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turingmachine
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hupd-npe-balanced-same-year-same-class-subset

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Split (1)

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10,850,330	ACCEPTED	Gas distribution assembly with rotary taps for a cooking appliance	The gas distribution assembly (1) is adapted for the supply of a gas flow (G) to a cooking appliance with top burners, and comprises a straight tubular-shaped manifold conduit. (2) and various rotary taps (C1-C4) provided with an arched mounting base, which are superimposed in twos opposite to each other on a tubular part (2b) of the manifold, and fixed by means of common screws (10). The tap drive shafts (16) stand out from the horizontal cooking plane (CP) occupying a small-sized square geometric area (D×D) . A supporting leg (12) for the distribution assembly (1) is made of a plate folded and fixed on a horizontal structural base (SB), the gas feeder nipple (3) being connected to a central hollow part (2a) of the manifold, extended in a direction opposite to that of the drive shafts (16).	1.- Gas distribution assembly fitted with various taps, adapted for the supply of a gas flow (G) to the top burners of a cook appliance provided with a horizontal cooking plane (CP) and a vertical front wall (FP) comprising: a gas manifold conduit (2) supported under said horizontal cooking plane (CP) and provided with a gas conducting central part (2a) connected to a gas feeder nipple (3); said various taps (C1-C4) being of a rotary type, each provided with an outlet conduit (8) for supplying a gas flow (G) to the respective burner, a drive shaft (16) for regulating said gas flow (G), and an arched mounting base (14) having a built-in gas inlet connected directly to the manifold conduit (2); wherein the manifold conduit (2) is of a straight configuration and has at least one mounting tubular part (2b) extended axially from said conducting central part (2a), and adapted in its shape for the fitting of two rotary taps (C1-C4), with their mounting bases (14) superimposed opposite each other encircling the manifold tubular part (2b), and attached to it by means of common screws (10); a supporting means (12) for the gas distribution assembly (1) within a housing (H×W) of the cooking appliance, anchored on a horizontal structural base (SB) of the appliance, with a horizontal central axis (6) of the manifold conduit oriented at right angles to this front wall (FP) of the appliance, and the tap drive shafts (16) standing out of said cooking plane (CP); wherein, as there are three or four taps (C1-C4) mounted on the gas manifold conduit (2), their drive shafts (16) occupy a geometric square (D×D) drawn by them on the horizontal cooking plane (CP). 2.- The gas manifold assembly fitted with various taps according to claim 1, wherein the manifold conduit (2) being of a straight configuration is provided with said gas conducting central part (2b) in communication with at least one tubular part (2a) for installing two taps (C1-C4), receiving one end of said gas feeder nipple (3) for its connection, and the latter extended in the direction opposite to that of the tap drive shafts (16). 3.- The gas distribution assembly fitted with various taps according to claim 1, wherein said means (12,SB) for supporting the gas distribution assembly (1), comprises a supporting leg (12) formed by means of an upper arched bearing part (12a) for holding said manifold central part (2a), and two lower fastening wings (12b) a given width (W) apart from each other, which are anchored to said structural base (SB) of the appliance, so the gas distribution assembly (1) occupies a cubic space (H×W) adjacent to the front panel (FP), and the gas feeder nipple (3) is connected to a gas source below the structural base (SB). 4.- The gas manifold assembly fitted with various taps according to claim 1, wherein the taps (C1-C4) are provided with an connecting adapter (9) in the each tap outlet (8) for connecting the gas flow (G) to the respective top burner, by an adapter outlet pipe (9a) running horizontally, and oriented in a radial direction with an angle of inclination (A) relative to the front panel (FP).	TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present description relates to the supply of gas to a household cooking appliance provided with various top burners by way of a gas flow distribution assembly fitted with a number of rotary type regulating taps mounted on a manifold conduit, and to a constructional detail for the installation of the manifold assembly on an appliance wall. PRIOR ART Fuel gas distribution assemblies fitted with manual rotary type taps are already well known. They are installed on a panel of the cooking appliance frame with the tap drive shafts aligned on the front panel of the appliance or forming a square projecting above the horizontal cooking plane. The gas manifold assembly disclosed for instance in GB-2182429-A comprises a main round section distribution pipe or common rail on which a number of manual rotary taps are fitted in line. The manifold pipe or gas rail has its two ends sealed with plugs and each tap takes the gas flow from an individual hole in the manifold pipe. The taps are the type that has an arched mounting base with a built-in gas inlet. The tap is connected to the round gas rail by superimposing its arched base encircling the distribution pipe, with matching geometrical shapes, and secured to it with screws. The individual tap outlet pipes run in a direction at right angles to the front panel of the appliance. In U.S. Pat. No 4,705,018-A a gas cooker appliance is disclosed provided with a gas distribution system, which comprises a round flat-surfaced manifold box, four individual taps mounted on the box for supplying a gas flow to four top burners, a gas feed nipple connected to the manifold box on the side opposite to the taps, and at least one support leg for anchoring to the frame of the appliance. On this manifold box the taps form a geometrical square with the drive shafts facing upwards. The gas outlet of the taps is oriented with an angle of inclination in relation to the front and side panels of the appliance, above the upper cooking plane of the appliance. This arrangement of the manifold assembly occupies a small surface area and the orientation of the outlet pipes crossing one another is used in cooking appliance with four control knobs positioned on the top surface of the appliance. This known distribution assembly has a structurally complex and economically expensive gas manifold box. DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION The object of the invention is a gas distribution assembly, fitted with a number of manual taps adapted for the supply of a flow of gas to the top burners of a cooking appliance, wherein the taps provided with a arched mounting base, are arranged on a manifold conduit oppositely superimposed in twos on the conduit, and the drive shafts of the taps being arranged on a small-sized geometrical area on the cooking top plane of the appliance. The gas distribution assembly according to the invention is of simple configuration and economic construction adapted for the installation of an existing type of gas tap, with the mounting base arched. The gas manifold assembly comprises a straight manifold conduit, which has a central part wherein the gas feeder nipple is connected, and two tubular parts on each of which are fitted two oppositely superimposed taps, encircling the tubular part and secured to it by means of common screws. To facilitate the connection and installation of the supply pipe to each cooking appliance burner, the gas distribution assembly also comprises an elbow-shaped gas flow connecting adapter in each tap outlet, whereby the connecting adapter changes the right-angle orientation to the front plane of the appliance, typical of the outlet body of the existing tap, to an outlet conduit oriented in a horizontal and radial direction with an acute angle of inclination in relation to this front plane. DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is an elevational view of a gas distribution assembly mounted in an cooking appliance, provided with four gas taps. FIG. 2 is a plan view of the gas distribution assembly of FIG. 1. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT In reference to FIGS. 1 and 2 a gas distribution assembly embodiment 1 is described as adapted to a cooking appliance with four top burners, comprising a manifold conduit 2 and a gas feeder nipple 3 connected to the manifold conduit, two pairs of taps C1-C4 provided with a tap outlet pipe 8 for the supply of an individual gas flow “G”, a connecting adapter 9 for this tap outlet, and a supporting leg 12 made of folded plate for fixing the manifold assembly 1. The gas distribution assembly is fastened on a horizontal base “SB” of the cooking appliance frame, the manifold conduit 2 being oriented according to an axis 6 at right angles to the front panel “FP” of the appliance, and the tap drive shafts 16 stand out from the horizontal cooking plane “CP” of the appliance in an upward direction, preferably forming a geometric square. The manifold conduit 2 has a straight tubular shape, and is formed with a wide central part 2a for connecting the feeder nipple 3, and two narrower tubular parts 2b, one on either side, for fitting the taps C1-C4 in paired twos. The tubular parts 2b for mounting the taps are arched or round and are sealed by a plug at each end. The taps C1-C4 have a mounting base 14 to be superimposed on the tubular part of the manifold conduit 2. As the number of appliance burners is preferably four, the two arched bases 14 of each pair of taps C1-C2 and C3-C4 are oppositely engaging on the round surface of the tubular part 2b, wholly encircling it between both, and they are fastened by means of a pair of common screws 10. Both taps C1-C2 and C3-C4 of each pair are connected directly to the manifold conduit 2 by way of a respective gas intake hole 15 in each of the tubular parts 2b. The supporting leg 12 of the manifold assembly 1 is formed with an arched surface 12a on which the manifold conduit 2 is held, and two fastening wings 12b which are fixed to said structural base “SB” of the appliance, separated from each other by space width “W”. The four tap drive shafts 16 standing out from the cooking plane “CP” are spaced preferably the same length “D” apart between the two paired taps C1, C2 as between taps C1,C3 of different pair, for instance around 57 cm. The gas distribution assembly 1 installed in this way, occupies a cubic volume of height “H” and width “W” (FIG. 1) of around 95×95 mm, including the connecting adapters 9. The gas feeder nipple 3 is rigid and connected to a central intake hole 4 in the manifold conduit 2. The free end 3a of the gas nipple 3 in order to be connected to a gas source, is extended below the supporting leg 12 and outside the cubic space “H×W” for housing the distribution assembly 1 within the cooking appliance. The manifold assembly 1 uses four taps C1-C4 of an existing type, which are used previously mounted on manifold conduits aligned along on an appliance front panel. On the cooking appliance for which the gas distribution assembly 1 is adapted, the burners are located on the top cooking plane “CP”, in a position adjacent to the front plane “FP”. In order that the burner rigid tubes may run in a direction parallel to the front plane “FP”, each tap C1-C4 has an adapter 9 which is provided with an outlet pipe 9a, running horizontally on this structural base “SB” and oriented according to this radial direction with an acute angle of inclination “A” in relation to the front plane “FP”.	<SOH> TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION <EOH>The present description relates to the supply of gas to a household cooking appliance provided with various top burners by way of a gas flow distribution assembly fitted with a number of rotary type regulating taps mounted on a manifold conduit, and to a constructional detail for the installation of the manifold assembly on an appliance wall.		20040519	20060523	20050908	66530.0		0	BASICHAS, ALFRED	GAS DISTRIBUTION ASSEMBLY WITH ROTARY TAPS FOR A COOKING APPLIANCE	UNDISCOUNTED	0	ACCEPTED		2,004
10,850,445	ACCEPTED	Disposable pull-on wearing article	Here is disclosed a disposable pull-on wearing article improved so that a body fluid absorbent core may be curved about a crotch region toward front and rear waist regions without forming thick creases creating a feeling of discomfort against a wearer, and wherein a concavity bulging downward may be quickly formed in the crotch region as the core is curved. The article includes a body fluid absorbent core which includes a first core lying on a transverse middle of a crotch region and a pair of second cores lying on both sides of the first core. Front and rear end portions of the respective second cores are spaced apart from the first core by slit-like gaps and intermediate portions extending between the front and rear end portions are contiguous to the first core. Outer side edges of the respective second cores are formed with laid down V-shape cutouts.	1. A disposable pull-on wearing article having a front waist region, a rear waist region, a crotch region and a body fluid absorbent panel extending over said crotch region further into said front and rear waist regions and said body fluid absorbent panel having a longitudinal direction extending toward said front and rear waist regions and a transverse direction crossing said longitudinal direction, said disposable pull-on wearing article further comprising: said body fluid absorbent panel comprising a body fluid absorbent core having an inner surface facing a wearer's skin and an outer surface facing away from said wearer's skin and a liquid-pervious sheet covering at least said inner surface and facing said wearer's skin; a portion of said core lying in at least said crotch region of said front waist region, said rear waist region and said crotch region comprising a first core lying on a middle as viewed in said transverse direction and a pair of second cores lying on both sides of said first core; said second cores respectively having front end portions, rear end portions and intermediate portions extending between these front and rear end portions as viewed in said longitudinal direction; said front and rear end portions being spaced apart from said first core by front and rear pairs of slit-like gaps formed between said first core and respective said second cores and extending substantially in said longitudinal direction and said intermediate portions being contiguous to said first core; said second cores being formed along said transversely opposite outer side edges thereof with laid down V-shape cutouts diverging outward from said transversely opposite outer side edges; and said body fluid absorbent panel being provided in a vicinity of said outer side edges with elastic members extending in a stretched state in said longitudinal direction. 2. The disposable pull-on wearing article according to claim 1, wherein said elastic members include at least one pair of thread- or ribbon-like elastomer extending across said cutouts in said longitudinal direction along said outer side edges. 3. The disposable pull-on wearing article according to claim 1, wherein said core has inner and outer surfaces thereof wrapped with a liquid absorbent and spreading sheet and sections of said liquid absorbent and spreading sheet respectively covering said inner and outer surfaces are not bonded together in said slit-like gaps. 4. The disposable pull-on wearing article according to claim 1, further comprising an outer cover having a resistance against permeation of body fluids and serving as a chassis for said absorbent panel so that said absorbent panel extends over said crotch region and further extends into said front and rear waist regions on said outer cover. 5. The disposable pull-on wearing article according to claim 4, wherein said outer cover is of annular configuration.	BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to disposable pull-on wearing articles useful in the form of disposable pull-on diapers, disposable pants for incontinent patient, disposable training pants or the like. An invention aiming to provide a good fit wherein a crotch region of disposable wearing articles such as disposable diapers can be placed against a wearer's crotch region is disclosed in Japanese Laid-Open Patent Application No. 1997-173381 (Citation 1). In the diaper according to this disclosure, an absorbent panel comprises a first absorbent section laid at a longitudinally middle zone of the diaper and a pair of second absorbent sections laid along transversely opposite side edges of the crotch region and respectively spaced apart from the first absorbent section. Each of the second absorbent sections is formed along its side edge facing away from the first absorbent section with three-dimensional gathers. The crotch region of the diaper, when put on a wearer, presents a sectional shape as illustrated by FIG. 10 (corresponding to FIG. 4 in Citation 1). The diaper illustrated by FIG. 10 has the first absorbent section 104, the second absorbent sections 105 and the three-dimensional gathers 106. The second absorbent sections 105 rise up along the respective side edges of the first absorbent section 104 as the three-dimensional gathers 106 rise up and, in consequence, these first absorbent section 104, second absorbent sections 105, and the three-dimensional gathers 106 cooperate with one-another to form a concavity 107 bulging downward in the crotch region. This concavity 107 is available as a temporary retention space for urine discharged by the wearer until urine is completely absorbed by the absorbent panel. An absorbent garment disclosed in Japanese Patent Publication No. 2548718 (Citation 2) also aims to provide a good fit wherein the crotch region of the garment can be placed against a wearer's crotch region. This garment has an absorbent panel and a fastening means. The absorbent panel is formed along its transversely opposite side edges with open cutouts. In a vicinity of these cutouts, the absorbent panel is provided with elastic members, and a contractile force of these elastic members deforms the absorbent panel so as to close openings of the respective cutouts. Such deformation ensures that the absorbent panel well conforms with a wearer's crotch region and a concavity bulging downward is formed in the crotch region of the garment. The diaper disclosed in Citation 1 intends to facilitate the transversely opposite lateral zones of the absorbent panel in the crotch region, i.e., the second absorbent sections 105, to be deformed in the transverse direction by dividing the absorbent panel into the first absorbent section 104 and the second absorbent sections 105. However, upon such deformation, the absorbent panel is compressed in the longitudinal direction, describing a circular arc in the back-and-forth direction of the wearing article and forming a plurality of distinct creases. Consequently, the absorbent panel becomes bulky as the wearing article is put on the wearer in the crotch region, and such bulkiness may obstruct free movement of the wearer's legs and/or deteriorate an appearance of the article when worn by the wearer. In addition, to put the article illustrated in this Citation 1 on the wearer, the waist regions and the leg-surrounding regions should be placed closely against the wearer's corresponding regions to position the article relative to the wearer's body and then the front and rear waist regions should be connected together using fastener tapes. After the article has been put on the wearer in this manner, the crotch region may often be deformed in an inverted V-shape along the wearer's crotch region and the concavity 107 illustrated by FIG. 10 cannot be formed until after the crotch region has been gripped and pulled downward with the fingers. According to the disclosure of Citation 1, both the first absorbent section 104 and the second absorbent sections 105 are sandwiched between a liquid-pervious topsheet 101 and a liquid-impervious backsheet 102, and in boundary regions between the first and second absorbent sections 104, 105, these sheets 101, 102 are placed upon and bonded integrally. However, if any quantity of pulp particles and/or super-absorbent polymer particles is present in those boundary regions, it may be difficult or impossible to put the top- and backsheets 101, 102 in close contact with each other and to bond them together using adhesives or welding techniques, due to the presence of those particles. In the case of the absorbent panel having the top- and backsheets 101, 102 not properly bonded together in the vicinity of the first absorbent section 104 and/or second absorbent sections 105, the first absorbent section 4 and the second absorbent sections 105, particularly the second absorbent sections 105 each having a relatively small size are apt to get out of their predetermined shapes. The garment disclosed in Citation 2 is also of the open-type and, similarly to the article disposed in Citation 1, it is difficult for the absorbent panel to be deformed so that the openings of the respective cutouts may be reliably closed, and it is also difficult for the crotch region to be formed with the concavity. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is an object of the present invention to provide a disposable pull-on wearing article improved so that a body fluid absorbent core may be curved about a crotch region toward front and rear waist regions without forming thick creases creating a feeling of discomfort against a wearer and a concavity bulging downward may be quickly formed in the crotch region as the core is curved. According to the present invention, there is provided a disposable pull-on wearing article having a front waist region, a rear waist region, a crotch region and a body fluid absorbent panel extending over the crotch region further into the front and rear waist regions and the body fluid absorbent panel has a longitudinal direction extending toward the front and rear waist regions and a transverse direction crossing the longitudinal direction. The body fluid absorbent panel comprises a body fluid absorbent core having an inner surface facing a wearer's skin and an outer surface facing away from the wearer's skin and a liquid-pervious sheet covering at least the inner surface of these inner and outer surfaces and facing the wearer's skin; a portion of the core lying in at least the crotch region of those front waist region, rear waist region and crotch region comprising a first core lying on a middle as viewed in the transverse direction and a pair of second cores lying on both sides of the first core; the second cores respectively have front end portions, rear end portions and intermediate portions extending between these front and rear end portions as viewed in the longitudinal direction; the front and rear end portions are spaced apart from the first core by front and rear pairs of slit-like gaps formed between the first core and respective the second cores and extending generally in the longitudinal direction and the intermediate portions are contiguous to the first core; the second cores are formed along the transversely opposite outer side edges thereof with laid down V-shape cutouts diverging outward from the transversely opposite outer side edges; and the body fluid absorbent panel is provided in a vicinity of the outer side edges with elastic members extending in a stretched state in the longitudinal direction. According to one preferred embodiment of the invention, the elastic members include at least one pair of thread- or ribbon-like elastomer extending across the cutouts in the longitudinal direction along the outer side edges. According to another preferred embodiment of the invention, the core has its inner and outer surfaces wrapped with a liquid absorbent and spreading sheet and sections of the liquid absorbent and spreading sheet respectively covering the inner and outer surfaces are not bonded together in the slit-like gaps. According to still another preferred embodiment of the invention, the article further comprises an outer cover having a resistance against permeation of body fluids and serving as a chassis for the absorbent panel so that the absorbent panel extends over the crotch region and further extends into the front and rear waist regions on the outer cover. The outer cover may be of annular configuration. The disposable pull-on wearing article according to the present invention is primarily characterized in that the body fluid absorbent core comprises, as viewed in the transverse direction of the crotch region, the center core and the lateral cores lying on both sides of the center core and the center core and lateral cores are spaced apart one from another by the pairs of slit-like gaps formed at the zones of the core placed aside toward the front waist region and the rear waist region, respectively, but are contiguous one to another in the section defined by these pairs of slit-like gaps. This novel article is further characterized by the laid down V-shape cutouts formed on the outer side edges of the respective lateral cores so that a contractile force of the elastic members provided in the vicinity of the outer side edges of the respective lateral cores may cause the lateral cores to rise up on both sides of the center cores whereby to form the creaseless barrier walls and cooperates with the center core to form the concavity bulging downward in the crotch region. The lateral cores are partially contiguous to the center core and thereby have their positions relative to the center core reliably stabilized. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a partially cutaway perspective view depicting a disposable pull-on diaper; FIG. 2 is a partially cutaway plan view depicting the diaper of FIG. 1 as longitudinally developed; FIG. 3 is a plan view of an outer cover; FIG. 4 is a partially cutaway plan view depicting an absorbent panel; FIG. 5 is a sectional view taken along the line V-V in FIG. 4; FIG. 6 is a sectional view taken along the line VI-VI in FIG. 4; FIG. 7 is a sectional view taken along the line VII-VII in FIG. 4; FIG. 8 is a sectional view taken along the line VIII-VIII in FIG. 1; FIG. 9 is a view similar to FIG. 1 depicting an alternative embodiment of the invention; and FIG. 10 is a diagram illustrating an example of prior art. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Details of the disposable pull-on wearing article according to the present invention will be more fully understood from the description of a pull-on diaper, one of preferred embodiments, given hereunder with reference to the accompanying drawings. In FIG. 1 is a partially cutaway perspective view depicting a disposable pull-on diaper 1. A diaper 1 is of pull-on or pants-type and preferably comprises an outer cover 2 having a resistance to permeation of body fluids and a body fluid absorbent panel 3 adapted for absorption and containment of body fluids. The term “resistance” used herein means that the outer cover 2 is absolutely or substantially impervious to body fluids during actual use of the diaper 1. The outer cover 2 comprises an inner sheet 2a and an outer sheet 2b which are identical to each other in size as well as in shape and placed upon each other and bonded together so as to define a front waist region 6, a rear waist region 7 and a crotch region 8. The front and rear waist regions 6, 7 are put flat together along respective pairs of transversely opposite side edges 12, 13 and bonded together at a plurality of spots 4 arranged intermittently in a vertical direction so as to form the diaper 1 with a waist-hole 9 and a pair of leg-holes 11. Along a peripheral edge of the waist-hole 9, a plurality of first waist elastic members 14 are interposed between the inner and outer sheets 2a, 2b and bonded in a stretched state to the inner surface of at least one of these two sheets 2a, 2b. Along peripheral edges of the respective leg-holes 11, a plurality of first leg elastic members 16a go approximately half around the one leg-hole 11 on its front side, then extend across the crotch region 8 and go approximately half around the other leg-hole 11 on its front side while a plurality of second leg elastic members 16b go approximately half around the one leg-hole 11 on its rear side, then extend across the crotch region 8 and go approximately half around the other leg-hole 11 on its rear side. These leg elastic members 16a, 16b are interposed between the inner and outer sheets 2a, 2b and bonded to the inner surface of at least one of these two sheets 2a, 2b. The first leg elastic members 16a and the second leg elastic members 16b are in a stretched state at least along partial length thereof going halfway around the respective leg-holes. Below the respective leg-holes 11, the first and second leg elastic members 16a, 16b may cross each other as illustrated or may extend across the crotch region so as to get nearer one to another but not cross each other. The front and rear waist regions 6, 7 are provided between the first waist elastic members 14, on one hand, and the first and second leg elastic members 16a, 16b, on the other hand, with a plurality of second waist elastic members 17 spaced one from another in vertical direction and extend in parallel one to another around the waist-surrounding direction. These second waist elastic members 17 are laid on the inner surface of the outer sheet 2b and, in the vicinity of the transversely opposite side edges 12, 13, interposed between the inner and outer sheets 2a, 2b and bonded in a stretched state to at least one of these sheets 2a, 2b. FIG. 2 is a partially cut away plan view depicting the diaper 1 of FIG. 1 with the front and rear waist regions 6, 7 disconnected from each other at the spots 4 and developed forward and rearward, respectively, as indicated by arrows P, Q in FIG. 1. The outer cover 2 is generally hourglass-shaped and having the inner and outer sheets 2a, 2b bonded to each other by means of hot melt adhesives (not shown) intermittently applied on one of these two sheets 2a, 2b. The outer cover 2 has its width bisected by a longitudinal center line A-A and its length bisecting by a transverse center line B-B. As viewed in FIG. 2, the longitudinal center line A-A extends over the crotch region 8 and further into the front and rear waist regions 6, 7. The absorbent panel 3 is shaped in a rectangle extending over the crotch region 8 and further into the front and rear waist regions 6, 7 and has a longitudinal direction defined by the longitudinal center line A-A and a transverse direction defined by the transverse center line B-B. The width of the absorbent panel 3 is bisected by the longitudinal center line A-A. The absorbent panel 3 is formed along its transversely opposite side edges with barrier cuffs 21, respectively, which are elastically contractible in the longitudinal direction, i.e., parallel to the longitudinal center line A-A. The first waist elastic members 14 on the outer cover 2 extend in the waist-surrounding direction (in the transverse direction as viewed in FIG. 2) without intersecting the absorbent panel 3, while the second waist elastic members 17 extend in the waist-surrounding direction across the absorbent panel 3. The first and second leg elastic members 16a, 16b extend across the absorbent panel 3 in the crotch region 8 (See FIG. 3 also). The absorbent panel 3 is bonded at its transversely middle zone and its longitudinally opposite ends to the outer cover 2 by means of hot melt adhesives 62. The zones coated with hot melt adhesives 62 are indicated by broken lines (See FIGS. 5, 6, 7 also). Such diaper 1 shown by FIG. 2 is configured symmetrically about the longitudinal center line A-A. FIG. 3 is a plan view depicting the outer cover 2 of FIG. 2. In FIG. 3, the first and second waist elastic members 14, 17 as well as the first and second leg elastic members 16a, 16b interposed between the inner sheet 2a and the outer sheet 2b are indicated by chain lines and the absorbent panel 3 is indicated by chain double-dashed line. FIG. 4 is a partially cutaway plan view depicting the absorbent panel 3 of FIG. 2, in which the outer cover 2 is indicated by chain double-dashed line. The absorbent panel 3 comprises a liquid-pervious upper sheet 31, a liquid-impervious lower sheet 32 and a body fluid absorbent core 33 interposed between these two sheets 31, 32. The core 33 is entirely wrapped with a liquid-absorbent and spreading sheet 70 having a body fluid absorbent property and a body fluid spreading property, for example, a tissue paper (See FIGS. 5 and 6 also). The core 33 comprises a center core 36 extending on the longitudinal center line A-A from the crotch region 8 into the front and rear waist regions 6, 7 so as to gradually diverge, and left and right lateral cores 37 lying on both sides of the center core 36 in the crotch region 8, including a crossing zone of the longitudinal center line A-A and the transverse center line B-B. The center core 36 and the lateral cores 37 are partially spaced apart one from another by a pair of front slits 38 extending generally in the longitudinal direction, describing curved arcs which are convex toward the longitudinal center line A-A and a pair of rear slits 39 similar to the front slits 38. Center core 36 and lateral cores 37 are contiguous one to another at a contiguous zone 40 defined between inner ends 38a, 39a of these slits 38, 39. Each of the lateral cores 37 has inner edges 41 opposed to the center core 36 with the slits 38, 39 therebetween, an outer edge 42 extending in the longitudinal direction and defining a part of the outermost side edge of the core 33, and cutouts 43 formed in a portion of the crotch region 8 located toward the front waist region 6, each describing a V-shape tapered from the outer side edge 42 toward the longitudinal center line A-A. The inner edges 41 intersect the outer side edge 42 to define a front end 37a and a rear end 37b of the lateral core 37. An intermediate portion 37c extends between these front and rear ends 37a, 37b and defines the contiguous zone 40. In the preferred core 33, the respective slits 38, 39 have lengths L1, L2 extending parallel to the longitudinal center line A-A in a range of 10 to 200 mm, widths in a range of 3 to 15 mm, and a distance between the inner ends 38a, 39a, i.e., preferably in a range of 10 to 300 mm. The absorbent panel 3 including such core 33 is provided in a vicinity of the respective outer side edges 42 of the lateral cores 37 with crotch elastic members 46 extending along the outer side edges 42 in the longitudinal direction. The crotch elastic members 46 preferably comprise a plurality of, for example, first through fourth crotch elastic members 46a through 46d and at least one of these elastic members 46, for example, the first crotch elastic member 46a extends across the cutouts 43 as illustrated. Details of these crotch elastic members 46a through 46d are illustrated by FIGS. 5, 6 and 7. FIG. 5 is a sectional view taken along the line V-V in FIG. 4, in which a part of the outer cover 2 is indicated by chain double-dashed line. The upper sheet 31 covers the upper surface of the core 33 comprising the center core 36 and the pair of lateral cores 37, then extends outward beyond transversely opposite side edges of the core 33. Transversely opposite lateral portions 31a of the upper sheet 31 extending outward beyond the side edges of the core 33 are folded inward so as to be overlapped and bonded to each other by means of hot melt adhesives (not shown). The lower sheet 32 comprises a first lower sheet 32a covering the lower surface of the center core 36 as well as parts of the lower surfaces of the respective lateral cores 37 and a pair of second lower sheets 32b covering parts of the lower surfaces of the respective lateral cores 37 and extending outward beyond the respective outer side edges 42. Portions 48 of the respective second lower sheets 32b extending outward beyond the respective outer side edges 42 of the lateral cores 37 are folded inward and form parts of the respective barrier cuffs 21. Cover sheets 49 made of a nonwoven fabric are bonded to the lower surfaces of the respective second lower sheets 32b. Each of the cover sheets 49 is folded inward along a top edge 51 of the barrier cuff 21 and extends to a proximal edge 52 of the barrier cuff 21 so as to form inner and outer surfaces of the barrier cuff 21. Each of the barrier cuffs 21 contains an elastic member 54 inside its top edge 51 and an elastic member 56 inside its middle 53 defined between the top edge 51 and the proximal edge 52. These elastic members 54, 56 extend in a stretched state in the longitudinal direction as viewed in FIG. 4 and are bonded intermittently in the longitudinal direction to the inner surface of the cover sheet 49 by means of hot melt adhesives (not shown). In a vicinity of the outer side edges 42 of the lateral cores 37, the crotch elastic members 46 are interposed between the second lower sheets 32b and the cover sheet 49. The first and second crotch elastic members 46a, 46b constituting the crotch elastic members 46 underlie the respective lateral cores 37 and extend parallel to the longitudinal center line A-A (See FIG. 4). The respective third crotch elastic members 46c lie between the respective lateral cores 37 and the proximal edges 52 of the respective barrier cuffs 21 and extend parallel to the longitudinal center line A-A. Finally, the respective fourth crotch elastic members 46d lie in a vicinity of the proximal edges 52 of the respective barrier cuffs 21 and extend parallel to the longitudinal center line A-A. In each of the barrier cuffs 21, a portion defined between the proximal edge 52 and the middle 53 is formed from the second lower sheet 32b and the cover sheet 49 covering both surfaces of the second lower sheet 32b. The second lower sheet 32b serves to make the barrier cuff 21 liquid-impervious and the cover sheet 49 serves to cover the second lower sheet 32b and thereby to provide the barrier cuffs 21 with a comfortable touch. A portion of the barrier cuff 21 defined between the middle 53 and the top edge 51 is formed from the cover sheet 49 alone, i.e., the second lower sheet 32k is not used, in order to provide this portion with a touch as flexible as possible. The elastic member 56 at the middle 53 is placed aside from the elastic member 54 at the top edge 51 toward the longitudinal center line A-A. Both the elastic member 54 and the elastic member 56 are bonded in a stretched state to the cover sheet 49 so that a contractile force of these elastic members may cause the barrier cuff 21 to rise up as illustrated. While a particular height by which the barrier cuff 21 rises up depends on particular contraction percentages of these elastic members 54, 56, the barrier cuff 21 describes a V-shape diverging outward in the transverse direction of the absorbent panel 3 as it rises up, because the elastic member 56 at the middle 53 is placed aside toward the longitudinal center line A-A. At the proximal edges 52 of the respective barrier cuffs 21, the cover sheet 49 is bonded to the respective side edges 31a of the upper sheet 31 by means of adhesives 61. The absorbent panel 3 shown in FIG. 5 is bonded to the inner sheet 2a of the outer cover 2 by means of adhesives 62 applied on the first lower sheet 32a, the second lower sheet 32b, and/or cover sheet 49. Preferably, the absorbent panel 3 is bonded to the inner sheet 2a in a region defined between each pair of the adjacent first crotch elastic members 46a in order to ensure that the absorbent panel 3 does not affect stretching and contraction of the crotch elastic members 46. FIG. 6 is a sectional view taken along the line VI-VI in FIG. 4. As illustrated, the center core 36 extends over a full width of the absorbent panel 3 and the barrier cuffs 21 rise up on the transversely opposite side edges of this center core 36. FIG. 7 is a sectional view taken along the line VII-VII in FIG. 4. The line VII-VII extends across a front end portion 3a of the absorbent panel 3 (See FIG. 4). The core 33 is absent in this front end portion 3a and, along this front end portion 3a, the upper sheet 31 and the lower sheet 32 are placed upon each other and bonded together by means of adhesives 63. Along this front end portion 3a, the respective barrier cuffs 21 are folded back and opposed sections of the respective barrier cuffs 21 are bonded together by means of adhesives 64 and, at the same time, the cover sheet 49 and the upper sheet 31 are bonded together by means of adhesives 64. The absorbent panel 3 is bonded to the inner sheet 2a over its full width by means of adhesives 62. A rear end portion 3b of the absorbent panel 3 presents the same cross-section as that of the front end portion 3a. In the pull-on diaper 1 of FIG. 1 constructed as described above, the crotch elastic members 46 associated with the absorbent panel 3 and the elastic members 54, 56 associated with the barrier cuffs 21 contract as the absorbent panel 3 is curved about the crotch region 8 toward the front and rear waist regions 6, 7 generally in a U-shape. Contraction of the elastic members, particularly of the crotch elastic members 46 causes the lateral cores 37 to be deformed in a manner such that the V-shape described by each of the cutouts 43 as will be seen in FIG. 4 becomes narrower, and simultaneously the absorbent panel 3 is folded along a line extending between the inner ends 38a, 39a of the respective slits 38, 39 in the contiguous zone 40 and front and rear pairs of slits 38, 39 whereby the outer side edges 42 rise up against a wearer's inguinal region. Each of the lateral cores 37 has its front and rear ends 37a, 37b spaced apart by the slits 38, 39 from the center core 36. Such a unique arrangement allows the lateral core 37 to reduce widths of the