reported mixed student reaction published opposing opinions paper reported mascot college administrators dean college lauded students capacity come imaginative creative ideas subsequently received media attention college ivy league newspapers national media outlets espn called stupid beer thing playboy magazine published feature talk series posting photo popular receive status national pick august ranked unique mascot history shortly introduction group students stole costume home fraternity library sent threatening notes creators including photographs mascot bound black eye thought publicity stunt creators mascot truly stolen eventually returned minor damage costume continued occasional appearances sporting events culture winter carnival celebration students named snow sculpture large ship captain early college officials denied entrance sold hockey game officials cited fire code concerns capacity crowd prompting penned editorial condemning incident website alleged anti racism similar incident occurred october permitted field halftime homecoming football game resulting complaints jack website costume disappeared fall term seen returned built replacement costume unveiled winter carnival | Keggy the Keg | Sports and recreation | Other sports | Sports mascots and supporters |
23883_Sparty | mascot usually depicted muscular male warrior athlete dressed stylized greek costume changing team incarnations warrior prominent chin appeared university events university literature art professor designed statue university cast world war university replaced original statue bronze replica moving original indoors protect elements appears incarnations printed literature university uses cartoon usually drawn days worth lending nickname finally appears foam rubber mascot head mascot costume worn anonymous student appears university sporting alumni fundraising events portrayed notices materials history large university 19th century small agricultural college known michigan college fielded sports teams 1880s teams appropriately named school expanded agriculture reduce emphasis agriculture college held contest choose new team chosen entry michigan sports editor sportswriter felt newspaper headlines searched contest entries better choice settled submitted athlete began game accounts soon caught facto team teams mascot students alumni refer statue incarnation national visibility mascot appears athletic events university related functions costume head muscles facial expression fine line cute introduced fans football season immediate hit foam rubber body parts vinyl skirt freedom movement allow anonymous student portrays expressive despite costume fixed student portrays volunteer despite rumors financial compensation scholarship early calendar year held student portray upcoming school year represents ancient warrior wears late imperial style roman helmet invented centuries subdued found entertaining sporting event crowds antics games lifted shoulders handed push ups sporting events attends events campus community country year alumni functions charity events weddings bar university events revenues generated funded mainly support came national prominence mid-1990s appearance series television ads promoting espn advertisement depicted carrying manner beauty beast point carried injured medal platform accept team gold medal summer olympics appeared espn ads background cameos eating booth shelves won big conference mascot won best mascot second year row securing honor following year addition title best mascot voted mascot magazine found local stores alumni featured series bottles late appeared college nominated mascot hall fame july summer aired commercial featuring espn years winning honors time named best mascot title years spectacular featured music different genres including rock country qualify nationals submitted video showcasing performances athletic events community service events appears cover wii version ncaa football time non athlete cover poll mascot grace cover won votes statues president commissioned assistant professor art design statue athletic warrior sculpted statue known simply soon gained nickname originally designed bronze statue cast world war bronze statue stood banks university replaced bronze replica original moved stadium remains display day statue dedicated june large sections fired red ohio clay pieces joined mortar joints poured concrete core steel frame statue stands high weighs approximately pounds statue erected popular media claimed tallest free standing sculpture world record remains unconfirmed statue pose recalls classic greek sculpture stylized design closer mid-20th century modernist design borrowing heavily depression era civic art bronze statue late 20th century michigan harsh winters taken toll statue vandalism fans rival school university_of_michigan annual repair work helped stem damage precipitation extreme cold vandalism statue needed intensive repair campaign helped restore statue finished refurbished new deteriorated cast identical bronze replica better stand bad weather vandalism removed base summer semester intersection statue stood completely redesigned allow safer traffic interaction pedestrians thursday august unveiling new bronze took place addition parade saturday october concluded dedication ceremony statue original moved new stadium annex displayed safely indoors members community agree original statue needs sheltered alumni faculty criticized original statue traditions tradition alumni fans picture taken statue mark major life events graduation season steady stream recent graduates families posing statue weekends uncommon couples week annual football game members marching band turns guarding statue vandalism fans rival school tradition known watch similar takes place michigan defended fans team walk takes place prior home football game players coaches toss place statue proceed past final home football game marching band circles statue heading home | Sparty | Sports and recreation | Other sports | Sports mascots and supporters |
26392_RalphietheBuffalo | buffalo live mascot called best live sports erroneously labeled male unique mascot athletics live buffalo mascot named team varsity student athletes called symbol buff pride best known leading football team field game day exclusive sights college professional sports opposing teams excited watch round end zone fly famous appearances team varsity student athletes run buffalo field horse shoe pattern football team start game start second half run field help guide field control speed rest team guides distance showing route reach speeds miles hour special appearances year talking fans buffalo general female size temperament males twice size gender comes risk live animal runs football game sole discretion program manager cancel unusually nervous additionally run canceled field conditions unsafe history contest newspaper determined school mascot final football game season group students paid rent buffalo stand real cowboy took students son killer famed calm far luck thanksgiving day prior athletic teams referred silver gold student newspaper decided sponsor national contest summer prize author winning selection entries arrived state nation athletic director graduate manager silver gold judges local articles reported new madrid missouri cincinnati ohio winners prize submitted entry days later newspaper declared boulder resident winner follow investigation revealed submission actually arrived days original winners years synonyms quickly came use included golden golden live appearances colorado games early years usually pen field driven trailer 1940s school kept baby buffalo special pen named buffalo chips appeared men honorary society original donated colorado duty sophomore class officers run buffalo outside stadium fans participating buffalo shaking ground field tradition halted actual physical damage causing time head football coach approached idea buffalo charging field game team closely following thought great idea debut great tradition took place october colorado homecoming game won game greatest mascot tradition college athletics born evolved prestigious athletic endeavor student athletes buffalo enthusiasts currently direction program manager longtime coach assistant coach students colorado born march served october november field games mile high stadium games away stadium games conference championship games bowl games total games father colorado freshman texas donated month old buffalo colorado university bought john son original trained original named class president time story says named sound running noted buffalo female male changed initial tradition sophomore class officers run buffalo outside stadium loop conclusion activities fans break buffalo literally shake stadium fashion team took field colorado officials soon tradition stopped actual physical damage causing attended game october colorado played run game stood colorado won game time head coach approached idea charging buffalo field game team following closely thought great idea debut great tradition took place october colorado homecoming game won game tradition stay bowl game bowl december colorado beat miami handled appointed board directors fundraising effort bring houston raising necessary money marketing potentially appearance president proposed fundraiser send orange bowl game ohio_state reporter asked travel miami explained information secret colorado concerned ohio_state students try kidnap buffalo story potential buffalo newspapers nationwide featuring picture charge story stimulated donations trip cost balance fund future care attended colorado home football game years including bowl games retired end season team matured selecting training colorado achieved nationally celebrity status kidnapped students named colorado height anti establishment era football season lived green meadows riding stable located near present day university owned buddy cared trained coach practice work arena riding stable season lived hidden valley ranch kept herd buffalo located north boulder lived hidden valley ranch moved located traveled modified steel brown horse trailer donated custom harness boulder colorado lead ropes attached allow run help guide field october unfortunately died strong named colorado students born died pneumonia fall april born died accident ranch fourth final spirit born august spirit public debut homecoming parade sold local shortly ran football game final game november oklahoma colorado lost died years old born spring died september served november september mile high stadium games away stadium games conference championship games bowl games total games ill organized search new buffalo headed discovered named moon short owned bank director bought donated colorado known buffalo athletic director permanent continued train lived hidden valley ranch moved located took program training housed hudson colorado debut november final home game season game head coach colorado lost iowa state tradition colorado selected homecoming theme goes hollywood trip oklahoma ran colorado game stayed clinic students broke clinic night spray painted orange letters transported modified steel brown horse trailer initially custom leather harness different harness modified fit bigger size new harness built boulder colorado company modified original harness fit new featured iconic brass emblem earned varsity letter participation expected retire end season age serving years died september following colorado win stanford iii born june wyoming died january served november november mile high stadium games away stadium games conference championship games bowl games total games june fences outside wyoming noticed buffalo giving birth early morning checked later night discovered mom died labor alive standing brought ranch bottle fed raised horses goat eventually sold buffalo hudson colorado bought year old buffalo donated colorado parker trained housed lot bigger faster predecessors brought action earlier anticipated making debut november home game missouri originally named iii trained season retire following season died earlier anticipated weeks training finished season welcomed victory missouri joined program coach began helping program scenes overseeing logistics scheduling planning program initially transported modified steel brown horse trailer carried new custom steel black stock trailer purchased donation initially harness new harness large brass new harness built boulder colorado led field games including times boulder bowl games times years service died january age final game nebraska november colorado lost death passed state resolution senator tribute iii mascot stating fans alike lost beloved mascot occasion death born april presently alive served september august field games mile high stadium games away stadium games conference championship games bowl games total games born april montana largest buffalo operation united_states named ranch hands separated mother month old literally found jaws bite marks neck survived attack bottle fed ranch hands months released herd bond donated colorado early spring trained housed iii brought colorado montana supervised early training parker retired program years working program housing training iii supporters housed following year coach assumed program duties season summer colorado graduates took program including housing houses transported custom steel black stock trailer carried harness weighs pounds times weight debut mile high stadium denver september colorado won final game august colorado won game retired lives henderson colorado born october new_mexico died presently alive served september present field games mile high stadium games away stadium games conference championship games bowl games total games newest addition colorado mascot family like donated colorado buffalo ranch born october park ranch northern new_mexico herd named ranch hands program directors worked manager park ranch bring colorado continues house introduced fans salute new era november little year old weighed pounds debut game run came september colorado won game far fastest largest previous reached maturity weighing approximately pounds standing feet tall growing stopped speed currently completes run field nearly football fields length approximately seconds end season retired program brought assistant director summer graves promoted program manager replacing retired years helping program graves oversees day day activities program training spring brought new assistant coach initially transported custom steel black stock trailer carried new highly aluminum stock trailer purchased donations program transport new black leather harness built colorado new harness kept iconic brass located leather color switched brown black brass logo son built harness previous harness wore worn makes appearances school year support colorado university football seasons attends pre game party campus hour stands northeast ready welcome field varsity student athletes run appearances care year round average week football season volunteer hours program training practicing appearances caring beloved mascot season forth hours week program caring staying shape able run specially designed twice week created supervised program manager work overall strength speed perform olympic lifts focus quick explosive movements heavy weight practice times week runs traditional right hand turn run primarily practice run working depth width run turn course speed practice running straight line trips mile high stadium shape annual soccer game run practice non traditional left hand run run special occasions run patterns appear like ribbon tear drop runs help team flexible accommodate event venue run appearances appearances year promote educate public buffalo general appearances pre determined course runs colorado home football games bowl games conference championship games occasionally makes special trip regular season away game makes appearance runs soccer game year denver fourth july celebration held field attend colorado athletic sporting events support varsity sports special appearances arranged donations program program help cover costs care expenses associated keeping great tradition going direction program manager longtime coach assistant coach john taylor students colorado provide training coordinate care team consists approximately student athletes males females earn varsity letter year team started earning varsity letters fall ncaa jurisdiction holds standards varsity athletes department including minimum requirements course load rules female joined team females strong presence program originally students ran called men run term students changed direct representation feat game team program regulated term students early responsibilities duties students team increase running assisting overall care maintenance reasoning changing traditions runs home football games bowl games conference championship games years program handful special trips lead team field away games colorado schools home team comes team way running displays custom banner reads beat opposing team beat travels home games appearances highly aluminum stock trailer purchased generous donations trailer pulled infamous neighborhood games student fans way stadium year yearly trip buffalo ranch learn buffalo big male held secret location harassed harmed keeping public safe records colorado introduces new buffalo team record additionally retiring runs game team record run final run oklahoma run iowa state final run stanford iii run missouri iii final run nebraska run colorado state final run colorado state run team record big championship beat texas big championship lost oklahoma big championship lost oklahoma big championship lost texas bowl game runs team record bowl beat miami liberty bowl beat alabama liberty bowl lost bowl beat houston bowl lost auburn bowl lost texas orange bowl lost ohio state freedom bowl lost washington bowl lost freedom bowl lost orange bowl lost notre dame orange bowl beat notre dame lost alabama bowl lost syracuse bowl beat notre dame beat oregon holiday bowl beat washington beat bowl lost oregon bowl lost wisconsin beat texas lost independence bowl lost alabama mile high stadium game runs team record beat lost lost beat lost beat lost beat beat beat beat lost beat lost beat away stadium game runs team record game lawrence kansas lost kansas game iowa beat iowa state game iowa beat iowa state game oklahoma beat game colorado beat game collins colorado beat game athens georgia lost georgia regularly runs spring football games makes special run start colorado women soccer game year runs soccer game team record nebraska oklahoma iowa state stanford oregon california gallery | Ralphie the Buffalo | Sports and recreation | Other sports | Sports mascots and supporters |
3915_FayeMorton | née previously michaels wilson fictional character bbc medical drama portrayed actress character appeared screen january episode dark series episode program unrelated guest appearance sister casualty ward sister mysterious past including dead husbands disabled son storylines seen marry develop feelings consultant duncan following death son introductory storyline shot location kills husband leaves proved popular best actress quick choice awards portrayal character months arriving character storylines manner reflect real nurses attracted criticism left december episode snow queens series thirteen episode development creation early publicity character gave ultimately changed appear screen january announcement cast role december executive producer series producer spoke delight casting describing talented popular actress lights screen took role years working itv soap opera commenting thrilled offered looking forward working london having worked yorkshire film working london reduced actress daily minutes television critic noted casting role followed trend producers hiring established actors including comedian jesus star preparation role spent days real nurse observed open heart surgery performed research commented experience wanted throw stood corner end couldn close nurses incredible women job love care couldn emotionally involved don think cope guest appearance series sister casualty appearing domestic abuse victim giving critic deemed convincing performance prior television roles predominantly worked films explained joining cast making films isn old girl world lucky grew television satisfaction stay long want feel like come home personality relationships initial publicity character billed nurse secrets hide attitude fail feathers colleagues described likes gossip emotionally vulnerable actress compared character explaining character round easy life likes stir bit drama think sees shoes flashback episode lies beneath exploring decision seen fight husband james later step dead body stairs explained wall practically tries rape ends dead way deals steps body leaves turns similar things happened shortly arriving character began relationship situation soon escalated love triangle sam relationship colleague said relationship august storyline ongoing sam right simply right sweet looks streak going discovering sam infidelity character terminated relationship involved colleague terms friendships close ward sister bbc describe rivals commented like development relationship sam common interest hope friendship develops bear cat fighting stuff storylines arrives episode dark requesting help gain employment months hospital remains close joseph speaks close relationship joseph father lord episode lies beneath flashbacks trio meeting husband james reveals lost life savings pair fight james ends dead stairs leaves returns england joseph questioned police james death charged begins friendship ward sister supports domestic abuse ordeal hands husband subsequent death loss son foster care advances hospital general surgical consultant approach patient care leading spot promotion clash holder episode leap faith begins dating sam unaware cheating ward sister ends relationship discovers infidelity turns attention joseph tried warn sam supports joseph relationship father prior death tim attacks staff members shot makes recovery reveals joseph married older man named left substantial money death cancer investigated police find suspicious twice widowed money later attacked loan sharks dies theatre following fight joseph disappears south_africa joseph consultant travel find discover young son syndrome kidnapped father husband lucas joseph forced operate save life joseph engaged marry family home nurse accidentally wrong drug dies arrested murder post results prove inconclusive suspended work acquitted confesses fights nurse attempts suicide able peace unable fully forgive aftermath death joseph grow apart develops romantic feelings joseph separate begin relationship discovers pregnant joseph baby promises support briefly engaged increasingly concerned terminates engagement later attacked heroin addicted patient attempts defend hit head glass bottle dies suffers breakdown aftermath death admitted psychiatric unit self refuses leave unit goes labour assures joseph intend child away delivers boy initially fails bond joseph puts divorce proceedings hold makes effort names harry joseph deceased younger brother despite joseph opposition insists returning psychiatric unit left job december went live france leaving son harry care joseph reception months appearing nominated best actress award quick choice awards portrayal character introductory episode dark drew high million viewers lies beneath flashback episode character seen kill husband drew ratings million character introduction series highly publicised media including cover inside spread featuring discussing new role week edition radio_times selected character introductory episode pick day mirror critic selected arrival highlight week sunday mirror described debut sensational continued generate high publicity series august edition featuring cover appearing character promote love triangle storyline september television supplement featuring cover inside feature storyline reported august casting boosted series appeal extent time calendar commissioned report quoted series insider stating set year better way thank dedicated fans character heavily criticised july edition nursing magazine publication discussed topic nurses popular culture negative impression nursing profession conveyed fictional nurses promotional image cover magazine asserted criticism echoed commenting interview given role suggested reality term applied portrayal nursing july identified woman key voter demographic help party win woman modelled female voter employed clinical clerical position public sector job swing voter voted labour_party previous elections identification labour_party strong times noted staff nurse played sort person cameron hope recruit | Faye Morton | Media and drama | Television | Holby City |
4051_HolbyCity(series1) | series series british medical drama television series commenced airing united_kingdom bbc january concluded march created spin bbc medical drama casualty intended follow treatment patients casualty transferred hospital surgical served programme lead writer series ran episodes young cast actors established names acting industry particularly soap opera background cast members real nurses preparation roles increase realism series received mixed reviews critics compared favourably casualty received negative reviews contrasted poorly american medical drama series attracted million viewers falling million series finale series focuses hospital ward darwin department heads consultant clash frequently patient care division beds tension arises nurses position darwin ward sister clashes professionally estranged wife pursues relationships dawn theatre sister ellie ward clerk caught kissing patient senior house officer begins taking cope pressures work series finale stabbed thieves nick save life theatre production created spin long running bbc medical drama casualty young wanted explore happened patients treated casualty taken away hospital surgical casualty scope limited accident week storylines patients entering hospital allowed possibility storylines long term care immediate life death decisions shows set hospital casualty set bristol large encompass surgical ward operating theatre required series produced bbc north london result crossover scenes shot twice casualty set cast members travelling locations wrote series episode served lead writer premiered january bbc series ran episodes minutes length broadcast timeslot cast overview series featured ensemble cast characters medical profession worked hospital played dawn appeared played senior house officer played ward sisters appeared nurse played senior staff nurse played theatre sister ellie appeared ward clerk logan departed course series series included walk performances casualty cast members including nurse guest appearances characters seen casualty treatment continued casting series young previously worked soap operas selected actors established names acting industry particularly soap opera background french starred bbc starred griffin appeared itv coronation street young explained best performances screen come past years fantastic talent shows cast members observed staff real hospitals preparation roles griffin spent time hospital underwent crash course nursing basics including handling bed learning beds hospital corners observed bypass surgery performed french consultant hospital observing heart bypass lung procedure young explained viewers believe casualty trust realistic wanted regard regular cast darwin surgical surgical senior house officer surgery darwin senior darwin reception series received mixed reviews critics wrote episode liked casualty formula flexible unpredictable daily_mail praised series breaking away casualty presenting hopeless view concern series continuation patient storylines casualty writing happens new programme soon lose mirror wrote sick sensitive hand non department casualty praising comparison ambitious cynical generally thoroughly unpleasant guardian received series positively writing want hospital drama good looking staff bit love interest odd current issue beds badly paid nurses bits look away deeming pretty good stan hey mail sunday observed strength opening episode series success fairly assured noted characters skin deep subsidiary plot successful achieved series praised casting french griffin writing couple episodes actors shake history decent plots good lines grade morgan deemed star commented driving seat looks like right track new statesman found series compelling character deemed mediocre storylines safely compared negatively american medical drama opining pace comparison higher calibre actors sunday herald compared series writing served highlight true morgan refuted negative comparisons writing sign great drama director symphony notes creators doesn budget proving compelling episodes episode refers episode number overall series series refers episode number particular series | Holby City (series 1) | Media and drama | Television | Holby City |
6520_OliverValentine | oliver valentine fictional character bbc medical drama played actor appeared eleventh series episode proceed caution broadcast june oliver introduced alongside older sister officer rotation series producer intended inclusion instant impact anderson selected play oliver spent time real doctor trained programme medical advisors prepare took months ease role feel comfortable oliver initially portrayed golden boy compared sister charming medically talented nonetheless lacked confidence ability oliver reached training series formed screen duo pairing oliver lack highlighted endangered patients landed colleagues trouble prominent storyline oliver series medical errors forced admit cheated exam medical school began downward spiral reached rock penny killed central special flashback episode depicted battle cope death confessed director surgery truly qualified allowed oliver continue practising medicine branded type character oliver involved romantic storylines tenure anderson called hospital bike toy boy storyline ward sister oliver seen compromise career went date ward sister kiss earn affection ward sister marry doctor anderson decided leave series filmed final scenes march oliver departed episode dated july returned december episode making time return responses character generally negative particular criticism poor treatment penny disliked daily_mail described questioned oliver medical skills labelled incompetent doctor guardian doctor blue eyes medical storylines oliver arrives doctor alongside sister penny emma penny preferred rotation develops relationship ward sister weeks relationship sexual pregnant later break oliver moves date ward sister transfer surgery ward working spends christmas family philippines oliver kisses return learns soon shot hostage situation oliver struggles cope recovers leave philippines oliver discovers penny having relationship patient scott career plans spain abandon training oliver convinces scott leave keen earn praise oliver claims penny research awarded place operation promoted level penny revealing affair scott results failing rotation moved rivalry develops forced truce series patient responsibilities excessively oliver dismay oliver mentor oliver pushes far attempt impress earns senior doctor leaving oliver tries earn respect attempting insert chest drain rescued ward sister invites drink thanks penny discovers romantic feelings oliver oliver confidence damaged case results mother leaving son die moves shaken encounter boy mother causes panic theatre penny career begins improve oliver given duties shift having realised close failing year oliver penny surgical error caught patient unexpectedly dies care oliver breaks confesses penny cheated medical school exam papers passed merit forced repeat year furious penny tells oliver confess director surgery writes letter resignation positive day working alongside encourages repeat year giving oliver final chance confess penny called away site train crash oliver left successfully performs difficult procedure hopeful penny forgive oliver devastated learn killed accident crash site unable cope aftermath death oliver turns drugs alcohol sends letter resignation includes confession father tony offers money choose new career claims oliver potential penny oliver life save patient feels impressed oliver patient treatment cheating allow fresh start oliver continues succeeds second year mentor begins relationship learns brain finding cure learns accept oliver begins spending time flat later moves oliver marry day major operation oliver prepare operation complications surgery dies development creation characterisation impending arrival sibling doctors oliver penny announced executive producer series producer described energy enthusiasm asserted instant impact level deemed talented physicians desire achieve noted naturally gifted suggested personal lives cause conflict professional ones attempted progress work actor cast oliver assuming role real doctor ward rounds experience found difficult approaching beds people waking heart attacks coming distressed difficult patient harder think got emotional anderson underwent extensive training programme medical advisors june started medical training probably graduate doctor coming actor experienced extended period anxiety joining series recalls took months sense going second months feel comfortable machine coming little discover work takes bbc online described oliver positive qualities charming manner general determination daily_mirror deemed soft touch went great lengths help young patient daily_mail review suggested oliver sweet despite apparent oliver flawed lack confidence nature tendency land work colleagues trouble conveyed storylines highlighted oliver lack called penny promotion level career began deteriorate publication deemed reckless found aftermath death reference way sank despair finding comfort drink drugs dead sister sunday mirror sullivan reflected oliver development arrival observation ladies man medical confidence charm time taken toll shadow self devastated broken man memory sibling guilty conscience relationships introduced type character according anderson oliver reputation hospital bike relationship developed attracted attention ward sisters showed interest anderson said think hot male find attractive oliver appeared ruin chances encouraged patient complain diagnosis anderson noted gives left free pursue oliver relationship began anderson opined gorgeous oliver fool thought oliver good fit wondered alike older woman relationship described storyline admitted having fun storyline real age gap anderson described feelings oliver stating having lot fun deep hoping find true love far getting younger worried missing kids producers kyle revealed pair perfect match said romance run smoothly anderson believed bad idea character involved work colleague oliver began doubt relationship penny advice convinced break career took break told character mind bit fun planned settling announced pregnant oliver child assessed surprised learn pregnant pleased lost baby years previously think capable oliver displeased news expectations provide father nursing consultant urged stand mark proper man soon baby oliver went share kiss photograph spread hospital penny prompting oliver try hide ward sister developed crush pleased invited drink oliver feelings later cancelled commented january anderson little material little scenes asked future oliver relationship unwilling potential plots noted talk things heading sorts directions oliver initially friendly rivalry sister penny believes good relationship characterised siblings relationship constant rivalry ultimately support noted comes easily oliver penny spent life playing catch penny considered giving career patient romantically involved order protect oliver ruined romance relationship remained unaffected revealed brother sister forgive family enormous amounts doesn affect relationship soon breaks catch support said situation bring closer typical scenario siblings quit series penny killed whilst attempting rescue patient train crash death shown screen conscious decision production team fully focus oliver story series producer revealed big focus effect oliver forced come terms death faced emotional feeling second best career having arrived oliver quickly progressed training resulted professional jealousy forming penny retaliation disagreements career jeopardy revealing affair appointed oliver mentor fast paced storyline saw initially kick ing newfound responsibility realising oliver beneficial career resulted unlikely friendship forming fairly light buddy buddy storyline begin anderson felt filming scenes intensive speaking friendship anderson explained start wrong foot competitive patients initially help similarities terms dropping people pace storyline changed anderson injured knee falling foot cellar pair clashed conflicting medical opinions patient care friendship soon created negative effect oliver work ethic jokes expense left oliver unable carry simple procedures correctly oliver career deteriorated early qualified doctor series setbacks failing exam progress year blaming surgical error penny death patient care prompted admit swapped exam paper penny final year medical school anderson explained oliver longer cope mounting pressure confession contrasting siblings assessed oliver seen golden boy arrived trading sister success issued ultimatum director surgery oliver realised responsibility lose person loves believing impossible dilemma anderson said oliver trying good repeating exams exposing lie end career oliver understand penny won stand added oliver surgical error colleagues lost trust medical capability train crash occurred forced control anderson explained fully qualified think struggling saved patients life oliver thought job told penny died news change oliver life forever following penny death stated good stay medicine oliver big storyline series explored oliver death flashback episode henry plays observed oliver return work saw multiple mistakes hit rock oliver tried resign left responded dangerous saved patient life summoned resignation given advice senior doctor turned blind eye oliver confession henry explained doesn think good doctor lose chance career medicine learning oliver life job departure return character left episode titled aired july anderson told producers intention leave year prior departure wanted oliver leave positive note began planning final storyline anderson filmed final scenes march producers kept departure secret transmission surprise viewers anderson told digital_spy oliver survived deaths sister wife oliver given redemption final scenes fans believe future oliver final scene tells return hospital anderson pleased character option returning future october announced anderson reprised role anderson expressed pleasure returning saying thrilled given opportunity bring said lots surprises store character dubbed oliver older anderson approached return numerous times agreed mid oliver return planned episode anderson convinced return permanently bbc later released promotional video character return oliver return storyline admitted hospital suffering heart condition anderson explained fourteen months departure oliver working abroad south_america drinking heavily self drugs taking proper care contracted virus affected heart discovers badly bruised oliver near hospital entrance admits immediately emerges oliver condition potentially fatal asks fit new surgical device refuses let surgery ahead device experimental stage anderson said oliver knows operation shouldn ahead legally morally procedure says disappointed angry refuses oliver makes sure operation goes ahead reception reviewer interpretations oliver generally negative early tenure received positive commentary said kid doctor new recruit isn work play certainly got eye ladies writing daily_mirror opined match oliver added soon learnt female staff thought flirting wrapped little finger writing medical tag team found odd professionally thought brother sister relationship troublesome review said oliver penny feel inches tall promoted supported question needs enemies got brother like found annoying june preferred penny getting award annoying sibling hospital following month called irritating recommended acts day oliver admitted stealing penny exam paper daily_mail critic featured negative column branded oliver lack medical ability drew negative reviews referring simon described touches return sentiment repeated penny death simon left professor offered best care possible resulted oliver treating concluded begs question looked guardian ridiculed oliver supposed talents doctor blue eyes medical columnist said oliver hoped complete training strength nice eyes pretty special flashback episode centered oliver dealing aftermath penny death selected recommended viewing daily_mirror called poignant wrote easy viewing apart odd scene moral medical issues leaves shouting screen right thing oliver tell truth | Oliver Valentine | Media and drama | Television | Holby City |
9233_AntonMeyer | fictional character bbc medical drama played actor appeared series episode broadcast january series episode broadcast august role consultant surgeon head surgery department considerable input creating character initially envisioned series producers iranian surgeon named suggestion hungarian britain following hungarian revolution little backstory created revealed screen deliberate bid present character enigmatic allowing viewers project imagination driven arrogant surgeon high expectations colleagues major storylines operate sister fear motor disease lose shot road rage incident ultimately depart michigan hospital board autonomy decision leave series struggled set character aside outside work negative impact personal life ruled possibility returning future preferring memory remain proved popular viewers critics following series launch described daily_mail series distinctive character daily_mail deemed asset finds absence mirror described best characters television recent years particularly received female fans attaining sex symbol status described journalist kind hero storylines major storylines include operating sister falls ill despite long term brother law seeks help friend professor fears motor disease easily problem instead daughter victoria works firm period senior house officer murdered father patients involved trapped lift killer campbell pills dies lift revive face justice beginning series shot road rage incident way work culprit later admitted hospital patient crashes car trying flee following shooting tries escape hospital fear police discover attempts leaving hospital finally goal collapses hospital car park dies parents young patient suddenly withdraw consent complicated operation total connection discovers intervened persuaded parents ahead surgery believing authority undermined promptly fires kennedy threatens press investigated hospital board begin suspended investigation headed old friend rival concluded clinical skills board aware penchant taking extremely difficult cases hospital death rates appear bad remove discretion decide operate cases decision argues performs operations interests patients league tables board relieve sheffield work michigan develop artificial heart takes post creation heavily involved creation character writing biography assuming role felt important understand motivation reason driven character presented throws colleagues early episode portrayal step removed loosely based surgeon sir originally intended iranian descent surname series producers changed minds central european instead developed hungarian accent film role prior involvement decided hungarian bit mediterranean decided left hungary following uprising parents intellectuals decided sister wife daughter personal life rarely mentioned screen enabling viewers perceive strong man project want imagination believes modern television drama populated characters prone feels having enigmatic character like reserved vein makes refreshing change commented revealing personal life compared viewers expectations preparation role observed bypass surgery performed deeming experience enormous privilege real fascination medicine human body prior assuming role considered studying biology university receiving script episode felt immediately connected commenting knew moved spoke felt feel development concentrated ideas characterisation playing believing important ignore outside input turn opinions describes driven man determined work colleagues meet standards feels dry sense humour bullying manner tools uses ensure colleagues meet standards believes manipulative nature actually serves greater good hospital despite tendencies actually great holds staff highest regard observed begins series hate figure ferocious actually complex character admire daily_mail described arrogant sarcastic demanding surgeon insults subordinates nurses puts social life level hospital duties called sinister appearance doctor house consultant shane people compared describing villain grim manner cruel commenting manages department iron fist concrete glove daily_mail called wonderfully great television monsters age portrayal foreign spy 1950s british war film penchant listening classical music whilst theatre right hand man presented humane counterpart walk instruction issues staff according mirror ing ing like roman emperor saving lives doctors dismayed storyline saw shot road rage incident describing filming scenes unpleasant experiences worst aspect loses result injuries later storyline sees investigated behalf hospital board explained actually job finds investigation job conflict interest play clever game taking head surgery department commented george fantastic obviously going different don feel stepping shoes years role decided leave return performing theatre stated great years felt time come leave gone strength strength good time decision leave explained enjoyed confidence found difficult switch character outside work forced rest life hold whilst series deeming intense experience felt stayed series remained enigmatic longer believed stop character time following departure radio_times questioned consider returning responded don know feeling time kind character belongs launch series like think remain memory important want stay reception broadcast episode brought positive comments television critics daily_mail described series distinctive character daily_mail deemed welcome change caring politically correct characters seen casualty called portrayal charismatic combination arrogance dry wit noted character interactions form programme primary double act new statesman called compelling character series daily record similarly deemed star writing gave chilling performance man saves lives simply boost ego following broadcast second episode daily_mirror critic wrote gave best performance hospital drama rude eccentric arrogant bully people disliked storyline saw operate sister describing commenting disturbed switched fellow people critic shane lauded reason watch mirror gave poor review appear episodes commenting poor health absence sooner returns better praised return episodes later concerned motor disease scare deeming series writing ill afford lose april reviewed character positively writing series absence surgeon hospital loses bite deemed series major assets alongside criticised opening episode series shot road rage incident believing wasted spending hour long knife mirror similarly hoped soon series selected character runner man year award character exit described study arrogance authority best characters television recent years particularly received female fans sex symbol status described attractive kind hero felt fairly predictable terms nature tough combined power life death aspects job commented surprised positive reaction character explaining captured people difficult finger think got character says exactly means time got integrity admire expect audience responds like find particularly got courage right work patients worry popularity liked conversely noted assuming role members public kind encountering character | Anton Meyer | Media and drama | Television | Holby City |
11917_MaddyYoung | young young fictional character bbc medical drama portrayed actress character appeared screen january episode face value series episode programme final appearance series episode perfect day character fatally stabbed role senior house officer undergoing general surgical rotation acute unit described bbc enthusiastic fun dedicated job created alongside fellow new character general surgical consultant major storylines centered friendship relationship troubled family background continual rule breaking character proven popular viewers seeing long listed popular newcomer award national television awards portrayal character voted fans favourite newcomer series october character came heavy criticism drinks industry body resulting incident screen drinking broadcast showing negative effects group highly irresponsible died stabbed disturbed patient attack episode viewers showing happened saved revealing end actually died creation created executive producer level doctor work hospital character conceived alongside fellow series newcomer arrived new general surgical consultant hospital episode long day weeks introduction explained time good friends saved trouble occasions closing credits character appearances episodes face value feast given young subsequent episode character credited altered spelling young october announced actress cast role previous appearance series episode sister casualty recalls role young married way loved little bump reckless accident baby injured promising threatened leave gave told lucky promised model father happily sweet little story actually touching joining cast commented cloud receiving important phone parents surprised suddenly doctor family thrilled nonetheless looking forward incredible cast successful wait spokesperson added delighted board play great addition character involved dramatic storylines discussing casting year time assessed enjoy wade years ensemble work time spent team working discovering rhythms dynamics struggles better fun certainly feel settled confident bit development announcing character creation initially stated personality enthusiasm ability speaks young loves job fun expanding added young fun laugh time dedicated job definitely going single long family secret way bbc city describes enthusiastic eager learn fun doesn loves job gets wants happy comparing character personality commented good pal sir said character turned degrees think true similarities things says things wouldn cries cry smile ninth series maintained close relationship general surgical consultant revealed episode previously worked alongside middlesex later came light covered attempted operation drunk going far date lesbian present surgery order buy silence shortly departure dan briefly romantically involved dan love sister law ultimately departed new job france leaving dan said relationship line episodes perfect thought summed dan incredibly close lovers obvious great happens wonderful potential dan private demons prevent allowed live grow thought great let assessment relationship doesn life count dan family hurt bad guess dan lover mean away wouldn share dan loved didn want risk hurting anymore good knew character brief sexual relationship hospital sam night stand episode borders sleep went close friends assisting sam caring teenage prostitute felt responsible supported diagnosis enlisting support illegally proving patient death tenth series formed fast respect new head hospital duncan ruled romance characters stating protective like brother sister don think ready relationship merry round added man fool turn wants wife similarly assessed sam ideal man instead waiting new storylines arrives episode face value revealed history general surgical consultant pair good friends pre existing relationship dan initially makes staff wary especially hospital assigned quickly strikes friendship senior staff engages night stand surgical episode borders sleep later bends rules help care prostitute patient jade episode lies beneath father arrives having escaped prison treats injury sustained prior escaping aided dan helps avoid police arrive searching father reveals dan stole drugs planted abusive boyfriend twin sister hannah discusses past dan mentioning fact covered operated drunk gets trouble poses consultant attending racial awareness course guise ellie caught hospital chief executive officer sister hannah arrives episode guilt association convinces operation illegally stopping pain medication order emphasize badly needs surgery following episode hannah seeks help accidentally gives daughter sunny breaks rules law help sunny dies treated exacerbated pre existing cardiac problem police suspicious sunny death dan fellow consultant griffin covering dan share short lived romantic relationship departure october hurt dan love sister law left dan departs prestigious job france episode love tear apart makes error middle operation dan calls blue arrange meeting devastated later stands following dan departure goes support sam battle form professional relationship new head suspended following death patient breaks law stealing samples hospital prove innocence severely eventually cleared involved case twins temporarily placed charge absence recently transferred surgical rotation tried impress kept taking friends impressed end offered promotion told great surgeon day sister hannah having released prison arrives stabbed car refuses treatment hospital believing send jail fight agrees treat secret finds tries help operate finds tells report police refuses cause run away leaving potentially fatal stab wound consequence promotion interview seeing people stabs whilst way talk promotion perfect day maria finds stabbed bleeding floor ward toilets immediately starts trying rushes help weeks passed stabbed hear thinking letter written sister hannah fully recovered desperately trying work interviewed job held interviews open today going sure gets job going throw cope stabbed wants careful things easy nearly died wants work receives visit seen months took job abroad hearing attack arrived offer research position new hospital decides try position making decisions ward father daughters brought stab wound badly burnt father minor injuries police believe incident tries find happening father talking police connection finger having second thoughts allowing interviewed explains michael doesn think ready position maria pair conversation chips saying feels perfect michael knows maria right thinks mistake explains withdrawing interview offer devastated explains board asked position waiting advice decides stay aim capable achieving determined skill takes leading role procedure stab victim impressed explains like gets interview plan failed talking explains hit lawsuit denies interview suggests interviews giving job stab victim dies blames tells interview happy opportunity knows avoid court case heads interview bold honest work board position believe heads tell news tells board offered entire work tell reason wants stay loves kiss car heads ward find father stab victim missing finds basement confused speaks dead daughter tries help keeps referring daughter end episode revealed happened stabbed actually dream actually died attack episode living perfect day head october admitted pregnant boyfriend kicked stomach despite telling maria didn kill actually confessed murder mark told consequences lying boyfriend killing reception months arriving long listed popular newcomer award national television awards portrayal character official fan awards voted fans favourite newcomer series favourite female series fourth favourite time female fifth favourite series storyline plot strand twin sister informed strong fan base commented lovely think identifiable people understand motives hidden agenda emotional strong kind like glad october drinks industry body official complaint communications scene episode trial retribution depicted characters taking shots following day work body chief executive claimed failing negative consequences action series presenting highly irresponsible portrayal excessive rapid drinking daily_telegraph noted complaint came shortly home secretary expressed concern having told labour_party conference thing branded unacceptable zero tolerance approach anti social behaviour response accusation expect bbc greater care portrayal alcohol programmes bbc released statement explaining takes issue negative effects alcohol abuse seriously occasions continuing drama series deal alcohol storyline seek handle issue series episode love tear apart saw stood dan return visit france selected pick day guardian daily_mirror guardian critic critical episode writing idea spin set hospital clinic course given goes hospital crossover existing shows look characters aren actually staff surgeon returns life sleeping sam slept appears need help area going die sun journalist commented critically character noting comes medicine having difficulties daily_mirror critic discussed nature character storylines dubbing line don know people complain episode naive statement week explaining let covering operating arms dealer father hiding fact killed sister daughter secret jesus keeping quiet son heroin addiction yeah casualty department nurse secretly fixed dad test detect theme emerging deemed good realistic characters popular culture november children need charity included segment featuring cast performing version hung madonna character screen debut programme appeared sketch fellow newcomers thomas arrive november children need appeal contained musical performance cast members alongside thomas provided backing vocals performed soul version signature song respect said appearances time life loved second wreck live performance respect amazing fear convinced going forget eyes million viewers watching went got little bit history dvd collection ready grand appeared casualty special episode bbc weakest link alongside stars duncan | Maddy Young | Media and drama | Television | Holby City |
16559_Tuesday'sChild(HolbyCity) | tuesday child city tuesday child 38th episode seventh series british medical drama television series episode written directed premiered bbc july tuesday child travels attempt persuade consultant return save general surgery ward deals family issues whilst trying secure funding brother clinic episode filmed entirely location bbc africa lives season exploring african culture audiences second episode filmed outside following episode set paris serial continued film episode abroad annually bbc budget cuts curtailed foreign filming crew spent weeks members local community supporting roles crew member contracted malaria filming hospitalised potter expressed pride episode deeming best work series guest starred surgeon appearance proved popular role asked return twice continued appearances series december episode watched million viewers second watched programme bbc week broadcast fourth watched channels episode premise received criticism prior broadcast episode generally received critics praised viewers report portrayal africa british television plot flies hoping persuade consultant return save general surgery ward expanded ward finds odds brother runs clinic wants perform free operations desperate money clinic running appeals return sake pregnant daughter hospital insists needed tells home talks mother reveals strained relationship father attend funeral years meets friend adrian nature relationship meets old school friend successful local businessman attempts persuade invest clinic aware family trouble england doubts commitment furious telling problems states understand honour support clinic goes bankrupt chains doors closed travelling airport flight home come woman labour suffering malaria having trouble breathing unlikely survive natural nearest hospital hours away travel clinic collecting way threatens force entry doors manage deliver baby save missed flight suggests visit father grave tells troubled relationship father confesses feelings woman nearby recognises having seen giving money day confronts discovers father wife widow son school explain circumstances tells speak confronts brother tells father died aids family kept secret avoid bringing shame relationship father hiv positive attempts kiss tells home husband owen asks return says stay takes pleads behalf clinic tells provide required funding condition stays agrees bids goodbye returns production regularly filmed bbc episode shot location paris march announced upcoming episode set bbc africa lives series week programmes exploring african life culture audiences episode shot entirely location described bbc ing lives forever crew stayed spent weeks africa filming crew member contracted malaria hospitalised heat exhaustion continued film episode abroad annually episode set switzerland episode episode cape_town series producer stated november major bbc budget cuts series filming abroad future potter regular cast members appear episode discussing motivations tuesday child explained character born meant return point leading issues family expanded leaving aimed escape politics stresses life stating getting medicine irony gets realises thing especially constantly funding clinic struggling find qualified doctors nurses like character native moved united_kingdom years old background influence episode plot end episode sees choose stay remained character returning series soon explained stay country integrity episode integrity series return deemed episode greatest work best episodes written expressing pride commending bbc season africa related programmes potter felt honoured episode deeming privilege work concerned ability work heat described like walking oven work series artists temperate screen actor comedian guest starred episode surgeon having fan conception character proved popular reprised role twice signed month contract series producer commenting huge impact episodes involved returned series making final appearance december returned general nurse ultimately departed series pursue time music career folk band bad deemed role dream calling great character things able away guest stars cast locally actors appeared episode scene involving flotilla boats featured real fisherman following episode completion production team conjunction gifted flat screen computers laser printer girls boarding school bbc stated people extremely supportive played large role filming donated equipment way giving community reception episode watched million viewers previous episode rat race higher series average million viewers second watched programme bbc week broadcast soap opera attaining higher ratings fourth watched channels prior episode broadcast daily record commented setting special editions art africa bbc controller desire provide alternative negative coverage continent criticised build episode writing abandoned roots medical drama concentrating instead wholly unbelievable relationships main characters patient care incidental inter collegiate episode received positive reviews television critic daily_mirror called mad brilliant sunday mercury selected episode recommended viewing people praised episode strengthening growing belief far best medical drama called series strongest characters commenting addition nurses turned spin series felt episode goes like paris episode found toe bad instead deemed tuesday child powerful haunting believable episode don fan series enjoy reflecting real world report examining portrayal africa british television found tuesday child popular programmes shown viewers alongside channel_4 documentary aids bbc series following teachers pupils overseas organisations commissioned report commented people took focus groups clear liked positive television characters relate basically good storytelling | Tuesday's Child (Holby City) | Media and drama | Television | Holby City |
17898_HolbyCity | styled british medical drama television series airs weekly bbc series created spin established bbc medical drama casualty premiered january set hospital casualty fictional city featured occasional characters plots casualty featured dedicated episodes broadcast casualty city police procedural spin executive producers young succeeded initial development weekly fixture schedule airs week episodes series follows lives medical staff fictional began main characters series left new main characters written series core main actors employed serial given time casting series young sought actors known television industry continued history cast members including lead writer years british writer showrunner major prime time drama tenure executive producer attempts programme appealing younger audience taking technique introducing musical montage segments episode seventeen series aired eighteenth began airing october run hour long episodes filmed featured annual special episodes filmed location abroad october moved high definition broadcasting attracted comparisons medical dramas unfavourable figures television entertainment industry including director accused bbc television licence fee programme series employs team researchers ensure medical accuracy different disciplines check scripts cast members taught perform basic medical procedures given opportunity spend time real hospital research criticised lack realism denouncing portrayal organ donation unrealistic impression accident emergency nurse royal college nursing conference accusing unrealistic expectations compensation culture nominated television awards won award ethnic screen nation awards series averaged million viewers apart rise fifth series ratings declined year year eleventh series averaging million viewers twelfth series saw small rise million later series consistently drawn million viewers week production began main characters series left new main characters written series core main actors employed serial given time casting series young sought actors known television industry continued history cast members including lead writer years british writer showrunner major prime time drama tenure executive producer attempts programme appealing younger audience taking technique introducing musical montage segments episode seventeen complete series aired eighteenth began airing october run hour long episodes filmed studios 1960s office building multiple interiors series occasionally featured special episodes filmed location abroad october moved high definition broadcasting attracted comparisons medical dramas unfavourable figures television entertainment industry including director accused bbc television licence fee programme series employs team researchers ensure medical accuracy different disciplines check scripts cast members taught perform basic medical procedures given opportunity spend time real hospital research nominated television awards won best continuing drama ethnic screen nation awards series averaged million viewers apart rise fifth series ratings declined year year eleventh series averaging million viewers twelfth series saw small rise million development created spin bbc medical drama casualty set emergency department fictional young wanted explore happened patients treated casualty taken away hospital surgical casualty scope limited accident week storylines patients entering hospital allowed possibility storylines long term care immediate life death decisions series commissioned bbc controller began airing bbc january series producer believes series popularity stems fact hospital setting presents numerous plotline opportunities explaining licence create life death situations week set piece interaction characters sexy social issues writing basically hospital drama successful viewers forgive bits wonder life saved focus series developed conception expanding cover extra including ward acute assessment unit ward ward special care baby unit introduced series young explained new necessary allow crew rotate sets filming potential episodes cost produce bbc soap opera episode casualty episode episode high volume year round production relatively low production costs set costs spread years standing sets repeatedly case shorter series dramas young remained executive producer left bbc work production company casualty producer executive producer duration series joining channel_4 served alongside executive producer left series executive producer succeeded series producer remained working returned series british writer showrunner major prime time drama resigned position succeeded february announced return bbc march succeeding campbell executive producer casualty writing storylines planned months advance series number found scheduled script development editor harper receives speculative scripts week finds writers course established guarantees graduates opportunity work prime time television teaches academy graduate went regular writer harper recruits writers bbc continuing drama shadow scheme open writers levels experience believes scripts demonstrate synthesis guest serial storylines spine stated good cracking intelligent dialogue explaining getting characters voices characters drive shows love investment characters consistency characters harper require writers necessarily familiar like attract female wrote series episode served lead writer promotion executive producer bid controller bbc drama production writers heart process called promotion fantastic explaining means time got writer running big powerhouse shows following resignation replacement lead writer intends introduce writer led commissioning process series onwards writers creating theme story episodes previously case medical accuracy ensure accuracy serial employs team researchers advise writers nursing issues health service politics medical advisor given cameo role series surgeon recovery nurse appears nurse adviser heart surgeon occasionally left open heart surgery advise writers telephone programme different disciplines check scripts accuracy carter believes particularly important case viewers copy procedures seen series star commented pride realistic need know complex foreign thing act operation training watched number real ones cast members taught realistic monitor blood pressure check pulse given opportunity observe procedures real hospitals original cast member observed bypass surgery performed preparation role observed surgery performed joining cast series filming screen output casualty set fictional county southwest england close welsh border city exterior represented bristol filmed bbc casualty set bristol large encompass surgical ward operating theatre required result crossover scenes episode shot twice casualty set cast members travelling locations october bbc led daily_telegraph report site sold relocated share set casualty possibly cardiff march bbc confirmed casualty new set cardiff following month guardian announced bbc retain years episodes series shot location abroad romance nurse art culminated episode set paris following year followed consultant bbc africa lives series week programmes bringing exploration african culture audiences episode shot switzerland featured consultant wife committing assisted suicide motor disease worsened episode filmed meeting new nurse joseph consultant duncan travelled cape_town experienced difficulties series producer stated november major bbc budget cuts series filming abroad future episode screened january travelled stockholm sweden track convince return succeeded returned hospital resumed role shot single camera setup filming occurs daily weeks year july onwards took technique giving episodes impression having shot film kyle stated intended attract younger audience programme positive response change bbc announced launching high definition bbc autumn end year series moved broadcasting bbc start series october music eleventh series saw musical montage segments standard episode introduced means initially considered commissioning original pieces budgetary constraints limited choices pre existing tracks use medical drama grey anatomy stated unaware adopted technique music generally selected episode writer specific songs producers director select music post production actors input personally selected music believed character griffin listen theatre asked june felt appropriate drama kyle responded yes multi strand series excellent way telling stories visually moment open close episode create passing time way audience entertainment media website digital_spy suggested number songs episode kyle replied plan use music carefully future maybe sourced music scene music actually playing scene example radio incidental broadcast premiered january bbc fourteen series aired fifteenth began airing october series ran episodes june director general bbc pledged extra funding bbc extra episodes second series ran episodes respectively new episodes airing weekly basis fourth series onwards series ran episodes series ran episodes including stand finale episode mad world set outside hospital series continued consist episodes exception twelfth series consisted episodes total young explained increase series length longer runs allow develop strong storylines regular characters long volume passion work series reached episode april series episodes minutes long second series onwards episodes hour length originally broadcast tuesday nights switch occurred second series began broadcasting november halfway series reverted original tuesday night slot finally moved timeslot remained occasionally broadcast different day dependent bbc scheduling temporarily moved thursday nights allowing air tuesday timeslot broadcast series later date mainly slot filled characters cast characters follows professional personal lives medical staff features ensemble cast main recurring characters new main characters written series regularly started contains core main characters given time july main cast characters includes ceo raf doctors march doctor eleanor ward manager adrian coordinator harrison original cast characters featured shows episode dawn senior house officer ward sister theatre sister ellie senior staff nurse staff nurses ward clerk casting casting series young previously worked soap operas selected actors established names acting industry particularly soap opera background french starred bbc starred griffin appeared itv coronation street young explained best performances screen come past years fantastic talent shows hiring established actors continued soap progressed actress cast star wars actor cast consultant star cast later roles awarded comedian film actress jesus star cast recurring role magazine asked kyle production team intentionally sought known names responded lovely new member cast come bring audience want best actors star names cast best casting department casts actors casualty doctors programme dedicated casting directors bring actors producer director audition cast members play main characters previous appearances minor roles appeared mother patient fourth series roberts appeared son medical professor seventh series appeared roberts believes single scene series seven called joseph contrast believe role contributed casting michael instead worried work guest stars featured number famous guest stars appearances series appeared episode notable guest stars include appeared patient christmas episode wonderful life played patient disease starred patient episodes injury prone recurring role risk manager mother nurse appeared episodes father nurse recurring role consultant played appeared patient disease appeared episodes teenage appearances professor bbc wrote november column soul guest appearance begun trend american actors appearing shows guest starred patient war veteran bbc reached agreement actors union equity cease offering walk drama series roles members public prizes person won role competition equity complained broadcaster prizes actors paid employment competition winner allowed visit set appear screen result policy change adaptations appearances casualty city reflecting origins spin casualty closely related premises programmes bbc screened occasional crossover mini dramas entitled casualty city featuring number characters casts prior commissioning casualty shows occasionally crossed storylines cast members instance developing romance casualty crossover spearheaded casualty executive producer logistical difficulties arose fact series usually produced miles apart work shows halted weeks release number cast members appear special second crossover commissioned bbc donation season aiming raise public awareness organ donation help viewers informed decision sign interactive episode headlining shows season allowing viewers vote phone determine outcome fictional organ donation casualty crossover aired october storyline tackled issue youth violence following events turbulent demonstration inner city school based success casualty city christmas special crossover ordered christmas dividing episodes series crews previously standard crossover operated entirely separate production kyle producing directing february crossover occurred casualty operated suffering heart attack storyline broadcast regular casualty episodes casualty city title casualty series producer commented fantastic able produce crossover episodes difficult unlikely episode produced future september nurse appeared casualty kent hopes characters shows begin crossover times year april bbc announced commissioning police procedural spin created jordan contemplated soap hold series disdain brand concluded thought remembered writer joy surprising audience expectation born moved duration series spin broadcast tuesday nights crossover episode developed beginning second series broadcast episodes written jordan saw accused murder compared crossover american csi franchise believe world second series attracted million viewers opening episode end viewership fallen million august bbc announced declining ratings recommissioned series appearances june cast members casualty competed cast sport relief fundraiser segment dubbed sport square teams competed events taxi pulling beer relay competition televised bbc event raised million october bbc aired confronts documentary reporter investigating hospitals run discovered problems hospitals cast specially commissioned scenes march saw station air documentary making bbc initiative develop new acting talent documentary followed casting process casualty audition stages filming selected actors scenes young explained casting criteria revealing try head head viewer ask want spend years life person november children need charity included segment featuring cast performing comical version hung madonna november children need appeal contained musical performance cast members backed thomas performed soul version signature song respect june stars competed casualty counterparts special charity edition bbc game weakest link casualty cast members united february performing dance rendition let dance sport relief reception critical response attracted comparisons medical dramas unfavourable november head drama accused bbc producing parodies itv drama commenting casualty bbc ended copying times written differences shows mild calling casualty cute little sister director television channel_4 referred drama deeming casualty decent programmes similar aspects tone construction compared american medical drama television producer commented watches watch looks like hour drama episodes october writer wrote critical piece prospect magazine contrasting negatively standard american television dramas wrote soap opera drama deemed episodes worked experiences years occasions people television entertainment industry suggested waste television licence fee suggesting ought cancelled august director criticised bbc programming formulaic saying police procedural begins wonder point bbc bringing let bit different head bbc drama responded bolt examples highly selective hugely millions viewers enjoy popular dramas like week week young time held position head drama told guardian popular drama singled criticism people increasingly voting buttons new statesman criticised bbc christmas schedule airing contemporary version basis cox advocated abolition licence fee explaining bbc invented period elite decided population know gone licence fee edinburgh international television festival chief executive called restrictions bbc spent licence money suggesting sold channel commercial rivals proceeds develop original programming bbc refused ball suggestion responding statement speech clearly reflects view programmes merely bought sold june chief executive itv questioned funding spent lengthened episodes january opined come end natural life cancelled praised october episode coincided learn sign week deaf actors featured characters communicating chief executive stated individuals rely family members friends communicate complicated personal information professionals reason calling government channel funding training british sign language available staff treating deaf patients commented writer great story wanted tell matters foremost report ethnic diversity television commissioned channel_4 cited positive example diverse british ing years previously bbc host sir complained ethnic minorities represented television prompting bbc explain ethnic characters set area minorities account population according census population bristol city loosely based white ethnic minorities realism criticised lack realism nurse commented february existed stereotypes regards nurses sex object doctor angel felt media portrayal increased observing serial killer kelly realism agenda felt worst time channel medical drama angels described inaccurate makes look like factual documentary angels creator toby defended series stating presents unfair representation nursing viewers believing nursing nice clean job handsome doctors observed content defined watershed describing real nursing work contrast post watershed november ceo wrote column criticising real hospital life independent reviewed december episode poorly finding astonishing patients leave alive staff busy looking stricken december times wrote critical opinion piece observing medical staff depicted getting drunk clubs able function properly work result alcohol look innocent october chair criticised episode saw doctors downing stating irresponsible drinking similarly october drinks industry body official complaint communications scene depicted drinking shots following day work body chief executive claimed failing negative consequences action series presenting highly irresponsible portrayal excessive rapid drinking received total complaints incident accused medical denounced january episode serial portrayed organ donation carried despite withdrawal consent patient relatives chairman stated simply happen portrayal drama totally irresponsible risks causing huge damage struggling programme later opined giving viewers unrealistic impression typically presenting outcomes death total recovery deemed terrible distortion truth follow story times highlighted fact reality half patients require survive initial live leave hospital conference april accused unrealistic expectations encouraging patients believe compensation culture accident emergency nurse stated fact sadly people trauma received unfortunately unlike mere mortal perform relatives believe injury lawyers assure don impact october consultant royal sussex county hospital brighton criticised number patients visiting department minor contacting ryan attributed phenomenon patients viewing american medical drama falsely hospitals glamorous year belgian research project presented meeting september claimed watching similar medical dramas casualty influence fear illness teenagers questioned viewing habits watched medical dramas found fearful health females affected males university stated research needed long term impact television identified based programmes help party target swing voters alongside gear man apprentice generation grand designs couple identified worker middle ranking health service employee following year identified woman key voter demographic help party win woman female voter employed clinical clerical position public sector job swing voter voted labour_party previous elections identification labour_party strong woman modelled character january president head teacher cited medical dramas inspiring force increasing numbers female students deciding pursue careers medicine explained girls exciting dynamic way life making difference people lives gives sense pressures responsibility adrenaline programmes good long realistic impression similarly consultant surgeon uses clips inspire pupils represented social educational backgrounds pursue careers medicine awards nominations nominated awards won series received nominations winning nominated best new director fiction award work series nominated best continuing drama award winning commented win fantastic hoping award help serial guilty pleasure received multiple nominations best results saw voted fifth best drama voted fourth best actress role moment doctor sacrifices life voted viewers fourth favourite moment series nominated best drama award occasions concurrently received multiple long list nominations choice awards short listed popular newcomer award best actress award choice awards nominated best graphic design titles award contribution series nominated soap continuing drama category awards nominated best serial drama digital spy soap awards nominated female award role ceo series best television continuing drama category won best actress role nurse nominated best actress alongside star role won best actor award role times criticised award opining doesn merit recognition won received nominations seven won emerging talent award role nurse nominated awards roles respectively won female performance award role nominated category role received honourable mention nominated award role received honourable mention category went win favourite male star nominated favourite female star award nominated female performance category nominated diversity drama production award ratings | Holby City | Media and drama | Television | Holby City |
22175_JosephByrne(HolbyCity) | fictional character bbc medical drama portrayed joseph appeared january episode mother love series episode programme roberts unrelated guest appearance previous series playing relative deceased patient asked return permanent role series producers joseph role troubled surgeon resultant angst brother attempted suicide personality lead revelation character suffers obsessive disorder major storylines included accidental drugs relationship fellow surgical cheated father roberts performance resulted nomination popular newcomer award development creation casting prior joining cast joseph guest appearance series seven episode pain gain son deceased patient roberts approached returning permanent role bbc casting director responsible casting fellow newcomers guest appearance constituted single scene roberts believes secure joseph recalls got attention producers actress portrayed good word felt lucky join alongside chambers feeling solidarity developed preparation role roberts observed open heart surgery london researched initially attempted look medical terminology scripts later abandoned favour accepting help series medical advisers having regular viewer time appearance daniel actor basis storylines return joseph deemed complex character characterisation roberts described joseph awkward character struggled relate patients contrast happy lucky sam resulted comedy sam joe deemed character incredibly honest morally upright total sorts hang ups stuck ways tenure aspects characterisation explored revealed joseph appearance father grandfather pioneering expected follow path guilt brother attempted suicide developed months city hospital roberts commented event behaviour man guilt loss think bold transfers feelings brother patients staff alike source pain joseph resultant developed attempted control hide use medication relationships joining roberts asked felt character ideal woman replied joseph man emotions especially women think strong feelings admiration frankly surprised secretly thrilled woman shows affection far rare joseph embarked relationship fellow hoped impress joseph father secure promotion consultant forthcoming left joseph lord series joseph cultivated friendship daughter martha strong romantic feelings ultimately won joseph affections martha left return university october onward joseph romantically linked ward sister confirmed soft spot joseph engaged series displeasure roberts relayed insight left little hasn got post joseph father long gone think nostalgic joseph wants added joseph reaction relationship good guy brings evil darker fight injustice injustice episode locked away joseph locked theatre affected unknown poison reveal true feelings joseph admits loves hurt times storylines joseph arrives episode mother love fellow surgeon position consultant initially intends hire sam persuaded joseph father lord create second position joseph joins firm soon switches work ward second consultant close joseph involved troubled family life turn joseph begins reveals brother harry coma result failed suicide attempt joseph guilt incident explains knew brother worried exams ignored telephone evening took result longer bear hear phone left ringing developed cover symptoms disorder joseph resorts stealing drug self operations episode fall drug saved colleague shortly couple joseph unaware interested father influence joseph having father add surgical team flying perform pioneering surgery things convinces joseph lie qualifications perform operation careers results lives threatened patient influential father episode paranoid android begins cheating joseph father period months lord calls end deception confesses infidelity son joseph quickly comes cheating breaking parents marriage lord able secure promotion wanted dies complications arising stomach attends funeral episode bad reputation furious joseph leaves badly bruised continues joseph weeks fact inherited ring lord promised joseph grandmother friend colleague takes steal ring returns joseph sees fit hopes allow early series joseph brother condition admitted need operation supports joseph kiss joseph hopes raised brother opens eyes considers expensive treatment america try harry coma shortly harry condition joseph mother allow harry die following brother death joseph returns work find trial sam old position feud joseph unable block gaining position relationship develops slowly joseph suspicions raised lies whereabouts occasions leading eventual discovery police suspect murder second husband reveals die cancer insisted poisoning joseph remains suspicious supports relationship continues develop pregnancy scare proposes insists meant discovery actually pregnant joseph devastated appears stolen left country discovers fact trouble south_africa flying colleague duncan reveals year old son lives care home genetic disease joseph saves life risky operation return south_africa engaged despite subsequent setbacks relationship briefly joseph believing pregnant child joseph marry day ceremony confesses love kiss instantly regrets tells loves joseph nurse later accidentally wrong drug dies joseph grow apart aftermath develops romantic feelings joseph separate begins relationship discovers pregnant joseph baby increasingly concerned terminates relationship later attacked heroin addicted patient attempts defend hit head glass bottle dies suffers breakdown aftermath admitted psychiatric unit self refuses leave unit goes labour assures joseph intend child away delivers boy initially fails bond joseph puts divorce proceedings hold makes effort names harry joseph deceased brother despite joseph opposition insists returning psychiatric unit support time results renewal relationship secretly makes plans leave country harry helps convince leave baby joseph joseph struggles working father accepts job declines offer accompany departs harry leaving tears reception roberts portrayal joseph earned award nominations popular newcomer award named nineteenth best actor nominated best actor category choice awards received best drama performance nomination rates favorite character enjoying love hate relationship intensity brings according storylines pale comparison mocked roberts portrayal weakest link asking character got sympathy leading record number complaints popular culture february bbc cooking programme broadcast special featuring griffin competing cooking skills pair discussed characters upcoming storylines crossover sister | Joseph Byrne (Holby City) | Media and drama | Television | Holby City |
24002_AbraDurant | fictional character bbc medical drama portrayed actor character appeared screen july episode tuesday child episode seventh series initially making guest appearance reprised role numerous times stating loved conception departed final time december episode sweet bitter love initial role world rights champion humorous surgical major storylines centered rule breaking including stealing returned anti drugs send african countries need performing experimental secretly theatres night perform charity operations african children relationship colleague nurse returning april character took darker turn self harm post traumatic stress following experience war torn received fans writers directors established enduring popularity seen invited programme regularly critics proved entirely favourable character commenting unrealistic quality storylines creation background announced comedian making guest appearance july year character playing disclosed storyline running time saw established character general surgical consultant griffin depart work brother hospital following attempt persuade home character introduced new friend colleague working brother clinic character given actually explained episode goes short meaning episode shot location formed bbc africa lives series aiming viewers rounded portrayal african life culture special editions favourite shows new commissions casting discussed surprised reaction encountered assuming role stating sure people surprised don toss liked like soap watch stuck love working mentioned cast member fan conception youngest daughter watch bonding exercise going far describe role dream commenting decision reprise role short term contracts stated don think handle longer regulars work hard basically don think alive stars described feeling intimidated prospect working alongside time stemming established fame explained thought going difficult beginning wasn speaking initially little shy things lot expect suddenly everybody doubled laughter won find doesn like added gets cast finds distance studios london homes makes casting role followed trend remarked television critic noted tendency producers hiring established actors including jesus star actress asked november actively sought known names fill new roles series producer responded lovely new member cast come bring audience want best actors star names cast best development personality describing character following october departure bbc attested rebellious surgeon anti authoritarian fight believed broke rules worked hard played hard wasn afraid push boundaries character referred editorials mentioning heavy drinking tendencies described alter ego great character things able away daily_mirror discussed personality trait finds hard conform bureaucracy risk afraid fight believes inevitably lands sorts trouble character return april saw drastic changes personality attested returned fragile state following traumatic incident genuinely horrible said transformation humorous like wit kind gone window funny feeling pointless things cruel cold actually funny character known taste bright flamboyant shirts sun noted return saw shadow self wearing far colourful reflection subdued state mind agreed new wardrobe shirts aren bright dazzling suits current mood early appearances appeared episode tuesday child pat colleague longstanding character living storyline saw eventually decide return leaving returned later series episode great expectations accompanied african patient operation displayed tendencies hand heart despite having forbidden hospital chairman proved instrumental convincing recently demoted leave practice medicine said storyline pleased positive ending miserable returned episode nephew kyle brought live liver revealed actually kyle father kyle mother brought child believing uncle father fictitious brother harry supposedly war hero living abroad family discussing storyline commented character typically drinking hasn warned arrival tells surgeon lined carry pulled wants proved able convince ahead operation talking allowing perform surgery despite influence alcohol kyle recovered came close admitting lost nerve minute departed despite confession loved character returned permanent basis june confessed old friend run father woman offered permanent position immediately retracted defied new protocol designated emergency theatre minor stone operation explained storyline promises patient operate immediately hospital rules book operating theatre day decides knee reaction kind authority initially plot strand set crossover sister casualty role instead filled casualty manager abandoned prior broadcast colleague following episode invasion favourable impression lord old family friend left briefly research project recommended lord revealed point returning months autumn series producer stated delighted adrian agreed come huge impact episodes involved explosive controversial storylines store character returns film anti arrived end series immediately embroiled illegal kidney patient discovered deception strained friendship came close losing job eventually decided pressure covering great bear making departed africa time began relationship acting sister departed confessed secret helped cover arrival new revealed stealing returned anti drugs hospital ship african countries need weeks discovered small supply desk assumed hiv positive failing extract confession terminated relationship misunderstanding resolved episodes later able win grand romantic gesture hospital car park soon investigation suspected corruption department stepped weeks intense investigation managed extract confession revealed admiration ways instead turning instructed leave immediately record intact penned post note bearing brief message goodbye fled country leaving devastated night operations returned episode human jungle initially furious resisted attempts win blaming death husband occurred absence resulted son taken foster care persisted able convince resume relationship said relationship time love loves think loves moving world wouldn money happy ending rolling stone emotionally wrong don think going work plus think pair probably fantastic sex life great time pub revealed return deal hospital manager agreed turn hospital struggling return allow use hospital theatres night operate african children charity scheme involved plan fell fired took vote confidence replaced refused proposal citing budget constraints aided returned decided ahead operations secured use theatre night events come head received charity patient episode duty care father cecil having previously told father dead attempted hide identity furious discover truth briefly worried father collapsed ill health ruined social services meeting decide son returned foster care rowed soon father died decided running charity father place departed leaving asked characters following second responded treated like dirt don know forgive love working gorgeous man post traumatic stress announced november returning spring revealed comes patient trauma happened africa expanding explained fragile state suffering post traumatic stress keeps hurting knows pretty agrees let stay place week nice guy horrible happened travels haven told know huge imagine horror stated appearance months doesn know character written time kind mental health issue emerged borne witness violent attack hospital working eventually leading checking psychiatric unit discovered treated mother convinced discharge return returned briefly december convinced proposing marriage reception light hearted comedic quality character brought focal point early reviews critic wrote second appearance laughing gas desperately short supply late need come prove heart fun job comedy cardiac specialist guest star saw working consultant easily imagine driving van big red plastic heart cracking open chest pulling bunch flowers comes lisa comes answer problems particular episode garnered million viewers percent audience share guardian digital_spy mentioning guest appearance decisive factor high rating early character personality deemed proved hit bosses got episodes shown september december want permanent fixture series producer said time huge impact episodes involved expressed delight agreed reprise role critic unrealistic storyline given character return deeming line essentially experiment illegal explaining sister patient intended pig kidney brother body bad news week digital_spy positive plot strand especially role stating cracking example excellent form medical drama year thanks small turn surgeon commented character storylines following return wrote conducting secret operations smuggled africa crack instant mind altering utterly addictive dubbed line don know people complain naive statement week explanation let covering operating arms dealer father hiding fact killed sister daughter secret jesus keeping quiet son heroin addiction yeah casualty department nurse secretly fixed dad test detect theme emerging proved popular character fans official fans awards voted fifth favourite male character series relationship voted fifth favourite series took time work itv sitcom stage reviewed poorly urging good announcing role going reprised sixth time mirror described return storyline | Abra Durant | Media and drama | Television | Holby City |
25035_KylaTyson | fictional character bbc medical drama portrayed actress appeared february december series episode series episode sweet bitter love minor appearance years prior cast later asked return permanent role departed pregnant second child nurse single mother constantly trying balance career child love life storylines subjected domestic abuse husband temporarily lose son foster care alcoholic getting life track departs moving partner adrian august female performance award fourth screen nation awards portrayal granted honourable mention category following year character criticised storylines manner reflect real nurses development casting prior cast appearances sister casualty patient series episode patient relative series episode trapped approached returning permanent role bbc casting director responsible casting fellow newcomers series meetings years birth child agreed readily despite nervous signing long contract having claimed sixteen months previously desire work long running serial quality long term recurring characters stating watch lots love watching think frustrating character idiot think drive mad pick script think kissing explained change heart stemmed mother early years marriage fellow actor couple struggled financially added expense birth daughter verge giving acting career begin business franchise joining cast disclosed loved uncertainty acting loved month morocco stage play thing summer started thinking nice look job couple weeks nice stay going working intermittently came grateful signed year contract play expired october announced october departing order second child said decision leave strange sad time great time miss decision purely pregnant wasn ready character sorry let personality announcing character arrival described survivor lot life firstly losing dream career runner escaping violent marriage stated gives benefit doubt strong loyal wouldn want cross habit picking wrong men mind volatile pushed come son max eager start onwards character portrayed increasingly emotionally unstable having world crash following storylines including death husband son request taken foster care emotional instability continued worsened abrupt ending relationship character seen develop blown alcoholism series producer said storyline important cover topics relevant today day people medical profession deal patients drink drug problems plus fact staff suffering hospitals real life speaking struggle deal addiction added work hard life long way hopefully light end tunnel discussing storyline saw companion violently attack colleague stated makes finally accept stuart capable sees huge feels instincts people wrong ends running think needs leave plot strand saw resort drinking work decide quit job talked nursing consultant explained suggests takes worry time deal problems needs work right think leave end simply going home buying loads cheap asked able overcome addiction regain custody son responded hope trouble good parent max lots time reflect relationships involved romantic relationships time said relationship hasn got great taste men likes good looking cave thing doesn check soft gentle sensitive gorgeous look hasn learned look bit deeper cast husband harvey commented previous relationship think split volatile learn harvey think reason split expanded relationship got harvey harvey brings worst ends difficult knew handle maybe work doesn asked july hoped long run responded like laugh big belly laughs like find man attractive work understand months interview character romantically linked newcomer guest star general surgical consultant played departed returned times breaking reuniting multiple occasions asked february responded treated like dirt don know forgive love working gorgeous man ultimately left moving storylines arrives general agency nurse episode makes good impression consultant invited position boyfriend begins working hospital briefly renew relationship tires breaks retaliation kidnaps son max alcohol sending coma husband harvey manage max time save harvey tells unfit mother filing sole custody son harvey fight brief custody battle revealed max bullying classmates parents realise need set aside differences son sake shortly begins relationship new general surgical consultant helps cover illegal performed keeps quiet discovers stealing shipping returned anti drugs african hospitals need illegal dealings uncovered forced flee country devastating shaken departure max falls ill food poisoning episode feast realises needs male influence life allows harvey harvey physically abusive suspended work police officer begins drinking heavily harvey discovers bought pair fall culminating harvey falling death hospital roof max witnessed blames mother causing result taken foster care social services decide return custody requests remain new foster home returns initially advances ultimately resume relationship moving makes drunken proposal episode bad reputation laughs joke assumes seen develop increasing dependence alcohol son abruptly terminates relationship order africa alcohol dependence continues devastated max applies work leading deaths patients admits alcoholic agrees begin attending meetings initially goes supported new consultant alcoholic confidence damaged stuart violently attacks colleague resorts drinking attempts hand notice persuades voluntary time deal problems shocked returns contemplating going alcohol managing resist episode send flowers unexpectedly reunited max arrives hospital visit foster brother patient care argument max suffers cardiac arrest requires operation suspects neglected foster mother max initially highly defensive stern talking right thing max admits social worker foster mother frequently delighted finally asks come home briefly reveals subject attack leaves check psychiatric hospital finds treated post traumatic stress mother convince discharge return shortly max accepted prestigious football academy netherlands hands notice intent leaving max convinces return initially refuses comes realise max wants happy agrees leave proposes marriage reception august female performance award screen nation awards portrayal character screen nation awards saw receive honourable mention female performance failed time achieved mild popularity fans voted fans fifth favourite newcomer series official voted fifth favourite couple series following year awards level character storylines nurses heavily criticised lead article july issue magazine tackled nurses popular culture discussing ease writers attach terrible storylines caring profession stating nurses prostitutes pay bills nurses kill husbands nurses abuse system way storylines good people bad things makes excellent entertainment bald fact real life nurses jobs aren entertaining nonsense personality led mixed reviews press number episodes central storylines reviewed publications picks day introductory episode death husband surprise return boyfriend fiery stance resulted assessment viewing perspective character members staff descent alcoholism drew sympathetic reviews quick writing character let hope pulls gets son meets man wants critic opined character normal reliable members cast criticized handling alcoholism storyline stating character alcoholic overnight october drinks industry body official complaint communications scene depicted drinking shots following day work body chief executive claimed failing negative consequences action series presenting highly irresponsible portrayal excessive rapid drinking received total complaints incident response accusation expect bbc greater care portrayal alcohol programmes bbc released statement tying complaint closely alcoholism storyline played time explaining middle storyline key character problems personal professional life alcohol storyline fully depicts negative impact alcohol workplace seen seek help alcoholism audience road recovery popular culture november children need charity included segment featuring cast performing version hung madonna featured prominently sketch performing song bridge providing vocals introduction november children need appeal contained musical performance cast members alongside young thomas provided backing vocals performed soul version signature song respect june bbc cooking programme broadcast special featuring competing cooking skills pair discussed characters relationship storylines | Kyla Tyson | Media and drama | Television | Holby City |
25274_SamStrachan | sam fictional character bbc medical drama portrayed actor character appeared screen january episode mother love series episode programme chambers cast role sending video performing dance routine television producers interest bbc casting director originally auditioned minor role later asked audition newly created role major character sam initial function hospital child boss engaging relationships ward sisters williams young staff nurse davies taken path seen change ways diagnosed stage survival rate character proven highly popular fans voted favourite newcomer series favourite time male october character came heavy criticism drinks industry body resulting incident screen drinking broadcast showing negative effects group highly irresponsible announced october character depart christmas storyline creation new characters join cast eighth series context character arrival coincided screen expansion darwin surgical ward course series medical staff ward reduced solely nurses consultant series plot strand saw turn centre excellence required similar expansion ward staff new surgical characters created consultant approached assuming role sam bbc casting director responsible casting fellow newcomers chambers revealed sent video performing tap dance routine stage television directors producers explaining casting saw gave thought unusual originally went small role american doctor audition said come week audition bigger assuming role revealed avid viewer sister casualty recalling watching far prior beginning work chambers underwent training london watching open heart operations described amazing experience witnessed speaking nerves day set chambers commented experience worse fact new star day rehearsals producers executive producers script writers floor runners came set watched normal wasn expecting big audience rehearsals chambers spoken highly relationship stars explaining luke joined time dressing room corridor going like school think lucky guests comment good atmosphere plays funniest people work cameras aren rolling good turning difficult moments humour feeling strain finish day development personality bbc described sam decisive adrenaline hugely volatile person emotions land hot water chambers added assessing character brief loves job loves challenge laid bit rule slightly comes trying help patients hospital policy hierarchy loves women let wrapped work comes moment sam personality developed episode saw character discover patients male escort aware woman accompanying patient client relative persuaded sign consent forms patient behalf chambers described plot strand portraying sam bending rules happen example sam thinking repercussions actions character went form close bond year old child prostitute patient jade despite colleagues gossip potentially inappropriate nature relationship repeatedly pushed boundaries doctor patient relationship attempt care going far shelter home discovering pregnant chambers commented storyline homeless prostitute challenge sam trying help making stupid mistakes having suffer consequences easily seen didn balance right relationships time hospital sam brief relationship resulted birth daughter grace sam child son fathered teenage years subsequently adopted seen shortly birth interviewed january chambers major developments character stated think sam ideal woman doesn beat bush talented sexy clash lot power play won drop act love hate basis characters went brief sexual relationship resulting pregnant sam child revelation pregnancy chambers asserted tension separated couple scenes work genuinely worked like way filming finished useful tip let come work makes good viewing relationship sam moved love triangle storyline ward sisters said relationship august storyline ongoing sam right simply right sweet looks streak going deception uncovered sam attempted salvage romantic relationship unsuccessful weeks sam engaged casual sexual relationships senior house officer staff nurse discovery cancer november character diagnosed shown feeling time wary tested forced friend colleague initially refused look results chambers explained sam playing course scared deals wanting laugh jokes speculated experience force sam grow appreciate life seriously consider future daughter grace cease way female staff chambers spoken extensively research beginning cancer storyline told storyline felt honoured given big opportunity aware huge responsibility right justice suffering real life sam asked willing hair said absolutely bald lot research try hard separate character life screen feel guilty end day walk away illness aren fortunate sam illness played course tenth series reaching developed went shock episode long dark night pulled eventually given clear cancer months having diagnosed episode believe departure announced october sam depart blaze glory big christmas storyline insider revealed departure leave fans tears bosses keeping tight sam killed chambers explained decision leave worried telling bosses wrote long letter producers explaining decision incredibly nice gone past year cancer like perfect time break episodes character departure estranged son played introduced father son developed romantic feelings nurse leading sam asking accompany new_york famous shown future accept maria declined sam offer departed episode survive sam sent flowers new_york died mother introduced sister casualty december january grace moves new_york half brother casualty christmas trailer seen chambers role seen casualty episode airs february titled hearts flowers reception named tenth best actor bbc drama awards portrayal character proven popular fans performing annual official fan awards named favourite male second favourite newcomer series sam storyline voted second favourite storyline series pairing best couple series ranked second favourite male series favourite time male sam voted best couple series portrayal sam birth daughter voted fifth best acting performance series asked comment thought sam proven popular viewers chambers responded idea try turn time learn lines love playing sam finding different ways things roller coaster emotions storylines easy manage challenge find natural interesting way deliver controversy arose september set publicity shots released weekly magazines showing sam engaging kiss office scene failed screen series producer addressed complaints fans statement people complained photograph appeared press showing sam kissing actually kiss transmitted episode afraid genuine mistake occurred script featured sam actually kissing final scene episode transmitted august edited scripted shot cut sorry members audience felt cheated photographer attended shoot episode took selection shots sam photograph shoot mistakenly released marked episode wearing outfit episodes mistake sorry people concerns episodes chambers contradicted statement asserting cut scene fact exist aware reason omitted relevant episode stated given wrong idea risky producers work hard right image right time looked place mystery day october drinks industry body official complaint communications scene episode trial retribution depicted characters sam young taking shots following day work body chief executive claimed failing negative consequences action series presenting highly irresponsible portrayal excessive rapid drinking response groups accusation expect bbc greater care portrayal alcohol programmes bbc released statement explaining takes issue negative effects alcohol abuse seriously occasions continuing drama series deal alcohol storyline seek handle issue sensitivity medical journal featured article entitled cancer medical dramas examined character storyline author article quoted cancer research head patient information approving plot stating value dramas cancer normal frightening people character like cancer character fights illness good message home | Sam Strachan | Media and drama | Television | Holby City |
27485_DonnaJackson | fictional character bbc medical drama played actress appeared programme sixth series thirteenth entered series staff nurse characterised wild child chaotic personal life tenure grew work seriously ward sister accepting personal responsibilities adopting half niece heart character romantic colleagues including night stand ultimately fell love agency nurse barry departed injured afghanistan casting chronicled documentary making appearances sister casualty crossover editions programmes broadcast casualty city seven years resigned order pursue new projects relationship ill father clarke attracted praise critics affair married consultant proved popular critics opining deserved better treatment named best emerging talent screen nation awards portrayal nominated awards series storylines arrives staff nurse general surgery ward making poor impression mistakenly believing living superior ensure easy time work invites nurse strained relationship weeks evicted falling rent later allowed lets lisa possessions failing loan forced run shift charge hospital struggles manage learns new respect lisa period friendship questioning sexuality sex drunk disappointed states night stand able reconcile friendship general surgery ward forced job gives good interview lisa candidates experience unable retain position work bank nurse following short lived relationship moves date hospital manager relationship terminated discovery bradley running resulting death patients entering syndicate work wins refuses share job making plans travel australia day patient polar disorder steals money misses flight forced remain goes begin affair consultant general surgeon despite fact married michael wife begins working hospital suspects michael confronts confesses affair shocked estranged father admitted hospital diagnosed cancer dies soon dealing effects learns fathered daughter half sister recently deceased meets half niece raised grandmother weeks dies decides adopt friend maria thomas compete ward sister position general surgery ward maria successful realises needs job order support candidacy appointed sister falls love agency nurse barry devastated called serve afghanistan asks marry refuses terminating relationship intention giving stability injured improvised explosive device supporting leg learning transferred rehabilitation unit liverpool order casualty casualty appeared editions sister casualty set hospital emergency department crossover originally broadcast december works alongside staff members fuel tanker crashes hospital reappears fourth edition originally broadcast december involved car crash route staff christmas party inadvertently cause tunnel collapse trying rescue trapped baby appeared casualty launch fifth series included episode writer casualty series producer deemed funny best characters episode staff work aftermath school shooting explained finds shift difficult scared working routine emergency patients contrast typical forced work hard line staff members development casting characterisation cast immediately leaving drama school considers completely blessed having won role cast alongside fellow series newcomer bbc documentary entitled making chronicled casting process entailed seven weeks auditions including group workshops allow series producers gauge candidates personalities adams originally auditioned casting directors felt better suited character mild counterpart sassy staff nurse paired hour workshop producers detected instant spark leading dual casting following successful audition actress played ward sister characterised working class arrival programme said recent college graduate lacking career ambition selected nursing exciting role available hoping meet wealthy surgeon bbc stated despite lack ambition likely succeed chosen career path land feet series official website described party girl wild child reputation negative characteristics included easily led easily bored outspoken lazy website highlighted determination live life fun loving straight talking nature bravery honesty loyalty fact heart right place costume initially involved short skirts tight fitting tops multi coloured hair extensions nose stud affected accent role commented sense covered size pressured lose weight role considered figure charm early episodes character seen recreational drug use arrive work described secretly want away normal society calling immune guardian deemed weak feature television daily_mirror branded review simon noted lacked dedication job easily distracted love life following april interview website entertainment morning observed despite chaotic personal life grown work ultimately adopting half niece forced grow career attaining promotion ward sister accepting resultant responsibilities reflecting development january observed changed great deal early days comical character liners responsible person family raised grandmother baron appears series episode bad blood star american drama series wire cast estranged father appeared july august suffering cancer abdominal wall thrilled casting reported appearance rendered programme crew star struck time years appearance allowed confront father abandonment child rendered devastated learning accepted impending death assessed appearance enormous impact explaining role allowed audience discover life way characters seeing dimensional characters dealing happens producers intended storyline reveal new depicting attempting cope contrast smiling party girl viewers familiar following father death adopted half niece discussing development context appearance explained shift particularly little look happens completely expanded stakes moved couple years accept responsibility man going sleep relationships love fits heart stereotype numerous tenure earned nickname nurse action jackson lesbian liaison scene kissed edited half original length deemed explicit pre watershed broadcast later year stated ideal storyline find good man gain promotion hoping find treat help recreational drug habit love interests included manager senior house officer love triangle married consultant colleague michael initially disclose married stated character aware deep unfortunately treated badly point sex toilet stall nonetheless assessed love believing different previous lovers branding respect november article daily_mirror television critic described qualified comment fair sex addiction job requirement mirror colleague simon branded pursuit michael deeming later piece guardian commented sleeping senior staff members moments patient care dubbed man crazy mirror noted stop snare rich doctor despite numerous sex scenes genuinely romantic storyline beginning slow burning romance agency nurse late initially disliked work duties point requested return ward assessed attracted allow accept having failed relationships men ill suited went begin relationship describing dream come true star deeming great match relationship commitment tour duty afghanistan felt sufficiently explain extent involvement assessed failed understand soldier mentality stating problems stemmed mutual following deployment television magazine noted change observing contrast plot designed bring home war lost leg explosion aftermath reunited moving away departure departed wanting seven years programme thirteenth series saw departure regular cast members arrival group new ones including deemed new era new cast stated time felt right leave input exit storyline focal point relationship moved away begin new life relayed feedback received general public regards leave incorporated departure actress felt personal pressure scenes right wanting best performance possible found filming overwhelming explaining incredibly emotional intense hard raw wasn later realised situation enjoying experience stated absolutely loved playing know going look time got know character fun play reception impact won best emerging talent screen nation awards role nominated best newcomer award national television awards favourite female star screen nation award discussing public reaction character stated real nurses enjoyed man eating antics got away wearing commented met sensitive throwing men women meet appreciate tactics aftermath storyline bbc banned actresses appearing photo shoots adams photographed intimate poses dressed nurses uniforms november good realistic characters named casting father worst moment year found relationship deeply moving farewell speech called moving reviewer simon previously optimism despite terminal following year named favourite characters praising taking stance director surgery defence fellow nurses relationship michael proved unpopular critics editorial discussing boundaries fiction reality guardian declared love commending way time people recommending stay away michael deserves better believes michael better chemistry wife similarly commented deserve having seen notch following promotion ward sister hoped series producers man good time girl simon criticized failing observe correct organ donation protocol attempt win michael affection commenting thrown heart good looking doctor ego size texas later branded selfish fault negative reaction posting afghanistan opined makes far suitable partner michael pivotal episodes selected recommended viewing critics coming series episode goes road trip discovers existence niece named highlight daily_mirror publication deeming different following doom preceding episodes regional newspapers named promises decides adopt pick day daily record cited appearance premiere episode casualty fifth series positive example bbc pull ing stops sure edition latest run | Donna Jackson | Media and drama | Television | Holby City |
3956_OgleCountyCourthouse | county courthouse national_register_of_historic_places listing illinois county seat oregon building stands public square city downtown commercial district current structure completed preceded buildings destroyed group following destruction courthouse county judicial building period 1840s designed chicago architect style architecture roof dominated wooden stands distance addition courthouse building public square contains sites historic nature considered contributing properties oregon commercial historic district including sculpture cast iron fountain courthouse joined register included contributing property historic district initially joining register structure underwent careful restoration courthouse longer serves primary judiciary center county successor located directly street history buildings current structure public square longer use judiciary center constructed late early cost basically square revival structure topped features basement designed chicago architect courthouse session took place january city oregon picked county seat courthouse completed saw use courthouse constructed cost partially response gang villains citizens march night court convened new building allegedly set courthouse fire completely destroying town fury horse murder later formed band hunt bring justice essentially group tracked residents old man possibly son suspected murder arrested brought oregon trial organized nearby mill defendants provided counsel trial ensued residents involved called fair time swift outcome trial resulted immediate execution men led shot led shown dead relative body pushed confession defendant refused confess reportedly said committed crimes deserved death shot friends relatives attempted strike obtained indictment charging murder responded obtaining bills indictment person stood witnessed people indictment witnesses found jury formed judge cleared charges courthouse years march arson court convened private residences courthouse oregon county seat proposals county seat began communities grand contention designation ultimately new courthouse deciding meeting representatives removed town running sided oregon withdrawal gave oregon slim majority votes retained status county seat second courthouse replacement courthouse destroyed arson completed summer story brick building second county courthouse constructed county decades soon county offices began accumulate records files structure exhibited style common time building architectural elements included vent double hung windows complete roof returns new building multi purpose public building courthouse served meeting hall community leader died citizens gathered courthouse county courthouse soon found inadequate respect years new facility built idea new courthouse met staunch opposition building demolished current building erected courthouse current old courthouse completed constant use dedicated august remained county primary judicial building date years later day dedicated fourth courthouse street historic old courthouse courthouse completed cost slightly constructed red brick detailed limestone rock faced motif architect designed nearby designed building style added roof early years courthouse popular community meeting place courthouse lawn common setting community events gatherings today events longer regularly place courthouse lawn festivals occur location listed national_register_of_historic_places series renovations began building order preserve historical architectural integrity inside courthouse office courtroom renovated exterior structure refurbished restored work completed building opened public tours architecture example architecture designed chicago architect known northern illinois impressive structure courthouse designed monumental scale exterior building constructed red pressed brick detailed locally limestone reinforced steel building primary contractor red brick facade detailed significant amounts limestone including continuous entrances covered large round arches basement hinted building prominent foundation water table window arches stairs trimmed limestone roof sharply angled center wooden tops building completed building square shaped building corners serve break roof resemble multi roof routine maintenance performed required building dominant feature sits brick base belt base features blocked openings multiple arches double round arches organic corner detailing courthouse windows floor straight topped second floor windows topped limestone arches original wood framed windows replaced building main entrances feature stone arches doors step lead doors new doors installed entrances interior remaining original door frames interior doors solid oak interior walls inches thick painted covered open double staircase leads floor second floors center building houses elevator moves basement floor interior floors white pine wood floors floor ceilings feet high doors height feet second floor features 1980s ceilings lowered feet interior renovation completed cost million features public square stands heart oregon commercial historic district courthouse important sites public square considered contributing properties historic district sites include cannons war memorials cast iron fountain cast iron fountain south block washington street multi tier fountain set green concrete base feet tall feet wide widest point lowest tier adorned words illinois humane society civil war cannons public square features surplus civil war era cannons cannons guard eastern entrance cannons place southern cannon cast boston massachusetts northern cannon cast soldiers monument soldiers monument sits southeast corner public square monument designed sculptor chicago architects designed structure encompasses sculptures installation dedicated monument adorned plaques honoring war dead american_civil_war mexican war war world war added later war memorial north public square concrete memorial dedicated veterans wars included soldiers monument dedicated june war memorial adorned plaques representing american wars world war world war korean war vietnam war plaques added memorial features brick tiers topped concrete caps cap holds base significance added national_register_of_historic_places september august historic importance included contributing property historic district listing original nomination form building cited significant areas architecture politics government courthouse called prized landmark site holds special place honor city oregon features courthouse grounds war memorial greatly contribute sense time place oregon commercial conveys | Ogle County Courthouse | Social sciences and society | Law | Legal institutions and buildings |
5409_HaleCommission | established january led sir investigate law reform consisting lawyers thirteen commission met approximately times week proposed changes radical time reducing use death penalty allowing witnesses legal aid lawyers defendants criminal cases creating county courts court appeal criminal cases commission unsuccessful passing measures measures law subsequent parliament middle 20th century debate occurred effectiveness strife commission moderate radical members general conclusion sheer volume work produced vast proportion moderate radical members unlikely strife existed background establishment loss english civil war led establishment rule commonwealth succeeding considerable desire law reform judges lawyers corrupt criminal law followed real reason philosophy death proceedings form judges regularly imprisoned reaching verdict disagreed aimed establish new society included reforming law end january sir appointed chairman commission investigate law reform soon known commission official defined taking consideration law grow delays irregularities proceedings law prevented way reform present opinions committee parliament shall appoint commission consisted lawyers thirteen appointed december sat january approximately times week chamber house_of_lords members parliament allowed sit addition members included recommendations commission recommended changes criminal law supported reducing use death penalty murderers executed abduction child considered capital crime suggested allowing prisoners access lawyers case prosecution permitted representation allowing witnesses defence evidence oath legal aid considered rejection case legal aid given result defendant sent month abolition way avoid land proposed legal system reform commission suggested creation county courts led westminster judges jurisdiction civil actions small claims courts amounts manned commissioners approved justices peace supported creation court appeal consisting chosen parliament formation land registry permanent law commission wishes commission called abolition benefit clergy charged justified homicide commission suggested longer imprisoned attorneys educated allowed admitted members commission recommendations law commission produce bills read house_of_commons remainder given july following committee dissolution july successor parliament brought commission suggestions abolish fines original develop procedures civil marriages force statutes commission suggestions point followed use death penalty curtailed finally abolished onwards witnesses allowed defence prisoners counsel act allowed legal representation defendants use abolished benefit clergy permanent law commission finally established law commissions act finally established academic debate commission value strong hand wrote commission strife members radical nature proposals extreme academics argued reform scheme great merit writes evidence confirm belief sir lawyers difficult time writing notes members certainly certainly lawyers dominated discussions debate highly technical level prevented contributing educated large number meetings sheer volume work produced suggests little dissent argument biography suggested measures law immediately pioneers enhancing legal system concept justice | Hale Commission | Social sciences and society | Law | Legal institutions and buildings |
6658_Serjeant-at-law | law law commonly known simply member order english bar position law centuries old dating identify descended figures france prior oldest formally created order england having brought existence body henry_ii order rose 16th century small elite group lawyers took work central common law courts creation queen counsel queen counsel extraordinary reign elizabeth order gradually began decline monarch opting create king queen counsel exclusive jurisdictions ended 19th century act coming force felt need figures created law purely law lord centuries exclusive jurisdiction lawyers allowed argue case time rights audience central common law courts bench pleas precedence lawyers law judges courts right 19th century socially ranked companions bath law distinct orders particularly favoured law king premier monarch favoured king oldest created writ summons great seal realm wore special distinctive dress chief feature white lawn silk represented round piece white lace wig history early history history law goes century argues law existed large portion law formed agrees supporting norman writ approximately identifies law directly descending norman known members order initially meeting place standing near counsel sought advice makes reference writing law wise ben rich excellence great reverence wise justice patent science high fees robes order certainly existed reign henry_ii created dozen moved order existence realm recorded fact oldest created order order created law existed ireland appointed letters patent similar way claimed trial king assisted bench known approximately recorded period saw regulation statutory power suspend enacted chapter exclusive jurisdiction law held slowly came size bar consistent group reappeared period began called regular groups individually date felt appropriate rise 16th century law small highly respected powerful elite alive occasions number law england years created time clearly distinguishable branch legal profession thought work actually created separate group lawyers normally argued court occasionally allowed lawyers help special cases lawyers known outer utter confined outer bar court allowed act passed bar law despite holding monopoly cases took business bench required common pleas principal place work evidence worked entirely creation known westminster common pleas located time great judicial success appointed common law courts sat pleas court equity period time success profession overall despite business rise central courts common pleas allowed lawyers gain advocacy experience work drawing away time handle business common pleas allowing rise dedicated advocates decline abolition decline law started persuaded elizabeth appoint queen counsel extraordinary new creation gave precedence formal creation granted patent appointment james saw fit finally award creation queen king counsel initially small james created charles following english restoration increased appointed year largest change came appointed average year following approximately created year average time new queen counsel created reduced importance junior took precedence senior appointments law king king granted patents precedence gave superiority victorian era saw decline appointments rule common law judges chosen judge appointed immediately judge lord issued mandate opened pleading followed years successfully petitioned queen invalid enjoyed returned status years parliament intervened practitioners common pleas act august allowed practice final blow act came force november section provided common law judges need longer appointed law removing need appoint judicial act rise queen counsel longer need appoint practice ended equivalent irish rank law ireland survived irish spent second half career english bar matter courtesy addressed organisation inn inn restricted law operated locations known inn abandoned fleet street pulled 18th century lane pulled inn voluntary association joined appointed required rarely including members judiciary noticeably smaller unlike private establishment similar gentlemen club existed rented 16th century main inn burnt great fire london rebuilt end finally came fallen state unable obtain renewal lease abandoned property returned dean property lane consisted hall dining room library offices law inn originally known inn named master rolls known inn possession property known newly promoted pay 19th century promoted solely judicial office pay hall large room hung portraits famous judges law windows containing coat arms distinguished judge room coats arms given descendants inn finally sold abandoned location sole residence demise order act way support inn sold remaining accepted judicial normal process called order law stayed fairly constant traditional method discuss prospective candidates recommendations chief justice common pleas pass names lord chancellor appoint new intended provide way select possible judges period political rampant judges making sure political seen provide neutral judiciary traditionally appointed writ directly king writ issued great seal realm required elected qualified law state degree law newly created assemble hear speech lord chancellor lord chief justice given purse gold placed head required swear oath serve king people law shall truly counsel retained shall delay causes willingly money thing turn profit shall attendance accordingly help god new feast celebrate gave rings close friends family mark occasion king lord chancellor figures received rings major courts suspended day judges leaders occasionally king attend inn big occasion instead gradually declined importance 17th century small held recorded feast fourteen new raised robes traditional clothing law consisted later adapted worn judges cut colour varied records king judges instructed wear robes scarlet green purple ordered wear new required robes scarlet brown blue time order came end formal robes red recalled end days order black silk everyday court red gown worn certain formal occasions cape originally worn separately gradually way uniform described cape main order distinguished cape worn judges worn court advocates main symbol law order comes white silk lawn obliged cover presence king judge passing death sentence situation wear black cap intended cover confused introduced judges caused difficulty allowed cover got adding small white cloth wig representing king queen king queen law appointed serve crown legal adviser monarch government way attorney general england wales reign female monarch represent crown court acting prosecutors criminal cases representatives civil ones higher powers ranking lower courts solicitor general king worked legal advisers house_of_lords allowed act cases crown harm heavily punished creating tax avoidance scheme wear black narrow strip white unlike white normal king required swear second oath serve king people king people law swear king favoured king premier oldest known king precedence status rights audience history law king advocates given rights audience 17th century order precedence bench gave priority motions court privilege immune normal forms lawsuit sued writ held extension servants sued common pleas performed judicial duties fines exchange privileges expected certain duties firstly represent anybody asked regardless ability pay secondly small number judges serve deputy judges hear cases judge available law judges common law courts rule came 14th century king bench extended pleas 16th century apply court equity law social privileges ranked companions bath wives right addressed lady way wives king counsel judge retain social privileges cream legal profession earned higher fees normal order precedence came attorney general introduction king counsel state affairs came end result changes firstly reign james royal patent gave attorney general precedence king secondly attorney general time solicitor general politically junior attorney general king reflect political reality attorney general superior king remained order law finally died literature main character novels lawyer law reign king henry viii england | Serjeant-at-law | Social sciences and society | Law | Legal institutions and buildings |
8460_InnsofChancery | group buildings legal institutions london initially attached offices drew existing gradually changed purpose offices accommodation place initial training practice training died instead dedicated associations offices founding wales single unified professional association purpose died long period decline sold demolished history believed evolved tandem 12th 13th century law taught city london primarily clergy 13th century events happened destroyed form legal education firstly decree england legal education exist second papal bull prohibited clergy teaching law result system legal education fell apart lawyers instead settled immediately outside close possible provided permanent court small village inhabited later took landlord inn question sprung took original purpose buildings offices draft precise dates founding unknown commonly said oldest existed inn founded considered oldest legal historians mistakenly considered oldest centuries education step student join taught form learning taught readers sent inn attached discuss cases students end legal term particularly promising students transferred parent begin stage education approximately students studying time time accommodation offices branch english legal profession sixteenth seventeenth centuries purpose changed outbreak english civil war practice teaching ceased result dedicated association instead offering offices accommodation foundation wales respectively professional bodies profession relegated little eccentric dining clubs gradually dissolved sold popular book reported remember purpose buildings investigation failed uncover origins inn sold sold demolished john wrote attached like honour princess known detail acknowledged anybody found records inn inn inn attached attached inn inn attached lincoln inn inn attached tenth inn outer temple proven exist legal historian originally independent fell allegiance claiming independence right nineteenth century directly attached sixteenth century began charging higher acceptance fees students trained independent students trained dissolved shut located near inn named took coat arms large letter buildings completely rebuilt 19th century queen anne style noted members included sir william_shakespeare justice shallow character member inn members noted wild lot known drinking parties later years inn poor library chapel funds spent repairs maintenance building inn place considerable antiquity records originally purchased inhabitants turned initially small respected inn educated people noted sir inn institution perished public contempt long came hammer pick time dissolved inhabited lowest lawyers struck rolls surveyed found run idea duties inn century inn dissolved replaced inn oldest mentioned generally considered dependent members maintained independent note independence custom send message year received deliberately replied coat arms modified form family arms noted students include sir said studied historical records find evidence associated inn called shortest lived founded fifteenth century pulled lord somerset role lord protector build students instead went absorbed inn said studied strand inn originally founded 15th century noted students included sir thomas attended going lincoln inn buildings pulled way road strand destruction left attached lincoln inn inn founded reign named 1820s inn completely rebuilt noted tenants include began write papers whilst living inn demolished inn second oldest founded sold dated originally inn wool merchants stayed reference inn coat arms contained wool reign elizabeth largest students permanent residents buildings survived great fire london rebuilt seventeenth century nineteenth inn shut building sold headquarters originally known inn owner established large students year reign elizabeth permanent residence institute legal education enforced odd practice student got wrong word penny improper word supervision traditionally sent reader inn year treated great respect noted pupils included sir later distinguished inn badly damaged gordon riots set fire door bought house | Inns of Chancery | Social sciences and society | Law | Legal institutions and buildings |
12664_GunCourt | gun court branch jamaican judicial system tries criminal cases involving firearms court established parliament combat rising gun violence empowered try suspects camera jury courts function hear firearms cases western regional gun court bay convicted imprisoned dedicated prison compound kingston sessions held facility long sentences restrictions rights accused given rise constitutional challenges appealed london cases resulted modifications court upheld system target criticism lengthy delay hearing cases continuing rise gun violence adoption background early 1970s jamaica experienced rise violence associated criminal gangs political supporters killings lawyers businessmen government attempted restore order granting broad new law enforcement powers gun court act suppression crime act allowed police military work novel way people soldiers sealed entire policemen systematically searched houses inside weapons requiring warrant goal improve enforcement firearms act imposed licensing requirements ownership possession guns ammunition prohibited automatic weapons entirely jamaica require background check inspection payment yearly fee legal gun ownership difficult ordinary citizens new judicial procedures gun court act designed ensure firearms violations tried quickly harshly punished prime minister expressed determination stronger action firearms predicting long war country win war crime overnight shall win time finished jamaican gunmen sorry heard thing called gun order win war believed necessary fully public place society gun history establishment gun court act passed special simultaneous sessions senate house_of_representatives immediately signed law governor general april new court extraordinary features trials conducted camera jury closed public press order avoid problems intimidation witnesses provision bail pre trial appeal defendants considered dangerous offences carried single mandatory sentence indefinite imprisonment hard labour convicted released special decision governor general advised appointed review board legal challenges amendments unusual features faced legal challenges forced amendment gun court act case queen early test case new court men moses arrested convicted possession firearms ammunition licence appealed sentences jamaica highest court initially declined hear case allowed apply london agreed review legality system reserves certain crimes jurisdiction supreme_court divisions gun court act established court division resident presiding try major firearms offences held provision act jurisdiction reserved supreme_court court division unconstitutional fault replacing court division new high_court division presided single supreme_court justice found institution appointed review board determine length sentences contrary doctrine separation powers fundamental westminster system government according principle sentencing particular case function judiciary assigned body amendment eliminated review board entirely leaving life imprisonment review possible sentence case queen challenged denial jury trial gun offences argued trial jury fundamental constitutional right guaranteed tradition english common law rejected argument decision written court president court noted written constitution adopted jamaica independence guaranteed certain rights criminal defendants omitted trial jury case confirmed power try non capital cases judges case director public concerning right trial reached defendant held awaiting trial years state ultimately failed present evidence witnesses arrested firearms charges filed suit arguing violated constitutional rights delay agreed ruling prevailing local standards taken account bell trial excessively delayed fault gun court amendment act allowed grant pre trial bail decide firearms cases resident magistrate court send high court division judges given power set sentences life imprisonment cases involving defendants years old directed juvenile courts instead heard ordinary young serving indefinite sentences released structure divisions divisions division divisions differ jurisdictions procedures charged violation possession use gun commission crime case sent cases tried camera justice jury exceptions charges murder treason capital offences require jury trial charges murder treason firearms given preliminary investigation single resident magistrate camera sent supreme_court justice jury trial exercising jurisdiction differs divisions practicing jury trial gun court act originally instituted cases heard panel replaced struck case judges lower levels judiciary empowered constitution try offences western regional gun court parliament established western regional gun court high_court divisions parallel jurisdictions powers central divisions cases arising western parishes heard sits court facilities court regional court success avoiding chronic affect central gun court compound establishment new court administration quickly build new compound kingston court prison facilities defended guard towers barbed wire earning nickname jamaica walls painted bright red held inmates housed high_court divisions converted peace centre dedicated pursuing community disputes high_court division sits supreme_court building resident magistrate division sits half way tree courthouse prison remains operation housing inmates convicted criticism faced criticism fronts notably departure traditional practices large cases continuing gun violence institution time amendments act protested lack jury trials harsh mandatory sentences according report objected possibility children young imprisoned life release appeal small offences found ammunition jury trial criticized attorney law professor son justice wrote decision stone case practice argues common law right jury trial implied constitutional provision fair hearing reasonable time independent court established law concluding constitution potent ancient safeguard trial jury county report human rights practices jamaica state noted denial fair public trial alleged trials observe rigorous rules evidence regular court proceedings jamaican justice system reform task force preliminary recommendations noted defendants represented crown attorneys inexperienced report recommended trials longer held camera cases moved ordinary relieve issue non jury trials suggesting practice types cases greater efficiency intended cases bringing defendants trial seven days defendants wait years nearing cases court year high_court division carried forward cases added new cases concluded senior resident magistrate expressed dissatisfaction public prosecutors taking long prepare cases difficulty finding bringing witnesses brown noted seventy cent persons courts long period time years system forth gun ownership advocates example failed regime gun control essay argued gun court took guns hands jamaica law leaving mercy criminals state argued gun control laws failed deliver promised noting murder rate jamaica lower introduction gun control rose reached rate risen murders calendar year inhabitants gun court music jamaican musicians sung including dance hall artist single release gun court law reggae musician released album cure tower street prison having convicted continued deny charges illegal firearms rape robbery attracted widespread support release including free cure campaigns petition drives release french singer sings song stand released says french pour gun court gun pocket stuck | Gun Court | Social sciences and society | Law | Legal institutions and buildings |
17186_DeKalbCountyCourthouse(Illinois) | illinois located county seat illinois city classical revival structure sits square facing illinois route passes city current courthouse constructed amid controversy courthouse ultimately county seat located current building structure bear courthouse serves county primary judicial center contributing property historic district district joined national_register_of_historic_places county primary courthouse years site host trials including prominent murder cases building cast architectural style contains elements common style stained glass columns noticeable features rear facade building designed resemble temple features stained glass windows stone covers rear inside building floor courtroom stained glass form early 1980s television movie scenes filmed courtroom history today line structures carry log structure built called county courthouse log building stood street current courthouse years later second county courthouse erected december april operated route cities ended county courthouse current courthouse sits site building erected courthouse came existence june session court met courthouse building building somewhat incomplete location towns county seat title defunct town called choice preferred home clerk court process court set session county court held home attempt county seat decided hold new election status sure win election telling population political tactics eventually cancelled act court intervened court convened sheriff served court order declaring courthouse built afterward eventually suffered fate disappeared map events seemingly settled issue courthouse turn seat going located second courthouse growth necessitated new courthouse year county commissioners appointed citizens contract new courthouse building courthouse building constructed center public square location county commissioners stipulated building brick feet wide cost directed commissioners exceed percent cost contributed private citizens young authorized county sell old courthouse town lots owned county order help raise money project eventually contracted construction story brick structure topped large clock tower completed county inaugurated courthouse grand ball courthouse current constructed approximate cost project debate county courthouse location debate town hold title county seat authorized project appropriated new building idea new courthouse originated early essential design elements courthouse chosen model new courthouse modeled structure differ building illinois rooftop dome longer wider building appropriation battle county seat begun time city sought title county seat away prominent citizens promised donate help absorb new building cost donation courthouse moved constructed city responded raising donations citizens legal continued eventually pledged courthouse decided county seat stay ground broken despite continuing legal battle october building completed march hired demolish recent history figured films global war terrorism courtroom scenes television movie story filmed courthouse floor courtroom announced arrested terrorism related charges crimes government accused plotting plan assault order smoke judge circuit court history serves illinois main judiciary building location trials court proceedings county falls illinois 16th judicial circuit circuit courts year history prominent criminal trials events occurred courthouse earliest notable cases murder trial second building years old time charged murdering wife chicago_tribune called events thrilling tragedy enacted little town county prominent resident testified prosecution trial summer trial underway courthouse accused murdering burning body disappeared december arrested crime february convicted crime august march group students arrested protesting clear cutting forested area illinois campus students blockaded roads leading forested site debris arrested subsequent proceedings covered chicago_tribune charges eventually dismissed case summer exiting judge presented unusual request announced term planned retire requested retirement dinner held courthouse asked assured board legal preparations began dinner guests tables set floor building circuit clerk floor office transformed bar floor courtroom hosted dinner honor exiting judge architecture exterior building faces south designed architect chicago firm foot foot building stands stories exterior covered limestone courthouse setting public square downtown renders impressive structure approach angles heavily carved stone support main doors building columns dominating extend stories blend elements ascend second floor level courthouse stone accent small balcony second floor windows floor east west wings row form continuous building classical sculpture covers seal dominating relief stained glass windows found topping floor windows roof consists rows stone blocks common decorative greek revival classical revival architecture found peak courthouse roof enclosed stonework north decorated south face distinctive qualities courthouse drive entering exchange street crosses stone courthouse property building features composite capitals courthouse temple appearance interior november june county courthouse underwent interior restoration completed time celebration restoration approximate cost undertaken wisconsin modern doors courthouse hide original glass doors view inside modern doors original doors seen standing wide open admired door weighs pounds past doors building main lobby large marble staircase second floor staircase lobby gray tennessee marble floor original building including marble stained glass windows original floor walls ceilings lobby decorated ascending staircase bronze decorated symbol whilst associated nazi_germany traced far 3rd millennium asia posts landing second floors pair bronze ram heads identical posts grace stairs second floor landing offers view stained glass windows original fully restored 1980s renovation elevator access located second floor landing elevator 1950s addition courthouse originally access floor option rose second floor landing floor staircase located leading landing elevator installed staircase left hand landing removed inside ornate building floor courtroom stained glass centered pointed star room adorned brass lamps glass original state old fashioned bladed ceiling fan hung courtroom ceiling floor courtroom called building single distinctive interior space courtroom including glass doors stained glass work original significance courthouse included national_register_of_historic_places nomination historic district structures contained district originally nominated courthouse possessing special architectural historical significance strongly contributes character historic district courthouse structures detailed nomination form noted having architectural significance | DeKalb County Courthouse (Illinois) | Social sciences and society | Law | Legal institutions and buildings |
18180_ExchequerofPleas | pleas pleas court court dealt matters equity set legal principles based natural law common law england wales originally pleas split sit independent central court reputation expense resulted business transferring similar jurisdictions drew closer years argument 19th century having seemingly identical courts unnecessary result lost equity jurisdiction acts formally dissolved judicial body december jurisdiction times common law equity initially court common law equity lost common law jurisdiction formation concerned matters common law matters discretion try actions brought officials actions brought monarch non paying writ allowed look common cases subject subject area significantly expanded soon regained standing common law matters cases formally taken chancellor practice heard barons judicial officials led chief baron court officials included appointed officials kept records sworn acted attorneys parties case history origins originally claimed based similar norman court records work england evidence similar body pre conquest normandy reliable records come time henry sole surviving pipe roll reign shows working king palace followed king travelled sitting fixed location held york london times late 12th century taken sitting fixed location body government england possible distinguish work parts king time considered simply element referred word derives cloth laid table purposes counting money began separating process continued beginning 13th century academics suggested increasing demand revenue court led common law element split form pleas common law court separate increasing work transformation records known date bills dated 16th century carried duties little variation function practice small court handled cases year compared bench political judicial fiscal importance increased partially thanks lord high treasurer lord chancellor traditionally important lord high politically influential figures including lord high treasurer head treasurer increased influence came increased importance appointment second norfolk lord high led gradual reduction power seen government independent trusted real power useful removed result indirectly reduce power deliberately weakened appointed treasurer increased power absorbing tenths assisted period queen capable man consulted barons best way administer court helped allowing cope period increased business administrative reforms considered excellent work continued standard 1830s business increased james charles english civil war disrupted courts increasing use writ allowed royal bring case party owed money lack money prevented paying king new regime actively transformed tax court dealing civil cases dedicated court equity common law civil war caused courts dissolved formally dissolved marches equity jurisdiction stripped act parliament invalid outcome english civil war dependent seal authority war ended equity courts remaining publicly slow pace led lord chancellor political figure involved conflict result increased importance court known active transformation judicial political decision loss equity jurisdiction dissolution beginning 18th century equity jurisdiction pleas firmly cemented considered viable alternative result court cited cases precedent drew closely addition 18th century acts parliament treated way merely referring courts equity mentioning individually time treasury important leading reduction inferior influence despite warning signs continued flourish maintaining large business entirely equity court having little common law work court equity deeply unpopular 1830s cases heard single judge real prospect appeal cases taken house_of_lords highly expensive time consuming long established method appealing lords later introduced court time elements equity business dried act ending cases act establishing removing cases fees higher courts identical precedent seen unnecessary maintain courts result formally dissolved jurisdiction court loss jurisdiction dedicated common law court fell prey fate common law courts bench late 19th century long calls merger courts member parliament complained parliament long courts inevitable saying power courts restrictions away distribute business equally long left free choose tribunal favourite court attract best lawyers judges position commission created look issues central courts outcome acts central courts single central common law courts divisions supreme_court designed permanent avoid having retire chief justices allow single head supreme_court violated constitutional principle senior justices sheer chance lord chief baron lord chief justice england respectively died allowing merger common law divisions supreme_court single division queen lord chief justice common pleas lord chief justice england december point pleas formally ceased exist jurisdiction relationship courts position court originally came informal process argument king money owed 13th century evolved formal court proceedings initial jurisdiction defined statute court king bring cases tax court king defendant king represented attorney general allowing avoid legal costs associated court case logical step allow collect debts better pay king sole jurisdiction try cases officials figures engaged collecting royal revenue court prosecute innocent come close committing represented attorney general costs reduced attorney general incentive compromise threatening formally extended common law equity jurisdiction fully fledged court law able hear civil case main focus collection royal revenue greater officially undertaken lord high treasurer unique having jurisdiction matters equity common law initially curtailed reserved bench court common pleas later grew process common law equity reversed 16th century solely common law body equity jurisdiction relevant near end tudor period argues happened reign jurisdiction equity cases confirmed handling significant number year including disputes taxation present difficult dispute prevented payment debt monarch allowing writ stood equal westminster courts court king bench cases transferred easily problems case bench traditional method moving case writ king bench represented monarch placed instead clerk bring red book king bench assert case officer necessitating trial king bench maintained clear rule equity court case heard heard apart cases equity heard court superior status inferior courts equity able cases decisions jurisdiction ecclesiastical courts overlapped particularly relation collection records disputes appeals court allowed appeals house_of_lords case confirmed officers treasurer formal head existence lord high treasurer tasked collecting royal revenues originally clerk supervised chief head court position abolished reign reign elizabeth treasurer duties began increase played role affairs 17th century lord high treasurer replaced dedicated treasurer earlier lord high treasurer independently given title presented white staff monarch treasurer active revenue played little active role pleas chancellor chancellor independently head involved pleas check lord high treasurer evolved lord chancellor clerk sat responsible sealing summons holding copy great seal earliest appearances clerk records come document signed lord time little interest judicial fiscal matters result clerk independent chancellor royal appointment holding seal independently lord chancellor known chancellor chancellor additionally confirmed treasurer allowing carry treasurer duties unavailable chancellor appointed letters patent life appointment changed office hold pleasures crown english civil war chancellor judicial office little political standing war seen stepping stone higher political appointments administrative judicial office chancellor position head treasury important appointment barons main judicial officers barons originally judges bench independent positions separation early years existence barons chief accounts england role passed dedicated reign expansion tudor era barons important previously chief baron appointed law barons mere practice barons increased standing time level bench judges required baron sat hear case convention insisting maximum barons rule mere convention occasionally broken baron ill unable sit felt appropriate appoint fifth ill called edinburgh temporary chief baron scottish fifth baron permanently added relieve court congestion time fifth judge added baron chief baron chancellor treasurer unavailable head court absent second baron took charge case fourth baron judge available second known barons initially treated individual offices time james order determined judges unlike bench different positions different degrees power baron equal vote decisions barons appointed letters patent sworn lord chancellor head judiciary 16th century held offices good behaviour baron leave situations resignation death appointment court automatically office void letters patent expired death monarch new crowned baron receive new patent leave office routine event continued office new monarch king chief clerk handling bills equity equivalent master rolls headed clerical court duties judicial body handled revenue jurisdiction established 14th century originally able appoint sworn 16th century jurisdiction limited appointing sworn appointing rest similar way originally charge court records 17th century longer possessed keys record office sworn exclusive right search records main job instead quasi judicial examining certain witnesses taking minutes court settling disputes scandal appointed life qualified appoint deputy appointed sir office kept family starting ending broad duties split england etc act replace masters appointed general officials appointed chief baron years standing holding offices good behaviour unable appoint deputy masters handled taking minutes previously undertaken general overseeing money paid court deposited previously held complete discretion money offices offices included sworn clerk barons clerk sworn called sworn officers court held offices life worked clerk acted attorney parties court party required employ clerk known secondary administered sworn assisted sworn clerk appointed clerk studied sworn clerk years practising sworn clerk clerk chance promoted sworn clerk sworn tasked supervising witnesses bringing witness baron oath keeping files decided sworn officers court baron acted baron office dissolved equity jurisdiction came end addition baron clerk acted private secretary paid authorised fees work chief baron barons king employed clerk secretary received salary sworn officer court meaning replaced time | Exchequer of Pleas | Social sciences and society | Law | Legal institutions and buildings |
18892_IcelandicNamingCommittee | naming committee pronounced known english maintains official register approved given names introduction new given names culture iceland composition mission established determine new given names previously iceland suitable integration country language culture committee comprises serve years appointed minister justice nominated university faculty law official list approved names submitted naming committee approval new considered compatibility tradition likelihood cause bearer embarrassment article personal names act names compatible grammar including proper names gender change forms orderly fashion according language case system names contain letters occurring alphabet occasional exceptions gender match sex person bearing end contained male names female names controversies mayor protested committee denial request legally drop despite desire father pointed moved iceland allowed non native allowed non names unable legally daughter grandmother instead spelled alphabet allowed legally change committee refused allow born registered given baby grounds masculine gentle breeze man identified official records girl mother challenged committee decision court arguing nobel prize winning author female character novel fish sing woman iceland registered time sets case forms masculine feminine exist january district court ruled family favour overruled naming committee finding fact man woman constitutional right rejecting government claims necessary deny request order protect language court decision iceland interior minister confirmed government accept ruling appeal case country supreme_court chair naming committee spokesman said ruling case prompt government current laws personal names duncan committee refused accept names duncan born children british father mother names meet criteria added registry approved names children originally substitute names boy girl authorities refused renew passport legally acceptable travel france obtained emergency british duncan parents announced file formal complaint naming committee rejection children names passport office refusal renew announced june won case children names recognised result case announced begun legislative process abolish | Icelandic Naming Committee | Social sciences and society | Law | Legal institutions and buildings |
19251_WoodhullSexualFreedomAlliance | sexual freedom alliance previously known american non profit organization founded advocates sexual freedom fundamental human right organization based washington united_states named influential member american woman suffrage movement focus includes analyzing groups individuals seek culture sexual repression sexual freedom day officially recognized celebrates birthday victoria held sexual freedom summit annually organization members included lgbt activist civil rights mary writer lawyer activist activities relating goals organization allied groups including accuracy alumni academic paper characterized organization addresses international national sexual freedom issues host health human rights issues history foundation organization founded began focus global domestic human rights specifically looking sexual freedom named victoria woman company wall street campaign president united_states focus includes examining maintain climate sexual repression organization releases annual report september sexual freedom day called describes goals increasing sexual freedom public relations representative told goals human rights organization intersection sexual freedom issues common core value fundamental human rights sexual freedom personal freedoms risk tracks laws regulations pertaining sexual activity united_states early activities joined resources analyzing old regulations harass lgbt people purpose study analyze existing regulations united_states regards sexual activity simultaneously foster ties sexual repression lgbt organizations coordinated order organize event known red white leather independence day leather bars cities took writer served board passing away sexual freedom day commemorated discussion group examining idea sexual freedom segment human rights sexual freedom day took place philadelphia pennsylvania event kind october included fund featuring revue july called mcdonald boycott fast food restaurant said join executive director announced asking interested supporting restaurant purchase additional meals joined groups brief case november organized leather dance reception san_diego california raise money charitable purposes assist activities recent work present organization gave victoria sexual freedom award september year individual sought asylum united_states sexual orientation author board member november worked gay lesbian activists alliance helping individual prostitutes survive form coalition day action washington highlights examples people law enforcement event served precursor remembrance followed november january organization joined groups including center free speech alliance defense fund center academic freedom free expression accuracy alumni send letter asking use precedent davis case apply definition harassment academic institutions harm freedom speech served organization organization served advisory board member general counsel reception academic paper faced discrimination described organization addresses international national sexual freedom issues host health human rights issues wright noted focus changing regulations existing laws | Woodhull Sexual Freedom Alliance | Social sciences and society | Law | Legal institutions and buildings |