respective cutouts 43 without being restrained by the center core 36 and thereby to reduce its longitudinal dimension along the longitudinal center line A-A. At the same time, such a unique arrangement facilitates the lateral zone 37 to rise up on the diaper 1. While the upper and lower sheets 31, 32 are formed with creases in the cutouts 43 of the lateral core 37 as these cutouts 43 become narrower, the lateral core 37 itself is free or substantially free from the formation of such creases. Consequently, there is no anxiety that the lateral cores 37 of the absorbent panel 3 each having a relatively high stiffness might be formed with creases making the panel bulky and deteriorating a good fit of the panel 3 to a wearer as well as a feeling to wear the diaper. At least one of the first crotch elastic member 46a may extend across the cutouts 43 to reliably reduce the respective cutouts 43. FIG. 8 shows an important part of a longitudinal sectional view taken along the line VIII-VIII in FIG. 1, in which the diaper wearer's legs 80 are indicated by chain double-dashed line. The line VIII-VIII is coincident with the transverse center line B-B in FIG. 2. The barrier cuffs 21 in the crotch region 8 come in contact with inner sides of the respective legs 80, the lateral cores 37 of the absorbent panel 3 rise and the center core 36 sags down as the diaper 1 is pulled upward along the legs 80 having been inserted through the respective leg-holes 11. The diaper 1 further pulled upward until the outer side edges 42 of the respective lateral cores 37 come in contact from below with the wearer's inguinal region 81. With the diaper 1 in this state, the lateral cores 37 serve as body fluid absorbent leak-barrier walls against body fluids and the center core 36 is formed in the crotch region 8 with a pocket-like concavity 82 defining a liquid-absorbent bottom. In other words, By adopting the absorbent panel 3 comprising the center core 36 and the lateral cores 37 for the pull-on diaper 1, the concavity 82 is automatically formed without the formation of deep creases in the core 33 as the diaper 1 is put on the wearer. Particularly in the case of the adult diaper 1, this concavity 82 is useful for temporary retention of a relatively large quantity of urine discharged by the wearer at once until such urine is completely absorbed by the core 33. A quantity of urine absorbed by the center core 36 which is contiguous to the lateral cores 37 in the contiguous zone 40 can spread to the lateral cores 37. Contiguousness of the center core 36 to the lateral cores 37 ensures that the positions of the respective lateral cores 37 relative to the center core 36 can be stabilized not only in the course of manufacturing the diaper 1 but also during actual use of the diaper 1. While it is also possible to make the diaper with the center core 36 and the lateral cores 37 provided separately from each other, the relatively small sized lateral cores 37 are movable relative to the center core 36 and therefore it is difficult to stabilize the entire shape of the core 33. On the contrary, in the absorbent panel 3 of the diaper 1 according to the present invention, the center core 36 is partially contiguous to the lateral cores 37, without any positive bonding between the upper sheet 31 and the lower sheet 32 in the slits 38, 39. Even when the inner and outer surfaces of the core 33 is wrapped with a liquid-absorbent and spreading sheet 70, there is no positive bonding between sections of the sheet 70 lying on the inner and outer surfaces of the core 33 along the slits 38, 39. Relative positions of these slits 38, 39 and the upper and lower sheets 31, 32 are exemplarily illustrated by FIG. 5. FIG. 9 is a view similar to FIG. 1 showing one preferred embodiment of the invention. The outer cover 2 of the diaper 1 shown by FIG. 9 is an annular shape defined by the front waist region 6 and the rear waist region 7 respectively provided with the first waist elastic members 14 and the second waist elastic member 17. This outer cover 2 has no crotch region. The crotch region 8 in such diaper 1 is formed by the body fluid absorbent panel 3 alone. The body fluid absorbent panel 3 lies on the inner surface of the outer cover 2 and extends over the crotch region 8 further into the front and rear waist regions 6, 7. The outer cover 2 and the body fluid absorbent panel 3 are bonded to each other in the same manner as in the case illustrated by FIGS. 6 and 7. In the diaper 1 according to the present invention, at least one cutout 43 of the absorbent panel 3 may be formed at an appropriate position along the outer side edge 42 of the lateral core 37. Dimensions of the center core 36 in the longitudinal and transverse directions in the front and rear waist regions 6, 7 are not limited to those in the illustrated embodiment and may be appropriately varied. The upper sheet 31 may be formed from using a liquid-pervious nonwoven fabric or a liquid-pervious porous plastic film. The lower sheet 32 may be formed from using a liquid-impervious plastic film or a liquid-impervious nonwoven fabric. The cover sheet 49 covering the lower sheet 32 may be formed from using a breathable nonwoven fabric, a breathable water repellent nonwoven fabric, a liquid-impervious nonwoven fabric or the like. The core 33 may be formed using fluff pulp or a mixture of fluff pulp and super-absorbent polymer particles. Shape as well as structure of the outer cover 2 is not limited to those exemplarily illustrated and may be appropriately modified so far as it functions to hold the absorbent panel 3 in contact with the wearer's skin. For example, it is possible without departing from the scope of the invention to replace the first and second leg elastic members 16a, 16b shown in FIG. 1 by continuous elastic members which fully go round the peripheral edges of the respective leg-holes 11. Stock materials for the inner sheet 2a and the outer sheet 2b constituting the outer cover 2 may be selected from nonwoven fabrics, woven fabrics and plastic films. Stock materials for the crotch elastic members 46 and the other elastic members may be selected from thread-like or ribbon-like various kinds of elastomers. Bonding of the different members constituting the diaper 1 may be achieved using suitable adhesives or suitable welding techniques. While the present invention has been described above on the basis of an embodiment of the disposable pull-on diaper 1, the present invention is applicable also to pants for incontinent patient, training pants or the like.	<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>The present invention relates to disposable pull-on wearing articles useful in the form of disposable pull-on diapers, disposable pants for incontinent patient, disposable training pants or the like. An invention aiming to provide a good fit wherein a crotch region of disposable wearing articles such as disposable diapers can be placed against a wearer's crotch region is disclosed in Japanese Laid-Open Patent Application No. 1997-173381 (Citation 1). In the diaper according to this disclosure, an absorbent panel comprises a first absorbent section laid at a longitudinally middle zone of the diaper and a pair of second absorbent sections laid along transversely opposite side edges of the crotch region and respectively spaced apart from the first absorbent section. Each of the second absorbent sections is formed along its side edge facing away from the first absorbent section with three-dimensional gathers. The crotch region of the diaper, when put on a wearer, presents a sectional shape as illustrated by FIG. 10 (corresponding to FIG. 4 in Citation 1). The diaper illustrated by FIG. 10 has the first absorbent section 104 , the second absorbent sections 105 and the three-dimensional gathers 106 . The second absorbent sections 105 rise up along the respective side edges of the first absorbent section 104 as the three-dimensional gathers 106 rise up and, in consequence, these first absorbent section 104 , second absorbent sections 105 , and the three-dimensional gathers 106 cooperate with one-another to form a concavity 107 bulging downward in the crotch region. This concavity 107 is available as a temporary retention space for urine discharged by the wearer until urine is completely absorbed by the absorbent panel. An absorbent garment disclosed in Japanese Patent Publication No. 2548718 (Citation 2) also aims to provide a good fit wherein the crotch region of the garment can be placed against a wearer's crotch region. This garment has an absorbent panel and a fastening means. The absorbent panel is formed along its transversely opposite side edges with open cutouts. In a vicinity of these cutouts, the absorbent panel is provided with elastic members, and a contractile force of these elastic members deforms the absorbent panel so as to close openings of the respective cutouts. Such deformation ensures that the absorbent panel well conforms with a wearer's crotch region and a concavity bulging downward is formed in the crotch region of the garment. The diaper disclosed in Citation 1 intends to facilitate the transversely opposite lateral zones of the absorbent panel in the crotch region, i.e., the second absorbent sections 105 , to be deformed in the transverse direction by dividing the absorbent panel into the first absorbent section 104 and the second absorbent sections 105 . However, upon such deformation, the absorbent panel is compressed in the longitudinal direction, describing a circular arc in the back-and-forth direction of the wearing article and forming a plurality of distinct creases. Consequently, the absorbent panel becomes bulky as the wearing article is put on the wearer in the crotch region, and such bulkiness may obstruct free movement of the wearer's legs and/or deteriorate an appearance of the article when worn by the wearer. In addition, to put the article illustrated in this Citation 1 on the wearer, the waist regions and the leg-surrounding regions should be placed closely against the wearer's corresponding regions to position the article relative to the wearer's body and then the front and rear waist regions should be connected together using fastener tapes. After the article has been put on the wearer in this manner, the crotch region may often be deformed in an inverted V-shape along the wearer's crotch region and the concavity 107 illustrated by FIG. 10 cannot be formed until after the crotch region has been gripped and pulled downward with the fingers. According to the disclosure of Citation 1, both the first absorbent section 104 and the second absorbent sections 105 are sandwiched between a liquid-pervious topsheet 101 and a liquid-impervious backsheet 102 , and in boundary regions between the first and second absorbent sections 104 , 105 , these sheets 101 , 102 are placed upon and bonded integrally. However, if any quantity of pulp particles and/or super-absorbent polymer particles is present in those boundary regions, it may be difficult or impossible to put the top- and backsheets 101 , 102 in close contact with each other and to bond them together using adhesives or welding techniques, due to the presence of those particles. In the case of the absorbent panel having the top- and backsheets 101 , 102 not properly bonded together in the vicinity of the first absorbent section 104 and/or second absorbent sections 105 , the first absorbent section 4 and the second absorbent sections 105 , particularly the second absorbent sections 105 each having a relatively small size are apt to get out of their predetermined shapes. The garment disclosed in Citation 2 is also of the open-type and, similarly to the article disposed in Citation 1, it is difficult for the absorbent panel to be deformed so that the openings of the respective cutouts may be reliably closed, and it is also difficult for the crotch region to be formed with the concavity.	<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>It is an object of the present invention to provide a disposable pull-on wearing article improved so that a body fluid absorbent core may be curved about a crotch region toward front and rear waist regions without forming thick creases creating a feeling of discomfort against a wearer and a concavity bulging downward may be quickly formed in the crotch region as the core is curved. According to the present invention, there is provided a disposable pull-on wearing article having a front waist region, a rear waist region, a crotch region and a body fluid absorbent panel extending over the crotch region further into the front and rear waist regions and the body fluid absorbent panel has a longitudinal direction extending toward the front and rear waist regions and a transverse direction crossing the longitudinal direction. The body fluid absorbent panel comprises a body fluid absorbent core having an inner surface facing a wearer's skin and an outer surface facing away from the wearer's skin and a liquid-pervious sheet covering at least the inner surface of these inner and outer surfaces and facing the wearer's skin; a portion of the core lying in at least the crotch region of those front waist region, rear waist region and crotch region comprising a first core lying on a middle as viewed in the transverse direction and a pair of second cores lying on both sides of the first core; the second cores respectively have front end portions, rear end portions and intermediate portions extending between these front and rear end portions as viewed in the longitudinal direction; the front and rear end portions are spaced apart from the first core by front and rear pairs of slit-like gaps formed between the first core and respective the second cores and extending generally in the longitudinal direction and the intermediate portions are contiguous to the first core; the second cores are formed along the transversely opposite outer side edges thereof with laid down V-shape cutouts diverging outward from the transversely opposite outer side edges; and the body fluid absorbent panel is provided in a vicinity of the outer side edges with elastic members extending in a stretched state in the longitudinal direction. According to one preferred embodiment of the invention, the elastic members include at least one pair of thread- or ribbon-like elastomer extending across the cutouts in the longitudinal direction along the outer side edges. According to another preferred embodiment of the invention, the core has its inner and outer surfaces wrapped with a liquid absorbent and spreading sheet and sections of the liquid absorbent and spreading sheet respectively covering the inner and outer surfaces are not bonded together in the slit-like gaps. According to still another preferred embodiment of the invention, the article further comprises an outer cover having a resistance against permeation of body fluids and serving as a chassis for the absorbent panel so that the absorbent panel extends over the crotch region and further extends into the front and rear waist regions on the outer cover. The outer cover may be of annular configuration. The disposable pull-on wearing article according to the present invention is primarily characterized in that the body fluid absorbent core comprises, as viewed in the transverse direction of the crotch region, the center core and the lateral cores lying on both sides of the center core and the center core and lateral cores are spaced apart one from another by the pairs of slit-like gaps formed at the zones of the core placed aside toward the front waist region and the rear waist region, respectively, but are contiguous one to another in the section defined by these pairs of slit-like gaps. This novel article is further characterized by the laid down V-shape cutouts formed on the outer side edges of the respective lateral cores so that a contractile force of the elastic members provided in the vicinity of the outer side edges of the respective lateral cores may cause the lateral cores to rise up on both sides of the center cores whereby to form the creaseless barrier walls and cooperates with the center core to form the concavity bulging downward in the crotch region. The lateral cores are partially contiguous to the center core and thereby have their positions relative to the center core reliably stabilized.	20040521	20080212	20050707	63996.0		0	CHAPMAN, GINGER T	DISPOSABLE WEARING ARTICLE HAVING MULTILAYERED CORE COMPRISING CONVEX GAPS AND V-SHAPED CUTOUTS	UNDISCOUNTED	0	ACCEPTED		2,004
10,850,450	ACCEPTED	Steady state free precession based magnetic resonance thermometry	Disclosed is a method and system for steady state free precession based magnetic resonance thermometry that measures changes in temperature on a pixel by pixel basis. The method comprises generating an RF pulse sequence used to find the proton resonance frequency shift, which is proportional to temperature change, processing the resultant MRI data to measure the proton frequency shift, and converting the measured proton frequency shift into change in temperature data. Further disclosed is a method for identifying and compensating for temperature drifts due to core heating of the gradient magnet.	1. A computer readable medium encoded with a program for performing Magnetic Resonance based thermometry, the program comprising the steps of: transmitting a first RF pulse sequence; receiving a first set of MR signal data, the first set of MR signal data corresponding to the first RF pulse sequence; receiving a second set of MR signal data; determining a phase difference between a peak of the first set of MR signal data and a peak of the second set of MR signal data; and converting the phase difference to a change in temperature. 2. The computer readable medium of claim 1, further comprising the step of interpolating the first set of MR signal data, before the step of determining a phase difference, the interpolated first set of MR signal data having a plurality of data points. 3. The computer readable medium of claim 1, further comprising the step of interpolating the second set of MR signal data, before the step of determining a phase difference, the interpolated second set of MR signal data having a plurality of data points. 4. The computer readable medium of claim 1, further comprising the step of storing the first set of MR signal data, before the step of determining a phase difference. 5. The computer readable medium of claim 1, further comprising the step of transmitting a second RF pulse sequence before receiving the second set of MR signal data, wherein the second set of MR signal data corresponds to the second RF pulse sequence. 6. The computer readable medium of claim 5, wherein the step of transmitting a second RF pulse sequence comprises the steps of: retrieving from a computer memory location a set of phase differences corresponding to the RF pulses in the second RF pulse sequence; retrieving from a computer memory location a repetition time corresponding to the RF pulses in the second RF pulse sequence; computing a plurality of parameters for the RF pulses; and issuing an instruction to transmit the second RF pulse sequence corresponding to the plurality of parameters. 7. The computer readable medium of claim 1, wherein the step of determining a phase difference comprises the step of performing a circular correlation between the first set of MR signal data and the second set of MR signal data. 8. The computer readable medium of claim 2, wherein the step of interpolating the first set of MR signal data comprises the step of implementing a spline function on the first set of MR signal data. 9. The computer readable medium of claim 3, wherein the step of interpolating the second set of MR signal data comprises the step of implementing a spline function on the second set of MR signal data. 10. The computer readable medium of claim 1, wherein the step of transmitting a first RF pulse sequence comprises the steps of: retrieving from a computer memory location a set of phase differences corresponding to the RF pulses in the first RF pulse sequence; retrieving from a computer memory location a repetition time corresponding to the RF pulses in the first RF pulse sequence; computing a plurality of parameters for the RF pulses; and issuing an instruction to transmit the first RF pulse sequence corresponding to the plurality of parameters. 11. The computer readable medium of claim 1, wherein the first set of MR signal data comprises signal strengths as a function of a phase difference between each pulse in the first RF pulse sequence, and a function of pixel. 12. The computer readable medium of claim 1, wherein the second set of MR signal data comprises signal strengths as a function of a phase difference between each pulse in the second RF pulse sequence, and a function of pixel. 13. A method for performing Magnetic Resonance based thermometry comprising the steps of: generating a first RF pulse sequence; receiving a first set of MR signal data, the first set of MR signal data corresponding to the first RF pulse sequence; determining a first phase corresponding to a peak within the first set of MR signal data; storing the first phase; receiving a second set of MR signal data; determining a second phase corresponding to a peak within the second set of MR data; computing a phase difference between the first phase and the second phase; and converting the phase difference to a change in temperature data. 14. The method of claim 13, further comprising the step of generating a second RF pulse sequence, before the step of receiving the second set of MR signal data, wherein the second set of MR signal data corresponds to the second RF pulse sequence. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the step of generating a second RF pulse sequence comprises the steps of: retrieving from a computer memory location a set of phase differences corresponding to the RF pulses it the second RF pulse sequence; retrieving from a computer memory location a repetition time corresponding to the RF pulses in the second RF pulse sequence; computing a plurality of parameters for the RF pulses; and issuing an instruction to transmit the second RF pulse sequence corresponding to the plurality of parameters. 16. The method of claim 13, wherein the step of generating a first RF pulse sequence comprises the steps of: retrieving from a computer memory location a set of phase differences corresponding to the RF-pulses in the first RF pulse sequence; retrieving from a computer memory location a repetition time corresponding to the RF pulses in the first RF pulse sequence; computing a plurality of parameters for the RF pulses; and issuing an instruction to transmit the first RF pulse sequence corresponding to the plurality of parameters. 17. The method of claim 13, further comprising the steps of: selecting a reference data from the change in temperature data; and subtracting a value corresponding to the reference data from the change in temperature data; 18. The method of claim 13, further comprising the step of projecting the change of temperature data on a display. 19. The method of claim 13, further comprising the step of buffering the change in temperature data. 20. The method of claim 14, further comprising the step of averaging the buffered change in temperature data. 21. The method of claim 13, further comprising the step of buffering a the first phase corresponding to the peak within the first set of MR signal data, after the step of determining the first phase. 22. The method of claim 21, further comprising the step of summing the buffered first phase with a previous buffered first phase. 23. The method of claim 13, further comprising the step of setting the first phase equal to the second phase, after the step of computing a phase difference between the first phase and the second phase. 24. A system for performing MRI-based thermometry, comprising: a gradient magnet; an RF coil; an RF amplifier connected to the RF coil; a spectrometer; and a computer connected to the RF amplifier, the RF coil, and the gradient magnet, the computer having a computer readable medium encoded with a program for performing steady state free precession based thermometry, wherein the program is for generating an RF pulse sequence used to find the proton frequency shift, processing the resultant MRI data to measure the proton frequency shift, and converting the measured proton frequency shift into change in temperature data. 25. The system of claim 19, further comprising a temperature sensor disposed on the gradient magnet, the temperature sensor having a signal connection to the computer. 26. The system of claim 19, further comprising a phantom, the phantom having a resonance frequency independent of temperature. 27. The system of claim 26, wherein the phantom comprises a vegetable oil.	This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/473,296, filed on May 23, 2003, which is hereby incorporated by reference for all purposes as if fully set forth herein. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to the creation of real-time two or three dimensional Magnetic Resonance (MR) images of temperature changes for use during thermal therapy. MR thermometry has recently gained attention because of the inportant role it plays during thermal therapy. In thermal-therapy it is important to ensure that the required thermal dose is delivered to the entire target tissue, while at the same time the surrounding tissues are spared of thermal damage. MR thermometry can provide this useful information, as thermal maps can be constructed for the entire region of interest, and temperature variations of each pixel on the image can be monitored. This real time feedback can be used by the physician during the thermal therapy to ensure successful treatment of the target tissue. 2. Discussion of the Related Art Many different temperature-monitoring techniques have been used to explore the possibility of using thermal mapping under MR guidance. Some of the techniques are based on measuring MR parameters like T1 relaxation time, diffusion coefficient of water and proton resonance frequency shift (PRF) which change with temperature. Different problems are associated with these techniques. Problems -include temperature measurement accuracy, repeatability, calibration, and dependence on geometry and orientation. These unsolved problems point to a need for better and more stable MR based thermometry. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Accordingly, the present invention is directed to Steady State Free Precession (SSFP) based MR thermometry that substantially obviates one or more of the problems due to limitations and disadvantages of the related art. An advantage of the present invention is to provide a method for MRI based thermometry that substantially enables high resolution real time imagery of temperature changes in a subject. Another advantage of the present invention is to provide real time high resolution imagery showing temperature changes to enhance the effectiveness of thermal therapy. Another advantage of the present invention is to provide more precise thermometric imagery by correcting for temperature drift artifacts. Another advantage of the present invention is to provide T2/T1-weighted images, thereby allowing for good anatomic visualization. Another advantage of the present invention is to provide thermometric imagery that is inherently rather insensitive to motion and thus suitable for in vivo applications. Additional features and advantages of the invention will be set forth in the description which follows, and in part will be apparent from the description, or may be learned by practice of the invention. The objectives and other advantages of the invention will be realized and attained by the structure particularly pointed out in the written description and claims hereof as well as the appended drawings. To achieve these and other advantages and in accordance with the purpose of the present invention, as embodied and described, a computer readable medium encoded with a program for performing Magnetic Resonance based thermometry, the program comprises the steps of: issuing an instruction to transmit a first RF pulse sequence; receiving a first set of MR signal data, the first set of MR signal data corresponding to the first RF pulse sequence; interpolating the first set of MR signal data, the interpolated first set of MR signal data having a plurality of data points; storing the interpolated first set of MR signal data; receiving a second set of MR signal data; interpolating the second set of MR signal data, the interpolated second set of MR signal data having a plurality of data points; determining a phase difference between a peak of the interpolated first set of MR signal data and a peak of the interpolated second set of MR signal data; and converting the phase difference to a change in temperature. In another aspect of the present invention, a method for performing Magnetic Resonance based thermometry comprises the steps of: issuing an instruction to transmit a first RF pulse sequence; receiving a first set of MR signal data, the first set of MR signal data corresponding to the first RF pulse sequence; determining a first phase corresponding to a peak within first set of MR signal data; storing the first phase; receiving a second set of MR signal data; determining a second phase corresponding to a peak within the second set of MR data; computing a phase difference between the first phase and the second phase; and converting the phase difference to a change in temperature data. In another aspect of the present invention, a system for performing MRI-based thermometry, comprises: a gradient magnet; an RF coil; an RF amplifier connected to the RF coil; a spectrometer; and a computer, the computer having a computer readable medium encoded with a program for performing steady state free precession based thermometry, wherein the program is for generating an RF pulse sequence used to find the proton frequency shift, processing the resultant MRI data to measure the proton frequency shift, and converting the measured proton frequency shift into change in temperature data. In another aspect of the present invention, a method for measuring noise in magnetic resonance thermometry using an MRI system, the MRI system having a gradient magnet, an RF coil, and a phantom, the method comprises the steps of: allowing the gradient and the phantom to cool; acquiring a first MRI data of the phantom, with the gradient magnet turned off; acquiring a first temperature measurement of the phantom; heating the phantom; acquiring a second temperature measurement of the phantom; acquiring a second MRI data of the phantom, with the gradient magnet turned off; calculating a temperature coefficient of the phantom using the first and second MRI data and the first and second temperature measurements; transmitting a gradient demanding pulse sequence to the gradient magnet; acquiring a first temperature measurement of the gradient magnet; acquiring a third MRI data of the phantom; allowing the gradient magnet to cool; acquiring a second temperature measurement of the gradient magnet; acquiring a fourth MRI data of the phantom, with the gradient magnet turned off; and calculating a temperature drift in the phantom corresponding to a heating of the gradient magnet, using the third and fourth MRI data, the first and second temperature measurements of the gradient magnet, and the temperature coefficient of the phantom. It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory and are intended to provide further explanation of the invention as claimed. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of the invention and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments of the invention and together with the description serve to explain the principles of the invention. In the drawings: FIG. 1 shows an exemplary MRI system of the present invention; FIG. 2 shows an exemplary SSFP RF pulse sequence according to the present invention; FIG. 3 is an exemplary process for performing SSFP based MR thermometry according to the present invention; FIG. 4 shows an example baseline data set and an example operational data set; FIG. 5 is an alternative exemplary process for performing SSFP based MR thermometry according to the present invention; FIG. 6 shows an example of intermediate steps of interpolation and correlation as done in a process of the present invention; and FIG. 7 is an exemplary process for characterizing temperature drifts due to core heating of the gradient magnets. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE ILLUSTRATED EMBODIMENTS FIG. 1 shows an exemplary MRI system according to the present invention. The system 100 comprises an RF coil 110; a gradient magnet 120; a main magnet 125; an RF transmitter 130; a scanner/spectrometer 140; a computer having a computer readable medium encoded with SSFP processing software 150; and a display 160. In this exemplary embodiment, the main magnet 125 provides a uniform primary magnetic field, while the gradient magnet 120 provides known inhomogeneities that may be exploited for spatially encoded information. The SSFP processing software 150 generates and issues commands for the RF transmitter 130 to transmit a specific RF pulse sequence to the RF coil 110. The RF energy from the RF coil passes through the target tissue 170. The RF coil 110 subsequently serves as an RF antenna, sensing the MR response of the target tissue 170 to the transmitted RF pulses. The scanner/spectrometer detects the RF energy returned from the target tissue 170 though the RF coil 110, and converts the RF resulting RF signals into formatted digital data that may represent images of the target tissue 170. The SSFP processing software 150 receives and processes the formatted digital data, and in doing so, generates an image showing a pixel-by-pixel measurement of the change in temperature relative to a baseline measurement. The image is then sent to the display 160. The SSFP processing software 150 may reside on a host computer integral to the MRI system, it may reside on a separate computer than communicates with the MRI system via a network connection, or it may reside in an embedded processor within the scanner/spectrometer 140. Further, it may be located in a remote location, communicating with the rest of the system 100 over the internet. The computer hosting the SSFP processing software 150 may communicate directly with the RF transmitter 130, or may communicate exclusively with the scanner spectrometer 140, which then may relay the relevant commands to the RF transmitter 130. Finally, the SSFP processing software 150 may reside on multiple computers, whereby different software functionality may be stored and execute on any or all of the platforms like those listed above. The present invention is directed to exploiting the principle that if two frequency-offset curves obtained at different temperatures are correlated, there will be a phase shift between them due to the proton resonant frequency shift in water proportional to the change in temperature. FIG. 2 depicts an exemplary SSFP RF pulse sequence 200 according to the present invention. The pulse sequence 200 comprises a plurality of RF pulses 210, each issued with a period substantially equal to a user-configurable repetition time (TR). The phase difference between pulses, βRF can be controlled by, for example, the SSFP processing software 150. The pulse sequence may be controlled such that βRF may successively changed between pulses, enabling the phase difference βRF to cycle from substantially 0 to 2π, or some other range, during a pulse sequence. FIG. 3 shows an exemplary process for creating SSFP based MR thermometric imagery according to the present invention. Steps 310-340 pertain to the collection and processing of a set of baseline data to be used as the reference to which subsequent measurements will be compared to determine change in temperature. In step 310, the SSFP processing software 150 generates a command to the RF transmitter 130 with the appropriate instructions to construct and transmit an RF pulse sequence, designed for taking a baseline measurement, to the RF coil 110. In step 320, the SSFP processing software 150 receives the formatted digital data, from the scanner/spectrometer 140, that corresponds to the detected RF energy emitted by the target tissue 170 in response to the RF pulse sequence from the RF coil 110. This baseline: data may comprise a set of signal strengths, each of which corresponds to a different βRF in the pulse sequence, with one set for each pixel. FIG. 4 shows a representation of an exemplary baseline data set 410. As shown in this representation, for each pixel, there is a set of data points 430, wherein each data point represents a received signal strength for that particular pixel, for each βRF. The data points define a curve 420. The shape of the curve is substantially a function of T1, T2, and flip angle (the angle to which the net magnetization vector is tilted relative to the magnetic field generated by the main magnet 125). The peak of the curve 420 substantially corresponds to the point where the total offset resonance angle βtotal is equal to 0 or π, and is a function of βRF. At the peak, the signal strength S(βRF) is a function of temperature, and not a function of T1 or T2. In other words, at the peak of S(RF), the temperature effects of T1 and T2 fall away. The peak signal strength 440 is detected for each pixel in the baseline data 410 in step 330. It will be appreciated that this may be accomplished by any of a number of processing algorithms. The peak detection need not be constrained to the baseline data acquired, and may interpolate or implement some form of localized curve fitting to estimate the peak, while balancing the requirements for accuracy with the constraints of computing power. Having identified the peaks, the value of βRF corresponding to each of the peaks are estimated and stored. This baseline phase data may comprise a single baseline βRF value for each pixel. The precision of the baseline βRF data may depend on the fidelity of the algorithm employed in step 330, and the number of data points taken, which corresponds to the number of pulses in the baseline RF pulse sequence. Having acquired and stored a baseline set of βRF, operational measurements are acquired in steps 350-380. This data will be compared to the baseline to determine the change in temperature on a pixel-by-pixel basis. In step 350 the SSFP processing software 150 generates a command to the RF transmitter 130 with the appropriate instructions to construct and transmit an RF pulse sequence, designed for taking an operational measurement, to the RF coil 110. This operational RF pulse sequence may be distinct from the baseline RF pulse sequence, since it's design may be driven by different requirements. For example, it may be more important for the baseline to be precise, than it is for it to be generated quickly. On the other hand, for example, the operational RF pulse sequence may be tailored to substantially optimize the speed of processing, balancing the need for real-time imagery over precision. The operational data is collected in step 360, in which the SSP processing software 150 receives operational formatted digital data from the scanner/spectrometer 140. This data is processed from the RF energy emitted by the target tissue 170, which is sensed by the RF coil 110, and subsequently detected by the scanner/spectrometer 140. The sensed RF energy is generally in response to the operational RF pulse sequence generated in step 350. The operational data may be assembled into a data structure similar to data structure 480 that is represented in FIG. 4. The operational data set 480 comprises a set of signal strengths per βRF for each pixel. As with the baseline data set 410, the operational data set 480 has a distinct peak 470 per pixel that corresponds to the phase βRF at which point the temperature dependent effects of T1 and T2 drop out. The peak signal strength for each pixel of operational data is detected in step 370. As with the baseline counterpart, any of a number of signal processing algorithms may be employed to identify the peak 470 of the S′(βRF) data. However, given that the requirements for operational data may differ for that of baseline data, an algorithm may be selected that emphasizes speed over precision. This would be a factor in a design tradeoff between precision and the need for real-time imagery. Having identified the peaks 470 in step 370, the corresponding phases βRF may be derived in step 380. The result of step 380 is a set of βRF data, one per pixel. This resulting data may be buffered for subsequent processing. Having generated a baseline and an operational set of βRF values, one pair per pixel, their difference is computed in step 390, resulting in one set of ΔβRF values per pixel. The change in temperature may be calculated from the ΔβRF data set derived in step 390. ΔβRF, the shift in the signal strength peak, is a function of the change in temperature for a given pixel, keeping other parameters constant, and is given by the equation: ΔβRF=−αTRΔTω0 where Δωcs is the change in chemical shift offset due to temperature changes; α is the proton resonance shift coefficient expressed in ppm/° C.; and ΔT is the temperature change, and ω0=γB0, where B0 is the main magnetic field strength, and γ is the gyromagnetic ratio. The parameters Δωcs, α, and γ are known constants, while the remaining parameters, B0 and TR, are both known and controllable by the system operator. For example, TR is one of the parameters used to generate the RF pulse sequences, as shown in FIG. 2. Thus an SSFP RF pulse sequence, as generated by the SSFP processing software 150, can be used to calculate the proton resonance frequency shift of water proportional to the temperature change. The resulting set of image data, representing the change in temperature relative to the baseline, may be subsequently sent to a display device, such as a TV or monitor. The data may alternatively, or additionally, be stored on a recording device for later playback. The data may further be transmitted over a network connection to be viewed and/or stored in a remote location. FIG. 5 shows an alternate exemplary process for determining the proton resonant frequency shift in water in a target tissue, and thereby measuring the change in temperature for the target tissue on a pixel-by-pixel basis. In this alternate exemplary process, a baseline RF pulse sequence is generated, and corresponding measurements taken, as shown in steps 310 and 320 in FIG. 5, respectively. Also, the operational RF pulse sequence is generated, and corresponding measurements taken, in respective steps 350 and 360 in FIG. 5. However, the resulting ΔβRF term may be calculated by different means than done in FIG. 3. In the process in FIG. 5, the collected baseline data 410 may be interpolated in step 530. The interpolation step substantially changes the resolution of the S(βRF) from that of the acquired data points 410, to a different resolution of βRF, an example of which is shown in the interpolated curve 420 in baseline data 410. Similarly, the operational data set 480 may be interpolated in step 360 to increase the resolution of βRF, as shown in curve 450. The interpolation may be implemented differently for the baseline and the operational data sets, since the baseline and operational data assembled in respective steps 320 and 360 may have different resolutions. Either or both interpolation steps 530 and 560 may employ a spline function, although many other interpolation techniques may be used. In this exemplary process, the compute ΔβRF step 570 may implement a correlation algorithm on the two interpolated data sets, yielding a single ΔβRF value for each pixel. Any of a multitude of correlation algorithms may be used. A circular cross-correlation algorithm is one example of such an algorithm. See FIG. 6 for an exemplary depiction of the process of FIG. 5, as implemented on one pixel of data. The baseline data assembled in step 320 may be represented as shown in FIG. 6(a); whereas the operational assembled in step 360 data may be exemplified in FIG. 6(c). The results of their respective interpolations, done in steps 530 and 560, may be approximated in FIG. 6(b) and FIG. 6(d), respectively. An example of both of these interpolated data sets are depicted in FIG. 6(e). Finally, the result of the correlation may be represented in FIG. 6(f). As shown in FIG. 6(f), the peak of the resulting correlation corresponds to the ΔβRF for that given pixel. Having computed a value for ΔβRF per pixel, the resulting change in temperature may be computed in step 395 of FIG. 5, which is substantially the same as the same-numbered step in FIG. 3. As with the process in FIG. 3, the resulting data may be sent to a display, a computer, or a memory storage device. The baseline and operational measurement sub-processes in FIG. 3 and FIG. 5 preferably include a fat suppression or fat/water separation method. The exemplary processes of FIG. 3 and FIG. 5 may be iterated, producing a sequence of thermometric images. Either process may iterate whereby once the ΔT data is generated, the process returns to step 350, and repeats the collection and processing of operational data. The new operational data may be processed against the baseline data as done previously. In this manner, each successively computed ΔT is relative to the baseline. It will be apparent that an operator may periodically initiate a new baseline measurement as needed. Further, it will be apparent that the processes in FIG. 3 and FIG. 5 may be modifiable by an operator whereby the newly computed operational data may be stored in place of the baseline data, becoming the new baseline data set. It is possible to perform measurements such that, instead of being made relative to a single baseline measurement, each operational measurement array 480 may written to the baseline array subsequent to the computation of ΔβRF. Under this variation, each measured change in temperature is relative to the previous change in temperature. This variant may prove useful in a situation such as where the temperature of a given region of interest becomes so great that resolution of the surrounding area is lost, and dynamic range is sacrificed. Thus, in order to prevent the loss of dynamic range for the entire image, it may be desired to provide an image that depicts the incremental changes in temperature as well as the total change in temperature relative to the baseline. The option of displaying the thermometric image either as increments, or relative to the baseline, may be switched during operation. Alternatively, both measurements, the incremental temperature changes and the change in temperature relative to the baseline, may be computed in parallel and made simultaneously available to the operator. In another variation to the preceding exemplary processes, the operational RF sequence may be adjusted with each iteration whereby the previously identified βRF corresponding to the peak is buffered for one or more iterations. This way, the stored βRF values may be used for focusing, or clustering, subsequent βRF values to improve the precision of the operational measurement substantially without sacrificing image processing speed. The buffered βRF data may be averaged over successive measurements, creating a windowed average of βRF values that may subsequently be used in the computation of ΔβRF. The average may be weighted, whereby certain buffered arrays of βRF may be given a higher weight than others. Such variations may enable filtering of βRF data prior to computation of βRF. The creation of the baseline data set 410 may employ such buffering and weighted averaging. All of the buffering and averaging discussed here may be done on a pixel-by-pixel basis. In a further variation to the preceding exemplary processes, previous ΔT results may be summed, or averaged, over a specified and user-configurable number of iterations, providing a windowed running average that may be sent to a display such as a TV or monitor. The number of βRF data points to be acquired may depend on the temporal resolution required. If the TR is too long, the steady state effect of the sequence is lost and there may be no on/off resonance effects visible on the image. An increase in TR also reduces the temporal resolution. If the product of TR and the number of samples is small, the sensitivity of the technique to temperature change decreases because there will be less frequency shift per each degree change in temperature. Parameters should be optimized for maximum sensitivity and the temporal resolution, depending on T1 and T2 of the target tissue. There are some phase drifts associated with this technique that are not related to temperature change. The drifts are substantially spatially invariant. Therefore, any region on the image with a constant temperature may be used to subtract the accumulated drifts. In one such implementation, a region constant in temperature is selected as a reference and the temperature variation due to drift in this region is averaged and then subtracted from the overall temperature measurements, thereby correcting for drifts. The selection of imaging parameters depends on the procedure and should be optimized. The flip angle, along with T1 and T2 of the target tissue, change the shape of the frequency-offset curves. Lower flip angles, in the range of 3-5°, may be best suited due to shape of frequency offset curves, which makes the method of the present invention more sensitive to temperature. Also, the dependence of the curves on T1/T2 of the target material generally reduces at lower flip angles. The calculated phase value may drift (change as a function of time). This phase error is partly attributed to the heating of the bore due to use of gradient waveforms. It is possible to characterize the phase stability effects due to anisotropic heating of the gradient magnets during operation, and create an array of calibration coefficients substantially sufficient to back out this effect in the acquired image data Multiple correction algorithms for this phase error can be employed. Identifying and compensating for gradient magnet heating may require additional components to the system shown in FIG. 1. First, a phantom, or target sample, may be placed in place of, or alongside, the target tissue 170. The phantom preferably comprises a thermally stable material, such as a vegetable oil, which has a resonance frequency independent of temperature. Other materials, such as fats, may be used for the phantom, provided that they have no appreciable frequency/temperature dependence. In an exemplary phantom, a vegetable oil is held in a cylindrical container 6 cm in diameter and 6 cm high. Other dimensions are possible. The container may be made of plastic, but other materials may be used as long as they have substantially no MR signal and they are MR compatible. Second, two temperature sensors may be added: a first temperature sensor, which may be installed at a fixed point substantially in the center of the inner surface of the bore of the gradient magnet 120; and a second temperature sensor, which may be attached to, or installed in, the phantom. The temperature sensors may be a fiberoptic based, although other sensor types, such as thermistors or thermocouples, may be used, provided that they are MR compatible. An exemplary procedure for characterizing phase stability effects due to bore heating is shown in FIG. 7. The exemplary procedure substantially isolates the phase drift due to the bore heating of the gradient magnets 120 by performing repeated temperature measurements on a phantom, at least once with the gradient magnets cooled, and at least once with the gradient magnets heated. In step 710, the gradient magnet 120 and the phantom are allowed to cool to a substantially thermally stable state. With this done, a “silent scan” is performed in step 715, and a set of measurements are taken in step 720. In a silent scan, the gradient magnets are turned off, and the RF pulse sequence for measurements is substantially directed to the RF coils. The system then executes a data processing sequence like that shown in FIG. 3 or FIG. 5, creating a set of ΔT image data. Then, the phantom is heated to a stable temperature, substantially eliminating any thermal gradients, in step 735, and the process is repeated whereby a second set of ΔT image data is generated. With these two ΔT images, and the temperature measurements of the phantom, the SSFP Processing Software 140 calculates the phantom's temperature coefficient. The characterization of the phantom, done in steps 710-735, is done to ensure that thermal variations in the phantom do not contribute to field variations. Having characterized the phantom in steps 710-735, the SSFP Processing Software 140 generates commands to transmit a gradient demanding pulse sequence to substantially heat the gradient magnet 120 while data is being collected. With this accomplished, the gradient magnet 120 is cooled in step 745, and a silent scan is performed in step 750. Having confirmed the thermal stability of the phantom, and having collected temperature data of the phantom with cooled and heated, the SSFP Processing Software 140 performs a correlation on the silent scan data with the heated gradient magnet data in step 755, and subsequently computes and stores the field drift of the temperature measurements of the phantom as a function of bore heating of the gradient magnets 120. Depending on the design of the magnet system, the relation between the applied gradient waveform, the status of the gradient cooling mechanism and the applied gradient waveform, can be modeled as a linear or non-linear system in step 755. The predicted drift amount due to bore heating may be modeled from the collected data, and stored in stored in step 760. The modeled and stored bore heating drift affect may be compensated for, by subtracting the field drift data from the acquired temperature data, in step 390 shown in FIG. 3 and FIG. 5. The correction could be done in real time, or in post processing if the image data is to be stored. Alternatively, a reference phantom may be placed with the target material during scanning during nominal operations, providing a continuous and real time correction for field variations. The predicted drift amount from the phase information can be subtracted from temperature data subsequently taken during nominal operations. In this case, this concurrent characterization process substantially eliminates the need for a separate characterization process like that shown in FIG. 7. The correction could be done in real time, or in post processing if the image data is to be stored. This procedure may comprise identifying a region in the thermometry image data that corresponds to the phantom, sampling one or more change in temperature values from within that region, averaging that sampled data (if necessary), and subtracting the sampled value from all of the data for that image. Phase error may be corrected by assuming that temperature of the certain parts of the object of interest in not changing during the experiment. The phase of these parts of the body can be used as reference. One or more points on the body may be used as reference, or external materials such as oil samples that generates MRI signal may be used for the same purpose. Some exemplary corrections methods are below. The zeroth-order reference correction. In this method, the phase error may be assumed to not be a function of position. Therefore the average phase of the reference points can be used as the phase error and can be used to correct for the error in the measurement points. In order for this algorithm to work at least one reference point on the image may be necessary. The first-order reference correction. In this method, the phase error can be assumed to be a linear function of x, y, and z directions. In this algorithm, the origin for the phase error is assumed to be unknown and may not be the same point as the origin of the gradient waveforms. Therefore, this algorithm requires at least four points on the 3-dimensional temperature measurements, or at least three points on the 2-dimensional temperature measurements are necessary. If the number of reference points is more that these values, parametric fit to the data will generate the phase error function. This function later can be used to correct for the errors in the measurements. Directional phase error correction. In this method, phase error in one or more predefined direction(s) is/are assumed to be zero. Therefore phase error in the other direction(s) may be estimated using reference points. The minimum number of reference points necessary in order to estimate the phase error can be reduced using this technique. If the number of reference points is more that these values, parametric fit to the data will generate the phase error function. This function later can be used to correct for the errors in the measurements. Phase-correction for a known origin. When the origin of the phase error is known by an earlier analysis of the scanner phased error characteristics, the number of parameters used in parametric fits can be reduced. Generally, the SSFP based temperature measurement technique is immune from the phase errors due to temperature dependence of the tissue electromagnetic properties mainly because the measurement is essentially based on the frequency dependent behavior of SSFP. In this method, phase is not directly measured. Additional temperature dependent measurement can be obtained if the phase of the acquired images is also analyzed using the techniques that are described in the literature. It must be noted that additional information obtained from the phase of the images is immune for the phase errors related with the tissue electromagnetic properties. The deviation of the temperature measurements by using the SSFP-based temperature measurement technique and the image phase based techniques can attributed to the temperature dependence of the electromagnetic properties of the tissue. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variation can be made in the present invention without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Thus, it is intended that the present invention cover the modifications and variations of this invention provided they come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.	<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to the creation of real-time two or three dimensional Magnetic Resonance (MR) images of temperature changes for use during thermal therapy. MR thermometry has recently gained attention because of the inportant role it plays during thermal therapy. In thermal-therapy it is important to ensure that the required thermal dose is delivered to the entire target tissue, while at the same time the surrounding tissues are spared of thermal damage. MR thermometry can provide this useful information, as thermal maps can be constructed for the entire region of interest, and temperature variations of each pixel on the image can be monitored. This real time feedback can be used by the physician during the thermal therapy to ensure successful treatment of the target tissue. 2. Discussion of the Related Art Many different temperature-monitoring techniques have been used to explore the possibility of using thermal mapping under MR guidance. Some of the techniques are based on measuring MR parameters like T1 relaxation time, diffusion coefficient of water and proton resonance frequency shift (PRF) which change with temperature. Different problems are associated with these techniques. Problems -include temperature measurement accuracy, repeatability, calibration, and dependence on geometry and orientation. These unsolved problems point to a need for better and more stable MR based thermometry.	<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>Accordingly, the present invention is directed to Steady State Free Precession (SSFP) based MR thermometry that substantially obviates one or more of the problems due to limitations and disadvantages of the related art. An advantage of the present invention is to provide a method for MRI based thermometry that substantially enables high resolution real time imagery of temperature changes in a subject. Another advantage of the present invention is to provide real time high resolution imagery showing temperature changes to enhance the effectiveness of thermal therapy. Another advantage of the present invention is to provide more precise thermometric imagery by correcting for temperature drift artifacts. Another advantage of the present invention is to provide T2/T1-weighted images, thereby allowing for good anatomic visualization. Another advantage of the present invention is to provide thermometric imagery that is inherently rather insensitive to motion and thus suitable for in vivo applications. Additional features and advantages of the invention will be set forth in the description which follows, and in part will be apparent from the description, or may be learned by practice of the invention. The objectives and other advantages of the invention will be realized and attained by the structure particularly pointed out in the written description and claims hereof as well as the appended drawings. To achieve these and other advantages and in accordance with the purpose of the present invention, as embodied and described, a computer readable medium encoded with a program for performing Magnetic Resonance based thermometry, the program comprises the steps of: issuing an instruction to transmit a first RF pulse sequence; receiving a first set of MR signal data, the first set of MR signal data corresponding to the first RF pulse sequence; interpolating the first set of MR signal data, the interpolated first set of MR signal data having a plurality of data points; storing the interpolated first set of MR signal data; receiving a second set of MR signal data; interpolating the second set of MR signal data, the interpolated second set of MR signal data having a plurality of data points; determining a phase difference between a peak of the interpolated first set of MR signal data and a peak of the interpolated second set of MR signal data; and converting the phase difference to a change in temperature. In another aspect of the present invention, a method for performing Magnetic Resonance based thermometry comprises the steps of: issuing an instruction to transmit a first RF pulse sequence; receiving a first set of MR signal data, the first set of MR signal data corresponding to the first RF pulse sequence; determining a first phase corresponding to a peak within first set of MR signal data; storing the first phase; receiving a second set of MR signal data; determining a second phase corresponding to a peak within the second set of MR data; computing a phase difference between the first phase and the second phase; and converting the phase difference to a change in temperature data. In another aspect of the present invention, a system for performing MRI-based thermometry, comprises: a gradient magnet; an RF coil; an RF amplifier connected to the RF coil; a spectrometer; and a computer, the computer having a computer readable medium encoded with a program for performing steady state free precession based thermometry, wherein the program is for generating an RF pulse sequence used to find the proton frequency shift, processing the resultant MRI data to measure the proton frequency shift, and converting the measured proton frequency shift into change in temperature data. In another aspect of the present invention, a method for measuring noise in magnetic resonance thermometry using an MRI system, the MRI system having a gradient magnet, an RF coil, and a phantom, the method comprises the steps of: allowing the gradient and the phantom to cool; acquiring a first MRI data of the phantom, with the gradient magnet turned off; acquiring a first temperature measurement of the phantom; heating the phantom; acquiring a second temperature measurement of the phantom; acquiring a second MRI data of the phantom, with the gradient magnet turned off; calculating a temperature coefficient of the phantom using the first and second MRI data and the first and second temperature measurements; transmitting a gradient demanding pulse sequence to the gradient magnet; acquiring a first temperature measurement of the gradient magnet; acquiring a third MRI data of the phantom; allowing the gradient magnet to cool; acquiring a second temperature measurement of the gradient magnet; acquiring a fourth MRI data of the phantom, with the gradient magnet turned off; and calculating a temperature drift in the phantom corresponding to a heating of the gradient magnet, using the third and fourth MRI data, the first and second temperature measurements of the gradient magnet, and the temperature coefficient of the phantom. It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory and are intended to provide further explanation of the invention as claimed.	20040521	20060718	20050310	89013.0		0	SHRIVASTAV, BRIJ B	STEADY STATE FREE PRECESSION BASED MAGNETIC RESONANCE THERMOMETRY	SMALL	0	ACCEPTED		2,004
10,850,516	ACCEPTED	Multiple region vibration-sensing touch sensor	The present invention provides a multiple region vibration-sensing touch sensor that incorporates at least two sets of vibration sensors on a single touch plate, each set of vibration sensors defining distinct touch regions. The vibration sensors detect vibrations indicative of a touch to the touch plate, and are configured to communicate signals representing the detected vibrations to controller electronics for determining information related to the touch input. Touches within each touch region can be distinguished.	1. A touch sensor, comprising: a touch plate; a first set of vibration sensors mechanically coupled to the touch plate and defining a first touch region; and a second set of vibration sensors mechanically coupled to the touch plate and defining a second touch region different from the first touch region, wherein the vibration sensors of the first set and the second set are capable of sensing vibrations propagating in the touch plate indicative of a touch input to the touch plate and are configured to communicate signals representing sensed vibrations to controller electronics for determining information related to the touch input. 2. The touch sensor of claim 1, further comprising an acoustic damper disposed between the first region and the second region. 3. The touch sensor of claim 1, wherein the first set of vibration sensors are oriented for enhanced sensitivity to vibrations indicative of touch inputs within the first region as compared to vibrations indicative of touch inputs within the second region. 4. The touch sensor of claim 1, wherein the first set of vibration sensors and the second set of vibrations sensors have at least one vibration sensor in common. 5. The touch sensor of claim 1, further comprising first controller electronics configured to receive signals from the first set of vibration sensors and second controller electronics configured to receive signals from the second set of vibration sensors. 6. The touch sensor of claim 1, wherein the touch plate comprises glass. 7. The touch sensor of claim 1, wherein the touch plate comprises acrylic. 8. The touch sensor of claim 1, wherein the touch plate comprises polycarbonate. 9. The touch sensor of claim 1, wherein the touch plate is transmissive of visible light. 10. The touch sensor of claim 1, configured for viewing a displayed imaged through the touch plate. 11. The touch sensor of claim 1, configured for viewing an image projected onto the touch plate. 12. The touch sensor of claim 1, further comprising a third set of vibration sensors mechanically coupled to the touch plate and defining a third touch region different from the first and second touch regions. 13. The touch sensor of claim 12, further comprising a fourth set of vibration sensors mechanically coupled to the touch plate and defining a fourth touch region different from the first, second and third touch regions. 14. The touch sensor of claim 1, wherein the first and second touch regions are arranged to subdivide the touch plate in a manner that reduces the average propagation distance of vibrations from the touch input location to the nearest set of vibration sensors. 15. A multiple user system incorporating the touch sensor of claim 1, wherein the first and second touch regions are designated as input areas for separate users. 16. The multiple user system of claim 15, wherein the system is a multi-player game. 17. A touch sensor system comprising one or more display devices viewable through the touch sensor of claim 1. 18. The touch sensor system of claim 17, wherein a first of the one or more display devices is viewable through the first touch region and a second of the one or more display devices is viewable through the second touch region. 19. A method for making a touch sensor comprising: providing a touch plate capable of supporting vibrations indicative of a touch input to the touch plate; mechanically coupling a first set of vibration sensors to the touch plate, the first set of vibration sensors defining a first touch region; mechanically coupling a second set of vibration sensors to the touch plate, the second set of vibration sensors defining a second touch region distinct from the first touch region; and electrically coupling the first and second sets of vibrations sensors to one or more controller electronics configured to determine information relating to the touch input from signals representing vibrations detected by the vibration sensors.	This invention relates to touch sensors, and particularly to touch sensors capable of determining touch position by detecting vibrations caused or affected by a touch input. BACKGROUND Electronic displays are widely used in all aspects of life. Although in the past the use of electronic displays has been primarily limited to computing applications such as desktop computers and notebook computers, as processing power has become more readily available, such capability has been integrated into a wide variety of applications. For example, it is now common to see electronic displays in a wide variety of applications such as teller machines, gaming machines, automotive navigation systems, restaurant management systems, grocery store checkout lines, gas pumps, information kiosks, and hand-held data organizers to name a few. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention provides a touch sensor that includes a touch plate, a first set of vibration sensors mechanically coupled to the touch plate and defining a first touch region, and a second set of vibration sensors mechanically coupled to the touch plate and defining a second touch region different from the first touch region. The vibration sensors are capable of sensing vibrations propagating in the touch plate indicative of a touch input to the touch plate, and are configured to communicate signals representing sensed vibrations to controller electronics for determining information related to the touch input. The present invention also provides a multiple user system incorporating such a touch sensor, where the first and second touch regions are designated for touch inputs from separate users. The present invention also provides a touch sensor system that includes one or more display devices viewable through the touch plate of the provided touch sensor. The present invention further provides a method of making a touch sensor. The method includes providing a touch plate capable of supporting vibrations indicative of a touch input to the touch plate, mechanically coupling to the touch plate a first set of vibration sensors defining a first touch region, mechanically coupling to the touch plate a second set of vibration sensors defining a second touch region distinct from the first touch region, and electrically coupling the first and second sets of vibrations sensors to one or more controller electronics configured to determine information relating to the touch input from signals representing vibrations detected by the vibration sensors. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The invention may be more completely understood in consideration of the following detailed description of various embodiments of the invention in connection with the accompanying drawings, in which: FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a vibration-sensing touch sensor; FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of a vibration-sensing touch sensor having first and second touch areas according to the present invention; FIGS. 3(a) and (b) are schematic side views taken along line 3—3 of the touch sensor shown in FIG. 2; FIG. 4 is a schematic representation of a vibration-sensing touch sensor having first and second touch areas according to the present invention; FIG. 5 is a schematic representation of a system including a vibration-sensing touch sensor; and FIG. 6 is a schematic representation of one embodiment of a vibration-sensing touch sensor having multiple touch areas according to the present invention. While the invention is amenable to various modifications and alternative forms, specifics thereof have been shown by way of example in the drawings and will be described in detail. It should be understood, however, that the intention is not to limit the invention to the particular embodiments described. On the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION The present invention relates to a vibration-sensing touch sensor device that includes at least two sets of vibration sensors, each set of vibration sensors defining distinct regions on a common touch plate intended for touch inputs. As such, the present invention provides a continuous surface on which multiple touch sensitive regions are disposed. Each touch sensitive region uses vibrations such as bending waves (also known as Lamb waves) to detect the occurrence of a user touch at least within the respective region. Signals derived from the sensed vibrations can be communicated to controller electronics that use the signals to determine information related to the touch input, such as touch location, touch force, touch implement type, and so forth. The same controller electronics can be used for all regions, or separate controller electronics can be used for each of the distinct regions. By sectioning a touch plate into distinct regions using distinct sets of vibration sensors, various advantages may be realized, including improved resolution over larger areas and the ability to distinguish and separately analyze signals derived from each distinct region. Methods for determining touch input information from vibrations caused or altered by the touch are disclosed in International Publications WO 01/48684 and WO 03/005292, European Patent EP 1 240 617 B1, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/729,540, U.S. Ser. No. 10/750,290, U.S. Ser. No. 10/750,291 and U.S. Ser. No. 10/750,502, U.S. Patent Publications US 2003/0066692 and US 2002/0135570, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,637,829, all of which are incorporated into this document as if reproduced in full. Briefly, when a vibration signal due to a touch is received by the vibration sensors, time differentials for signal detection between the various pairs of vibration sensors can be used to determine the position of the touch. Phase difference information can also be used to determine touch position. Because vibrations indicative of a touch input generally include bending wave vibrations that are susceptible to dispersion during propagation, it may be desirable to correct for dispersion effects that may otherwise give rise to errors in the input position or other determined information. Exemplary methods for correcting for dispersion effects are disclosed in previously referred to document WO 01/48684. Touch force can be determined using signal amplitude information. Touch implement type can be determined by analyzing the frequencies present in the vibration signal. Exemplary vibration-sensing touch sensors, disclosed in previous-cited document WO 01/48684, include frequency-correlated Lamb wave acoustic touch detection. A touch sensor using this type of touch detection may be made on an overlay of glass or plastic, or any other suitable material capable of supporting bending wave vibrations. The touch area of such a touch screen can be defined by placement of the vibration sensors coupled to the touch plate (typically at the comers of the overlay), and by the optional inclusion of acoustic boundaries or barriers surrounding the touch area(s). Acoustic boundaries may be the edges of the touch plate, or they may be acoustic barriers placed at the edges or elsewhere on the touch plate, for example to designate a boundary between designated touch regions. The present invention is particularly suited to relatively large touch device applications as well as to multi-user applications that use a touch device for user input. Propagating vibrations such as bending waves over relatively long distances, for example within a relatively large touch plate, can lead to signal degradation through attenuation as well as broad frequency spreading due to signal dispersion that may be difficult to overcome without some loss in positional resolution. By dividing the touch plate into distinct regions bounded by separate sets of vibration sensors, the average propagation distance for vibrations to reach a nearest set of vibration sensors can be reduced, resulting in potentially higher positional resolution and accuracy. In some systems of the present invention, multiple users can touch the sensor simultaneously, for example each user being dedicated to one of the distinct touch regions. The ability to distinguish between two or more users on the same touch surface is desirable in gaming and entertainment applications (e.g., two player games), as well as in applications where the form factor provided by a single continuous surface capable of distinguishing among multiple users or touch areas may be desirable for style or aesthetic reasons as compared to systems that utilize multiple separate sensor surfaces. The desire for two or more person touch screens is disclosed in International Publication WO 03/030091. Some known multi-user touch screens are limited to discriminating among users by analyzing temporal separation of signals, so that exactly simultaneous touches may be difficult to distinguish, if at all possible. Some known touch screens are also limited by a requirement that some components must be attached to the touch surface of the touch screen. Such components may include a topsheet overlay, conductive surfaces with electrodes, surface acoustic wave generators, reflectors, and detectors, and the like. In addition to systems that allow two or more users to touch a single touch screen and display, it may be desirable to provide large-area multi-user touch screens in which a single, continuous surface provides the touch surface for all users. One example may be a multi-player table top game application that uses touch input from each of the players interacting with the table top. Another example may be a two-user game having side-by-side touch input regions, which may be implemented in any suitable format, including on large area displays. Large area touch screens may operate with one display, or there may be two or more displays operating with a single touch sensor surface that has multiple designated touch regions according to the present invention. Touch screens integrated into a table top, bar top, or display device have many applications. Some benefits of the present invention may include, but are not limited to: the ability to realize a multi-user touch screen that can be incorporated into a glass table top; the ability to realize a flat bezel construction that has no components attached to the top (touch) surface; the ability to use seamless a glass surface as a touch plate; the ability to designate separate touch areas for each of multiple users, with the signals from each user being separable from those of other users; and the ability for each designated user area to detect multiple touches from its user separately from the other users touching within the other designated areas. Attempts to realize distinct touch regions on a common substrate using conventional approaches and conventional touch sensor technologies may have several disadvantages. For example, the need for certain sensor elements to exist on the front surface may practically prevent the front surface from being contiguous using conventional techniques. In contrast, the present invention can be realized by placing components within a border area of the touch plate that is already designated for inclusion of such components. In exemplary embodiments, the vibration sensors are mounted on the under-side of the touch plate, that is the surface of the touch plate opposing the touch surface. Such a configuration is not possible with surface acoustic wave touch screens. Conventional approaches may also suffer from reduced manufacturing yields and/or increased field failures when a problem with one region results in the entire construction being unusable. In contrast, failure of a vibration sensor while making touch devices of the present invention can be relatively easily detected, and repair can be accomplished by simple replacement of the failed vibration sensor, which is typically an inexpensive part. In addition, some embodiments of the present invention may have built-in redundancy where closely adjacent (and non-isolated) vibration sensors, even those that help define separate sensing regions, can perform back-up duty if the other sensor is damaged or fails. Another potential difficulty with conventional technologies can be an inability to effectively isolate touch activity in one region from touch activity in another region on the same touch plate. In the present invention, any combination of acoustic damping, software or signal processing techniques, separate controller electronics, and/or vibration sensor placement and orientation can be used to help discriminate among signals generated within distinct regions. Rather than define distinct sensor regions, another approach utilizing conventional touch technologies may be to make one large sensor subdivided into separate regions via software algorithms. Such an approach may have the disadvantage of providing lower resolution within each touch region due to the inherent accuracy of the technology being spread over the entire surface rather than being confined to each region. Such an approach also does not address the ability to differentiate simultaneous touches. The present invention addresses these issues. FIG. 1 shows a vibration-sensing touch sensor 100 that includes a rectangular touch plate 170 and vibration sensors 110, 120, 130, and 140 located at the corners and coupled to the touch plate. When integrated into a system, for example overlaying an electronic display, the border portion 160 of touch sensor 100 may be covered by a bezel, leaving an intended touch area 150 exposed to a user. Dashed line 180 is used to indicate a separation between the border area 160 and the intended touch area 150. Dashed line 180 is an arbitrary designator, and does not necessary indicate that touches outside of its inscribed area cannot be detected. To the contrary, dashed line 180 merely inscribes an area where touch inputs are intended or expected to occur, which may include the entire touch plate or some portion or portions thereof. When dashed lines are used in this document to designate intended touch areas, they are used in this manner. While the touch plate is shown as rectangular in FIG. 1, it can be of any arbitrary shape. The touch plate can be glass, acrylic, polycarbonate, metal, wood, or any other material cable of propagating vibrations that