20498_OregonSupremeCourt | highest state court state oregon court reverse modify decision supreme_court united_states holds court salem oregon near capitol building state street building finished houses state law library courtroom tracing heritage oregon pioneers selected supreme judge powers court grown single judge current seven justices justices court serve year terms election filled appointments governor oregon general election qualified candidate run position including seven justices select member serve year term chief justice court chief justice responsible assigning cases justices write court opinions chief executive primarily appeals court court resort oregon oral arguments court held court travel state holding sessions schools cases heard court receives appeals select cases death penalty appeals decisions court published oregon reporter published created formed old region followed creation oregon admitted union february selection court composed seven elected justices serves year term winning election justices like oregon state court judges united_states citizens oregon residents years lawyers admitted practice state oregon newest justice receives smallest office nicknamed closet responsible opening door conference interrupted state court judge dies completing term governor appoint qualified person position retain position appointed person run election year term general election occasion judge leave office end term case general election determines replacement supreme_court needs additional judge temporary basis illness position justice disqualified sitting case conflict interest court appoint senior judge serve judge pro senior judges qualified judges minimum years bench retired state court supreme_court justices elected oregon circuit court judges elected judges assigned temporary service supreme_court administrative court appoint retired judges lawyers judges serve temporarily judges level oregon appoint senior judges serve state court highest level court judge served retirement resignation state supreme court responsible admitting new lawyers practice oregon attorneys appointing members board minimum fourteen members responsible bar exam screening prospective lawyers admitting applicants practice law oregon oversight state judges hands supreme_court investigates reports abuses makes recommendations supreme_court actions need occur supreme_court suspend judges remove office action chief justice justice court elected court serve year term chief justice chief justice responsible administration supreme_court law enacted chief titular head supreme_court chief executive officer role chief justice oregon courts chief judge assigns presiding judges trial level state courts makes court rules charge department budget administrator chief recipient reports court system including non legal employees department chief justice longest serving chief held position years beginning official court reporter publication supreme_court decisions abbreviated case bound editions published authority authorized state law started clerk court responsible served justice court later federal judge took editing reports served clerk followed law passed included provision chief justice responsibility arrangement lasted years new law allowed court hire official reporter later chief justice serving official reporter reported opinion thompson involving case case justice wrote opinion justice served judge trial level circuit riding future justice served counsel defense fellow future justice provided counsel powers jurisdiction powers derive oregon constitution article vii like supreme courts united_states acts primarily court appeals choose cases legal significance unify lower court decisions aspect court review cases appealed high court review allows court choose cases hear appeal cases denied appeal supreme_court decision lower court final binding court accepted appeals justices meet week formal conference justices involved determine case accepted court hears case court divided panels instead justices participate cases justice conflict interest concern court reviews death penalty cases state tax court appeals items legal discipline direct review direct review means supreme_court hears cases directly appeal case going direct review items include state agency decisions placement prisons placement energy production facilities locations sites solid waste disposal labor law additionally court original jurisdiction quo corpus state legislative districts challenges ballot measures titles fiscal impact statement explanatory statement listed voter pamphlet oregon state courts courts general jurisdiction unlike federal courts state courts hear cases regardless dispute based state law federal law combination exceptions hear appeals cases based federal state law court decisions oregon court decisions federal law binding oregon state level courts federal courts required follow decisions decisions based federal law regardless federal court located state federal courts bound follow oregon law decisions cases involve disputes based oregon law federal courts based oregon doctrine developed reason federal courts courts states questions oregon law order clarify law oregon regards specific fact pattern federal court case decisions decisions exclusively based oregon law mechanisms exist effectively decisions accept cases decision involves issues federal law interpretation federal law change outcome case final authority oregon law absent extraordinary circumstances interpretation oregon law adequate independent state ground reverse decisions decisions court effectively overturned changing law later outcomes court affected legislation passed initiative referendum process criminal decisions oregon governor president united_states issue pardon crimes require history following journey lewis region known experienced increased activity exploration europeans americans beginning fur trade settlement euro americans began early founding fort slowly increased 1830s 1830s additional settlement occurred agricultural production increased missionaries started religious missions region trial region held presiding magistrate murder charge pioneer settlers continued region larger wagon trains crossing oregon trail 1840s bringing immigrants need courts pre traces roots early settlement period pioneer young died heir lands states idaho washington oregon february year settlers met discuss creation government including judiciary deal execution estate overall government plans fell group pioneers mountain men elect supreme judge exercise powers judge serving february later set meetings judiciary consisting supreme judge justices peace trial level courts judge chosen supreme judge new government severed judges appointed elected pre territory period years settlement oregon boundary dispute region jurisdiction foreign power resolution boundary issue britain retained territory north 49th degree latitude united_states taking land south border mexican control california created united_states congress appointed judge justices territorial period appointed president united_states early days court justices ride circuit addition court functions riding circuit involved acting appeals court judges state addition supreme court functions ultimate appeal common practice early american courts beginning court justices judicial district state constitution created called justices serve circuit court judges supreme court justices set remain population state reached people justice assigned district justices gather set intervals appeals occur year authorized meet frequently needed appeals justice presided lower court case participate proceedings court expanded justices addition fifth judicial district year court hired clerk legislature authorized position legislature passed act separate circuit supreme courts population reached creation separate supreme_court riding circuit abandoned supreme_court reduced members members court elected separately governor appointed court temporary justices elections held early years court selection chief justice governed senior justice justice term designated chief justice meant new chief selected years general meant elected serve years bench associate justice years chief justice woman admitted state bar april court admitted year long battle included state legislature passing new law allow women admitted oregon court upheld maximum hour law women state partly brief future justice upheld oregon law oregon despite ruling new_york maximum hour law unconstitutional state legislature expanded court justices lastly court expanded current seven justices important case came state court ruled state 14th amendment protect communist_party organizers prosecution oregon criminal syndicate law decision oregon important case came oregon court ruled united_states government united_states case court ruled state estate laws federal statute concerning property veterans died hospitals valid overturned decision united_states oregon administrative end court created intermediate court oregon change supreme_court generally hear appeals directly trial level courts state exceptions death penalty cases changes came justice reformed chief justice position simple head court title administrative head entire oregon judicial system following year court received female member governor appointed associate justice served chief justice court record years landmark decision involving city land use case oregon court found requirements placed business owner conditions approve expansion taking united_states constitution clause disagreed overturned oregon court oregon court ruled february oregon land use law measure constitutional allowed people claims government forcing government pay compensation land use regulations reduced value property owners land regulation location early years supreme_court business conducted variety locations downtown salem public building house court territorial capitol building salem built building courtroom chamber measuring feet feet floor december building partially occupied burned ground state finished construction second capitol building court located floor courtroom measured feet feet state law library feet feet separate building built state house supreme_court oldest building capitol mall second capitol building burned april addition holding court floor courtroom court travels state hold sessions includes sessions colleges high schools state law schools law schools use visits educational tools current justices information list justices court total individuals serve court creation territorial period ranged membership justices seven justices number positions bench seven current membership men women overall court women compared ninety men serve court additionally current justices openly gay judges court senior seven justices starting service newest member court joined court seven justices joined court governor oregon fill mid term cases course history number decisions highest court oregon cases cover wide range topics ballot measures contract law location capital oregon territory small comparison total number cases court decided cases appealed cases scholarly discussion later decided | Oregon Supreme Court | Social sciences and society | Law | Legal institutions and buildings |
21384_UnitedStatesDistrictCourtfortheEasternDistrictofMissouri | united_states missouri missouri trial level federal district court based missouri jurisdiction counties eastern half missouri court ninety district level courts tier federal judicial system judges court civil criminal trials federal matters originate borders jurisdiction organized divisions court held court formed district missouri divided east west boundaries changed little division history heard number important cases covering issues related freedom speech abortion property rights campaign finance currently active judges judges senior status seven magistrate judges attached court current united_states attorney mandate jurisdiction united_states district court missouri conducts civil trials issues orders cases hears concern federal question jurisdiction federal law treaty applicable diversity jurisdiction parties different states court holds criminal trials persons charged violations federal law appeals cases brought missouri heard patent claims claims government tucker act appealed cases appealed court based organized divisions eastern northern southeastern court eastern division held downtown located covers counties franklin jefferson warren washington independent northern division based missouri office court held covers counties clark lewis monroe montgomery pike scotland southeastern division based courthouse named division jurisdiction covers butler carter iron madison mississippi perry scott shannon wayne counties history origins missouri admitted state august united_states congress established district missouri march district assigned march congress subdivided eastern western districts march small adjustments boundaries subdivision division prompted substantial increase number admiralty cases arising traffic mississippi_river followed act congress passed upheld extending federal admiralty jurisdiction inland waterways disputes involved contracts collisions wages causes admiralty jurisdiction matters arising found travel cases tried district missouri subdivided sole judge serving district missouri time division reassigned allowing president appoint judge missouri court initially authorized meet previously authorized meeting places met time landmark courthouse shared missouri state courts tallest building state period thirty years existence court primarily concerned admiralty maritime cases including maritime insurance claims civil war aftermath years court establishment american_civil_war erupted missouri placed martial law missouri border state sharply divided resulting stern controls union government including imprisonment large number missouri district hand judge treat issued writ corpus release captain union commanding general refused asserting answer higher law substantial portion court period came tax cases court time tried numerous criminal cases arising efforts evade tax laws smuggling fraud following civil war response economic disruption caused congress enacted bankruptcy act enactment subsequent repeal act caused countless controversies arising bankruptcy brought despite turmoil inflicted civil war missouri experienced population boom fifth largest state having busy court reflected population growth division expansion divided northern courts continued held courts moved missouri met courts courts courts state time state separate federal courts district divided eastern northern southeast divisions missouri moved eastern moved eastern district united_states circuit courts eliminated favor new united_states courts appeals heard case october presiding judge joined district court judges jurisdiction circuit missouri later appointed circuit right court authorized meet beginning additionally authorized meet missouri september additional temporary authorized district missouri august temporary permanent additional added added bringing current total judges court continued meet moved house moved thomas united states courthouse largest courthouse united_states census reported district population nearly million ranking 38th population judicial districts notable cases great depression important cases decided determined new deal measures originated missouri case originally filed norman reached supreme_court cases filed claims single heading supreme_court upheld determination trial court judge found congress power prohibit parties contracting payment gold court heard original proceedings case challenged missouri state regulations abortion case eventually appealed reaffirmed right abortion struck certain restrictions unconstitutional school suit court required accept plan judge declared mandatory plan effect arrangements adhere terms suit unprecedented voluntary plan place integrating schools mandated plan required case started missouri went held public school student newspapers subject lower level amendment protection amendment case public schools came heard judge ruled school violated student rights material posted website case widely cited higher courts 2000s notable cases originated district heard nixon shrink missouri government upheld state limits campaign contributions state offices sell united_states imposed stringent limits right lower court order administration medication criminal defendant determined incompetent stand trial sole purpose making competent able tried notable cases originated district including united_states preventing merger shoe reduced competition region united_states prohibiting certain long term manufacturing equipment important case brought district involved right companies maintain trade secrets missouri law face federal regulations requiring disclosure components judges judges appointed missouri course existence currently active judges judges senior status chief judge elevated office january judges jointly appointed eastern western districts missouri judges appointed female judge appointed district african american serve appointed hispanic asian judges served court history district judges elevated judge district served succession seats | United States District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri | Social sciences and society | Law | Legal institutions and buildings |
21732_CourtofKing'sBench(England) | court king bench england bench reign female monarch formally known english court common law english legal system created late 12th early 13th century initially following monarch travels king bench finally joined westminster hall making travels principal common law courts common pleas king bench jurisdiction significantly challenged rise doctrines 15th 16th centuries recover king bench undertook scheme revolutionary reform creating expensive faster versatile types pleading form bills opposed traditional immediately stemming tide long term helped king bench recover increase workload steep decline business new reforms began effect king bench business significantly boosted rose good king bench common pleas suspicious new developments legal bill middlesex damaged business fighting king bench increasingly conservative way eventually reached 17th century reaching acceptable medium pleas proved downfall courts courts near identical jurisdiction little need separate bodies superior courts westminster merged supreme_court act single high court justice king bench ceased exist king bench queen bench division high_court existence king bench jurisdiction initially covered wide range criminal matters significantly reduced later business claimed courts cases concerned monarch acted court appeal pleas common pleas court resort required parliament sign decisions creation created court king bench decisions appealed expansion chamber jurisdiction king bench ceased court thanks bill westminster legal king bench gained common pleas jurisdiction common pleas remained sole place real property claims brought king bench staffed chief justice lord chief justice england wales variable number justices normally serving king bench dissolved chose retire justices high_court king bench dissolution history origins originally sole court central administrative bodies formed king court composed advisers followed king travelled country dedicated court law instead descendant concert circuits staffed judges justice country operating fixed paths certain times judges members hear cases king behalf lesser travelled king caused problems justice king went country richard spent career followed remedy central bench established initially split pleas receiving official recognition common pleas heard fixed place common law courts followed king common pleas sat westminster hall eventually known king bench king required court sit controversy original fixed court common pleas king bench chronicler recorded henry_ii learned land men land great number justices eighteen chose counsel wise men kingdom private family decreed hear complaints kingdom right depart king court remain hear complaints men understanding come question brought conclusion presented royal hearing determined king men kingdom originally interpreted foundation king bench coming existence signing later theory henry_ii decree created king bench king bench instead split common pleas later time records independent king bench come distinct plea rolls found court modern academics founding date king bench fully independent tribunal considering law reform took place edward presence king court irregular court sat independent monarch travels country visit onwards king bench fixed court followed king like king bench sat westminster hall dissolution reform 15th century traditional superiority common law courts challenged ecclesiastical courts jurisdiction lord chancellor exercised courts attractive common lawyers simple method arrest defendants bills complaint court procedure far faster steep decline number cases common law courts coinciding sharp increase cases newer courts loss business quickly recognised king bench urged develop new present king bench began reforming increase business jurisdiction tide finally turning favour recovery king bench thanks use like procedure centrally system bills prior writ issued different depending issue wished sue debt court issue individual writ action associated time delays costs ensure appeared court bills hand traditionally court officials court prisoners defendant assumed court custody presence court needed legal fiction arose wished sue debt writ issued arrested result debt actions undertaken bill detained eventually fictitious wished sue merely debt writ obtained quietly dismissed detained custody originally undertaken getting writ eventually shorter king bench retained criminal jurisdiction middlesex fictitious said occurred allowing king bench issue bill arrest known bill middlesex undermined jurisdiction normally deal civil cases advantages method bills substantially cheaper unlike tie case came court bill amended include action actions wanted enforce addition avoiding writ case substantially cheaper result substantial king bench business rose period saw substantial available common law main remedy method action case justices expanded encompass things enabled enforcement promises rendered obsolete later developments included recovery debts words previously ecclesiastical matter action case conversion reform took place lived results work took years reforms fully reverse decline business struggle common pleas reforms succeeded forming old common law courts new courts viewed suspicion highly changes king bench attempted introduce king bench revolutionary common pleas increasingly conservative attempts avoid cases king bench conservative exacerbated fact common pleas agree cut costs leaving court expensive limited king bench faster cheaper varied jurisdiction troubles period best illustrated case medieval common law claims seeking debt matters pursued writ debt common pleas problematic archaic process lawyers succeeded creating method enforced bench action technically legal fiction failing pay promising defendant committed liable conservative court court chamber began decisions king bench causing friction courts case chief justice king bench deliberately provoked common pleas bringing action higher court justices king bench vote allowing common pleas establish main contractual action death activist chief justice common pleas briefly led revolutionary struggle continued point granted respite abolished fines original hurting king bench fines reinstated attorneys common pleas carried business king bench common pleas attempted reverse pushing act parliament abolish based legal forbidding special bail case true cause action expressed process king bench got act process true court continued use legal simply ensuring true cause action expressed process regardless correct bill disclosed true cause action satisfying statute require valid complaint caused severe friction court system chief justice common pleas eventually reached compromise allowing legal common pleas king bench dissolution outcome end charles_ii reign common law courts similar jurisdiction common pleas similar processes 18th century customary speak justices courts distinguishing cases shared equally complained jurisdiction bench example originally confined pleas crown extended actions violence actions force actions walls medium legal fiction adopted purpose authority person sued custody marshal court proceeded personal cause actions degrees court drawn actions belong able obtain peculiar subject king bench jurisdiction crown pleas adopted similar course originally confined trial revenue cases means fiction everybody sued crown pay debt party pay opened doors drawn right trying cases intended placed jurisdiction purpose speech illustrate courts identical jurisdiction unnecessary create situation best judges lawyers cases eventually court body leaving near useless actions brought king bench common pleas pleas surprisingly king bench judges common pleas judges fully occupied term engaged vacation barons comparatively little occupied term vacation response report committee investigating slow pace formed given wide investigate reform courts law legal profession reports issued march july dealing formation single considered influential report disposed previous idea merging common law equity instead suggested single supreme_court capable lord chancellor lord attempted bring recommendations law act parliament trouble consulting judiciary leader conservatives controlled house_of_lords bill ran strong opposition lawyers judges particularly replaced lord september second bill introduced consultation judiciary lines far detailed act finally passed supreme_court act merged common pleas king bench body divisions courts remain king bench ceased exist holding session july king bench division high_court existence courts unified head constitutional law prevented compulsory retirement chief justices sheer chance chief justice common pleas chief baron died allowing abolition december high_court reorganised divorce admiralty division king bench queen bench division remains day lord jurisdiction misunderstanding sir england academics thought long time king bench primarily criminal court incorrect indictment tried king bench january record court ordering death penalty found halfway reign court criminal jurisdiction royal ordinance directing conspiracy cases brought king bench court judges acting commissions country history english legal institutions defines early king bench jurisdiction correct crimes amounted breach peace king courts end 14th century criminal jurisdiction declined court maintained criminal jurisdiction cases middlesex county westminster hall stood king bench main jurisdiction pleas crown cases involved king way exception revenue matters handled pleas king bench held exclusive jurisdiction cases bench act body hearing appeals circuits courts local courts court resort records sent parliament signed creation created court king bench decisions appealed expansion chamber jurisdiction king bench ceased court thanks bill westminster legal king bench gained common pleas jurisdiction common pleas remained sole place real property claims brought officials head court chief justice king bench position established 14th century onwards chief justice appointed writ latin english chief justice senior judge superior courts having superiority chief justice common pleas chief baron master rolls unlike chief justices appointed serve appointment chief justice king bench usually specify particular tenure practice ended chief justices appointed serve good behaviour initial salary year additional increase total ordinance set fixed salary increased finally peaked year pension arrangements peaking year position remains day dissolution bench chief justice instead lord chief justice england wales head wales chief justice king bench assisted work number justices king bench occasionally appointed number fluctuated considerably number fixed provisions fourth established fifth following dissolution bench remaining justices justices queen justices originally paid year increasing ordinance increased salary peaking chief justice pension arrangements formally organised starting year peaking | Court of King's Bench (England) | Social sciences and society | Law | Legal institutions and buildings |
22844_CourtofCommonPleas(England) | court common pleas england common law court english legal system covered common pleas actions subject subject concern king created late 12th early 13th century splitting pleas common pleas served central english courts years authorised sit fixed location common pleas sat westminster hall entire existence joined pleas court king bench court jurisdiction gradually king bench pleas legal bill middlesex writ respectively common pleas maintained exclusive jurisdiction matters real property dissolution wide considered sir lock key common law staffed chief justice varying number justices required law mid 19th century allowed principal common law courts king bench common pleas fought maintain jurisdiction way 16th 17th centuries conservative reaching acceptable medium king bench pleas proved downfall courts courts near identical jurisdiction little need separate bodies superior courts westminster merged supreme_court act single high court justice order council issued december high_court ceased exist marking end history origin originally sole fixed court central administrative bodies formed king court composed advisers followed king travelled country dedicated court law instead descendant concert circuits staffed judges justice country operating fixed paths certain times judges members hear cases king behalf lesser gradually split distinct branches king bench academic discussion occurs circumstances times founding chronicler recorded henry_ii learned land men land great number justices eighteen chose counsel wise men kingdom private family decreed hear complaints kingdom right depart king court remain hear complaints men understanding come question brought conclusion presented royal hearing determined king men kingdom originally interpreted foundation king bench coming existence signing mandated section common pleas cases subject subject opposed cases involving king heard fixed place ensured source justice moving place place king fixed location defendants travel address problems later theory henry_ii decree created king bench king bench instead split common pleas later time 20th century better access historical documents legal historians come different conclusion common pleas created directly instead arose pleas body split beginning 13th century split began chronicles identify bench distinct bodies records justices common pleas distinct lack overlap superior courts sat westminster hall creation provisions bound sit story says refused court feet avoid draught north entrance fearing court sat space marked wooden bar counsel stood court officials sitting large oak table covered green cloth justices raised platform bench rear court struggle king bench 15th century common law courts challenged civil law equity found similar courts courts legal methods faster common law courts lawyers perceived threat common law courts good reason business common law courts significantly dropped cases rose massively number reaction bench developed faster system intent winning cases procedures bill middlesex acquired wider jurisdiction succeeded forming old common law courts new courts viewed suspicion highly changes king bench attempted introduce king bench attempted use bill middlesex widen jurisdiction common pleas increasingly conservative attempts avoid cases limited fact common pleas agree cut costs leaving court expensive limited king bench faster cheaper varied jurisdiction troubles period best illustrated case medieval common law claims seeking debt matters pursued writ debt common pleas problematic archaic process lawyers succeeded creating method enforced bench action technically legal fiction failing pay promising defendant committed liable conservative court court chamber began decisions king bench causing friction courts case chief justice king bench deliberately provoked common pleas bringing action higher court justices king bench vote allowing common pleas establish main contractual action death activist chief justice common pleas briefly led revolutionary court granted respite abolished fines original hurting king bench fines reinstated attorneys common pleas carried business king bench common pleas attempted reverse pushing act parliament abolish based legal forbidding special bail case true cause action expressed process king bench got act process true court continued use legal simply ensuring true cause action expressed process regardless correct bill disclosed true cause action satisfying statute require valid complaint caused severe friction court system chief justice common pleas eventually reached compromise allowing legal common pleas king bench unity dissolution outcome end charles_ii reign common law courts similar jurisdiction common pleas similar processes 18th century customary speak justices courts distinguishing cases shared equally complained jurisdiction bench example originally confined pleas crown extended actions violence actions force actions walls medium legal fiction adopted purpose authority person sued custody marshal court proceeded personal cause actions degrees court drawn actions belong able obtain peculiar subject king bench jurisdiction crown pleas adopted similar course originally confined trial revenue cases means fiction everybody sued crown pay debt party pay opened doors drawn right trying cases intended placed jurisdiction purpose speech illustrate courts identical jurisdiction unnecessary create situation best judges lawyers cases eventually court body leaving near useless actions brought king bench common pleas pleas surprisingly king bench judges common pleas judges fully occupied term engaged vacation barons comparatively little occupied term vacation response report committee investigating slow pace formed given wide investigate reform courts law legal profession reports issued march july dealing formation single considered influential report disposed previous idea merging common law equity instead suggested single supreme_court capable lord chancellor lord attempted bring recommendations law act parliament trouble consulting judiciary leader conservatives controlled house_of_lords bill ran strong opposition lawyers judges particularly replaced lord september second bill introduced consultation judiciary lines far detailed act finally passed supreme_court act merged common pleas king bench body divisions courts remain ceased exist high_court existence courts unified head constitutional law prevented compulsory retirement chief justices sheer chance lord chief justice england wales chief baron died allowing abolition december functions merged lord chief justice common pleas lord chief justice england wales jurisdiction common pleas jurisdiction common pleas cases king interest practice meant cases subject subject including actions taken recover debts property vast majority civil cases common pleas court shaped medieval common law court students went learn majority early case reports come common pleas court called lock key common law sir history court claims involving real property brought giving wider set precedent courts history law king advocates given rights audience performed judicial duties fines lord issued mandate opened pleading followed years successfully petitioned queen invalid enjoyed returned status years parliament intervened practitioners common pleas act august allowed practice 13th century onwards issue dependent documents usually originated sealed great seal king seal justices independent seal documents considered acceptable marked seal justices king created separate seal common pleas allowing process cases involving king court stood equal pleas court king bench relation transferring cases errors common pleas corrected king bench separate action brought thanks bill middlesex legal king bench gained common pleas jurisdiction common pleas remained sole place real property claims brought structure justices common pleas staffed number justices chief justice number justices time varied generally switching onwards number fixed changed 19th century provisions appointment respectively start 14th century justices appointed letters patent great seal held appointments pleasure king justices received judges pleas court king bench increased awarded retiring justices chief justice highest judicial officials england lord high chancellor lord chief justice king queen bench initially position chief justice appointment justices serving court respected peers considered chief justice position raising sir chief justice considered formally appointed role similar positions chief justice king bench chief baron chief justices required law appointed letters patent greeted lord chancellor inform new position letters patent read court new justice swear oath justice favour men pleading friends foes alike delay king command letters word mouth contrary receive king fee pension gift food drink great price innovation appointment letters patent scheme avoid potential providing method judges paid income supplemented work commissions goal deliveries justice receive fees parties court costs judicial offices justices assisted staff officials sat westminster hall kept offices chief clerk appointed crown practice matters handled deputy office royal favour judicial appointment crown appointed court responsible noting final filing records fines high ranking clerk clerk clerk attorney general england wales tasked recording protect interests king common law matters position replaced office clerk offices created reign henry_viii include clerk recorded debts secured office tasked receiving recording money coming court debts fines appointed technical knowledge important officers appointed chief justice second chief justice advice responsible records litigation including raised point law consulted court detailed technical knowledge chief justice appointed clerk clerk treasury known clerk hell clerk clerk fines officially chief justice clerk court officials appointed clerk responsible issuing tasked issuing controlling process declaring outlaw assigned set counties valuable london bristol exeter number processes year london handling documents year tradition yorkshire northern counties northumberland cumberland newcastle clerk king silver entire country thirteen shared counties according historical divisions tasked filing judicial counties transferring filing fourteenth appointed changes position abolition court warden fleet prison keeper tasked keeping clean letting shops sides despite acting pleas court star chamber duties warden considered officer court officers appointed life removed despite sheer number positions meant came chief justice tenure selling profitable | Court of Common Pleas (England) | Social sciences and society | Law | Legal institutions and buildings |
24290_FreeExpressionPolicyProject | free expression policy project free expression policy project organization devoted assisting researchers assembling information related freedom speech media democracy copyright advocating issues civil liberties lawyer founded nonprofit organization based manhattan new_york initially associated subsequently operated conducted survey revealed online monitoring software including net cast broad net blocked legitimate educational websites attempts censor material youths organization assisted academics filing friend court brief challenging law restricted sale violent video games minors coordination released public policy report internet report concluded freedom expression harmed online censorship activity independent organization praised website links resources freedom expression censorship characterized austin american statesman think tank devoted researching amendment united_states_constitution described organization censorship organization separate article newspaper called left center politically aligned group advocated intellectual freedom artistic freedom history founded initial director formed nonprofit organization founded organization formed goals assisting researchers assembling information related freedom speech media democracy copyright advocating issues started prior founding organization served director monitors incidents censorship artists based manhattan new_york survey conducted organization found popular online filters including net significant problems blocked legitimate websites including website congressman site included nickname dick blocked word appeared site served communications director assisted academics specializing journalism filing friend court brief challenging law restricted sale violent video games youths organization operated organization operated law school organization collaboration released report internet page report concluded academic based censorship material internet far broad harmed free expression ideas independent analysis praised website links websites freedom expression censorship described think tank dedicated amendment united_states_constitution article called organization monitored censorship article characterized organization think tank left center political alignment advocated intellectual freedom artistic freedom new_york_times called organization critical censorship depictions violence media | Free Expression Policy Project | Social sciences and society | Law | Legal institutions and buildings |
25734_AmericanCivilLibertiesUnion | non profit organization stated mission defend preserve individual rights liberties guaranteed person country constitution laws united_states works litigation lobbying community empowerment founded members annual budget million local active states puerto_rico provides legal assistance cases considers civil liberties risk legal support form direct legal representation preparation expressing legal arguments law firm providing representation founded focus freedom speech primarily anti war protesters 1920s expanded scope include protecting free speech rights artists striking workers working decrease racism discrimination 1930s started engage work police misconduct native american rights cases came communist party witnesses leadership caught voted exclude communists leadership positions world war defended japanese american citizens unsuccessfully trying prevent relocation camps cold war headquarters dominated anti communists local defended members communist_party membership risen participated efforts expand civil liberties 1960s continued decades long effort enforce separation church state defended anti war activists vietnam war involved case addressed misconduct police new_york_times case established new newspapers reporting government activities 1970s 1980s ventured new legal areas defending students prisoners poor century fought teaching public schools challenged provisions anti terrorism legislation privacy civil liberties addition representing persons organizations lawsuits policies established board directors current positions include opposing death penalty supporting sex marriage right adopt supporting birth control abortion rights eliminating discrimination women minorities lgbt people supporting rights prisoners opposing torture opposing government preference religion non religion particular legally consists separate closely affiliated nonprofit organizations social welfare group public charity organizations engage civil rights litigation advocacy education donations foundation tax group engage unlimited political lobbying organizations share office space employees organization leadership led president executive director respectively president acts chairman board directors leads fundraising policy setting executive director manages day day operations organization board directors consists persons including representatives state affiliate large delegates organization headquarters broad street story skyscraper located new_york_city leadership agree policy decisions differences opinion leadership grown major debates internal debate erupted defend right distribute anti union literature heated debate took place prohibit communists serving leadership roles early 1950s board divided defend communists persecuted formed represent anti war activism internal conflict richard_nixon internal conflict gag rule imposed employees prevent publication internal disputes funding year ending march combined income support revenue million originating grants membership donations donated legal services revenue membership treated donations members choose pay annually averaging approximately member year year ending march combined expenses million spent programs management fundraising changes net assets million sources investment income organization overall decrease net assets million period average accounted roughly combined budget roughly donations charitable foundation charity navigator ranked star rating local funding receive funds national distribution assistance varying state state discretion national organization provides subsidies smaller lack sufficient resources self sustaining example wyoming chapter received subsidies april round national wyoming office closed october rejected million foundations adopted language usa patriot act donation agreements including clause money terrorism unacceptable activities views clause federal law donors agreements threat civil liberties saying overly broad ambiguous nature legal work involved litigation governmental bodies generally protected adverse monetary town state federal agency required change laws behave differently pay monetary damages explicit statutory cases law permits successfully sue government agencies collect money damages monetary relief particular civil rights attorney fees award act leaves government liable civil rights cases fee awards civil rights statute considered relief damages government entities immune relief laws state share monetary government agencies sought prevent monetary particular case violations church state separation received court awarded fees opponents example georgia affiliate awarded fees county demanding removal display courthouse second case state different county led judgment required pay similar cases state organization workload performed local affiliate state washington puerto_rico california operate national organization affiliate staff executive director board directors budget affiliate consists non profit corporations corporation perform lobbying corporation entitled lobby basic unit organization engage litigation lobbying public education example month period beginning january new_jersey chapter involved cases according annual report thirty cases state courts sixteen federal court provided legal representation thirty cases served remaining eighteen listed volunteer attorneys assisted cases positions official position statements january included following policies action supports action birth control abortion supports right abortion established wade decision believes affordable access range options manages efforts related reproductive rights campaign funding believes current system badly flawed supports system based public funding supports transparency identify donors opposes attempts control political spending supported supreme_court decision allowed corporations unions political speech rights child pornography arizona chapter believes production child pornography illegal possessing protected right privacy policy possessing pornographic material children crime way deal issue prosecute makers child pornography exploiting minors criminal law reform seeks end excessively harsh sentences feels stand way equal society focuses issue death penalty opposed death penalty circumstances focuses issue free speech supports free speech including right express unpopular ideas flag gun rights national position second amendment protects collective right guns individual right despite supreme_court decision district_of_columbia second amendment individual right national organization position based phrases regulated militia security free state opposes effort create registry gun owners worked prevent registry created favored protecting right carry guns 4th amendment hiv aids policy create world discrimination based hiv status ended people hiv control medical information care government hiv policy promotes public health respect compassion people living hiv aids effort managed aids project human rights project advocates primarily international context children rights immigrants rights gay rights international obligations immigrants rights supports civil liberties immigrants united_states lesbian gay bisexual rights supports equal rights works eliminate discrimination supports equal employment housing civil marriage adoption rights lgbt couples national security opposed civil liberties national security context condemned government use indefinite detention charge trial government sponsored torture effort led prisoners rights believes resort prisons focus rehabilitation works ensure prisons treat prisoners accordance constitution domestic law privacy technology technology promotes responsible uses technology enhance privacy protection opposes uses undermine freedoms closer surveillance society racial issues racial discrimination aspects society including educational system justice system application death penalty opposes state censorship confederate flag religion supports right religious persons practice government interference believes government prefer religion non religion favor particular opposed school led prayer protects students right pray school single sex public education opposes single sex public education options believes single sex education contributes gender compares single sex education racial segregation voting rights believes voting eliminated particularly impact minority poor citizens believes convictions lead loss voting rights leads effort women rights works eliminate discrimination women realms encourages government stopping violence women efforts led project support opposition supported variety persons organizations members annually receives thousands grants hundreds charitable foundations allies legal actions included american jewish congress people american way criticized liberals excluded communists leadership ranks defended declined defend opposed passage conversely criticized conservatives argued official prayer public schools opposed patriot act supported conservative figures supported liberal figures major source criticism legal cases represents individual organization promotes offensive unpopular viewpoints nation islam north american man boy love association responded criticisms stating easy defend freedom speech message people find reasonable defense freedom speech critical message people find early years era developed founded great war crystal attorney activist focus freedom speech primarily anti war speech supporting want serve world war united_states supreme_court decisions upheld convictions laws certain kinds anti war speech court upheld conviction leader publishing anti war literature united_states court upheld conviction court upheld conviction time united_states justice holmes wrote important dissent gradually absorbed american principle urged court treat freedom speech fundamental right rarely restricted crystal resigned organization health issues assuming sole leadership baldwin insisted organization reorganized wanted change focus litigation direct action public education directors concurred january formed organization new handful organizations united_states time focused civil rights represent particular group persons single theme like pursued litigation work civil rights including efforts african americans south taken place turn century decades baldwin continued leader charisma energy attracted supporters board leadership ranks baldwin wearing hand clothes living small salary directed executive committee particularly democratic base new_york resulted dominated people city state funding came free speech era 1920s government censorship commonplace magazines routinely confiscated anti laws permits labor rallies denied virtually anti war anti government literature outlawed right wing conservatives vast amounts power activists promoted socialism government reform denounced american typical instance author arrested trying read amendment rally leadership divided challenge civil rights violations faction including baldwin believed direct militant action best path successful attorneys relinquished private practices work group including felt lawsuits taken supreme_court best way achieve change groups worked tandem equally revered bill rights constitution 1920s primary focus freedom speech general speech labor movement particularly efforts associated labor movement came heavy attack conservative groups addition labor led efforts non labor arenas example promoting free speech public schools banned speaking new_york public schools working supported racial discrimination cases defended free speech regardless opinions espoused example anti catholic anti black frequent target efforts defended right hold meetings civil rights effort defend 1920s including censorship arts government search seizure issues right privacy communist party united_states routinely harassed oppressed government officials leading primary client communists aggressive tactics engaging illegal conduct led frequent conflicts communists communist leaders attacked particularly defended free speech rights conservatives uneasy relationship groups continued decades trial arrived years formed organization virtually success efforts changed persuaded tennessee anti evolution law court test member headed legal team prosecution led contended bible interpreted literally teaching school lost case fined later upheld law overturned conviction trial phenomenal public relations success known america case led endorsement major newspaper continued fight separation church state decade decade including case arkansas case dover area school district baldwin involved important free speech victory 1920s arrested attempting speak rally striking mill workers new_jersey decision limited state new_jersey appeals court judgement declared constitutional guarantees free speech given liberal comprehensive construction marked major turning point civil rights movement signaling shift judicial opinion favor civil rights important case 1920s new_york arrested violating state law anarchy violence distributed literature promoting communism supreme_court conviction adopted stance later termed incorporation doctrine amendment freedom speech applied state laws federal laws victories leaders divided best tactics use promote civil liberties felt legislation best long term solution supreme_court opinion mandate liberal interpretations bill rights leaders felt supreme_court decisions best path guarantee civil liberties series supreme_court decisions 1920s changing national atmosphere anti radical emotions diminishing growing willingness protect freedom speech assembly court decisions free speech censorship commonplace early 20th century state laws city routinely outlawed speech deemed offensive prohibited meetings literature promoted unions labor organization starting began expand free speech activities encompass censorship art literature year deliberately broke boston law distributing copies banned magazine defended won went win additional victories including landmark case united_states reversed ban book achieved mixed results early years supreme_court finally clarified laws united_states memoirs massachusetts cases laws banned distribution sex education information based premise led behavior fined distributing pamphlet containing sex education material led appealed conviction won reversal judge ruled pamphlet main purpose promote understanding success prompted freedom speech efforts labor political speech encompass movies press radio literature formed coordinate effort early 1930s censorship united_states diminishing major victories 1930s cemented campaign promote free speech california decided supreme_court sided affirmed right communist party member salute communist flag result time supreme_court process clause 14th amendment subject states requirements amendment near minnesota decided supreme_court ruled states exercise prior restraint prevent newspaper publishing simply newspaper reputation 1930s late 1930s saw emergence new era tolerance united_states national leaders hailed bill rights particularly protected minorities essence democracy supreme_court decision affirmed right communists promote cause conservative elements began campaign civil liberties long considered domain left leaning organizations achieved goals set 1920s policies law land expansion victories baldwin perceived vast support civil liberties united_states baldwin proposed expansion program focusing police brutality native american rights african american rights censorship arts international civil liberties board directors approved baldwin expansion plan international efforts played major role passing act federal law prohibited employers preventing employees joining unions stopped practice strikes unions labor organizing activities use played key role initiating nationwide effort reduce misconduct false confessions police departments publishing report auspices lobbied passage indian reorganization act restored autonomy native american tribes established penalties kidnapping native american children deferred litigation promoting civil liberties african americans engage educational efforts published report documented institutional racism south including lack voting rights segregation discrimination justice system funded participated producing influential outlined strategy fight civil rights blacks plan demonstrate separate equal policies governing southern discrimination illegal blacks fact treated equally depression era new deal years founded achieved significant success supreme_court embraced free speech principles espoused general public supportive civil rights general great depression brought new assaults civil liberties year saw large increase number free speech doubling number meetings unemployed persons banned philadelphia franklin roosevelt administration proposed new deal combat depression leaders mixed opinions new deal felt represented increase government intervention personal affairs suspended anti trust legislation roosevelt personally interested civil rights appoint civil key positions including interior secretary member economic policies new deal leaders aligned goals social goals particular movies subject barrage local banning screenings deemed immoral public health films portraying pregnancy birth banned life magazine april issue included photos birth process fought prevail catholic_church attained increasing political influence 1930s influence promote censorship movies discourage publication birth control information conflict catholic_church led resignation catholic priest leadership catholic priest represented 1970s took official position president court packing plan threatened increase number supreme_court justices supreme_court reversed course began approving new deal legislation supreme_court responded making major shift policy longer applied strict constitutional limits government programs began active role protecting civil liberties decision marked court new direction oregon communist labor organizer arrested calling meeting discuss attorney working defended won major victory supreme_court ruled assembly discussion crime case marked start era lasting dozen years roosevelt led established body civil liberties law justice wrote famous united_states suggested state laws civil liberties henceforth require compelling justification senator proposed empowered workers ironically years fighting workers rights initially opposed act later took stand legislation leaders feared increased power bill gave government newly formed posed dilemma issued order prohibiting ford anti union literature leadership took labor faction supported action supported ford right free speech leader proposed compromise supporting auto workers union endorsing ford right express personal opinions highlighted deeper divide prominent years come support major development marked time accepted government agency responsible civil liberties felt civil rights best upheld citizens private organizations factions proposed new directions organization late 1930s local proposed shifting emphasis civil liberties actions legal aid society centered store offices low income neighborhoods directors rejected proposal members wanted shift focus political arena willing compromise ideals order strike deals politicians initiative rejected leadership witnesses support defendants unpopular extreme viewpoints produced landmark court cases established new civil liberties defendant witnesses involved large number supreme_court cases cases supported included city griffin struck city ordinance required permit person distribute literature kind martin struck ordinance prohibiting door door connecticut reversed conviction witness reciting offensive speech street corner important cases involved statutes requiring flag witnesses felt flag contrary religious beliefs children convicted flag supported appeal supreme_court court affirmed conviction years later supreme court reversed wrote fixed star constitutional official high petty shall orthodox politics nationalism religion matters opinion force citizens confess word act faith decision supreme_court announced flag day communism rise germany russia italy world war tremendous impact civil liberties movement hand oppression states sharp relief virtue freedom speech association united_states hand prompted anti communist america eroded civil liberties leadership divided defend pro nazi speech united_states pro labor elements hostile objected defended nazis states passed laws hate speech directed ethnic groups person arrested new_jersey hate speech law witness charged anti catholic literature defended witnesses charges dropped proceeded defend numerous pro nazi groups defending rights free speech free association late 1930s allied popular coalition liberal organizations coordinated benefited popular fight local civil rights battles effectively new_york based association communist_party led accusations communist particularly chairman chairman communist organization created uncover treason united_states witnesses testified hearings mentioned times leading mention prominently report damaged reputation severely report said definitely state communist organization rushed defend image allegations communist worked protect witnesses harassed organizations protest unsuccessfully passage smith act later persons supported communism defended persons prosecuted smith act including labor leader leadership split purge leadership communists anti communists wanted distance communism opposing rejected political test leadership bitter struggle ensued anti communists prevailed february board voted prohibit supported leadership roles chairman immediately resigned following contentious hour debate voted board resolution disaster considered betrayal fundamental principles resolution rescinded posthumously reinstated mid century world war world war united_states bill rights document numerous organizations defended civil liberties chicago new_york proclaimed civil rights weeks president announced national bill rights day speaker convention spite newfound respect civil rights americans anti communist believed excluding communists american society essential step preserve democracy contrasted world war relatively little violation civil liberties world war president roosevelt strong supporter civil liberties importantly anti war activists world war significant exception japanese americans months japanese attack pearl harbor roosevelt authorized creation military exclusion zones executive order paving way detention west_coast japanese americans inland camps addition non citizen prohibited members race thirds swept american born citizens immediately protested roosevelt comparing evacuations nazi concentration camps major organization object plan position unpopular organization leaders wanted defend japanese americans roosevelt loyalists wanted support roosevelt war effort baldwin felt japanese americans needed access process imprisoned march letter roosevelt baldwin called administration allow japanese americans prove loyalty individual hearings describing planned removal open grave question suggestions went opinions organization increasingly divided army began evacuation west_coast factions pushing fight exclusion orders issued advocating support president policy removing citizens presence national security brought opposing resolutions vote board national leaders decided challenge japanese american citizens june instructions sent west_coast branches support cases argued government constitutional right offices west_coast directly involved addressing tide anti japanese prejudice start geographically closer issue working cases challenging exclusion time seattle office assisting lawsuit created committee continue work started los_angeles attorney continued represent addressing case constitutional questions lose private clients defense japanese americans san_francisco branch led refused support case taken prior june directive attorney support centered defense exclusion west_coast offices wanted test case court difficult time finding japanese american willing violate orders able meet desired criteria sympathetic japanese americans affected order cases eventually supreme_court united_states came court justices upheld government right exclude japanese americans west_coast earlier forced local office stop aiding donated case legal team total budget submitted brief dissatisfied defense filed additional brief directly addressed constitutional rights meantime served attorneys united_states decided day case results kept arguments established national office case receive favorable ruling aided conservative united_states proved controversial cases collins refused bow national pressure pursue case challenging government right remove citizens homes board threatened san_francisco branch national affiliation baldwin tried unsuccessfully convince collins step replace lead attorney case eventually collins agreed present case alongside arguments supreme_court remained based exclusion order case decided december court upheld government right relocate japanese americans convictions later overturned proceedings 1980s somewhat defended japanese americans reluctant defend anti war protesters majority board passed resolution declared unwilling defend interfered war effort included group thousands renounced citizenship war later regretted decision tried applications significant number slated japan actually country fact deported repatriated visited lake segregation center majority concentrated subsequently enlisted help file lawsuit behalf arguing given national organization prohibited local branches representing forcing collins pursue case office provided support war ended years old accumulated impressive set legal victories president sent telegram occasion 25th anniversary american attitudes changed world war dissent minorities tolerated willingness bill rights respected minority rights commonly championed annual conference leaders composed list important civil rights issues focus future list included racial discrimination separation church state supported african american defendants tried occupy house purchased neighborhood racially restrictive housing african american won case cold war era anti communist sentiment united_states cold war beginning federal investigations caused persons communist left leaning lose jobs jailed cold war united_states collectively ignored civil rights communists civil liberties process law separation church state continued reinforced expanded internally divided communists leadership continued decided defend alleged communists late 1940s leaders anti communist felt defend victims leaders felt communists entitled free speech defend leaders uncertain threat posed communists tried establish compromise extremes ambivalent state affairs civil liberties faction prevailed leading resignation anti communist leaders president issued executive order created program authorized attorney general create list organizations deemed subversive association programs ground barring person employment listed organizations notified considered list opportunity present government factual basis inclusion list leadership divided challenge challenges successfully house american activities committee hollywood directors writers hollywood intending ask identify communists witnesses refused testify imprisoned contempt congress supported appeals artists lost appeal hollywood establishment panicked hearings created prohibited leftist associations working supported legal challenges challenges failed successful education effort report judges judged prepared direction response actress described unfair actions process helped gradually turn public opinion federal government took direct aim communist party indicted leaders square trial case mere membership political party sufficient conclude members advocated overthrow united_states government chose represent defendants found guilty sentenced years prison defense attorneys cited contempt went prison government indicted additional party members defendants find attorneys represent communists protested outside courthouse bill outlaw introduced congress supported anti law change heart supported party leaders appeal process supreme_court upheld convictions dennis united_states decision free speech requirements clear present danger test grave probable test issued public condemnation dennis decision resolved fight reason supreme_court support cold war legislation deaths supreme_court justices leaving remaining civil court dennis decision paved way prosecution hundreds communist party members supported communists appeals initiative originated local national headquarters convictions upheld california particular felt national headquarters supporting civil liberties strongly initiated cold war cases national headquarters challenged loyalty oath requirements country courts upheld loyalty oath laws california successfully challenged california state loyalty oath supreme_court upheld nearly law restricted liberties communists scaled defense communists cold war came heavy criticism communism critics included senator fbi leaders sympathetic fbi consequence rarely investigated complaints alleging abuse power fbi cold war organizational change board directors asked executive director baldwin resign feeling lacked organizational skills lead growing member organization baldwin objected majority board elected remove position replaced guidance membership start year period continual growth leading members presided expansion local controlled elite dozen new democratic 1950s amended permit local participate directly voting policy decisions annual conference open entire membership instituted year later decades pulpit activist members suggested new directions including abortion rights death penalty rights poor era early 1950s continued steer moderate course cold war leftist singer denied passport communist accused illegal acts chose defend later reversed stance supported passport cases resulted legal victories late 1950s response communist witch hunts witnesses employees chose use fifth amendment protection self avoid information political beliefs government agencies private organizations response established communist party membership invoked fifth amendment national divided defend employees fired merely pleading fifth amendment new_york affiliate successfully assisted teacher supreme_court case reversed termination fifth amendment issue catalyst watershed event finally resolved anti communists leadership anti communists led proposed set resolutions guilt persons invoked fifth amendment resolutions fell new organizational rules permitting local participate vote national headquarters rejected anti communist resolutions anti communists leaders refused accept results vote brought issue discussion annual convention member president attacked anti communists counter proposal stated stand guilt association judgment accusation invasion privacy personal opinions beliefs confusion dissent anti communists continued battle graham proposal outnumbered anti communists finally gave departed board directors late ending year reign leadership ranks proceeded resolve cold war anti communist legislation period resolution purge resignation anti communist leaders considered era abandoned core principles declined late television journalist publicly mccarthy controversies bill rights generated cold war new era liberties brown supreme_court unanimously overturned state sanctioned school segregation flood civil rights victories dominated legal landscape supreme_court handed key victories united_states united_states undermined smith act marked beginning end communist party membership inquiries supreme_court produced decisions including board member upheld fifth amendment brought end restrictions political activity 1960s decade successful period history membership rose seventeen states annual conference colorado supreme_court issued cases involved prevailed seven played role supreme_court decisions reducing censorship literature arts protecting freedom association prohibiting racial segregation excluding religion public schools providing process protection criminal suspects success arose changing public attitudes american populace educated tolerant willing accept unorthodox behavior separation church state legal battles concerning separation church state originated laws dating required religious instruction school provided state funding religious schools catholic church leading proponent laws primary opponents american jewish congress led challenge case justice hugo black wrote amendment erected wall church state wall kept high clear bill rights state governments supporting religious education strong legal arguments religious proponents arguing supreme_court act national school board constitution govern social issues advocates church state separation persuaded court declare activities unconstitutional writes greatest impact american life role supreme_court public controversies prevailed case challenged public school religious classes taught clergy paid private funds won cases challenging schools new_mexico taught clergy hanging classrooms 1960s response member insistence turned attention class promotion religion percent american schools included bible reading published policy statement condemning school prayers observation religious holidays bible reading supreme_court concurred position prohibited new_york school prayers decision religious factions country rebelled anti prayer decisions leading propose declared school prayer legal participated lobbying effort amendment congressional vote amendment failed obtain required thirds majority cases victories lost cases challenged state laws requiring commercial businesses close sunday supreme_court overturned laws states subsequently revoked laws pressure commercial interests freedom expression 1940s 1950s continued battle censorship art literature new_york affiliate received mixed results supreme_court winning appeal convicted speaking police permit losing appeal arrested prevent breach peace based denouncing president lost case arrested group libel distributed literature character african americans cities america routinely banned movies deemed harmful offensive immoral censorship mutual decision held movies mere commerce amendment protection film miracle banned new_york behest catholic_church supported film distributor appeal ban won major victory decision wilson catholic_church led efforts 1950s attempting persuade local prosecutors ban books movies leading conflict published statement condemning church tactics legal actions successfully defended films leading eventual movie censorship hollywood continued employing self censorship production code called hollywood abolish code defended beat generation artists including prosecuted poem unorthodox case helped coffee house regain restaurant license revoked beat customers allegedly disturbing peace quiet neighborhood lost important press censorship case supreme_court upheld conviction publisher distributing adult magazines late books cancer banned public standards rapidly liberal 1960s difficult define halted racial discrimination major aspect civil liberties progress world war centuries racism federal state local governments effort generally known civil liberties organizations worked progress including american jewish congress took primary responsibility supreme_court cases led lead attorney focusing police misconduct supporting achieved key victory henderson united_states decision ended segregation interstate bus rail transportation filed brief case brown led ban racial segregation public schools southern states instituted style witch hunt attempting disclose membership lists fight racism limited segregation provided key support primarily lower income urban residents required states establish voting districts accordance person vote principle police misconduct regularly tackled police misconduct issues starting case alabama right attorney including right attorney california stomach pumping late 1940s local established permanent committees address issues 1950s 1960s responsible substantially advancing legal police misconduct philadelphia affiliate responsible causing create nation civilian police review board illinois affiliate published report nation documented unlawful detention police known successes came 1960s prevailed string cases limiting power police gather evidence ohio supreme court required states obtain warrant searching person home decision provided legal representation persuaded court illinois permit suspects attorney present questioning arizona decision required police suspects constitutional rights law enforcement officials criticized expanding rights suspects police officers took advantage example represented new_york policemen lawsuit objected searches workplace late 1960s civilian review boards new_york philadelphia abolished objection civil liberties revolution 1960s 1960s tumultuous era united_states public interest civil liberties underwent explosive growth civil liberties actions 1960s led young people employed tactics sit ins marches protests peaceful employed militant tactics played central role major civil liberties debates 1960s including new fields gay rights prisoner rights abortion rights poor death penalty membership increased beginning decade seven states states 1960s underwent major transformation tactics shifted emphasis legal appeals generally involving submitted supreme_court direct representation defendants initially arrested time transformed style emotionally engaged published breakthrough document titled americans protest borne frustration slow progress battling racism endorsed aggressive militant protest techniques african american protests south accelerated early 1960s assisted step african american college students staged sit segregated north_carolina department store sit movement gained momentum united_states defended black students arrested demonstrating north_carolina florida louisiana provided legal help freedom rides integration protests birmingham alabama freedom summer responsible managing sit related cases supreme_court winning nearly decision fell legal volunteer efforts provide legal representation hundreds white black arrested protesting south joined civil liberties groups form subsequently provided legal representation protesters provided majority funding opened major office atlanta georgia dedicated serving southern issues progress south charismatic leader atlanta office responsible georgia prisons lee washington reforming election laws southern office defended african american congressman bond floyd georgia congress refused formally bond legislature widely publicized case defended morgan army doctor convicted refusing train despite raising defense green committing war crimes vietnam levy lost appeal parker levy won major victory free speech defended arrested peacefully protesting mayor chicago court ruled gregory chicago speaker arrested disturbing peace hostility initiated audience veto vietnam war center legal aspects vietnam war defending draft challenging war potential richard_nixon use national security concerns censor newspapers person prosecuted burning draft card new_york affiliate appealed conviction united_states_of_america supreme_court refused hear appeal years later massachusetts affiliate took card burning case supreme_court arguing act burning form symbolic speech supreme_court upheld conviction united_states brien thirteen year old junior high student wore black school object war suspended school appealed case supreme_court won victory critical case established government establish schools prisons rights defended sydney street arrested burning american flag protest reported assassination civil rights leader street new_york decision court agreed encouraging country abandon national symbols protected form expression successfully defended arrested wearing jacket words fuck draft walked los_angeles courthouse supreme_court california held wording essential convey intensity message non war related free speech rights advanced vietnam war era defended member advocated long term violence government supreme_court concurred argument landmark decision ohio held speech advocated imminent violence outlawed major crisis debate erupted defend boston federal charges encouraged avoid draft board deeply split defend activists half board anti war sentiments felt lend resources cause boston half board believed civil liberties stake taking political stance debate longstanding tradition politically provided legal advice regard political views defendants board finally agreed compromise solution permitted defend anti war activists endorsing activist political views critics suggest partisan political organization following case kent state leaders took step politics passing resolution condemning vietnam war resolution based variety legal arguments including civil liberties violations claim war illegal held internal discuss dual roles providing direct legal support defense accused initial trial individual defendant support providing appeal process establish widespread legal precedent historically known work led landmark supreme_court decisions legal activities involved direct representation concluded roles valid 1970s 1980s era supported new_york_times suit government requesting permission publish pentagon papers court upheld times united_states ruling held government prohibit publication classified information wait published action saga national organization nixon following resolution opposing vietnam war second major decision caused critics particularly conservatives claim evolved liberal political organization new civil liberties decade saw expansion field civil liberties responded appointing executive director embarked ambitious program expand created raise funds created new programs focus legal efforts membership reached years led way expanding legal rights directions new rights persons government run new rights victim groups privacy rights mainstream citizens time organization grew substantially helped develop field constitutional law groups persons live conditions government control include mental hospital patients members military prisoners students school term originated supreme_court justice use phrase schools decision initiated legal field student rights case expanded cases required schools provide students opportunity appeal early taken stand protect rights mentally ill drafted model statute governing mental commitments 1960s opposed commitments demonstrated person danger community landmark connor decision represented non violent mental health patient confined years persuaded supreme_court rule illegal defended rights mentally ill individuals dangerous create disturbances new_york chapter defended mentally ill woman exposed public prior prisoners virtually court system courts considered prisoners civil rights changed late 1950s began representing prisoners subject police brutality deprived religious reading material successfully sued alabama prison system new_york affiliate adopted project represent prisoners new_york prisons private attorney discovered conditions virginia prisons following virginia state strike won important victory prohibited virginia treating prisoners ways consolidated prison rights efforts nation created efforts led landmark cases requiring reform texas prison system congress enacted codified prisoners rights victim groups 1960s 1970s expanded scope include referred victim groups women poor female members endorsed created dominated legal field handling twice cases including breakthrough cases reed reed richardson taylor louisiana leader raised issue rights years later formally endorsed gay rights attorneys oregon filed federal civil rights case involving claim unconstitutional discrimination gay lesbian public school teacher held state statute authorized school districts fire teachers vague awarded monetary damages teacher court refused teacher affirmed refusal vote burton created later discrimination support continues today senator arrested sex public bathroom wrote brief saying sex adults public places protected privacy rights rights poor area expanded activists encouraged organization adopt policy welfare system low income families income board approve proposals played key role king smith decision supreme_court ruled welfare benefits children denied state simply mother boyfriend privacy right privacy explicitly identified constitution led charge establish rights case addressed state statute issue arose connecticut time supreme_court adopted position formally declared right privacy new_york affiliate pushed eliminate anti abortion laws starting year decided formally adopted right abortion policy led defense united_states expanded right physicians determine necessary efforts culminated controversial supreme_court decisions time wade abortion months pregnancy successfully argued state marriage case loving virginia related privacy engaged battles ensure government records individuals kept private individuals right review records supported measures including fair credit reporting act required credit agencies credit information individuals family educational rights privacy act provided students right access records privacy act prevented federal government personal information good cause allegations bias early 1970s conservatives began criticize political liberal legal scholar wrote trend started defense anti war protests critics blamed encouraging supreme_court embrace judicial activism critics claimed support controversial decisions like wade connecticut violated intention authors bill rights issue presidential campaign republican candidate accused democratic candidate member card carrying member case policy support civil liberties defendants regardless ideological stance takes pride defending individuals unpopular viewpoints members defended american nazis times actions brought protests particularly american jews small group american nazis led applied town illinois permission hold demonstration town park time majority population jews totaling citizens survivors nazi concentration camps refused grant permission illinois judge supported prohibited demonstration immediately passed aimed preventing group meeting assisted appealed federal court appeal dragged year eventually prevailed smith case heavily publicized america partially jewish groups objected demonstration leading members cancel illinois affiliate lost membership nearly budget financial strain controversy led local chapters membership crisis died sent fund raising appeal explained rationale case raised dollars reagan era inauguration ronald_reagan president year period conservative leadership government leadership government pushed conservative social agenda including abortion prayer schools banning pornography resisting gay rights years trial found fighting classroom case arkansas statute required schools teach biblical account creation scientific alternative evolution won case arkansas decision involved case involving distribution child pornography new_york brief argued child pornography test outlawed law question overly restrictive outlawed artistic displays non material court adopt position presidential election vice president noted opponent massachusetts governor described card carrying member evidence strong passionate liberal mainstream phrase subsequently organization advertising campaign defended lieutenant colonel conviction testimony violation fifth amendment rights iran affair involved illegal weapons sales iran order illegally fund modern era ruling unanimously case supreme_court voted anti provisions finding violated freedom speech provisions amendment decision supreme_court held use terms offensive provoke uncertainty speakers standards relate mean position considered controversial broad cross section political points view legislative counsel stated proposed anti legislation free speech denying forcing labeled standardized labeling compelled speech stated relatively simple click debate found joining criticizing bill house_of_representatives early taken strong position nearly legislation improper supported opt requirements cases opposed act suggesting chilling effect speech november african american residents texas indicted drug charges arrested series drug sweeps filed class action lawsuit kelly behalf alleging arrests unlawful contended percent male african american population aged arrested based word single unreliable confidential informant police cases announced confidential settlement lawsuit outcome sides stated satisfied district attorney dismissed charges suit film depicts case massachusetts affiliate represented amendment grounds death civil suit based solely fact man raped murdered child visited website lost case asked supreme_court require drop policy prohibiting boy scout leaders century march sued state california behalf sex couples denied marriage licenses case eventually consolidated marriage cases case led sex marriage available state june proposition passed november trial allegations drug abuse argued privacy compromised allowing law enforcement examination medical records june school district dover pennsylvania required high school biology students listen statement asserted theory evolution fact mentioning intelligent design alternative theory parents called complain believed school promoting religious idea classroom violating establishment clause amendment joined represented parents lawsuit school district lengthy trial judge ruled favor parents dover area school district decision finding intelligent design science permanently forbidding dover school system teaching intelligent design science classes april sued behalf homeless people city violation 8th 14th amendments article sections california constitution supporting process equal protection prohibiting cruel unusual punishment court ruled favor stating arrest people sitting lying sleeping public row enforcement section hours day persons sit lie sleep public streets breaking amendments court said anti camping ordinance restrictive municipal laws regulating public spaces united_states jones wanted compromise barred enforcing section arrest seizure imprisonment row hours compromise plan permits homeless sleep provided feet business residential entrance hours motivations compromise shortage space prison system downtown development business interests compromise police chief said case slowed police effort fight crime clean allowed clean real estate september voted reject compromise october police arrested sleeping streets time months joined pro gun rights organization prevailed lawsuit library district washington policy refusing disable restrictions adult patron request library patrons attempting access pro gun web sites blocked library refused remove blocks sued library system refusing temporarily request adult patron disable internet filters blocked access google images challenged missouri law prohibited outside veterans suit filed support threatened arrest known picket signs contain messages god hates thank god dead soldiers thank god issued statement calling legislation law rights religious liberty free speech prevailed lawsuit consortium legal advocates including challenged california proposition declared sex marriages illegal allies prevailed light supreme_court decision recognizing constitution protects individual right bear arms nevada took position supporting individual right bear arms subject regulations pledged defend right defends constitutional rights increasingly assisted gun owners recover firearms seized illegally law enforcement filed brief arguing violated amendment right free speech political speech stance landmark case caused considerable disagreement organization resulting discussion future stance quarterly board meeting march reaffirmed stance support supreme_court ruling time voicing support expanded public financing election campaigns stating organization firmly oppose future constitutional amendment limiting free speech illinois inducted friend community started don filter project lgbt related internet censorship public schools united_states january reached settlement federal government collins united_states provided payment separation pay discharged don ask don tell november previously granted half expected receive anti terrorism issues september attacks federal government instituted broad range new measures combat terrorism including passage patriot act challenged measures claiming violated rights process privacy illegal searches cruel unusual punishment policy statement states way forward lies decisively turning backs policies practices violate greatest strength constitution commitment embodies rule law liberty security compete zero sum game freedoms foundation strength security advocates national security policies consistent constitution rule law fundamental human rights project cases relating detention torture discrimination surveillance censorship secrecy ensuing debate proper balance civil liberties security membership increased bringing group total enrollment growth continued august membership greater remained level vocal opponent usa patriot act patriot act associated legislation response threat domestic terrorism response requirement usa patriot act withdrew charity drive campaign imposed requirement employees checked federal anti terrorism watch list stated reject contributions private individuals submit government policy sued federal government behalf owner internet service provider provisions patriot act government issued national security letters provide private internet access information customers addition government placed gag order forbidding discussing matter january filed lawsuit federal district court michigan challenging government surveillance controversy august court ruled program unconstitutional ordered ended immediately order stayed pending appeal bush administration suspend program appeal heard february turned appeal let pursue lawsuit program began shortly september terror attacks organizations filed separate lawsuits country telecommunications companies filed lawsuit illinois dismissed state secrets privilege california requesting august lawsuits telecommunications companies transferred federal judge san_francisco represents muslim american detained accused crime civil suit attorney general january american military released names held afghanistan modifying long held position information list prompted freedom information act lawsuit filed september lawyers requested detailed information conditions rules regulations criticized targeted killings american citizens fight united_states criticized killing radical muslim basis violation fifth amendment right deprived life liberty property process law archives washington cubic feet including plus rolled posters washington michigan collection documents early years branch collection contains documents related academic freedom censorship church state civil liberties police brutality legal assistance prisoners detroit michigan michigan collection illustrates branch formed address issues jail conditions lie use senior housing rights attempts death penalty detroit michigan selected works sponsored published annual report american civil liberties union americans protest secret detention chicago police report report law enforcement report written published auspices miller judges judged organization records manuscript library dangers domestic | American Civil Liberties Union | Social sciences and society | Law | 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26977_DemographicsoftheSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStates | demographics supreme_court united_states demographics supreme_court united_states encompass gender ethnicity religious geographic economic backgrounds people appointed justices supreme_court certain characteristics raised issue court established years justices white male prior 20th century roman catholics appointed concerns diversity court mainly terms geographic diversity represent geographic regions country opposed ethnic religious gender diversity 20th century saw appointment jewish justice african american italian american woman day connor 21st century saw appointment hispanic justice excluded discussion spite interest court demographics symbolism accompanying inevitably political appointment process views commentators demographic considerations arise selection process gender race educational background religious views justices played little role example opinions african american justices reflected radically different judicial shared catholic faith education shared little way court female justices voted male colleagues historian writes particular female perspective opinions geographic background existence court geographic diversity key concern presidents choosing justices appoint prompted early practice supreme_court justices riding circuit individually hearing cases different regions country united_states divided judicial circuits time supreme_court justices acted judges individual circuits george_washington careful appointments justices serving time state abraham_lincoln broke tradition civil war late 1880s presidents disregarded increasing frequency importance declined arose time time example appointing president concerned controversy having new_york justices court having jewish justices brien notes rom appointment south_carolina retirement hugo black alabama exception reconstruction decade bench sixth seat reserved southern seat appointment seat reserved westward expansion led concerns western states represented court prompted appointment geographic balance sought 1970s nixon attempted employ southern strategy hoping secure support southern states judges region nixon unsuccessfully nominated south_carolina georgia finally succeeding nomination minnesota issue regional diversity raised retirement appointed leaving court justice having appointed states east_coast court majority seven justices coming states north east washington including justices born raised new_york_city remaining justices come georgia california contemporary justices associated multiple states nominees appointed serving states districts hometown home state chief justice example born new_york moved indiana age grew law school roberts worked washington living maryland states claim despite efforts achieve geographic balance nineteen states produced states represented partly fewer states early justices appointed new_york producing justices ohio producing massachusetts virginia pennsylvania tennessee kentucky maryland new_jersey handful justices born outside united_states earliest justices court included born scotland born born ireland justice born ottoman_empire turkey born england foreign born justice english second language born vienna austria constitution citizenship requirement federal judges ethnicity supreme_court justices white european heritage appointment african american justice non white justices appointed marshall african american successor white justices vast majority white justices northern european northwestern european descent 1980s justices central eastern southern european appointed background includes austrian german bohemian swiss origins justice descent justice appointed justice appointed justices italian descent appointed supreme_court appointed court justice known non northern european ancestry african american justices african american candidate given consideration appointment supreme_court election weighed possibility appointing circuit african american elevated appointed time widely anticipated appointed supreme_court kennedy gave consideration making appointment represented time american history african american actual contender high court african american appointed court appointed second appointed succeed marshall johnson appointed marshall supreme_court following retirement justice saying right thing right time right man right place marshall confirmed associate justice senate vote august johnson predicted biographer lot black baby boys named honor choice fact research birth records new_york boston indicates johnson prophecy come true bush initially wanted nominate thomas replace stepped decided thomas experience judge months federal bench bush nominated judge instead selection thomas instead replace marshall preserved existing racial composition court hispanic latino justices words latino hispanic given distinct meanings latino referring persons latin american descent hispanic referring persons having ancestry language culture spain term usually refers persons having ancestry language culture portugal specifically nominated president barack_obama sworn august supreme_court justice latin american descent born new_york_city parents known refer generally regarded hispanic justice sources claim distinction belongs justice claimed administration hispanic candidates received consideration presidents selection process considered vacancy eventually given hispanic judge appointment contemplated subsequently bill_clinton reported sources considered supreme_court nomination occasions court vacancy opened clinton presidency possibility hispanic justice returned george bush presidency reports suggesting consideration vacancy left retirement day connor connor seat eventually went speculation hispanic nomination arose election barack_obama obama appointed woman puerto rican descent hispanic justice appointed officials count hispanic justice historians contend jew believed distant portuguese descent counted hispanic justice wrote large ethnic european origin represented supreme_court italians southern hispanic americans policy analysis wrote supreme_court hispanic justice hispanic american similarly reported hispanic sat state claimed served court clear jew spanish heritage count identify number sources present conflicting views ethnicity simply labeling dictionary latino civil rights history listed hispanic named supreme_court united_states nomination widely described media accounts hispanic nominee drew attention question ethnicity biographer questioned usage term hispanic lifetime commenting think regarded jew ancestors came firmly established family roots fact portugal asserted confessed family preserved spanish language cultural traditions contrast translations authoritative legal works written french german ethnic groups represented ethnic groups represented court justice asian native american heritage person having heritage publicly considered appointment 21st century legal scholar vietnamese descent named potential nominee presidency barack_obama potential nominees included korean descent idaho attorney general member tribe public opinion ethnic diversity public opinion ethnic diversity court varies widely depending poll question wording example polls taken resulted half respondents agreeing important black person court agreeing sentiment agreeing race factor choosing supreme_court justices claimed presidents appointed justices supreme_court recent years taken race religion account causing population general current time white protestant serves court despite fact white largest single demographic group united_states gender justices men supreme_court justices males ronald_reagan fulfilled campaign promise place woman court appointment day connor connor later joined court appointed bill_clinton connor retired joined successfully appointed court respectively barack_obama woman nominated court nomination succeed connor withdrawn fire substantial public sentiment support appointment woman supreme_court expressed early editorial christian science monitor encouraged consider ohio justice assistant attorney general sixth circuit making highest ranking female world time roosevelt successors following decades gave strong consideration female candidates court considered appointment concerns raised justices serving woman court conference marked president richard_nixon named serving second district court appeal california potential nominee fill court quickly deemed formal proceedings set respect potential nomination successfully nominated fill public opinion gender diversity poll found americans felt important woman court connor stepped court leaving justice lone remaining woman seven persons polled found essential woman nominated replace connor marital status sexual orientation marital status handful supreme_court justices married lifelong addition retired justice current justice married justice divorce court marriages justice justice divorced wife marrying second wife later year female justice appointed unmarried woman having divorced long nomination justices bench death wife justice contributed mental health problems led rejection appointment survived wife anne years continued working court years death wife fourteen years service court wife having died october suffering cancer death june woman widowed serving court sexual orientation regards sexual orientation supreme_court justice identified evidence justice having sexual orientation uncovered personal lives justices nominees attracted speculation unsuccessfully nominated richard_nixon convicted battery making unnatural advance male police officer working undercover florida men room claim gay bisexual person nominated court far unlikely nixon aware white_house counsel later wrote richard_nixon looking historical homosexual high court list speculation recorded sexual orientation justices lifelong evidence exists gay greatest body evidence surrounds homosexuality adult life years devoted trusted companion like murphy lifelong bachelor college murphy death pair found creative ways work live murphy appeared better future politics stepped supportive secondary role murphy close relationship murphy biographer historian found murphy personal papers letter words mean refers homosexual encounter years earlier murphy writer letter confirmed review evidence led fine conclude stick neck murphy gay speculation surrounded suggests homosexuality fact unmarried personally writer alleged sexual relations boys led biographers homosexual real evidence exists possibility constitutional law scholar noted book describes lifelong devotion older sister lived new_york death asked married replied quietly sadly second place life suggests friends stressed devotion sister discourage rumors sexually dysfunctional unusually low sexual drive homosexual produces evidence support possibilities note friends describing words like beautiful exquisite sensitive delicate author biography published notes absolutely certain highly likely lived life judge quoted book saying trace homosexuality recently nominated court conservative groups expressed concern white_house president bachelor nominee homosexual similar questions raised sexual orientation unmarried nominee evidence produced sexual orientation apparent attested colleagues familiar dating history religion supreme_court established members came ranks founding fathers uniformly protestant justices appointed court protestant denominations catholics justice converted catholicism leaving court jewish known religious affiliation chief justices catholics jewish justice unsuccessfully nominated chief justice table shows religious affiliation justices sitting february protestant justices supreme_court justices protestant christians included lone representatives denominations court lutheran protestant justices adhere particular baptist denominations evangelical churches court relative population united_states conversely mainline protestant churches historically following retirement june court entirely non protestant composition time history catholic justices catholic justice appointed chief justice second appointed associate justice went chief justice appointed placing catholics court white death period marked beginning observed tradition having catholic seat court catholic justices included appointed appointed appointed protestant time court wife catholic faith implied catholic seat joined wife church years retired court succeeded catholic president appointed seat sought catholic appoint court catholic justice murphy death directly lobbied cardinal new_york appointment lone catholic justice appointment like catholic time appointed court thomas raised catholic briefly attended roman catholic seminary joined protestant wife marriage point late 1990s thomas returned catholicism catholic chief justice fourth catholic court shortly fifth court eleventh history court appointment gave majority time history thomas justice raised roman catholic converted different branch christianity prior serving court contrast historical patterns court gone having catholic seat characterized catholic court reasons subject debate matter intense public scrutiny majority court catholic appointment catholics accepted represents historical sea change fostered accusations court catholic boys club particularly catholics chosen tend politically conservative calls non catholics nominated president barack_obama nominated catholic woman replace retiring justice confirmation raised number catholics court compared non catholics jewish death february number catholic justices went catholic justices members roman latin rite catholic_church jewish justices president offered appoint louisiana senator jewish justice new_york_times reported february president benjamin democrats determined confirm benjamin declined offer ultimately secretary state confederacy civil war jewish nominee appointed tumultuous hearing process appointment raised mild controversy placing jewish justices court time appointment widely lauded based qualifications senate unanimous confirming succeeded succeeded jewish justice negative reaction appointment early jewish justices exclusively come outside court justice blatant anti refused speak years following appointment retired sign customary letter sent court members retirement swearing ceremony read newspaper attend god jew court followed filled known jewish seat resigned replaced jewish justices nominated ronald_reagan nominated fill vacancy created retirement nomination withdrawn court remained jewish justices unrelated appointed replace followed relatively quick succession appointment jewish replace confirmation president barack_obama nomination court ensured jewish justices serve simultaneously prior confirmation conservative political commentator stated confirmed jews represent percent population percent supreme_court seats time remarks percent justices jewish history court march president obama nominated fill supreme_court vacancy created death shift catholic majority time appointment roman catholic justices jewish justices raised roman catholic attended episcopal church marriage returned catholicism later 1990s point remaining protestant justices stevens connor remained court time history court longer absolute majority catholic court occurred chief justice succeeded office chief justice fourth sitting catholic justice january fifth sitting catholic justice august sixth contrast catholic president unrelated justice kennedy catholic vice president jewish president vice president beginning justice sole remaining protestant court april justice stevens announced retirement effective court summer justice stevens retirement formally began june court lacked protestant member marking time history exclusively composed jewish catholic justices development led comment law school professor wrote fascinating truth allowed religion drop consideration supreme_court right supreme_court means looks like america religions represented number sizable religious groups population members appointed justices include orthodox christians muslims described raised parents having immigrated united_states infancy join church parents soon left moved montana faith remained utah graduated non class attorney general listed president potential nominee ford crossed oaks list early noting margin member bring confirmation fight appointed court justices declined engage religious activity affiliate adult longer practiced faith identified remained proud jewish heritage age unlike offices president senator minimum age supreme_court justices set forth united_states_constitution justices tend appointed having significant achievements law politics young potential candidates consideration time justices appointed advanced age likely short court youngest justice appointed time appointment oldest time appointment chief justice hughes previously appointed court associate justice age resigned run president story went serve years hughes served years second appointment oldest justice time initial appointment time appointment died years court oldest sitting justice elevated chief justice hughes successor time elevation stone died years elevation oldest nominee court south_carolina senator nominated aged known born exact date senate confirmed smith nomination vote smith declined serve justices currently sitting youngest time appointment years old time confirmation beginning term youngest justice sitting years age oldest person served court holmes stepped months shy birthday second holmes left court june months turning average age court time departure older justices appointment younger people fill seats average age court years months prior death chief justice september average age appointed august average age current justices appointed years old longest period time group justices served occurred august appointed replace retired september death totaling years days justices served average years stepped served average years retirement age jumped average justices retiring vacancy court years years appointments vacancy average years typical term president appointment opportunity instead commentators noted advances medical knowledge enormously increased life mature person age likely considered appointment supreme_court combined reduction responsibilities carried modern justices compared early justices results longer potential terms service led proposals imposing mandatory retirement age supreme_court justices term limits educational background constitution educational background requirements federal judges work court involves complex questions law ranging constitutional law administrative law admiralty law consequently legal education facto appointment supreme_court person nominated court attorney advent modern law schools united_states justices like attorneys time completed legal studies reading law studying acting apprentice experienced attorneys attending formal program justice appointed attended actual law school appointed court attended connecticut prestigious law school united_states day prior admission bar earn law degree successor court received law degree appointed court justice bear associate justice short tenure lasted june october justice law degree appointed served court sitting justice background total justices appointed court law degrees additional attended law school receive degree received legal education law school attendance table shows college law school justices sitting february graduated professional background justices attorneys nearly thirds previously judges sitting justices previously served judges recent appointment justice served attorney responsible representing federal government cases court justices background criminal defense lawyers reportedly justice client death penalty case historically justices come tradition public service experience relatively justices appointed members congress members united states senate time appointment sitting member house_of_representatives previously served senate sitting governors president united_states justice held elected office day connor elected twice appointed governor financial means financial position typical described upper middle high social status necessarily urban environment member civic minded politically active economically comfortable family economic interpretation constitution united_states justices constitution beard notes developed lucrative practice directors incorporation member wilson held shares million acres respectable men virginia account family fortune source notes blair member prominent virginia family father served time acting royal governor founder president mary elected governor south_carolina time constitution state set qualification office ownership settled plantation value thousand pounds currency clear debt rose rapidly wealth power bar native state earnings day history colony developing fortune times country large nephew george_washington time younger washington appointment immediate past president united_states wealthiest men country named supreme_court personally knew president nominated exceptions typical portrait justices growing middle class wealthy example family went period childhood resulting disability father heat stroke seven sitting justices remaining close level wealth book people history united states argues justices neutral matters rich poor upper class chief justice roberts son executive justice stevens born wealthy chicago family justices kennedy fathers successful attorneys justices educated education minded parents father highly educated college professor father high school teacher long time employee new_jersey state legislature justices thomas regarded coming lower class background authority states thomas grew poverty community lived lacked sewage system paved roads inhabitants earned cents day performing manual labor depth thomas poverty disputed suggestions ample evidence suggest thomas enjoyed large middle class upbringing financial beginning required federal officials including justices file annual income assets provide wealth justices reported broad ranges year year set justices revealed potter stewart chief justice coming holdings wealthy justice report disclosed newly appointed justice day connor millionaire second wealthiest justice court remaining justices listed assets range tens thousands thousand exception reported assets investment income report justices relatively positions report connor wealthiest member court stevens millionaire justices reporting assets averaging half million dollars newest justices reporting assets revealed thomas income going report reflect holdings year indicated justices clearly thomas reported signed book deal worth million dollars justices reported holdings following ranges financial indicate justices substantial stock holdings turn affected business court holdings led justices cases occasionally substantial impact example case resulted ending split create binding precedent court unable decide case justices conflicts arising stock ownership affected companies | Demographics of the Supreme Court of the United States | Social sciences and society | Law | Legal institutions and buildings |
4411_TheKidsintheHall:DeathComestoTown | kids hall death comes town kids hall death comes town simply death comes town episode canadian mini series aired january march takes place fictional ontario town called mayor murdered residents cope loss new lawyer moves prosecute suspect resident evidence tries find real killer time character death waits room latest residents die series proposed kids hall comedy tour developed ensemble dark comedy murder mystery departure typical sketch comedy format inspiration series came british comedy series league gentlemen members kids hall play major adult characters number comedic actors appear supporting roles including series filmed ontario summer premise mayor population murdered hours announcing town bid summer olympics rejected small time criminal found blood trial murder man named suspects real murderer large help friend investigates crime mayor widow takes mayoral duties women local news team compete attention steals mayor body lawyer cat alive death waits room collect souls dead citizens characters major characters miniseries played members kids hall mayor son played young actor original kids hall characters appear cameo roles including chicken lady candidate clad addition police officers variations officer characters original series actors appeared supporting roles include draft mayor hockey coach shown powers office beloved townspeople larry unhappy alcoholic wife requested mayor mayor seeks economic development opportunities town larry adopted son responds questions arms runs sees humans large animated butterflies mother calls special member family knows remote control turns death true form communicate middle aged delivery driver local prone frequent spells refers man left house lost hockey tournament captain town hockey team lost stamina sex rival team cheerleader night final game crimson small time criminal self identifies sixteenth prime suspect larry murder field reporter local news pregnant child conflicted stay pregnant abortion heather weather thompson weather reporter local news battles spotlight suspected murder learns heather affair larry news producer visibly frustrated heather rivalry mcdonald news team boom microphone operator sleeps rejected women local bar thompson town secretly feelings mayor lawyer murder uses judge jury mcdonald inexperienced local public defense attorney understanding quality life expensive bills keeping sick year old cat alive death grim assigned collects souls personal supposed aborted born survived procedure death late collect soul duty hangs tavern drinking owl blood flirting red headed women town talented doctor uses odd tools methods judge murder trial shown frustrated disappearance replacements police officers investigating mayor murder episodes production style reunion tour summer kids hall comedy troupe decided like work movie falling creative differences worked live comedy tours appeared television end pitched television story idea rest group liked spent couple days developing characters storyline resolved murder mystery miniseries partly inspired british comedy series league gentlemen described meets format diverged typical sketch comedy style following continuous narrative stories explore characters producer fall pitched concept executive project troupe hired people worked including director shot series locations ontario allowed access federal provincial funding incentives economic development example courtroom scenes filmed graveyard site filmed explorer point claimed interviews red vest worn death found old props costumes previously worn friendly giant drafting script cast member diagnosed stage non began sessions shortly august september shooting dates started weeks radiation treatment shooting wrapped broadcast reception series aired minute shows broadcast january march following news comedy shows hour minutes death comes town new prime time shows launched second week january detective comedy drama republic family oriented situation comedy life debut death comes town watched approximately million viewers age demographic higher life american cable network purchased broadcast rights began broadcasting august reviewed writing decidedly different distinctly weird definitely acquired taste kind great characters scenes edgy sure shock nearly viewers toronto star wrote humour classic kids plenty visual gags mixed colour politically incorrect jokes troupe eye satire remains sharp globe_and_mail wrote negative review concluding dismal coda comedy troupe outstanding career identified fan original kids hall series found awful attempts humour comic rhythm called slow mediocre pointless provided qualified positive review writing juvenile deliberately joy watch concludes death comes town easy dismiss lightweight genuine work death comes town silly comedy smart people home media complete mini series released region dvd august | The Kids in the Hall: Death Comes to Town | Media and drama | Television | Other television 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5865_WhoMadeHuckabee? | known brien stewart feud refers mock rivalry occurred late night talk hosts conan brien early reportedly responsible presidential candidate success presidential reality feud result writers guild america strike writers fuel staged crossover rivalry order fill garner viewers ratings slump claim bump popularity results guest appearances responsible recurring guest success iowa caucus brien claimed responsible cable personality success mentioned conan brien broadcast network extension success response stewart claimed responsible brien original success stewart featured jon stewart early 1990s feud escalated brien stewart forward increasingly reasons responsible success insulting rivals process resulted comedic battle faux appearing shows night feud ended late night conan brien tongue cheek brawl talk hosts reaction feud public media positive squad wrote hosts appearing shows night special appearances clash battle epic proportions helping monday shared certain comedic sensibility admitted good time helping brien said certainly helped period careers looking content feud beginning writers guild america strike began november crippled entertainment industry virtually scripted hollywood shows expected shut week december hollywood journalist reported determined write rest season including scripted series pilot season schedule network orders reality shows pouring agencies right big networks cbs abc nbc fox nbc severe prime time ratings declined sharply new shows achieved breakout success nbc saw prime time year old viewership drop cbs dropped demographic abc lost member pledged support writers brien announced following collapse negotiations late night conan brien return air january writers citing non writing staff facing main reason later stewart announced shows daily report return writers january respect writers daily renamed duration strike daily similarly report hard new episode strike began january late night featured small musical segment beginning detailing brien newly grown beard similar support striking writers generated considerable following young voters campaign primarily support fair tax concerns global warming education issues typically referred republicans notable following gathered younger crowd internet army online coalition volunteer think tank largely composed younger adherents productive group received national media attention credited secret weapon campaign january brien attempted responsibility popularity young voters claiming sole cause status votes use walker texas increased popularity actor public supporter brien reasoned popularity fueled late night sketch translated support later brien january claiming responsible success iowa caucus thanks giving bump rise popularity following appearance report ended threat brien kick translucent white ass got irish january episode late night brien later described heated moment called temporary host report brien refused statement concerning claiming mentioning network turn breathing life basic cable career according logic conan conan response january episode report persuaded brien logic prepared daily colleague appeared set cautioned stewart exhibited vintage vhs tape contained footage introducing brien stewart earlier mtv program jon stewart logic conan conan accepted kept creation family stewart jokingly said brien respond figure way settle matter time shows obvious allusion writers strike need generate new material said writers ended segment crack ball court conan learning stewart involvement feud brien february episode modified photo doctor delivering stewart babies proceeded fun brien continued earlier chain reasoning arguing delivering stewart world deserved credit potential accomplishments including brien following statement think ends feud warning threat promise stewart mentions way going tiny little studio kicking ass resulted comedic battle faux appearing shows february began set daily applause interrupted middle seemingly normal thank stewart settling feud stewart responded happily grew visibly frightened informed brien response days began brien calling cheap stupid lazy stewart stop late brien accompanied applause quickly walked keeping feud going nonetheless refused brien want red brien agreed prepared fight outside stewart reminded finish brien agreed wait outside engaged idle chat stewart finished went hall find gone tape set report discussing john_mccain rise polls joked media said vote vote running mate property soon interrupted stewart brien left set daily continue fight stewart jokingly claimed brien stewart clearly provoking brien playful attacks persuaded wait outside finished taping course time finished brien gone tape stewart decided walk hall finally end fight brien set door supposedly leading brien set locked leaving stewart choice use forced entry bobby pin later interview brien revealed information stewart able slip security hard getting building probably shouldn crude nbc passes clay walked right said network affiliate ohio ending february brien monologue concerning feud stewart west moon styles set accompanied applause pulled brien backstage brien stewart proceeded fight tune song english alternative rock band fight scene slow motion punching falling cardboard boxes rolling flight stairs followed minutes comedian flesh near razor sharp blades pair hockey battle finally ended simultaneous freeze frame punch turned parody end rocky iii scene dissolved painting appeared declared bell sounded image painting marking end feud aftermath day stewart issued following joint statement conan claims unanswered hope kids learned best way resolve conflict violence brien recovering conducted interview associated_press explained reasons took feud leaving threatening messages got temper famous temper later day daily stewart fun fight calling fucking thing seen apologized conversation satellite inadvertently smashing head beer bottle brawl amid confusion accepted apology stewart continued asked initially responded recycling stewart head hitting baseball bat replied jon recycling head encouraged conan hit baseball bat usual left stewart confused end segment stewart asked win fight way answer think america won jon meantime won contest super tuesday west_virginia state convention electorate rival rival john_mccain threw support prevent capturing winner state convention vote secured victories alabama arkansas georgia tennessee super tuesday bringing delegate count distant compared republican_party runner according republican presidential february trip new_york appearance report declaring viable candidate race end segment playing game air hockey host despite winning decided end bid nomination losing march reception reaction feud public media nearly uniformly positive clips feud quickly popular internet turning viral videos spread numerous forms sites offered videos seeing vast increases traffic brawl popular polls began pursuit public opinion question squad hosts appearing shows night special appearances clash battle epic proportions helping monday returning air january daily report increased ratings end january daily percent viewers january percent year olds period report percent year olds percent year olds time period late night conan brien remained normal level million viewers reason given increase daily ratings current presidential election allowing large political humor use journalist commented raise ratings shows writers big setback fact long feud culminated writers strike officially ended february writers returning work following day point titles daily report restored ironic contrast strained relationship depicted camera brien stewart actually good friends admire shows brien admitted come comedic environment shows probably distinct flavor happened knew like associated_press noted watching clear hosts share certain comedic sensibility impossible late night talk hosts cbs david_letterman nbc jay_leno instance long relations annie like note haven found fake feud particularly amusing find bit sweetness hosts constantly expressed lost feel writers wonderful seeing favor creating silly material taking far help fill time dumb fight taken episodes little late night hearts helping similar fashion found brawl inspiring stated great clip joke informs famous people working exactly field competing directly television ratings advertising dollars supposedly large making fun revealing wait irony american probably good friends having good time favorite comedy comedy achieved point brien said fight turned insane dance fitting fight people box props playing hour | Who Made Huckabee? | Media and drama | Television | Other television seasons and related articles |
7470_WankWeek | week week controversial season television programming broadcast united_kingdom channel expected consist series documentary programmes plans broadcast march came public attack senior television figures planned broadcasts pulled amid claims declining editorial standards controversy channel public service broadcasting credentials week cancelled films meant showcase broadcast channel later date commissioning programming season commissioned channel factual entertainment commissioning editor announced july consist films broadcast slot headlined documentary mass public kind programming unprecedented channel previously screened week reportedly described success guardian article continued subject week feel exactly type provocative programming channel_4 covering slot united_kingdom slot considered post watershed defined broadcasting code later transition adult material abrupt watershed time children particularly likely listening according section allows broadcasting sexually explicit content announced centred held london august public mass event organised raise money sexual health charity press release independent production company recording event promised film reveal things allowed stiff britain upper lips programme working title week later plans unnamed second documentary male announced produced independent company film hour long focus men trying cut excessive habits times day methods developed united_states september final film series announced entitled girls produced focus female feature sex format finalised reported airing second films entitled stop women respectively controversy cancellation week criticised prestigious memorial lecture august month channel_4 initial announcement outgoing chief executive channel commercial rival itv attacked channel_4 deterioration output adopting begging approach finances run terrestrial digital requesting subsidies public service output pursuing path week mention came critique programming channel_4 counting educational content allen joked expecting week included hard pull channel pun subsequently repeated press echoed later sir chief executive channel article prospect magazine argued channel_4 increased led targeting year old audience subsequent obsession adolescent sex seen programming world biggest week public attacks led reports concern channel_4 management week place early february month planned screening major racism controversy january celebrity big brother contest launch raised prospect embarrassment critical time reviewing channel finances ahead digital continued nature channel_4 existence state owned advertisement funded public service broadcaster stake broadcast magazine reported senior figures channel_4 felt uncomfortable week including deputy chairman chairman originally intended formally object atmosphere following celebrity big brother racism row suggested influenced decision according media section guardian films commissioned week likely broadcast later date probably dedicated season programming certainly week banner senior reporter broadcast criticised decision calling contrasting way channel_4 executives prepared defend celebrity big brother concluded acted | Wank Week | Media and drama | Television | Other television seasons and related articles |
7496_SaturdayNightLiveparodiesofSarahPalin | saturday night live parodies sketch comedy television saturday night live aired critically acclaimed sketches governor vice presidential nominee lead united_states presidential election sketches featured cast member tina_fey returned guest star portray fey won primetime emmy award outstanding guest actress comedy series background soon john_mccain presidential campaign august announcement alaska governor vice presidential nominee people noted physical resemblance comedian tina_fey fey decided play daughter saw picture governor mother viewers began speculate play run november presidential election days broadcast sketch executive producer said ongoing discussions fey playing september nbc announced fey appear thirty fourth season premiere message governor sarah senator hillary_clinton sketch message governor sarah senator hillary_clinton aired thirty fourth season premiere september sketch starred tina_fey clinton respectively fey series head writer player appearance series officially leaving work rock series created sketch written fey head writer anchor fey featured fictional speech playing new_york senator governor respectively pair discuss presence united_states presidential election differences clinton governor republican_party vice presidential nominee senator clinton contender democratic_party presidential nomination course message tries present candidate job clinton gets progressively disgusted sudden rise fame john_mccain running mate despite background features references clinton campaign reaction critical reception sketch received critics wrote tina_fey nails sarah mannerisms accent amy amazing clinton timing better favorite line tina saying russia house fox added anticipated hoped pairing got annie squad thought fey impression wasn perfect accurate hillary_clinton find incredibly added camera absolutely hilarious james_poniewozik wrote fey perfectly good good job cultivated strong set female comics tried hard campaign try address simply going easy stereotypes letting female candidates hook huffington_post reviewer wrote fey bears striking resemblance nailed candidate distinctive accent response asked felt fey portrayal replied watched volume way thought hilarious didn hear word said visual spot press corps watched sketch plane laughing tina amy satirical politicians later claimed dressed fey halloween john_mccain campaign argued sketch portrayed hillary_clinton substantive thought case portrayed totally superficial thought sketch extreme series interviews leading joke trying tina fey material joked provide job security characters later remarked appear spoof series commercials featured tina_fey sketches popularity sketch fey impression fey reprised role september episode saturday night live sketch featured interviewed played sketch parodied interview took place aired days sketch broadcast sketch fey quoted near answers actual interview gestures following episode featured debate played appeared gwen appeared october episode fey cold opening alec_baldwin appeared sketch october episode saturday night live weekend update thursday fey appeared alongside john_mccain president november fey portrayed time sketch featuring real john_mccain numerous sketches featuring arizona senator sketch fun campaign barack_obama purchase major networks earlier week sketch afford buy home shopping channel wife appearance sketch memoir american life achieved best seller status pre orders fey announced resume governor despite having retired act months previously april fey hosted played unveiled television network featuring shows hey journalist starring husband governor fey hosted pregnant new sketch parodies fey fought republican_party debate candidates coordinating march episode hosted weekend update segment dialogue leads audience think supposed appearance fey wasn aware change convinces finish appeared saturday night live 40th anniversary special jokingly tina fey fey hosted december performed clinton sketch january following real life endorsement fey returned role parody speech given iowa endorsed served cold open | Saturday Night Live parodies of Sarah Palin | Media and drama | Television | Other television seasons and related articles |
12469_AdultSwiminaBox | adult swim box adult swim box seven disc dvd box set produced released october box set contains seasonal volume releases pilots pitched network box set announced july released october year set promoted having roughly value totaling hours minutes content australian version titled adult swim meat collection released november region version box released year earlier critical reception box mixed reviewers confused selection content recommending fans purchased shows set passing release box announced july released october year set promoted having roughly retail value containing best selling adult swim series consists seven discs totaling hours minutes content according network defunct online shopping site set chosen experience purchasing entire album knew liked song contents series second season volume release season volume release coast season volume release moral second season volume release season volume release second season volume release pilots following pilots contained disc totally teens pilot episode perfect hair forever australian equivalent similar box set released region markets australia entitled adult swim meat collection consists discs containing season daughter devil entirety mouse mayor set released november region version box released year earlier october critical reception box set received mixed critical reception ign critical review calling release complete waste bonus disc roughly minutes mediocre entertainment recommended fans purchase shows like instead start proper place season ultimately gave release stating set certainly rated content find reason recommend expressed confusion selection material suggesting network release straight best set dvd verdict felt set good warrant buying buyers season volume releases gave release remarking pilots showing tough create pilot introduces characters settings promises potential weeks years additional stories dvd talk called release sloppy stating fans owned dvd releases favorite programming network safely skip release set fairly represent creative wall nature network cleveland scene found physical build set bit expected priced set austin chronicle dubbed release anti box set keeps spirit adult swim wired called sort survival kit desperate fans network writing filter rated percent ensuring fans pig heaven release praised inclusion called pilots disc mixed bag good popmatters felt selection series odd stating series included belong selection naming attorney law candidates included work cited november adult swim ign retrieved february | Adult Swim in a Box | Media and drama | Television | Other television seasons and related articles |
14318_HelloPappyscandal | hello scandal hello scandal nickname involved host scandal scandal surrounding incident august episode filipino variety broadcast episode technical error occurred final round segment raised allegations media segment rigged producers incident prompted investigation country catalyst air feud personality rival claimed incident result design flaw fixed fined violating country consumers act development episode contestant named participated segment earlier rounds won portion game wheels game randomly given white colored wheel choose big prizes host offering inside white wheel according rules prize prize prize house lot zero decided inside white wheel hosts money instead decided possible prize revealed white wheel instead home round plus earlier round pulled dark film window embedded wheel reveal prize contestant lost choosing home pulling dark film revealed zero meant chosen white wheel instead gone home decision went reveal prizes cash prize cash prize cash prize house lot hidden said symbol cash prize window violet wheel handed violet wheel reached wheel supposedly pull dark film order reveal pulled film appeared instead appeared wheel pulled films dark film supposedly cover film film printed held films hand visible window violet wheel officials stated occurrence new game mechanical honest mistake controversy erupted critics asked mistake sign portion rigged reactions criticisms scandal grew hosts rival variety broadcast began making comments incident ending edition manila bulletin entertainment column incident statement bad cheating august episode emotionally obviously shed tears addressed insisted cheating statement following day minute long monologue advising rival explain complain mentioning directly speech clearly directing speech accused personal attacks order dodge questions incident clarified address directly accusing staff cheating noting information got incident video youtube text messages received incident august senator chair senate trade commerce committee announced propose inquiry alleged game rigging getting information concerned parties jokingly called stop scandal start hello scandal speech previous day game later discontinued movie increasingly concerned scandal escalating air feuds asking air apology remarks september episode explanation response incident network vice president stated fixed design flaw cause incident remarking intention manipulate results add excitement suspense stated game shows experience development enforced game shows broadcast network operated accordance corporate values honesty integrity probe administrative fine appeal october ordered pay administrative fine ruling segment violated consumers act philippines ruling reasonable assessment existing game mechanics procedures reveals game segment allowed reasonable likelihood error provided host organizers significant latitude controlling outcome contest later released statement file appeal decision | Hello Pappy scandal | Media and drama | Television | Other television seasons and related articles |
18830_MythologyofCarnivàle | mythology american television series set united_states great depression series traces disparate storylines young carnival worker named brother preacher california overarching story built good evil theme serves human scaled metaphor complex structure myth carnival dwarf manager sets mythology prologue pilot episode talking creature light creature darkness born generation preparing final battle mythological elements relate called creatures light darkness fictional human like beings supernatural powers good evil season reveal characters makes nature suggested central question second season established ben creature light brother creature darkness characters good evil theme series contemporary religion christian military order historical events like nuclear test creator respond questions mythology provide hints mythological structure online season run intended clues remained unnoticed viewers left fans production summary season years cancellation called originally written hbo writers overview intended storyline backed expanded assumed mythological rules term avatar spelled originates hindu mythology commonly refers incarnation manifestation higher story clearly establishes meaning term hbo writers term series opening monologue series portrays human like beings supernatural powers good evil constant age long struggle serves explain dark ages ages enlightenment humanity history real world represents light dark instances main characters suggest symbolic link hawks winged cards seen opening title sequence sun moon standing god devil token title card logo carnival depict sun placed opposite moon creator designed logo characteristics characters brother revealed usage supernatural powers viewers find immediately apparent suspected avatar served good evil series gave clues depicting coal black eyes according invisible avatar nature determined type application powers states draw talents powers pool abilities vary type strength include limited manipulation transfer life force spiritual granting small measures powers mortal series showed powers ben brother reviewers unsure main characters nature end season ben good nature dark heritage season reviewers began describe underlying message essentially opposite spiritual belief disputed theory repeatedly pointed characters free overcome destiny free choice allows story portray deliberately making use powers acting contrary nature avatar consistent effort defined moral behavior sharing ability past present future literally symbolically plane pure truth given avatar improved study practice manipulate transmit resulting visions dreams far established suffer physical weakness pain opposite makes use powers sense existence moral opponent unable detect identify outside close physical proximity easily detect locate avatar like kind great distances great accuracy abilities contribute convergence storylines terms order succession fictional universe elaborate order succession blood similar ascent royal families king prince replaced series prophet prince female like queens fictional counterpart instead replaced concepts alpha usher wild card special rules addition replacing normal ones reviewers rarely focused significance mentioned terms implied characteristics story despite detailed explanations later public availability setting complex mythological structure prophet mythology alpha creature mentioned series described female lived flood story lost destruction alpha spawned pair higher power house light dark creature light creature darkness born generation unlike alpha male blood travels families forming dynasty born son avatar receives called mantle birth avatar new generation new avatar light dark chance avatar house generation giving birth new avatar leaves mother barren insane time birth unlimited number females avatar children respective offspring called beings removed avatar mantle conveyed birth exhibit minor powers signs insanity eldest avatar house dominant called prophet possesses blue blood called line prince additional house princes ranked generation form blood father son house mixed dynasty youngest prince dynasty dies dynasty ended average generations typical killed means dynasty ends male child born world blood new prince starting new dynasty prophet dies lives things happens prophet killed prince gain mantle prophet measure power passed prophet sound mind willingly pass taken surprise psychic defense prophet impaired prince driven insane prophet dies way prince automatically raised prophet chance unique join alpha exception rule mythology ages usher armageddon known thousand names thousand books manifest appears man visions killed weapon infused thrust tree tattoo dark heart injuries weapons said fully heal known characters assumed long time usher like alpha female known exception male restriction avatar succession allusion beginning end naming commonly accepted avatar manifestation series certain characters seemingly supernatural abilities beginning series brother common visions soldiers appearing man tree chest ben heal beings cost life brother read manipulate people minds ben blind carnival experience visions medieval carnival communicate mother sees raped man progressing story increases importance mysterious soldiers revealed management strange words unknown meaning appear series variations phrase prophet house repeated seemingly context ben finds repeating letter string later able interpret avatar season introduces word usher particular relation brother management repeats term ben instances management death ben sudden knowledge princes usher knowing terms apply respectively sentence seen written mirror explanation demonstrates powers attributes similar ben brother episode context events provided gospel book season connects ben father written archaic english reminiscent king james bible translation contains parts season prologue mentions alludes apocalyptic passage book revelation contains bent tree image attacked holding knife interprets book brother quoting hand prince prophet dies death prince shall rise usher dark heart branches meet dagger thee deep management ben repeat verses independently smith avatar confirmed current generation end season ben brother usher represented man respective fathers previous generation management creature light time avatar blood color mirrored status ben brother blood red princes blood turned blue blood father avatar undisclosed nature carnival merely mortal received skills exchange sense sight women tied blood daughter iris definition daughter years older ben father generation places generation affected women human mothers began suffer mental illness strange behavior giving birth avatar ben mother flora religious fanatic touch son mother emma cut eyes killed family members night born mother birth older sister iris mother receives special mention series mentions chronic paranoid birth far known mothers pregnant giving birth avatar hinted february chat jesus alexander great brother sic common pitch document stated avatar dedicated developing mastering power direct precision case jesus early plot summary like historical figures explicitly revealed man tree man tree chest introduced opening minutes pilot episode appears visions dreams ben brother common recurring dreams chasing ben like visions visions rape mother extended vision brother dark future ben encounters little boy similar tree painted chest late season brother finds tree grown hill early season prompts chest accordingly tree depicted gospel book painting new_mexico images room chaplain management smith imply tree significance resolution creator stated tree iconic tree knowledge good evil garden implied meaning power prompted place man chest build empire certain power played man depicted focus face frames pilot episode played brother confirmed man spiritual representation historical cultural allusions dust bowl story takes place mid-1930s worst great depression time massive social political unemployment rates high european rise years leading second world war people great plains suffered effects dust bowl farmers ran debt lost properties health dust pneumonia common cause death retrospective interpretation times loses mother farm dust carnival picks carnival travels california preacher brother tends needs dust bowl refugees slowly biggest supporters replaces real scientific reasons drought conditions fantasy elements presence devil addresses dust bowl situation repeatedly catch phrases variations let shake dust episode black focuses ben carnival major dust storm rain occurs twice occurrence ben writers wanted highlight sex affects heavens second brother forcibly takes episode religion major story religion prologue pilot episode based introduction cover sheet initially planned performed prologue shortly mentions genesis creation narrative introducing fictional mythology original segment emphasis battle god beginning great war foundation heaven hell god established uneasy truce face direct confrontation god created earth inhabiting called man henceforth generation born creature light creature darkness gather men nature carry war good evil creator believed religious aspects stemmed epic good evil major fabric 1930s executive producer regarded religion way express struggle good versus evil faith nature humanity audience actors given advice interpret biblical imagery actor portrayed brother know character creature light darkness season thought visions brother believe mission god late season compared brother brown stated practiced religion moderate ways felt brother shares patterns certain religious leaders persecuted visions historical figures like father served inspiration writers telling particular stories originally thought making brother protestant minister producers needed decide specific religious affiliation contested plans catholic priest catholic settled methodist perceived significantly suspicious controversial asked god influenced write story replied relies religious symbols parallels mythology funded father 1930s inspiration temple brother vision episode los vision world potentially build comes power radio preacher producers planned use radio towers instead regular temple design incorporated eastern european western european vision man appears near tree resembles iconic tree knowledge good evil implies usher according usher represents timeless character shows different cultures usher armageddon end times introduces medieval christian military order late season episode ben meets freak ben comes contact ring experiences powerful series visions practicing rituals putting heads spikes burned stake ring bears red crossed symbol passes symbol visions ben falls floor chanting hoc sign conquer remain recurring subplot ben discovers symbol significance early season lodge order appearance mid episode old road escaped convict uses track ben smith asks location manuscript late season answers hidden despite importance series seasons elaborate backstory left cancellation pitch document described fictional order simply called fraternity fellow travelers charged roman_catholic_church locating aiding said father members wanted access knowledge library manuscript mildly relevant future storyline trinity season episode los management urge ben seek ben needs learn preacher dreams brother prevent future induced vision transports ben desert suddenly hears alarm like noise massive explosion occurs followed rising mushroom cloud ben opens eyes blast dust asks offspring warned flee wrath come ben drives past location episode later shared vision episode creed ben kiss desert surrounded bright light dust season takes place reviews interpreted visions ben challenge find defeat brother ben ultimately stop creation atomic bomb world march season prologue suggested interpretation mentioning false sun ing trinity point man forever traded away wonder reason trinity test near new_mexico test nuclear weapon finished year run explosion atomic bomb beginning age reason story deployment bomb invention bomb focus trinity test site hiroshima nagasaki research visual effects explosion stock footage beats nuclear explosions self created explosion gallons gasoline reference ground effects blowing dust created combinations computer graphics smoke nuclear explosion built images sun left interpretation kiss vision open characters audience readings mother advance plot significantly readings pilot episode induce visions ben insight healing powers childhood season shows attempts leave job repeatedly interrupted cards readings sets ben journey man looking beginning series incorporating symbolism creator started deck took liberties interpretation deck series web games played significant online marketing producers wished provide interactive card reading experience similar depicted series official hbo website collaborated offer fate game downloadable game based symbolism available trial purchase opening title sequence features cards panned camera perspective cards digitally designed based paintings available purchase creative team opening titles stated goal create title sequence grounded viewers mid-1930s allowed people feel larger presence good evil time creators offered detailed interpretation cards opening titles covered topics like good bad heaven hell wars age science 1930s following list cards featured opening sequence provided artwork world completion perfection eternal life judgment ace swords ardent love ardent hate born destruction death transition change death day king swords powerful commander wise counselor judge michael victorious balance harmony originality confidence skill tower sudden change disruption downfall battle romans judgement renewal rebirth moon deception sun success joy creation sun moon reception interpretation legacy executive producer confident complicated shows television creator admitted understand goes certain sense stating meant demanding lot giving explicit clues wish intent author viewer interpretation interpretations run reviewers episodes interpreted story myth seen human scaled metaphor good evil power spirits strongest elements reviewers deeply confused described mysterious characters powers abilities characters scenarios visions carnival wondering fit visions main characters shortly addressed distinguishing violent visions parallels visions beings good evil necessarily drawn characters stories described starts moving forth time space dropping oblique clues way central premise considered cloudy unconventional filled convoluted symbolic interpretations historical events told critics regarded 1930s great age magic ended atomic bomb herald age reason reviews quoted commented prologue explain apocalyptic premise mythology reviews asserted good evil creatures described prologue ben preparing final battle reviews reluctant state main characters good evil aware time question answered sure ben healing powers led reviewers believe good creature demon dangerous received instructions god reviews described question ben big puzzles driving mystery defining details series lack revelation characters roles apparent end season critics expected gain significance later story dvd reviews season previews season premiere advantage retrospective season reviewers continued consider mythology convoluted silly significance prologue emphasized previous reviewers character descriptions good versus evil theme assumed story merge generally repeated good nature ben evil nature brother reviewers bizarre imply deeper sinister connection main characters visions summarized disturbing dreams cryptic mysterious abilities noted connected considered ben job piece mystery past events early season said mark shift story mystery journey ben accepting exploring powers brother seen completely embracing evil nature reviewers regarded turn final episode unexpected new threat story reception analysis themes compared 1990s mystery series novel wrath guide called perfect thought accessible reminded heather disappointment feel kid come pages wrath argued surreal hardly bears repeating especially avoid learning mainstream television serving steady diet hopes viewers refuse risk making emotional connection australian stated conceived essentially literary terms work page deadly large screen let small like biblical injunction television reviewer admitted dismiss season lack involvement prevented understanding going problem dramatic television series zone considered series like fact open interpretation surprisingly proves greatest strengths lauded bringing great depression life shows pain disappointment reviewers confident viewers find slowly sadness appealing long patience endurance find meaning fate legacy mythological storytelling viewership drop significantly season cancelled planned seasons post cancellation interview positive let finish story someday television series possibly series features graphic novels approached continue future storyline kept interested hbo characters rights writers guild america strike stated like today claimed present day television included high percentage talking heads vast majority television writers visual enjoying creative freedom graphic considered directing efforts away television series creation mythology remains public conscience australian newspaper age remembered smart ambitious series unusual characters unfamiliar setting called rich series dense mythology | Mythology of Carnivàle | Media and drama | Television | Other television seasons and related articles |
22058_Law&Order:CriminalIntent(season1) | law order criminal intent season season american police procedural television series developed began airing september nbc national broadcast television network united_states law order criminal intent second spin long running crime drama follows fictional investigates high profile murder cases season comprises episodes concluded initial airing actors received star billing season episodes depict detectives squad lead investigators captain detectives direct supervisor head assistant district attorney attempts obtain confessions suspects taking trial law order criminal intent actions motives criminals divides screen time equally suspects victims police investigation season filmed location new_york_city scenes set inside major department filmed studio manhattan season nominated awards described impressive law order series sold numerous television stations world adapted localized foreign versions russia france syndicated number cable channels dvd box set season released america october episodes available purchase itunes_store production law order criminal intent series law order crime drama franchise created developed began working original series season time promoted head writer runner executive producer leaving news broke new series late reported nbc broadcaster approached studios usa second spin wolf conceived law order criminal intent police procedural crime drama follows distinct division major case squad investigations high profile murder cases involving local government officials employees people working financial industry arts entertainment world unlike series law order franchise criminal intent gives significant attention actions motives criminals primarily focusing police investigation trial prosecution episodes contain trials end confessions plea production began january shooting location new_york_city local color main set police plaza located pier manhattan thirteen episodes initially ordered completed april production halted potential strike runner executive producer head writer season wolf credited executive producer series season gave executive producers credits named producers producer consulting producers people directed people wrote episodes directed episodes wrote wrote episodes cast law order criminal intent ensemble series differs respectively featured actors receiving star billing broadcast season movie actor offered lead role hyper intuitive contemporary investigator work guest role homicide life street earned emmy nomination major television role partner vice squad detective played completed role convicted murderer stated cast looked like real cop plays assistant district attorney graduate criminal justice actor cast main role taking seasoned captain recurring role appeared assistant chief medical character played series provides voice beginning episode opening credits saying new_york_city war crime worst criminal offenders pursued detectives stories new_york based actors guest starred season victims suspects family members starred murderer episode guest starred murder suspect wealthy mother played murder victim faithful murder suspect jones played played wife faith featured guest appearances distribution season criminal intent premiered television season american terrestrial television network nbc pilot episode titled aired sunday september est episodes aired weekly december took brief hiatus january took hiatus february final episode season aired friday episode shared second window syndication agreement cable channel nbc allowed broadcast episodes primetime week premiere nbc season regular network syndication deal channels teamed late pay million episode syndication rights series allowing air episodes week air episodes weekend group owned operated stations entered syndication deal broadcast episodes daytime schedule late broadcast including episodes season having changed business model network broadcaster syndication programming service series distributed international broadcasters aired canada france united_kingdom channel australia network new_zealand episodes law order criminal intent season adapted localized foreign versions russian lit law order criminal mind premiered russia produced broadcaster began airing paris production alma episodes paris season episodes second season season episode adapted season episodes wolf stated sold foreign networks easier adapt local legal systems half episode occurs courtroom season available number new media formats released disc dvd box set october region titled pilot episode released separate dvd june consumers purchase download episodes itunes store reception variety commented difference series motive intent utilizes personal style sets apart wolf characters devoid detailed personal lives debut episode hints little characters entertainment_weekly ken_tucker wrote best series year franchise suffered tired wooden performances actors poor chemistry acting end spectrum writers commented screen presence commands episode criminal intent far man center commands attention tending reduced pilot following awe struck look wrote tucker stated entertaining fascinated complained role smaller subtle range showed hbo proves professional said similarly utilized terrific makes defendants face reasoned cross examinations law order criminal intent season received nominations award ceremonies faithful given awards category drama series episode nominated outstanding actor drama series category image awards received nomination hill casting director nominated category best casting episodes | Law & Order: Criminal Intent (season 1) | Media and drama | Television | Other television seasons and related articles |
4523_CharlesRedheffer | american inventor claimed invented perpetual motion machine appearing philadelphia exhibited machine public charging high prices viewing applied government money group sent examine machine discovered machine actually powered device claimed powered machine moved new_york_city set similar rebuilding machine engineer detected fake visited exhibition listening motions discovered machine operated man room floor returned philadelphia later claimed created machine refused demonstrate managed patent machine fate unknown personal life little recorded life connection hoax according source philadelphia sources simply state appeared philadelphia machine disappeared public view discovery fraud fate unknown appearance philadelphia machine known philadelphia claimed invented perpetual motion machine exhibited house near outskirts city charged admission fee sources claim men view depending source women admitted free charge machine caused sensation lobbied funds build larger version january city commissioners visited inspect machine barred window concerned going near machine damage accompanied son noticed odd gears machine said separate device series gears weights noticed worn wrong suggested device fact machine elder sellers convinced machine hoax suspicions hired local engineer build similar machine hidden motor power source arranged demonstration machine immediately convinced offered buy machine appeared civil engineer offered bet sums money ranging machine genuine discovered perpetual motion new_york_city ruse revealed immediately departed new_york_city unknown changed machine somewhat detected easily exhibited philadelphia mechanical engineer went machine noticed machine powered manually irregularly detected sound uneven machine motions announced machine fraud challenged expose secret power source pay damage cause agreed removed boards wall alongside machine exposed cord led upper floor upstairs found old man turning hand hand eating bread spectators realized destroyed machine fled city later appearances appears constructed machine stated intention demonstrate group men including mayor chief justice philadelphia despite meetings refused demonstrate machine july granted patent device listed machinery purpose gaining power unfortunately patents lost fire recovered patent | Charles Redheffer | Engineering and technology | Computing and engineering | Engineers and inventors |
4762_RobertC.Michelson | born american engineer academic widely known inspired winged aerial robot having established international aerial competition received degrees electrical engineering professional career began worked radar based ocean surveillance systems later member research faculty involved time research directing major research programs author patents journal papers book chapters reports developed classes taught retirement recipient pioneer award award scientific culture prize 1990s created tax exempt corporation apply high tech solutions modern organized number expeditions eastern heads engineering consulting company mid-1990s work concentrated inspired micro air vehicle design certified fields including amateur radio diving experimental aircraft design mechanics general contracting home building biography early life born son related prime minister norway attended sixth eighth grades developed appreciation fort hunt high school president fort hunt amateur rocket club built large solid fuel rockets launched artillery range virginia education spent sixth eighth grade later graduated fort hunt high school graduated degrees career research engineer working radar systems washington spent years engineering management capacities atlanta georgia 1970s 1980s primarily developed radar signal processing control hardware interested remote sensing systems ranging tracking endangered species creation realistic soldier training scenarios simulation testing foreign military radar assets late 1980s head interests turned aerial vehicle systems fusion autonomy information technology particular aerial term coined represent aerial vehicles dominated research decades mid-1990s work concentrated inspired micro air vehicle design associate professor teaching classes aerial vehicles design retired september currently holds title emeritus institute created continue research inspired aerial robots remote sensing president pursuit discovery ancient cultures nonprofit educational scientific organization member board directors period years professional activities representative deputy chief referee inaugural year section editor handbook aerial vehicles released nato lecturer istanbul invited lecturer technology brussels technology speaker visiting technology professor nations australia belgium norway sweden turkey mexico consultant responsible defining organizing 1st performed similar duties defining 1st created short course 21st century aerial digital signal processing lecture demonstrations modern radar creator organizer annual international aerial competition joining staff participated design atmospheric flight testing computer controlled space based radar ocean surveillance systems employed washington listed editions engineering america 23rd edition world author reports journal papers book chapters project director worked radar based ocean surveillance systems flew hardware test missions lockheed warning star super began work got contract entry level engineer research engineer project involved methods track endangered species west indian waters kennedy space center directed major research projects career institute directed army effort conducted directed program feasibility non line sight radio acoustic bending radar signals principle detect obstacle masked targets essentially making radars look corners directed program evaluate ground penetration radar detection buried natural gas leaks urban utility systems directed program automated testing captured foreign threat assets system developed design team remained use foreign power nearly decade radar test devices developed military test evaluation purposes united_states including program develop band use testing millimeter wave assets directed efforts pertaining future transportation team invented battery state charge techniques developed electric vehicle systems simulation tools experimented actively blown surfaces passenger vehicles mid-1990s research began focus entirely vehicle systems especially power flight directed efforts agencies private industry pertaining aerial vehicles systems development programs traffic surveillance compound fan design fly atlanta highways order fill surveillance gaps state tower mounted traffic camera system sent traffic accident locations gather relay vital information advance arrival funding resulted cancellation project maiden flight design later marketed military use focus turned smaller vehicle systems fly indoors aid global positioning system gps reference signals contracts air_force internal research development funds design team designed micro air vehicle known recognized unique flight qualities awarded contracts explore feasibility slow flight mars lower atmosphere retired started continued pursue research soon establishing engaged program develop persistent reconnaissance interested competitions helping define organize international events 1st european event subsequent 1st asian demonstration assessment micro aerial vehicle held pacific associate professor 1990s associate professor taught graduate classes emphasis aerial vehicles micro air vehicles parallel teaching duties created team taught short course entitled 21st century aerial taught course campus years engaging single offerings united_states sweden norway turkey nato grants honors awards associate fellow senior member member north_america 1990s served president member international organization received pioneer award highest level recognition systems industry technical contributions recipient award scientific culture given international jury best project coming educational institution world endeavors related awarded creator officially recognized georgia legislative session form senate resolution recognized effort development longest running aerial competition world having responsible moving forward state art aerial occasions past quarter century engaged marine design coral propagation designed built fully automated marine reef propagated coral species collected certified recreational caribbean_sea pacific_ocean developed methods collecting successfully transporting marine invertebrates propagation built flown man rated experimental single seat certified mechanic pilot working ground penetrating radar detection urban gas leaks road buried land mines interested use high technology applications organized half dozen military zone turkish iranian border turkish military escort research ancient artifacts eastern region created non profit corporation apply non traditional technologies field completed training general contracting home building built home later construction georgia church building continuing career completed home design mountains lumber free consisting entirely steel structural members concrete foundation concrete exterior boy scout maintained interest scouting principles years youth attained star rank troop located inducted order arrow brotherhood member lodge largest nation participated activities influenced father sons gold silver palm awards adult advisor transition away unit remains advisory capacity interest languages computers spoken communication formally taught undergraduate school learned basic forth assembly languages support computer based projects designed target processing unit army environment radar operation necessary design hardware language cycle time things available form spoken languages fluent english proficient spanish turkish presence popular media literature widely interviewed quoted print business week radio radio syndicate television discovery channel cnn bbc abc cbs nbc fox worldwide interest especially robots war spawned series televised programming work technical biography subject episode television program invention chronicles number research projects including research based mars surveyor work automated coral propagation featured television programs focused specifically international aerial competition including hour long discovery science channel program entitled quoted news programming regard applications underlying technology military civilian spheres use robotic aircraft increased public interest subject peaked began featured series specials nova episode spies fly bbc special seven ways notoriety aerial robotic research basis fictional character novel air work creator fictitious character actual inventor featured novels patents patent method issued patent battery state charge rapid charging capability method issued patent chemical muscle method issued representative publications test evaluation fully autonomous micro air vehicles december volume number international test evaluation association small flying machines new_york isbn novel approaches miniature flight platforms vol special issue paper inspired insect flight lecture series low number aircraft including applications emerging technology brussels belgium november isbn september autonomous vehicles proceedings vol august feasibility applying radio acoustic techniques non line sight sensing vol march april tracking florida vol | Robert C. Michelson | Engineering and technology | Computing and engineering | Engineers and inventors |