can be caused or altered by a touch input to the touch plate and that can be sensed by the vibration sensors. To detect the touch position in two dimensions on the touch plate, at least three vibrations sensors can be used, and are generally located at peripheral portions of the touch plate, although other locations can be used. For convenience, redundancy, or other reasons, it may be desirable to use at least four vibration sensors, for example one at each corner of a rectangular touch plate, as shown in FIG. 1. The vibration sensors can be any sensors capable of detecting vibrations in the touch plate that are caused or affected by a touch, for example bending wave vibrations. Piezoelectric materials may provide exemplary vibrations sensors. The vibration sensors can be mechanically coupled to the touch plate by use of an adhesive, solder, or other suitable material. Conductive traces or wires (not shown) can be connected to each of the vibration sensors for communication with controller electronics (not shown). Exemplary vibration-sensing touch sensors, their operation, their components, and their layout on a sensor are disclosed in co-assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/440,650 and U.S. Ser. No. 10/739,471, which are fully incorporated into this document. FIG. 2 shows a vibration-sensing touch sensor 200 that includes a touch plate 270 that is divided into two sections 205A and 205B. Section 205A includes a set of vibration sensors 210A, 220A, 230A, and 240A arranged at the corners of an imaginary rectangle 280A that designates an intended touch area 250A surrounded by a border area 260A. Section 205B includes a set of vibration sensors 210B, 220B, 230B, and 240B arranged at the corners of an imaginary rectangle 280B that designates an intended touch area 250B surrounded by a border area 260B. Sections 205A and 205B can be divided by an acoustic barrier 290 that can serve to absorb vibrations in the touch plate 270 so that vibrations propagating due to a touch input in one of the sections 205A and 205B can be substantially confined to that section. Barrier 290 may also serve as a strengthening beam for touch plate 270, for example in situations where the touch plate is large compared to its thickness. The touch plate 270 can be any suitable touch plate as described previously. The touch plate can be transmissive of visible light or not depending on the application. At least some degree of transmission of visible light is desirable when a displayed image is meant to be viewed through the touch sensor. The touch plate can also incorporate static graphics (permanent or removable, laminated or otherwise attached, or held in close proximity, and positioned either above or below the touch plate), whether or not the touch sensor is used in conjunction with a display viewable through the touch plate. For example, the graphics can indicate the boundaries of the intended touch regions, can indicate that a touch on the surface immediately above some element of the graphic will invoke a specific function or operation, or the like. The touch plate can also be configured to have an image projected onto it. The touch plate can also incorporate a roughened front surface that can assist in creating detectable vibrations as a user drags a finger or other touch implement across the surface. An acoustic barrier 290 can be used to vibrationally isolate the designated touch regions. Additionally, it may be desirable to mount the touch plate in the system so that the touch plate is substantially isolated from external vibrations and/or so that vibrations propagating in the touch plate are absorbed at the edges to reduce reflections. Acoustic barrier materials may include foam tapes or similar materials. Exemplary materials include acrylic foam tapes, double-coated adhesive tapes such as those sold by 3M Company under the trade designations 3M 4956 and 3M 5962, urethane foam tapes, single-coated tapes such as those sold by 3M Company under the trade designation 3M 4314, and the like. Other materials that may be suitable include various urethanes and silicones, as well as visco-elastic materials useful for vibration damping applications. FIG. 3(a) shows a cross sectional view of touch sensor 200 taken along line 3—3 in FIG. 2. In FIG. 3(a), no vibrations are propagating in the touch plate 270. In a similar cross sectional view, FIG. 3(b) schematically shows vibrations (greatly exaggerated), such as anti-symmetric Lamb waves, propagating in section 205A of touch sensor 200, for example due to a touch input. The vibrations sensors mounted on the touch plate 270 in section 205A can measure the vibrations. As shown, barrier 290 blocks the vibrations from crossing into section 205B, so that little or no vibrational energy due to the touch input in section 205A is detected by the vibration sensors mounted on the touch plate 270 in section 205B. As such, sections 205A and 205B of touch plate 270 can propagate vibrations substantially independently, allowing independent measurement of touch inputs on each section. Referring back to FIG. 2, the use of an acoustic barrier 290 can provide an effective physical method of separating inputs from two or more areas of a vibration-sensing touch sensor, for example those from two or more users. It is also possible to discriminate between touches on areas 250A and 250B without the use of an acoustic barrier between them. In some cases, a software correlation function can be used to determine the location of a touch for each set of vibration sensors that define areas 250A and 250B, namely 210A, 220A, 230A, and 240A for area 250A, and 210B, 220B, 230B, and 240B for area 250B, and thusly determine whether the touch energy originated in intended touch area 250A, intended touch area 250B, or in one of the border regions 260A and 260B that surround areas 250A and 250B. Thus, touch activity may be acted upon if determined to have occurred on designated portions of the touch plate and ignored if determined to have occurred on other portions of the touch plate. This approach general requires more signal processing than when relying solely on vibration isolation by using an acoustic barrier, but with a simplified sensor construction. The vibration sensor orientation and placement can also be used to help isolate signal detection to the vibration sensors defining the touch region of interest. For example, the vibration sensors 210A through 240A and 210B through 240B are all shown to be elongated and oriented with their long axes at 45° with respect to the adjoining edges of the adjacent corner of the touch region they help define. As disclosed in previously cited document U.S. Ser. No. 10/440,650, elongated piezoelectric vibration sensors have greater sensitivity to vibrations propagating parallel to their long axes. As such, the vibration sensors defining region 250A are more sensitive to vibrations emanating from region 250A than from region 250B, particularly because vibration sensors 220A and 230A are oriented with their axes of sensitivity pointed away from region 250B. Such a feature alone or in combination with signal analysis techniques, vibration damping, or separate controller electronics dedicated to separate regions can be used to discriminate among signals due to touch inputs within different defined regions. FIG. 4 shows a vibration-sensing touch sensor 400 that includes a touch plate 470 and vibration sensors 410, 420, 425, 435, 430, and 440 mounted around the periphery of the touch plate. The vibration sensors can be grouped into two sets, namely vibration sensors 410, 420, 430, and 440 that define the corners of a rectangular area 450 inscribed by dashed line 480, and vibration sensors 420, 425, 435, and 430 that define the corners of a rectangular area 455 inscribed by dashed line 485. The two areas 450 and 455 are divided by line 490. A touch input in area 450 can be detected by the set of vibration sensors 410, 420, 430, and 440. A touch input in area 455 can be detected by the set of vibration sensors 420, 425, 435, and 430. An acoustic barrier can optionally be placed along line 490 between vibration sensors 420 and 430 to provide some vibration isolation between areas 450 and 455. FIG. 5 schematically shows a touch sensor system 500 that includes a vibration-sensing touch sensor 510 of the present invention and an optional display device 540 positioned for viewing through the touch sensor 510. Display device 540 may be a single display device or multiple display devices, for example one display device for each of a plurality of designated intended touch areas of the touch sensor. Touch sensor 510 is electrically coupled to controller electronics 520 through an electrical connection 530 such as a flexible cable. FIG. 6 shows an embodiment of a touch sensor 600 where a circular touch plate 670, for example a table top, is provided with four sets of vibration sensors, each set defining an intended touch area. Vibration sensors 610A, 620A, 630A and 640A can be used to designate intended touch area 650A surrounded by border area 660A. Vibration sensors 610B, 620B, 630B and 640B can be used to designate intended touch area 650B surrounded by border area 660B. Vibration sensors 610C, 620C, 630C and 640C can be used to designate intended touch area 650C surrounded by border area 660C. Vibration sensors 610D, 620D, 630D and 640D can be used to designate intended touch area 650D surrounded by border area 660D. Each of the four intended touch areas can have a display visible behind it. Acoustic barriers 690, 692, 694 and 696 can optionally be provided for vibration isolation between the designated areas as well as mechanical support for the touch plate 670, if desired. The present invention should not be considered limited to the particular examples described above, but rather should be understood to cover all aspects of the invention as fairly set out in the attached claims. Various modifications, equivalent processes, as well as numerous structures to which the present invention may be applicable will be readily apparent to those of skill in the art to which the present invention is directed upon review of the instant specification.	<SOH> BACKGROUND <EOH>Electronic displays are widely used in all aspects of life. Although in the past the use of electronic displays has been primarily limited to computing applications such as desktop computers and notebook computers, as processing power has become more readily available, such capability has been integrated into a wide variety of applications. For example, it is now common to see electronic displays in a wide variety of applications such as teller machines, gaming machines, automotive navigation systems, restaurant management systems, grocery store checkout lines, gas pumps, information kiosks, and hand-held data organizers to name a few.	<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>The present invention provides a touch sensor that includes a touch plate, a first set of vibration sensors mechanically coupled to the touch plate and defining a first touch region, and a second set of vibration sensors mechanically coupled to the touch plate and defining a second touch region different from the first touch region. The vibration sensors are capable of sensing vibrations propagating in the touch plate indicative of a touch input to the touch plate, and are configured to communicate signals representing sensed vibrations to controller electronics for determining information related to the touch input. The present invention also provides a multiple user system incorporating such a touch sensor, where the first and second touch regions are designated for touch inputs from separate users. The present invention also provides a touch sensor system that includes one or more display devices viewable through the touch plate of the provided touch sensor. The present invention further provides a method of making a touch sensor. The method includes providing a touch plate capable of supporting vibrations indicative of a touch input to the touch plate, mechanically coupling to the touch plate a first set of vibration sensors defining a first touch region, mechanically coupling to the touch plate a second set of vibration sensors defining a second touch region distinct from the first touch region, and electrically coupling the first and second sets of vibrations sensors to one or more controller electronics configured to determine information relating to the touch input from signals representing vibrations detected by the vibration sensors.	20040520	20110719	20051124	99177.0		0	BODDIE, WILLIAM	MULTIPLE REGION VIBRATION-SENSING TOUCH SENSOR	UNDISCOUNTED	0	ACCEPTED		2,004
10,850,601	ACCEPTED	Taper lock bearing assembly	A bearing assembly lockable onto a shaft. The bearing assembly comprises a first tapered adapter defining a first axial bore for the receipt of the shaft which has an outer, annular tapered surface. There is a second tapered adapter defining a second axial bore for receipt of a sleeve portion of the first adapter. The second tapered adapter has an outer, annular tapered surface tapered at a taper angle opposite to that of the first tapered adapter such that the first and second tapered adapters co-operate to define an outer annular surface having a generally V-shaped configuration that tapers from spaced greater diameter outer ends to adjacent lesser diameter inner ends. The opposed tapered surfaces have a fixed limit in their axial travel toward each other along the shaft defined by engagement of the lesser diameter inner ends. When the tapered surfaces reach the end of their travel, the bearing supported on the tapered surfaces is tightened on the shaft with the correct clearances.	1. A bearing assembly lockable onto a shaft, the bearing assembly comprising: a first tapered adapter defining a first axial bore for the receipt of the shaft, and having an outer, annular tapered surface tapered from a greater diameter outer end to a lesser diameter inner end with a sleeve portion extending axially from the lesser diameter inner end of the adapter; a second tapered adapter defining a second axial bore for receipt of the sleeve portion of the first adapter; and having an outer, annular tapered surface tapered from a greater diameter outer end to a lesser diameter inner end at a taper angle opposite to that of the first tapered adapter such that the first and second tapered adapters co-operate to define an outer annular surface having a generally V-shaped configuration that tapers from greater diameter outer ends to adjacent lesser diameter inner ends; a bearing inner ring member defining an inner raceway about an outer surface and having an inner bore having an inner surface for engagement with the outer annular surface defined by the first and second tapered adapters; a bearing outer race member defining an outer raceway about an inner surface and positionable radially outwardly of the inner raceway and in substantially axial alignment therewith; a plurality of bearing elements disposed between said bearing inner raceway and said bearing outer raceway to guide relative motion of the bearing outer raceway with respect to the bearing inner raceway; and a locking member having a first axial portion for engaging the sleeve portion of the first tapered adapter and second axial portion for engaging the second tapered adapter to join the first and second tapered adapters to effect relative axial movement therebetween in order to establish a locking interference fit between the shaft, the first and second adapters and the inner surface of the bearing inner ring member. 2. The bearing assembly of claim 1 wherein the locking member is a nut having internal threads formed on the first axial portion and the sleeve portion of the first tapered adapter is formed with external threads engageable with the internal threads such that rotation of the nut acts to move the first tapered adapter axially along the shaft with respect to the nut. 3. The bearing assembly of claim 2 wherein one of the second axial portion of the nut and the second tapered adapter is formed with a flange and the other is formed with a complementary groove, the flange being engageable in the groove to lock the nut and the second tapered adapter together with respect to axial movement along the shaft while permitting relative rotation. 4. The bearing assembly of claim 2 wherein the nut is a split nut formed from at least two nut segments that are tightenable together about the shaft to provide additional anchoring force to hold the first and second tapered adapters to the shaft to prevent axial movement along the shaft. 5. The bearing assembly of claim 1 in which at least the first tapered adapter is formed with a slot extending axially along the length thereof. 6. The bearing assembly of claim 5 in which the second tapered adapter is formed with a slot extending axially along the length thereof. 7. The bearing assembly of claim 1 in which the lesser diameter inner ends of the first and second tapered adapters are each formed with a radially extending shoulder that defines a limit to axial travel of the first and second tapered adapters toward each other on the shaft by inter-engagement of the shoulders. 8. The bearing assembly of claim 1 in which the first tapered adapter includes a second sleeve portion extending from the greater diameter outer end of the adapter and a second locking member having an axial portion for engaging the second sleeve portion of the first tapered adapter. 9. The bearing assembly of claim 8 wherein the second locking member is a second nut having internal threads formed on the first axial portion, and the second sleeve portion of the first tapered adapter is formed with external threads engageable with the internal threads of the second locking member. 10. The bearing assembly of claim 9 wherein the second nut is a second split nut formed from at least two nut segments that are tightenable together about the shaft. 11. A clamping arrangement for attaching a bearing to a shaft comprising: a first tapered adapter defining a first axial bore for the receipt of the shaft, and having an outer, annular tapered surface tapered from a greater diameter outer end to a lesser diameter inner end with a sleeve portion extending axially from the lesser diameter inner of the adapter; a second tapered adapter defining a second axial bore for receipt of the sleeve portion of the first adapter; and having an outer, annular tapered surface tapered from a greater diameter outer end to a lesser diameter inner end at a taper angle opposite to that of the first tapered adapter such that the first and second tapered adapters co-operate to define an outer annular surface having a generally V-shaped configuration that tapers from greater diameter outer ends to adjacent lesser diameter inner ends; a bearing inner ring member for defining an inner raceway about an outer surface thereof and having an inner bore having an inner surface formed with a complementary V-shaped configuration for engagement with the outer annular surface defined by the first and second tapered adapters; and a locking member having a first axial portion for engaging the sleeve portion of the first tapered adapter and second axial portion for engaging the second tapered adapter to join the first and second tapered adapters to effect relative axial movement therebetween in order to establish a locking interference fit between the shaft, the first and second adapters and the bearing inner ring member fitted over the first and second tapered adapters. 12. A bearing assembly lockable onto a shaft, the bearing assembly comprising: a first tapered adapter defining a first axial bore for the receipt of the shaft, and having an outer, annular tapered surface with a sleeve portion extending therefrom; a second tapered adapter defining a second axial bore for receipt of the sleeve portion of the first adapter; and having an outer, annular tapered surface at a taper angle opposite to that of the first taper adapter; whereby the first and second tapered adapters are introducible from opposite sides of the bearing assembly and movable toward each other within a bearing inner ring member such that the first and second tapered adapters co-operate to define an outer annular surface having a generally V-shaped configuration, the bearing inner ring member having an inner surface for engagement with the generally V-shaped configuration of the outer annular surface in order to establish a locking interference fit between the shaft, the first and second adapters and the inner surface of the bearing inner ring member. 13. The bearing assembly as claimed in claim 12 in which the first and second tapered adapter tapers from greater diameter outer ends to lesser diameter inner ends with the first tapered adapter having a sleeve portion extending axially from the lesser diameter end, the lesser diameter inner ends defining stop surfaces that prevent axial movement of the tapered adapters when the lesser diameter inner ends abut each other. 14. The bearing assembly of claim 13 including a locking member having a first axial portion for engaging the sleeve portion of the first tapered adapter and a second axial portion for engaging the second tapered adapter to join the first and second tapered adapters to effect relative axial movement therebetween. 15. The bearing assembly as claimed in claim 12 in which the bearing inner ring member defines an inner raceway about an outer surface and has an inner bore having an inner surface for engagement with the outer annular surface defined by the first and second tapered adapters. 16. The bearing assembly as claimed in claim 15 including: a bearing outer race member defining an outer raceway about an inner surface and positionable radially outwardly of the inner raceway and in substantially axial alignment therewith; and a plurality of bearing elements disposed between said bearing inner raceway and said bearing outer raceway to guide relative motion of the bearing outer raceway with respect to the bearing inner raceway.	FIELD OF INVENTION This invention relates to the general field of bearings, and more particularly, to a clamping arrangement and bearing assembling for mounting to a shaft. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Bearing assemblies are present whenever rotary motion of a machine part is required. Bearing assemblies are often available as mounted bearings which are bearings that are installed in preconfigured housings. Such an arrangement simplifies machine design as the problems of bearing contamination and maintaining the bearing in contact with a shaft are solved for the machine designer who can select and purchase an off-the-shelf mounted bearing package with a housing that has mounting holes, seals, a bearing and a locking system to hold the bearing to the shaft. Examples of prior bearing assemblies and locking systems known to the inventors include those disclosed in the following: U.S. Pat. No. 1,116,845 to Rogers U.S. Pat. No. 1,380,708 to Ford U.S. Pat. No. 1,759,640 to Brunner et al. U.S. Pat. No. 2,764,437 to Bratt; U.S. Pat. No. 3,709,575 to Howe, Jr. U.S. Pat. No. 3,806,215 to Price et al. U.S. Pat. No. 3,816,013 to Schuhmann U.S. Pat. No. 3,912,412 to Struttmann U.S. Pat. No. 3,918,779 to Halliger et al. U.S. Pat. No. 4,596,477 to Lundgren U.S. Pat. No. 4,916,750 to Scott U.S. Pat. No. 5,011,306 to Martinie U.S. Pat. No. 5,489,156 to Martinie U.S. Pat. No. 5,582,482 to Thom, Jr, et al. U.S. Pat. No. 5,685,650 to Martinie et al. U.S. Pat. No. 5,876,127 to Casey U.S. Pat. No. 5,987,214 to Nisley U.S. Pat. No. 6,152,604 to Ostling et al. U.S. Pat. No. 6,425,690 to DeWatcher, and U.S. Published application No. 2002/009418 to Ostling et al. Bearing assemblies that incorporate spherical roller bearings are a preferred form of assembly. Spherical roller bearing assemblies employ cylindrical rollers turning between two races to permit relative rotation of parts associated with each race. The advantage of spherical roller bearings is that they can accommodate both radial and axial loads at high loading levels and also accept some misalignment. These features make mounted spherical roller bearings, the preferred choice for any machine that must handle heavy loads at low or intermediate speeds. Mounted spherical roller bearings are found in all heavy industry from forestry to steel manufacturing to automotive assembly lines and food processing. They are used in power plants, scrap yards, mines sand and gravel operations and almost any industry. One of the biggest problems in designing a mounted bearing is coming up with a locking system to hold the bearing tight to the shaft. A spherical roller bearing will accept thrust loads in both axial and radial directions, but this is of no benefit if the bearings slide on the shaft when an axial load is applied. One solution to this problem is to include an eccentric locking collar to hold the bearing housing to the shaft. The drawback of the eccentric locking collar becomes apparent when it is necessary to remove the bearing. Generally, bearings located by eccentric locking collars can only be removed with a cutting torch if they have been in service for any reasonable period. This is a significant problem if the bearings are mounted to expensive machinery that requires dismantling for maintenance or repairs. Removal by cutting torch also tends to damage the bearing such that an otherwise serviceable bearing must be replaced during each maintenance operation. Tapered adapter mounted bearings are a different solution to the problem of locking a bearing housing to a shaft. These bearings use a tapered adapter comprising a tapered sleeve that is pulled or pushed into a bearing housing with a tapered bore. The tapered sleeve and bore create an interference wedge fit that locks the bearing housing to the shaft. The further the sleeve is inserted into the bore, the tighter the interference fit becomes. Tapered adapter mounted bearings are fairly easily removed from the shaft by pushing the bearing in reverse against the taper. There are also drawbacks to current tapered adapter mounted bearings including: 1) the insertion of the tapered sleeve into the tapered bore of the bearing housing reduces the running clearance of the bearing. It is difficult to know how far to insert the tapered sleeve to lock the bearing housing on the shaft without adversely affecting the performance of the bearing by reducing clearance such that the bearing overheats during normal operation. Currently, the best method to alleviate this problem is to use feeler gauges between the rollers and the races when installing the bearing on the shaft to monitor clearance. 2) the tapered adapter serves to hold the shaft well in applications with high radial loads, however, performance with respect to axial loads is less impressive. The tapered adapter will only accept limited axial loads before slippage along the shaft may occur. 3) the tightening of the tapered adapter will axially preload the bearing if the bearing housing is held firmly in place. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION To address the foregoing problems, the present invention provides a novel clamping arrangement and bearing assembly that uses a pair of tapered adapters to define an annular surface having a V-shaped configuration for locking an inner ring member of a bearing to a shaft. Accordingly, the present invention provides a bearing assembly lockable onto a shaft, the bearing assembly comprising: a first tapered adapter defining a first axial bore for the receipt of the shaft, and having an outer, annular tapered surface with a sleeve portion extending therefrom; a second tapered adapter defining a second axial bore for receipt of the sleeve portion of the first adapter; and having an outer, annular tapered surface at a taper angle opposite to that of the first taper adapter; whereby the first and second tapered adapters are introducible from opposite sides of the bearing assembly and movable toward each other within a bearing inner ring member such that the first and second tapered adapters co-operate to define an outer annular surface having a generally V-shaped configuration, the bearing inner ring member having an inner surface for engagement with the generally V-shaped configuration of the outer annular surface in order to establish a locking interference fit between the shaft, the first and second adapters and the inner surface of the bearing inner ring member. The present invention also provides a bearing assembly lockable onto a shaft, the bearing assembly comprising: a bearing assembly lockable onto a shaft, the bearing assembly comprising: a first tapered adapter defining a first axial bore for the receipt of the shaft, and having an outer, annular tapered surface tapered from a greater diameter outer end to a lesser diameter inner end with a sleeve portion extending axially from the lesser diameter inner end of the adapter; a second tapered adapter defining a second axial bore for receipt of the sleeve portion of the first adapter; and having an outer, annular tapered surface tapered from a greater diameter outer end to a lesser diameter inner end at a taper angle opposite to that of the first tapered adapter such that the first and second tapered adapters co-operate to define an outer annular surface having a generally V-shaped configuration that tapers from greater diameter outer edges to adjacent lesser diameter inner edges; a bearing inner ring member defining an inner raceway about an outer surface and having an inner axial bore having an inner surface for engagement with the outer annular surface defined by the first and second tapered adapters; a bearing outer race member defining an outer raceway about an inner surface and positionable radially outwardly of the inner raceway and in substantially axial alignment therewith; a plurality of bearing elements disposed between said bearing inner raceway and said bearing outer raceway to guide relative motion of the bearing outer raceway with respect to the bearing inner raceway; and a locking member having a first axial portion for engaging the sleeve portion of the first tapered adapter and second axial portion for engaging the second tapered adapter to join the first and second tapered adapters to effect relative axial movement therebetween in order to establish a locking interference fit between the shaft, the first and second adapters and the inner surface of the bearing inner ring member. In a further aspect, the present invention provides a clamping arrangement for attaching a bearing to a shaft comprising: a first tapered adapter defining a first axial bore for the receipt of the shaft, and having an outer, annular tapered surface tapered from a greater diameter outer end to a lesser diameter inner end with a sleeve portion extending axially from the lesser diameter inner of the adapter; a second tapered adapter defining a second axial bore for receipt of the sleeve portion of the first adapter; and having an outer, annular tapered surface tapered from a greater diameter outer end to a lesser diameter inner end at a taper angle opposite to that of the first tapered adapter such that the first and second tapered adapters co-operate to define an outer annular surface having a generally V-shaped configuration that tapers from greater diameter outer ends to adjacent lesser diameter inner ends; and a locking member having a first axial portion for engaging the sleeve portion of the first tapered adapter and second axial portion for engaging the second tapered adapter to join the first and second tapered adapters to effect relative axial movement therebetween in order to establish a locking interference fit between the shaft, the first and second adapters and a bearing inner ring member fitted over the first and second tapered adapters. Preferably, the tapered first and second adapters have a fixed limit to their travel along the shaft toward each other defined by annular shoulders formed at the opposed lesser diameter inner ends of the tapered outer surfaces. When the annular shoulders inter engage at the valley of the V-shaped outer annular surface to limit further travel, the inner raceway of the bearing is locked to the shaft and the bearing automatically has the correct clearance without requiring clearance measurement. The locking member is preferably a split nut formed from at least two segments. As well as pulling the tapered adapters toward each other within the bearing, the two segments of the split nut can be tightened about the shaft to provide further clamping force to hold the bearing in place on the shaft in addition to the interference clamping force of the tapered adapters. Other aspects and features of the present invention will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon review of the following description of specific embodiments of the invention in conjunction with the accompanying figures. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Aspects of the present invention are illustrated, merely by way of example, in the accompanying drawings in which: FIG. 1 is an assembled side elevation view with cutaway sections showing a first embodiment of the bearing assembly of the present invention using a single locking member in the form of a locking nut; FIG. 1a is an end view from the left side of the assembly of FIG. 1 showing a locking nut that can be used with the present invention; FIG. 2 is cross-sectional view through the inner and outer raceway of the bearing to be anchored to the shaft; FIG. 3 is an exploded view of the bearing assembly of the present invention showing first tapered adapter, the second tapered adapter and the locking nut; FIG. 4 is an assembled side elevation view with cutaway sections showing a second embodiment of the bearing assembly of the present invention which uses two locking nuts; and FIG. 5 is a detail view showing the manner in which the second locking nut can be used in conjunction with the first tapered adapter and the inner race member to assist in removal of the first tapered adapter from the bearing. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Referring to FIG. 1, there is shown in elevation with cutaway sections a first embodiment of the bearing assembly 2 according to the present invention installed and clamped in place on a shaft 3. The clamping arrangement is shown in isolation in FIG. 3 and comprises first and second tapered adapter members 4 and 6, respectively, fitted over shaft 3 and joined together by a locking member in the form of split nut 8. The bearing structure 9 that is retained in place on shaft 3 by the clamping arrangement is shown in isolation in FIG. 2 and comprises a bearing inner ring member 10, a bearing outer race member 12 and a set of roller bearings 14 between the members to permit independent rotary motion of the outer race member with respect to the inner ring member which is locked to shaft 3. As best shown in FIG. 3, first tapered adapter 4 comprises a generally cylindrical structure 20 defining a first axial bore 22 for the receipt of shaft 3. The generally cylindrical structure has an outer, annular tapered surface 23 forming a wedge element that is tapered from a greater diameter outer end 26 to a lesser diameter inner end 28. A substantially circular sleeve portion 25 extends axially from the lesser diameter inner end 28 of the adapter. Sleeve portion 25 includes external threads 27. Preferably, first tapered adapter 4 is formed with a radial slot 30 extending along its length to permit deformation of the adapter in order to shrink in diameter when compressed to tighten onto shaft 3. Still referring to FIG. 3, there is shown second tapered adapter 6 which comprises a second generally cylindrical structure 32. Cylindrical structure 32 defines a second axial bore 33 to receive the sleeve portion 25 of first adapter 4. Second adapter 6 is also formed with an outer, annular tapered surface 35 that tapers from a greater diameter outer end 36 to a lesser diameter inner end 38. The taper angle of second adapter 6 is opposite to that of first tapered 4. Second adapter 6 is also preferably formed with a radial slot 41 extending along the length of the adapter. When the first and second tapered adapters 4 and 6 are assembled together on shaft 3 as best shown in FIG. 1, the adapters co-operate to define an outer annular surface 39 having a generally V-shaped configuration that tapers from greater diameter outer ends 26,36 to adjacent lesser diameter inner ends 28,38 at a central annular valley 40. Generally V-shaped outer surface 39 engages with bearing inner ring member 10 in an assembled bearing. Bearing inner ring member 10 defines an inner raceway about its outer surface 44 and has an inner axial bore 46 having an inner surface for engagement with outer annular surface 39 defined by the first and second tapered adapters. As is conventional, a plurality of bearing elements 46 are disposed between the bearing inner raceway and the bearing outer race member 12 to permit rotation of the outer raceway. In the illustrated embodiment, bearing elements 46 are rollers which are preferably held in a retainer 47. It will be apparent to a person skilled in the art that other types of bearing elements can be used with the clamping arrangement of the present invention. Bearing outer race member 12 defines an outer raceway 48 about an inner surface which is positionable radially outwardly of the inner raceway, and in substantially axial alignment therewith to permit relative motion of the bearing outer race member 12 with respect to the bearing inner ring member 10 when the inner ring member is locked to the shaft by the action of the clamping arrangement. The first and second tapered adapters are secured in position on shaft 3 by a locking member preferably in the form of a nut 8. As best shown in FIG. 1a, which is an end view of the bearing assembly 2, nut 8 is preferably a split nut formed from at least two nut segments 8a and 8b. The nut segments are fastenable together using a conventional arrangement of threaded fasteners 50 tightenable into aligned threaded openings that extend through the two nut segments with one of the openings being threaded to engage fastener 50. As will be described in more detail below, nut 8 acts to join the first and second tapered adapters together to effect relative axial movement therebetween. Axial movement of the tapered adapters with respect to each other along the shaft is necessary in order to establish a locking interference fit between shaft 3, the outer annular surface 39 of V-shaped configuration formed by the tapered portions of the first and second adapters, and the inner axial bore 46 of bearing inner ring member 10. As best shown in FIG. 3, split nut 8 includes a first axial portion 51 for engaging sleeve portion 25 of first tapered adapter 4. First axial portion 51 is formed with internal threads 52 which are adapted to engage external threads 27 formed on sleeve portion 25 such that rotation of the assembled nut acts to move the first tapered adapter 4 axially along shaft 3. Nut 8 also includes a second axial portion 53 for engaging the second tapered adapter. In the illustrated embodiment, second axial portion 53 is formed With an annular groove 55 adapted to engage and retain a complementary annular flange 56 formed on second tapered adapter 6. It will be readily apparent to a person skilled in the art that the positions of flange 56 and groove 55 can be reversed. Engagement of flange 56 in groove 55 acts to lock nut 8 and second tapered adapter 6 together with respect to axial movement along shaft 3 while still permitting relative rotation of the two parts. When the two tapered adapters 4,6 and nut 8 are assembled on shaft 3 as shown in FIG. 1, rotation of nut 8 acts to thread internal nut threads 52 within external threads 27 of first tapered adapter 4 to move the first adapter axially along shaft 3 with respect to the second adapter. Nut 8 is fixed axially with respect to second adapter 6, but able to rotate relative to the second adapter by virtue of the flange 56 and groove 55 arrangement described above. Therefore, rotation of nut 8 can be used to draw the oppositely angled, outer tapered surfaces 23,35 of the tapered adapters together within a bearing in order to create an interference wedge fit within the inner ring member 10 of the bearing to lock the bearing to shaft 3. Furthermore, fasteners 50 of split nut 8 can be subsequently tightened further to provide additional anchoring force to hold the first and second tapered adapters to the shaft to prevent axial movement along the shaft. This additional anchoring force combined with the anchoring force generated by the interference fit of the tapered surfaces allows the bearing assembly of the present invention to withstand increased axial loads along the shaft. It is anticipated that the axial load bearing ability of the bearing assembly of the present invention will raise the axial load rating to equal the maximum load acceptable to the bearing. An important feature of the present invention is that the dual tapered surfaces of the first and second adapters automatically create the correct clearance for the bearing when used in conjunction with the specially formed bearing inner ring member 10 described above and a shaft of the appropriate diameter. The lesser diameter inner ends of the first and second tapered adapters are each formed with a radially extending shoulder that defines a limit to axial travel of the first and second tapered adapters toward each other on the shaft by inter-engagement of the shoulders. When the shoulders abut, the tapered surfaces and bearing inner ring member 10 are designed and dimensioned to generate a interference fit sufficient to reliably lock the bearing assembly to the shaft while automatically positioning the inner raceway of the inner ring member a distance from the shaft that achieves the correct bearing clearance. This arrangement also avoids pre-loading of the bearings. When