5150_HenryNock | british inventor engineer napoleonic period best known produced innovative weapons including lock seven volley gun despite commonly known gun major supplier military napoleonic wars high quality pistols double sought largely weapon choice hunters supplying military civilian markets expensive pieces aristocracy royalty appointed king business eventually company today makes razor blades equipment recently ceremonial officer swords british_army guns produced innovative weapons double pistol stock weapon impractical stock removed usually production inch pistol pattern heavy calibre matching pistols novel lock designed originally intended abandoned musket design requested duke richmond serving master general ordnance new lock dismantled previous time consuming screws pattern butt plate stored attached barrel feature unpopular users guns modified conventional swivel best known today multi gun featured films include uses volley gun characters manufacturer inventor weapon despite portrayal film weapon practical hand weapon severe causing injuries time needed seven barrels necessary abandon early prototypes reduce charge problem intended naval weapon fired rigging repel deck retired royal_navy produced experimental rotating multi guns fire barrel time day known double weapons format high quality innovations led highly popular hunting gun especially gun maker king known pistols weapons covering field pistols muskets great variety illustrated coach like naval pistols resistant brass barrel weapons intended short range large charge require iron barrels continued death late life making breech loading muskets career started took patent gun lock enrolled trade formed master patent bore war american colonies provided strong market products came prototypes volley gun design won subsequent competitive bid production gun weapon consequently commonly referred gun produced volley guns volley pistols civilian market small numbers included set weapons queen collection today set standard production instance silver mounts london following conclusion american revolutionary war fall demand military small arms period turned civilian market profitable orders locks light medium calibre pounder naval guns finally freeman company years later french revolution subsequent napoleonic wars ensured short government business duke richmond preferred competitors innovations particularly lock began delivering muskets orders regular army dried non standard design took long different calibre ammunition concentrated supplying muskets local militia preparing expected invasion government placed contract replace locks stock duke richmond pattern muskets standard ones locks recognised superior need took precedence appointed ordinary king largely result patented breech hunting guns master legacy generous employees specified business continued months benefit left inflation adjusted employees nephew henry apprentice samuel proved inventive holding patent samuel ordinary succession victoria master company business continued son law ordinary king contracts ensured success business james son henry joined henry died company continued making firearms bladed weapons known series new laws starting pistols act restricted sale firearms public pushed company changing direction henceforth concentrated razor blades domestic products continued produce swords british_army royal ceremonial purposes sword manufacturing plant closed company continues products | Henry Nock | Engineering and technology | Computing and engineering | Engineers and inventors |
5935_VitoldBelevitch | march december belgian mathematician electrical engineer russian origin produced important work field electrical network theory born parents fleeing settled belgium worked early computer construction projects responsible number circuit introduced known scattering parameters interest languages found mathematical law published machine languages field interest transmission lines published line worked telephone introduced mathematical construct conference matrix early life born march incorporated russia time finland parents russian mother ethnic pole attempting flee home russia escape revolution father opposed heavily pregnant mother succeeded crossing border finland continued born birth registered headed husband father principal russian school father arrested follow deported siberia died seeing son small child emigrated mother belgium education educated french belgium july notre dame college aged enrolled studied electrical mechanical engineering graduating gained phd applied sciences university sponsor second advisor founder field network synthesis university taught circuit theory mathematical subjects related electrical science special professor worked electrical engineer primary interest mathematics especially tradition belgium gifted entering engineering pure mathematics physics showed mathematical preferring use chalk audio visual aids lectures way presenting opening lecture large audience international conference london career graduating joined antwerp originally headquartered brussels european holdings sold head transmission department came contact great influence leading circuit day time worked berlin sister company umbrella died second world war long continued consider works highest authority matters circuit theory involved design electronic computers developing belgian government purpose program catch advances english speaking world war resulted construction machine represented electrical engineering aspect project director brussels operated computer government initially rack prototype operational tasks calculation functions rack machine moved antwerp service machine investigate functions head newly formed later research laboratories belgium director research facility specialised applied mathematics heavily involved computing research stayed post retirement november died december survived daughter wife works best known contributions circuit theory particularly mathematical basis filters coupled lines non linear circuits editorial board foundation major contributions information theory electronic computers mathematics dominated international conferences prone asking searching questions papers causing discomfort conference chairman session gave presentation asking questions stopped attending conferences mid-1970s exception montreal order receive centennial medal circuit theory scattering matrix introduced important idea scattering matrix called matrix work reproduced later paper terminal networks belgium occupied nazi_germany world war prevented communication american colleagues war discovered idea scattering matrix independently american scientists developing military radars american work montgomery published work applied scattering circuits certainly americans concerned distributed circuits microwave frequencies radar produced textbook published covered field passive port circuits work extensive use established parameters scattering matrix concept succeeding field coherent eponymous explained book provides method determining possible construct passive circuit elements circuit consisting represents given scattering matrix telephone introduced mathematical concept conference called originally arose connection problem working concerning telephone applications range fields interest pure mathematics studying setting telephone connecting ideal turns necessary condition setting conference telephone ports ideal signal loss existence conference matrix ideal signal loss means loss splitting signal conference subscribers dissipation conference network existence conference trivial question exist values values exist form sufficient condition conference exist exist obtained complete solutions noted multiple solutions work circuits wrote comprehensive summary history circuit theory interest transmission lines published papers subject include papers skin effects lines introduced great gives occur construction filter banks digital systems apparently work obscure difficult understand frequently cited version later published educated french continued speak russian mother died fact able speak languages read studied sanskrit etymology languages wrote book human machine languages explored idea applying mathematics information theory obtain results human languages book highlighted difficulties machine understanding language naive enthusiasm researchers 1950s wrote paper statistical laws linguistic distribution gives known relationship law law complex law provide relationship frequency word occurrence languages word rank simplest form law frequency proportional rank expressed large class statistical normal distribution terms rank expanded expression taylor series case obtained remarkable result order series resulted law second order taylor series resulted law gives insight reason law found hold wide variety languages control systems played developing mathematical test determining linear control systems system moved state system state space finite time application control test known test test determining system ability determine state system finite time solely system test originally discovered gilbert version applied systems represented matrix test subsequently honours fellow vice chair section formed awarded centennial medal society award called mac van member received honorary doctoral degree switzerland rewarded belgian royal medals circuits systems society instituted award work circuit theory award presented selected publications prolific publisher pages scientific output publishing career right retirement books des machines office french french french san_francisco day journal articles extension method transformation band pass filters march loss effective phase shift composite filters cut frequencies june transmission losses terminal networks development design filters march theory terminal networks application conference september topics design loss filters december information series french statistical laws linguistic distribution french summary history circuit theory proceedings scattering applications passive network synthesis research reports non rational positive real functions march theory proximity effect cables ratio positive real function journal mathematical analysis ideal ports april | Vitold Belevitch | Engineering and technology | Computing and engineering | Engineers and inventors |
6166_AngusPaton | angus sir april british civil engineer jersey born family founded civil engineering firms son sir spend entire professional career working following graduation london jobs construction dam wales later expert dams career devoted construction undertook economic survey canada recommended programme works port system report 1970s second world war involved construction gun dardanelles turkey invasion normandy second world war undertook economic survey syria recommendations port water infrastructure irrigation hydroelectric improvements followed similar report lebanon possibility extending railways neighbouring countries worked exclusively hydroelectric projects beginning hydroelectric scheme worked largest dam world built companion order michael involved basin project high dam dam retired remaining senior consultant partners spent retirement jersey died april dedicated professional career served president november november early life angus preferred born island jersey father journalist author mother daughter founder firm civil engineering contractors uncle mother civil engineer founded sir spend professional career left jersey family spent year england sent school sur france switzerland returned england outbreak world war spent years living sea sussex lived door future wife spent years preparatory school sussex studying good student excellent teacher good memory good games advice read degree civil engineering won scholarship age whilst earned half colours long distance running student graduate class honours degree engineering work post graduation graduation joined sir founded jobs assist design new worked dam resident engineer portion electric power scheme construct wharf export lead burma wharf survived earthquake opened february april sailed canada undertake survey ports outline additional facilities required years assisted weeks designed sydney harbour bridge report issued january implemented election prime minister canada report findings continued use 1970s responsible construction new brewery london october october biggest job career far involved construction seven steel framed buildings power station storage roads railway built industrial trading estates wales london partner firm second world war second world war running partners fell largely partners gained large number government contracts weeks start war september workforce increased designed sited march travelled turkey construct iron steel works whilst turkey contracted build contain guns battleships dardanelles construction completed guns later prevented reaching site axis occupation greece way britain greece italy france arrived home days prior italian declaration war allies june constructed plant barry extraction sea turbine factory million underground aircraft engine factory supervised construction concrete required construction following normandy landings charge rebuilding houses damaged rockets london districts post war began construction wool factory factory jobs completed charge economic survey syria required traverse country aircraft car report issued recommended port water infrastructure irrigation improvements construction hydroelectric power station undertook similar survey lebanon involved report possibility running railroad worked extensively field hydroelectric power regarded world authority matter worked hydroelectric scheme resulted complete time history following completion worked stage said highlight professional career visits site total duration days project high largest dam built despite worst floods record hitting project completed million budget recognition work project companion order michael january result success project partners involved biggest dam projects decades including works argentina south_africa pakistan later involved second stage high dam project senior partner sir death polo accident retired responsible partner firm involvement supervision billion included construction firms chosen south african government build dams constructed dam officially opened march second dam finished following success project retained build smaller dam finished involved underground powerhouse pumped storage scheme retained supervise construction pakistan completed worked involved year home tower hill wales time retirement retired firm worked senior consultant time worked james bay project large hydroelectric infrastructure development quebec canada spent years life retirement jersey working life visited countries spent days abroad career partners grown company employee home based company employed engineers working countries largely responsible leading trend british technical expertise world result academy awards sir angus annually masters student married june joan raised daughters sons joan died january event spurred involved profession died jersey april professional recognition institutional committee addition busy work schedule served profession numerous councils committees chairman association honorary member served council elected vice president institution position filled elected president whilst serving president started magazine members date civil engineering news board member served council british representative committee chairman working party large industrial construction sites member vice chairman chairman chairman flood protection research committee member emeritus served president honours awarded honours contributions civil engineering honorary fellow fellow fellow served vice presidents session practising engineers held post created knight bachelor queen birthday honours recognition services construction industry personally conferred queen elizabeth_ii november founding member received honorary engineering honorary fellow london received honorary engineering | Angus Paton | Engineering and technology | Computing and engineering | Engineers and inventors |
7540_CarlEdgarMyers | march november american businessman scientist inventor engineer invented types hydrogen balloon related equipment business making passenger balloons instrument balloons balloon farm known united_states late nineteenth century early twentieth century invented machine fabric hydrogen finished product large lighter air balloons experimented making artificial rain areas rain agriculture hydrogen balloons exploded high altitude cause rain contracted government lumber companies balloon bombs production man rain manager louis world fair superintendent balloon demonstrations aerial races balloon military warships defense case attack air foreign interests demonstrated fair early life education born march german descent son birthplace new_york state grew nearby town attended school run scientist stimulated scientific curiosity school interested principles electricity related matters earned extra money fulfilling requests art work building mechanical spent money materials experiments science books spent extra time workshops laboratories learn scientific principles spare time woods learn nature leader classmates local teenagers mechanical understanding improve devices invention patented lamp reduced considerably smoke flame innovation proud automatic self recording mercury recorded measurements strip paper meteorological instrument kept continuous barometric record covered span years career electrical mechanical tools turned interests experiments early entrepreneur ventures earned money time delivery agent bill collector bank clerk carpenter chemist gas mechanic photographer printer writer nineteen starting july general treasurer bank time year pay received salary year higher normal extra attention work habits opened little telegraph office july counting office bank telegraph office town constructed necessary telegraph equipment needed taught code send receive messages income bank telegraph business half total income eventually time telegraph operator bank bank responsibilities took time turned telegraph business local post office operator worked years time developed interest money collected bills assembled study book genuine bills compared learn techniques expert detecting bills valued interest given bank notes pass approval ultimately basis present day method detecting bills resigned bank moved new_york bought photography gallery ran business years met married november years younger born took interest making hydrogen gas couple moved began activities balloon manufacturing flying mary lab assistant later balloon pilot known lady balloons built balloon summer feet diameter contain cubic feet hydrogen gas balloon material valve weighed pounds envelope material high quality cotton cloth oil invented machinery applied coats fabric silk cotton coats applied balloon envelope hydrogen patented machines took fourteen days construct operation seven years hydrogen balloons days built set hydrogen gas balloons days gates mansion workshops purchased gates mansion victorian style house acres property located near new_york previously owned wife went business manufacturing passenger balloons specialty purpose gas balloons government balloons assembled partially inflated outdoors test held hydrogen gas properly large balloons half inflated laid property grounds gave impression growing large mushrooms unusual new farm crop time people figured making balloons known balloon farm story mansion house broken workshops living quarters workshops chemistry lab print shop shipping room work area machine shop facilities attic story devoted entirely machines associated tools necessary construction floor room large library books science researched wife buildings scattered acres contained gas engines chemical facilities newspapers reported monopoly making hydrogen gas balloons producer united_states balloons government house available area balloon materials large balloons fabric material patterned large strips ready patent fabric sea island cotton application patented formula fabric hydrogen seal fabric material balloon prepared low pit outdoors house ground level fabric prepared sheltered wind provided fire pit case material caught fire water putting fire liquid large iron cover fire applied cooking raw oil formula oil mix cooked hours consistency material consistency poured sloping lead patented machine apparatus acted pressure springs weights raw wound fabric silk cotton fed large machine processing processed wet fabric soaked pressed pores excess removed wet fabric cloth hung outdoors bright sunshine hours like laundry processed fabric elastic properties rubber patented invented able seal balloon material hold hydrogen gas penetrate glass metal silk cloth fabric required applications seal properly thoroughly hydrogen gas general area property drying fabric consisted foot high clothes line type poles feet apart protected wind break fences canvas poles wires laying wet fabric drying drying fabric times thoroughly dried time application new added thin layer basement house generating hydrogen gas pure oxygen hydrogen making apparatus consisted tank half filled water tank filled iron navy cast iron projectiles acid added tank water slowly acid separated water hydrogen oxygen gases iron absorbed oxygen gas allowed hydrogen pipe wash barrel pipe balloon envelope freed hydrogen gas filled balloon lifting ability pounds cubic feet gas balloon held ground weights filled didn float away feet diameter balloon hold cubic feet hydrogen gas giving filled balloon lifting ability pounds known location technology developed extent balloons hold hydrogen gas envelope days outdoors kinds weather wrote newspaper articles safe hydrogen balloons travel example gave encountering rough weather like rain storm pointed airplane stop mid air balloon pointed high wind balloon perfectly safe long rider didn deliberate opposing moves claimed passenger trips soon commonplace buying ticket torpedo balloon farm place america hydrogen balloons manufactured government private use hydrogen aircraft came large variety flew like read children book dream story public allowed walk view place flying aerial craft working models went feet track flying machines driven real people ascend turn dive innovations consisted air vessels scientific application balloons specialty ordered curiosity balloons contrived gave impression future world advanced people realised normal globe shaped hot air passenger balloons subject direction winds thought passenger balloon controlled flow step evolution balloon design large elongated instead sphere theory symmetrical wave line body head resistance passing air blunt globe new design similar balloons gas balloon envelope hold hydrogen gas lifting agent lighter air new design referred torpedo torpedo feet long feet diameter center stern sharply pointed rudder help steering envelope held hydrogen gas torpedo red yellow silk trips distance miles ran average speed miles hour powered forward propeller spun revolutions minute engine drove propeller spontaneous engine fed semi translucent fuel type hold passengers combination freight crewmen torpedo built later larger versions entered contests demonstrated fair feet long feet diameter contained cubic feet hydrogen gas lift pounds weight successful experimental test flights balloon farm delivering referred horse power gasoline motors ran propellers blades propellers manipulated direction operator steer sideways right left forward backwards desired sky cycle designed new type balloon vessel based discoveries bodies acted sky woman use cloth screw sail cloth rudder controlling steering platform platform car device weighted pounds time ordinary spherical balloon controlled person incorporated new features balloons based findings efficient vessel balloon gas bag flat act like inclined plane lifted rider consisted cigar shaped hydrogen balloon looked like inverted boat wrapped seat steering bar rider cloth screw propeller operated rider wheel attachment operated rider called hybrid invention air bicycle air like driving bicycle later named gas aerial aerial bicycle ultimately sky cycle propeller acted like screw boat propelled forward backward air current generated thousand feet brought rider wife expert sky cycling tumultuous times start professor nashville tennessee took claim invention sent editors newspapers month year explaining inventor world sky cycle spite bernard said explained newspapers invention displayed group people new_york_city august showed basic principles patented wife explained sky cycle patent issued anybody granted april bernard trying stake claim invention duplicate previous recorded patents newspapers printed articles explained sky cycle general public showing problems aerial navigation solved august previously experimental flights sky cycle balloon farm new_york state august reporter flew sky cycle brooklyn area new_york_city mile hour wind spot hydrogen needed demonstration event took place leather works factory property corner avenues article explains sequence events august new_york_city demonstration flight reporter positioned ready sky cycle gave word ground crew let ropes held hydrogen balloon immediately lifted sky cycle air drifted slowly going factory roof peaks driver reporter immediately dropped weights sky cycle rose sharply avoiding building roofs thousand feet high attached balloon propeller revolved sky cycle flew spotted sky cycle floating sky cycle continued climb thousand feet traveled north landmark went east street reporter steered sky cycle eighth street crossed reporter flew sky cycle dark landed safely property helped reporter balloon pack size flat carpet bag drove reporter sky cycle railroad station place origin sky cycle operated rider hands powered rider feet forward motion later equipped gasoline engines built curtis sky cycle successful flights trips engines artificial rain balloons equipment experimentation making artificial rain gained renown scientist balloons referred bombs rain producing explosions demonstration experiments based theories illinois engineer making rain general george patent commissioner washington balloon farm represented balloon bombs presentation washington rain producing tests successfully early july government officials scientists engineers government funding provided support senators scale test experiment northern texas completed scientific analysis results man rain project place near town midland equipment involved test hydrogen balloons dozens feet high miles copper wire dynamite gunpowder provided balloons gases electric batteries generators site equipment design rain experiment project explosions stir particle balloon bombs start explosions place rain producing experiment balloon bombs oxygen gas combined parts hydrogen gas huge explosion effect balloon explosion water produced water drop sky high altitude idea action stimulate atmosphere rain balloons government balloon farm hold cubic feet gas complete charge government rain producing experiments years foot diameter balloon filled oxygen thirds hydrogen balloon spread ground plenty room attached start filling oxygen gas end went filled potassium small heated high temperature gasoline oxygen gas generated cubic feet hour went lime water wash fill balloon balloon filled way connected hydrogen gas generator filled remaining thirds way oxygen hydrogen balloon referred hydrogen balloon gas electric fuse inside type bomb triggered electrically wires led ground balloon electrical charge passed wires set causing explosion brighter sun caused oxygen hydrogen react creating water man water acted nucleus making rain atmosphere hydrogen balloon bombs government scale experiment producing rain balloons feet diameter purpose texas experiment making artificial rain man weather modification experiment took place reported result success hoped news press release august reported rain fall days clock afternoon time sky clear prediction rain area week claim rain produced directly indirectly caused explosion oxygen hydrogen balloon bombs exploded electrically altitudes feet started sequence events lead rain storm ensued reported railroad thousand miles states contracted paper companies new_york state producing rain forests needed badly contended good place start rain rainfall war concerned europe advanced balloon technology united_states sent letter concern national newspapers claiming european military powers wanted new_york_city major city northeastern united_states newspapers printed concerns big war fought sky pointed germany france england spain netherlands belgium russia italy china apparatus schools practice secret experimental construction plants making state art propeller power driven war pointed early october possession motor drive miles hour war twice size traveling miles hour totally destroy major city america difficulty speed encouraging government recognize prepare properly potential threat said working defense balloons stop case attack united_states company chicago known newspapers printed warned starting rumors lead developing unwanted war cause nations military equipment new war technology hydrogen balloons navy admiral military exercise balloons feet diameter signaling purposes troops nearby eleventh balloon cubic feet capacity feet diameter capable carrying men associated observation equipment high altitude observation platform monitor enemy warships balloon controlled navy ship intelligence enemy possible intentions passed army predicted combination torpedo sky cycle ideal commerce transportation sport events claimed war craft destroy fleet fort army range predicted combination built financed government dominate earth louis world fair passenger balloons superintendent managers charge purse prize money balloon tournaments races pointed building expensive took knowledge advanced balloon techniques basically america example win prize french spent entered tournament win abundance ideas balloons short cash reality necessary balloon knowledge newspapers printed making balloon capable holding cubic feet hydrogen world fair exhibit located south hall west acre aerial harbor facility surrounded foot high fence located like marine harbor hold contained large balloons instead world scientific largest air break wall north end area equipment making hydrogen gas fill balloon shape size came silk bags held hydrogen gas world fair torpedo shaped balloon feet diameter designed warfare little electric motor propeller pushed large forward size fishing reel smaller display building nearby torpedo warships carry dynamite balls dropped enemy remotely safe distance away described controlling remotely waves light distance wife balloon ascension fair grounds july race draw crowds second ascension august balloon race professor unsuccessful landed miles starting location ended hundreds miles course landed titles awards balloon industry monopoly related business nineteenth century called engineer lecturer toured united_states gave lectures occasions earliest members fifth pilot innovations pertaining balloon technology written scientific journals balloon farm estate years hundreds aircraft enthusiasts later life career balloon ascending performances managing balloon farm business decades retired wife moved atlanta georgia live daughter aerial born died november age wife died age life member republican later life politics associated prohibition party patents guiding apparatus balloons patented portable gas generator patented june machine patented september sky cycle patented april patented april | Carl Edgar Myers | Engineering and technology | Computing and engineering | Engineers and inventors |
7863_LeifJ.Sverdrup | january january norwegian born american civil engineer general half 20th century best known service world war chief engineer general army son distinguished norwegian family emigrated united_states serving army world war earned degree civil engineering worked time founding civil engineering firm specializing bridge construction engineering professor firm involved construction number important bridges including hurricane deck bridge lake involved construction chain pacific_ocean enable heavy bombers delivered philippines commissioned army colonel chief construction section general new_guinea engineer reconnaissance missions enemy occupied territory decorated distinguished service medal theater chief engineer war commanded went design oversee construction major projects including named seven engineering wonders completion firm reputation later collapse mississippi_river bridge august early life born norway january son high school teacher lutheran minister second wife née family distinguished norway great nephew prime minister norway grandson politician cousin arctic explorer half brother brother mining engineer businessman women rights activist educated oslo following quarrel father left norway america stay relatives minnesota family cousin son theologian settled minneapolis arriving new_york_city december entered minneapolis september graduated bachelor_of_arts degree world war enlisted army minnesota july posted camp massachusetts training took advantage regulation normal year residency requirement members armed services seeking citizenship formally took oath citizen boston september army sent field artillery camp taylor near louisville kentucky commissioned second lieutenant january war having ended immediately placed inactive reserves discharged nominally serving year terms january wars decided engineer enrolled civil engineering course spring break returned norway reconciled father accompanying parents short holiday germany graduated degree june met recent immigrant norway like agreed marry graduated worked year taken trip europe finally married november union produced sons jack born born died meantime took job major project involved supervising construction bridge route missouri time frustrated americans pronounced leaf instead started calling jack joined engineering professor formation civil engineering firm field bridges parcel tenure minnesota long time reluctant ties completely eventually decided join new company taking unpaid university year owned parcel new firm opened doors april company headquarters located missouri contract design bridge missouri received fee met asked join company subsequently hired design engineer missouri leading supplier bridge components partners firm initially young firm struggled contracts major jobs lined bridge early faced parcel wished let trained employees informal company policy years fee design supervision construction 7th street bridge kansas_city kansas bridge helped weather worst great depression subsequent new deal involved major program public works applied design commissions washington missouri hurricane deck bridge lake missouri awarded contracts valued respectively awarded contract known kansas missouri involved projects project generate electricity tidal power brought contact captain chief engineer project project folded federal funding withdrawn friends appointed board inquiry investigated collapse world war construction october ordered work commence chain enable heavy bombers flown united_states philippines existing route guam considered vulnerable disruption japanese forces located nearby islands secure route christmas island fiji darwin required initial sum million allotted construct foot site appropriate fuel maintenance buildings project given highest possible priority rating november arrived honolulu hawaii signed cost plus fixed fee contract architectural engineering services connection construction route lay british french australian territory contract soon expanded include supervision construction flew fiji able report work started fiji november discussed progress airport fiji new_zealand agreed extend new_zealand minister finance recalled saying leaving formal agreement payment america cards drew cross representing airfield wrote extension actually estimated cost found hills approaches accordingly arranged australian complete emergency field development major carried des airfield working heard news japanese attack pearl harbor facility included yacht owned converted floating luxury hotel ship start pacific war abandoned commercial facilities war zone requested taken military southern seas company property taken recommended ship operated support construction islands including required survey work december southern seas purchased hawaii district engineer sum dollar settlement reached value ship captain took sky road describes meeting stop harbor return flight java seaplane delivered high priority supplies including torpedo luxury southern seas far cry cramped quarters old remained aboard night previously enjoyed pan customers yacht use pan service new_zealand discontinued yacht turned serve floating office follow islands decided fly miller fiji headquarters southern seas following arrived sydney december january signed cost plus fixed fee contract provide architectural engineering services australia contract remained force terminated mutual agreement employees australia civilian employees army april boarded series aircraft return united_states new guinea campaign australia brigadier general chief engineer general general headquarters southwest pacific area obtained permission appoint chief rank colonel directly commissioned colonel army soon way australia initially construction effort focused bases northern australia convinced japanese attempt capture port ordered improvements airfields construction new bases order cover approaches july decision attack japanese base altered priorities added requirement development bases northern coast commander lieutenant general called additional port bay estimated year suggested lower requirements obtain engineer units ordered available engineer unit attempted reduce workload cutting facilities shortening feet feet mat pavement september decided japanese troops sending american regimental combat team alternate means crossing mountains possible trail known climb elevations feet present formidable obstacles known trail held possibility took charge investigating trail reached september explored harbor taking depth native canoe set party american australians australian new guinea administrative unit native police native carriers days trail scaling heights feet concluded practical troops traverse route turned reaching october concluded harbor shallow trip total loss sighted plateau north believed suitable allowing troops flown opinion supported cecil missionary knew area recommended establishing valley flown start october set men including flight lieutenant expert knew tribal chiefs personally reached october cleared site burning remained able land day strip known landing set october explore north found suitable site near village cleared message dropped air instructed found troops flown way travelling coast boat supervised construction soon use december trip australian base vicinity japanese base expedition submitted detailed reports possibility construction area awarded citation read gallantry action near new_guinea sic september october colonel led reconnaissance party enemy occupied territory far advance friendly troops secured information great value command subsequently awarded citation read exceptionally service government position great responsibility new_guinea period july january campaign colonel personally executed numerous reconnaissance missions new_guinea difficult mountains swamp jungle far forward areas occupied troops order secure vital information needed engineering operations utilizing native labor recruited trained equipped hand tools constructed great series air fields needed transport air troops supplies distant inaccessible areas success completion essential advance airfields accomplished severe physical great personal risk possible effective coordination land air forces contributed success campaign promoted brigadier general july appointed head special force designed provide logistical support establish bases run ready acting chief engineer absence january personally decorated citation read extraordinary heroism action enemy january landing wave assault troops complete disregard safety proceeded immediately render assistance seizure vital airfield general exceptional courage initiative determination contributed success accomplishment mission american decorated campaign making presentation said engineer soldier best promoted major general march march formed handle military civilian construction philippines appointed command later personal gesture presented personal insignia gift father graduation worn transferred infantry told deserved worn real engineer promise end museum occupation japan august flew home private aircraft accompanying lieutenant general washington series meetings pentagon going leave caused cut short leave return manila august landed japan entered tokyo day find site decided locate tokyo september attended formal surrender aboard uss missouri received september departing home day post war june activated command retired army january age attended annual key officers held birthday starting year presented commander order british empire australian ambassador united_states ceremony embassy australia washington heard returning japan relieved president april flew greet arrival attended virginia marked anniversary presented insignia chief engineers lieutenant general returned personal involvement grant running company incorporated year awarded contract complex wind tunnels fee excess million continued recently portion world largest civil engineering groups 1960s oversaw successful design construction additional parallel doubling non tunnel sections adding capacity lanes adding emergency bridge tunnel facility longest world years company completed original project company image august effect hurricane katrina involved designing collapse mississippi_river bridge mississippi_river minneapolis minnesota august decorations major general decorations include medal oak leaf cluster world war victory medal army occupation germany medal pacific campaign medal service stars world war victory medal army occupation medal japan commander order british empire legacy died january interred suburb military honors number professional organizations began annual award programs honor memory awarded annually elevated member national civil engineering honor society awarded annually memory annual endowed family nasa communications building main campus named building houses gallery art camp scout ranch named chapter fort wood missouri named having gate bear | Leif J. Sverdrup | Engineering and technology | Computing and engineering | Engineers and inventors |
8021_SirJohnFowler,1stBaronet | sir 1st sir 1st july november english civil engineer construction railways railway infrastructure 1850s 1860s engineer world underground railway london metropolitan railway built cut cover method city streets 1880s chief engineer forth railway bridge opened long eminent career spanning 19th century railway expansion engineer adviser consultant british foreign railway companies governments youngest president major works represent lasting legacy victorian engineering early life born sheffield yorkshire england land surveyor wife elizabeth née educated privately hall near trained engineer sheffield leather uncle railway surveys worked railway projects including london worked resident engineer appointed engineer railway opened initially established practice consulting engineer yorkshire lincolnshire area heavy workload led london member year institution founded member july married died november daughter manchester couple sons railways established busy practice working railway schemes country chief engineer manchester sheffield lincolnshire railway engineer oxford worcester chief engineer metropolitan railway london world underground railway constructed shallow cut cover trenches beneath roads line opened engineer associated city railway today railways form majority london underground circle line work metropolitan railway paid great sum million today million today passed staff contractors sir chairman complained engineer world highly paid railways consulted london great northern railway highland railway following death retained great western railway appointments involved design victoria station london sheffield victoria station station glasgow station station station foot wide train shed roof second widest iron arch britain roof railway station consulting work extended britain including railway engineering projects algeria australia belgium egypt france germany portugal united_states travelled egypt time worked number schemes including railway planned completed death provided advice indian government inquiry railway recommended narrow gauge feet inches light railways visited australia remarks break gauge difficulty later career consultant partner london tube railways city south london railway bridges railway projects designed numerous bridges 1860s designed bridge railway bridge river_thames arch london railway credited design victoria bridge constructed near identical built remain use today carrying railway lines following collapse sir appointed commission review design forth railway bridge commission recommended steel bridge designed constructed locomotives avoid problems smoke steam overwhelming staff passengers covered sections metropolitan railway proposed locomotive locomotive built company broad gauge tender engine boiler normal connected large chamber containing fire bricks act heat reservoir chamber linked set short exhaust steam condensed instead escaping fed boiler locomotive intended operate conventionally open tunnels closed steam generated stored heat fire bricks trial great western railway october failure system leaked causing boiler run dry pressure drop boiler explosion second trial metropolitan railway failure engine abandoned known ghost locomotive sold intended convert standard engine eventually scrapped opening metropolitan railway trains provided withdrawn august period hiring trains great northern railway metropolitan railway introduced designed tank engines design known class minor updates class successful metropolitan eventually engines use remained operation electrification lines 1900s activities professional recognition stood unsuccessfully parliament conservative candidate standing engineering profession high extent elected president period youngest president position institution practice led development training engineers purchased acres estate ross scotland spent frequent holidays justice peace deputy lieutenant county listed member president knight commander thanks government allowing use maps valley working projects accurate survey area british relief elected fellow following successful completion forth railway bridge created taking scottish estate territorial designation received honorary degree doctor laws engineering bridge prize doubled awarded jointly baker died age buried london succeeded son sir died march extinct death reverend sir son | Sir John Fowler, 1st Baronet | Engineering and technology | Computing and engineering | Engineers and inventors |
9168_OliverEvans | september april american inventor engineer businessman pioneer fields materials handling steam power evans prolific influential early years united_states left long series accomplishments notably designing building fully automated industrial process america high pressure steam engine albeit crude amphibious vehicle american automobile born newport delaware evans received little formal education mid teens going business brothers worked decade designing building automated mill devices bucket chains belts evans designed continuous process manufacturing required human labor novel concept prove critical industrial revolution development mass production later life evans turned attention steam power built high pressure steam engine united_states developing design independently built world year earlier evans driving force development adoption high pressure steam engines united_states evans dreamed building steam powered wagon eventually construct run known automobile country world amphibious vehicle primitive success evans visionary produced designs ideas far ahead time describe compression propose design decades colleague able construct working example similarly drew designs solar boiler machine gun steam carriage machine perpetual oven marine salvage process quadruple effect scheme urban gas lighting ideas designs reality time death evans influential political allies lacked social disliked peers disappointed angry perceived lack recognition contributions evans bitter later years damaged reputation left isolated despite import work contributions frequently overlooked attributed death household alongside steam pioneers era early life born newport delaware september charles ann evans father trade purchased large farm north newport moved family oliver infancy oliver fifth children sisters seven brothers little known evans early life surviving records provide details formative years nature location early education preserved literacy strong young age writer avid reader technical subjects aged evans wagon maker newport period recalls master extremely man forbade evans use candles reading evenings evans found way collecting wood work day serve fuel small fires revolutionary war began evans enlisted delaware militia company saw active service war age evans moved wheel making specialist forming fine wire textile cards fibers preparation spinning process thread desire increase efficiency process led invention machine bend wire teeth cut rapidly aid assembly cards justice peace newport saw potential tasked creating machine evans early successes introduced evans wished production textile cards developing machine leather wire teeth inserted invention greatly card manufacturing process producing teeth minute evans unable find financial backing invention decades card manufacturing innovations inspired evans led development automated textile card production great demand growth southern cotton industry early pioneers textile card production including thought borrowed heavily original designs evans began experimenting period steam power potential commercial application early ideas culminated delaware state patent application steam powered wagon denied evans produce working model year aged evans married daughter local farmer old wilmington developing automatic flour mill evans attention turned flour early industry rapidly northern delaware era operation mills labor intensive stages process grinding cooling packing beginning degrees gravity manual labor required grain stage additionally stages particularly cooling slow inefficient creating significant production process mills commonplace populated areas ready access waterways power bulk home hand furthermore quality wheat poor colonial america hard wheat varieties ground mills leaving flour coarse brown cross contamination major problem mill processes people moving mill contaminated flour dirt grain end result evans recognized low quality product took laborers evans brothers began building mill newport family farm estate purchased father evans recruited oversee construction red clay creek mill opened conventional design years evans began experiment reduce reliance labor moving wheat mill begin process task contemporary mills evans innovation bucket elevator facilitate process chains raise water roman technology antiquity evans seen use marine applications realized modification careful engineering raise grain series bucket elevators mill grain flour process labor intensive task spreading meal came grinding process warm moist needing cooling drying packed traditionally task manually meal large floors response evans developed boy device gathered meal bucket elevator spread evenly drying floor mechanical revolve newly deposited meal cooling drying gentle design blades slowly flour central material conjunction innovations saved hours labor greatly reduced risk contamination despite technical complexity device revolutionary standards time total vision design evans attempting radical shift thinking manufacturing process treating continuous integrated series isolated processes manufacturing fully automated production line missing link materials handling evans mill designs sought feed materials continuously system need human intervention fully automated industrial process idea continuous production proved critical ingredient industrial revolution ultimately lay foundation modern mass production constructing machinery realize vision complicated evans struggled find money pay highly skilled needed construct complex machines nearby flour industry large dominated wilmington saw little potential evans designs newport flour merchant hearing evans ideas oliver water run wooden son george saw promise evans ideas helped secure patent protection time evans converted brothers mill red clay creek fully automated prototype based perfected designs evans brothers sent major centers united_states offering free licensing designs miller county commission evans refit mills campaign prove major disappointment little commercial interest evans lacked patience coupled disposition prone display frustration immediately value ideas ideas designs far ahead time idea fully automated production process difficult contemporaries evans recalled happened visit red clay creek mill early years operation fully automated mill day making hay nearby field purposely stayed sight visitors observe mill running independently human supervision evans appeared great length explained feat witnessed possible convinced chance visit bring breakthrough frustrated reports returned wilmington reported evans mill set notice man sense continued evans convinced miller mill converted years persistence attempts marketing evans designs finally given trial larger scales adopted breakthrough came progressively minded family baltimore invited evans refit mills proved success evans worked develop modified form screw act horizontal work alongside vertically bucket elevators added drill belt designs possessed complement materials handling machines possible configuration evans moved newport wilmington constructed working model designs town evans given major boost leading miller converted mills evans system estimated year changes saved operation small fortune amounting local quickly followed suit soon showcase evans technology decade finally convinced short period automated mills began spread eastern introduction federal patent law evans immediately applied protection designs granted patent application personally examined approved secretary state secretary war henry attorney general writer merchant having secured patent protection designs general adoption evans turned attention outside delaware brother joseph travelled widely promote evans work according sources mills operating evans machinery george_washington called thank flour provided feed continental_army war independence saw evans technology work mills impressed converted evans system completion overseen evans brothers evans sold share red clay creek mill moved family wilmington philadelphia opened store supplies early years philadelphia dominated writing initially evans intended write pamphlet assist construction machinery promoting automated designs evans project ultimately devoted years writing comprehensive book technology included long chapters basic principles physics mechanics times family financial security order complete young mill wright miller guide appeared consisted parts principles mechanics different kinds mills description author improvements manufacturing grain flour plans lengthy appendix evans detailed ideas hot air system central heating family early evans designs baltimore contributed section mill construction theoretical work book based earlier scientific work mechanical principles evans insisted theoretical sections align observations practical sections revised standing theories experiments conducted observations example found written theoretical mechanical principles match replicate practice revised based observation form true theory concluded old new theories agree practice suspect founded error true theory continue agree practice need care founded guide list subscribers topped george_washington edition appeared print book proved popular remained staple manual half century undergoing revisions printed editions book popularity rested detailed practical explanations mill design construction principal american superseded civil war publication guide evans concentrated work supply merchant gaining financial security licensing patented designs evans machinery adoption began accelerate rapidly considerable wealth license fees years evans concentrated growing commercial operations philadelphia expanding store times agent english imports taking complete complicated metal work mills evans continued elements mill design including new process making developing screw mill grinding plaster paris great demand philadelphia work evans younger brother developed device packing flour barrels wooden disc operating compound joint developing high pressure steam engine steam engines appeared united_states source power late 18th century living delaware philadelphia meant evans exposed early examples application launched rudimentary late philadelphia operating low pressure steam engines pump water rare examples instances new technology found europe development steam power occurred great_britain instrumental developing steam power europe machines operating industrial labor saving applications evans begun consider potential applications steam power transportation apprentice developed rudimentary designs steam carriages evans definitively began work making long held dream steam carriage reality early steam engineers notably contemporary developed plans steam propelled carriage incorporating heavy pressure converted directly power apparent experimentation low pressure steam engine powerful propel carriage weight forward evans attention turned engine steam carriage ideas industrial application importantly evans early proponent strong steam high pressure engines idea long resisted earlier steam pioneers necessary iron making metal working technology lacking evans recognized high pressure steam engine essential development steam carriage built far smaller providing similar greater power low pressure experiments high pressure steam engines europe notably unsuccessful steam tractor developed prevailing fear early steam engineering boiler safely contain high pressure steam evans ignored potential developed radically different designs called engines operating high pressure elimination central component conventional designs designs incorporated beam double acting cylinder steam valve independently operated resulting design high pressure steam engine higher power weight ratio prevailing designs making locomotives practical simpler engines making costly build maintain require large volumes water features similarly suited variety industrial applications automated mill evans ideas harshly criticized engineers notably philadelphia engineering community including influential happened engineer simultaneously developed similar ideas favor high pressure engines begun experiment developing locomotives knew work constructing designs proved far difficult evans initially envisaged working steam engines united_states time handful workshops experience making took evans savings years yield working example display public engine powered double acting cylinder inches diameter stroke length eighteen inches components wood order construction boiler engineering critical safe operation engine consisted large copper shell wood cast iron rings order contain pressure output machine approximately horsepower work output modest contemporary standards low pressure engine nearby produced horsepower steam engine fraction size pre existing machines machine times larger volume evans unveiled engine store work crushing plaster paris marble paid thousands came machine operation philadelphia newspaper aurora declared new era history steam engine evans received patent new steam engine set looking commercial applications proposals proposed construct steam wagon capacity carry barrels flour philadelphia lancaster days greatly increase profits compared equivalent horse wagons trip took days evans declared proposal doubt engines propel boats current mississippi sic roads great profit company unsure reliability cost technology proposal rejected despite setback year evans found client concerned problem cleaning city removing evans convinced contract develop steam powered result amphibious vessel consisted flat bucket chains bring mud hooks clear away sticks stones obstacles power equipment propulsion supplied high pressure evans engine end result craft nearly thirty feet long feet wide weighing seventeen tons hulk waterfront demonstration long held beliefs possibility land based steam transportation evans mounted hull wheels twice set collapsed weight connected engine order drive workshop philadelphia streets way july believed automobile united_states amphibious craft world contemporary accounts craft survive evans tendency success annals performance difficult evans claimed proceeded successfully philadelphia rival philadelphia launching river speed philadelphia harbor great weight craft land propulsion based limited engine capacity jury rigged power train fairly significant distance similarly unknown functioned evans claims point vary significantly years known invention proved ineffective purpose scrapped parts evans ideas steam carriages impossible dream evans continue promote idea published futuristic description world connected network shipping lines railroad tracks steam locomotives accurately describing happen future long potential realized time come people travel stages moved steam engines city fast birds fly miles hour steam engineer guide evans frequently fellow engineering peers steam technology increasing frustration led premature publication hoped equivalent earlier manual titled abortion young steam engineer guide significantly shorter book structured approach book devoted ongoing argument evans prominent steam engineer day previously appeared journal evans added additional criticisms stevens evans concludes book work designs complaining public prove evans coming years regardless proved popular work scale guide book united_states accessible ideas techniques steam engineering book begins introductory discussion principles steam engines relevant physical principles designs evans high pressure steam engine boilers screw mills evans developed similar suite tools tables potential steam engineers potential tables heat pressure metals instructions assembling basic components steam powered system useful components boilers evans book justify safety high pressure steam engines properly constructed despite fact time evans experienced boiler explosions workshop little understood time evans theoretical including grand principle steam develops guide mathematical modelling pressure fuel steam engines substantially flawed evans successful development high pressure steam engines designs widely theoretical understanding limited generally unable accurately predict machines guide far wider range topics interest evans including deemed worthy circulation straw cutter flour press developed brother horse drawn earth invented evans opportunity encourage government sponsorship research government expense uncertainty employ ingenious persons art science care experiment lead extension knowledge principles carefully recording experiments results fully relied leaving readers draw money expended tend greatly aid progress improvement arts sciences suggestion stemmed observation engineers relied basic principles physics mechanics guide work required engineers scientists obtain experimental data rarely qualified short government funding research evans attempted create aftermath called experiment company private research consortium conduct reliable experiments gather data benefits members venture failed evans find paying launch possibly evans committing new venture developing steam wagon design founded philadelphia years evans death similar principles despite incomplete understanding principles ways evans thinking potential steam engines far ahead time evans noted drawing vacuum water reduces boiling point observed vacuum effect resulting cooling sufficient produce ice went describe vacuum pump apparatus produce effect showed compression cylinder compression stroke vacuum pump produce heat evans produced detailed theoretically coherent design compression identifying major components cooling cycle leaving credit grandfather evans developed working model designs evidence attempted evans later life worked associated extensively fellow inventor steam engines potential later develop build device received patents employing principles originally forward evans mars works having view perfected ideas designs steam engines evans turned attention commercial propagation steam engines constructed hoc basis improvised tools workers relied heavily metal working shops philadelphia little experience precise metal work required build steam engines particular evans soon realized unlike machines wood leather need specialist skills precision tools large order build steam machines commercial basis evans constructed mars works large site blocks north store philadelphia choice roman god war thought challenge near birmingham united_kingdom famous building engines completed mars works largest best equipped outfits kind united_states contemporary accounts featured substantial shop shops maker steam engine works large steam engine grind materials work wrought iron thirty staff produced wide range ranging working steam engines cast iron fittings farming machines evans established agricultural steam engine orders proved insufficient support extensive business costs works highly experienced producing kinds heavy machinery contributing philadelphia emergence leading center work 19th century works received military orders casting naval cannons war evans proved highly innovative designing steam power solutions clients example commissioned build engines wool processing factories connecticut evans designed network accompanying pipes heat factory engine exhaust records designs early steam engines produced evans famous engine design appeared called engine patriotic gesture prove advanced successful steam engine design created evans brought bear extensive experience designing building high pressure steam engines horizontally oriented engine allowed rod work closely end machine reducing need heavy working beam like required conventional engines rod kept working straight line new type sets bars guided movements working bar known evans straight line superseded years precise straight line mechanisms culmination style steam engine perfected designs like saw style wide use range applications decision introduce design significantly cut running cost engine point engines efficient powerful low pressure designs far cheaper build smaller size year engines operating construction applications ranging grain manufacturing paper wire wool reputation grew demand products years began engines inland son george order having moved pittsburgh operate george mill highly successful generated great deal interest evans engines interior engines western pennsylvania kentucky ohio challenging expensive logistical perspective evans george successful steam miller engineer founded addition engines like produce heavy machinery pittsburgh pennsylvania high demand industrial products relatively little industrial capacity pittsburgh works added repertoire capacity producing finer products domestic purposes like fittings location pittsburgh factory mississippi_river watershed important development high pressure steam engines use new company began promote engines river transport evans long believer application steam engines maritime purposes book evans stated navigation river mississippi steam engines principles laid years favorite subject author wishes heart evans long acquaintance build united_states worked steam projects evans lone attempt building powered high pressure engine evans vague capabilities found success hudson_river reality low pressure engines contacted evans possibility evans engines correspondence lead implementation evans designs mississippi tributaries experienced far stronger currents eastern counterparts low pressure lacked power counteract enterprise viable run rivers designer employed adapted evans engine purpose high pressure engines standard mississippi relatively actually built pittsburgh works evans patent high pressure engines widely enforced engine shops opened mississippi freely adapted evans designs purposes notable examples river constructed pittsburgh mars works include franklin pennsylvania christened renamed constitution eventual owners lost crew members boiler exploded near louisiana evans deeply distressed news defended safety high pressure engines cited explosions extremely rare occurrences patent battles evans found battles protect intellectual property times career pursued cause years successful patents concerning flour proved problematic defend evans battles proved influential setting precedent newly established area federal patent law original patent automated flour mill expired january evans believed fourteen year patent term brief petitioned congress extend january act relief oliver evans passed signed president jefferson long time admirer evans work act took extraordinary step reviving evans expired patent giving fourteen year term evans delighted highly problematic particularly implemented evans designs intervening year period patent terms waited evans patent upgrading mills evans agents set aggressively collecting royalties designs furthermore evans significantly raised license fees use patented technology raising claims asked pay great cases ended court act adopted evans technologies specify perpetual defendants argued years question evans argued evans stage life established poor reputation community petty pursuit patent rights resistance major legal cases questioned laws extend private patents manner constitutional evans ultimately prevailed case bitter legal battle began evans sued miller near baltimore evans improvements license produce modest flour damages sum deemed high harsh evans actions rallied baltimore community case finally heard appeared support defendant evans detractors presented evidence witnesses trial press argument evans truly patents protected boy undoubtedly original use bucket chains screws ancient times evans modified features adapted use context retired weighed debate letters evans detractors questioning philosophy patent law truly defined invention machine extent validity claims ultimately defended purpose patent law innovation rewarding development sharing new technology jefferson noted evans designs consisted devices long existed access evans thought modify use conjunction build automatic mill ultimately jury found favor evans victory evans community process ultimately reduced claim robinson response prominent evans critic submission congress wake trial entitled memorial congress citizens united_states praying relief seeking limit compensation evans seek patent use congress void altogether senate drafted bill roll evans patent rights pass continued vigorously pursue patent fees patent act issues including constituted originality context patent addressed later life death evans suffered bouts depression bitterness felt appreciate sentiments peak later years legal battles comments presiding judge sent evans particular fury dramatically papers prior future evans declared time led disappointment appreciation committed business material acquisition sake family ultimately burned represents small proportion survives evans continue interest tone evans later life undoubtedly hostility disappointment evans gradually withdrew operations workshops son george managing operations pittsburgh sons law likewise philadelphia mars works established entity receiving prestigious commissions engines records indicate mars works turn steam engines time evans death retirement evans increasingly consumed pursuing patent technology widespread stated time wholly law suits evans somewhat obsessed took siege mentality numerous lawyers height working cases united_states final work known counsel engaged defence patent rights eighty rise progress despite opposition difficulties patents explanations evans undertook travel distant areas country order find offenders trip vermont evans visited mills promptly engaged lawyer press charges perceived patent rights years evans compiled list lost eighty total alluded title publication lawyers unfinished ideas known include scheme gas lighting cities united_states means raising sunken ships machine gun self shaft bearing types steam carriages machine perpetual oven proposal threatened washington war evans ventured build steam powered frigate scheme didn far wife sarah died cause evans remarried years later april years junior daughter new_york years evans lived new_york new wife early evans developed lungs month illness died april days prior april news reached new_york philadelphia burned sons law committed establishing business outside city evans buried manhattan church sold body moved times finally resting unmarked common grave broadway street new_york_city legacy undoubtedly evans contributions profound rapidly adopted lifetime american undergone revolution designs allowed mills built industrial scales far greater efficiency profitable enterprise number mills increased dramatically united_states price flour fell significantly availability increased automated drying processes increased quality flour turn led major shift bread making cheaper better quality flour lowered cost bread production generation majority bread consumption shifted home store bought revolution far reaching europe called american system quickly adopted industry triggered major increases food production needed period continual warfare turn 18th century key elements evans designs bucket elevators screws merely modified invented combination machines automated continuous production line unique idea prove pivotal industrial revolution development mass production scientific technical historians generally credit evans line culminated modern assembly line concept industrial far ahead time shift manufacturing concept century fully realized continuous process manufacturing spread evans designs related industries eventually wide variety products technology prevailing opinion caught evans contributions later deemed important eminent industrial historian conclude respect evans opens new chapter history mankind evans contributions steam ground breaking earlier work played critical role high pressure steam engine united_states evans engines particularly highly influential early steam power applications united_states particularly evolution steam powered industrial processes evans ahead curve ideas death steam infancy united_states meant time ideas come fruition example leading advocate high pressure engines 1830s engines definitively replaced low pressure designs evans dream steam wagon notwithstanding brave attempt widespread adoption later unlike earlier contributions evans brilliant minds steam technology inventor working totally independently evans develop high pressure engine dream possible despite formidable record importance history technology evans household respect evans worst enemy deeply affected perceived lack recognition appreciation peers work bouts depression lead act extreme prematurely ending projects times course life time feelings turned bitterness vengeance criticized doubted led accomplishments fiercely denouncing critics wild success end life relentless pursuit patent rights force people pay process badly damaged reputation enemies leading philadelphia merchant summed stating inclined credit useful enjoys patents spite weight detractors evans persistent pursuit ideas quality evans felt ultimately triumph french translator agreed concluding place truly distinguished eminent services rendered country humanity | Oliver Evans | Engineering and technology | Computing and engineering | Engineers and inventors |
10544_CottalangoLeon | born indian american computer graphics technician won academy award scientific technical achievement jointly won academy_award design engineering continuous development technology digital film review software worked technology years chief contributor india alumnus worked contributed making commercially successful films including spider man film series men black film series early life family born mother family residence parents mother father primary school teachers young parents moved south early years spent city place visits years attended village block studying till grade vii studied grade viii grade childhood interested subjects mathematics science developed keen interest visual aspect movies subsequently attended college till completing engineering degree computer science completed computer science computer graphics married belongs southern having lived till marriage couple daughter live career graduating joined firm worked years till time inspired watching film decided pursue career technologies making completing master degree worked short time game programmer joining continues working date currently holding position asked develop improved digital film review software alternative existing software released initial version months having assigned job receiving positive feedback artists software kept software years digital film review software led academy award mentions working project years time given team project achieved significant growth media interview says worked technology years chief contributor date worked commercially successful films including spider man film series men black film series cloudy chance open season academy award age won academy award scientific technical achievement design engineering continuous development technology ceremony held february beverly_hills california received academy_award jointly academy set awards bestowed individuals contributed significantly time necessarily past year motion picture industry praised outstanding innovative work adding contributions expanded filmmakers creative opportunities academy award citation praised varied mentioning provides intuitive flexible creative review environment deployed globally highly efficient collaboration said award totally unexpected felt good recognised academy wider industry | Cottalango Leon | Engineering and technology | Computing and engineering | Engineers and inventors |
10967_RichardHamming | february january american mathematician work implications computer engineering telecommunications contributions include code makes use matrix window numbers sphere packing bound distance born chicago attended university_of_chicago wrote doctoral thesis mathematics supervision april joined manhattan_project programmed calculating machines solution provided project left join years involved nearly laboratories prominent achievements retiring took position california worked professor senior lecturer computer science devoted teaching writing books delivered lecture december weeks died heart attack january early life born chicago illinois february son credit manager grew chicago attended initially wanted study engineering money scarce great depression scholarship offer received came university_of_chicago engineering school instead science student mathematics received degree later considered fortunate turn events engineer said guy going instead having excitement frontier research work went earn master arts degree entered wrote doctoral thesis problems linear differential supervision thesis extension work area looked green function developed methods obtaining characteristic solutions graduate student discovered read laws thought awarded doctor philosophy instructor mathematics married fellow student september immediately awarded master arts english literature remain married death children assistant professor louisville kentucky manhattan_project world war ongoing left louisville april work manhattan_project division programming calculating machines solution provided project wife soon followed taking job human computer working later recalled shortly field test realize small scale experiment critical mass man asked check agreed thinking subordinate asked said probability test bomb atmosphere decided check day came answers remarked apparently correct know capture cross sections oxygen nitrogen experiments needed energy levels replied like physicist talking mathematician wanted check physics left said involved life known universe know essential pacing corridor friend asked told reply mind blame remained accepted post trip new_jersey bought old car later sold weeks spy fbi regarded timing suspicious described role computer saw computer experiments impossible perform laboratory time think later recalled realized meant science going changed bell shared office time included veterans shannon came class later recalled unconventional things unconventional ways got valuable results management tolerate let lot time hired work theory spent time calculating machines went home friday set machines perform long complex series calculations weekend find arrived monday morning error occurred early process calculation digital machines manipulated information sequences ones units information bits single bit sequence wrong sequence detect bit verify sequence computer tell error occurred reasoned surely way telling error computer correct error set task solving problem realised enormous range applications bit zero know bit wrong corrected landmark paper published introduced concept number positions code words differ changes required transform code word today known distance created family mathematical error code called codes solved important problem telecommunications computer science opened new field study bound known sphere packing volume bound limit parameters arbitrary block code interpretation terms sphere packing distance space possible words gives important limitation efficiency error code utilize space code words embedded code bound said perfect code codes perfect codes returning differential studied means numerically integrating popular approach time method attributed unstable certain conditions result noise developed improved version use years superseded adams method extensive research digital filters new filter window eventually writing entire book subject 1950s programmed earliest computers developed programming language earliest computer languages widely external users knew bell superseded replaced attributed problem efficiently finding regular numbers problem known problem regular numbers referred numbers discover time avoided management responsibilities promoted management positions times managed temporary knew sense avoiding management later recalled duty organization biggest failures later life served president predicted day half budget spent computing colleagues thought high forecast actually proved low philosophy scientific computing appeared motto numerical methods scientists engineers purpose computing insight numbers later life interested teaching left bell held visiting stanford_university resented older scientists space resources better use young turks looking commemorative poster valued achievements noted worked associated nearly listed half career second resolved retire thirty years moved california worked professor senior lecturer computer science gave research concentrated teaching writing books noted way mathematics currently taught dull book currently campus found single problem answer felt student care problems text dignity solving puzzle hard sure result significance life attempted situation new text methods mathematics applied probability statistics remarked left knew end scientific career retire sense end proved professor emeritus june delivered lecture december weeks death heart attack january survived wife awards professional recognition award member fellow basic research award named award given annually exceptional contributions information sciences systems technology recipient medal reverse medal depicts check matrix error code appearances discusses use potential computers film logic machine | Richard Hamming | Engineering and technology | Computing and engineering | Engineers and inventors |
11223_RahulThakkar | indian american software inventor jointly won academy award scientific technical achievement won academy award creating groundbreaking design digital film review platform key member animation software development team went win academy award best animated feature academy awards holds patents including patents pending additionally developed web standard currently resides virginia working industry boeing subsidiary early life family born united_kingdom subsequently raised india mother considers inspiration teacher father actor writer director apart voice artist spent early years mumbai considers completed graduation degree computer science eventually studied complete master computer science credits mother encouraging interest science father background early years india spent actors initial years worked father time mumbai contributing films division india documentary playing parts television radio shows worked voice artist television advertisements time interest mathematics science remained predominant later moved united_states believed easier visual effects movies hollywood currently stays wife family virginia career united_states graduating worked television advertisements developing visual effects developed opening software cbs election coverage late david_letterman joined acquired enabling work film production company worked mentor founder designing subsequently led jointly win academy award primary system product suite time known explained interview times_of_india developed era wanted artist view number shots film high resolution high quality audio speed change control phase production department story editing animation modeling layout lighting etc technology allowed technicians artists multiple locations simultaneously work films real time main provisions useful transparency enabling artists technicians seamlessly work need think technology apart says additionally headed high performance particle system rendering software colour management system software worked films including legend simple wish key member animation software development team went win academy award best animated feature academy awards march day academy award presentation contributions colleagues film recognised function held new_york leaving worked chief architect vice president technology area satellite imagery worked madison square garden vice president technology contributing entertainment media sports fields later vice president company operating access control industry left engaged industry working boeing subsidiary chief cloud architect time winning academy award patents including patents pending developed web standard academy award won academy award scientific technical achievement groundbreaking design interviewed members academy process ceremony held february beverly_hills california received academy_award jointly founder academy set awards bestowed individuals contributed significantly time necessarily past year motion picture industry commented january interview india west recognized technical achievement award wonderful feeling know work decades ago use film industry honored sharing award mentor pioneer visual effects revealed excited attending award ceremony additionally commenting expected indians featured academy_awards winners lists coming years praised outstanding innovative work adding contributions expanded filmmakers creative opportunities award noted pioneering contributions viewing academy award citation praised film review capabilities mentioning technology continues provide artist driven integrated consistent highly studio wide interactive reviews | Rahul Thakkar | Engineering and technology | Computing and engineering | Engineers and inventors |
11625_MagicAlex | magic alex later john greek born better known magic alex nickname given beatles involved group including head arrived england exhibiting impressed john_lennon box small plastic box randomly lights allegedly said build track tape machine given job designing new apple studio india beatles india 1970s anti terrorism industry offered bullet proof vehicles devices security hardware set companies offering products royalty king jordan bought fleet cars managing director specialised electronic communications security lives greece london beatles year old arrived england student gallery london later moving flat street met known found employment television later introduced exhibited worked psychedelic light box week tour europe impressed results later said way pitched thing knew know wind people extent fucking magic alex shit jones introduced point impressed box small plastic box randomly lights hours influence later introduced renamed new guru calling magic alex allegedly told ideas futuristic electronic devices working later denied promising discussing telephone responded owner voice identify calling force field surround beatles homes ray camera paint invisible car paint change colour switch speakers actually later asked engines george_harrison car build flying denied making claims beatles set company called september later employees newly formed earning week receiving profits beatles called greek wizard paul_mccartney remembered interested ideas like like ideas confined realms electronic included songwriting involvement composition new mary jane originally meant inclusion white album given laboratory called boston place westminster london helped obtain british work pay eventually rose year american patent attorney moved england assist historical promo included beatles anthology dvd shown wearing white laboratory assistant coat loud noises background saying hello like hello brothers world girls world electronic people world turns points collection portable track wooden boxes track studio recording machine voltage meters screen showing psychedelic balloon shapes mysterious fire laboratory prevented presenting later said rock electronics maybe year films poems formal training irrelevant greece beatles tried buy acre coast greek island pronounced resembling guitar shape owners interested sale interested buying island live discussed beatles july father major greek secret police explained beatles access greek government connections speed acquisition island islands right certificates ownership subject government restrictions july harrison wife flew athens stayed parents house overnight son year old sister set athens chartered yacht detained crete bad weather party wait athens days taylor complained trip small hill village came round corner peaceful road find hundreds photographers away organised later said sailing greek islands everybody sat took eventually found acre island small fishing village beaches large olive grove small neighbouring islands surrounded planned island bought premium sold modest profit months later beatles lost interest idea marriage august invited harrison stay home blue jay way august harrison wife visited san_francisco district baker street london business ventures beatles fledgling great expense commissioned create ideas artificial sun light night time sky opening december time came produce artificial sun claimed strong energy supply power accepted beatles appeared uncredited beatles movie magical mystery tour broadcast boxing day july year old married year old daughter respected greek architect church london harrison wife attended joint best man india joined harrison india studying meditation flown england complaining indian food agree left march met said know didn meet greece years ago jealous control frequent walks woods asked replied beatles harrison considering large income bank accounts switzerland questioned offered money build high powered radio station broadcast teachings india alcohol allowed smuggled later reported harrison sex young american student sexual advance fully supported autobiography falls away writing supposed sexual advance continued insist said making harrison unsure true harrison confronted answers satisfy decided leave camp insisted harrison respective wives leave camp send black magic went organise morning delhi personally believed invented story sexual undermine influence beatles jealous having attention harrison later offered said believe accusation issued statement denying spread rumours divorce returning england suggested holiday greece sister said busy recording white album good break girlfriend arrived home day early greece discovered sitting cross legged floor staring eyes found outside marital bedroom door asked spend night apartment apartment went straight bed got drunk tried convince run away sick bathroom collapsed bed spare bedroom joined tried kiss words pushed away personal assistant maintains sleep saying knew mistake moment happened especially trusted liked went new_york shortly told went trip italy mother holiday italy agitated unexpectedly arrived pacing outside hotel returned giving news planning sue divorce grounds adultery seek sole custody julian send said intended testify court committed adultery said mere fact magic alex arrived italy middle night prior knowledge staying extremely suspicious making easy john accuse look bad apple studio said abbey road studio good producer annoyance trouble alex coming studios learn time saying people date found difficult boys liked obvious didn minor developed boasted build better studio track tape machine instead track abbey road updated time track given job designing new apple studio basement apple headquarters outrageous plans replace acoustic drums invisible sonic force field remembered bought huge computers stored barn left barn later sold scrap metal gave beatles regular reports progress required new studio january project let discovered studio track tape deck reduced tracks system patch bay run control room speakers fixed walls new piece sound equipment present crude mixing console built looked words martin assistant like bits wood old console scrapped session harrison said chaos rip start calling biggest disaster time harrison suspicions raised saw wandering white coat considered possibility read latest version ideas later stated basement studio equipment building tested boston place beatles asked producer martin come rescue borrowed track emi long time beatles engineer given task building setting studio portable equipment brought beatles manager closed left company later estimated ideas projects cost beatles million british pounds today approved ideas idea stop people taping records radio signal thought sell time commercials instead brought emi capitol america look weren interested security consultant 1970s anti terrorism industry offered bullet proof vehicles devices security hardware set companies offering products royalty king greece principal salesman king constantine greece exiled britain provided contacts half dozen royal families close contact deposed iran moved mexico customers bullet proof cars offering believed financially assisted companies held expensive party spanish heir secured contract assassination admiral spanish royal family thought acquire bullet proof cars car shipped england parked year knew work needed upgrade second contract worth million allowed set new security companies collective project road london provide sophisticated communications system constant contact security services employed known official sultan ordered mercedes quickly discovered safe led believe tested cars desert july firing bullet hit emergency air cylinder led petrol tank blowing burning car remaining cars immediately sent demand money spent king jordan fleet cars carried safety test live ammunition november eyewitness reported cars life threatening ordinary vehicles bullets easily pierced armour plating thick armoured glass broke splinters struck ordered cars restored previous state failures convinced constantine look growing european market anti terrorist protection setting factory london produce bullet proof cars financed investment million anonymous swiss bank accounts believed controlled media courts february observer published article naming arms dealer printed apology april article september joan week later people newspaper taken court won damages daily_mail published apology gave undisclosed sum damages january article june accused dealings later claim new_york_times independent newspaper apologised august writing june paper reported involvement corrected earlier piece writing company employee director sacked resigned retaining giving years later paper accepted claim invented electric paint flying recording studio sonic force field cause employers waste money ideas errors won right sue new_york_times england related online article said story written supposed inventor beatles insider appeal won right continue case new_york_times new_york_times produced witness sir gave evidence supporting responsibility paper said pursue case paper publicly explain mean imply march new_york_times published editor update article saying expressing skepticism work inventor period article accuse engaging fraudulent dealings times reporting events attributed paul_mccartney based widely published accounts books magazines later years present items collection memorabilia sale london sale leather collar worn launch party sgt cover unfinished music custom guitar coloured felt pen drawing called strong pen ink drawing entitled happy fish said planned donate money charity greece custom guitar later sold auction link label living athens | Magic Alex | Engineering and technology | Computing and engineering | Engineers and inventors |
12136_GlenP.Robinson | september january called father high tech industry georgia american businessman founder scientific atlanta subsidiary robinson employee scientific atlanta remained ceo chairman company retired initially radio subsequently graduate bachelor master degrees physics robinson worked founding scientific atlanta later life founded invested numerous atlanta based science related companies robinson named fellow held patents fields including solar energy devices antenna systems contributions named georgia small businessman year entrepreneur year elected awarded honorary physics half named robinson tower honor early life education robinson born florida jacksonville lewis robinson family moved georgia time robinson opened small machine shop sold industrial products metal tools local industry encouragement father robinson enrolled student study chemical engineering education interrupted service installed recaptured american possessions war robinson returned conflict junior changed major physics started degree program year received master science physics robinson member prestigious secret society robinson radio operator age started radio repair service provide additional income student robinson professors convinced radio repair business work research assistant known engineering experiment station radio friends actually boss boss director working hours robinson built television set lab claim built state georgia robinson went tennessee work nuclear engineering related equipment local hospitals scientific atlanta robinson researchers including robinson professor director contributed total founded october initial goal marketing antenna structures developed radar branch military robinson worked unpaid general manager year relations initially strained unrelated dispute station finances director vice president specifically believed surplus funds realized research contracts returned felt retained foster additional research strict conflict interest policy enacted researchers forced choose entities initial investors kept faculty jobs returned fledgling company contract resulted loss robinson bought original investors paid original robinson left president ceo new company renamed stayed member board directors robinson friend previously involved robinson radio business having graduated degree physics head new company research development years later school promote origins scientific atlanta longtime financial contributor scientific atlanta helped nasa establish ground stations communication mercury apollo projects american orbit earth voice transmitted received radio designed equipment built scientific atlanta 1970s robinson recognized potential combination communications satellites cable television purchased scientific atlanta satellite systems formed basis turner super station broadcast country cable providers hbo scientific atlanta equipment transmit live satellite delivered cable event manila heavyweight boxing championship bout scientific atlanta best known pioneering television cable set boxes equipment worldwide development satellite earth stations robinson remained ceo scientific atlanta years chairman board additional years retired company scientific atlanta grew dramatically earned million revenue approximately million billion yearly revenue scientific atlanta served regional business hundreds companies tracing roots later career robinson founded developed heat pump technology years later merged specialized cooling equipment telecommunications systems later merge companies known robinson retired robinson funded founded focused applications radar guns traffic enforcement cameras world largest manufacturer laser products law enforcement acquired june turn acquired february robinson angel investor particularly fields digital communications funded companies focused cellular digital control channel wireless communications acquired mission currently leading provider cellular water north_america invested million acquired recently robinson investor founder attracted additional funding aims build million plants united_states legacy robinson held positions numerous boards including chairman chairman robinson selected georgia small businessman year entrepreneur year elected scientific atlanta sponsored scholarships robinson children employees march robinson donated create endowed chairs million awarded honorary physics awarded joseph alumni distinguished service award half named robinson tower honor million donation construction robinson continued working technology businesses later career near end life wife children grandchildren great grandchildren lived atlanta wednesday january robinson died apparent heart failure funeral held anne episcopal church atlanta cremated arlington chapel | Glen P. Robinson | Engineering and technology | Computing and engineering | Engineers and inventors |
13629_LiviuLibrescu | romanian pronunciation hebrew august april romanian born israeli american scientist engineer professor major research fields prominent academic addition survivor holocaust widely known actions held giving students time escape windows shot killed attack posthumously awarded order star romania romania highest civilian honor time death professor engineering science mechanics virginia tech life career born jewish family city romania romania allied nazi_germany world war family deported labor camp later thousands jews deported romanian city wife holocaust survivor told israeli channel day death romania second world war jews germans anti semitic cousin living romania said interview romanian newspaper gifted person little curious knew thought happen rare surviving holocaust repatriated communist romania studied engineering graduating continuing master degree university awarded fluid mechanics din worked researcher later career stalled 1970s refused swear allegiance forced sympathies israel requested permission israel fired smuggled research manuscript published netherlands drew international attention growing field material dynamics years government refusal israeli prime minister personally intervened family emigration permit directly asking romanian president let moved israel professor mechanical engineering taught left united_states served professor virginia tech remained death served member editorial board seven scientific journals invited guest editor special issues journals recently chair 7th international congress thermal stress taiwan june scheduled lecture according wife professor published articles fields research major fields study included foundation applications modern theory shells incorporating non classical effects composed advanced composite materials foundation theory applications sandwich type structures stability flight vehicle structures structures flow fields structural dynamic response instability elastic composite structures subjected random loading systems mechanical thermal flat curved shear elastic panels static dynamic feedback control structures flows applications problems structural systems theory composite thin walled beams application mechanical constructions structural composite materials shear stress response behavior structures underwater air explosions graded material structures death legacy age people murdered april student entered opened fire classrooms taught solid mechanics class room hall april held door classroom shut attempted enter shot door managed prevent entering classroom students escaped windows struck bullets shot head proving fatal registered students class died number students called hero actions senior said students windows shouted hurry said don think wasn son joe said received students said saved lives regarded hero following murder request family assistance body released april received funeral service orthodox jewish funeral home brooklyn new_york_city new_york april interred israel native romania picture placed table lit people laid flowers nearby massacre took place holocaust remembrance day april president united_states honored memorial service held united_states attended crowd included holocaust survivors day saw horror saw quiet acts courage saw courage teacher named set enter class brave professor blocked door body students fled safety day remembrance holocaust survivor gave life live morning honor memory strength example honors awards received academic honors work virginia tech serving chair invited speaker receiving honorary degrees elected member foreign fellow armenia recipient doctor dean award excellence research college engineering virginia tech member awarded diploma expressing deep appreciation valuable services advancing engineering profession posthumously professor commended president romania rank sign high appreciation gratitude entire scientific academic activity heroism shown course tragic events took place april 16th saved lives students sacrificing life named virginia tech street named honor professor awarded award higher education law policy gift alumnus honored professor heroism shooting established professor law awarded discretion dean seeks appoint member faculty expertise national security social justice currently holds expert national security law international law including issues executive power international human rights constitutional rights military force armed conflict terrorism maritime disputes publications books authored include thin walled composite beams theory application netherlands isbn reliability composite structures publishing isbn romanian | Liviu Librescu | Engineering and technology | Computing and engineering | Engineers and inventors |
14139_FlorenceVioletMcKenzie | née known mac australia female electrical engineer founder lifelong promoter technical education women campaigned successfully female accepted male navy originating servicemen passed signal instruction school sydney acquiring skill code visual signalling flag international code signals set electrical contracting business order meet requirements diploma electrical engineering australian woman amateur radio operator license 1920s 1930s wireless shop sydney renowned sydney radio founded established wrote electric corresponded postwar years family education born september melbourne marriage age known violet wallace sources cite birth year wallace stepfather george surname commercial traveller violet infant family moved south sydney young age violet independent interest electricity invention recalled oral history interview play bells things house mother come help find dark didn good battery hook switch opened door light come started sort playing things school won study passed approached march won diploma december graduated later gave diploma kind awarded australia woman collection cecil young electrical engineer employed radio violet customers shop married auburn new years eve built house complete wireless room attic house remains extensively renovated lived daughter took sons violet sibling melbourne according sands boys later operated radio shop melbourne early employment interests violet taught mathematics deciding course electrical engineering studies miss wallace worked electrical contractor installing electricity private houses politician factories commercial premises including street self success sunday guardian october enthusiastic radio operator licensed woman country sign later changed miss wallace opened wireless shop purchasing entire stock wireless preceded billing oldest radio shop town ran george street street replaced 1970s hotel later said visiting shop introduced code australia weekly radio magazine conceived shop miss wallace founders wireless weekly monthly magazine finally remained circulation female member year travelled united_states business reasons san_francisco welcomed radio miss wallace electrical engineer australia talk studio reportedly time air comment difference systems san_francisco sydney notes experimented improving science television use chemistry pronounced television work devote spare time experimenting branch science deep rooted conviction chemistry going provide solution working lines mutual interest tropical fish enormous fish pond yard spoke heating water electrically house tropical fish home early 1920s having given talks radio tropical fish days electrical contracting work january american journal published article written concerning interesting inhabitants sydney recommended keeping sea horses salt water tank women technical education 1930s turned attention increasingly teaching women electricity radio observed need years working field told lot women customers like form told sunday sun reporter wanted course lectures domestic radio electricity established girls schools technical colleges following year took matters hands opening street persuaded employers later recalled depression joined electrical school time girls involved electrical circuits making radio sets later mac decided time use skills industry persuaded trial radio section soon followed school started component parts section absorbed sections believed electricity save women domestic writing woman heavy work household aid electricity worthy object end founded educational initiative king street centre sydney later moving blocks away street concerned safety electrical doubt drawing experience receiving accidental electric shock knocked hour delivered talk advising conventional proceed thee quarters hour following knew case recovery took hours sold busy gave electric cooking demonstrations kitchen fitted electrical compiled australia electric book ran seven editions remained print wrote illustrated book children electrical safety called electric july women attendance inaugural meeting later known held king street appointed treasurer instructor code organisation women emergency signalling corps established street rooms known original idea train women replace men working civilian communications freeing skilled men serve war time war broke women trained standard women campaigned female accepted air_force navy encountered great deal official resistance wrote minister navy prime minister billy hughes saying like offer services acceptable instructors despite suggestion dismissed time later provided class train tickets melbourne meet testing early january commander newman navy director visited headquarters street test finding highly proficient recommended navy admit hughes took convincing threatened offer air_force instead urgent need trained prevailed april letter authorised entry women navy beginning minister condition publicity accorded break tradition april accompanied domestic medical test april arrived canberra april women dressed green uniform designed months female navy uniform ready number initial intake ranks expanded end war representing cent entire force time told trained women went services remained street school instructors air_force appointed honorary flight officer women auxiliary australian air force legitimately air_force personnel official recognition received war efforts postwar wireless training helped rehabilitation war keeping school open long need instruction wireless signalling postwar years trained men merchant navy pilots commercial aviation needing trade qualification known ticket reporter visit school described scene diversity students table corner recently elementary chinese half americans aircraft new_guinea wireless ticket ship officer objective corner commander preparing word minute exam english ship wireless officer raf wing commander man groups airline types job told journalist war airmen came wanted join needed build speed learn use modern equipment fitted room school receivers radio compass pilots train wireless ticket school held class flight radio raaf airmen civilian career wrote unemployed spent weekday school tuition fee applicable earned sum money course way things required payment training provided suspect pocket affair true great number pilots finally fulfilled australia owe deal school operating sydney time providing training potential airline pilots school giving training completely free charge famous trained wireless ticket school include cecil trained later commissioner police new south wales melbourne according people magazine profile written january received notice owners street quit premises sands indicates moved operation briefly wharf retiring home point wrote closed school established school government added signals training section continued help occasional pupil special difficulties home later life correspondence early started writing letter wished recovery recent illness letters held archives jerusalem clear second letter wrote accounts claim corresponded regularly long years death documentary record suggests reports extent correspondence sent gifts years including shells daughter airmen collect pacific request brought airline pilot wrote mathematical friends like plot flight reports sent recording music replied couldn work play instrument awards honours june appointed officer order british empire work elected fellow patron member royal naval amateur radio society plaque celebrating skills character unveiled flying angel house church relocated plaque seen garden final years years older husband cecil years death shared house time cecil sister jean primary school teacher stroke right confined wheelchair moved nearby died peacefully sleep funeral service held serving formed guard honour cremated northern suburbs june edition newsletter devoted teacher patron memories recorded statement days died finished proved women good better men | Florence Violet McKenzie | Engineering and technology | Computing and engineering | Engineers and inventors |
14804_WilliamHenryBarlow | november english civil engineer 19th century particularly associated railway engineering projects involved engineering enterprises engineer midland railway london extension designed company london terminus completed following bridge disaster sat commission investigated causes designed replacement inventor design rail carrying investigations use design steel structures early life education born kent south east london son mathematician physicist professor taught younger brother private education began study civil engineering father age sixteen year went machinery department royal_navy close family home worked london docks married date unknown couple sons daughters son civil engineer practice father career spent years working engineer constantinople turkey helping build ordnance factory behalf machine tool manufacturers produced report turkish government led scientific papers services turkish government awarded returned britain post assistant engineer manchester birmingham railway working joined resident engineer section rugby derby midland railway retained position later chief engineer larger railway april elected member june elected fellow whilst working midland railway main line established replacement larger cost track maintenance replacement rails decayed quickly rails wore needed renewal remove cost providing replacing developed patented rail design wide profile laid directly track ballast need periodic tie bars maintain correct gauge known rail widely especially designer cast iron glass crystal palace great exhibition director asked help preparation structural calculations frame building left midland railway form consultant engineering practice london midland railway significant client following death commissioned complete bristol construction stalled insufficient funds finish chains earlier london demolished completed bridge robust deck planned variations caused reuse existing chains foot span longest britain time consultant engineer midland railway southern extension london including layout london terminus station road deal sloping site need cross regent canal short distance north platforms constructed raised structure supported cast iron columns storage laid beer assistance designed arched cast iron station canopy spans feet platforms intermediate support widest kind world designed cost effective efficient means avoiding need additional solid structure lower level designed hotel train shed december central section bridge near collapsed bridge disaster express train crossed heavy storm passengers crew train killed newly elected president appointed member disaster sat final reports recommending commission established examine wind loads bridges report dated june concluded bridge designed sir opened year collapse badly designed badly built badly maintained entire central box section bridge known high collapsed thirteen supporting leaving gap nearly half mile mile long bridge reputation destroyed died october work suspension bridge designed cross stopped bridge collapse sir consultant engineers railway companies involved construction asked choose replacement design solution sir sat member established recommendation bridge report led design replacement son engineer new design large piers support double railway track old brick masonry piers bridge retained new piers upstream seen today reminder tragedy early civil engineering uses steel carrying research 1850s member committee subject member committee produced recommendations safe working loads steel railway structures experimented sound recording february presented talk action accompanies exhibited called recording instrument fellow member served vice president honorary member lieutenant colonel health failing retired practice son died november exhaustion breaking leg buried plot adjacent father grave home high road marked blue plaque | William Henry Barlow | Engineering and technology | Computing and engineering | Engineers and inventors |
15813_ThomasBrassey | november december english civil engineering contractor manufacturer building materials responsible building world railways 19th century built railways britain time death built miles railway world included quarters lines france major lines european countries canada australia south_america india built structures associated railways including docks bridges stations tunnels drainage works railway engineering active development mines locomotive factories marine water supply sewage systems built london system operation today major ship large time lay telegraph cable north_atlantic background family traced norman ancestor town crossed england william initially home near lived nearly years time certainly family moved small settlement parish miles south eldest son prosperous farmer wife elizabeth early years educated home age sent chester aged apprentice land surveyor agent agent time apprentice helped survey new road assisting surveyor road engaged work met engineer road ended age taken partnership forming firm moved business established time small place consisted houses business flourished grew extending areas land surveying site lime built business owned managed sand stone ventures firm supplied bricks building custom house port developing town bricks needed growing city liverpool supplied devised new methods transporting materials including system similar modern method gravity train materials quarry port died sole manager company sole agent representative years gained basic experience future career early contracts britain experiences civil engineering construction miles building bridge time met needed stone build liverpool manchester railway visited quarry village near following advised involved building railways venture railways submit tender building lost contract submitted lower bid submitted tender building south railway miles track tender accepted work successfully completed opened initially engineer line replaced pupil assistant time moved stands carries trains completion grand junction railway moved design london southampton railway encouraged submit tender accepted undertook work section railway winchester parts line following year won contracts build chester engineer engineer glasgow sheffield manchester railway early contracts france following success early railways britain french encouraged develop railway network place link railway system britain end paris established appointed engineer considered submitted french contractors expensive suggested british contractors invited tender event british contractors took offer seriously instead trying jointly tender accepted set pattern worked partnership contractors ventures won contracts build french railways total mileage miles longest mile following french revolution financial crisis country investment railways ceased meant seek foreign contracts collapse january building mile long line major structural disasters career occurred collapse built brick cost feet high reason collapse established possible cause nature lime mortar contract stipulated obtained locally collapse occurred days heavy rain rebuilt expense time lime choice rebuilt stands use today railway time building early french railways britain experiencing known railway massive investment railways large numbers lines built built high standards involved expansion careful choose contracts investors maintain standards year agreed contracts england scotland wales mileage totalling miles began building lancaster miles considered greatest lines passed fell summit feet high line steep maximum south line linked way preston lancaster line important contracts undertaken miles chester line miles line joined london birmingham railway rugby grand junction railway south providing line london scotland bypassed birmingham line provided link london ferries sailing ireland included tubular bridge received contracts linked railway glasgow edinburgh covering total distance miles passing engineer project year began contracts railways scotland started building parts lancashire hull liverpool contract great northern railway agreed engineer chief work william son joseph resident engineer sole contractor line miles particular problem met country providing firm foundation railway associated structures assisted solving problem agents platforms layers wood sank dispersed water firm foundation line use forms began build time railway coming end contracts britain increasingly difficult find end railway built railways britain expansion europe following end railway drying contracts france retired rich man instead decided expand interests initially european countries venture spain barcelona miles undertook contract short railway miles railway lead bigger contracts italy line miles followed miles norway sir built oslo bergen railway miles passes terrain rises nearly feet resumed work france miles miles dutch relatively slow start building railways engineer built dutch railway miles continued build lines england including railway miles ross miles london miles miles took largest contract career build grand trunk railway canada line passed quebec valley saint lawrence river north toronto line totalled miles length consulting engineer project company engineer undertaking worked partnership sir line crossed river montreal tubular bridge designed longest bridge world time measuring miles bridge opened formal opening ceremony carried following year construction line caused considerable problems main problem raising necessary finance stage travelled canada appeal personally assistance difficulties arose severity canadian winter waterways frozen months year resistance canadian businessmen line engineering success financial failure contractors losing million contract included materials required building bridge railway including rolling stock manufacture metallic components built new factory called suitable site found george_harrison brother law factory built alongside ocean going ships works managed george_harrison alexander assistants machine shop feet length included shop steam shop pattern shops stocked library reading room workforce fitting shop designed manufacture locomotives year total produced years locomotive given trial named wife governor general canada time earl bridge hundreds thousands components required manufactured english factories specifications stamped coded loaded ships taken quebec rail site bridge assembly central tube bridge contained pieces iron holes half million assembled piece hole true played helping english forces success war black_sea port held russians british government alliance french turks sent army port neighbouring bay black_sea attack besieged september british allied forces hoped siege short coming winter conditions proving difficult transport clothing food medical supplies weaponry news problem arrived britain joined offering build railway cost transport necessary supplies shipped equipment materials building railway intended army carry work seven weeks severe winter conditions railway troops besieging completed possible supplies easily finally taken september worldwide expansion addition building railways britain european countries undertook contracts continents south_america railways totalled miles australia miles india miles great economic slump caused collapse bank company colleagues competitors despite setbacks survived crisis drove ahead projects hand included austria continued constructed despite taking place locality health beginning decline continued negotiate contracts including suffered mild stroke continued work april embarked extensive tour miles eastern_europe time death built mile miles railway world non railway contracts works limited railways associated structures addition factories built engineering works france supply materials contracts built number drainage systems calcutta built docks london london docks water area acres contract agreed partnership docks opened included contract warehouses wine totalling area acres machinery worked hydraulic power supplied dock links london entire british rail system built london system stretch miles started passed road river earliest ventures use steam cranes undertaking considered difficult sewer operation today worked build north bank river_thames bridge gave financial help build ship later called great eastern times larger vessel world major ship death barber bought ship purpose laying telegraph cable north_atlantic ideas ahead time tried interest governments idea tunnel english channel came wanted build canal panama idea similarly success working methods contracts worked partnership contractors particular planning details projects engineers consulting engineer engineer charge day day activities career worked engineers kingdom day day work overseen agents managed controlled activities actual work labourers days known supervised early days mainly english worked building canals later joined men scotland wales ireland number irish workers particularly increased following potato famine paid wage provided food clothing shelter projects lending library overseas contracts local labour available work supplemented british workers agent site overall responsibility project man great capability working fee plus percentage profits penalties late finishing complete work early considerable skill choosing good men work way work having taken contract agreed price suitable sum money available agent meet costs agent able work lower cost remainder money problems arose reasonable cover additional costs hundreds agents peak career years employing average people countries continents despite office office staff dealing correspondence detail works held memory travelled personal later letters written recorded occasion rest party gone bed letters written overnight won large number contracts bids successful calculated contract awarded unsuccessful given number honours celebrate achievements including austrian time awarded married second daughter shipping agent come contact early days maria gave thomas considerable support encouragement career encouraged bid contract unsuccessful apply available contract thomas work led frequent moves home early years kingston thames winchester occasion maria supervised packing possessions removal harrison children taught speak french thomas unable opportunity arose apply french contracts maria willing act interpreter encouraged thomas bid resulted moves normandy paris thomas refused learn french maria acted interpreter french maria organised education sons time family established permanent base square london sons gained distinction right 1st governor victoria created liberal hastings son 1st baron conservative politician elevated house_of_lords conservative fourth son died infancy later years told cancer continued visit working sites visits railway miles railway contract late summer took bed home sea visited members work force engineers agents walked days come pay respects business friend bought estate preston hall kent behalf second son henry purchased baroque house situated estate acres km2 miles northeast oxford wedding present son albert december died brain victoria hotel buried churchyard sussex memorial stone erected estate valued consisted trust fund describes wealthiest self man easy objective nature character earliest biography helps commissioned family latest short biography written great great grandson virtually remaining material value biographer available today private correspondence diaries personal judging achievements remarkable man enormous drive ability remain calm despite enormous pressures extreme skill organisation man honour kept word promise interest public honours refused stand parliament accepted honours france austria medals request wife great great grandson considers successful inspired people drove walker biography tried accurate assessment helps sources found difficult discover bad word life expected high standard work employees states standards quality extreme doubt qualities exceptionally excellent memory ability perform mental good judge men enabled select best people agents fair kind supporting financially times need times undertake contracts little benefit provide work faults eldest son identify tendency praise traits actions people condemn family inability refuse request criticism found engineers worked business associates agents paid men fairly national biography states greatest achievement raise status civil engineering contractor attained mid nineteenth century engineer walker regards giants nineteenth century sons involved father work business wound administrators sons created memorial parents chapel chester cathedral consists altar inscribed parents memory bust father north altar memorial sir bust bust thomas plaques memory chester station streets named street november celebrated birth special commemorative train run january children celebrated life april plaque placed bridge village near tree called oak land owned family planted celebrate thomas 40th birthday surrounded inscribed sandstone pillars tied iron rails growth tree burst stones fell recovered replaced accessible place information board | Thomas Brassey | Engineering and technology | Computing and engineering | Engineers and inventors |
16760_JohnKennethHilliard | october march american electrical engineer pioneered number important concepts designs helped develop practical use recording sound film won academy award designed movie theater sound systems worked radar submarine detection equipment world war collaborated creating long lived theatre speaker system researched high intensity vibration long line communications nasa air_force near end career standardized noise control criteria home construction california pattern applied new homes education born october received degree minnesota years age obtained married laboratory biologist began working master degree movie sound release major film companies racing hire audio engineers record reproduce sound film common acquaintances inc contacted hired hollywood california studies physics engineering having left masters studies minnesota years old supervised sound recording talking motion picture provided recording equipment specific techniques achieving best sound film developed hard work imagination ground breaking methods later industry standards mgm mgm hired away assignment fix problematic recording overall phase shift measured voice degrees solution use higher obtained consultation founder earlier befriended laboratory associate wife helped position design engineer following year team mgm solved problem recording strong alongside flat weak soprano voice picking duo film work reduce weight sound equipment mgm approached los_angeles smaller lighter version cannon heavy duty electrical motors resulting lightweight pin cannon connector eventually evolved industry standard pin connector connector great depression underway kept busy producing popular film studios mgm asked chair sound committee task uniform method film sound theater began recording techniques major film studios later helped develop academy curve standard filter recorded noise retaining prominent voice reproduction characteristics continued contact led conversation poor state movie theaters men shared ideas best improve existing designs took plans mgm head sound brother decided fund effort responsible concept design project tapped develop drive units worked improve electronic components came collaboration received industry standard system horn system theatres garnered technical award oscar sound manufacturing bought division independent resulting company established film industry contacts combined extended manufacturing capability reformed contacts parent firms world war united_states preparing fight long technically challenging war left mgm join friend begun research mit work radar development military applications work mit cambridge massachusetts led employment opportunity los_angeles improved magnetic mad known magnetic airborne detection system anti submarine warfare returned entertainment improving horn system worked develop system 20th century arriving marketplace offered better clarity high power levels immediately began testing sonic characteristics movie theater industry standard production long lived continued 1990s took vice president engineering leaving start new enterprise remained engineering time supervised development horns significant reductions size microphone crossover designs major reworking improvement known high fidelity driver originally designed president chief engineer joined hollywood section regular social gathering sound precursor elected chair certain proposed industry standards members helped form los_angeles section beginning merged form retained fellowship noise studies director widened scope research include study sonic missile launch noise atmospheric noise highway noise hearing conservation gun helped develop air driven noise generator produced acoustic driven horsepower diesel engine helped nasa voice communication equipment including long lines houston assisting air_force worldwide telephone system worked military listening systems retired regular employment continuing work consultant manner hadn retired early 1970s directed hearing conservation program founded mid-1970s performing architectural acoustic analysis creating standards california multi family housing construction acoustic design policies significantly influencing interior exterior noise control standards united_states personal life undertaking post graduate studies minnesota married published researcher fields accompanied california offered job introduced young electrical engineer working los_angeles laboratory doctoral graduate fresh man continue associate collaborate technical endeavors ceased consulting died march friends said helped lay sales demonstration booth months died published works study theater loud speakers volume motion picture sound engineering los_angeles use fine grain positive variable density film recording acoustic society america generation high intensity sound environmental testing electronic components instrumentation measurement generation high intensity sound electro air fog signals audio journal article database high power low frequency journal article database development horn type moving driver unit audio engineering society electronic library journal article database column audio engineering society electronic library microphone audio engineering society electronic library airport noise management audio engineering society electronic library historical review horns audience type sound reproduction audio engineering society electronic library review early developments journal article database dividing networks loud speaker systems journal article database function design horns audio engineering society electronic library study theatre loud speakers journal article database practical application time delay field audio engineering society electronic library brief history early motion picture sound recording practices awards academy_award best film technical award gold medal highest technical achievement award | John Kenneth Hilliard | Engineering and technology | Computing and engineering | Engineers and inventors |
17590_BruceJackson(audioengineer) | audio engineer june january australian audio engineer founded australian audio lighting staging company joined american touring audio engineer mixed concert stage monitors elvis_presley 1970s concert sound company jackson designed audio electronics including custom mixing console beginning jackson toured band engineer decade sound systems business interest sydney introduced jackson digital audio subsequently founded digital audio company california lived time selling share jackson founded roy joint venture produced management system control complex concert sound systems jackson turned venture commercial help lake technology laboratories bought technology formed jackson vice president acquired brand jackson honoured award inventive controller partner jackson began touring mixing concert sound serving sound designer audio engineers received emmy award sound design sound mixing special concert jackson worked sound design summer olympics sydney served audio director opening closing ceremonies performed role asian games vancouver canada winter olympics children born living rose bay new south wales wealthy parents moved mansion point suburb east sydney district new_south_wales mansion australia expensive homes jackson expressed interest electronics age set basement small lab parents mansion boys high school jackson discovered investigators group electronics minded operating pirate radio station powerful boys operated school weekends tuned upper end commercial band avoid powerful commercial radio station signals boys know tube long efficient antenna crafted signal broadcasting sydney parts state new_south_wales away night time age jackson boys dropped university partners electronics business surname initials form company partnership largest customer business producer psychedelic lighting effects refused write company instead wrote checks partners added equipment rental company response moving company rose bay hell felt like according jackson lighting equipment guitar public address system components column described american servicemen stationed vietnam spending recreation time sydney australian bands clubs live music scene jumping busy successful rental business paid design new gear years jackson storey decided company sold operating small lighting company sydney north shore later grew robinson australia largest sound lighting company jackson storey served time time jackson met world tour band stopped sydney concert held brought unusually large american concert sound system australia jackson curious hear big black designed friend concert spoke asking stack questions decided leave sound system jackson hands series tour dates coming months shipping gear home usa jackson stored system mixed cash tour australia afterward invited jackson visit pennsylvania following trip london jackson stopped stayed live pennsylvania jackson assisted teaming design mixing console folded road case model years tours console novel meters displayed average peak sound levels combining characteristics fast peak meters slower meters built consoles live sound console incorporate elvis_presley working jackson toured elvis_presley mixing monitors independent engineer mixed house audience supplied audio gear jackson designed powerful stage monitor system room audience seating sound reinforcement system mounted hung steel chain audience overhead beams chain rigged upside raise floor common method licensed jackson said number concert recordings period unreleased earliest brothers supported dates dedicated monitor engineer monitors mixed porter assisted jackson jackson noticed performance dependent easily able hear monitor speakers jackson said nights work total train wreck advocated separate monitor mixing position stage overcoming resistance concept given dedicated position asked invented role concert monitor engineer jackson replied time come jackson deal absence rehearsals concert singer usually concert venue minute walk stage start sing having heard sound system turned stage ask jackson changes times stopped jackson come stand center stage listen carefully monitors sang people night texas led audience singing happy birthday honour engineer birthday amazing embarrassing occasion jackson jackson seen stage mix position cbs special final performance june said like thank sound engineer australia touring like assignment entourage travelled jets tour stop closest colleagues band colonel manager concessions crew rca_records management fly ahead weeks june july flew black playboy logo tail aircraft named jackson said chosen passengers served food drinks elite called jet parker managed concert tours exerted strong influence jackson quit job tour pushed far parker according apologised jackson rejoined tour independent engineer answering jackson mixed hundreds concerts singer called bruce working life filled strange hours hard physical labour constant travelling august portland maine setting engagement heard died independent engineer independent engineer jackson signed contract work directly concert tours supported jackson mixed major tours credited engineer album live tours include darkness river born prior tour practised check new sound system components lighting effects crew members chance work technical details jackson mixed rehearsals concerts folding console designed called right away jackson noticed particular critic concert sound new venue seats concert venue sitting section row seats listen play asked jackson sound good far away close audio crew jackson said lot worked design ring delay positioned closer seats augment high frequencies lost distance sound waves travelling air hat sound crisp clean higher quality sound row previously experienced large venues jackson years maintained interest delivering high quality sound seat solutions grew size complexity rings delays set largest venues river tour jackson arrived configuration supplied nominal left right stereo signals signals connected sound system alternating pattern vertical lines giving audience stereo imaging impractical large scale continued use born tour reporter described main auxiliary typically large arena stadium jackson set main feet high enclosure holding inch low frequency cone drivers inch mid frequency cone drivers high mid compression drivers high frequency compression drivers auxiliary zones covered audience areas wrapped sides stage driven channels capable putting total tour said drawn unusual critical acclaim distortion free performances jackson nominated best sound reinforcement engineer received honour jackson worked closely individual musicians band help achieve sound wanted keyboard player received attention jackson collaborated modifying cut organ came jackson ideas subsequently sound picked device invented jointly jackson bassist described elements bass rig reporter summed overall effect saying rest god jackson close men near age closer jackson age got friends singer giving road vehicle gift thanks contribution successful concerts jackson said sold bouncing place jackson quit touring birth son settled california concentrate audio electronics ideas called consultant staff solve acoustic issues following world tours instance italy jackson working entrepreneur digital audio electronics producer asked mix concert tour decades jackson signed partly assured concert sound good possible jackson determined huge concert venues madison square garden expensive heavy hung walls damp sound reflections discovering like listen stage monitors 1960s designed stage wedge soft dome drivers high frequencies powerful compression drivers common use 1970s main sound system jackson specified new design line array system called willing wear ear monitors band fitted reduce stage wash band instruments stand better individually mix stage monitors line array extravagant acoustic treatments hit said jackson best sound engineer world employed jackson mixing talents special called concert worked post production mixing received emmy award sound design mixing live jackson designed sound timeless live mixed new year eve concert december mgm grand garden arena paradise nevada mixed appearances sydney melbourne march connecting large backing choir sound mix optical nearby polo field choir stationed connection jackson real world test similar setup planned summer olympics months later jackson mixed world tours venue digital mixing console smaller allowing audience seats plug audio effects venue mixing system chosen integration hardware software channel hard disk recordings concerts directly consoles mix strings mix brass percussion jackson control audience microphone stems consoles recordings new_york_city washington remixed album live concert jackson listed sound designer sharing sound designer mixing duties jackson certain custom soft dome monitor positioned correctly aiming stage cover walk supplied lake tour majority jackson tune main sound system rest control monitor supporting artist voice jackson auditioned wireless ended equipped capsule vocal microphone test sound system different locations arena tour hit continental europe jackson changed capsule custom requirements called jackson special jackson microphone microphone required sent multiple mixing consoles madison square garden cable runs recording trucks feet long use prevents microphone output loaded little resistance change tone quality artists addition jackson mixed concert sound faces dog night jackson touring jackson mixed sound wild heart tour june november fourteen years later mixed live performances recorded burbank mtv released album dance world events jackson contacted olympic games mix sound summer olympic games sydney jackson felt skills best use audio director man mixing console team audio professionals equipment design composed digital linked transport digital audio largest venues ground wire spectacle played people attendance billion distant viewers world redundant systems connected single failure point halt complete assignment jackson said main factors working budget unlimited served audio director opening ceremony september closing ceremony october event told reporter rehearsed crew place reason expect december jackson served audio director 15th asian games held main opening closing ceremonies model jackson found extreme heat occasional adversely affect audio connections largest venues digital audio passed combination following success sydney jackson tapped direct audio design production winter olympics vancouver british_columbia canada directed opening ceremony closing ceremony sound design ground level aimed seating areas jackson determined approach produce sound waves bouncing ceiling instead rings hung ceiling ground aimed downward inner ring held composed line array speakers outer ring held line array speakers augmented lot powered hung ceiling triple redundant configuration digital mixing consoles served main backup main audience sound handled main backup duties monitor mixing equipment included dual redundant connections lake time code generated pairs handled audio cues timed action field jackson directed sound shanghai expo opening ceremony held april digital audio systems replay music cues connected routing distribution gear supplied signal digital kilometres cable dual redundant star connected racks sides rack held controller multiple crown international pushing audio signal digital audio beginning tour dates jackson promoting digital fellow australians grew point jackson house earliest expensive sampling rate considered high audio mastering jackson found musicians immediately discovered useful composition explored founder recording studio new_york_city shown said yeah great gon jackson prospects bought year better luck bought wonder recently recorded journey secret life plants paid signing personal check convinced jackson mix sound tour undertaking support secret life plants jackson close association aware limitations early digital audio weaknesses noise distortion april tour leg japan jackson listened played player connected concert sound system like heard finishing tour jackson expressed ideas possible improvements digital audio conversation designer digital audio electronics president division jackson bennett formed december announced november issue billboard started investigating digital audio circuits problems found textbook filters steep protecting player output high levels signals unlikely occurrence music jackson determined improve sound cds low pass filters recording process steep phase shift hearing range small company produced better anti filters recording equipment initially operating garage jackson served company owner president wife bennett headed sales demonstrated product convention held los_angeles november series low linear phase active low pass filter intended replace existing filters multi track digital tape sony slow start firm sold filters great success earned award awards branding largely jackson bennett said company decision sell purple coloured products jackson ideas good eye design wanted distinguish black rack gear everybody point jackson encouraged lighting designer sketch company logo cocktail dinner evening immediately logo jackson spoke billboard reporter digital audio described president chief engineer said digital finally living warm natural sound know love decade later warned belief bigger specification numbers guarantee better sound quality noted sampling rate cited better twice fast reality bunch influencing factors responsible improvements jackson bennett divorced mid-1990s sold share finance divorce settlement company founder bennett ceo management system leaving jackson entered joint venture design digital controller control complex concert sound systems jackson estimated project cost dollars ended costing garage started jackson developed input output digital audio matrix isolated output circuits essential element system ability controlled wireless tablet computer audio engineer walking seating sections concert venue tailor system response precisely jackson joined lake technology produce commercial version controller essentially hardware different software jackson acquired earlier joint venture turn bought lake jackson staying product line vice president live sound division controller seven concert tours units built jackson moved sydney fourth wife children november returned accept award digital audio product redesigned introduced lake capable operation crossover operation system combination integrated audio analysis software collaboration swedish audio electronics company announced jackson technology incorporated system years later acquired lake brand development product lines said pass live sound torch confident continue evolve technology pilot jackson avid pilot licensed fly early adulthood flew pleasure concert audio engineers 1970s concert dates jackson flew singer personal jet converted named daughter band rehearsals jackson fly miles memphis small plane loaded stands cables monitor band bit court hang waiting rarely came small aircraft owner time jackson operated sold lighting company friend towers founder pay earlier purchase powerful aircraft new registered december jackson carry demonstrate studios musicians flying new_york los_angeles hours heard interested interviewed sydney office jackson said missed little plane terribly kept hangar use visited california surrounded dusty boxes audio gear stored memorabilia said considered flying california australia wife keen idea jackson interested aviation developments flew friend space port enterprise sub spacecraft tested death jackson landed creek airport lowest elevation north_america near visitor center early afternoon january flight plan filed following brief stop took clear sunny weather bound minutes later crashed died miles south airfield dry lake bed wreckage discovered park rangers morning january later examined investigators determine cause accident jackson survived brothers sisters fourth wife daughter jackson survived wife son daughter alex jackson survived second wife sang background vocals survived wife margaret married years old margaret started accompanied went work memorial celebration jackson life held february attendees listened anecdotes family members business colleagues videos played sent band manager members | Bruce Jackson (audio engineer) | Engineering and technology | Computing and engineering | Engineers and inventors |
20093_BenCarlin | july march australian person world amphibious vehicle born western_australia attended perth later studied mining engineering qualifying engineer worked china work british coal second world war posted serving india italy middle_east discharge service emigrated united_states american wife née sparked idea whilst military proposed couple honeymoon crossing atlantic_ocean modified ford amphibious version ford named half safe beginning trip montreal canada finally completed crossing unsuccessful attempts travelled europe temporarily settling birmingham raise money resumed journey travelling overland middle_east arriving calcutta short fundraising trip australia wife left return united_states resumed journey new partners travelling far_east northern tip japan alaska extended tour united_states canada half safe finally returned montreal having travelled kilometres sea kilometres land year journey following death half safe acquired old school remains display early life military service born july western_australia small town state mother died raised father electrical engineer employed age sent board perth leaving school enrolled studied mining engineering qualified engineer worked period time surrounding region moved china work british coal mining company outbreak second world war enlisted leaving india married german citizen living china aunt uncle couple april separated end war having originally enlisted shanghai later posted august promoted position second lieutenant number emergency commissions start conflict war served india iraq persia palestine syria italy conflict end promoted rank major end war met nurse originally boston discharge service couple emigrated maryland eventually married june half safe early preparation war allies use number different varieties amphibious vehicle commonly ford modified version ford known india end war noticed army vehicle lot fellow engineers suggested vehicle world supposedly remarking bit world things idea remained marriage proposed wife couple honeymoon crossing atlantic_ocean modified considerable trouble finally managed purchase ford serial number government auction washington vehicle originally manufactured ford plant michigan built war originally tried convince ford sponsor proposed trip company refused believing craft journey vehicle required number modifications including addition boat like bow rudder larger cabin extra fuel tanks bow belly craft stern inside cabin installed dash modified include aircraft instruments way radio including set receiver total vessel length extended feet feet fuel capacity gallons original gallons construction belly fuel tank allowed reducing weight tons vessel christened half safe slogan brand don half safe use sure failure attempts couple began testing craft experienced problems carbon removal vessel enclosed structure potentially increasing risks carbon poisoning chose montreal canada official starting point attempt set city late new_york_city launch half safe time intention crossing atlantic azores trial run early january watched crowds workers couple attempt complete crossing occurred june launching amazed wharf labourers washed river strong tide way atlantic speed knots failed maintain radio contact prompting search united_states_coast_guard craft eventually landed days departure miles south new_york_city near inlet new_jersey couple experienced problems steering gear rudder vessel unable steer sea wheel constantly manned half safe sailed new_york commenced journey second time july forced shore days later time nearly cracked exhaust pipe attempt late july successful mechanical troubles heavy experienced set fourth time early august progressed sighted days launch american destroyer miles new_york couple soon lost radio contact prompting direct crews search craft half safe finally rescued approximately miles new_york oil tanker new_jersey bound halifax nova scotia seven days voyage propeller bearing fast lack leaving vessel drift days means steering navigating according message tanker friends new_york couple drifted enjoying pleasant life cheaper time couple rescue considered abandoning entire voyage convinced continue tanker norwegian captain greeted words hell going leave god damned lying crossing fourth failed attempt months led abandon project period time order raise money new_jersey arriving halifax weeks rescue took position local marine salvage firm wife returned family boston worked law office final attempt considered november postponed approaching winter weather half safe stored halifax garage mid couple began ready half safe attempt crossing testing late august revealed burnt clutch repaired recognised need larger amounts fuel achieve extra capacity fuel tanks tied half safe painted bright yellow aid visibility air alterations craft superstructure extra added launched early september vessel miles shore auxiliary fuel tanks lost necessitating return halifax decided abandon journey half safe convinced wife continue following months modifications vessel important large purpose built tank towed craft increased total fuel capacity half safe gallons vessel carrying gallons water gallons oil weeks worth provisions couple left halifax july day voyage arrived westerly island azores landing received life featuring crossing multiple page article later year featured photographs journey occurred forced remove cylinder head times order clean carbon replace head couple lost radio contact halfway voyage leading fears lost sea couple progressed island distance miles travelled having obtained surplus fuel passing portuguese cruiser midway trip originally expected head directly lisbon portugal couple instead chose head morocco coming ashore spanish territory february drove north coastal regions morocco europe hot daytime temperatures reportedly reached vehicle cabin necessitated half safe driven exclusively night vehicle reached french morocco march british territory gibraltar mid april sailed drove number european countries engaged sight seeing finally sailing english channel concluding journey birmingham arrived january europe middle_east tired weary lacking money decided remain england rest journey nova scotia azores wife suffered severe including instance awake find course important objective time britain repair half safe sustained large amounts damage crossing hurricane charlie battered vessel whilst islands repairs craft accomplished help captain served alongside india raise money continuation journey half safe exhibited department stores europe time completed half safe atlantic book half journey sold copies translated languages book generally received reviewer montreal gazette describing old school explorer instinct dry wit makes story odd mixture high adventure real set early arriving france april vehicle continued switzerland northern italy yugoslavia reported half safe flat tire whilst travelling belgrade continued greece turkey sailing asia minor progressing syria jordan iraq iran pakistan calcutta india later noted miles atlantic nova scotia azores ways worrying similar distance covered roads persia calcutta decided transport half safe australia steamer start voyage said travel australia new_zealand petrol dear lack funding meant trip necessary trip allowed meet family lived perth brother captain actively involved nuclear weapons testing operation hurricane far_east return north_america half safe australian tour began late october perth grew included tour old school went adelaide subsequently progressed melbourne sydney brisbane half safe returned calcutta steamship january wife left trip australia having finally tired long travel constant experiencing continued journey leg consisting sea voyage calcutta joined australian met burma coast late february crossed mountain ranges vehicle mud days half safe pair progressed arriving march burma half safe driven overland thailand coast set sail japan passing ports islands arrival hong_kong early seeking girls having delayed voyage engine trouble arrived taiwan early june travelled northern tip taiwan okinawa american administered drove ashore southern tip japan july drove overland tokyo returned australia stage rested japan performing needed repairs american journalist originally phoenix arizona offered accompany journey japan alaska departing early stage trip tokyo pair left tokyo great fanfare buildings craft sprung leak crossing separating southern island collided submerged rocks near port finally reached june despite later described aggression character trip aim travel directly small island group chain running southwest mainland craft carrying fuel approximately days contact time causing search rescue station notified half safe finally landed july pair having unexpected visit town time sailed distance miles miles cold bay island chain mainland town homer arriving late august drove half safe overland anchorage flew home phoenix write fool tokyo alaska detailed account experiences half safe prolific author topics relating publishing books subsequently drove solo seattle washington arriving early november whilst travelling british_columbia encountered collapsed peace river suspension bridge motorists nearby ferry simply drove half safe river continuing san_francisco california met wife time years continued onwards united_states north canada arrived toronto ontario days later arrived montreal finally completed year journey half safe travelled kilometres sea kilometres land years passing countries oceans entire trip costing later life legacy conclusion trip half safe remained united_states occasionally exhibited friend owner vehicle remained country period appearing lecture circuit returning perth took residence having divorced second wife december time june united_states marrying couple marriage short lived union produced daughter born march died perth march heart attack cremated cemetery second wife completed half journey alongside died new_york_city left share half safe old school purposes funding scholarship previously offered craft declined offer lack exhibition space subsequently purchased share vehicle transferring school campus school posthumously published half half safe detailed second portion journey craft transported truck australia new_south_wales featured annual celebration amphibious vehicles second world war half safe currently exhibited specially glass enclosure main campus money estate found named mother awarded proficiency english language avoidance clichés recognises having completed amphibious vehicle biography american writer published australia external links find grave | Ben Carlin | Engineering and technology | Computing and engineering | Engineers and inventors |
20243_FredDibnah | fred frederick fred april november born english television personality keen interest mechanical engineering born country relied heavily coal fuel industry child fascinated steam engines powered textile mills paid particular attention chimneys men worked began working life age served years armed forces national service returned met limited success asked repair parish church resulting publicity provided welcome boost business ensuring work making repairs filmed regional bbc news crew bbc commissioned award winning documentary followed rough worked chimneys interacted family talked favourite hobby steam manner gentle self taught philosophical outlook proved popular viewers featured number television programmes end life decline britain industry mirrored decline business increasingly came rely dinner speaking income presented programme britain industrial history went present number series largely concerned industrial revolution mechanical architectural legacy died cancer november aged survived children marriages early life childhood son frank née travis initially employed works mother later worked gas works named uncle frederick born april brought historic lancashire town predominantly industrial town history spinning weaving cotton child fascinated sights sounds industry dozens chimney visible park paid particular attention saw way school popular local children playing mill industrial ponds area inventive child friends designed makeshift diving suit crisp tin car inner tube told remove local swimming tested unsuccessful arm manchester regular canal largely disused arm closed iron hook rope called stored yard mother house friend built canoe old bicycle wheels cut half ribs slate canvas sheet mother sailed boat nearby river teachers following theft school keys cut new keys classroom door young man school placed art class reading writing skills judged poor following spent years art college work based mainly industrial themes machinery gear spinning mills leaving college offered job funeral left quickly begin work local watched activities childhood witnessed chimney father near track removed chimney created hole base blocks wood lit fire destroying supports causing chimney collapse unfortunately occasion chimney fell wrong direction track dog local cafe series power cables job involved given worked asked point garden wall end customer house short rope gave valuable experience employer expanded business include property repairs aged climbed foot chimney bridge bet night took union flags secured lightning reported incident photograph feat attributed activities students time decided replace chimney stack mother house alfred street design mother fireplace leaving chimney redundant single opening new stack inches wide needed regular maintenance occasion cleaning sack bricks tied rope sack ripped open breaking lead pipes flooding mother kitchen death mother house sold council placed preservation order chimney remains day national service aged army complete given position cook house spent weeks training sent learn basics army catering posted 14th 20th king sent west_germany persuaded commanding officer let repair regiment farmhouse horses soon given permanent position builder dug foot deep shaft horse dog emptied fed animals impressed commanding officers making army kitchen found pistol bought fellow soldier received parcels alcohol tobacco mother allowed maintain habits formed began working life initially resented called service later positive experience wasn bad thing kept going kept line return retrieved tools storage bought motorcycle looked work midst post industrial decline mills closed town leaving mills operational disused initially unable find work existed smaller domestic jobs earned buy set secured commission working local mill paid point mill tower weekends struggled meaningful work met teachers art college agreed deal paid commission job got job chimney alongside manchester difficult proposition mistake force temporary closure railway managed gain commissions jobs relationship terminated called undertake months commissioned repair chimney local brewery working met local knew vicar wanted repairs parish church vicar drove impressed motorcycle quickly friends church tallest building repaired vicar asked appeared local newspaper publicity friendship vicar enabled gain work local clergy major job local firm proceeds enabled expand collection commissioned remove half foot chimney employed assistant chimney contained length railway line lifting materials construction line pieces letting piece fall ground assistant kept area clear spent months removing brick hand chimney use factory afford halt production marriage following disagreements invited wedding year old married spotted chimney day walked pub drinking asked weeks later engaged left notes parents caught train series buses initially planned stay house friend returned holidays stayed instead local farmhouse resident days married agreed point ends local hotel exchange bed board married church returned live mother house later moved victorian gatehouse earl estate outside spent years restoring property including building extension house listed building source appropriately aged bricks extension vicar offered old church graveyard create stone later expressed fear property haunted couple later purchased house required major repairs stabilize rear wall couple child girl named june initially worried husband occupation learned deal risk trust fred organised accounts collected debts helped demolish chimneys worked lighting fire burn away temporary supports place chimney having mastered trade repairing chimneys aware demand cost effective method offered remove explosives cutting base chimney supporting wooden props burning away props chimney fell hopefully intended direction tried tested method opponents occasion contracted local council fell chimneys contract obliged hand decided fell cutting away base chimney collapsed planned council terminated contract refused pay contacted borough engineer offered fell second chimney charge prove effectiveness technique offered let engineer light fire wind blew hard chimney draw flames props burnt remained standing resorted hydraulic jack apply extra pressure intact base chimney eventually fell later told engineer fine balancing high wind forces lost life concrete chimney asked fell began collapse team finished preparing base team ran chimney fell greeted sight tonnes concrete leaning fortunately chimney fell opposite direction chimney steam interest steam power stemmed childhood observations steam locomotives nearby railway line visits father workplace works fascinated steam engines drive line small mill near childhood home broke remember getting mill lifting dust sheet look engine got found beautiful british racing green steam engine left boilers plenty ready waiting job bit sad standing idle like later steam engine drivers worked nearby railway teenager met driver invited locomotive asked boiler supplied fuel steam engines eventually looked buy learnt kept barn near owners bought boiler pressure tested despite poor condition bought towed friend house spent fortnight making repairs drove mother house married bought property cut access road garden new house moved restoring engine took years create replacement parts victorian engineering techniques equipment built garden boiler poor condition needed work fell local knowledge eventually able build new boiler restored porter living van bought restored family local steam driving vehicle relatively safe experienced including instance lost control descending steep hill forced drive engine concrete barrier bring halt smashing fork process restoring placed heavy burden marriage complain husband spent time shed repairing engine house responded naming vehicle telling wife woman steam engine named eventually developed affection antique vehicle saying years built couldn bear purchase autumn traction engine paid friend vehicle moved garden home built steam driven workshop garden parts mills including line shaft gear stationary engine mill gave conservative estimate years complete work restoration eventually took years engine sold auction july asked repairs chimney beneath chimney engine room contained single cylinder steam engine poor condition repaired chimney weeks later asked repair engine dismantled winter took assistant spent months repairing engine sourced replacement boiler local pork pie factory installed engine wales later won prize quality restoration work spent seven months restoring boiler engine near fame commissioned repairs decades exposure rain caused damage clock tower alerted clerk works condition stone pillars tower bought new stone built workshop created replacement pillars given job repairing clock tower golden sphere building fred working chair public relations officer town hall informed bbc look wanted interview following week film crew arrived conducted interview building outside warm friendly manner combined enthusiasm broad lancashire accent proved popular later contacted producer view making documentary meetings course weeks filming began early morning climbed foot chimney mill town near sporadic filming took place month period captured assistant working range buildings spending time family enjoying performed music chosen accompany work town hall notable aspects demolition chimney standing yards away base chimney began collapse retreat safety subsequent like viewers won bafta award best documentary years returned film documentaries newly found fame came work visitors arrive house garden began receive fan mail individual wrote offer steam powered machine longer wanted company apparently disturbed matches extinguished wind chimney sent sample matches filming interfere work climb fred chimney film camera film work hundreds feet ground years later family went holiday trip filmed television showed preference working manage undertake removal small chimney stack business town distinctly grey sky aided wife payment job new plate boiler traction engine refused holidays years marriage booked paid holiday greece taking children caroline remained home surprised return asked divorce day october attended solid fuel exhibition nearby bury return discovered left house taking children dog items furniture short money forced sell antique motorcycle found life family difficult defended wife doubt whatsoever good help going miss pressure got second marriage met second wife year old administrator steam rally fred story recalled meeting looked sad miserable sort figure bounce people knew later invited chimney talk invited group fans halifax known sue moved home married february encouraged grow smoking chimneys repaired demolished forced travel work travelled install lightning conductor parish church digging hole conductor uncovered human bones ceremony held son jack named father trade born offered provided son christened church second son roger born later life repaired foot chimney bridge chimney scaled bet youth asked install falcon nest later influential ensuring chimney listed building notable dinner speaker wear trademark flat cap dinner jacket appearance television advertisement strain living man dedicated began toll wife thumb hit hammer couldn expect come start things house don think fair think got strike balance think cent fred susan met man moved taking roger leaving jack fred went away saying don want don want house don want money away forgive marriage television presenting living little work money competition manchester reduced income filming bbc dried completely met assistant arrived day parents young son yard signed visitor book remained contact friends shared interest steam fascinated tales son moved couple married september year wedding reception surprised moved tears youngest daughter caroline came little contact daughters years divorce met author hall raised district manchester swapped tales growing half 20th century hall suggested unlikely television work commissioned life consider television presenter worked new ideas programme touring country visiting important historical locations speaking men involved maintenance restoration industrial machinery architecture programme exploit working class attitude operating machinery visited filming fred began july location near wet earth crew moved locations country continuing film summer autumn series achieved high viewing figures positive reviews associated website second visited bbc website time book published best selling history books year admitted found speaking camera nerve climbing chimney success industrial age later presented television series filming began fred magnificent monuments installed red preston ready inspection filming television taking time unable complete job left church years donated eventually took job years illness mark centenary death queen_victoria bbc transmitted season programmes based victorian theme presented long fascinated especially regarded hero filming visited number locations including foot high early begin filming building britain suffered severe abdominal pains admitted hospital tests discharged began filming locations country including chairman episode construction britain canal network particular interest end filming went check found right kidney kidney removed found went manchester discovered day father fell roof house died underwent treatment finished tests showed free cancer filming fred began early mill near pier film crew visited number locations including steam rally cornwall sussex travelling country working subject fascinated visiting old friends making money hobby restoration traction engine complete later year told large found dig course time treatment unsuccessful began dig replica coal garden home sight gear considered neighbours unusual child raised surrounded pits long interest mining assembled wooden gear planning sink foot brick lined shaft shaft horizontal tunnel led steep valley garden sits intention narrow gauge railway running tunnel rope hauled inclined plane returning ultimate aim able demonstrate basic working early seven years diagnosis sourced drawings suitable gear built frame timber iron bolts applied given planning permission erect structure mention wish dig shaft underneath bbc decided documentary proposed travelling country visiting working heritage mines filming started late time friend start shaft traditional shaft sinking techniques labour mining friends shaft sunk depth feet lined brick work undertaken planning permission council eventually found happening insisted apply planning permission britain despite best efforts planning permission refused appealed decision new series diverted attention end production began britain friend tour country completed traction engine visiting workshops produce parts needed antique vehicle engine complete medical diagnosis good knew short time live traction engine developed fault help friends quickly repaired restoration completed december traction engine working order planning new series commenced illness necessitated sleep hotels living van engine tow trip long distances locations engine transported low engine suffered early mechanical problems barely tow fully loaded living van cylinder placed slightly closer result time fully forward covered steam inlet port engine repaired minor engineering work brought power team joined sons jack roger production crew effort reduce workload changes filming schedule allow time rest home filming days crew visited forth road bridge man drive traction engine steam bridge pleasures provided welcome distraction ill pain end june ill continue filming sent home rest given medication alleviate condition collect honours awarded honorary degree doctor technology achievement engineering july honorary doctor university awarded services heritage broadcasting said looking forward meeting queen shall probably new cap like meet share views modern architecture july went buckingham palace receive award queen initially planned drive traction engine palace grounds refused feared weight damage surface mall eventually allowed drive engine army barracks short distance palace collected medal wearing morning dress hat filming continued locations country sons jack roger essential members tour providing needed support father end july crew filmed days planned difficult day filming duties crew decided cut short schedule home decided gear garden fell injured adamant continue filming trip complete filming later partial recovery completed day filming death died surrounded family november suffering cancer years years old time death estate estimated worth million days later thousands watched coffin trade mark flat cap placed towed centre restored traction engine driven son steam powered vehicles followed procession way hour long service told congregation wasn presenter recognised working man learned experience following service led vicar friend buried cemetery home legacy television work famous chimneys time death ninety favourite jobs films outspoken views changing society work ethics embodiment views fans view northern working man praised notable british people reporting death television presenter remarked don like said sad news kind gone think like enthusiastic way life virtually disappeared chairman said unique britain world thoughts wife children foot bronze statue unveiled mayor town centre april sculpture created home converted heritage centre play titled demolition man based final years staged filmography fred fred fred disappearing world year fred year fred new life fred ups fred story industrial age magnificent monuments getting steamed building britain dig tribute fred britain | Fred Dibnah | Engineering and technology | Computing and engineering | Engineers and inventors |