designing tapered bearings, it is possible for designers to establish a ratio between the amount of running clearance (transverse to the axis of the shaft) that a bearing will give up and the distance the tapered adapter moves into the bore (along the axis of the shaft) after full contact is made between the tapered adapter and the inner race. Therefore, it is possible to determine how much axial movement of the tapered adapter will result in a given reduction of the radial clearance of the bearing. Given that a bearing can operate satisfactorily over a range of running clearance, then the axial movement of the tapered adapters of the present invention will work satisfactorily over a range of shaft diameters. The tapered bearing of the present invention provides a limit to the axial movement of the tapered adapters by virtue of the two opposing tapered adapters engaging each other from opposite sides of the bearing to create a stop position. This is unlike conventional tapered bearings that have no limit to the axial movement of the tapered adapter through the bearing bore. The wedging arrangement of the present invention also offers the advantage that no pre-loading of the bearing occurs. Two opposing tapered surfaces being pulled into a bearing inner ring member from opposite sides of the bearing avoids axial pre-loading of the bearing. With conventional tapered bearings, it is difficult to locate a bearing precisely at a particular location on a shaft as there is a tendency when tightening the tapered adapter to pull the bearing axially along the shaft towards the nut on the adapter. If the bearing housing is in a fixed position, then tightening of the adapter results in axial pre-loading of the bearing with conventional tapered bearing designs. The design of the present invention avoids this problem by having the tapered adapters enter the bearing from opposite sides in opposite directions. FIG. 4 shows an alternative embodiment of the bearing assembly of the present invention which employs a pair of locking nuts to retain the assembly on the shaft. In the second embodiment, parts identical to those of the first embodiment are identically labelled. The second embodiment employs a modified first tapered adapter 74 that a second sleeve portion 75 extending from the greater diameter outer end 26 of the adapter opposite to the first sleeve portion 25. Second sleeve portion 75 is adapted to receive a second locking member 78 for exerting a clamping force on the second sleeve portion to assist in retaining the bearing assembly on shaft 3. Preferably, the second locking member 78 is a second split nut 80 having an axial portion with internal threads 82 to engage external threads 77 formed on second sleeve portion 75. Second split nut 80 is formed from at least two nut segments that are tightenable together about the shaft using transversely extending fasteners between nut segments to provide additional anchoring force to hold the bearing assembly to the shaft. In the illustrated embodiment, second split nut 80 is identical to the first split nut 8 of the first embodiment to the extent that the second split also includes a groove 55. In fact, in the second split nut, this groove is unnecessary and unused and is illustrated to emphasize that the two split nuts are preferably identical to reduce the number of different parts. Second split nut 80 is preferably rotated into position on threads 77 to abut the bearing housing (which defines a convenient stop location) prior to the nut segments of the second split nut being tightened together for their clamping effect on shaft 3. It will be apparent to a person skilled in the art that the second locking member 78 can also be a conventional clamping member such as a hose clamp or the like that engages a non-threaded second sleeve portion 75. Installation of the bearing assembly of the present invention involves inserting first adapter 4 positioned over shaft 3 through the internal bore of inner ring member 10. The cylindrical sleeve 25 of first tapered adapter 4 is dimensioned to protrude from the opposite side of the bearing a sufficient distance to position external threads 27 to be engageable with internal threads 52 of split nut 8. Second tapered adapter 6 is then slid along shaft 3 into position within the internal bore of inner ring member 10 from the opposite side of the bearing over sleeve 25. The nut segments 8a and 8b of split nut 8 are then installed about shaft 3 so that groove 55 engages flange 56 of the second adapter. Fasteners 50 are tightened to form split nut 8 into a single unit. Split 8 is then rotated so that nut internal threads 52 engage first adapter external threads 27 which serves to draw the tapered surfaces of the adapters together within the inner ring member 10 of the bearing. Nut 8 is rotated until the inner shoulders of the tapered adapters abut each other at which point the tapered surfaces are positioned to create an interference fit between the inner ring member and the shaft that reliably lock the bearing assembly into place and at the same time positions the inner ring member a distance from the shaft that provides appropriate bearing clearance. Fasteners 50 can be tightened further to provide additional clamping force to maintain the bearing assembly in place on the shaft. In the case of the second embodiment of FIG. 4, installation is identical to that of the first embodiment except for the additional step of applying the second locking member to the second sleeve portion of the first tapered adapter and clamping in place about the shaft. Removal of the bearing assembly involves loosening of the second locking member in the case of the second embodiment. Then, split nut 8 is released by loosening fasteners 50, and rotating nut 8 to draw apart the tapered adapters. In the case of the second embodiment of FIG. 4, withdrawal of the first tapered adapter 4 can be assisted using the second split nut 80. FIG. 5 is a detail view showing that second nut 80 is preferably dimensioned to clear the greater diameter outer end 26 of the first tapered adapter to directly engage inner race member 10. After the first locking nut 8 has been removed from second tapered adapter 6, second nut 80 can be rotated on threads 77 of second sleeve 75 of first tapered adapter 74 to cause the nut to move in the direction indicated by arrow 100. This results in the inner face 98 of nut 80 and internal nut threads 82 applying forces that result in relative axial movement between the inner race member 10 and the tapered adapter 74. The applied force acts to withdraw the first tapered adapter 74 from the inner race member along shaft 3 as nut 80 is advanced along threads 77. Although the present invention has been described in some detail by way of example for purposes of clarity and understanding, it will be apparent that certain changes and modifications may be practised within the scope of the appended claims.	<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>Bearing assemblies are present whenever rotary motion of a machine part is required. Bearing assemblies are often available as mounted bearings which are bearings that are installed in preconfigured housings. Such an arrangement simplifies machine design as the problems of bearing contamination and maintaining the bearing in contact with a shaft are solved for the machine designer who can select and purchase an off-the-shelf mounted bearing package with a housing that has mounting holes, seals, a bearing and a locking system to hold the bearing to the shaft. Examples of prior bearing assemblies and locking systems known to the inventors include those disclosed in the following: U.S. Pat. No. 1,116,845 to Rogers U.S. Pat. No. 1,380,708 to Ford U.S. Pat. No. 1,759,640 to Brunner et al. U.S. Pat. No. 2,764,437 to Bratt; U.S. Pat. No. 3,709,575 to Howe, Jr. U.S. Pat. No. 3,806,215 to Price et al. U.S. Pat. No. 3,816,013 to Schuhmann U.S. Pat. No. 3,912,412 to Struttmann U.S. Pat. No. 3,918,779 to Halliger et al. U.S. Pat. No. 4,596,477 to Lundgren U.S. Pat. No. 4,916,750 to Scott U.S. Pat. No. 5,011,306 to Martinie U.S. Pat. No. 5,489,156 to Martinie U.S. Pat. No. 5,582,482 to Thom, Jr, et al. U.S. Pat. No. 5,685,650 to Martinie et al. U.S. Pat. No. 5,876,127 to Casey U.S. Pat. No. 5,987,214 to Nisley U.S. Pat. No. 6,152,604 to Ostling et al. U.S. Pat. No. 6,425,690 to DeWatcher, and U.S. Published application No. 2002/009418 to Ostling et al. Bearing assemblies that incorporate spherical roller bearings are a preferred form of assembly. Spherical roller bearing assemblies employ cylindrical rollers turning between two races to permit relative rotation of parts associated with each race. The advantage of spherical roller bearings is that they can accommodate both radial and axial loads at high loading levels and also accept some misalignment. These features make mounted spherical roller bearings, the preferred choice for any machine that must handle heavy loads at low or intermediate speeds. Mounted spherical roller bearings are found in all heavy industry from forestry to steel manufacturing to automotive assembly lines and food processing. They are used in power plants, scrap yards, mines sand and gravel operations and almost any industry. One of the biggest problems in designing a mounted bearing is coming up with a locking system to hold the bearing tight to the shaft. A spherical roller bearing will accept thrust loads in both axial and radial directions, but this is of no benefit if the bearings slide on the shaft when an axial load is applied. One solution to this problem is to include an eccentric locking collar to hold the bearing housing to the shaft. The drawback of the eccentric locking collar becomes apparent when it is necessary to remove the bearing. Generally, bearings located by eccentric locking collars can only be removed with a cutting torch if they have been in service for any reasonable period. This is a significant problem if the bearings are mounted to expensive machinery that requires dismantling for maintenance or repairs. Removal by cutting torch also tends to damage the bearing such that an otherwise serviceable bearing must be replaced during each maintenance operation. Tapered adapter mounted bearings are a different solution to the problem of locking a bearing housing to a shaft. These bearings use a tapered adapter comprising a tapered sleeve that is pulled or pushed into a bearing housing with a tapered bore. The tapered sleeve and bore create an interference wedge fit that locks the bearing housing to the shaft. The further the sleeve is inserted into the bore, the tighter the interference fit becomes. Tapered adapter mounted bearings are fairly easily removed from the shaft by pushing the bearing in reverse against the taper. There are also drawbacks to current tapered adapter mounted bearings including: 1) the insertion of the tapered sleeve into the tapered bore of the bearing housing reduces the running clearance of the bearing. It is difficult to know how far to insert the tapered sleeve to lock the bearing housing on the shaft without adversely affecting the performance of the bearing by reducing clearance such that the bearing overheats during normal operation. Currently, the best method to alleviate this problem is to use feeler gauges between the rollers and the races when installing the bearing on the shaft to monitor clearance. 2) the tapered adapter serves to hold the shaft well in applications with high radial loads, however, performance with respect to axial loads is less impressive. The tapered adapter will only accept limited axial loads before slippage along the shaft may occur. 3) the tightening of the tapered adapter will axially preload the bearing if the bearing housing is held firmly in place.	<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>To address the foregoing problems, the present invention provides a novel clamping arrangement and bearing assembly that uses a pair of tapered adapters to define an annular surface having a V-shaped configuration for locking an inner ring member of a bearing to a shaft. Accordingly, the present invention provides a bearing assembly lockable onto a shaft, the bearing assembly comprising: a first tapered adapter defining a first axial bore for the receipt of the shaft, and having an outer, annular tapered surface with a sleeve portion extending therefrom; a second tapered adapter defining a second axial bore for receipt of the sleeve portion of the first adapter; and having an outer, annular tapered surface at a taper angle opposite to that of the first taper adapter; whereby the first and second tapered adapters are introducible from opposite sides of the bearing assembly and movable toward each other within a bearing inner ring member such that the first and second tapered adapters co-operate to define an outer annular surface having a generally V-shaped configuration, the bearing inner ring member having an inner surface for engagement with the generally V-shaped configuration of the outer annular surface in order to establish a locking interference fit between the shaft, the first and second adapters and the inner surface of the bearing inner ring member. The present invention also provides a bearing assembly lockable onto a shaft, the bearing assembly comprising: a bearing assembly lockable onto a shaft, the bearing assembly comprising: a first tapered adapter defining a first axial bore for the receipt of the shaft, and having an outer, annular tapered surface tapered from a greater diameter outer end to a lesser diameter inner end with a sleeve portion extending axially from the lesser diameter inner end of the adapter; a second tapered adapter defining a second axial bore for receipt of the sleeve portion of the first adapter; and having an outer, annular tapered surface tapered from a greater diameter outer end to a lesser diameter inner end at a taper angle opposite to that of the first tapered adapter such that the first and second tapered adapters co-operate to define an outer annular surface having a generally V-shaped configuration that tapers from greater diameter outer edges to adjacent lesser diameter inner edges; a bearing inner ring member defining an inner raceway about an outer surface and having an inner axial bore having an inner surface for engagement with the outer annular surface defined by the first and second tapered adapters; a bearing outer race member defining an outer raceway about an inner surface and positionable radially outwardly of the inner raceway and in substantially axial alignment therewith; a plurality of bearing elements disposed between said bearing inner raceway and said bearing outer raceway to guide relative motion of the bearing outer raceway with respect to the bearing inner raceway; and a locking member having a first axial portion for engaging the sleeve portion of the first tapered adapter and second axial portion for engaging the second tapered adapter to join the first and second tapered adapters to effect relative axial movement therebetween in order to establish a locking interference fit between the shaft, the first and second adapters and the inner surface of the bearing inner ring member. In a further aspect, the present invention provides a clamping arrangement for attaching a bearing to a shaft comprising: a first tapered adapter defining a first axial bore for the receipt of the shaft, and having an outer, annular tapered surface tapered from a greater diameter outer end to a lesser diameter inner end with a sleeve portion extending axially from the lesser diameter inner of the adapter; a second tapered adapter defining a second axial bore for receipt of the sleeve portion of the first adapter; and having an outer, annular tapered surface tapered from a greater diameter outer end to a lesser diameter inner end at a taper angle opposite to that of the first tapered adapter such that the first and second tapered adapters co-operate to define an outer annular surface having a generally V-shaped configuration that tapers from greater diameter outer ends to adjacent lesser diameter inner ends; and a locking member having a first axial portion for engaging the sleeve portion of the first tapered adapter and second axial portion for engaging the second tapered adapter to join the first and second tapered adapters to effect relative axial movement therebetween in order to establish a locking interference fit between the shaft, the first and second adapters and a bearing inner ring member fitted over the first and second tapered adapters. Preferably, the tapered first and second adapters have a fixed limit to their travel along the shaft toward each other defined by annular shoulders formed at the opposed lesser diameter inner ends of the tapered outer surfaces. When the annular shoulders inter engage at the valley of the V-shaped outer annular surface to limit further travel, the inner raceway of the bearing is locked to the shaft and the bearing automatically has the correct clearance without requiring clearance measurement. The locking member is preferably a split nut formed from at least two segments. As well as pulling the tapered adapters toward each other within the bearing, the two segments of the split nut can be tightened about the shaft to provide further clamping force to hold the bearing in place on the shaft in addition to the interference clamping force of the tapered adapters. Other aspects and features of the present invention will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon review of the following description of specific embodiments of the invention in conjunction with the accompanying figures.	20040519	20080318	20051124	76316.0		0	KRAUSE, JUSTIN MITCHELL	TAPER LOCK BEARING ASSEMBLY	UNDISCOUNTED	0	ACCEPTED		2,004
10,850,748	ACCEPTED	Electric outlet child safety cap	Improved designs for an electric outlet child safety cap are provided. The designs include one or more openings in the shield of the safety cap to allow air to pass there through to reduce or to substantially eliminate a choking hazard with the electric outlet safety caps. Safety caps having shields with at least one dimension that is larger than about 1⅔ inches are also provided to reduce or eliminate the chance that a small child will be able to insert the safety cap in the mouth and choke. The openings can be combined with the larger than standard sized shields for additional resistance to the choking hazard.	1. A safety cap for an electric outlet having an electrical contact hole, comprising a shield extending to cover the electrical contact hole when the safety cap is positioned on the electric outlet, said shield including at least one opening for reducing a choking hazard if the cap is inserted in the mouth of a small child. 2. A safety cap as recited in claim 1, wherein area of said at least one opening is sized to provide sufficient ventilation for breathing. 3. A safety cap as recited in claim 1, comprising two of said openings. 4. A safety cap as recited in claim 1, wherein said opening has a diameter of at least about 0.2 inches. 5. A safety cap as recited in claim 1, wherein said opening has a diameter in the range from about 0.2 inches to about 0.3 inches. 6. A safety cap as recited in claim 1, wherein said opening is positioned in the shield spaced from the electrical contact hole when the cap is covering the electrical contact hole. 7. A safety cap as recited in claim 1, wherein said opening is spaced from the electrical contact hole by at least about a {fraction (1/16)} of an inch. 8. A safety cap as recited in claim 1, wherein said opening is spaced from the electrical contact hole by at least about an ⅛ of an inch. 9. A safety cap as recited in claim 1, wherein said shield includes an outside edge, wherein said opening is spaced from said outside edge. 10. A safety cap as recited in claim 1, wherein said opening is spaced from said outside edge by at least about 0.2 inches. 11. A safety cap as recited in claim 1, wherein said opening comprises a round shaped opening. 12. A safety cap as recited in claim 1, wherein said opening comprises a slot, a rectangle, or a triangle shaped opening. 13. A safety cap as recited in claim 1, wherein said shield is fabricated of a plastic material. 14. A safety cap as recited in claim 1, further comprising a prong connected to said shield, said prong for inserting into the electrical outlet hole, wherein said opening is spaced from said prong. 15. A safety cap as recited in claim 14, wherein said opening is spaced from said prong by at least about a {fraction (1/16)} of an inch. 16. A safety cap as recited in claim 14, wherein said opening is spaced from said prong by at least about an ⅛ of an inch. 17. A method of fabricating a safety cap for an electric outlet comprising the steps of: a) providing a safety cap having a shield; and b) providing at least one opening in said shield, wherein said opening is for allowing sufficient air to flow there through to reduce a choking hazard for a small child. 18. A method as recited in claim 17, wherein said opening is sized to allow insertion of a tool to aid in removal of said safety cap from a bodily orifice. 19. A method as recited in claim 17, wherein said opening has a dimension of at least 0.2 inches. 20. A method as recited in claim 17, wherein said opening has a dimension in the range from about 0.2 inches to about 0.3 inches. 21. A method as recited in claim 17, wherein in said providing step (a) said shield has a dimension equal to or greater than 1½ inches. 22. A method as recited in claim 21, wherein said shield has a dimension greater than 1⅔ inches. 23. A method as recited in claim 21, wherein said shield has a dimension greater than 1¾ inches. 24. A safety cap for an electric outlet having an electrical contact hole, comprising a shield extending to cover the electrical contact hole, wherein said shield has a dimension larger than 1½ inches. 25. A safety cap as recited in claim 24, wherein said dimension is at least about equal to 1⅔ inches. 26. A safety cap as recited in claim 24, wherein said dimension is at least about equal to 1¾ inches. 27. A safety cap as recited in claim 24, further wherein said shield has two dimensions that are larger than 1½ inches. 28. A safety cap as recited in claim 24, wherein a pair of said shields mounted on an electrical outlet plug substantially cover a standard two-socket outlet plug cover. 29. A safety cap as recited in claim 24, wherein said shield further comprises at least one opening to allow sufficient air to flow there through to reduce a choking hazard for a small child. 30. A safety cap as recited in claim 29, wherein area of said at least one opening is sized to provide sufficient ventilation for breathing. 31. A safety cap as recited in claim 29, further comprising two of said openings. 32. A safety cap as recited in claim 29, wherein said opening has a diameter of at least 0.2 inches. 33. A safety cap as recited in claim 29, wherein said opening has a diameter in the range from about 0.2 inches to about 0.3 inches. 34. A safety cap as recited in claim 29, wherein said opening is positioned in the shield spaced from the electrical contact hole when the cap is covering the electrical contact hole. 35. A safety cap as recited in claim 34, wherein said opening is spaced from the electrical contact hole by at least about {fraction (1/16)} of an inch. 36. A safety cap as recited in claim 34, wherein said opening is spaced from the electrical contact hole by at least about ⅛ of an inch. 37. A safety cap as recited in claim 29, wherein said shield includes an outside edge, wherein said opening is spaced from said outside edge. 38. A safety cap as recited in claim 37, wherein said opening is spaced from said outside edge by at least about 0.2 inches. 39. A safety cap as recited in claim 29, wherein said opening comprises a round-shaped opening. 40. A safety cap as recited in claim 29, wherein said opening comprises a slot-shaped, a rectangle-shaped, or a triangle-shaped opening. 41. A safety cap as recited in claim 29, further comprising a prong connected to said shield, said prong for inserting into the electrical outlet hole, wherein said opening is spaced from said prong. 42. A safety cap as recited in claim 32, wherein said opening is spaced from said prong by at least about a {fraction (1/16)} of an inch. 43. A safety cap as recited in claim 32, wherein said opening is spaced from said prong by at least about an ⅛ of an inch. 44. A safety cap as recited in claim 24, wherein said shield is fabricated of a plastic material. 45. A safety cap as recited in claim 24, wherein said shield includes filled corners. 46. A safety cap as recited in claim 24, wherein said shield includes rounded corners. 47. A safety cap as recited in claim 24, wherein said shield includes an angled corner.	FIELD OF THE INVENTION This invention generally relates to a child safety caps for electrical outlets. More particularly, it relates to a cap for an electrical outlet that provides greater safety for small children. BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Safety caps for electrical outlets have been used to reduce the hazard to small children from shocks and electrocution. However, the present inventor recognized that these safety caps introduce their own hazard to small children from choking. The hazard may arise when a small child finds a safety cap on the floor or on a window sill. The hazard can also arise when the child pulls the safety cap from a wall outlet or when an older sister or brother removes a safety cap from a wall outlet and gives the cap to the smaller child. Data from the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission (USCPSC) demonstrates numerous reported incidents in which infants and toddlers pulled electric outlet safety caps from outlets and put them in their mouths. The USCPSC listing provides a hazard code: “suffocation or strangulation.” Thus, a better design for an electrical outlet safety cap is needed that maintains safety from electrical shock while improving safety with regard to choking. The improved design is provided by the present invention. It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide an electrical outlet safety cap that has a safety cap shield to cover the electrical outlet and at least one opening in the safety cap shield located and sized so that a child can breath through the opening in the cap shield if the child puts the safety cap in his or her mouth; It is a further object of the present invention to provide the opening in the safety cap shield sufficiently spaced from the position of the electrical contact hole so that objects a child may stick through the opening in the safety cap shield when the safety cap is located to protect a wall outlet do not enter the electrical contact hole of the wall outlet; It is a further object of the present invention to provide the opening in the electrical outlet safety cap shield with a sufficient size so that sufficient air can be drawn through the opening for breathing in the event a child does take the safety cap in his or her mouth and so that medical personal can use the opening to facilitate removing the cap from a child's throat or other oriface; It is a further object of the present invention to provide an electrical outlet safety cap for an electric outlet comprising a safety cap shield extending to cover the electrical contact hole, wherein the shield has a dimension larger than standard sized shields and sufficiently large to reduce the opportunity for a small child to take the safety cap in his or her mouth and choke on the safety cap; It is a feature of the present invention to provide the electrical outlet safety cap for an electric outlet wherein the safety cap shield has a dimension of at least about 1⅔ inches; It is a feature of the present invention that the electrical outlet cap has an opening to allow a small child to continue breathing through the opening if the child does get the cap in her mouth; and It is an advantage of the present invention that a small child will not be able to choke on the larger sized electrical outlet cap of the present invention; It is an advantage of the present invention that if a small child does get the safety cap of the present invention in a position in her mouth where it could choke her, the opening in the cap will provide a way for her to still continue breathing and a way for medical personnel to grasp and remove the cap. These and other objects, features, and advantages of the invention are accomplished by a safety cap for an electric outlet having an electrical contact hole. A shield portion of the safety cap extends to cover the electrical contact hole. The shield includes an opening. The opening in the shield has a sufficient size for reducing a choking hazard. Another aspect of the invention is a method of fabricating a safety cap for an electric outlet comprising the step of providing a safety cap having a shield. The method also includes the step of providing an opening in the shield. The opening is sized to allow sufficient air to flow there through to reduce a choking hazard for a small child. Another aspect of the invention is a safety cap for an electric outlet. The electrical contact has an electrical contact hole. A shield portion of the safety cap extends to cover the electrical contact hole. The shield has a dimension large enough to avoid a choking hazard for small children. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The foregoing and other objects, features, and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following detailed description of the invention, as illustrated in the accompanying drawings, in which: FIG. 1a is a three dimensional view of a standard electrical outlet safety cap of the prior art for mounting on an electrical outlet showing the shield portion of the safety cap and the prongs that extend into holes of the electrical outlet; FIG. 2 is a three dimensional view of one embodiment of the electrical outlet safety cap of the present invention showing the shield portion of the safety cap with openings that allow air to pass there through; FIGS. 3a-3n are front views of electrical outlet safety cap of the present invention showing various possible locations and shapes for the opening in the shield portion of the safety cap; FIG. 4 is a front view of another embodiment of the electrical outlet safety cap of the present invention showing a shield portion having a dimension that is sufficiently large to reduce the chance of choking on the safety cap; FIG. 5 is a front view of another embodiment of the electrical outlet safety cap of the present invention showing a shield portion that both has a dimension that is sufficiently large to reduce the chance of choking on the safety cap and openings in the shield portion that would allow for breathing and removal if the cap is ingested; FIG. 6 is a front view of another embodiment of the electrical outlet safety cap of the present invention showing a shield portion having a two dimensions that are sufficiently large to reduce the chance of choking on the safety cap; FIG. 7a is a three dimensional view of an embodiment of the electrical outlet safety cap of the present invention showing a shield portion having a dimension that is sufficiently large to reduce the chance of choking on the safety cap; FIG. 7b is a front view of the shield shown in FIG. 7a; FIGS. 8a, 9a, 9b, are front views of three prong embodiments of the electrical outlet safety cap of the present invention showing shield portions that have at least one dimension that is sufficiently large to reduce the chance of choking on the safety cap; FIG. 8b is a side view of the embodiment shown in FIG. 8a; FIGS. 10a, 10b, 11a, 11b, 12a, 12b, 13a-13c, 14a, 14c are front views of two prong embodiments of the electrical outlet safety cap of the present invention showing shield portions that have at least one dimension that is sufficiently large to reduce the chance of choking on the safety cap; FIGS. 13d, 14b, and 14d are front views of the safety cap shield of the prior art for comparison with some of the embodiments of the present invention; and FIGS. 15a-15d are side views of various embodiments of shields of the present as mounted to wall oulets. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The present inventor recognized that while standard electrical outlet caps improve safety for small children with regard to electrical shock hazards they introduce choking hazards. He found several ways to reduce this choking hazard while fully maintaining protection from the electrical shock hazard. Standard electrical safety cap 20 includes shield portion 22 and prongs 24, as shown in FIG. 1. Typically all portions of standard safety cap 20, including prongs 24 and shield 22, are fabricated of an electrically insulating material, such as plastic. Prongs 24 have a shape and dimensions and are spaced apart sufficiently to fit into two of the contact holes of an electrical outlet (not shown). Prongs 24 each have a dimension to be held tightly by the electrical contacts and to provide sufficient resistance to removal from the contact holes so as to restrict a small child from removing the safety cap. When safety cap 20 is fully inserted into the electrical outlet, shield portion 22 is designed to completely cover the contact holes of the electrical outlet. Thus, safety cap is fully inserted shield portion 22 prevents a child from inserting a finger or any other object into any of the contact holes of the electrical outlet. However, the present inventor noticed another hazard introduced by the safety cap itself. He found that an older child can remove standard safety cap 20 and hand it to a smaller child. Or a small child can find standard safety cap 20 that may have been previously removed by an adult and inadvertently left on a window sill or on the floor. The present inventor noticed that the small child can then insert standard safety cap 20 into his or her own mouth and choke on the safety cap. The present inventor also recognized that the design of standard safety cap 20 could be improved in at least two ways to protect against the choking hazard. One embodiment of the present invention is to improve resistance to the choking hazard by providing at least one opening 26 in shield 28 of electrical safety cap 30, as shown in FIGS. 2a, 3a-3n, and 5. Preferably two or more openings 26 are provided. Opening 26 preferably has a dimension of at least about 0.2 inches to allow sufficient air to flow through the safety cap if the safety cap is taken into the mouth. Preferably opening 26 has a dimension in the range from about 0.2 inches to about 0.3 inches. Various shapes, locations and numbers of opening 26 can be provided, as shown in FIGS. 3a-3m, including round, slotted, oval, rectangular, square, and triangular. One, two, three, four or more openings can be provided in shield 28. Preferably, opening 26 is spaced from edge 32 and spaced from the location of prongs 24. Spacing from edge 32 facilitates air flow that could be still be blocked by soft tissue of the throat if the opening is located at or near edge 32. Spacing from the location of prongs 24 avoids introducing a shock hazard from the ability to use the opening to access the electrical contact. Thus, in each FIG. 3a-3m, opening 26 is spaced from edge 32 and spaced from prongs 24. Another embodiment of the present invention improves resistance to the choking hazard by providing shield 40 of safety cap 42 with a substantially larger dimension D than standard electrical outlet safety caps have, as shown in FIG. 4. Thus shield 40 has a substantially larger dimension D than does shield 22 of standard safety cap 20. With larger dimension D, preferably greater than about 1⅔ inches, a small child will not be able to fit safety cap 42 in his or her mouth, at least not in a position in the mouth where he or she can choke. The shape of larger shield 40 can have a shape such as oblong, oval, round, square, or rectangular. It can be clear or have a color, such as white, off white, brown, black or any other color. Shield 40 can be flat or it can have another shape such as a bowl or pan shape. For additional safety from the choking hazard, at least one opening 44 can also be provided in larger shield 46 of safety cap 48, as shown in FIG. 5. Preferably at least two openings 44 are provided. Other configurations of at least one opening 44 can be used in the, similar to the shapes and locations of openings 26 shown in FIGS. 3a-3m. An alternative design for safety caps with larger shields 60a, 60b, each having dimensions D and H, is shown in FIG. 6. Dimensions D and H are sufficiently large to preclude a choking hazard for a small child while still approximately fitting the dimensions of a standard wall outlet cover (not shown). Two slightly different safety caps 62a, 62b are provided, 62a with prongs positioned for an upper position, and 62b with prongs positioned for a lower position. A different design is required for safety caps 62a, 62b because grounding contact prongs 64a, 64b are both oriented in the same direction for both safety caps 62a, 62b. Spacing L1 between centerline 66 and prongs 24a is about ¾ inch and spacing L2 between centerline 66 and prongs 24b is about ¼ inch, as shown in FIG. 6. Either safety cap 62a or 62b can be removed without removing the other safety cap for access to one of the two electrical outlets. Other large-shield designs are shown in FIGS. 7a-7b, 8a-8b, 10a-10b, 11a-11b, 12a-12b, 13a-13c, 14a, 14c, and 15a-15d. Comparison with standard sized shields of the prior art are given in FIGS. 13d, 14b, and 14d. Rectangular shield 66 of safety cap 67 fabricated by the present inventor is shown in FIGS. 7a-7b wherein at least one of the dimensions D′, H′ is sufficient to reduce the choking hazard. A pair of safety caps 71a, 71b with larger shields 72a, 72b are shown in FIG. 8a-8b. In this embodiment the pair of safety caps 71a, 71b have dimensions approximately matching or extending beyond the dimensions of standard wall outlet cover 74. Safety caps 78a, 78b, 81a, 81b need not extend beyond the dimensions of wall outlet 74, as shown in FIGS. 9a-9b, in which one or more dimensions of shield 80a, 80b, 82a, 82b are smaller than the corresponding dimension of standard wall outlet cover 74. Thus, safety caps can come in various sizes and shapes while providing increased protection against the choking hazard. Of course openings can be provided in any of the designs shown to further protect against the choking hazard. Safety caps 71a, 71b, 78a, 78b, 81a, 81b having shields 72a, 72b, 80a, 80b, 82a, 82b with three prongs 76a-76c are shown in FIGS. 8a-8b and 9a-9b. Safety caps 78a′, 78b′, 81a′, 81b′ similar to those shown in FIGS. 9a-9b but with only two prongs 76a′-76b′, are shown in FIGS. 10a-10b. Similarly, safety caps 71a′, 71b′, similar to those shown in FIGS. 8a-8b but with only two prongs 76a′-76b′, are shown in FIG. 13a. Safety cap 70 mounted on cover plate 74 are shown in FIGS. 11a-11b. The designs permit one safety cap 70 to be removed while the other cap remains in place, as shown in FIGS. 12a-12b. Both safety caps can also be removed. Size comparisons are provided of safety caps 71a′, 71b′ of FIGS. 13b-13c with standard prior art safety cap 20 of FIG. 13d. Similarly, size comparison is provided of safety cap 70 of FIG. 14a with standard prior art safety cap 20 of FIG. 14b. Yet another size comparison is provided in FIGS. 14c-14d. Cross sectional views of various shields 82, 84, 86, 88 having prongs 24 plugged in to wall outlet sockets 90, as shown in FIGS. 15a-15d. Sockets 90 are positioned in standard wall outlet cover plates 74 that are screwed into sockets 90 and mounted against wall 91. Different shields 82, 84, 86, 88 with different amounts of corner rounding and different amounts of corner filling are shown. Such corner rounding and corner filling are alternate ways to increase strength of shields 84, 86, 88. Shield 82 has an angled corner 92, in this case the angle being approximately 90 degrees, and it has no appreciable corner rounding. Shield 84 is similar to shield 82 but it has rounded corners 94. Shield 86 is similar to shield 84 but it has rounded corners 96 that are filled with additional plastic material for greater support. Shield 88 is similar to shield 86 but in addition to corners a greater amount of shield 88 is filled to provide even more support. While several embodiments of the invention, together with modifications thereof, have been described in detail herein and illustrated in the accompanying drawings, it will be evident that various further modifications are possible without departing from the scope of the invention. For example, various sizes and shapes of shields 28, 40, 46, 66a, 66b, and various sizes, shapes, and locations of openings 26, 44 in the shields can be used. Nothing in the above specification is intended to limit the invention more narrowly than the appended claims. The examples given are intended only to be illustrative rather than exclusive.	