22828_DanDugan(audioengineer) | audio engineer born march american audio engineer inventor nature sounds person regional theatre called sound designer developed effective automatic microphone sound design work acknowledged distinguished career award youth fascinated technical aspects theatre worked lighting designer transitioned sound design interested achieving automatic adjustment sound controls frustrating experience staging musical hair design fully practical second design successful reference derived total microphone signals devised improvement helped prevent audio feedback presence sound reinforcement produced design inserted existing mixing console proved popular broadcast live sound applications subsequent models type recorded sounds late 1960s augment sound designs continued making recordings concentrating capturing sounds nature records outdoors variety locations including national parks nature preserves assisted research related harmful effects human generated sound nature founder current secretary plans california non profit organization incorporated early career born los_angeles california march father commander activated service pacific war dan raised san_diego parents took summer musicals ford bowl wanted backstage lighting control equipment young man sang bass church choir san diego bach chorus choral workshops groups dancing green era folk dancing event held obtained year scholarship physics math dropped pursue specifically lighting design early lighting designs include ones shakespeare festival actor workshop san_francisco sound design changed lighting design sound design state sound design time occasional sound effects performed live played record players tape machines efforts sound involved designing sound solutions shakespeare festival san_diego act san_francisco complex atmospheric theatrical led new title act season regional theatre person called sound designer presented paper sound design 37th convention paper published december described system signals stereo tape players routed zones theater designed sound regional productions hair musical ones chicago las_vegas toronto chicago production ran operated time able design sound allowed operate mixing console union founded robert primarily featuring jazz artists supplied sound services outdoor venue california recorded independent record albums including roads lines paper designed sound occasionally delivered speeches conferences 1980s 1990s honored distinguished career given lifetime spent establishing field sound design performing arts artist audio engineering technology previous winners award designing sound musical hair began appreciate human operator inability act quickly control multiple saw audio mixing person working area hand band thought microphone turned getting worthwhile signal room frustration microphone mixing led experiment years microphone signals controlled automatically voltage controlled finally developing music system shown 49th convention held new_york system novel proportional gain total gain divided active continuously automatically adjusted set bring microphone mix based signal sending relative signal received reference microphone placed somewhat distant patent application control apparatus sound reinforcement systems accepted published june useful automatic microphone mixing basis later systems good reference microphone unpredictable variable practical placement problems near audience audience noise placed backstage crew equipment noises factor immediately developed product studied problem researching alternative solutions filed patent produced copies named model serial number unit fabricated hand installed conference room significantly external microphone reference replaced reference composed total signal received active described process decades later level detection seeing happen sum reference accidentally came system discovered invented didn know worked like licensed practical system produced channel commercial installations hotels conference rooms city council chambers commercially successful years manufacturers designed competing market segment born late 1980s developed gain limiting improvement patented september presented convention october described prototype inserted selected microphone channels mixing console operated person help mixing multiple live noise focus desired sound eliminating mixing engineer problem slow human reaction time gain limiting system provided smooth continuous control equivalent number open send set higher settings sounding natural recording studio lower settings offering greater control acoustic feedback presence sound reinforcement embodiment patents produced rack unit handling channels linked model automatically mix channels simultaneously original patent expired patent manufacturers began sell incorporating produced model speech applications model returned having speech music model licensed system indian lake new_york yielding model series september produced model standing economy half rack sized smaller expensive previous ones linked model control channels units mounted rack space model popularity came critical requests features introduced improvement replace model allowed linked units digital mixing console helpful digital audio gear containing user interface simple web page accessible computer connected category cable february demonstrated card marketed plug slot digital card mix channels microphone assigned selected graphic user interface like adjusted web interface allowing remote control computer wireless network nature sounds sound effects recordings augment theatrical sound designs grew interested field recording attracted sounds found natural settings environments human noise board member conducted equipment training sessions given talks experiences nature recording traveled new_zealand pursuit recordings mainly national parks monuments woods national parks monuments recorded sound include olympic lava beds wife nature sounds society chair recorded dawn chorus month year partnered national_park_service document sounds heard parks reasons wrote potential values recording national park scientific document place time political document collecting evidence useful policy making aircraft visitor traffic artistic use natural sound compositions assisted group researchers studying human use woods researchers presented findings produced work titled landscapes understanding managing natural quiet national parks concluded human generated noise potentially important indicator quality parks plans inc organization founded people legal plans inc filed federal lawsuit california arguing methods inspired schools violated fourteenth amendments united_states_constitution article california constitution participated court proceedings years litigation 9th circuit court dismissed case merits founder secretary plans given media interviews quoted book mind false promise technology said schools faith based draw educational theory frozen | Dan Dugan (audio engineer) | Engineering and technology | Computing and engineering | Engineers and inventors |
23204_JohnN.Shive | february june american physicist inventor notable contributions electronic engineering solid state physics early days development particular produced experimental evidence holes bulk surface previously thought paved way point contact robust junction best known device combines sensitivity light current gain wave machine educational apparatus illustrate wave motion early life education born baltimore maryland february grew new_jersey graduated physics chemistry earned submitting practice theory fellow member member beta scientific career joined worked initially physical research device development later education training retirement industry worked professor physics spherical campus library dedicated memory lifelong desire service improving teaching physics development january discovered gold point contacts type layer grown type substrate gave terrific effect february year discovered consisting bronze contacts surface type substrate layer gave gains power discovery build point contact bronze contacts thin wedge proving holes bulk surface previously thought confirmed idea possible build junction idea hitherto kept secret rest team later admitted workings team mixture cooperation competition admitted kept work secret hand forced advance invented beam light instead wire point contact generating holes flow collector wasn announced invention embodies modern day nationwide direct distance system wave machine gifted lecturer role responsible curriculum administration educational programs provided employees new role invented wave machine known wave generator wave generator illustrates wave motion series steel rods joined thin wire wire energy rod high moment rod ensures wave takes seconds traverse entire series rods making dynamics easily visible motion analogous high frequency waves invisible human eye electromagnetic waves transmission line wave generator illustrate wave reflection standing waves resonance partial reflection matching films demonstrated machine similarities wave behavior wrote book large scale version machine use science museums patents held patents including method making directly heated translating device including method making apparatus method treating device conditioning alternating gate current books authored books career beginning design devices book devices followed book designed help college professors teach students waves machine invented book similarities physics editors volume honors fellow senior member chairman personal life married selected works physical review vol physical review vol new electrical engineer vol properties vol similarities physics new_york isbn | John N. Shive | Engineering and technology | Computing and engineering | Engineers and inventors |
24619_SamuelColt | july january american inventor industrialist connecticut founded patent fire arms manufacturing company today mass production revolver commercially viable business ventures producing firearms new_jersey making underwater mines ended disappointment business expanded rapidly texas_rangers ordered american war mexico american civil war factory supplied firearms north south later firearms prominent settling western frontier died wealthiest men america manufacturing methods forefront industrial revolution use parts helped exploit assembly line innovative use art celebrity endorsements corporate gifts promote pioneer fields advertising product placement mass marketing early years born connecticut farmer moved family city businessman born mother father major officer continental_army samuel earliest possessions maternal grandfather pistol sarah died tuberculosis samuel years old father remarried years later samuel sisters died childhood oldest sister margaret died tuberculosis later committed suicide brother james lawyer christopher textile merchant brother man killed new_york_city found guilty murder committed suicide day executed age farmer attended school introduced scientific encyclopedia preferred read bible studies articles gunpowder motivated life discovered accomplished things deemed impossible wanted later hearing soldiers talk success double rifle gun shoot times decided create impossible gun age began working father textile plant massachusetts access tools materials factory workers expertise following encyclopedia samuel built cell advertised fourth july event year blow underwater explosives missed explosion impressive sent boarding school classmates july accident caused fire ended schooling father sent learn trade voyage calcutta board brig noticed regardless way ship wheel spun spoke came direct line clutch set hold later said gave idea revolver wooden model revolver scrap wood differed time allow shooter rotate cylinder action hammer attached turning cylinder locked firmly alignment barrels bolt great improvement designs required rotating barrels hand hoping proper alignment returned united_states went work father financed production guns rifle pistol completed pistol exploded fired rifle performed father finance development samuel needed find way pay development ideas learned laughing gas factory chemist father textile plant took portable lab road earned living performing laughing gas demonstrations united_states canada billing celebrated london calcutta conceived man science thought people new idea like turn people receptive new idea concerning revolver started lectures street corners soon worked way lecture halls museums ticket sales declined realized museum lectures people wanted pay money dramatic stories salvation redemption public visiting brother john cincinnati partnered sculptor demonstrations theme based divine comedy powers detailed wax sculptures paintings based demons constructed fireworks complete success according historian lectures launched celebrated career pioneer madison avenue style public speaking skills prized thought doctor pressed service cure apparent cholera epidemic board giving patients dose having money saved keeping idea alive inventor opposed medicine man arrangements begin building guns proper baltimore maryland abandoned idea multiple revolver opted single fixed barrel design rotating cylinder action hammer align cylinder single barrel sought counsel friend father loaned advised perfect prototype applying patent hired build revolver years pearson fought money design improved ready apply patent superintendent advised file foreign patents prior patent filing patent great_britain august left england france secure foreign patent early revolver traveled united_kingdom following footsteps patented revolving achieved great popularity despite reluctance english officials issue patent fault found gun issued patent number return america applied patent revolving gun granted patent february later numbered instrument patent dated august protected basic principles revolving breech loading folding trigger named loan cousin letters recommendation formed corporation venture april bring idea market political connections venture new_jersey chartered new_jersey legislature march given commission gun sold exchange dam patent rights stipulated return rights company disbanded claimed invented revolver design practical adaption earlier revolving incorporating locking bolt cylinder line barrel invention percussion cap reliable faster safer older design great contribution use parts knowing gun parts machine envisioned parts gun machine later assembled hand goal assembly line shown letter wrote father said receive important parts pass add pass growing article complete arm revolver patent gave monopoly revolver manufacture practical revolver practical repeating progress percussion technology longer mere novelty arm revolver industrial cultural legacy contribution development war technology ironically company later innovations early problems failures end weapons sales following company reluctant fund new machinery needed parts went road raise money demonstrating gun people general stores generate sales volume needed loan cousin went washington demonstrated president jackson approved gun wrote note saying presidential approval hand pushed bill congress endorsing demonstration military failed obtain appropriation military purchase weapon promising order state south_carolina seventy pistols canceled company produce quickly constant problems provisions militia act stated arms purchased state militia current service act prevented state militias funds purchase experimental weapons foreign weapons undermined company reckless spending constantly corporate funds buy expensive wardrobe making lavish gifts potential clients twice cut company money spending liquor fancy thought getting potential customers generate sales company briefly saved war florida provided sale new revolving rifles soldiers florida praised new weapon unusual design years ahead time led difficulty training men exposed hammer guns consequently curious soldiers took locks apart resulted parts stripped screw heads guns soon reworked design leave firing hammer exposed problems continued late loss payment florida pistols plant closed public auction held new_york_city sell company liquid assets mines refrain long manufacturing turned selling underwater electrical cable invention soon failure teamed lobby government funds cable tar coated copper proved valuable ran telegraph lines lakes rivers bays attempts lay telegraph line atlantic_ocean battery mines transmit telegraph message manhattan battery weak send signal tensions great_britain prompted congress appropriate funds project end demonstrated underwater mines government devices destroy moving vessel satisfaction united_states_navy president opposition serving representative massachusetts 8th congressional district scuttled project fair honest warfare called setback turned attention originally designed use standard time powder ball contained paper skin envelope cartridge ease loading paper got wet ruin powder tried alternate materials rubber cement settled thin type samples army tests foil rounds fired musket cleaning breech plug removed barrel tin foil evident reception lukewarm army purchased thousand rounds testing army returned order packed box use muskets money turned cable ideas mines concentrated manufacturing telegraph cable believing business alongside invention began promoting telegraph companies create wider market cable paid mile tried use revenue secure funds investors family left time improve earlier revolver design prototype built new_york new improved revolver new revolver stationary trigger larger caliber submitted single prototype revolver captain texas_rangers acquired produced war seen hand effective use man unit defeated larger force texas walker wanted order use rangers mexican american war traveled new_york_city search met shop january placed order walker asked changes new hold shots instead power kill man horse single shot quicker large order allowed establish new business hired established arms business guns prototype walker improvements basis new design new design blake produced thousand piece order known walker company received order thousand took share profits pistol orders money sales loan cousin banker bought machinery blake build factory patent fire arms manufacturing company factory revolving breech pistols factory called popular word generic term revolver largely built walker parts known model transition walker series beginning contracts followed today known models based walker generations slight changes model showed rapid evolution design improvements inch barrels accuracy shorter chambers improved loading shorter chambers loaded grains powder instead grains earlier prevent occurrence cylinders finally positive catch installed end loading prevent dropping war mexico employed civilians soldiers key tool westward expansion revolver fire times helped soldiers settlers fend larger forces armed way introduced smaller versions pistols known civilian use general general lobbied secretary war president adopt military testified repeating arms efficient weapons world weapon enabled defeat mounted indian peculiar mode warfare served walker walker killed mexico stated rangers check followed design navy revolver larger large sized version gun standard military officers proved popular civilian buyers testimony houston issue quickly supply military war mexico sent agents south border sales mexican government patent extension period received extension patent collect early years gun makers patent sued companies court ordered warner cease revolver production threatened sue cylinder design double action revolver lawyers doubted suit successful case resolved settlement production allen continued patent fought patent extension congress launched special committee investigate charges government officials securing extension august story national news reported fault washington politicians virtual monopoly sold pistols europe demand high tense international relations telling nation buying pistols able large orders countries feared falling arms race key element success vigorous protection patent rights held patent revolver scores copied work found constantly litigation cases lawyer exploited patent system successfully shut competitors protection patents greatly firearms development united_states patent infringement suits slowed company transition cartridge system blocked firms pursuing revolver designs time policies forced competing greater innovation denying key features mechanism result created knew affordable death great high retail price fixed prices level competition maximize sales volume experience government officials knew numbers generate profit invest money improving machinery limiting ability produce comparable weapon lower price successful marketing strategies patent protection caused miss great opportunity firearms development dismissed idea white idea bored revolver cylinder allow use metallic fired white suggesting improvement revolver white took idea competitor patented invention kept able build cartridge firearms years purchased large tract land built factory larger factory called manor called employee housing established hour day employees installed washing stations factory mandated hour lunch break built charter oak hall employees enjoy games newspapers discussion rooms ran plant military like discipline fire workers sub par work suggesting improvements designs hired root chief mechanic setting plant machinery root successful earlier venture production axes bought improved fixtures profile machinery years developed specialized machinery stock turning cutting gun barrels credits root build special purpose machinery apply manufacture commercial product historian wrote root inventive genius dream mass production realized factory use concept known assembly line idea new successful industry time lack parts root machinery changed machines completed work parts required hand fitting filing machine insisted final hand finishing feel turned gun makers bavaria developed commercial use produce roll die steel particularly cylinders hired fine hand custom pieces attempt attract skilled european immigrant workers plant built village near factory away named modeled homes village effort stem flooding river planted german type willow tree mile long subsequently built factory manufacture furniture trees june married daughter lived wedding lavish featured ceremony steamship overlooking factory fireworks rifle couple children daughters son died infancy son born hart london soon establishing factory set establish factory europe chose london organized large display firearms great exhibition park london presenting engraved appropriate officials britain exhibit guns guns different parts different guns world leading proponent mass production techniques went deliver lecture subject london membership rewarded efforts awarding silver medal help ice secretary established london operation near bridge began production january tour factory impressed facilities recorded favorable comments edition factory machines mass produced parts completely assembly lines standardized patterns labor opposed england gun makers making hand london factory remained operation years unwilling alter open single action design solid frame double action revolver british asked scarcely sold british_army navy closed london plant machinery unfinished guns shipped marketing foreign heads state grant audience private citizen persuaded governor state connecticut lieutenant colonel aide camp state militia rank toured europe promote marketing techniques innovative time frequently gave custom engraved versions heads state military officers personalities king victor italy hungarian freedom fighter commissioned western artist produce series paintings depicting exotic scenes weapon prominently indians wild animals earliest form product placement placed numerous advertisements newspapers ran edition lastly hired authors write stories guns magazines travel guides biggest acts self promotion payment publishers standards run page fully illustrated story showing inner workings factory gained acceptance looked news stories containing mention guns excerpt reprint went far hire agents states territories find samples buy hundreds copies editor free revolver writing particularly story competition gave away gifts inscriptions col inventor engraved later versions contained entire signature advertisements centerpiece celebrity guarantee performance weapons eventually secured trademark signature later years death american_civil_war approached supplied north south firearms known sell weapons parties sides conflicts europe saw difference respect war america considered building south late sold confederate agent trade south restricted time newspapers new_york_times labeled southern traitor union response charges commissioned colonel state connecticut 1st regiment revolving rifles connecticut armed revolving rifle envisioned unit staffed men feet tall armed weapons unit took field discharged june died january buried cedar hill cemetery time death estate left wife year old son estimated valued million million standards professional responsibilities turned brother law person mentioned son brother john historian wrote married later married brother john scotland son bore later brother john biography based largely family letters edwards wrote marriage caroline way son real father felt fit wife industrialist divorce social stigma time john death took care child named financially large paid tuition described finest private schools correspondence namesake referred nephew quotes historians edwards said elder way letting world know boy son directly saying death left boy million standards widow brother contested caroline son sam produced valid marriage license showing caroline married scotland document rightful heir estate legacy estimated years manufacturing company produced death barrel stamped address col new_york america variation london address new_york london major cosmopolitan cities retained office new_york broadway based american manufacturer use art marketing tool hired prominently display firearms paintings awarded numerous government contracts making gifts highly embellished engraved exotic ivory pearl government officials trip constantinople gave custom engraved gold revolver sultan informing russians buying pistols securing turkish order pistols neglected tell sultan tactic russians order apart gifts bribes employed effective marketing program comprised sales promotion publicity product sampling public relations press advantage giving editors prompting report accidents occur arms listing incidents weapons bears indians etc firearms fare standardized military tests preferred written individual soldiers weapons relied secure government contracts felt bad press important good press provided received mention opened london posted foot sign roof parliament reading colonel publicity stunt created stir british press eventually british government forced sign historian wrote championed concept word coined pioneered use celebrity endorsements promote products introduced new improved advertising demonstrated commercial value brand recognition word revolver french professor history director wrote marketing techniques transformed object central symbol american identity tucker added tied american patriotism freedom asserting america technological supremacy europe widow elizabeth episcopal church designed built memorial children lost church architecture contains guns gun tools sculpted marble commemorate life arms maker parish house built site memorial son died listed national_register_of_historic_places set libraries educational programs employees seminal training grounds generations great influence manufacturing efforts half century prominent examples included inducted | Samuel Colt | Engineering and technology | Computing and engineering | Engineers and inventors |
25320_WilliamStanley(inventor) | inventor february august british inventor patents filed united_kingdom united_states_of_america engineer designed precision drawing mathematical instruments surveying instruments manufactured company ltd stanley skilled architect designed founded designing stanley halls stanley designed built homes noted philanthropist gave education projects years life died estate valued bequeathed trade schools students south london homes children home death accordance stanley member professional bodies societies including activities painter musician photographer author variety publications including plays books children political personal life early life born monday february london children mechanic builder wife direct descendant 17th century author baptised wednesday march mary church age stanley started going regularly day school run age maternal uncle paid education different school despite having limited formal learning stanley taught mathematics mechanics astronomy music french geology chemistry architecture theology attended lessons technical drawing london mechanics institution called enrolled attending engineering lessons living stanley founded literary society local chemist charged subscription shillings year spent books form library grew volumes guest speakers occasion lord author days came address intensely interested architecture submitted design competition builder magazine win starting work age stanley father insisted leave school help trade stanley worked father unsuccessful building business adept working metal wood later obtain employment drainage contractor london joined father engineering works working invented steel wheel spider father discouraged seeking patent invention following years partnership maternal uncle warren builder family life stanley fell love girl family refused let marry february stanley 28th birthday married lived shop afford rent rooms street shop years later couple moved later moving couple adopted stanley niece child father brother drowned sea entrepreneur starting company stanley acted remark father high cost poor quality english drawing instruments compared imported france switzerland started business making mathematical drawing instruments rented shop great began business capital invented new square improved standard universally cousin joined capital died stanley stopped robinson changed signature consequence robbed book early days business stanley produced financially successful sold shillings stanley discovered simpler method enable sell able additional shops great high skilled assistant patent soon copied world sold provide capital required manufacture scientific instruments invented straight line dividing machine won prize international exhibition london stanley brought catalogue products fifth edition stanley able list important customers government departments army royal_navy railways home abroad worked improving stability surveying instruments especially construction simplified rotating measuring horizontal vertical angles able sights prominent objects distance component parts reduced fewer half previous version making lighter cheaper accurate designing building homes factory stanley designed set factory called stanley works listed stanley mathematical instruments road near railway station produced variety instruments civil military mining engineers explorers architects artists including technical drawing tools firm moved factory 1920s factory occupied firm following fire converted residential use stanley designed built homes lodge road originally large dating early 19th century subsequently dairy farm closed acres km2 land purchased stanley written building children home purpose century ownership transferred london borough child murderer housed short time local residents protested removed wales knocked listed building company expands stanley employing people producing technical items detailed catalogue years later stanley given gold medal rapid growth business led opening branches lincoln inn london bridge catalogue shows company selling magic variety including subjects siege paris travels improving stories children mother words children catalogue stanley refers company having branches company april company floated stock market limited company ltd shares company sold giving authorised capital stanley retired company acting chairman leaving business partner brother joseph run day day operations company reached golden jubilee claimed largest business kind world membership professional bodies societies stanley fellow elected january elected february life fellow member elected february member stanley read papers societies including cyclones forms movements integrating certain effects produced improvement radiation years work final years death travels art following election fellow association went expedition visited egypt palestine switzerland engaged different forms art oil paintings exhibited carved stanley shown stanley art exhibition club enjoyed composing painting playing music photography building stanley decided build set kind country school designed educate boys ages general studies trade stanley design included astronomy tower opened presented public valued later renamed william stanley trust originally set charitable trust assist management november wife founder time leader placed time capsule recognise contribution capsule included letter cameron copy speech given opening march reference books man artefacts schools opened february 1st baron cost provide local community public space plays concerts lectures building electricity clock tower hall added blue plaque installed wall english_heritage plaque reads inventor manufacturer philanthropist founded designed halls technical school grade listed building legal work freedom city stanley magistrate justice peace sat bench saturdays reputation helping poor retired bench colleagues commented notes poor box july given freedom borough honour bestowed people council point corporation feel significant contribution borough stanley fourth person accorded honour funeral stanley died august heart attack aged funeral held august local flags flown half mast shops closed local people drew mark respect carriages drew past carriages filled family dignitaries whilst 15th carried domestic staff went end cemetery walking pace met gates cemetery scholars school members staff firm buried cemetery reserved attended upper tomb fine portrait carved stone widow died placed tomb stanley national local newspapers journals including times news engineer engineering saturday august memorial service honour held grave mark centenary death years life stanley gave education projects estate bequeathed trade schools students south london stanley signed march october died wealth provided stanley wife nephew niece great nephew great niece mentioned left money shares brother wife adopted daughter received shares servant received teacher school factory employee received individuals received monthly month police court relief fund society received shares purchase books annually prizes students legacy company company continued expand stanley death moving factory world war factory government wars continued expand position market place quality surveying instruments world war war company continued expand participating large project example queen mary royal_navy ships company navigational instruments company went july main factors investing proceeds sale factory land buying new machinery high value pound affecting export orders loss orders following end cold war clock tower cast iron clock tower erected junction station road high street mark golden wedding anniversary william measure esteem held locality pub december pub chain opened william stanley 19th century style building portrait stanley inside pictures scientific instrument maker pub currently closed march sale group open refit selected patents patents attributed stanley number quoted proposed patent application followed patents stanley applied improvements techniques patents | William Stanley (inventor) | Engineering and technology | Computing and engineering | Engineers and inventors |
26658_BeatriceHicks | alice january october american engineer woman engineer hired founder president despite entering field time engineering seen inappropriate career woman held variety leadership positions eventually owner engineering firm time developed gas density switch space program including landing missions early life born orange new_jersey chemical engineer decided early age wished engineer parents supported opposed desired career path teachers classmates tried discourage engineer viewing socially unacceptable role woman graduated received bachelor degree chemical engineering women class college worked treasury office store telephone operator university library receiving undergraduate degree stayed years research assistant studied history took additional classes night career took job designing testing crystal new_jersey woman employed engineer spent years working death father joined new_jersey based firm father founded served chief engineer vice president charge engineering purchasing control company uncle designed patented gas density switch later space program including moon landing pioneer field sensors detected devices reaching structural limits authored technical papers gas density switch pursued master degree physics received women based east_coast united_states began meeting organization goal advance female engineers increase female participation engineering organization incorporated years later served president organization consecutive terms presented highest honor toured united_states cause female engineers outreach speaking engagements believed female engineers initially closely watched quickly accepted married fellow engineer held director level engineering positions starting consulting firm couple selected month long research speaking tour south_america focused international cooperation american south american engineers died sold took late husband consulting business selected serve director represented united_states died october princeton new_jersey awards professional honors role magazine named invited join highest professional honor engineering sixth woman join organization inducted received honorary female recipient honorary doctorate member | Beatrice Hicks | Engineering and technology | Computing and engineering | Engineers and inventors |
4830_NoMoreMr.NiceGuy(House) | house 13th episode fourth season house episode overall house episode filmed resolution writers guild america strike aired united_states april episode revolves noticing man named jeff thinks nice house thinks jeff inability mad major underlying condition decides find wrong thinks team members don respect amber house try create deal spend time watched approximately million viewers making night second watched program dancing stars episode gained mixed reviews critics los_angeles_times stated episode worst house episode guide commented thought episode pretty good plot local nurses union strike jeff husband nurses collapses walking picket line emergency room house suspects jeff extreme inability angry major underlying condition tests team suspects personality change resulting asks couple affair lead denies stating way husband impossible love time house annoyed able spend time friend attempts negotiate amber wilson girlfriend conditions wilson company house seeks resolution lay conditions house team performance reviews knowing hates house sets rules house team reviews instead interest case house team cameron chase blood sample leading believe cause personality pretends personality gets able doctor pretends falls house trick wilson believes isn getting respect deserves thirteen olivia tries performance reviews believes house frequently house replies strong able handle rest team house conditions set amber informs team house ruse discovery leads suspect jeff actual positive result result parasite called disease contracted working costa_rica years ago diagnosis confirmed parasite embedded jeff brain stay country causing shift personality giving inability angry end episode evident change patient says like wonder aloud wife wonder don like appears anxious case solved house hands reviews discovers house gives performance review punishment team reviews properly breaking rules set amber cleaning patients outside corridor wilson scene production fourth house episode written wrote second house episode directed don change aired february final episode air mid season break writers guild america strike march chicago_tribune reported house returning april interview chicago_tribune house creator commented characters cameron chase screen different greater weight stuff house episode air writers guild america strike nurses strike episode reference strike episode small uncredited appearance fictional doctor house favorite soap opera passion lewis appeared fictional actor portrays sterling episode reception million viewers watching second watched program night ranking dancing stars episode gained share ratings programs broadcast april house watched american idol tuesday wednesday squad noted image episode half month writer strike induced break picket line stated episode lot fun slightly disappointing ign stated scenes amber house working terms sharing wilson graded episode guide thought episode pretty good thing fond felt characters forced script zap2it reported pleased love triangle house amber wilson went despite house blessing previous episode said liked jokes referring thirteen bisexual graded episode submitted episode behalf primetime emmy award outstanding supporting actor drama series episode ultimately nominated | No More Mr. Nice Guy (House) | Media and drama | Television | House |
5699_JamesWilson(House) | house fictional character fox medical drama house played character appears pilot episode introduces medical case wilson house true friend frequently provides aid wilson head run characters house wilson compared watson wilson stated character house originally supposed play roles house team taken watson read script pilot episode cbs planning audition auditioned house instead felt enjoy playing character house went help liked odd couple dynamic relationship character positively received alan_sepinwall star described wilson supporting character chicago_tribune stated wilson leave character derived neighboring buildings james administration building wilson hall downtown campus montreal quebec character biography wilson brothers undergraduate degree graduate degrees columbia_university jewish shortly medical convention new_orleans graduating medical school wilson accidentally broke antique mirror started bar fight customer repeatedly played leave tender moment frustration wilson going divorce wife time interest house hired attorney clear starting professional personal relationship season episode histories revealed brothers homeless wilson unaware alive seen years wilson history failed marriages married wife season discovery wife infidelity separates season failure marriage wilson lives temporary accommodations including stint house apartment meets amber female substitute house described nearly don change season wilson house relationship tested occasions diagnosed stage season episode body soul end subsequent episode wilson house abrupt vacation wilson assumes personality house performed scan check status cancer house stunned facial expression silence results displayed seemingly wilson future revealed final episodes series later revealed wilson pursue extensive treatment live years cease intensive treatment ultimately unsuccessful round choosing remaining months likely long possible ultimately tense conversations house accepts decision vandalism house caused toilet system ultimately destroyed room containing team members patient hospital lawyer house matter externally known police subsequently parole officer parole revoked court house report prison serve remaining months approximately year long sentence got earlier season ran car house series finale house funeral wilson gives honest description house opposed kind words gets text message telling shut idiot shock wilson discovers house alive having faked death house asks wilson wants spend months later wilson house seen countryside wilson having presumably quit job spend months wants asks house cancer gets bad house simply tells cancer boring ride characterization house describes wilson buddy people thank tells dying house describes wilson emotional vampire date wilson question wants children wilson defends house house career jeopardy entrepreneur chairman board proposes motion house dismissal wilson vote motion response proposes succeeds obtaining wilson dismissal wilson soon reinstated thanks convinces board real threat hospital money worth business obsessed mindset late season episode revealed wilson suffers clinical depression takes medication wilson seen write left hand trait shares performs detailed medical work speaking appears right handed general suggesting wilson attempts change house drug habits little success makes bet prove house addiction house wilson addiction says addiction problem fact wilson usually writes house writing merely leverage dealings house season detective threatens jail house addiction finding huge apartment wilson attempts convince house rehab situation pressures wilson testify times wilson reluctantly agrees unknown house wilson watches house punch insult incorrectly child condition required left arm leg near end season wilson starts romantic relationship essentially female version house competed open jobs house team wake chase cameron departure season finale dies bus crash sustained picking drunken house bar death eventually leads wilson conclude relationship house serves enable house remove house influence beginning season reconcile wilson forces house attend funeral house father wilson realizes afraid losing house true friend wilson life didn better resigned returns season revealed wilson homeless brother suffered caused run away wilson blames brother having hung right disappeared wilson reveals house took position near place seen wilson finds fictional house offers come company noting end badly wilson let brother house busy differential team season episode private lives house discovers wilson youth actor flick titled feral pleasures episode house hangs movie posters hospital people start quote wilson character afraid forest taught woman addition wilson proposes joke marriage house low gay references relationship characters house comment relationship gay meant explain lot girlfriend wilson obsession said house relationship wilson newsday described house love wilson touching genuine compared relationship said characters appeared october cover guide concept creation initially interested auditioning role believes got role friendship met past shortly paid role singer borrowed money shoot lion den starring friend attended high school singer received scripts pilot house cbs asked audition thought script kinda cool decided audition wilson house character scene scope popular comparison draws parallels house sir wilson equivalent doctor watson parts episodes house head wilson heart wilson voice heard story watson character narrates stories novels said character house originally intended play roles similar watson respectively series believes house team assumed role watson begun producer believes wilson house hide mature relationships brings closer said difference characters wilson finds hard wants person similarities wilson watson reasons choose house said wilson characters voluntarily maintain relationship house work character lose telling truth character house laugh said wilson moving house apartment failed relationship sex kills taking emotional refuge friend said content size role wants continue playing character stated kill role big cast members reception responses performance positive pilot episode washington_post quoted playing young men like forever outstanding young men acting stated detached better season episode ugly smith guide said thinks convincing writing scenes wilson house press conference works executive producer praised equally adept comedy drama gal zap2it stated truly brings character truly stands house quietly subtly giving best moments article writers house decided minor cast chicago_tribune said wilson leave ryan listed wilson list great characters saying excellent house cast wilson temporary departure house fifth season los_angeles_times immediately stated wanted character return new_york_post said house relationship temporarily replaced wilson far natural house relationship wilson critics guide entertainment_weekly usa today found performance season finale worthy emmy award | James Wilson (House) | Media and drama | Television | House |
12578_House'sHead | house head house head fifteenth episode fourth season house eighty fifth episode overall season finale second wilson heart written house producers directed house head premiered fox episode revolves involved bus accident remembers seeing going die house tries trace steps episode find identity person woman claims answer guides house crash episode eventually ends cliffhanger million american viewers watched broadcasting house head making house ninth watched program week episode particular strip scene involving gained positive responses episode submitted primetime emmy awards nominations followed won emmy outstanding directing drama series lost award category outstanding lead actor drama series plot episode opens strip club getting lap dance drunk suffering head wound house short vision somebody going die leaves club sees bus crashed house diagnosed concussion post traumatic amnesia orders team check bus driver possible seizure precipitated crash performs medical house stimulate memory house finds getting drunk bar chase wilson girlfriend guide house person house recognizes fred forced house bus taking away keys team investigates fit bus driver condition house starts finds bus sees woman bus house speak wilson awakens house house returns bus discuss bus driver possible diseases house realizes head tells accompany discussion strip takes bra notes distracting house stops woman house earlier returns introduces answer tells house look bus driver feet house believes indicate disease bus driver needs possible house notices driver recent dental work reasons air bubble got accidentally injected patient explain symptoms bubble extracted patient saved house believes dream night causes realize bus driver patient saw crash merely air bubble caused driver problems renewed attempt retrieve memory house team bus crash house medication disease mind flashes bus scene accident answer reminds house values reason presence mind keeps asking house necklace house realizes amber answer transforms amber wilson manage house induced cardiac arrest house immediately informs wilson amber life danger remembers crash crash amber injured bar leg house saw later carried away ambulance wilson spoken amber accident thirteen checks patient roster sees patient admitted different hospital matches amber description production house head fourth house episode directed written executive producer said season finale little bit different episodes preceding house head supposed air super bowl strike episode house season episode frozen aired instead shirt house wears episodes shows skeleton drinking coffee says coffin break created designer named heard strip scene episode called actress wife worked previously worked movie long ago asked advice choreography episode commented interesting happens half finale terms learning house sees people getting world point view entirely filming scene started showed dance according incredibly supportive like cheerleader commented scene filmed felt beautiful ended lovely experience bus crash sequence described stunt coordinator crucial filming sequence bus crash scene filmed studio big spinning wheel referred mainly bus turned degrees increase authenticity scene rest bus surrounded complete outside bus shots involving filmed time light effects people bus crash experience reception ratings episode premiered fox episode viewed hours broadcast million viewers share demographic second watched program night beaten dancing stars week house head ninth watched program watched million viewers live television australia episode aired network watched viewers making night second watched program ranked fourth watched demographic canada episode broadcast watched million viewers making week fourth watched program grey anatomy american idol tuesday wednesday million viewers watched episode broadcast united_kingdom june critical reaction overall house head received critics television pity called moment house gets memory best minutes television pleased scene gave chase morrison graded episode entertainment_weekly said watch house head twice second viewing guide stated imagined brilliant confusing dirty amazing job leaving cliffhanger wait happen amber alan_sepinwall star-ledger compared episode house season finale reason said episode issues mainly hints answer amber sepinwall commented house heart mystery solution isn half entertaining ign said hoped second season finale live half said scenes revolving answer reminded matrix graded episode scale praised acting performances said memorable moments episode scene bus crashed intense tension filled heart stopping chicago_tribune stated predict twist midway episode enjoyable elements didn bother said episode easily house best critics surprised brief cameo house flashback scene pole dance positively received critics los_angeles_times stated scenes minutes earned price ign stated expected strip hoped season dvd commentary stated house head wilson heart favorite house episodes awards cast members submitted episode behalf categories outstanding supporting actress drama series outstanding supporting actor drama series outstanding lead actor drama series writers episode submitted episode behalf primetime emmy award outstanding writing drama series episode given consideration category outstanding directing drama series behalf director submissions came nominations won award lost award performance | House's Head | Media and drama | Television | House |
15444_Ugly(House) | ugly house ugly seventh episode fourth season house seventy seventh episode overall aired november episode revolves teenager named major facial set surgery order remove heart attack prior surgery hired new team tries figure wrong kenny kenny filmed documentary crew process surgery house find wrong kenny filmed crew episode watched million viewers making eighth watched program week episode gained positive reviews critics surprised story surrounding fellowship applicants episode plot documentary film crew teenager named kenny thomas major facial undergo dramatic procedure kenny suffers heart attack prior surgery house team called determine cause surgery proceed kenny cardiac condition diagnosed film crew continues document kenny house increasingly annoyed tries avoid briefing team machine surgery ultimately escape cameras candidates find acting self consciously lens house begins regret recruiting cia doctor fails demonstrate intelligence witnessed wilson believes house distracted looks offers solution quickly fire ask date notes house hire attractive women led situation house argues guy wilson guy guy episode film crew interviews cameron asking resigned making look like romantically attracted house experience plastic surgeon gains kenny father trust frequently clashes house diagnosis house believes kenny suffering juvenile believes merely effects increased pressure kenny father follow house treatment attempting kick case house fires decision reversed ultimately house proven wrong thirteen realizes kenny suffering disease hidden hair actions house begins dig life gets confess resigned old position plastic surgeon discovered having secret affair nurse signed non compete agreement partners exchange keeping quiet affair effectively area expertise end fired let house request date turned house watch early cut documentary edited portray house sympathetic doctor house leaves room questioning trust movies documentary continues revealing surgery successful kenny thanks house production episode written previously worked executive producer series date house episode written episode second house episode directed previously directed family ugly featured second appearance appearance takes previously played doctor named medical drama stars house starred years usual filming took place fox lot episode contained song home head reception episode eighth watched program week nbc million viewers received share ratings overall episode received critics smith guide quoted best thing episode screen time given old favorites like wilson convincing writing scenes house thrilled critics surprised interested performance episode squad wrote certain fact going fired glad wasn quoted reason like maybe pretty like rest everyday pretty decent doctor critics called interesting ign think black white documentary worked didn feel like watched episode house graded episode entertainment_weekly commented loved house told crew got gig experience model television pity graded episode votes according buddytv fans think smile face end episode explains thinks house submitted episode primetime emmy award behalf category outstanding supporting actor drama series submitted episode behalf category drama series nomination came | Ugly (House) | Media and drama | Television | House |
20104_StacyWarner | warner fictional recurring character portrayed medical drama house relationship right thigh led game golf causing muscle house treatment acted house wishes induced coma authorized safer surgical middle ground procedure removing dead muscle leaving house lesser level pain rest life house forgive broke meet years later end season wants house treat husband mark house correctly mark acute intermittent remain hospital close monitoring hospital lawyer house grow closer ultimately willing leave mark house tells mark causes mark leave city writers wrote stories episode appeared came play character ward initially interested portraying changed mind watching tapes originally hired appear episodes season chemistry ward strong appear seven second season episodes appeared house finale everybody dies received positively critics considered arc subplot arc revealed early life said acceptance graduate presumably years events house doctors lawyers game met started romantic relationship years later game golf house suffered right leg admitted princeton teaching hospital went days doctors concerns exhibiting drug seeking behavior house eventually diagnosed thigh leading causing muscle house dead muscle bypassed order restore circulation remainder leg organ failure cardiac arrest willing endure post operative pain retain use leg induced coma sleep worst pain medical time acted wishes authorized safer surgical middle ground procedure bypass removing dead muscle resulted partial loss use leg left house lesser level pain rest life house forgive making decision caused relationship end goes visit house stories years break married high school guidance counselor believes mark ill wants house treat mark believe wrong members house team find medical problems failed attempts mark house tests marks test turns positive mark diagnosed acute intermittent required close monitoring hospital makes deal hospital lawyer mark stay hospital time hospital lawyer house grow closer need know end spending night prepares leave mark house house rejects stating happy change job returns new_jersey mark later appears series finale everybody dies house house funeral personality house creator says true love got away quick witty character character able house level playing field ward described character window house vulnerability heart house simply describes convincing mark thinks wrong house says says mark ill ill critics noted presence affected house behaviour stated house nice told house occasions loves mark love house willing affair admits finds house selfish mark room development according producers house brought viewers insight house writers chose start story arc subtly end big shore explained wanted ward person writing staff house came adding acts simple convincing way initially ward interested portraying character cancellation wanted spend time kids turned earlier roles csi miami changed mind saw tapes watched realized house fun entertainment_weekly interview ward appeared medical stated young mother sick years spent lot time hospitals reason set house felt home strange way initially hired appear stories honeymoon chemistry ward house lead actor strong ward return multiple episode story arc second season working ward commented professionals lucky extremely equipped sound true script fact immensely attractive got certainly ward expressed like return shore told usa_today eager write specific plans character return reception initial responses positive guide stated pleased character showing house soft calling character story arc subplot new_york_daily_news stated addition house shifted today dramas stated ward brought sense joy article annoyed house entertainment_weekly stated annoyed house ranking amber alan_sepinwall star-ledger commented finds ward talented actress character prior later recurring characters determined ruin audience fun right house | Stacy Warner | Media and drama | Television | House |
4858_HelenMagnus | helen series protagonist central character canadian fantasy science fiction television series sanctuary portrayed series life scientist victorian era england currently runs global sanctuary network organization tasked finding series creatures called later bring sanctuary base refuge protect human population character half centuries old having given advanced longevity vampire blood 20th century time travel traveling time avoid people isolated season finale sanctuary revealed spent years creating new sanctuary tapping offered original web series series creator director actress regular role playing stargate years initially difficulty playing personality greatly differed carter dyed hair darker spoke english accent run born england addition tapping serves series executive producer occasions director tapping portrayal character received generally mixed reactions critics negative comments pointing tapping accent tapping nominated awards role helen winning best lead performance female dramatic series episode requiem character arc background born august gregory father regarded controversial medical researcher time exposed daughter profession child years later helped form secret group known young oxford_university member voluntarily injected pure vampire blood species extinct centuries granted member unique abilities ability longevity allowing live times longer normal human point entered relationship ability personal insane murdered prostitutes conceive child later took embryo turn 20th century research abnormal population went swing founded funding needed prime minister reunited stop kill turned sixth member blamed death daughter releasing london season episode tuesday states passenger july worked normandy prevent nazis controlling fire day charged head sanctuary fictional city pacific_northwest decided use embryo bear daughter expeditions saved young dangerous abnormal failed capture killed mother season season adult forensic psychiatrist worked old city police department new protégé eventually accepts returns sanctuary ask cure unknown tricks poison escapes later revealed survived able suppress insanity aware underground organization known plot control gain episodes season organization primary focus requiem exposed aggressive parasite bermuda triangle going group parasite stop killing locks cabin submarine drains oxygen killing later revived captures escaping parasite season finale revelations launch called causes exposed abnormal attack humans combat lost city recover source blood vampire blood end distressed learn turned team steals blood sample season second season begins weeks end works hard defeat save transformed vampire hybrid tasked destroy arrive old city sanctuary able recognises time save electromagnetic field active mean inside despite believes life energy electromagnetic field forced accept died death loved ones longevity tried find way age normal rate finds honduras effect turning humans zombie like creatures shown potential consequences release guardian decides leave later season leadership called question heads house sets elaborate scheme named emma suspects working network scheme mental illness murder butler makes emma believe kept alive big dangerous abnormal earth thought killed revealed season finale alive secrecy believes killing planet controlled attempts big authority assumes control network attempt kill succeeds launches season season begins forcing step head putting command rest team deal happy big alive sanctuary house heads decide charge firing breaking learns talked avatar manifestation stopping saw father left clues leading map leading thought home abnormal species planet breach learns alive intends find having resurrected finding entrance team venture underground city leader team later resurrected wants help saving city facing destruction abnormal controlling city energy saving team good terms revealed worth came city steal power source unlimited capabilities assumed killed leave later revealed season finale kept alive power source create time machine cure daughter cause consequences planet failed attempt causes destruction time bubble france fails stop succeeding follow time portal london season pursues worth london stop daughter meant die timeline pursuit tries avoid past self fails stop encountering watson quickly discovers future promises quiet sake preserving timeline worth chases later accidentally kills restoring timeline killing worth ends hiding years help dealing mass invading surface season finale revealed helen secretly working important figures 20th century including built new underground sanctuary characterization website describes beautiful enigmatic devoted life practical research cutting edge medicine science work explore world rest world dismiss monstrous elements childhood realizes world mistakes protector cases described bold straightforward brave nonsense remains true formal victorian english portraying actress described crazy character eccentric sexy daughter independence self reliance doesn occasional mother daughter friction tapping said huge respect characters adding knows mother says needs says reason huge respect things hard choice having mother longevity daughter season recruits protégé asked thinks tapping stated think helen finds fascinating sees qualities qualities knows probably beaten course time purity thought way analyses things absolutely respects think realises going come time going bit couple episodes bizarre sexual tension generally huge healthy respect interview tapping explains relationship love relationship developed organic transformation character actually bring somebody board initially teaching ropes seasons gone come come scientist come terms relationship people sanctuary stated nice formed characters people depend survival respect comes conceptual history series creator conceived idea sanctuary ideas included final product english scientist years later asked potential series wood believed decided approach participate project accepted believed casting tapping nice fit character actress born england tapping played regular character stargate sister stargate atlantis know future role approached appear sanctuary started shooting january conflict commitments stargate fourth season atlantis tapping offered return fifth season accepted sanctuary picked television series tapping decided turn atlantis contract having encouraged husband playing carter years went weird playing able embrace playing new character pretty quickly tapping found challenge play different character carter differing personalities points view playing character like long comfortable sam comfortable skin helen sexual mysterious darker edge sort finding carter looks bright helen long seen evil human society whilst filming tapping wore dark haired wig television series shot dyed hair match hair colour wig tapping spoke english accent run series relatives united_kingdom speak british accents tapping found accent challenge character came victorian era specific way speaking bit actress listened different voices factor fact lived world sanctuary filmed virtual green screen sets initially tapping went called key green bright green walls days got likened filming green screen working theatre second season daughter killed producers american canadian networks character including deep dramatic impact wanted feel angry vulnerable season especially episodes playing series season tapping admitted things decisions makes wrap head fascinating actor try inside somebody complex kind confusing episode normandy tapping wore red haired wig time second world war homage late grandmother fourth season tapping requested given new love interest request granted form female appearing early season establishing addition actor tapping executive producer series paid extra salary financing backed studio served director certain days directors unavailable called sick second season allowed direct seventh episode reception critical reaction according enthusiastic creating radically different character years playing stargate expended tremendous effort separate helen carter successfully possible tapping able successfully portray woman experienced century half isolation relentless compassion commented tapping role way actor outside stargate universe carter described non female main character british science fiction said intelligent british accents victorian era exact years old seriously doesn look day added tapping right home taking lead den geek believed typical english character american liking tea cut glass hint regional accent helen listed number squad mysterious characters television english accent received critics listed ninth worst fake accents science fiction stating want like new especially monsters look amazing worried tapping accent way sounds completely forced clips seen far guess wait october assessment chicago_tribune wondered tapping decided speak accent added interest fans tapping previous works notably stargate called tapping english accent whilst calling series accolades course series tapping portrayal resulted award nominations tapping nominated best performance actress continuing leading dramatic role role requiem lost year tapping won similar best lead performance female dramatic series episode nominated category breach lost respectively | Helen Magnus | Media and drama | Television | Sanctuary |
11446_Sanctuary(season2) | sanctuary season second season canadian science fiction fantasy television series sanctuary premiered space canada united_states october concluded channel january episodes continues follow actions secret organization known track series creatures known bring sanctuary base refuge billed opening credits main cast season starts weeks conclusion season protagonists work defeat antagonistic destroying process daughter sanctuary leader dies later episodes involve story arc big dangerous abnormal earth second season included writing team writers series creator left series end season producers wanted expand including episodes team visit international sites opposed mentioning season filmed vancouver british_columbia late march july scenes finale filmed location tokyo japan continues produce series visual effects anthem found growth work episodes including visual effects shots episodes seen average million viewers united_states increasing million time shifted taken account received generally positive reviews critics reviewers criticized abrupt end arc episodes introduction new character met mixed reactions fans demise season won seven leo awards release season released disc set dvd june region june region october region episodes table number column refers episode number entire series number second column indicates episode number particular season viewers millions refers americans watched episode live day broadcast cast regular cast second season began original cast season returns series protagonist year old english scientist runs producers intended angry vulnerable following death episodes returns forensic psychiatrist protégé pilot season producers feeling comfortable working portrays characters abnormal works sanctuary fiancé father returns recurring actor season upgraded series regular second returns daughter written series eulogy decision kill character came agreement series creator commissioning networks felt development deepest dramatic impact series characters director believed death add sense jeopardy heard killed impression character received fans second season aired noticed fans death following death producers willing develop story season joined cast described con artist thief finds uneasy alliance business relationship goes sour producers intended kate character end season percent people don like kate like kate producers noted kate begin prove episode eulogy ninth episode important kate evolution class bitch open character father death revisited recurring cast guest appearances young returns half vampire tenth episode character felt development bold choice believed interesting character trait genius having electricity based powers producers wanted somewhat heroic sacrificing like season instances young unavailable shoot scenes theatre commitments replaced body double returns girlfriend killed second episode tapping viewed death important casualty resonance main characters recurring appearance head london sanctuary following death season finale character originally going introduced hero decided better character introduced earlier season season introduced numerous guest appearances appeared scientist season premiere character originally german male accepted tapping offer appear met awards ceremony appears walter alter ego hero modeled voice scenes walter worn suit killing mirrored performance suit wear constantly consisted sets outfits cotton producers impressed walter wanted return season wife director appears abnormal jack fragments previously appeared series face episode played antagonist offered role long time friends crew members case came casting wife director rachel actress makes guest appearance emma casting producers easy based work science fiction productions especially tapping stargate star guest starred jimmy interest playing jimmy character suggested actor time boxer duke boxer fit character violent nature returns season finale appeared original producers wanted return tapping believed placing finale perfect place cast finale antagonist producers believed blue portray somebody charming evil episode cast chosen producers believed physical appearance goddess like played cult member person audition producers cast spiritual calm soft appearance taught cast speak hindi parts dialogue producers hoping cast stargate guest spot met scheduling issues shooting film time despite producers confident cast eventually production development officially announced commissioning second season sanctuary november ratings success pilot episode totalled million viewers writer executive producer left series season join creator director actress executive producers writing second season saw introduction writing team hired additional writers writing team allowed team hold meetings season discussing goals writing second season explore global sanctuary network sanctuary universe found world international sanctuary bases mentioned season second season producers wished visit bases introducing new characters widen breadth wished start introducing walk including oil like abnormal end nights fire wrote parts end nights tuesday haunted second wrote hero cooper wrote eulogy fragments wrote wrote haunted following cliffhanger season finale worked figure conclude story managed write outlines episodes days consulted writing team look problems conclude story eulogy conceived important episode lives main characters following aftermath end nights dealing loss said episode thing end terrible tragic cliffhanger satisfactory manner lay things rest appropriately writing episode cooper medical wrote medical drama series house writing script hero initially concerned met resistance producers special effects involved find entirely possible producers originally hesitant including hero fourth episode considered lighter tone trying death eulogy came early development season wanted episode work going wrong explore opportunity heroes warned work consequences described episode tapping featured scenes comfortable want including assault naked women child killings fragments written real time format described episode nice procedural heart follows style episodes medical drama stuff goes kind follow team different aspects handling situation idea tuesday came noticed rescue helicopter available rent prompting come helicopter story episode introduces level friendship arguments create far realistic thread tension characters obviously love obviously felt cool character layer based producers despite good friends argue producing series developed producers wanted centric episode view favorite characters haunted rounds unexpected producers aware insane wanted find explanation creation energy creature designed somewhat faith versus science episode faith winning party host need spiritual understanding cult religious suitable hosts believer science suitable host share cult understanding original draft fall ill later changed episode filmed episodes season originally followed different order originally going fourth episode hero tenth earlier slot order changed partially availability issues young writers working centric episode returns home written networks unhappy idea filming filming began late march finished end july year director wanted film season graphic novel style wood directed parts end nights hero tuesday parts directed eulogy producers felt great job making sense lot moves understanding stories important getting things track eulogy episode ended minutes longer usual cut directed fragments directed directorial credit stargate episode resurrection direct scenes featuring tapping rehearsed decide shot appointed somebody handle cameras directed haunted directed scene hero directed scene fragments character recorded rachel documentary like season second filmed green screen sets studio british_columbia like season instances shot practical sets location taking place outside studio end nights scenes filmed large warehouse point sent tokyo promote series decided use opportunity film scenes finale filmed crossing filming took place monsoon season kicking addition noticed concert hall took pictures angles architecture suitable tokyo sanctuary base shoot end nights loaned car car chase sequence later scene involved having car shot prevent damage car bullet holes visual effects crew sanctuary set ruined post apocalyptic state set designer set look horrible overnight clean scene completely street sets studio tuesday considered bottle episode largely filmed set water tank feet deep feet long studio episode filmed hour days including day break midway fastest time filming sanctuary episode wood directed episode water dry land following episode largely filmed constructed city set half blocks size previously superhero film mumbai set season finale constructed parking lot studio took weeks complete finale filmed hottest hit british_columbia tapping found set average temperature actual mumbai main cameras crane operated extras highest number sanctuary episode extras scene wore different costumes area limited size streets recycled frequently scene practical sets sanctuary offices corridors redesigned look like music appointed series composer season producers liked contribution score heightened season capture emotional temper comes scoring emotional scenes composer sampled instruments world score international feel episodes feature score taking different styles instance fragments features cool soundtrack score adopted bollywood style theme particularly dance sequence addition score occasional instances popular music featured end nights featured track toronto based hip hop group effects resumed duties producing visual effects second season company noted workload second season increased episodes containing visual effects shots produce decided opening title sequence wanted year photograph meets changed aviation pilot producers noticed visual effects season able produce certain actions tried eulogy designed look harmless like infancy menacing grows making fly hero visual practical effects simpler sequences involved hooked velocity rig order fly city skyline computer generated avatar created design episode based mix insect dinosaur second season introduces moving upgraded technique film crew complete effect specifically sequences cast freeze leaves screen producers wanted camera shots believed way cooler difficult moving included triple characters shot end nights sequence difficult tapping carry prop weighing approximately pounds dimensional rachel office included fragments originally intended feature episode costly producers decided scene henry use blueprint identical office boxes finale anthem decided big look like creature considerably larger creature scenes involve interacting real life objects including clothing scene enters jacket wilson fishing wire sleeve slightly big actions largely underwater anthem found making underwater effects difficult different style movement additionally anthem produced sequence launches depth charges ship producers looking stock footage dropping depth charges find high definition addition visual effects forms physical effects produced hero scene camera appeared shot inside water tank instead water tank placed camera actors placed simulate bubbles wood previously technique season episode requiem stargate atlantis comic books end episode designed artists occasionally work wore white eye contact lens alternate self future vampire squid related effects tuesday possible visual aids shots squid water surface production crew radio controlled boat mimic wake squid water placed beach ball underwater released mimic splash helicopter sway battles squid sea air pump placed added effect strong currents proving difficult cast swim helicopter season includes stunt work weeks filming end nights practiced sword fighting hybrids second performed stunts including run car falling car stunts involved safety measures young participated fight scene vampire characters ended injuring actors instance young hit face caused insert lip broadcast reception broadcast ratings season commenced airing october aired nearly friday night finale january aired alongside season stargate universe season started million viewers ratings cent terms adults aged cent adults aged compared average season aired season seen average million viewers episode ratings season increases live viewers cent increasing average million viewers episode canada season premiered october space cable channel science fiction programs episode available demand channel website aired moved originally aired season united_kingdom season premiered october finished january started viewers episode ended finale australia season started airing july critical reception season met generally positive reviews believed series finding feet looks like new confident sanctuary added work stated talents involved wide open concept way created sanctuary huge potential season premiere good great fantastic performance tapping real threat let hope continues develop like characters capable dvd review season rated stating fans happy season set dvd talk said lot charm felt live standards season criticised season wrapping story line episodes expecting continue season accusing writers throwing lot aspects end season great felt good episodes naming favourite saying liked hero summed season worth watching enjoyable gripping season believing comes recommended wish purchase season box set stated second season continues wrote bad glad giving second chance continues deliver great character arcs stories named haunted standout episodes believed season mixed bag end nights considered thrilling hours television sanctuary produced season later suffered failure follow story arc critical reactions introduction mixed stated mouth feels place performance good writers capable integrating cast started found bit irritating big loss reason replaced annoying young woman basically character tough nails outside vulnerable young woman inside time indian shell awards nominations overall second season won seven awards nominations ceremony won wins won best direction won best costume design won best lead performance male won best guest performance male role hero won best fragments won best supporting performance male haunted won best production design season finale season nominated best dramatic series lost second represented series best television series drama directors guild canada awards lost comedy drama series nominated best male performance science fiction television episode awards lost doctor actor role episode waters mars percent votes home video releases dvd box set second season published released region june region october region june released united_states australia days dvd counterpart released disc set consists episodes audio commentaries cast crew set includes numerous special directs tuesday anatomy episode sanctuary sanctuary kids scenes set sanctuary goes japan dancing mumbai presentation san diego comic con international reel photo gallery | Sanctuary (season 2) | Media and drama | Television | Sanctuary |
11852_FataMorgana(Sanctuary) | sanctuary episode science fiction television series sanctuary episode aired united_states october subsequently aired united_kingdom october episode named written served director originally released half original sanctuary episode sanctuary team investigate ancient island scottish coast encounter sisters abnormal powers met household rating generally received critics plot team travels island coast scotland helen believes contain life team spotted ambushed defeating abnormal keepers team finds women state brought sanctuary study later determined sisters held suspended animation years sisters learns taken disease believes partly ability speak perfect english people middle ages according director able speak english sort mind sisters experience destroy entire village sisters eventually determine fact memories caused destruction years ago research determines sisters created intention destroying man discovers ties powerful secret organization sisters future learns formed seventh century intention controlling abnormal earth benefit going underground nineteenth century members major organizations worldwide continue operation meantime group mercenaries captured keepers scotland release sanctuary order regain property battle keepers teaches sisters freedom sends safe house killing keepers team surrounded mercenaries end surrender mercenaries exchange spare team lives believes teachings freedom got plan escape mercenaries production originally released half original episode given ancient mythological feel set intended tone sanctuary original writing director executive producer brought idea incorporating irish mythology episode writer researched subject named episode reference pre production producers decided half episode contain footage half rewritten improve storyline felt previously included storyline ending original sisters manage escape rewritten originally scheduled fourth episode season moved felt strongly great start stand episode sanctuary cited continuity reasons characters appeared comfortable following episode folding man filming started january filming new scenes filmed june actors consciously played characters open unavailable day filming filled director furthermore photo double stood scenes unavailable play outdoor scene featured filmed slot sanctuary wood wanted use present rain scene filmed set previously stargate total contained visual effects shots episode season scene sitting edge tall building actually having sitting green beam wind machine visual effects shot remastered episode reception broadcast october sci united_states october united_kingdom according received household rating original airing united_states drop rating sanctuary placed second sci channel shows week aired received rating united_kingdom episode seen placing sanctuary number week aired live champions league game reviews episode generally positive ign rated episode outstanding calling great episode completely fun watch praised episode pace action choreographed fight sequences visual effects character development thought relationship little forced reacted positively episode particularly use celtic mythology incorporates storyline introduction critical fact amber reacted positively episode calling stronger showing somewhat convoluted premiere action pace executed draw audience total sci gave mixed reaction episode rating simpson called proper episode didn feel strong pilot | Fata Morgana (Sanctuary) | Media and drama | Television | Sanctuary |
12312_Sanctuary(season1) | sanctuary season season canadian science fiction fantasy television series sanctuary premiered united_states october concluded united_kingdom january episodes follows actions secret organization known sanctuary track series creatures known bring sanctuary refuge main story arc season involves sanctuary working organization seek control gain billed opening credits main cast initially web series sanctuary successful sci commission television series series creator head writer hired wrote episodes composed season long storyline episodes written christmas season season green lit principal photography started instance north american television red cameras season filmed green screen warehouse british_columbia instances filmed location including outside vancouver produced season visual effects virtual sets meant produced visual effects episode forms special effects including present season estimated million sanctuary season aired countries worldwide season premiere drew largest audience million viewers highest rated sci premiere july including time shifted viewing season seen average million viewers episode ratings success allowed renew sanctuary second season critical reactions season mixed reviewers noted episodes hit miss liked later episodes total won awards season released disc set dvd september region september region october region episodes table number column refers episode number entire series number second column indicates episode number particular season viewers millions refers americans watched episode live day broadcast cast regular cast season consists principal cast members plays series protagonist year old english scientist runs sanctuary network tapping hair color role plays forensic psychiatrist protégé pilot noted portrayal differed vastly season played different plays daughter enjoyed working cast season felt tapping teacher treat working tapping young new actress plays characters abnormal works sanctuary fiancé father wear tapping believed incredible gift wearing acting creating real humanity felt nervous excited playing scene plays recurring cast guest appearances plays runs sanctuary computer security systems producers wanted henry set lighter tone series add goofy fun humor including somewhat dire situations producers cast pleased performance plays faced guy character face head face accomplished visual effects plays associate character originally named played director unavailable scenes season premiere young stars suggested young producers ended highly impressed performance young played man appearing series whilst filming second revelations young scenes underground city filmed scheduled play episode shot time filming actors played watson griffin cast producers later cast watson according casting easy sensibility like filming scenes want prop removed takes wanted stay character producers conceived granddaughter looking young local actress play look like potential love interest later play recommended worked auditioned like performance wood believed actor performance perfect character stranded plane episode learn speak week advance filming guest starred filming scenes complained dry eye problem kept making tear ended beneficial portrayal character canadian actor guest stars fight promoter warriors script decided character speak british accent like film lock stock smoking barrels producers wanted cast instinct appeared vancouver based productions including producers felt audition brought lot energy character production development series creator conceived pilot stargate writer later asked director potential series wood believed years later asked project accepted sanctuary originally started weekly web series produced vancouver based producers series looking expand series including television success web series january announced commissioning season episodes television allowed producers widen scope season according actress executive producer season different seen web character helen crazy character eccentric sexy season given estimated budget million writing episodes season written assist writing season believed creative passionate talented episodes season written christmas season series given green light rewritten establish season long storyline episodes finished writing stage little half weeks filming commenced times scripts written executive fed writers asking certain elements explained audience understand wrote parts sanctuary requiem instinct second revelations penned scripts quickly written half days wood contributed story bringing idea incorporating irish mythology start giving season ancient mythological feel introduces series episodes involving working relationship significant series mythology revealing got longevity actually tapping believed introducing cool concept introduced vampires episode felt best introduce dead species felt including real life historic figures thing requiem wanted scenario difficult decision deal threat episode believed good episode ended highlight season according producers writing instinct inspired wanted audience protagonists hunting abnormal real time according plan wrote folding man edward warriors revelations wrote sanctuary liked include effect scripts plot device interprets scenes different points view writing folding man realized inadvertently based episode x-files inspired star trek original series episode trouble edward inspired hearing young english man syndrome flew city visited able accurately draw city mural feet wide episode involved abnormal wanted boy draw faster writing warriors wanted father plans introduce idea final episode gregory written longevity daughter decided include explanation survived years aging wanted hint audience fact frozen intention revelations tie previous episodes particularly involving set second season main issue writing finale showing interrogated fact experimented turn wrote script quickly believed turn way hoped differences differences original episodes season example introduction murders prostitute arriving pilot writer included dialogue characters murders way proving audience evil ending leave sanctuary mercenaries sisters escape directly tells father season producers decided aware midway want tell directly hint pick pieces filming initial photography started took place warehouse british_columbia episode took seven days film completed little half episodes season original premiere sanctuary episode final eighteen months passed shooting web series episodes difficulties included fact portrays grew taller actors consciously played characters open filmed red cameras series north_america use red camera system away tape film records straight hard drive allowing series post production team immediate access day footage capable recording resolution times resolution current high definition season filmed directors wood directed thirteen episodes spent days preparing film premiere found requiem favorite episode direct favorite sets remaining episodes directed folding man directed directed edward warriors directed instinct filmed episode long takes accomplish real time perspective approached wood direct considered lighter episode preferred dramatic episode past cameo appearances works broke tradition directing episode according head season filmed green screen warehouse unlike shows elaborate sets built scenes filmed instead created cgi technology virtual sets actors rooms looked like aid practical props placed production crew rain wind machines film scenes set outdoors practical sets season minutes sanctuary filmed partially decommissioned described knife locations studio parking lot provided different types locations like city streets warehouse provided filming location instinct final filming days spent outside vancouver fifth episode filmed damaged fuselage set built production designer episode cast disliked episode act freezing temperatures fact degrees expensive set producers wanted reuse later redesigned look like inside submarine requiem revelations released filmed fourth episode considered aired folding man tapping felt strongly great stand episode sanctuary characters appeared comfortable folding man episodes caused major continuity issue appears neck sanctuary folding man effects season visual effects produced company serving producer visual effects supervisor filmed green screen episode contains estimated visual effect shots contrast average episode stargate tapping starred contained larger visual effects sequences opening sequence premiere took months produce visual effect produced original remastered characters movement faced guy rear face computer generated imagery cgi difficult effect produce prosthetic application added campbell head second face talking character entirely visual effect face wife director rendered creating eponymous predator described proper budget driven issue rendering cgi creatures having difficult decided attempt work easier visual effects team work producers hoped achieve interaction cast guide versions nicknamed carry designing transition vampire producers realizing vampires included works past wanted look unique wilson based vampire look film days night hard work anthem producers requiem bottle episodes visual effects team break instead forms special effects create feel production crew wind machines paper snow fake snow problem cast suffered eyes exposed placed outside port hole set requiem complete effects walk shot cast member stay directors signal react shot walking frame later cut effect involving scene characters revelations complete shot film different shots talking talking characters seen walking stand replace form special effects create composed team artists stated team tried interesting unique week abnormal shown end stand wore prosthetic suit costume took long time apply warriors wore muscle suit previously worn film men stand corpses beginning sanctuary props department possession holes added easier actors drawings edward produced sanctuary art department season stunts coordinated develop scenes warriors fight coordinator helped stunts filming scenes played fighters replaced actor broke knee filming seconds broadcast reception broadcast originally airing united_states season broadcast countries worldwide tapping believed channel good home base worked network years adding understand genre understand fans season commenced parts sanctuary october following episodes aired friday time slot october january canada aired united_kingdom season picked broadcast episode broadcast october days release australia season debuted march ratings sanctuary started season million viewers household rating original broadcast highest rated series premiere pilot episode july number prime time cable entertainment program adults aged years fourth adults aged years high ratings views sanctuary page rose million video streams day broadcast viewing figures following episodes somewhat million finale drew biggest audience premiere revelations seen million viewers received household rating including season averaged million viewers rating season sanctuary beat fifth season lead stargate atlantis tenths point success ordered second season november united_kingdom sanctuary seen viewers second received viewers following week ratings steadily declined season finale penultimate episode received lowest ratings season viewers critical reception season received generally mixed reviews critics metacritic gave season normalized rating based seven reviews indicating mixed average reviews new_york_post stated monsters rate virtual sets cool acting excellent fighting fatigue watching farewell party plot chicago_tribune felt pace little unclear tapping speaks english accent believed low key low budget sci action hybrid interest fans tapping earlier work stargate los_angeles_times felt feels slow moody stretched time hard sell dialogue imperfect children adopted meaning immigrant families doesn flow faster stated looks great variety called episodes competent said suffers comparison number similarly themed dramas recently fun loving believes hard imagine series satisfying odd behalf stargate new_york_times felt sanctuary sits level writing performance stargate shows means doesn narrative force wit creativity best original series adding embarrassment channel doesn raise stakes noted connection stargate 12th year going strong thought sanctuary interesting concept felt episodes hit miss series use green screen sets stated works cgi sets use improvement felt convincing british scientist conclusion stated sanctuary kick good series writers actually write depth den geek rated season stars stating acting scripting good sanctuary lacks wit charm genre shows like doctor way episodes alternate fighting exposition gives impression watching play walker dubbed poor man vampire slayer said makes early evening viewing walker believed dvd season die hard fans total sci rated season summed frequently predictable sanctuary usually provides entertaining hour dvd talk fan tapping earlier work stargate believes season highly recommended noticed shows seven great awards nominations season won total awards pilot episode sanctuary won best visual effects warriors won best dramatic series actor won best guest performance male dramatic series role edward beating star won best guest performance female dramatic series episode won best lead performance female dramatic series role helen requiem prestigious nomination season primetime emmy award outstanding special visual effects sanctuary lost award heroes home video releases dvd box set season published released region september region october region september season later released united_states june australia june disc set consists episodes audio commentaries cast crew original installments set includes scenes welcome sanctuary sanctuary reel photo gallery sneak preview season dvd talk reacted positively number extras rating half stars pleased original included set | Sanctuary (season 1) | Media and drama | Television | Sanctuary |
4946_Premastication | pre kiss feeding act food purpose physically breaking order feed incapable food mother relatives baby produce baby food capable consumed child process food form transferred mouth individual directly mouth mouth hands cooked processed prior feeding behaviour common human history societies observed non human animals common present day western societies commonly practiced traditional cultures health benefits actively studied practice appears certain benefits infant provided good health infected roots mouth mouth feeding humans evolved food parent offspring male female courtship feeding observed numerous mammals animals species instance food begging behaviour observed young wolves wild dogs certain species involves young approaching mouth adult mouths adult portions food feed young aforementioned animals behaviour types mouth mouth contact bonding courtship young food contact accordingly feed mouth mouth feeding food mouth mouth contact bonding observed great supports idea human kissing feeding foods directly indirectly mouth roots higher animals ancestral great human kiss precursor human cultures kiss feeding kissing mother infant observed kissing believed socially form feeding food high similarity execution kiss feeding human kisses french kiss tongue push food mother child child receiving mother food tongue movements simply food fact observations species cultures confirms act kissing likely evolved similar relationship based feeding history culture written records found practice likely extends prehistoric times non human ancestors instance medical mother instructed medical remedy child fifth century roman culture food common lack practice contributed infant mortality medieval europe fed assortment food bread attitudes western medicine 1940s 1950s native american cultures societies strongly concerns practice lack knowledge prohibition missionaries doctors instead caused severe population resulted children deprived prevalent modern post industrial western societies offering foods found traditional cultures offers infant numerous benefits north_america commonly black hispanic mothers commonly women peoples human cultures act direct mouth mouth feeding linked showing affection known kiss feeding cultures act women remind children descendants obligations human cultures people fact use mouth mouth contact primarily feeding food sexual kissing observed arrival europeans form feeding believed evolved modern human acts kissing french kissing western societies strong compared similar criticisms previous generations similar rationale societies finding practice performed lower classes foreign cultures instance late 1800s medical community texas embroiled debate supporting practice arguing benefits stating health act commonly found human societies populations prevalent evolution selective advantage infant diet breast milk providing access micro nutrients disease transmitted pre foods benefits conferred risks practice evolution human behaviour furthermore prevention disease prove disastrous infant public health policy discouraged late 1980s early 1990s end potential benefits practice greatly depend medical circumstances mother child true scope benefits societies active research appears consensus benefits practice advantages supplement health practices young children providing large amounts protein nutrients available breast milk iron essential nutrients present mainly meat compounds help increase availability protecting stomach acid infant intake iron beef likely human evolution hunter animal derived iron source shown benefits young children years onwards improving growth motor functions earlier times important practice prevented infant iron provide iron easily absorbed human physiology higher non sources recommended sources iron anti benefits infant benefit resistance anti growth factors nutrient mother related hypothesis early childhood exposure rich important immune system reducing responses promote development infant immune systems generators mother help prevent development infant early infant feeding foods eggs nuts alongside help promote immune tolerance help moderate responses practice play important role development oral help prevent occurrence diseases infant rise diseases western societies directly linked decrease societies researchers believe phenomena related parental foods allow better infant presence lacking alpha maternal aids fed baby important developed nations milk containing frequently introduced feeds early stage require action children fed mainly plant based vegetarian parents benefit prevalent different types digestive food fat adult help infant fat absorption generally produce digestive tracts efficiently process consume transmission diseases transmit wide range diseases infected parents parents open mouth including hiv aids possibly virus given prevalence hiv populations lower income poorer nation states practice extensively practice likely important method transmission virus populations chile practice associated hiv transmission unaware infection children care state mothers west know carrying hiv infectious agents mothers exercising caution wish children experts use science justify personal disapproval establishment cavity causing bacteria widespread belief dental causing bacteria mother oral ecology transmitted infant resulting colonization strong tooth decay child study instead found children develop higher resistance frequent mother infant contacts | Premastication | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Ecology |
9401_Countershading | law form camouflage pattern animal coloration animal darker upper lighter underside body pattern found species mammals reptiles birds fish insects existed cretaceous period light falls uniformly coloured object sphere makes upper appear lighter underside darker grading pattern light shade makes object appear solid acts visual cue makes object easier detect reduces ease detection predators prey effects self typically grading dark light theory useful military camouflage practice rarely applied despite best efforts artist zoologist precise function patterns animal coloration debated suggestion multiple functions including background matching viewed background matching viewed implying separate colour schemes surfaces outline variety largely non camouflage theories related mechanism counter illumination adds creation light lamps match actual background counter illumination camouflage common marine organisms squid studied prototype stage military use ships aircraft rarely warfare reverse belly darker contrast makes animals conspicuous found animals defend pattern displays signal warn experienced predators animals live upside lack strong defences like upside camouflage early research english zoologist author colours animals discovered insects including purple emperor butterfly iris larvae use term suggest effect occurred widely new_hampshire artist study write book animal kingdom correctly described illustrated photographs paintings claimed animals reason called law wrote animals painted nature parts tend sky light vice versa fact vast majority creatures animal kingdom wear developed minute degree famous hard homes speaks observed painted number examples including upside feeding position makes appear flat artificially inverted position sunlight inverted combine appear heavily shaded solid obtained patent paint warships submarines surface ships failed convince navy adopt ideas book animals described instances following general approach criticising excessive claim says patterns colors whatsoever animals prey preyed certain normal circumstances effectively animals calls theory fantastic extreme include books photographs non white white background point words object matter background words colour resemblance sufficient afford explains contrary expected lacking artistic perception bird appears highly conspicuous looking lighter breast darker background actual fact background breast pure white application animals observed wide range animal groups terrestrial deer marine sharks basis camouflage predators prey alongside forms camouflage including colour matching coloration predatory fish gray effectively flattened hunts invisible prey fish sands marine animals include blue shark herring fish like sergeant fish patterned stripes spots tones canvas painted leopard spots tiger stripes dress universally worn essential uniform adopted deer repeated extensively provides basic great majority snakes amphibians insects reaches fine state perfection different rivers surface waters sea reaches maximum development significance existed marine reptiles cretaceous period skin dark coloured reveals turtles dark backs light related mechanism counter illumination form animal camouflage uses increase average animal match background called counter illumination common mid water fish invertebrates especially squid makes counter illuminated animal practically invisible predators viewing counter illumination camouflage seen extension achieve shadows counter illumination add actual lights permitting effective camouflage changing conditions including background bright animal counter illuminated appear shadow military like counter illumination rarely applied practice military camouflage military authorities unaware world war second world war proposed countries armed forces demonstrated effectiveness succeeding armed forces adopt technique influenced military adoption camouflage general world war camouflage ships remained influential inspector camouflage political argument developed invited camouflage inch rail mounted gun alongside similar gun conventionally carefully combined contrast break gun barrel outlines appearance solid cylinder guns photographed air angles view results remarkable gun invisible minute scrutiny knows exactly look look gun highly visible authorities appearing embarrassed evidence right posted middle_east unsuccessfully intervened pleading guns painted way brought home australian zoologist book art camouflage followed describing detail book reprinted military handbook photographed model birds argued shoulders arms described war department principles camouflage theory use nature advice given upper surfaces painted conform color tone surrounding country background sides graded toned white surfaces parts shade painted continued advocate military usage example patent personal camouflage including form statistical varying sizes rounded dark patches lighter ground research investigating camouflage breaking automated detection objects tanks showed images looking graded shadows break strong camouflage human viewers precisely images searched places gradient crosses zero line shadow stops darker starts lighter technique defeated camouflage disruption edges authors observed animals counter measures based implied predators use based function reviewing years observed defines darker surfaces exposed lighting common poorly understood aspect animal coloration noted debate works considered evidence theory acts camouflage reducing ventral reviewed alternative explanations camouflage theories wrote include self shadow results improved background matching viewed self shadow form viewed background matching viewed body outline viewed examined turn background matching viewed like argued animals hard fade notes reviewing theory reinforcing view act eliminate effects ventral measured effect grey showing horizontal self belly partly concealed vertical climbing tree trunk effect occur original argument nature exact opposite artist paint creating illusion solid effect shade form powerful cue animals different identify shapes objects research chicks showed preferred grains shadows falling illuminated humans birds use depth cue background matching completely different function animal military vehicle coloration camouflage surfaces differently match backgrounds respectively noted example fish common find upper surface dark coloured lower surface white animal seen early researchers including argued marine animals including fish sharks upper lower surfaces sharply distinct tone dark upper surface nearly white lower surface suggested seen darker dorsal surface animal offer camouflage darkness deep water seen lighter ventral area similarly provide possible contrast ocean surface evidence birds birds catch fish medium depth surface coloured way prey birds underside bird concluded possible role coloration patterns needs evaluated separately assuming functions effectively outline identified additional mechanism previously analysed round body like cylinder illuminated seen appears dark sides graphics tool demonstrated effect flattened predators known use edges identify prey argues prey harder detect seen non camouflage theories non camouflage theories include protection light protection plausible theories remained largely according evidence despite demonstrations examples little experimental evidence effectiveness gathered century discovery experiments artificial prey showed objects survival benefits study colleagues showed species closely matched predictions self shadow function predicted mechanism evolutionary developmental biology assembled evidence evolution acted scales organism individual genes proteins genetic switches case mammals dark brownish upper parts lighter buff whitish parts house mouse gene creates difference protein signalling specifically action absence protein alpha cells bearing produce dark skin fur dark brown black presence protein system produces lighter coloured yellow red genetic switch active cells embryo belly skin causes gene active creating seen adult mammals reverse shadows reverse belly contrast adding natural fall light pattern animal coloration found animals like honey strong defences offensive sharp claws aggressive nature honey animals run attack slowly turning face danger giving threat displays inexperienced predators signal warn experienced ones discovered phrase relation attitude shaded light grading dark belly reason animals including eyed live upside belly similarly sea reverse associated inverted habits animals employing usual way camouflage examples animals pioneering books animal coloration account principal facts theories relating colours markings animals animals coloration animal kingdom exposition laws disguise color pattern summary discoveries wallace exposition theory natural selection applications general reading bruce encyclopedia perception volume sage behavior forbes peter camouflage yale history theory evidence cryptic function stevens martin animal camouflage mechanisms function speed avoiding attack journals allen nicholas december test predicted relationship lighting environment american naturalist november principles camouflage tactical technical trends roy february non scientific reflections camouflage art war philosophical transactions retrieved white plumage sea birds nature survival value wild birds predators biological journal society ann art nature science war attached shadow orientation perceived depth chickens environment illuminated jones hawaiian squid testing hypothesis image processing approach animal behaviour ocean life mammals retrieved january october notes larvae etc transactions october notes larvae etc transactions present day learned function speed kelly david function animal behaviour speed kelly bird species ecology multiple names authors list link based retrieved january kurt december advanced camouflage system method patent application publication retrieved january young animals evidence living squid science young intensity regulation living animals | Countershading | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Ecology |
12193_Habitat | habitat habitat ecological environmental area inhabited particular species animal plant type organism term typically refers zone organism lives find food shelter protection mates reproduction natural environment organism lives physical environment surrounds species population habitat physical factors soil moisture range temperature light intensity factors availability food presence absence predators organism certain habitat needs conditions thrive tolerant wide variations specific requirements habitat necessarily geographical area interior stem rotten log rock moss parasitic organism body host host body digestive tract single cell host body habitat types include polar temperate subtropical tropical terrestrial vegetation type forest grassland semi arid desert fresh water habitats include marshes streams rivers lakes ponds marine habitats include salt marshes coast zone reefs bays open sea sea bed deep water submarine habitats change time violent event eruption volcano earthquake change oceanic currents change gradual alterations climate ice sheets glaciers advance retreat different weather patterns bring changes precipitation solar radiation changes come direct result human activities ancient diversion rivers draining introduction alien species devastating effect native wildlife increased predation competition resources introduction diseases native species immunity definition etymology word habitat use derives latin person singular present indicative inhabit hold habitat defined natural environment organism place natural live grow similar meaning area uniform environmental conditions associated particular community plants animals environmental factors chief environmental factors affecting distribution living organisms temperature humidity climate soil type light intensity presence absence requirements organism needs sustain generally speaking animal communities reliant specific types plant communities plants animals habitat requirements met wide range locations small white butterfly example found continents world apart antarctica larvae feed wide range plant species open location diverse plant associations large blue butterfly specific requirements found chalk grassland areas larvae feed species complex requirements inhabits areas ants live disturbance important creation habitats absence disturbance climax vegetation cover develops prevents establishment species meadows created flowering plants disappear years absence patches bare ground grow lightning strikes toppled trees tropical forests allow species maintained pioneering species fill gaps created similarly coastal habitats dominated disturbed storm algae swept away shifting sediment new areas cause disturbance area overwhelmed invasive introduced species kept control natural enemies new habitat types habitat terrestrial habitat types include forests wetlands broad specific habitats varying climate types temperature regimes soils altitudes vegetation types habitats grade typical communities plants animals habitat suit particular species presence absence particular location depends extent chance dispersal abilities efficiency freshwater habitats include rivers streams lakes ponds marshes organisms found habitats majority specific requirements water velocity temperature oxygen important factors river systems fast slow sections pools provide range habitats similarly aquatic plants floating semi submerged submerged grow permanently temporarily saturated soils bodies water marginal plants provide important habitat invertebrates submerged plants provide water absorb nutrients play reduction pollution marine habitats include water bays open sea zone sea bed reefs deep water zones variations include rock pools sand banks sandy beaches beds supporting flora fauna benthic zone provides home static organisms anchored substrate large range organisms crawling surface creatures float waves surface water floating debris swim range depths including organisms zone close organisms drift currents form desert kind habitat presence amphibians requirement water skins moist development young frogs live creating moist habitats underground conditions adverse couch emerges occurs lays eggs pools form develop great little days undergo feed digging organisms cope drying habitat ways pools ponds form rainy season dry specially adapted characteristic flora mainly consisting seeds survive drought uniquely adapted animals adapted extreme habitats exist fairy lay winter eggs resistant blown dust ending new depressions ground survive dormant state long years behave similar way eggs hatch juvenile fish grow great conditions right population fish end eggs dried mud pond animals plants taken residence urban environments tend use town features homes rats mice followed man globe house use buildings nesting bats use roof space visit garbage streets thought live chicago survey dwelling houses northern european cities twentieth century found species inside including species beetle flies butterflies bees spiders ants number groups warmer climates urban habitat species known affect buildings species cause structural damage small scale physical requirements particular organism population habitat includes large numbers subtly different exposure light humidity temperature air movement factors grow north face boulder different grow south face level grow ground nearby growing grooves raised surfaces different growing veins miniature forests species specific habitat requirements numerous different wood coniferous forest broad forest open woodland scattered trees woodland tree trunk branch leaf flower fruit rough bark smooth bark damaged bark rotten wood hollow groove hole canopy layer plant layer leaf litter soil root fallen log stem base grass fungus moss greater structural diversity wood greater number present range tree species individual specimens varying sizes ages range features streams level areas slopes tracks areas provide suitable conditions enormous number plants animals example britain estimated types rotting wood home species parasitic organism habitat particular outside inside host adapted live life cycle parasites involves different host species free living life stages providing vastly different organism present water marshes southeastern united_states intermediate host second glass shrimp final host shrimp extreme habitats vast majority life earth lives moderate environments organisms managed extreme environments unsuitable higher life forms bacteria example living half mile ice antarctica absence sunlight rely organic material decaying matter melt water minerals underlying rock bacteria found abundance trench deepest place ocean earth marine snow surface layers sea valley providing extensive community bacteria live habitats lacking oxygen dependent chemical reactions rocky found communities apparently based products reactions water constituents rocks communities little studied important global carbon cycle rock mines miles deep harbour live minute traces hydrogen produced slow reactions inside rock reactions allow life exist places oxygen light environment previously thought devoid life zone zone oceans relatively familiar habitats vast bulk ocean air breathing humans divers limited upper lower limit depth prevailing conditions include total darkness high pressure little oxygen places scarce food resources extreme cold habitat challenging research little studied vast earth depths greater plant life animals zone reliant food drifting surface layers predators feeding organisms swimming drifting mid ocean benthic living near growth rates tend slow eyes large detect little illumination blind rely sensory number deep sea creatures serves variety functions including predation protection social recognition general bodies animals living great depths adapted high pressure environments having pressure resistant small organic molecules present cells know proteins flexibility need membranes prevent low temperatures discovered ocean depths result heated cracks places hot close water hot springs forth temperatures support unique communities organisms immediate vicinity basis life process convert substances hydrogen organic molecules bacteria primary producers ecosystems support diverse array life species organism dominated worms crustaceans discovered end twentieth century new science endemic habitats providing opportunities winged animals dispersal grains spores seeds atmosphere considered habitat right active present actively reproduce spend existence airborne hundreds thousands individual organisms estimated present cubic metre air airborne community diverse found soil terrestrial environments organisms evenly distributed varying altitude environmental conditions little studied evidence nitrogen clouds clear evidence carbon cycling facilitated activity examples extreme habitats specially adapted exist tar pits life naturally occurring crude oil pools inhabited larvae petroleum fly hot springs temperature high create cold hydrogen issue ocean floor support higher animals form associations organisms salt harbour salt tolerant fungus ice sheets antarctica support fungi algae grow habitat change natural processes activities man landscapes associated habitats change time slow changes associated processes cause rapid changes associated earthquakes landslides storms flooding coastal erosion changes land use changes habitats brought alterations farming practices tourism pollution climate change loss habitat single greatest threat species island endemic organism lives reason species extinct type habitat surrounded different habitat similar situation island forest divided parts logging strips cleared land separating woodland blocks distances remaining fragments exceeds distance individual animal able travel species especially vulnerable small populations generally lack genetic diversity threatened increased predation increased competition disease unexpected edge forest fragment increased light encourages secondary growth fast growing species old growth trees vulnerable logging access improved birds nest hang branches invertebrates leaf litter adversely affected biodiversity reduced habitat extent provision wildlife corridors connecting fragments river ditch strip trees highway corridors seeds disperse animals especially small ones travel hostile territory putting populations greater risk local extinction habitat disturbance long lasting effects environment vigorous grass europe introduced united_states invasive highly adapted fire producing large amounts increasing frequency intensity areas established altered local fire extant native plants survive frequent fires allowing dominant marine example sea populations explode coastal waters destroy present previously forest barren years profound effect food chain removal sea disease example result returning abundance fast growing habitat protection protection habitats necessary step maintenance biodiversity habitat destruction occurs animals plants reliant habitat suffer countries enacted legislation protect wildlife form setting national parks forest reserves wildlife reserves restrict activities humans objective wildlife laws designed protect particular species group species legislation prohibit activities collecting bird eggs hunting animals removal plants general law protection habitats difficult implement site specific requirement concept introduced involves protecting critical habitat endangered species similar concept incorporated australian legislation international treaties necessary objectives setting marine reserves international agreement convention conservation migratory species wild animals protects animals migrate globe need protection country protection habitats needs account needs local residents food fuel resources legislation protects environment lack enforcement prevents effective protection faced food shortage farmer likely level patch ground despite suitable habitat endangered species rat kill animal pest regard desirable educate community flora fauna benefits habitat habitat single species animal plant dominant virtually exclude species example planted burnt harvested killing controlling invertebrates habitat occurs botanical contexts component conservation biology restoration ecology native plant communities habitats invasive species create stands replace prevent species especially indigenous ones growing dominant colonization occur chemicals nutrient lack natural controls climate balance native habitats yellow botanical habitat example currently dominating acres km2 california non native freshwater areas great lakes mississippi_river watershed habitat example predators control home range russia absent imply simplicity compared habitats habitat complex aquatic habitats exotic beds support similarly rich fauna varied habitat creatures present differ affecting small fish animals higher food chain | Habitat | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Ecology |
12394_Birdmigration | bird migration bird migration regular seasonal movement north south breeding grounds species bird migrate migration carries high costs predation mortality including hunting humans driven primarily availability food occurs mainly northern hemisphere birds specific routes natural barriers mediterranean_sea caribbean_sea historically migration recorded years ago authors including homer aristotle book job species turtle recently began recording dates arrivals spring migrants finland scientific studies techniques including bird ringing satellite tracking threats migratory birds grown habitat destruction especially sites structures power lines wind farms arctic holds long distance migration record birds travelling arctic breeding grounds year species circle earth flying southern oceans migrate northern breeding grounds southern ocean shorter common including mountains timing migration controlled primarily changes day length migrating birds navigate cues sun stars earth magnetic field probably mental maps historical views records bird migration years ago ancient greek writers homer aristotle bible notes book job inquiry insight hawk spreads wings southward author wrote heavens knows seasons turtle dove swift crane time arrival aristotle noted cranes traveled marshes elder repeats aristotle observations swallow migration versus aristotle suggested birds belief persisted late listed titles papers dealing highly posthumously published natural history quoted man story found chalk cliff collapse man denied eyewitness writes found state winter country heard account worth attending early happen find frost snow immediately withdraw time favour hiding migration doubts return week warmer latitudes end eighteenth century migration explanation winter disappearance birds northern accepted history british birds volume mentions report intelligent master vessel islands saw great numbers flying northward states situation britain follows frequently night begin sides rivers pools erroneously supposed retire water describes experiment succeeded keeping alive britain years remained warm dry winters concludes experiments confirmed vienna result clearly proves fact admitted hands material instance differ birds nature life air leave country longer supply proper natural food general patterns migration regular seasonal movement north south undertaken species birds bird movements include response changes food availability habitat weather journeys termed true migration irregular invasions direction dispersal movement young away area migration marked annual non migratory birds said resident approximately world bird species long distance migrants bird populations migrate long distances common pattern involves flying north spring breed temperate arctic summer returning autumn grounds warmer regions south course southern hemisphere directions reversed land area far south support long distance migration primary motivation migration appears food example choose migrate fed winter longer days northern summer provide extended time breeding birds feed young helps birds produce larger related non migratory species remain tropics days autumn birds return warmer regions available food supply varies little season advantages offset high stress physical costs risks migration predation heightened migration falcon breeds mediterranean islands late breeding season coordinated autumn passage southbound migrants feeds young similar strategy adopted greater bat nocturnal migrants higher concentrations migrating birds sites prone parasites require heightened immune response species populations migratory known partial migration partial migration common southern continents australia non birds species partially migratory species population higher latitudes tends migratory winter lower latitude migrating birds bypass latitudes populations suitable habitats occupied example leap frog migration fully migratory species leap frog migration birds nest higher latitudes spend winter lower latitudes alternative chain migration populations slide evenly north south reversing order population common different ages sexes different patterns timing distance female migrate earlier autumn males begin birds starting broad narrows preferred routes termed routes typically follow mountain ranges coastlines rivers advantage wind patterns avoid geographical barriers large stretches open water specific routes genetically programmed learned varying degrees routes taken forward return migration different common pattern north_america clockwise migration birds flying north tend west flying south tend shift eastwards birds migrate flocks larger birds flying flocks reduces energy cost formation conserve energy need fly red knots found radar studies fly mph faster flocks flying birds fly varying altitudes migration expedition found skeletons northern black tailed bar headed recorded gps flying metres crossing time engaging highest rates climb altitude bird reports flying higher direct evidence fly low water gain altitude crossing land reverse pattern seen bird migration range bird strike aviation records united_states collisions occur bird migration limited birds fly species migrate swimming routes cover perform migration walking australia observed undertake long distance movements foot long distance migration typical image migration northern birds prey making long flights tropics species winter regions winters summer breeding grounds example pink iceland britain neighbouring countries whilst dark eyed arctic climates united_states american grounds extending american south northwestward western oregon migratory routes grounds traditional learned young migration parents ducks completely partially tropics european follows migratory trend breeding asia europe africa migration route long distance bird doesn follow straight line breeding grounds follow hooked arched line geographical barriers land birds barriers consist seas large water bodies high mountain ranges lack feeding sites lack thermal columns broad winged birds considerations barriers apply long distance land bird migration apply water birds reverse large area land bodies water offer feeding sites barrier bird feeds coastal waters avoiding barriers observed example migrating travel coast baltic_sea directly northern scandinavia similar situation occurs called north_america species western undertake long movements arctic breeding grounds warmer locations hemisphere travel longer distances tropics species migration success depends availability certain key food resources points migration route gives migrants opportunity refuel leg voyage examples important locations delaware bay bar tailed longest known non stop flight flying alaska new_zealand non breeding areas prior migration percent stored fat fuel journey migration similar pattern black breeding temperate northern hemisphere varying distances south northern winter arctic longest distance migration bird sees daylight moving arctic breeding grounds non breeding areas arctic banded chick islands british east coast reached melbourne australia months sea journey birds breed southern hemisphere migrate north southern winter species mainly order great southern oceans circle globe ride outside breeding season spread widely large areas open ocean food available longest distance migrants nesting migrate breeding colony norway journey reverse long lived birds cover enormous distances lives record breaking calculated flown million million miles year lifespan migration large broad winged birds rely thermal columns rising hot air enable include birds prey eagles birds migrate daytime migratory species groups great difficulty crossing large bodies water form land birds maintain active flight long distances mediterranean seas present major obstacle soaring birds cross points massive numbers large pass areas migration times common species european honey counted hundreds thousands autumn barriers mountain ranges cause particularly large migrants notable factor central american migratory heaviest migratory funnels earth avoiding flying black_sea surface high mountains hundreds thousands soaring birds funnel area city georgia birds prey honey migrate lose weight migration explain forage migration smaller birds prey active flight hawks nocturnal migration smaller birds smaller birds including migrate large distances usually night land morning feed days resuming migration birds referred passage migrants regions occur short origin destination nocturnal migrants minimize predation avoid feed day cost nocturnal migration loss sleep migrants able alter quality sleep compensate loss short distance migration long distance migrants appear genetically programmed respond changing day length species short distances need timing mechanism instead moving response local weather conditions mountain breeders white escape cold higher ground species coast south species like migratory britain continental europe moving lives short distance migrants evolutionary origins long distance migrants family common species southern hemisphere origins progressively shortened return migration stay northern hemisphere species long distance migratory relatives effectively moving response winter weather loss usual winter food enhanced breeding opportunities tropics little variation length day year warm food supply migration occurs tropical birds evidence enables migrants obtain preferred foods fruits migration common mountains worldwide dispersal circumstances good breeding season followed food source failure following year lead large numbers species far normal range bohemian unpredictable variation annual numbers major arrivals britain nineteenth century years red widespread invasions england noted bird migration primarily entirely phenomenon land birds high northern latitudes food scarce winter leave areas south including continental larger contrast species likely migrate large area ocean islands suitable nest physiology control control migration timing response genetically controlled appear primitive trait present non migratory species birds ability navigate orient migration complex phenomenon include programs learning timing primary cue migration changes day length changes related changes birds period migration birds display higher activity german migratory described changes increased fat deposition occurrence cage raised birds environmental cues shortening day falling temperature pointed role programs controlling bird birds display flight direction corresponds migratory direction nature changing direction roughly time wild change course species considerable sexual males tend return earlier breeding sites females termed orientation navigation navigation based variety senses birds shown use sun compass sun direction involves need making compensation based time navigation shown based combination abilities including ability detect magnetic fields use visual landmarks cues long distance migrants believed disperse young birds form potential breeding sites favourite sites site attachment high site fidelity visiting sites year year ability birds navigate fully explained programming help responses environmental cues ability successfully perform long distance probably fully explained accounting ability birds recognize habitats form mental maps satellite tracking day migrating honey shown older individuals better making wind drift migratory birds use electromagnetic tools find destinations entirely innate relies experience young bird migration flies correct direction according earth magnetic field know far journey radical pair mechanism chemical reactions special photo sensitive long affected field works daylight hours use position sun way stage bird position boy scout compass map grows accustomed journey capabilities use experience learns landmarks mapping system tell bird strong field birds migrate northern southern regions magnetic field strengths different latitudes let interpret radical pair mechanism accurately let know reached destination connection eye cluster active orientation suggesting birds actually able magnetic field earth migrating birds lose way appear outside normal ranges flying past destinations spring birds returning breeding areas end north intended certain areas location famous birds examples canada england reverse migration genetic programming young birds fails work properly lead turning thousands kilometres range drift migration birds blown course wind result falls large numbers migrants coastal sites related phenomenon called involves birds region joining similar birds different breeding region common winter grounds migrating new population especially common shift migration conditioning possible teach migration route flock birds example introduction schemes trial canada aircraft teach safe migration routes reintroduced cranes adaptations birds need alter order meet demands migration storage energy accumulation fat control sleep nocturnal migrants require special adaptations addition feathers bird suffer wear tear require timing usually year twice varies species prior moving winter grounds prior returning breeding grounds apart adaptations migration requires changes flying flocks reduce energy migration risk predation evolutionary ecological factors migration birds highly believed developed independently agreed adaptations necessary migration genetic control authors argued genetic change necessary migratory behavior develop species genetic framework migratory behavior exists nearly explains rapid appearance migratory behavior recent glacial maximum theoretical analyses increase flight distance aerodynamic grounds bird loads food cross long barrier flies efficiently species migratory routes reflect historical range expansions far optimal ecological terms example migration continental populations fly far east north_america turning south florida reach northern south_america route believed consequence range expansion occurred years ago caused differential wind conditions predation risk factors climate change large scale climatic changes experienced past expected effect timing migration studies shown variety effects including timing changes migration breeding population variations ecological effects migration birds aids movement species including turn carry micro organisms including concern human health global spread bird migration studied possible mechanism disease transmission found present special risk import pet domestic birds greater threat maintained birds lethal effects spread migrating birds birds role dispersal plants predators advantage concentration birds migration greater bats feed nocturnal migrating birds prey migrating study techniques early studies timing migration began finland collecting dates arrivals spring migrants bird migration routes studied variety techniques including oldest marking marked nick england scientific ringing pioneered techniques include radar satellite tracking stable hydrogen oxygen carbon nitrogen establish migratory sites breeding grounds stable methods establish migratory rely spatial differences bird diet incorporated tissues like feathers growing tissues claws muscle blood approach identify migration intensity makes use upward pointing record nocturnal contact calls flocks flying overhead analyzed laboratory measure time frequency species older technique migration involves observing face moon moon counting flocks birds fly night orientation behaviour studies traditionally carried variants setup known funnel consists circular cage covered glass wire screen sky visible setup placed controls environmental cues orientation behaviour bird inside cage studied distribution marks bird leaves walls cage approaches studies use direction bird horizon threats conservation human activities threatened migratory bird species distances involved bird migration mean cross political boundaries countries conservation measures require international cooperation international treaties signed protect migratory species including migratory bird treaty act migratory agreement concentration birds migration species risk spectacular migrants gone extinct passenger migration enormous flocks mile wide sky miles long taking days pass significant areas include stop sites breeding territories capture recapture study migrants high fidelity breeding sites similar strict association stop sites hunting migration routes threatens bird species populations cranes india declined hunting route particularly afghanistan birds seen favourite grounds national park structures power lines wind farms offshore oil known affect migratory birds migration hazards include pollution storms habitat destruction migration routes denying migrants food points example key habitat migration destroyed 1950s | Bird migration | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Ecology |
12787_Underwatercamouflage | underwater camouflage underwater camouflage set methods achieving avoidance observation allows visible aquatic organisms remain unnoticed organisms predators prey camouflage large bodies water differs markedly camouflage land environment essentially sides light falls generally variable background compare trees bushes main camouflage methods water transparency reflection counter illumination transparency important metres ocean counter illumination main method metres metres camouflage important dark waters metres camouflage relatively shallow waters like terrestrial camouflage additional methods animals example self decoration employed crabs animals sea dragon fish including sharks distraction fish active camouflage ability change colour rapidly fish cephalopods including octopus squid context ability camouflage oneself provides survival advantage constant struggle predators prey natural selection produced wide variety methods survival oceans aristotle commented color changing abilities camouflage signalling cephalopods including octopus octopus seeks prey changing colour render like colour stones adjacent alarmed methods main camouflage methods oceans transparency reflection transparency important metres ocean main method metres metres camouflage important dark waters metres animals open sea use methods camouflage camouflage relatively shallow waters like terrestrial camouflage additional methods animals different groups methods camouflage described turn transparency transparency common dominant animals open sea especially live relatively shallow waters found species larger animals floating marine animals float near surface highly transparent giving perfect camouflage transparency difficult bodies materials different marine animals gelatinous bodies composed mainly water thick highly transparent makes makes large muscle mass swim fast gelatinous animals cent transparent transparency cent animal invisible predator depth metres better transparency required shallower water light brighter predators better example prey cent transparent optimal lighting shallow water transparency effective deeper waters tissues muscles transparent provided thin organised regular layers small compared visible light familiar examples transparent body parts lens eye lens protein protein structures transparent notably equivalent light absorbing structures eyes absorb light able function camera type eye cephalopods completely finally structures visible reason lure prey example cells transparent resemble small examples transparent marine animals include wide variety larvae including floating worms crustaceans fish adults resembling shores live adult mainly transparent like background small amazon river fish associates transparent invisible species appear select transparent conventionally patterned according local background environment reflection fish covered highly reflective scales giving appearance mirror glass reflection widespread dominant fish open sea especially live metres transparency achieved imitated effectively animal body highly reflective medium depths sea light comes mirror oriented vertically makes animals fish invisible fish upper ocean herring marine extremely flattened leaving body millimetres thick body resemble aluminium foil mirrors consist microscopic structures similar provide structural coloration crystals spaced apart interfere achieve nearly cent reflection deep waters lives blue light needs reflected mirrors apart provide good camouflage fish herring live shallower water mirrors reflect mixture fish accordingly crystal range different fish bodies rounded cross section mirrors ineffective laid flat skin fail reflect horizontally overall mirror effect achieved small oriented vertically found marine animals fish cephalopods including squid octopus multi layer mirrors protein counter illumination counter illumination underside ventral region body found species live open ocean metres generated light increases animal seen match ocean surface effective form active camouflage notably species squid squid light producing organs scattered creating sparkling glow prevents animal appearing dark shape seen counter illumination camouflage likely function marine organisms light produced attract detect prey signalling common fish including sharks animals groups turtles animals dark upper sides match ocean depths light avoid appearing dark bright sea surface practised animals sea dragon leaf resemble parts plants gently rock bodies current fish species dragon striking difference appearance adults juveniles juvenile resembles loose piece sea vertical position head pointing downwards way perfectly resembles movement piece moving forth surge self decoration self decoration employed animals different groups including crabs attach materials environment living organisms camouflage example japanese crab growing shell lives crab orange bitter eaten fish similarly sea use tube feet pick debris attach upper surfaces use shells rocks algae sea distraction fish near tails distract attacks away vulnerable head eye example conceal eye large near tail giving impression head tail end body disruption outlines fish bold patterns sides breaking outlines strong contrasts fish like similar bands colour extend fins projecting far body distracting attention true shape fish fish mimic elaborate projections spines combined complex coloration effect destroying signature fish outline animals helping appear pieces algae coloration variety marine animals possess active camouflage ability change colour rapidly living fish hide effectively variety backgrounds cephalopods including octopus squid similarly use colour change case camouflage signalling example big blue octopus octopus hunts day match colours textures surroundings avoid predators enable approach prey perfectly resemble rock coral hiding necessary order scare away potential predator display markings resemble eyes like excellent camouflage use cryptic coloration avoid detected prey predators possible swim crawl fins constantly changing colours patterns match background study demonstrated ability change pattern seconds able match pattern placed changing pattern extremely complex process involving vision fish eyes damaged covered sand difficulties matching pattern surroundings fish hunting hiding predators sand leaving eyes protruding | Underwater camouflage | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Ecology |
14268_Mimicry | evolutionary biology similarity species protects case prey species class adaptation similarity appearance behaviour sound scent occur areas models occurs group organisms evolve share perceived characteristics group models evolution driven selective action signal receiver birds example use sight identify insects whilst avoiding models model usually species cases example end butterfly resemble head predator strike butterfly likely direction movement signal receiver typically organism common predator species interaction cases mimic harmful receiver increase reduce effect fitness model depending situation model hard identify example resemble specific organism eyes camouflage attributed particular model related camouflage species resembles surroundings difficult detect particular mimic takes properties specific object organism indifferent area overlap camouflage example animals flower resemble twigs bark leaves flowers difficulty avoided choosing different term broad sense encompass forms avoiding detection camouflage hiding visual animal coloration obvious humans senses smell hearing involved type signal employed involve morphology behaviour properties case signal functions receiver preventing correctly identifying mimic evolutionary terms phenomenon form evolution usually involving evolutionary arms confused evolution occurs species come resemble adapting similar lifestyles different models different life cycle stages different individuals imitating different models models mimic frequency dependent selection favors models models tend relatively closely related organisms vastly different species known known insects animal known plants fungi research carried area etymology use word dates derives greek term turn verbal imitate originally describe people classification types described overview follows highlighting similarities differences forms classification based function respect mimic avoiding harm cases belong class aggressive mutually exclusive describes species relationship model mimic describes function mimic obtaining food defensive defensive protective takes place organisms able avoid harmful encounters enemies treating cases discussed organisms protected warning coloration harmless mimic poses harmful harmful species mutually advertise harmful deadly mimic resembles harmful lesson teaching model fourth case resemble crops important reasons case humans agent selection mimic shares signals similar model attribute makes predators words mimic sheep wolf clothing named english naturalist work butterflies amazon described naturalist river pioneering field study likely found example predators low proportion model phenomenon called negative frequency dependent selection applies forms maintained harm caused predator eating model benefit eating mimic nature learning weighted favor predator bad experience model tends avoid looks like long time sample soon initial experience false negative abundant models probability young predator having experience mimic increases systems likely stable model mimic occur model abundant mimic case described order consul imitate butterflies produce click calls mimic tiger genus mimic octopus able intentionally alter body shape coloration resemble dangerous sea snakes amazon rare species lives atlantic forest brazil argentina similar red crest black barred underside larger reduces attacks animals scientists falsely believed close cousin species visual similarity species live habitat eat similar food named german naturalist describes situation species similar warning signals share genuine anti predation attributes explain harmful need mimic forward explanation phenomenon common predator species individuals species likely survive type unique respects firstly mimic model benefit interaction classified respect signal receiver system despite species identity avoids potentially harmful encounters usually clear distinction mimic model blurred species scarce abundant rare species said mimic present similar numbers realistic speak mimic distinct mimic model species warning signals tend converge species exist harmless highly grades smoothly convergence monarch butterfly member complex butterfly sharing coloration patterns display behavior subspecies somewhat different coloration closely matching local species example florida pairing queen butterfly mexico resembles soldier butterfly involved different pairs example long believed mimicking monarch actually species genus species strong birds species catching butterflies wing find hard catch conspicuous blue coloration shared species pursuit orange complex butterfly species includes seven species genera form ring eastern united_states unrelated species converge similar color patterns range overlaps describes unusual cases deadly prey mimic dangerous species proposed possible answer theoretical difficulties predator species faces potentially dangerous animals coral snake predator increased risk death learned behaviour theory developed german biologist chapter plants animals named german points forward similar hypothesis years earlier scenario little difficult understand types usually harmful species model predator dies learn recognize warning signal bright colors certain pattern words advantage organism likely kill predator succeeds poisoning animal better avoid attacks altogether species harmful deadly predator learn recognize particular warning colors avoid animals deadly species profit mimicking dangerous organism reduces number attacks exception ignoring chance animals learning watching die discussion learning possibility having learn harmful place genetic programming wary certain signals case organisms benefit programming potentially evolve fact shown species innate recognition certain warnings hand predators avoid snakes red yellow rings colors pattern red yellow stripes width rings tolerated models red yellow rings feared birds flying away giving alarm calls cases provides alternative explanation review subject harmless milk snake subspecies moderately toxic false coral snakes genus deadly coral snakes genus red background color black white yellow rings system milk snakes deadly coral snakes false coral snakes model suggested system instance similar colour patterns having evolved independently similar habitats refers cases mimic resembles model lives nest colony models social insects ants bees describes come share characteristics plant artificial selection named russian botanist selection occur manually killing separating seeds crop process known manually machine presents illustration anti intentional selection man cases artificial selection direction desired selective breeding case presents opposite characteristics want select look increasingly like cultivated plant option case species grass found rice fields plant looks similar rice seeds mixed rice difficult separate similar problem agriculture resistance farmers wish select increasingly similar resistance crop inevitable effect eventually case wheat called crops secondary crops classified defensive protected species bears strong similarity share properties model protection model case people harmed presence key differences model signal receiver enemies predator eat protected species crop human relationship crop benefits dispersed protected people despite eaten fact crop protection relevant humans secondly eaten simply destroyed motivation killing effect crop yields finally type occur ecosystems humans protective egg unlike previously mentioned forms involves species potential host prey drives away parasite predator mimicking reverse host parasite aggressive coined phrase rare systems named american form protective occurs genus leaves plant contain deter animals butterfly larvae evolved break allowing genus created selection pressure host plants evolved mimic mature eggs near point hatching butterflies tend avoid laying eggs near existing ones helps avoid competition lay vacant leaves provide offspring greater chance survival larvae meaning leaves older eggs hatch eat new arrivals plants evolved egg grazing enemies addition eggs attracting predators ants acts defense plant protective species named form model belongs species mimic single species occurs spectrum population examples include monarch queen subfamily feed species varying species store host plant maintained adult form levels vary depending diet stage individuals toxic organisms mimic dangerous individuals likeness perfected case sexually species sex threat mimic protected sex evidence possibility provided behavior monkey regularly ate male genus promptly stopped female aggressive aggressive describes predators parasites share characteristics harmless species allowing avoid detection prey host mimic resemble prey host organism neutral beneficial signal receiver class model affected negatively positively parasites treated form predator host parasite treated aggressive mimic particular significance prey case spiders aggressive common prey approaching predators case golden spins conspicuous golden colored web lit areas experiments bees able associate danger yellow pigment present occurs lit areas web harder colors learned avoided bees able effectively associate yellow danger yellow color bearing flowers avoiding yellow worthwhile form based color pattern species silver employ prominent patterns middle reflect light mimic pattern seen flowers known guides spiders change web day day explained bee ability remember web patterns bees able associate certain pattern spatial location meaning spider spin new pattern regularly suffer diminishing prey capture case males lured sexually receptive female model situation species beginning 1960s investigation female genus revealed light signals females genus use mating signal research showed male different genera attracted subsequently captured eaten female signals based received male female having repertoire signals matching delay duration female corresponding species evolved non mating signals modified predation inland australia capable attracting male tribe imitating species specific reply sexually receptive female example acoustic aggressive similar case predator remarkably versatile experiments able attract males species including continents mating signals species specific plants able increase rate capture necessary condition predator significant advantage simply identified resemble species little relevance prey case situation species cleaner fish mimic example model greatly presence mimic cleaner fish allies species allow eat parasites dead skin allow cleaner venture inside body hunt parasites species cleaner cleaner model species sabre toothed resides coral reefs indian recognized fishes let clean species lives indian_ocean looks like terms size coloration cleaner dance having prey letting guard bites tearing piece fin fleeing fish fashion soon learn distinguish mimic model similarity close cautious model affected victims ability foe evolved close similarity right regional level interesting example involve zone tailed hawk resembles turkey vulture flies suddenly breaking formation prey hawk presence evident significance affecting negatively positively parasites parasites aggressive situation somewhat different outlined previously predators feature draws prey parasites mimic host natural prey eaten host genus matures digestive system eggs passing bird taken terrestrial eggs develop intermediate host find suitable bird mature host birds eat strategy reach host brightly colored fashion sac eye coming resemble irresistible meal way bridge gap hosts allowing complete life cycle changes colour abdomen workers canopy appear like fruits changes behaviour rear held raised presumably increases chances eaten birds birds collected ants fed brood helping spread unusual case larvae beetles genus form group produce sex host bee species male bee arrives attempts mate mass larvae climb abdomen transfer female bee bee nest bee larvae host parasite species system parasite host canonical example brood form mother offspring raised organism cutting biological mother parental investment process ability lay eggs mimic host eggs key adaptation adaptation different hosts inherited female line called cases brood female lays nest illustrated duck represent case example chemical parasitic butterfly species releasing chemicals fool worker ants believe larvae larvae enable larvae brought directly nest parasitic included resemble hosts closely expected chance areas like europe parasite host common requiring parasite coloration host constitute aggressive reproductive reproductive occurs actions directly aid mimic reproduction common plants flowers provide reward offer forms reproductive component involving seeds brood involve aggressive flowers named form female flowers mimic male flowers species cheating reward reproductive readily apparent members species exhibit degree sexual common species like form reproductive floral model belongs different species mimic refers providing similar sensory signals model flower lure like provided resembles flowers monarch butterflies similar cases seen species family species example beetle usually colored flowers known aid species normally bees occurs flower female certain insect species inducing males try flower like aggressive described previously outcome form called described phenomenon common mimic females order generally bees account depending morphology flower sac called attached head abdomen male transferred stigma flower male tries resulting visual obvious sign deception humans visual aspect minor non existent senses touch important inter sexual inter sexual occurs individuals sex species mimic members opposite sex example male forms marine alpha males largest guard females beta males mimic females manage enter females detected alpha males allowing mate gamma males smallest males mimic juveniles allows mate females alpha males detecting similarly common males mimic yellow throat coloration mating rejection behavior sex sneak guarded females males look behave like females strategy effective males orange ineffective blue males chase away female spotted pseudo look like males occurs single species form organism body resembles example tails snakes resemble heads behavior moving backwards threatened presenting predator tail improving chances escape fatal harm species fishes near tails mildly alarmed swim slowly backwards presenting tail head insects tail patterns degrees promote attacks rear head species owl bear false eyes head misleading predators reacting subject aggressive writers use term mimic species example species males mimic females vice versa instance sexual evolutionary game theory examples found species birds fishes elaborate strategies lines known known paper rock different examples species species insects toxic fed certain plants contain chemicals particular classes fed plants lack chemicals instance species subfamily feed species family render poisonous predators insects frequently coloured patterned feeding plants harmless bird sampled toxic specimen unlikely eat harmless specimens coloration regarded toxic members species seen species anterior abdominal segments alarmed head segments body leaving apparently threatening large eyes visible body insects tails ends wings patterns markings wings combine create false head predators birds jumping spiders spectacular examples occur butterflies flower commonly upside shift rear wings repeatedly causing antenna like movements tails wings studies rear wing damage support hypothesis strategy effective attacks insect head forms fit easily classification given previously floral induced fungus unusual case fungal plant leaves causing effect mimicking flowers naked eye leaves look like flowers attract insects like bees signal case unusual fungus benefits deception leaves act harmed process similar host parasite host receive signal little common plant benefit action required produce evolution widely accepted positive adaptation novelist argued natural selection stabilize mimic form necessary create widely accepted model explain evolution butterflies step hypothesis step involves genes regulate complex cluster linked genes cause large changes morphology second step consists selections genes smaller effects creating increasingly close resemblance model supported evidence suggests single point cause large effects numerous produce smaller effects regulatory elements collaborate form development butterfly color patterns model supported population controlled gene imperfect natural selection drives far predators example predators avoid mimic resembles coral snake mimic sufficiently protected evolution alternative explanation organisms coral reef fish benthic marine invertebrates come resemble children camouflage creative education minnesota usa great_britain isbn | Mimicry | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Ecology |
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