<SOH> BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>Safety caps for electrical outlets have been used to reduce the hazard to small children from shocks and electrocution. However, the present inventor recognized that these safety caps introduce their own hazard to small children from choking. The hazard may arise when a small child finds a safety cap on the floor or on a window sill. The hazard can also arise when the child pulls the safety cap from a wall outlet or when an older sister or brother removes a safety cap from a wall outlet and gives the cap to the smaller child. Data from the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission (USCPSC) demonstrates numerous reported incidents in which infants and toddlers pulled electric outlet safety caps from outlets and put them in their mouths. The USCPSC listing provides a hazard code: “suffocation or strangulation.” Thus, a better design for an electrical outlet safety cap is needed that maintains safety from electrical shock while improving safety with regard to choking. The improved design is provided by the present invention. It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide an electrical outlet safety cap that has a safety cap shield to cover the electrical outlet and at least one opening in the safety cap shield located and sized so that a child can breath through the opening in the cap shield if the child puts the safety cap in his or her mouth; It is a further object of the present invention to provide the opening in the safety cap shield sufficiently spaced from the position of the electrical contact hole so that objects a child may stick through the opening in the safety cap shield when the safety cap is located to protect a wall outlet do not enter the electrical contact hole of the wall outlet; It is a further object of the present invention to provide the opening in the electrical outlet safety cap shield with a sufficient size so that sufficient air can be drawn through the opening for breathing in the event a child does take the safety cap in his or her mouth and so that medical personal can use the opening to facilitate removing the cap from a child's throat or other oriface; It is a further object of the present invention to provide an electrical outlet safety cap for an electric outlet comprising a safety cap shield extending to cover the electrical contact hole, wherein the shield has a dimension larger than standard sized shields and sufficiently large to reduce the opportunity for a small child to take the safety cap in his or her mouth and choke on the safety cap; It is a feature of the present invention to provide the electrical outlet safety cap for an electric outlet wherein the safety cap shield has a dimension of at least about 1⅔ inches; It is a feature of the present invention that the electrical outlet cap has an opening to allow a small child to continue breathing through the opening if the child does get the cap in her mouth; and It is an advantage of the present invention that a small child will not be able to choke on the larger sized electrical outlet cap of the present invention; It is an advantage of the present invention that if a small child does get the safety cap of the present invention in a position in her mouth where it could choke her, the opening in the cap will provide a way for her to still continue breathing and a way for medical personnel to grasp and remove the cap. These and other objects, features, and advantages of the invention are accomplished by a safety cap for an electric outlet having an electrical contact hole. A shield portion of the safety cap extends to cover the electrical contact hole. The shield includes an opening. The opening in the shield has a sufficient size for reducing a choking hazard. Another aspect of the invention is a method of fabricating a safety cap for an electric outlet comprising the step of providing a safety cap having a shield. The method also includes the step of providing an opening in the shield. The opening is sized to allow sufficient air to flow there through to reduce a choking hazard for a small child. Another aspect of the invention is a safety cap for an electric outlet. The electrical contact has an electrical contact hole. A shield portion of the safety cap extends to cover the electrical contact hole. The shield has a dimension large enough to avoid a choking hazard for small children.	<SOH> BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>Safety caps for electrical outlets have been used to reduce the hazard to small children from shocks and electrocution. However, the present inventor recognized that these safety caps introduce their own hazard to small children from choking. The hazard may arise when a small child finds a safety cap on the floor or on a window sill. The hazard can also arise when the child pulls the safety cap from a wall outlet or when an older sister or brother removes a safety cap from a wall outlet and gives the cap to the smaller child. Data from the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission (USCPSC) demonstrates numerous reported incidents in which infants and toddlers pulled electric outlet safety caps from outlets and put them in their mouths. The USCPSC listing provides a hazard code: “suffocation or strangulation.” Thus, a better design for an electrical outlet safety cap is needed that maintains safety from electrical shock while improving safety with regard to choking. The improved design is provided by the present invention. It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide an electrical outlet safety cap that has a safety cap shield to cover the electrical outlet and at least one opening in the safety cap shield located and sized so that a child can breath through the opening in the cap shield if the child puts the safety cap in his or her mouth; It is a further object of the present invention to provide the opening in the safety cap shield sufficiently spaced from the position of the electrical contact hole so that objects a child may stick through the opening in the safety cap shield when the safety cap is located to protect a wall outlet do not enter the electrical contact hole of the wall outlet; It is a further object of the present invention to provide the opening in the electrical outlet safety cap shield with a sufficient size so that sufficient air can be drawn through the opening for breathing in the event a child does take the safety cap in his or her mouth and so that medical personal can use the opening to facilitate removing the cap from a child's throat or other oriface; It is a further object of the present invention to provide an electrical outlet safety cap for an electric outlet comprising a safety cap shield extending to cover the electrical contact hole, wherein the shield has a dimension larger than standard sized shields and sufficiently large to reduce the opportunity for a small child to take the safety cap in his or her mouth and choke on the safety cap; It is a feature of the present invention to provide the electrical outlet safety cap for an electric outlet wherein the safety cap shield has a dimension of at least about 1⅔ inches; It is a feature of the present invention that the electrical outlet cap has an opening to allow a small child to continue breathing through the opening if the child does get the cap in her mouth; and It is an advantage of the present invention that a small child will not be able to choke on the larger sized electrical outlet cap of the present invention; It is an advantage of the present invention that if a small child does get the safety cap of the present invention in a position in her mouth where it could choke her, the opening in the cap will provide a way for her to still continue breathing and a way for medical personnel to grasp and remove the cap. These and other objects, features, and advantages of the invention are accomplished by a safety cap for an electric outlet having an electrical contact hole. A shield portion of the safety cap extends to cover the electrical contact hole. The shield includes an opening. The opening in the shield has a sufficient size for reducing a choking hazard. Another aspect of the invention is a method of fabricating a safety cap for an electric outlet comprising the step of providing a safety cap having a shield. The method also includes the step of providing an opening in the shield. The opening is sized to allow sufficient air to flow there through to reduce a choking hazard for a small child. Another aspect of the invention is a safety cap for an electric outlet. The electrical contact has an electrical contact hole. A shield portion of the safety cap extends to cover the electrical contact hole. The shield has a dimension large enough to avoid a choking hazard for small children.	20040522	20060704	20050127	98692.0		1	ZARROLI, MICHAEL C	ELECTRIC OUTLET CHILD SAFETY CAP	MICRO	0	ACCEPTED		2,004
10,850,836	ACCEPTED	Method of discharging liquid drops of alignment film, method of manufacturing electro-optical panel, method of manufacturing electronic apparatus, program, device for discharging liquid drops of alignment film, electro-optical panel, and electronic apparatus	A method is provided of discharging liquid drops of an alignment film from a corresponding plurality of nozzles arranged with a predetermined interval in the direction Y that crosses a scanning direction X by scanning a liquid drop discharge head having the plurality of nozzles in the scanning direction. The liquid drops of the alignment film are discharged to a coated area to be coated with the alignment film by scanning the liquid drop discharge head once. The coated area corresponds to the entire display panel of a single panel or the entire area in which the alignment film is to be formed in a single chip.	1. A method of discharging liquid drops of an alignment film from a corresponding plurality of nozzles arranged with a predetermined interval in a direction that crosses a scanning direction comprising: scanning a liquid drop discharge head having the plurality of nozzles in the scanning direction; and discharging the liquid drops of the alignment film by scanning the liquid drop discharge head to a coated area to be coated with the alignment film once. 2. A method of discharging liquid drops of an alignment film from a corresponding plurality of nozzles arranged with a predetermined interval in a direction that crosses a scanning direction comprising: scanning a liquid drop discharge head having the plurality of nozzles from a specific position in a sub-scanning direction that crosses the scanning direction to the scanning direction; and discharging the liquid drops of the alignment film so that an interface between the alignment film and air is not generated in a position corresponding to the boundary portion of the alignment film discharged by scanning the liquid drop discharge head before and after the sub-scanning operation of the liquid drop discharge head in a coated area to be coated with the alignment film. 3. The method of discharging liquid drops of an alignment film according to claim 2, wherein a plurality of the coated areas are provided in a direction that crosses the scanning direction, and wherein, control is performed so that, when the liquid drop discharge head is scanned once in a predetermined time, the liquid drops of the alignment film are discharged from a nozzle of the plurality of nozzles corresponding to a first coated area whose entire surface is coated by performing the scanning in the predetermined time to the first coated area, and the liquid drops of the alignment film are not discharged from the nozzle of the plurality of nozzles corresponding to a second coated area whose entire surface is not coated by performing the scanning in the predetermined time to the second coated area. 4. The method of discharging liquid drops of an alignment film according to claim 3, wherein the liquid drops of the alignment film are discharged to the entire surface of the second coated area by scanning the liquid drop discharge head once in the time next to the predetermined time. 5. The method of discharging, liquid drops of an alignment film according to claim 4, wherein a boundary between the first coated area and the second coated area is obtained based on a width of the region to be coated with the alignment film in the coated area. 6. The method of discharging liquid drops of an alignment film according to claim 5, wherein a boundary between the first coated area and the second coated area is obtained based on a distance between the regions to be coated with the alignment film in the adjacent coated areas. 7. The method of discharging liquid drops of an alignment film according to claim 3, wherein, when a width of the region to be coated with the alignment film in the coated area is d1, a distance between the regions to be coated with the alignment film in the adjacent coated areas is d2, and a length between the nozzle at one end of the liquid drop discharge head in the direction that crosses the scanning direction and the nozzle at the other end thereof is L, a maximum value of n that satisfies the following equation n×d1+(n−1)×d2≦L is obtained and the boundary between the first coated area and the second coated area is obtained based on the maximum value of n. 8. A method of discharging liquid drops of an alignment film from a corresponding plurality of nozzles arranged with a predetermined interval in a direction that crosses a scanning direction by scanning a liquid drop discharge head having the plurality of nozzles in the scanning direction, the method comprising the steps of: (a) connecting a plurality of the liquid drop discharge heads to each other to form a liquid drop discharge head connecting body, each head having a size that is not allowed to completely discharge the liquid drops of the alignment film to a coated area to be coated with the alignment film by performing the scanning once; and (b) discharging the liquid drops of-the alignment film from the corresponding plurality of nozzles of the liquid drop discharge head connecting body to the entire surface of the coated area by scanning the liquid drop discharge head connecting body once. 9. The method of discharging liquid drops of an alignment film according to claim 8, wherein the coated area corresponds to an entire display area of a single panel or an entire area in which an alignment film is to be formed in a single chip. 10. A method of manufacturing an electro-optical panel, comprising the steps of: discharging liquid drops of a color filter material from a liquid drop discharge head to a base member; and discharging liquid drops of an alignment film from the liquid drop discharge head to the color filter, wherein, in the step of discharging liquid drops of an alignment film, the liquid drop discharge head having a plurality of nozzles arranged with a predetermined interval in a direction that crosses a scanning direction is scanned in the scanning direction to discharge the liquid drops of the alignment film from the corresponding plurality of nozzles to a coated area to be coated with the alignment film by scanning the liquid drop discharge head once. 11. A method of manufacturing an electronic apparatus, comprising the step of manufacturing an electronic apparatus by mounting surface-mounted components on an electro-optical panel manufactured by the method of manufacturing the electro-optical panel according to claim 10. 12. A program for making a computer execute operations of scanning a liquid drop discharge head having a plurality of nozzles arranged with a predetermined interval in a direction that crosses a scanning direction to discharge the liquid drops of an alignment film from the corresponding plurality of nozzles to a plurality of coated areas provided in a direction that crosses the scanning direction and to be coated with an alignment film, wherein the computer executes the following steps: scanning the liquid drop discharge head once to the coated area to discharge the liquid drops of the alignment film; and when the liquid drop discharge head is scanned once in a predetermined time, controlling so as to discharge the liquid drops of the alignment film from the nozzle of the plurality of nozzles corresponding to the first coated area whose entire surface is coated by performing the scanning in the predetermined time to the first coated area and so as not discharge the liquid drops of the alignment film from the nozzle of the plurality of the nozzles corresponding to the second coated area whose entire surface is not coated by performing the scanning in the predetermined time to the second coated area. 13. A device for discharging liquid drops of an alignment film, comprising: a liquid drop discharge head having a plurality of nozzles arranged with a predetermined interval in a direction that crosses a scanning direction; and a control unit, wherein the liquid drop discharge head is scanned from a specific position in a sub-scanning direction that crosses the scanning direction to the scanning direction to discharge the liquid drops of the alignment film from the corresponding plurality of nozzles, and wherein, when the alignment film is discharged by scanning the liquid drop discharge head before and after performing the sub-scanning, the control unit controls so as to discharge the liquid drops of the alignment film by scanning the liquid drop discharge head once to the coated area so that an interface between the alignment film and air is not generated in the position corresponding to the boundary of the alignment film discharged by performing the scanning before and after performing the sub-scanning of the liquid drop discharge head in the coated area to be coated with the alignment film. 14. A device for discharging liquid drops of an alignment film, comprising: a liquid drop discharge head having a plurality of nozzles arranged with a predetermined interval in a direction that crosses a scanning direction; and a control unit, wherein the liquid drop discharge head is scanned in the scanning direction to discharge the liquid drops of the alignment film from the corresponding plurality of nozzles to a plurality of coated areas provided in a direction that crosses the scanning direction and to be coated with the alignment film by scanning the liquid drop discharge head once, and wherein, when the liquid drop discharge head is scanned once in a predetermined time, the control unit controls so as to discharge the liquid drops of the alignment film from the nozzle of the plurality of nozzles corresponding to the first coated area whose entire surface is coated by performing the scanning in the predetermined time to the first coated area and so as not to discharge the liquid drops of the alignment film from the nozzle of the plurality of nozzles corresponding to the second coated area whose entire surface is not coated by performing the scanning in the predetermined time to the second coated area. 15. An electro-optical panel comprising: a substrate; and a thin film on the substrate, which is formed of liquid drops of an alignment film discharged from a liquid drop discharge head, wherein the liquid drop discharge head having a plurality of nozzles arranged with a predetermined interval in a direction that crosses a scanning direction is scanned in the scanning direction to discharge the liquid drops from the corresponding plurality of nozzles to the coated area to be coated with the alignment film by scanning the liquid drop discharge head once. 16. An electro-optical device comprising an electro-optical panel according to claim 15. 17. An electronic apparatus comprising the electro-optical device according to claim 16.	RELATED APPLICATION This application claims priority to Japanese Patent Application No. 2003-142044 filed May 20, 2003 which is hereby expressly incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Technical Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a method of discharging liquid drops of an alignment film, a method of manufacturing an electro-optical panel, a method of manufacturing an electronic apparatus, a program, a device for discharging liquid drops of an alignment film, an electro-optical panel, and an electronic apparatus. 2. Description of the Related Art Dispensers are provided as devices for applying liquid crystal within a region surrounded by a sealing material during manufacturing of liquid crystal panels. When dispensers are used, it is possible to drop the liquid crystal with a certain degree of precision and to a certain amount. However, when the liquid crystal of an amount equal to or less than that amount is dropped, there is insufficient reliability with respect to the degree of precision of the discharge amount. When the dispensers drop the liquid crystal, the drops directly become spots. In Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 5-281562, a method of manufacturing a liquid crystal panel using an inkjet method, in which the amount of a drop is extremely small and the drops can be discharged with a high degree of precision, is disclosed. According to the above publication, the main body of the inkjet for discharging the liquid crystal drops is scanned in lines with a pitch 0.5 mm to thus apply the liquid crystal drops to a substrate in lines. When a substrate is coated with liquid including a material of an alignment film by an inkjet method, like in the conventional art, the liquid (the material of the alignment film) discharged from a nozzle of an inkjet head (hereinafter, only a head in some cases) is arranged on the substrate drop by drop. When the head includes a plurality of nozzles, it is possible to perform wide range drawing by performing scanning once by the amount in which the plurality of nozzles exists. It is not possible to perform drawing by performing scanning once in the region that exceeds the range of the plurality of nozzles formed in the head. Therefore, in such a region, the portion that cannot be drawn by performing first scanning is drawn during performing second scanning to coat an entire desired coated area. However, when the portion that cannot be drawn by the first scanning is drawn during the second scanning, dropping (coating) spots of the material of the alignment film (the liquid) are generated. In order to solve the above problems, it is an object of the present invention to provide a method of discharging liquid drops of an alignment film, a device for discharging liquid drops of an alignment film, and an electro-optical panel, in which lines or spots are not generated in an electro-optical panel coated with the alignment film by a method of discharging liquid drops including the ink jet method. It is another object of the present invention to provide a method of discharging liquid drops of an alignment film, a device for discharging liquid drops of an alignment film, and an electro-optical panel, in which the quality of an electro-optical panel coated with the alignment film by a method of discharging liquid drops including the inkjet method does not deteriorate. SUMMARY In order to solve the above problems, the present invention provides a method of discharging liquid drops of an alignment film from a corresponding plurality of nozzles arranged with a predetermined interval in a direction that crosses a scanning direction by scanning a liquid drop discharge head having the plurality of nozzles in the scanning direction. The liquid drops of the alignment film are discharged by scanning the liquid drop discharge head to a coated area to be coated with the alignment film once. The present invention also provides a method of discharging liquid drops of an alignment film from a corresponding plurality of nozzles arranged with a predetermined interval in a direction that crosses a scanning direction by scanning a liquid drop discharge head having the plurality of nozzles from a specific position in a sub-scanning direction that crosses the scanning direction to the scanning direction. The liquid drops of the alignment film are discharged so that an interface between the alignment film and air is not generated in a position corresponding to the boundary portion of the alignment film discharged by scanning the liquid drop discharge head before and after the sub-scanning operation of the liquid drop discharge head in a coated area to be coated with the alignment film. In the method of discharging liquid drops of an alignment film according to the present invention, a plurality of the coated areas are provided in a direction that crosses the scanning direction, and control is performed so that, when the liquid drop discharge head is scanned once in a predetermined time, the liquid drops of the alignment film are discharged from the nozzle of the plurality of nozzles corresponding to the first coated area whose entire surface is coated by performing the scanning in the predetermined time to the first coated area, and the liquid drops of the alignment film are not discharged from the nozzle of the plurality of nozzles corresponding to the second coated area whose entire surface is not coated by performing the scanning in the predetermined time to the second coated area. In the method of discharging liquid drops of an alignment film according to the present invention, the liquid drops of the alignment film are discharged to the entire surface of the second coated area by scanning the liquid drop discharge head once in the time next to the predetermined time. In the method of discharging liquid drops of an alignment film according to the present invention, a boundary between the first coated area and the second coated area is obtained based on the width of the region to be coated with the alignment film in the coated area. In the method of discharging liquid drops of an alignment film according to the present invention, a boundary between the first coated area and the second coated area is obtained based on the distance between the regions to be coated with the alignment film in the adjacent coated areas. In the method of discharging liquid drops of an alignment film according to the present invention, when the width of the region to be coated with the alignment film in the coated area is d1, the distance between the regions to be coated with the alignment film in the adjacent coated areas is d2, and the length between the nozzle at one end of the liquid drop discharge head in the direction that crosses the scanning direction and the nozzle at the other end thereof is L, the maximum value of n that satisfies the following equation n×d1+(n−1)×d2≦L is obtained and the boundary between the first coated area and the second coated area is obtained based on the maximum value of n. The present invention also provides a method of discharging liquid drops of an alignment film from a corresponding plurality of nozzles arranged with a predetermined interval in a direction that crosses a scanning direction by scanning a liquid drop discharge head having the plurality of nozzles in the scanning direction. The method comprising the steps of: (a) connecting a plurality of the liquid drop discharge heads each having a size that is not allowed to completely discharge the liquid drops of the alignment film to a coated area to be coated with the alignment film by performing the scanning once, to each other, to form a liquid drop discharge head connecting body; and (b) discharging the liquid drops of the alignment film from the corresponding plurality of nozzles of the liquid drop discharge head connecting body to the entire surface of the coated area by scanning the liquid drop discharge head connecting body once. In the method of discharging liquid drops of an alignment film according to the present invention, the coated area corresponds to the entire display area of a single panel or the entire area in which an alignment film is to be formed in a single chip. The present invention also provides a method of manufacturing an electro-optical panel, comprising the steps: (c) discharging liquid drops of a color filter material from a liquid drop discharge head to a base member; and (d) discharging liquid drops of an alignment film from the liquid drop discharge head to the color filter. In the step (d), the liquid drop discharge head having a plurality of nozzles arranged with a predetermined interval in a direction that crosses a scanning direction is scanned in the scanning direction to discharge the liquid drops of the alignment film from the corresponding plurality of nozzles to a coated area to be coated with the alignment film by scanning the liquid drop discharge head once. A method of manufacturing an electronic apparatus according to the present invention comprises the step of manufacturing an electronic apparatus by mounting surface-mounted components on an electro-optical panel manufactured by the method of manufacturing the above-mentioned electro-optical panel according to the present invention. The present invention also provides a program for making a computer execute operations of scanning a liquid drop discharge head having a plurality of nozzles arranged with a predetermined interval in a direction that crosses a scanning direction to discharge the liquid drops of an alignment film from the corresponding plurality of nozzles to a plurality of coated areas provided in a direction that crosses the scanning direction and to be coated with an alignment film. The computer executes the following steps: (e) scanning the liquid drop discharge head once to the coated area to discharge the liquid drops of the alignment film; and (f) when the liquid drop discharge head is scanned once in a predetermined time, controlling so as to discharge the liquid drops of the alignment film from the nozzle of the plurality of nozzles corresponding to the first coated area whose entire surface is coated by performing the scanning in the predetermined time to the first coated area and so as not discharge the liquid drops of the alignment film from the nozzle of the plurality of the nozzles corresponding to the second coated area whose entire surface is not coated by performing the scanning in the predetermined time to the second coated area. The present invention also provides a device for discharging liquid drops of an alignment film, comprising: a liquid drop discharge head having a plurality of nozzles arranged with a predetermined interval in a direction that crosses a scanning direction; and a control unit. The liquid drop discharge head is scanned from a specific position in a sub-scanning direction that crosses the scanning direction to the scanning direction to discharge the liquid drops of the alignment film from the corresponding plurality of nozzles. When the alignment film is discharged by scanning the liquid drop discharge head before and after performing the sub-scanning, the control unit controls so as to discharge the liquid drops of the alignment film by scanning the liquid drop discharge head once to the coated area so that an interface between the alignment film and air is not generated in the position corresponding to the boundary of the alignment film discharged by performing the scanning before and after performing the sub-scanning of the liquid drop discharge head in the coated area to be coated with the alignment film. The present invention also provides a device for discharging liquid drops of an alignment film, comprising: a liquid drop discharge head having a plurality of nozzles arranged with a predetermined interval in a direction that crosses a scanning direction; and a control unit. The liquid drop discharge head is scanned in the scanning direction to discharge the liquid drops of the alignment film from the corresponding plurality of nozzles to a plurality of coated areas provided in a direction that crosses the scanning direction and to be coated with the alignment film by scanning the liquid drop discharge head once. When the liquid drop discharge head is scanned once in a predetermined time, the control unit controls so as to discharge the liquid drops of the alignment film from the nozzle of the plurality of nozzles corresponding to the first coated area whose entire surface is coated by performing the scanning in the predetermined time to the first coated area and so as not to discharge the liquid drops of the alignment film from the nozzle of the plurality of nozzles corresponding to the second coated area whose entire surface is not coated by performing the scanning in the predetermined time to the second coated area. The present invention also provides an electro-optical panel comprising: a substrate; and a thin film on the substrate, which is formed of liquid drops of an alignment film discharged from a liquid drop discharge head. The liquid drop discharge head having a plurality of nozzles arranged with a predetermined interval in a direction that crosses a scanning direction is scanned in the scanning direction to discharge the liquid drops from the corresponding plurality of nozzles to the coated area to be coated with the alignment film by scanning the liquid drop discharge head once. An electro-optical device according to the present invention comprises the above-mentioned electro-optical panel according to the present invention. An electronic apparatus according to the present invention comprises the electro-optical device according to the present invention. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a partial sectional view illustrating the structure of an electro-optical panel according to an embodiment of the present invention. FIGS. 2a-e illustrate a part of a method of manufacturing the electro-optical panel according to the present embodiment. FIGS. 3f-j illustrate a part of a method of manufacturing the electro-optical panel and an electronic apparatus according to the present embodiment. FIG. 4 is a flowchart illustrating the method of manufacturing the electro-optical panel and the electronic apparatus according to the present embodiment. FIGS. 5a-c illustrate a device for discharging liquid drops according to the present embodiment. FIG. 6 is a perspective view illustrating a liquid drop discharge head of the device for discharging liquid drops according to the present embodiment. FIG. 7 is a sectional view illustrating the liquid drop discharge head of the device for discharging the liquid drops according to the present embodiment. FIG. 8 illustrates the liquid drop discharge head of the device for discharging the liquid drops according to the present embodiment. FIG. 9 is a side view illustrating an experiment example according to the present embodiment. FIG. 10 is a plan view illustrating an experiment example according to the present embodiment. FIG. 11 is a plan view illustrating a state in which a thin film is formed according to the present embodiment. FIGS. 12a-c are side views illustrating a state of the liquid drop discharged from the liquid drop discharge head according to the present embodiment. FIG. 13 is a plan view illustrating the liquid drop dropped onto a substrate according to the present embodiment. FIG. 14 is a plan view illustrating another experiment example according to the present embodiment. FIG. 15 is a plan view illustrating an example of arranging the liquid drops according to the present embodiment. FIG. 16 is a plan view illustrating another example of arranging the liquid drops according to the present embodiment. FIG. 17 is a plan view illustrating another example of arranging the liquid drops according to the present embodiment. FIG. 18 is a plan view illustrating another example of arranging the liquid drops according to the present embodiment. FIG. 19 is a plan view illustrating another example of arranging the liquid drops according to the present embodiment. FIG. 20 is a plan view illustrating an example of discharging the liquid drops according to the present embodiment. FIG. 21 illustrates example of discharging the liquid drops according to the present embodiment. FIG. 22 illustrates an operation of the example of discharging the liquid drops according to the present embodiment. FIG. 23 illustrates another operation of the example of discharging the liquid drops according to the present embodiment. FIG. 24 is a plan view illustrating another example of discharging the liquid drops according to the present embodiment. FIG. 25 is a plan view illustrating an experiment example according to the present embodiment. DETAILED DESCRIPTION The embodiments of the present invention will now be further described with reference to the drawings. Also, the present invention is not restricted by the embodiments. A liquid crystal panel can be used as an electro-optical panel according to the present invention. First Embodiment A method of dropping liquid drops of an alignment film by an inkjet method will now be described as an embodiment of a method of discharging liquid drops of liquid substance according to the present invention. According to the first embodiment, a technology of preventing the generation of striped display unevenness when the liquid drops of the alignment film is dropped by an inkjet method is provided. First, a liquid crystal panel (an electro-optical panel 100) manufactured by the method of applying the liquid crystal according to the present embodiment will now be described with reference to FIG. 1. As illustrated in FIG. 1, in the electro-optical panel 100, liquid crystal 12 is sealed between a color filter substrate 10a in which color filters 11 are formed on the surface of a base member 1 and a counter substrate 10b that faces the color filter substrate 10a. Spacers 13 are arranged between the color filter substrate 1Oa and the counter substrate 10b. The distance t between the two substrates is maintained uniform over the entire surface. In the color filter substrate 10a, a color filter protecting film 20 (hereinafter, a CF protecting film) is formed to thus protect the color filters 11 formed on the base member 1. An ITO 14 and an alignment film 16 are formed on the CF protecting film 20. The CF protecting film 20 protects the color filters 11 from the high temperature at which the ITO 14 is formed and planarizes the concavo-convex portions among the color filters 11 to thus prevent the ITO 14 from being short-circuited and the alignment film 16 from being poorly rubbed. FIGS. 2 and 3 illustrate a method of manufacturing an electro-optical panel and an electronic apparatus according to the present embodiment. FIG. 4 is a flowchart illustrating the method of manufacturing the electro-optical panel and the electronic apparatus according to the present embodiment. FIG. 5 illustrates a device for discharging liquid drops according to the present embodiment. First, as illustrated in FIG. 2(a), the color filters 11 are formed by discharging the liquid drops onto the base member 1 by photolithography, an inkjet method, or a plunger (step S101). Then, in order to improve the wettability of the color filters 11 and the liquid protecting film material with which the color filters 11 are coated, as illustrated in FIG. 2(b), a surface-reforming process is performed on the color filters 11 (step S102) to thus improve the wettability of the protecting film material. This is because, when the wettability is poor, the protecting film material easily coheres so that the color filters 11 are not uniformly coated with the protecting film material. Also, the protecting film material does not easily permeate into spaces among the color filters 11 so that bubbles may be generated in the spaces and the quality of displayed images of the electro-optical panel may thus deteriorate. According to the present embodiment, the surface-reforming process is performed by radiating ultraviolet (UV) rays onto the surfaces of the color filters 11 using a UV lamp 3. However, an oxygen plasma process may be performed. In particular, according to the oxygen plasma process, it is possible to remove residue on the color filter 11 and to thus improve the quality of the CF protecting film 20. The wettability of the color filters 11 and the liquid protecting film material with which the color filters 11 are coated can be defined by the contact angle β of the protecting film material with respect to the color filter 11 (refer to FIG. 2(c)). According to the method of manufacturing the electro-optical panel of the present embodiment, the contact angle β is preferably equal to or less than 10°. When the contact angle β is in this range, since it is possible to permeate enough protecting film material into the spaces among the color filters 11 and to form the protecting film material on the color filters 11 to a uniform thickness, it is possible to form a high quality CF protecting film 20. When the surface-reforming process is completed, as illustrated in FIG. 2(d), the color filters 11 are coated with the liquid protecting film material by discharging the liquid drops (step S103). Here, the color filters 11 are coated with the protecting film material by discharging the liquid drops by the inkjet method. The method of applying the liquid drops of the protecting film material and the method of arranging the liquid drops may be the same as the following methods of applying an alignment film and arranging liquid drops. Also, instead of the following methods of applying an alignment film and arranging liquid drops, a method of applying the liquid drops of the well-known protecting film material by the inkjet method and a method of arranging the liquid drops may be adopted. When the color filter substrate 10a is coated with the protecting film material, in order to volatilize solvents in the protecting film material, the protecting film material is dried (step S104). According to the present embodiment, as illustrated in FIG. 2(e), the base member 1 coated with the liquid drops of the protecting film material is put on a hot plate 67 to thus volatilize the solvents in the protecting film material. At this time, in order to planarize the surface of the CF protecting film 20, the protecting film material is preferably dried at a low temperature for a certain time. Specifically, the protecting film material is preferably dried at a temperature equal to or less than 70° C. for no less than 5 minutes. In order to further planarize the surface of the CF protecting film 20, the protecting film material is preferably dried at a temperature equal to or less than 50° C. for no less than 10 minutes and at a temperature equal to or less than 30° C. for no less than 1 hour. Also, the protecting film material may be dried by an infrared heater or an oven as well as by the hot plate 67. By doing so, the solvents in the protecting film material are volatilized to thus form the CF protecting film 20 in the color filter substrate 10a. Then, as illustrated in FIG. 3(f), the ITO 14 and the alignment film 16 are formed on the CF protecting film 20 (step S105). Here, how the alignment film is applied will be described with reference to FIG. 5. According to the present embodiment, the liquid crystal drops are discharged by the inkjet method. As illustrated in FIG. 5(a), a liquid drop discharging device 50 includes a liquid drop discharge head 52 and a stage 60. The alignment film material (3% of polyimide resin, and 97% of solvent) is supplied from a tank 56 to the liquid drop discharge head 52 through a supply tube 58. As illustrated in FIG. 5(b), a plurality of nozzles 54 are arranged with an arrangement width H and with a uniform pitch P. Also, each nozzle 54 includes a piezoelectric element (not shown) in the liquid drop discharge head 52. The liquid drops of alignment film material are discharged from arbitrary nozzles 54 under the control of a control device 65. Also, it is possible to change the amount of the alignment film material discharged from the nozzles 54 by changing a driving pulse formed to the piezoelectric elements. Also, a personal computer or a workstation may be used as the control device 65. An example of the structure of the liquid drop discharge head 52 will be described with reference to FIGS. 6 and 7. As illustrated in FIGS. 6 and 7, the liquid drop discharge head 52 includes a nozzle plate 131 and a vibration plate 132 that are made of stainless steel so that the nozzle plate 131 and the vibration plate 132 are connected to each other through a partitioning member (a reservoir plate) 133. A plurality of spaces 134 and a liquid reservoir 135 are formed between the nozzle plate 133 and the vibration plate 132 by the partitioning member. The spaces 134 and the liquid reservoir 135 are filled with a liquid material (not shown) and communicate with each other through a supply port 136. Also, a nozzle 54 that is a minute hole is formed in the nozzle plate 131 for jetting a liquid material 111 from the spaces 134. On the other hand, a hole 137 for supplying the liquid material 111 to the liquid reservoir 135 is formed in the vibration plate 132. As illustrated in FIGS. 6 and 7, piezoelectric elements 138 are attached to the other surface of the vibration plate 132, which is opposite to the surface that faces the spaces 134. As illustrated in FIG. 7, the piezoelectric element 138 is positioned between a pair of electrodes 139, 139 so that the piezoelectric element 138 is curved to protrude outside when the pair of electrodes 139 is charged with electricity. The vibration plate 132 to which the piezoelectric elements 138 having the above structure are attached is integrated with the piezoelectric elements 138 to thus be curved to protrude outside so that the volume of the spaces 134 increases. Therefore, the liquid material whose amount corresponds to the increased amount of the volume of the spaces 134 is received from the liquid reservoir 135 through the supply port 136. Also, when the flow of the electricity to the piezoelectric elements 138 is stopped in such a state, the piezoelectric elements 138 and the vibration plate 132 recover their original shapes. Therefore, since the spaces 134 also recover their original volume, the pressure of the liquid material 111 in the spaces 134 increases so that the jet liquid drops of the liquid material are discharged from the nozzles 54 to the base member 1. Methods other than the piezo jet type using the piezoelectric elements as mentioned above may be used as a method of the liquid drop discharge head 52. Also, the alignment film material, which is the coating liquid, may be jetted from the minute hole by generating vibrations by a supersonic motor and a linear motor or by applying pressure to the tank. Here, the alignment film material in the tank is preferably defoamed in advance. Also, the liquid drop discharge head 52 may be formed by a bubble (R) jet method in which the alignment film material in the tank or a mixture of the alignment film material and low viscosity volatile liquid is heated to thus jet the alignment film material from the minute hole by the expansion and foaming of the above material. The liquid drop discharge head 52 can rotate around a rotation shaft A using the rotation shaft A orthogonal to the head center as a rotation center. As illustrated in FIG. 5(c), when the liquid drop discharge head 52 is rotated around the rotation shaft A and an angle θ is formed between the direction in which the nozzles 54 are arranged and the direction X, it is possible to make the pitch of the nozzles 54 P′=P×Sin θ. Therefore, it is possible to change the pitch of the nozzles 54 in accordance with regions coated with the alignment film material or conditions under which the regions are coated with the alignment film material. A substrate 1 having transparent electrodes on which an alignment process is performed is provided on a stage 60. The stage 60 can move in the direction Y (the sub-scanning direction) and can rotate around a rotation shaft B using the rotation shaft B orthogonal to the center of the stage 60 as a rotation center. The liquid drop discharge head 52 reciprocates in the direction X (the main scanning direction) in the drawing while discharging the liquid drops of the alignment film material on the alignment film 16 with the arrangement width H of the nozzles 54. When the alignment film material is applied by performing scanning once, the stage 60 moves in the direction Y by the arrangement width H of the nozzles 54 and the liquid drop discharge head 52 discharges the alignment film material to the next region. The operation of the liquid drop discharge head 52, the discharge of the nozzles 54, and the operation of the stage 60 are controlled by the control device 65. When the operation patterns are programmed in advance, it is possible to easily change the pattern in which the regions are coated with the alignment film material in accordance with the regions coated with the alignment film material or the conditions under which the regions are coated with the alignment film material. It is possible to coat all regions to be coated with the alignment film material by repeating the above operations. The pitch of the nozzles 54 of the liquid drop discharge head 52 and the scanning pitch in the main scanning direction (the drawing direction) will now be described with reference to FIG. 8. FIG. 8 is a plan view illustrating a state in which the liquid drops of the alignment film material discharged from the liquid drop discharge head 52 are dropped. The liquid drops of the alignment film material are dropped onto an ITO 14 of the color filter substrate 10a by a distance of 10 μm in the main scanning direction (the direction X) and by a distance of 100 μm in the sub-scanning direction (the direction Y). In this case, the distance y of the liquid drops in the sub-scanning direction is the same as the pitch P of the nozzles 54. The distance x of the liquid drops in the main scanning direction is dependent on the scanning speed and the discharge frequency of the liquid drop discharge head 52. Next, the arrangement of the liquid drops of the alignment film material discharged in the inkjet method according to the present embodiment will now be described. As illustrated in FIG. 25, the head 52 in which the plurality of nozzles 54 are provided is scanned with respect to the base member 1 in the direction of the arrow Ya to discharge the liquid drops of the material of the alignment film 16 from the corresponding nozzles 54 in the direction of the arrow Yb. By doing so, when the liquid crystal panel completed through predetermined processes after forming the alignment film 16 on the base member 1, is lightened, lines (spots) 154 are generated in the base member 1 along the drawing direction. First, the experiment illustrated in FIG. 25 will be described with reference to FIGS. 9 and 10. FIG. 9 is a side view illustrating the liquid drop discharge head 52 used for the experiment of FIG. 25 and a state of liquid drops 71 on the base member 1. FIG. 10 is a plan view of FIG. 9. When the liquid drops of the alignment film material are discharged from the nozzles 54 of the head 52 and are dropped onto the base member 1, the liquid drops spread to be circular in a moment centering around the applying points so that the liquid drops 71 each having a predetermined diameter da are formed. As illustrated in FIGS. 9 and 10, when the adjacent liquid drops 71 contact each other, the liquid drops 71 are connected to each other from the contact position so that the liquid drops 71 are integrated with each other to thus form a single thin film 72 as illustrated in FIG. 11. Therefore, in order to form the single thin film 72, it is necessary to set the pitch p1 between the nozzles 54 so that the adjacent liquid drops 71 contact each other. According to the present example, since the diameter da of each liquid drop 71 spreading on the base member 1 is 100 μm corresponding to the amount of the alignment film material per a drop discharged from each nozzle 54, the pitch p1 between the nozzles 54 is set to 100 μm. As a result of the experiment, when the liquid drops of the alignment film material are discharged from the nozzles 54 the pitch p1 between which is set as mentioned above, the liquid drops 71 are connected to each other to thus be integrated with each other as assumed. As a result, the single thin film 72 illustrated in FIG. 11 is obtained. At this point of time that is an experiment process, the thin film 72 that covers a desired range is formed so that no special problems seem to exist. However, when a liquid crystal panel is created by performing the following predetermined processes. (steps S109 to S111) and the liquid crystal panel is illuminated, the lines or spots 154 are generated as illustrated in FIG. 25. Next, the state of the alignment film material from the moment at which the alignment film material is discharged from the nozzle 54 of the head 52 to the moment at which the alignment film material is placed on the base member 1 will now be described with reference to FIG. 12. FIG. 12(a) illustrates a state in which the liquid drop 111 of the alignment film material is discharged from the nozzle 54 of the head 52. The diameter of the liquid drop 111 of the alignment film material at the moment the liquid drop 111 of the alignment film material is discharged from the nozzle 54 is 30 to 40 μm. FIG. 12(b) illustrates a state in which the liquid drop 111 of an alignment film material discharged from the nozzle 54 is placed on the base member 1 (the point of time when the liquid drop 111 of an alignment film material first contacts the base member 1). The diameter of the liquid drop 111 of the alignment film material at the moment the liquid drop 111 of an alignment film material is placed on the base member 1 is 30 to 40 μm, which does not change from the diameter of the liquid crystal drop 111 when the liquid drop 111 of the alignment film material is discharged from the nozzle 54 as illustrated in FIG. 12(a). FIG. 12(c) illustrates a state in which the liquid drop 111 of the alignment film material is dropped onto the base member 1 and spreads. The diameter of the liquid drops 111 spreading on the base member 1 is about 100 μm. As illustrated in FIGS. 12(b) and (a), the liquid drop 111 with the diameter (30 to 40 μm) that does not change from the diameter of the liquid drops 111 discharged from the head 52 collides with the base member 1 at the moment of placing the liquid drop 111 on the base member 1. Then, as illustrated in FIG. 12(c), the liquid drop 111 spreads in a moment. The diameter of the liquid drops 111 illustrated in FIG. 12(a) at the moment the liquid drop 111 is discharged is 30 to 40 μm. As illustrated in FIG. 12(b), at the moment of placing the liquid drop 111 on the base member 1, the liquid drop 111 of the above-mentioned size collides with the base member 1 and spreads (FIG. 12(c)). The reference sign a of FIG. 13 denotes a part of the liquid drop 111 at the moment of being placed on the base member 1, which is illustrated in FIG. 12(b) and whose diameter is about 30 to 40 μm. The reference sign b of FIG. 13 denotes the portion of the spreading liquid drop 111 illustrated in FIG. 12(c), whose diameter is about 100 μm. As illustrated in FIG. 5(c), it is possible to variably set the pitch P′ of the nozzles by rotating the liquid drop discharge head 52 according to the present embodiment around the rotation shaft A. The experiment of checking the generation of the lines or spots 154 when the pitch between the nozzles 54 is changed to a plurality of values, which will be described next, can be realized due to the structure of FIG. 5(c). That is, the present inventor performed an experiment of setting the pitch P′ between the nozzles 54 as a plurality of values and checked the amount of lines or spots 154. As a result, the following result is obtained. As illustrated in FIG. 14, in the case where the alignment film material is drawn by the inkjet method, when the nozzle pitch or the discharge distance (the pitch in the main scanning direction) is adjusted to the diameter (about 100 μm according to the above example and the reference sign b of FIG. 13) of the liquid drop spreading after being placed, the spot is not generated in the portion where the liquid drops are placed (the portion of 30 to 40 μm according to the above example and the reference sign a of FIG. 13), however, is generated in the portion where the liquid drop spreads (the portion in which the liquid drop spreads to thus move until the liquid drops are connected to the adjacent liquid drop and the reference sign b of FIG. 13). The result corresponds to the above-mentioned state of FIG. 25. Therefore, as illustrated in FIG. 15, when the alignment film material is drawn by the inkjet method, the discharge distance (when the head has a plurality of nozzles, the nozzle pitch) in the sub-scanning direction (orthogonal to the main scanning direction) and the discharge distance in the main scanning direction are made equal to or less than the diameter of the liquid drops (30 to 40 μm according to the above example and the reference sign a of FIGS. 15 and 13) immediately before (immediately after) being placed before spreading so that the liquid drop 111 of the alignment film material is not arranged (placed or dropped) on the base member 1 to exceed the distance. That is, instead of adjusting the pitch in the sub-scanning direction and the pitch in the main scanning direction to the diameter (the reference sign b of FIGS. 13 and 14) at the moment the liquid drops are placed, the pitch in the sub-scanning direction and the pitch in the main scanning direction to the diameter are made equal to or less than the diameter of the liquid drops (the reference sign a of FIGS. 13 and 15) immediately before the liquid drops are placed and the liquid drops 111 of the alignment film material are arranged on the base member 1. Also, in FIG. 14, only the problems of the nozzle pitches are described and the problems of the pitch in the main scanning direction are not described. However, the problems of the pitch in the main scanning direction are the same as the problems of the nozzle pitch. That is, as illustrated in FIG. 14, when the nozzle pitch is too wide, the lines or spots that extend to the main scanning direction are generated (refer to FIG. 25) in the regions that exceed the diameter of the liquid drops (the reference sign a of FIGS. 14 and 13) immediately before the liquid drops are placed as denoted by the reference numeral 91. When the pitch in the main scanning direction is too wide, the lines or spots that extend to the sub-scanning direction are generated (when both pitches are too wide, the lines or spots are generated in both directions). FIG. 15 illustrates a state in which the nozzle pitch and the pitch in the main scanning direction are adjusted to be equal to or less than the diameter of the liquid drops (the reference sign a of FIGS. 15 and 13) immediately before the liquid drops are placed. In FIG. 15, since the liquid drops before spreading are connected to each other, it is possible to prevent the generation of the lines or spots. FIG. 15 illustrates a state in which the nozzle pitch and the pitch in the main scanning direction are set to be smaller than the diameter of the liquid drops (the reference sign a of FIGS. 15 and 13) immediately before the liquid drops are placed. However, the respective pitches need not be smaller than the diameter of the liquid drops immediately before the liquid drops are placed. In FIG. 15, the adjacent liquid drops (the reference sign a of FIGS. 15 and 13) overlap each other. However, the adjacent liquid drops need not overlap each other. As illustrated in FIG. 16, in order to connect the liquid drops (the reference sign a of FIGS. 15 and 13) to each other to thus form the single thin film, the adjacent liquid drops (the reference sign a of FIGS. 15 and 13) only have to contact each other. As illustrated in FIG. 16, when the plurality of nozzles 54 are formed in the head 52, the pitch Py between the nozzles 54 is the distance equal to or less than the diameter of the liquid drops (the reference sign a of FIG. 13) immediately before (immediately after) the liquid drops are placed before spreading. Also, in the drawing direction (the main scanning direction: refer to the arrow Yc of FIG. 10), the distance (the pitch) Px by which the liquid drops are discharged is the distance equal to or less than the diameter of the liquid drops (the reference sign a of FIG. 13) immediately before (immediately after) the liquid drops are placed before spreading. When the drawing is performed by the method illustrated in FIGS. 16 and 15, since a liquid drop before spreading overlaps another adjacent liquid drop before spreading, the drops are not generated. As mentioned above, when the liquid drops 111 are arranged (is dropped onto the base member 1) during the drawing, the distance between the adjacent liquid drops 111 in the main scanning direction and the distance between the adjacent liquid drops 111 in the sub-scanning direction are equal to or less than the diameter of the liquid drops before spreading. FIG. 17 illustrates a modification of-the present embodiment. According to the present modification, unlike in FIGS. 15 and 16, even liquid drops (the reference sign a of FIG. 13) in the main scanning direction immediately before (immediately after, hereinafter, only immediately before) being placed before spreading are dropped so as to deviate from the right position to the sub-scanning direction by half the diameter of an odd liquid drop (the reference sign a of FIG. 13) immediately before being placed before spreading. FIG. 18 illustrates an arrangement in which the applying centers of the liquid drops in FIG. 17 approach each other. In FIG. 15, the regions surrounded by four arcs, which are denoted by the reference numeral 92 are not the liquid drops (the reference sign a of FIGS. 13 and 15) but the portions spreading from the liquid drops. Therefore, the portions 92 may become spots though this is only a slight possibility. On the other hand, in FIG. 18, an arbitrary liquid drop (the reference sign a of FIGS. 13 and 17) overlaps another adjacent liquid drop (the reference sign a of FIGS. 13 and 17) over the external circumference. Therefore, spots are not generated. There are two methods of realizing the above. First, when a plurality of liquid drops (the reference sign a of FIG. 13) are drawn, as illustrated in the arrow Ye of FIG. 17, compared with the case where the odd liquid drops (the reference sign a of FIG. 13) are drawn, the liquid drops are drawn by deviating the head 52 from the right position by half the diameter of the liquid drops (the reference sign a of FIG. 13) to the sub-scanning direction with respect to the base member 1. Second, as illustrated in FIG. 19, a head group 52a obtained by fixing a pair of (a plurality of) heads 52 to each other so that one head 52 deviates from the other by half the diameter of the liquid drops (the reference sign a of FIG. 13) to the sub-scanning direction is scanned (mainly scanned) to the base member 1. When the odd liquid drops (the reference sign a of FIG. 13) are drawn, the liquid drops are discharged from the nozzles 54 of the first head 52 in the head group 52a. When the even liquid drops (the reference sign a of FIG. 13) are drawn, the liquid drops are discharged from the nozzles 54 of the second head 52 in the head group 52a. As mentioned above, according to the present embodiment, the liquid drops 111 are discharged so that a liquid drop 111 immediately after being placed (dropped) on the base member 1 before spreading is dropped so as to contact another adjacent liquid drop 111 in the same state (immediately after being placed before spreading). Next, the method of discharging the liquid drops of the alignment film material by the inkjet method according to the present embodiment will now be described. The following method of applying the alignment film can be applied to the method of applying liquid drops other than the inkjet method. Here, it is possible to prevent the generation of the spots of liquid drops of the alignment film. The spots are row changing lines generated on the boundary of the film drawn by the main scanning performed before and after performing the sub-scanning. As a result of determining the cause of the above problem, it is noted that, in the portion drawn by performing main scanning once, an interface between the alignment film material (the liquid) and the air is generated on the substrate and that the portion becomes the spot of the alignment film material (the liquid). Therefore, the drawing of all of the coated range of one unit (the coated area, for example, a single chip) is completed by performing the main scanning only once. As mentioned above, when the region that cannot be drawn by performing first main scanning since the region exceeds the range in which the nozzles of the inkjet head are formed among the range to be coated with the alignment film material (the liquid) is drawn by performing second main scanning, the spots of the liquid crystal (the liquid) are generated. This will be described with reference to the following drawings. FIG. 20 illustrates a case in which a plurality of chips 102 is formed on a wafer 101. Each of the plurality of chips 102 constitutes a liquid crystal panel of, for example, a mobile telephone. The liquid drops of the alignment film material are simultaneously discharged to the plurality of chips 102 using the plurality of nozzles 54 formed in the liquid drop discharge head 52. In this case, in order to improve the productivity, it is preferable that the liquid drops of the alignment film material be applied to the chips 102 as many as possible on the wafer 101 using all of the nozzles 54 of the liquid drop discharge head 52 from one end to the other end to the direction where the liquid drop discharge head 52 extends by performing the main scanning (in the direction X) once. In FIG. 20, the chips 102 are arranged in the order of the reference numerals 102a, 102b, 102c, . . . , and 102z from the left end of the wafer 101. In this case, as illustrated in FIG. 20, when the nozzle 54 of one end of the liquid drop discharge head 52 is adjusted to the position of the chip 102a in which the liquid drops are arranged, the nozzle 54 in the other end of the liquid drop discharge head 52 is positioned in the middle of the chip 102c. In order to improve the productivity, it is preferable that all of the nozzles 54 be used in the arrangement state of the liquid drop discharge head 52 illustrated in FIG. 20. That is, it is preferable that the entire regions of the chips 102a and 102b and the region to the middle of the chip 102c be coated with the liquid drops by performing the first main scanning and that the remaining half of the chip 102c and the chips after the chip 102d including the chip 102d be coated with the liquid drops by performing the second main scanning. As mentioned above, it is possible to reduce the number of performances of the main scanning required for coating the plurality of chips 102 on the wafer 101 by using all of the nozzles 54 from one end to the other end in the longitudinal direction of the liquid drop discharge head 52. According to the method, it is possible to improve the productivity. Therefore, the method is commonly used. However, according to the above method, as illustrated in FIG. 21, the liquid drops of the alignment film material are applied to one chip 102c by performing the second main scanning. Therefore, in the area (the coated area) to be coated with the alignment film material in the chip 102c, an interface 105 between the liquid crystal and the air is generated in the end of the region coated with the liquid crystal by performing the first main scanning. Then, the interface 105 is coated with the liquid drops of the alignment film material by performing the second main scanning. However, the spot is generated in the interface 105. Here, the coated area is a region to be coated with the alignment film material (the liquid), in which it is desired to avoid the generation of coating spots, in maximum units in terms of an area (each of the chips 102a to 102z according to the present example). That is, the coated area is the region, whose entire surface should be uniformly coated, in the maximum units in terms of an area (a chip according to the present example, however, a substrate when a single substrate is formed of one wafer). The coated area is commonly a display area in a single panel. Therefore, according to the present embodiment, as illustrated in FIGS. 21 and 22, when there exists a coated area (according to the present example, the chip 102c) that cannot be coated by performing the main scanning once among the plurality of coated areas (according to the present example the chips 102a to 102z), the coated area (according to the present example, the chip 102c) is not coated with the liquid drops of the alignment film material by performing the main scanning of the time in order to prevent the generation of the spot. That is, as illustrated in FIG. 22, when the main scanning of the liquid drop discharge head 52 is performed in a state where the liquid drop discharge head 52 covers only the chip 102c only to the middle of the chip 102c, the entire region of the chip 102c cannot be coated by performing the main scanning once. When the main scanning is performed in such a state, the nozzle denoted by the reference numeral 54b above the chip 102c is controlled not to discharge the liquid drops of the alignment film material. It is possible to prevent the generation of the interface between the alignment film material and the air on the chip 102c by controlling the nozzle 54b not to discharge the liquid drops of the alignment film material and to thus prevent the generation of the coating spots. In general, in view of the productivity, it is tried to reduce the number of performances of the main scanning by discharging the liquid drops of the alignment film material from the nozzle above the chip. However, according to the present embodiment, the quality (it is possible to prevent the generation of coating spots of the alignment film material) is the first priority even at the expense of productivity. As mentioned above, the chips 102a and 102b are coated with the liquid drops of the alignment film material by performing the first main scanning. Also, the liquid drops are not discharged from the nozzle denoted by the reference numeral 54a by performing the main scanning in the position of the drawing (like in the conventional art). This is because the nozzle denoted by the reference numeral 54a is positioned above the area to which the liquid drops of the alignment film material are not to be discharged (in which chips do not exist). Next, the liquid drop discharge head 52 performs the sub-scanning from the position illustrated in FIG. 22 in the direction of the arrow Y. As a result, as illustrated in FIG. 23, when the liquid drop discharge head 52 reaches the position in which the liquid drops of the alignment film material discharged from the liquid drop discharge head 52 can coat all of the regions of the chip 102c that are not coated in a previous time (by performing the first main scanning) by performing the second main scanning, the chip 102c is coated with the liquid drops of the alignment film material by performing the second main scanning. In the second main scanning, like in the first main scanning, among the plurality of coated areas (according to the present example, the chips 102a to 102z), when there exists a coated area (according to the present example, the chip 102e) in which all of the regions cannot be coated by performing the main scanning once, the coated area (according to the present example, the chip 102e) is not coated with the liquid drops of the alignment film material by performing the main scanning. Then, third main scanning is performed. According to the above example, during the main scanning of the respective times, when the liquid drops of the alignment film material are discharged to two columns of chips 102 (to the chips 102a and 102b in the first main scanning and to the chips 102c and 102d in the second main scanning), the liquid drops of the alignment film material are not discharged from the nozzles 54 corresponding to the positions of the chips 102 of the third column (to the chip 102c in the first main scanning and to the chip 102e in the second main scanning). When the objects to be coated with the liquid drops of the alignment film material are difference from those on the wafer 101 of FIG. 20, that is, when the size or the arrangement of the chips on the wafer is difference from that of FIG. 20, to how many columns of chips the liquid drops of the alignment film material are discharged and from which nozzle 54 corresponding to the position of chip that belongs to which column the liquid drops of the alignment film material are not discharged varies with the main scanning of each time. Here, for example; from the following equation, it is possible to obtain the number of columns of the chips from which the liquid drops of the alignment film material are to be discharged during the main scanning each time. The maximum value of n that satisfies n×d1+(n−1)×d2≦L is obtained. As illustrated in FIG. 20, d1 denotes the width of each chip 102 (the length of the side of the chip 102 along the direction to which the liquid drop discharge head 52 extends, specifically, the width of the region in which a liquid crystal film is to be formed in the chip 102). d2 denotes the distance between the chips 102 (specifically, the distance between the regions in which the liquid crystal films are to be formed in the adjacent chips 102). L denotes the length of the liquid drop discharge head 52 (more specifically, the length between the nozzle 54 of one end in the direction where the liquid drop discharge head 52 extends and the nozzle 54 of the other end) to the direction in which the liquid drop discharge head 52 extends. During the first main scanning, the chips to the nth column are coated with the liquid drops of the alignment film material and the liquid drops of the alignment film material are not discharged from the nozzle 54 corresponding to the position of the,(n+1)th column. During the second main scanning, on the based of the (n+1)th column, the chips to the nth column (n+1−1+n) are coated with the liquid drops of the alignment film material and the liquid drops of the alignment film material are not discharged from the nozzle 54 corresponding to the position of the chip of the (n+1−1+n+1)th column. In the example of FIG. 20, the maximum value of n is 2 so that the following equations are established. 2×d1+(2−1)×d2≦L 3×d1+(3−1)×d2>L During the first main scanning, the chips to the second column (102a and 102b) are coated with the liquid drops of the alignment film material and the liquid drops of the alignment film material are not discharged from the nozzle 54 corresponding to the position of the chip (102c) of the (2+1=3)rd column. During the second man scanning, the chips (102c and 102d) of two columns (2+1−1+2=4) based on the (2+1=3)rd column are coated with the liquid drops of the alignment film material and the liquid drops of the alignment film material are discharged from the nozzle 54 corresponding to the position of the chip (102e) of the (2+1−1+2+1=5)th column. As mentioned above, the main scanning of each time when the chips 102 of a plurality of columns are coated with the liquid drops of the alignment film material is performed on the chips of the columns of the maximum value of n that satisfies n×d1+(n−1)×d2≦L. Therefore, it is possible to prevent a certain chip 102 from being coated with the alignment film material by performing a plurality of times of main scanning. Also, an operator can pre-input the n value to a program and the liquid drop discharge head 52 can coat the chips with the liquid drops of the alignment film material in accordance with the input n value. That is, when the main scanning is performed once, no matter what chip (coated area) 102 is selected, it is not possible that both of coated regions and non-coated regions exist in the single chip 102. No matter what chip 102 is selected, all of the coated areas in the single chip 102 are coated with the alignment film material by performing the main scanning once. As mentioned above, since all of the regions of the single coated area are coated with the alignment film material by performing the main scanning once, no interface is generated between the alignment film material (the liquid) and the air on the single coated area. Therefore, no spots are generated in joints of scanning in display regions. Also, as illustrated in FIG. 15, in the liquid drop discharge head 52 of FIG. 20, the pitch between the nozzles 54 is determined by overlapping one liquid drop of the alignment film material before spreading with another adjacent liquid drop before spreading on each chip 102. So is the discharge distance in the main scanning direction. Instead of the above, as illustrated in FIG. 18, in the liquid drop discharge head 52 in FIG. 20, the pitch between the nozzles 54 is determined by overlapping one liquid drop of the alignment film material before spreading with another adjacent liquid crystal drop before spreading. So is the discharge distance in the main scanning direction on each chip 102. In this case, as illustrated in FIG. 18, an arbitrary liquid drop of the alignment film material (the reference sign a of FIGS. 13 and 17) overlaps another liquid drop of the alignment film material (the reference sign a of FIGS. 13 and 17) over the external circumference. FIG. 24 illustrates a modification of the present embodiment. In FIG. 20, the length L of the liquid drop discharge head 52 is larger than the width d1 of the single coated area. All of the regions of at least one coated area can be coated by performing the main scanning once. Therefore, in FIG. 24, a single substrate 202 is formed on a single wafer 201. In the case of FIG. 24, the coated area (a substrate 202) is larger than the coated area (the chip 102) of the case of FIG. 20. In order to coat all of the regions of the coated area by performing the main scanning once, it is necessary to form nozzles 54 in the range equal to the width d1′ of the substrate 202. When the length of the single liquid drop discharge head 52 is smaller than the width d1′ of the substrate 202, the nozzles 54 are located in the range equal to the width d1′ by connecting the plurality of liquid drop discharge heads 52A and 52B to each other. As illustrated in FIG. 20, even when the length. of the single liquid drop discharge head 52 is larger than the width d1 of the chip of the coated area (the chip 102), in order to coat a wider range of coated area by performing the main scanning once, the plurality of liquid drop discharge heads 52 can be connected to each other. In this case, the pitches {circle over (1)} and {circle over (3)} between the nozzles 54 of the plurality of liquid drop discharge heads 52A and 52B connected to each other are equal in accordance with defined pitches (refer to FIGS. 15 and 18). The nozzle pitch {circle over (2)} in the connecting portion between the plurality of liquid drop discharge heads 52A and 52B is set to be equal to the defined nozzle pitch {circle over (1)}. For example, {circle over (1)}={circle over (2)}={circle over (3)}=30 to 40 μm. As mentioned above, according to the present embodiment, it is possible to obtain the following effects. When the inkjet head performs a plurality of times of scanning to thus drop the alignment film material onto a display area, interfaces between the alignment film material and the air are generated in the display area by the number of performances of scanning and the portions become drawing spots. However, according to the present embodiment, since the alignment film material is dropped to all of the regions in the display range of a panel by performing drawing (scanning) once, it is possible to remove the interfaces between the alignment film material and the air in the display area and to thus prevent the generation of the spots due to the application of the alignment film material. Also, when the drawing range is wide, the plurality of heads is bonded to each other to constitute one head. Therefore, it is possible to omit row changing works during the drawing and to thus remove the spots in the row changing portions. Referring again to FIG. 3, next, the alignment film 16 is rubbed (step S106). Next, as illustrated in FIG. 3(g), a sealing material 32 is formed on the alignment film 16 by screen printing. Here, UV-hardening resin is used as the sealing material 32 (step S107). When the formation of the sealing material is completed, as illustrated in FIG. 3(h), the alignment film 16 is coated with liquid crystal 33 by discharging the liquid drops (step S108). Here, a spacer material that forms the spacers 13 is mixed in the liquid crystal 33 discharged as the liquid crystal drops. The method of discharging the liquid drops of the liquid crystal 33 is the inkjet method. The method of applying and arranging the liquid crystal drops may be the same as the aforementioned methods of applying an alignment film. Also, instead of the aforementioned methods of applying and arranging the alignment film, a method of discharging and arranging the well-known liquid crystal drops by the inkjet method may be adopted. When coating with the liquid crystal drops is completed and a single thin film is formed as illustrated in FIGS. 11 and 3(i), the process proceeds to the next step. That is, through a process of attaching the color filter substrate 10a coated with the liquid crystal to the counter substrate 10b (step S109), an electro-optical panel 100 is completed. Next, as illustrated in FIG. 3(j), a harness, an FC (flexible cable) substrate 7, and a driver IC 5 are mounted on the completed electro-optical panel 100 (step S110). As illustrated in FIG. 3(k), the electro-optical panel 100 is attached to an electronic apparatus 9 such as a mobile telephone or a personal digital assistant (PDA) to thus complete the electronic apparatus (step S111). According to the present embodiment, the application-position by the inkjet method is described with respect to the liquid drops of the alignment film. However, when the target to be discharged is liquid crystal drop, the dropping position becomes more important. This is because the lines or spots generated when the liquid crystal is dropped on the alignment film particularly matter. The liquid crystal matters since there exists the interaction between the liquid crystal and the materials of the alignment film (for example, 3% of polyimide and 97% of a solvent and the liquid crystal drops without including a solvent are dropped. However, the present invention in relation to the application position by the inkjet method is not restricted to the liquid crystal drops. That is, the present invention can be widely applied to liquid drops discharged by the inkjet discharging method. There are various liquid drops discharged by the inkjet discharging method including a liquid drop for forming a beta film uniformly coated all of the substrate such as a photoresist film (about 1 μm), an overcoat film (equal to or less than 10 μm), and the alignment film required for manufacturing the electro-optical panel (a liquid crystal display device or an organic EL panel) and a liquid drop for forming a film that constitutes a layer in each pixel such as a color filter and an organic EL material (light emitting material ink: after baked, several tens of nanometers). Also, the inkjet discharging method can be widely applied to industries such as liquid drops that constitute a liquid film such as a photoresist film required for other fields than the manufacturing of the electro-optical panel. The present invention can be widely applied to these liquid drops. Objects to which the present invention can be applied Electronic apparatuses to which the electro-optical panel according to the present invention can be applied include apparatuses using the electro-optical panels that are electro-optical devices such as a mobile telephone, a personal information apparatus or a portable personal computer referred to as PDAs, a personal computer, a digital camera, a vehicle-mounted monitor, a digital video camera, a liquid crystal TV, view finder type and monitor direct view type video tape recorders, a car navigation device, a pager, an electronic organizer, a calculator, a word processor, a workstation, a picture telephone, and a POS terminal. Therefore, the present invention can be applied to electrical connection structures in these electronic apparatuses. Also, the electro-optical panel is a transmissive or reflective electro-optical panel, in which an illuminating device is used as a backlight (not shown). Also, the same is true of a color electro-optical panel in an active matrix. For example, according to the above-mentioned embodiments, electro-optical panels in a passive matrix are illustrated. However, the electro-optical panel in the active matrix (for example, an electro-optical panel including a thin film transistor (TFT). or a thin film diode (TFD) as a switching element) can be used as the electro-optical device according to the present invention. Also, it is possible to apply the present invention to various electro-optical devices in which display states of a plurality of pixels can be respectively controlled such as an electroluminescent (EL) device, an inorganic electroluminescent (EL) device, a plasma display device, an electrophoresis display device, a field emission display device, and a light emitting diode (LED) as well as the transmissive or reflective electro-optical panel.	<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>1. Technical Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a method of discharging liquid drops of an alignment film, a method of manufacturing an electro-optical panel, a method of manufacturing an electronic apparatus, a program, a device for discharging liquid drops of an alignment film, an electro-optical panel, and an electronic apparatus. 2. Description of the Related Art Dispensers are provided as devices for applying liquid crystal within a region surrounded by a sealing material during manufacturing of liquid crystal panels. When dispensers are used, it is possible to drop the liquid crystal with a certain degree of precision and to a certain amount. However, when the liquid crystal of an amount equal to or less than that amount is dropped, there is insufficient reliability with respect to the degree of precision of the discharge amount. When the dispensers drop the liquid crystal, the drops directly become spots. In Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 5-281562, a method of manufacturing a liquid crystal panel using an inkjet method, in which the amount of a drop is extremely small and the drops can be discharged with a high degree of precision, is disclosed. According to the above publication, the main body of the inkjet for discharging the liquid crystal drops is scanned in lines with a pitch 0.5 mm to thus apply the liquid crystal drops to a substrate in lines. When a substrate is coated with liquid including a material of an alignment film by an inkjet method, like in the conventional art, the liquid (the material of the alignment film) discharged from a nozzle of an inkjet head (hereinafter, only a head in some cases) is arranged on the substrate drop by drop. When the head includes a plurality of nozzles, it is possible to perform wide range drawing by performing scanning once by the amount in which the plurality of nozzles exists. It is not possible to perform drawing by performing scanning once in the region that exceeds the range of the plurality of nozzles formed in the head. Therefore, in such a region, the portion that cannot be drawn by performing first scanning is drawn during performing second scanning to coat an entire desired coated area. However, when the portion that cannot be drawn by the first scanning is drawn during the second scanning, dropping (coating) spots of the material of the alignment film (the liquid) are generated. In order to solve the above problems, it is an object of the present invention to provide a method of discharging liquid drops of an alignment film, a device for discharging liquid drops of an alignment film, and an electro-optical panel, in which lines or spots are not generated in an electro-optical panel coated with the alignment film by a method of discharging liquid drops including the ink jet method. It is another object of the present invention to provide a method of discharging liquid drops of an alignment film, a device for discharging liquid drops of an alignment film, and an electro-optical panel, in which the quality of an electro-optical panel coated with the alignment film by a method of discharging liquid drops including the inkjet method does not deteriorate.	<SOH> SUMMARY <EOH>In order to solve the above problems, the present invention provides a method of discharging liquid drops of an alignment film from a corresponding plurality of nozzles arranged with a predetermined interval in a direction that crosses a scanning direction by scanning a liquid drop discharge head having the plurality of nozzles in the scanning direction. The liquid drops of the alignment film are discharged by scanning the liquid drop discharge head to a coated area to be coated with the alignment film once. The present invention also provides a method of discharging liquid drops of an alignment film from a corresponding plurality of nozzles arranged with a predetermined interval in a direction that crosses a scanning direction by scanning a liquid drop discharge head having the plurality of nozzles from a specific position in a sub-scanning direction that crosses the scanning direction to the scanning direction. The liquid drops of the alignment film are discharged so that an interface between the alignment film and air is not generated in a position corresponding to the boundary portion of the alignment film discharged by scanning the liquid drop discharge head before and after the sub-scanning operation of the liquid drop discharge head in a coated area to be coated with the alignment film. In the method of discharging liquid drops of an alignment film according to the present invention, a plurality of the coated areas are provided in a direction that crosses the scanning direction, and control is performed so that, when the liquid drop discharge head is scanned once in a predetermined time, the liquid drops of the alignment film are discharged from the nozzle of the plurality of nozzles corresponding to the first coated area whose entire surface is coated by performing the scanning in the predetermined time to the first coated area, and the liquid drops of the alignment film are not discharged from the nozzle of the plurality of nozzles corresponding to the second coated area whose entire surface is not coated by performing the scanning in the predetermined time to the second coated area. In the method of discharging liquid drops of an alignment film according to the present invention, the liquid drops of the alignment film are discharged to the entire surface of the second coated area by scanning the liquid drop discharge head once in the time next to the predetermined time. In the method of discharging liquid drops of an alignment film according to the present invention, a boundary between the first coated area and the second coated area is obtained based on the width of the region to be coated with the alignment film in the coated area. In the method of discharging liquid drops of an alignment film according to the present invention, a boundary between the first coated area and the second coated area is obtained based on the distance between the regions to be coated with the alignment film in the adjacent coated areas. In the method of discharging liquid drops of an alignment film according to the present invention, when the width of the region to be coated with the alignment film in the coated area is d 1 , the distance between the regions to be coated with the alignment film in the adjacent coated areas is d 2 , and the length between the nozzle at one end of the liquid drop discharge head in the direction that crosses the scanning direction and the nozzle at the other end thereof is L, the maximum value of n that satisfies the following equation n×d 1 +(n−1)×d 2 ≦L is obtained and the boundary between the first coated area and the second coated area is obtained based on the maximum value of n. The present invention also provides a method of discharging liquid drops of an alignment film from a corresponding plurality of nozzles arranged with a predetermined interval in a direction that crosses a scanning direction by scanning a liquid drop discharge head having the plurality of nozzles in the scanning direction. The method comprising the steps of: (a) connecting a plurality of the liquid drop discharge heads each having a size that is not allowed to completely discharge the liquid drops of the alignment film to a coated area to be coated with the alignment film by performing the scanning once, to each other, to form a liquid drop discharge head connecting body; and (b) discharging the liquid drops of the alignment film from the corresponding plurality of nozzles of the liquid drop discharge head connecting body to the entire surface of the coated area by scanning the liquid drop discharge head connecting body once. In the method of discharging liquid drops of an alignment film according to the present invention, the coated area corresponds to the entire display area of a single panel or the entire area in which an alignment film is to be formed in a single chip. The present invention also provides a method of manufacturing an electro-optical panel, comprising the steps: (c) discharging liquid drops of a color filter material from a liquid drop discharge head to a base member; and (d) discharging liquid drops of an alignment film from the liquid drop discharge head to the color filter. In the step (d), the liquid drop discharge head having a plurality of nozzles arranged with a predetermined interval in a direction that crosses a scanning direction is scanned in the scanning direction to discharge the liquid drops of the alignment film from the corresponding plurality of nozzles to a coated area to be coated with the alignment film by scanning the liquid drop discharge head once. A method of manufacturing an electronic apparatus according to the present invention comprises the step of manufacturing an electronic apparatus by mounting surface-mounted components on an electro-optical panel manufactured by the method of manufacturing the above-mentioned electro-optical panel according to the present invention. The present invention also provides a program for making a computer execute operations of scanning a liquid drop discharge head having a plurality of nozzles arranged with a predetermined interval in a direction that crosses a scanning direction to discharge the liquid drops of an alignment film from the corresponding plurality of nozzles to a plurality of coated areas provided in a direction that crosses the scanning direction and to be coated with an alignment film. The computer executes the following steps: (e) scanning the liquid drop discharge head once to the coated area to discharge the liquid drops of the alignment film; and (f) when the liquid drop discharge head is scanned once in a predetermined time, controlling so as to discharge the liquid drops of the alignment film from the nozzle of the plurality of nozzles corresponding to the first coated area whose entire surface is coated by performing the scanning in the predetermined time to the first coated area and so as not discharge the liquid drops of the alignment film from the nozzle of the plurality of the nozzles corresponding to the second coated area whose entire surface is not coated by performing the scanning in the predetermined time to the second coated area. The present invention also provides a device for discharging liquid drops of an alignment film, comprising: a liquid drop discharge head having a plurality of nozzles arranged with a predetermined interval in a direction that crosses a scanning direction; and a control unit. The liquid drop discharge head is scanned from a specific position in a sub-scanning direction that crosses the scanning direction to the scanning direction to discharge the liquid drops of the alignment film from the corresponding plurality of nozzles. When the alignment film is discharged by scanning the liquid drop discharge head before and after performing the sub-scanning, the control unit controls so as to discharge the liquid drops of the alignment film by scanning the liquid drop discharge head once to the coated area so that an interface between the alignment film and air is not generated in the position corresponding to the boundary of the alignment film discharged by performing the scanning before and after performing the sub-scanning of the liquid drop discharge head in the coated area to be coated with the alignment film. The present invention also provides a device for discharging liquid drops of an alignment film, comprising: a liquid drop discharge head having a plurality of nozzles arranged with a predetermined interval in a direction that crosses a scanning direction; and a control unit. The liquid drop discharge head is scanned in the scanning direction to discharge the liquid drops of the alignment film from the corresponding plurality of nozzles to a plurality of coated areas provided in a direction that crosses the scanning direction and to be coated with the alignment film by scanning the liquid drop discharge head once. When the liquid drop discharge head is scanned once in a predetermined time, the control unit controls so as to discharge the liquid drops of the alignment film from the nozzle of the plurality of nozzles corresponding to the first coated area whose entire surface is coated by performing the scanning in the predetermined time to the first coated area and so as not to discharge the liquid drops of the alignment film from the nozzle of the plurality of nozzles corresponding to the second coated area whose entire surface is not coated by performing the scanning in the predetermined time to the second coated area. The present invention also provides an electro-optical panel comprising: a substrate; and a thin film on the substrate, which is formed of liquid drops of an alignment film discharged from a liquid drop discharge head. The liquid drop discharge head having a plurality of nozzles arranged with a predetermined interval in a direction that crosses a scanning direction is scanned in the scanning direction to discharge the liquid drops from the corresponding plurality of nozzles to the coated area to be coated with the alignment film by scanning the liquid drop discharge head once. An electro-optical device according to the present invention comprises the above-mentioned electro-optical panel according to the present invention. An electronic apparatus according to the present invention comprises the electro-optical device according to the present invention.	20040519	20090519	20050113	76009.0		0	HEYMAN, JOHN S	VARIOUS METHODS OF MANUFACTURE OF ELECTRO-OPTICAL PANELS, ETC. INVOLVING A DEVICE AND METHOD OF DISCHARGING LIQUID DROPS OF AN ALIGNMENT FILM IN A SINGLE PASS FROM PLURAL NOZZLES OF A DROP DISCHARGE HEAD	UNDISCOUNTED	0	ACCEPTED		2,004
10,850,842	ACCEPTED	Systems and methods for parallel distributed programming	The present invention relates generally to computer programming, and more particularly to systems and methods for parallel distributed programming. Generally, a parallel distributed program is configured to operate across multiple processors and multiple memories. In one aspect of the invention, a parallel distributed program includes a distributed shared variable located across the multiple memories and distributed programs capable of operating across multiple processors.	1. A method of developing a parallel distributed application, comprising the steps of: establishing one or more distributed shared variables; and developing one or more distributed sequential computing programs to access the one or more distributed shared variables. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein each of the one or more distributed sequential computing programs includes one or more self-migrating threads, capable of migrating among one or more processors and capable of accessing the one or more distributed shared variables. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more distributed shared variables are configured to be located among a plurality of memories. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the parallel distributed application is configured to operate across multiple processors. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the parallel distributed application is configured to operate using multiple threads. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the parallel distributed application is configured to operate across multiple nodes. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of transforming the one or more distributed sequential computing programs into one or more distributed parallel programs. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the step of transforming the one or more distributed sequential computing programs into one or more distributed parallel programs comprises the step of: spawning one or more child distributed sequential computing programs from the one or more distributed sequential programs when one or more intermediate conditions occur within the one or more distributed sequential programs. 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of configuring the one or more distributed sequential programs to include one or more mobile agents. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the one or more mobile agents are implemented using self-migrating threads. 11. A distributed sequential computing system, having one or more memory areas and one or more processors, comprising: one or more distributed shared variables located in the one or more memory areas; and one or more mobile agents, configured to migrate among the one or more processors, that access the one or more distributed shared variables. 12. The system of claim 11, wherein the one or more mobile agents are implemented using one or more self-migrating threads. 13. The system of claim 12, wherein the one or more self-migrating threads are configured to move from one processor to another processor. 14. The system of claim 12, wherein the one or more mobile agents are configured to operate within a distributed shared memory system. 15. A distributed parallel computing system, having one or more memory areas and one or more processors, comprising: one or more distributed shared variables capable of loading into the one or more memory areas; and one or more distributed sequential computing systems, configured to operate in the one or more processors and configured to access the one or more distributed shared variables. 16. The system of claim 15, wherein the one or more distributed sequential computing systems comprise one or more mobile agents. 17. The system of claim 16, wherein the one or more mobile agents are implemented using self-migrating threads. 18. The system of claim 16, wherein the one or more mobile agents are explicit-navigation mobile agents. 19. The system of claim 16, wherein the one or more mobile agents are implicit-navigation mobile agents. 20. The system of claim 16, wherein the one or more mobile agents are configured to move from one processor to another processor. 21. The system of claim 16, wherein the one or more mobile agents operate within a distributed shared memory system. 22. The system of claim 15, wherein the one or more processors are located across a physical network. 23. A distributed shared memory based system, comprising: a physical network; a distributed shared memory system configured to access the physical network; and a mobile agent system coupled to the distributed shared memory system. 24. The system of claim 23, wherein the mobile agent system supports compile-time explicit strong mobility. 25. The system of claim 23, wherein the mobile agent system supports compile-time implicit strong mobility.	CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims priority to U.S. Application No. 60/472,612 filed on May 21, 2003, which is incorporated herein by reference. FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates generally to computer programming, and more particularly to systems and methods for parallel distributed programming. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Developing a software application for a system with a single processor and a single memory can be straight forward. When viewing the source code for such an application, the source code is often very similar to its original algorithm that describes the computable operations needed to be executed, and thus is generally not too burdensome to follow or analyze given the original algorithm. On the other hand, a software application for operation on multiple processors that uses multiple memory areas may be more complex. Such applications are often referred to as “parallel distributed programs,” and there are generally two approaches to developing such programs. One approach to developing a parallel distributed program is often referred to as “message passing” (“MP”), which is illustrated in FIG. 1a. With this approach, the system is programmed as multiple tasks or threads, X and Y, that operate or execute on multiple processors, Processors 1 and 2, and handle data residing in multiple memories (not shown). The tasks or threads, X and Y, communicate and cooperate with each other by sending and receiving “messages”. This approach allows for the different tasks and threads to operate in parallel and communicate with each other when necessary, which may result in an efficient and high-performing system. However, the source code for such a system may be burdensome to develop because programming the multiple tasks and threads and having them send and receive messages to each other may dramatically change the code structure and data structure of the original algorithm, and hence may be complicated, tedious, and error-prone. The code structure and data structure of the MP-based programs may lose much of their original characteristics. The abilities to preserve these original characteristics are referred to as algorithmic integrity and data structure integrity. MP programs typically do not preserve algorithmic integrity and data structure integrity. Another approach is often referred to as “distributed shared memory” (“DSM”), which is illustrated in FIG. 1b. In this approach, a memory space, which may span across multiple memories indifferent processors, Processors 1 and 2, is dedicated for multiple threads or tasks to access, i.e., it is a globally accessible memory space built on distributed memories. Thus, a thread, X, on one processor, Processor 1, can access data in a memory on another processor, Processor 2, without having to establish another thread. Developing parallel distributed programs using this approach is often easier than using the MP approach, because DSM alleviates the need for major changes in code structure and data structure. However, this approach is generally not as efficient, because it may require a transfer of large amounts of data from the memory on the other processor, Processor 2, to the processor having thread X, Processor 1 and thus may not satisfy the need for high performance parallel computing. Accordingly, improved systems and methods for parallel distributed programming are desirable. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention is generally directed to parallel distributed programs. Generally, a parallel distributed program is configured to operate across multiple processors/nodes and multiple memories. In one aspect of the invention, a parallel distributed program includes at least one distributed shared variable located across the multiple memories and one or more distributed programs configured to operate across multiple processors. In another aspect of the invention, the one or more distributed programs include one or more self-migrating threads configured to migrate from one processor to another. Other systems, methods, features and advantages of the invention will be or will become apparent to one with skill in the art upon examination of the following figures and detailed description. It is intended that all such additional systems, methods, features and advantages be included within this description, be within the scope of the invention, and be protected by the accompanying claims. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS A description of the present invention will be rendered by reference to specific embodiments thereof, which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. It should be noted that the components in the figures are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon illustrating the principles of the invention. Moreover, in the figures, like reference numerals designate corresponding parts throughout the different views. However, like parts do not always have like reference numerals. Moreover, all illustrations are intended to convey concepts, where relative sizes, shapes and other detailed attributes may be illustrated schematically rather than literally or precisely. FIG. 1a is an illustration of the prior art operation of message passing. FIG. 1b is an illustration of the prior art operation of distributed share memory. FIG. 2 is an illustration of the operation of a self-migrating thread in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention. FIGS. 3(a)-(b) is an illustration of one approach to transform a DSC program to a DPC program in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention. FIGS. 4(a)-(b) is an illustration of another approach to transform a DSC program to a DPC program in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention. FIGS. 5(a)-(b) is an illustration of another approach to transform a DSC program to a DPC program in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 6 is an illustration of a Messenger in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 7 is an illustration of an explicit-navigation mobile agent system in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 8 is an illustration of an implicit navigation mobile agent system in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Methods and systems for developing sequential or parallel applications, such as high performance numerical computing, bioinformatics, database, transaction-based, and Internet applications, on distributed memory systems, shared memory systems, and systems that incorporate both distributed and shared memory systems, will now be described. Some examples of the systems are multi-processor supercomputers, clusters, networks of workstations (“NOW”), the Grid, and the Internet. An approach to developing sequential or parallel applications in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, referred to as “navigational programming,” includes the programming and use of self-migrating threads or tasks, which are threads or tasks that can migrate from one processor to another. These self-migrating threads or tasks may be in the form of mobile agents with strong mobility. The approach is illustrated in FIG. 2. These self-migrating threads may be programmed explicitly, e.g., with “migration statements” or implicitly, e.g., driven by data distribution. With this approach, a thread, M, may perform its computations on one processor, Processor 1, and if the thread M needs to access memory belonging to another processor, e.g., Processor 2, it may suspend its computations, migrate, or move, to the other processor, Processor 2, and then resume its computations. The source code to handle the explicit migration of threads may be in the form of the hop( ) command. The hop( ) commands may be used as annotations in conventional programming languages such as C. In one aspect of navigational programming, a distributed shared variable (“DSV”) may be used. DSVs and self-migration make shared variable programming possible beyond shared memory that provides single-address memory space. A DSV is logically a single variable that includes several variables that may be physically distributed across multiple memories. An example of a DSV is a global array. A global array, A[.], may include x+1 members, i.e., A[0] to A[x]. These members may be variables that are physically distributed across memories of multiple processors, e.g., members A[0] to A[x/2] may be located in the memory of Processor 1 and A[(x/2)+1] to A[x] may be located in the memory of Processor 2. In accordance with navigational programming, a self-migrating thread may access all the entries within the DSV. For example, if thread M is located in Processor 1 and needed to access members A[(x/2)+1] to A[x], thread M would migrate to Processor 2. Another aspect of navigational programming is distributed sequential computing (“DSC”), which is computing using a single locus of computation over distributed data, possibly stored in a DSV. A self-migrating thread may be utilized to perform DSC. For example, for an algorithm that performs computations on a DSV, e.g., A[.], if the algorithm operates on Processor 1 and needs to access data on Processor 2, a single thread, M, can migrate to Processor 2 to access the data in the memory of Processor 2 and then continue the computations. DSC allows a programmer to develop threads that efficiently access multiple memories spanning across multiple processors without having to implement the complicated, tedious, time consuming, and error-prone low-level tasks of message handling in distributed programming. Further, it maintains the original code structure and data structure, i.e., it preserves algorithmic integrity and data structure integrity, in the resulting source code. Moreover, the programmer may follow the principle of pivot-computes, which is defined as the principle under which a computation takes place on the node that owns the large-sized data. Thus, if the data is distributed over a plurality of nodes, e.g., multiple memory areas associated with separate processors, wherein the distribution is disproportionate, e.g., a large portion of the data resides in one area and a smaller portion resides in a separate area, the computation will take place on the node with the larger portion of data, i.e., the pivot node, instead of having the larger portion of data moved, which may affect performance. If the programmer follows the principle of pivot-computes, as an MP programmer usually would, then an application utilizing DSC may be as efficient and scalable as an application utilizing the MP approach. To illustrate this feature, consider a program that sets each member of an array, A[i], to the value of the previous member, and then increments that member by one, wherein i is the number of members of A[.]. For a single processor, single memory system, the pseudo-code may be implemented as follows: (1) for i = 2 to x (2) A[i] = A[i−1] + 1 (3) end for This program will (1) count from 2 to x, i.e., the number of members of array A, and (2) assign each member i the value of the previous member, i-1, and increment that member by 1. These three code lines may be viewed as a code building block, which may be represented by the following notation BT(D), where B represents the block of code, T represents the type of computation performed by the block of code (T is for in the above code), and D represents the data that the block of code B operates on (D is the loop index i and the array A[.] in the above code). The block may include any type of basic programming constructs, such as a loop, an if statement, a multi-way conditional statement, or a sequence of assignments. In the above code, A[.] resides in a single memory area. In parallel distributed computing, the array A[.] is distributed, e.g., the array A[.] spans across multiple memory areas on different processors, P1 and P2, where the first half of the array, A[1 to x/2] is on one processor, P1, and the other half the array, A[(x/2)+1 to x] is on the other processor, P2. A code block required to handle distributed data may be referred to as distributed code building blocks (“DBlocks”). DBlocks cannot be directly taken as implementations in non-shared-memory environments. The essence of implementing distributed memory programs is turning DBlocks into non-DBlocks, defined as “DBlock resolution.” If the prior art Message Passing approach is used to “resolve” the DBlock, then the pseudo-code may be written as follows: (1) if μ == P1 (2) for i = 2 to x/2 (3) A[i] = A[i − 1] + 1 (4) end for (5) t = A[x/2] (6) Send (t, P2) (7) else if μ == P2 (8) Recv (t, P1) (9) A[1] = t + 1 (10) for i = 2 to x/2 (11) A[i] = A[i − 1] + 1 (12) end for (13) end if This program may run on both processors, and it will (1) check to see if the current processor, μ, on which the task is running, is P1. If it is, then the program will (2) count from 2 to half of the array x/2, which is the portion of the array A[.] in the memory of P1, and (3) assign each member i the value of the previous member, i-1, and increment that member by 1. Then, the program will (5) assign a variable t to the value of the last member of the array A in the memory of P1, x/2. Subsequently, (6) the program will send a message to P2 that will include the value of t. (7) if the current processor, μ, on which the task is running, is P2, then the program will (8) receive a message from P1 containing the value of the last member of the array A[.] on P1 via value t and (9) assign the first member of the array A[.] on P2 to the value in t+1. Then, the program will (10) count from 2 to half of the array x/2, which is the portion of array A[.] in the memory of P2 and (11) assign each member i the value of the previous member, i−1, and increment that member by 1. Compare the operation of the pseudo-code using the prior art MP technique with the operation of the pseudo-code using navigational programming, as follows: (1) for i = 2 to x (2) t = A[i − 1] (3) if i == x/2 + 1 (4) hop (P2) (5) A[i] = t + 1 (6) end for In this program, the task will (1) count from 2 to x, and for each count, the task will (2) assign the value of the member of the previous count i−1 to the variable t. This variable t is referred to as “agent variable,” and is accessible by its owner thread from anywhere. (3) If the count reaches one more than half of the array A, then that means the task needs to access the other half of the array A[.] in P2. Thus, the task will (4) “hop” or migrate to P2 and continue its computation. If not, then the task will continue its computation on P 1, and (5) assign the value of the previous member and increment it by one. Compared to the implementation done using MP, the DSC program preserves the original code structure (i.e., it does not break the loop into two or more blocks) and the original data structure (i.e., it maintains the global indexing of the array A[.]). DBlock resolution using navigational programming thus preserves the DBlock's code structure and data structure, and the implementation follows the principle of pivot-computes (the pivot node is P1 for the first half of the loop, and P2 for the second). Another aspect of navigational programming is distributed parallel computing (“DPC”), which is computing using multiple concurrent DSC programs. With this aspect, original code structure and data structure may be preserved by virtue of using DSC programs. The “intersection” between each composing DSC program and the resulting DPC program may be minimal because it may consist of only local synchronizations, which minimizes the code “pollution” among all the composing DSC programs. The composing DSC programs are said to be “orthogonal” to the DPC program, and thus parallel distributed programming using DSC self-migrating threads exhibits “composition orthogonality.” Furthermore, a DPC application targeted to multi-processor environments may be utilized on a uni-processor and operates as a multi-threaded application. Since the memory location information is only used in the hop( ) commands used as annotations in the code to indicate migration, ignoring these commands would result in a multi-threaded program that runs on a uni-processor without further changing its code structure and data structure. In contrast, in a program developed using MP, the memory location information is used not only in the Send( ) and Recv( ) commands, but also in restructuring code structure and data structure, therefore such program would look awkward and become unnecessarily difficult to maintain for uni-processors. To illustrate the feature of DPC, consider a sequential program that performs block-fashion matrix multiplication as follows: (1) for i = 0 to p − 1 (2) for j = 0 to p − 1 (3) Cij = Ai Bj (4) end for (5) end for In a distributed environment, we may use a processor to post-fetch the computed C sub-matrix and pre-fetch the next pair of A and B sub-matrices. The DSC program that performs the computation may be written as follows: (1) for i = 0 to p − 1 (2) for j = 0 to p − 1 (2.1) inject (WR (i, j)) (2.2) waitEvent (IOb(i,j)) (3) Cij = Ai Bj (3.1) hop (!μ) (4) end for (5) end for In the program, WR( ) is a separate DSC program that performs fetching. It is “injected,” or spawned, by the computing thread, and it hops to the other node to perform fetching, after which it “signals” an event to indicate that the fetching is done. The computing thread will (2.2) wait for the event to make sure that the data is correctly post- and pre-fetched, (3) compute the sub-matrix multiplication, and (3.1) hop to the other node to perform the computation for the next loop. The DSC program WR( ) may be written as follows: (1) WR(int i, int j) (2) hop(!μ) (3) write (Ci″j″) (4) read (Ai′, Bj′) (5) signalEvent (IOb(i′,j′)) (6) end The computing DSC program and the fetching DSC program together make a DPC program. The two DSC threads of the DPC program run concurrently to perform parallel or pipelined computing. In this particular example, the computations and the fetching are pipelined. If the prior art Message Passing approach is used, then the pseudo-code may be written as follows: (1) if μ == P1 (2) for i = 0 to p−1 (3) for j = 0 to p−1 (4) if(ip+j)%2 == 0 (5) Send(“f”, (i, j), P2) (6) Cij = Ai Bj (7) else (8) Send(“c”, (i, j), P2) (9) write(Ci″j″) (10) read(Ai′, Bj′) (11) end if (12) Recv(sync, P2) (13) end for (14) end for (15) Send (“stop”, (0, 0), P2) (16) else if μ == P2 (17) while (1) (18) Recv (s, (i, j), P1) (19) if s == “f” (20) write(Ci′j′) (21) read(Ai′, Bj′) (22) else if s == “c” (23) Cij = Ai Bj (24) else if s == “stop” (25) exit (26) end if (27) Send(sync, P1) (28) end while (29) end if In the MP implementation, the code for the two different tasks, namely multiplication and fetching, is tangled, polluting each other. In contrast, the two DSC programs in the navigational programming approach are composed into a DPC program with only local events or injections as the intersection between the two. This demonstrates the composition othogonality of the navigational programming. In yet another aspect of the invention, transformations are provided to convert a DSC application into a DPC application utilizing multiple DSC threads running sequentially or concurrently, thus utilizing parallelization and pipeline opportunities in the sequential computation. To illustrate different approaches for transformation, FIGS. 3(a), 4(a), and 5(a) depict sequential computations running in a two-dimensional space with spatial s and temporal t dimensions. These computations may be executing in loops, which means they could continue to spread along both dimensions (only two nodes are shown in FIGS. 3(a), 4(a), and 5(a)). Each box in the figures represents a computation. A box marked with R means the computation represented by the box produces intermediate result that will be required by the following computation on the next node, whereas a box marked with NR means the computation on the next node is independent of the computation represented by the box. One approach for transformation is illustrated in FIGS. 3(a) and 3(b). In this approach the computation on the next node is scheduled as soon as the dependency condition allows it. That is, since in the DSC the computation on the next node only depends on the intermediate result from part of the computation on the current node, as shown in FIG. 3(a), the thread can clone itself as soon as the computation of R is done, and have the clone hop to the next node carrying the intermediate result and continue the computation at the same time when it continues the computation of NR on the current node, as shown in FIG. 3(b). A special case is when R=Øin which case the computations on the two nodes are completely independent of each other and can be performed in parallel. Another approach for transformation is depicted in FIGS. 4(a) and (b). This approach explores pipeline opportunity. The computation of R1 on the next node only depends on the intermediate result from the computation of R1 on the current node, as shown in FIG. 4(a). The thread is split into two. The first thread would, after performing R1 on the current node, hop to the next node carrying the intermediate result and continue the computation of R1 there. The second thread will be transformed using the first transformation, as shown in FIG. 3(b), or using the second transformation recursively (i.e., to split R2 further). The two threads will be synchronized on the next node. That is, upon finishing its computation, the first thread will signal an event to allow the second thread to move on to its computation on the next node. Another approach is illustrated in FIGS. 5(a) and (b). This approach illustrates parallel reduction. The computations on the two nodes each compute a partial result which is added to or multiplied by the total result, as shown in FIG. 5(a). If these computations do not depend on each other, they can be performed in parallel, and the total result can be collected by a separate DSC thread, as shown in FIG. 5(b). Navigational programming may be facilitated by mobile agent systems. Self-migrating threads may be in the form of mobile agents. Such a mobile agent has the ability to halt its execution, encapsulate the values of its variables, move to another node, restore the state, and continue executing. This ability is often referred to as strong mobility. There may be several ways of building mobile agent systems. One way is to build directly on top of message passing. An example of such a system is MESSENGERS, in which applications are developed as collections of mobile agents, which may be referred to as Messengers. In MESSENGERS, three levels of networks are used. The lowest level is the physical network (e.g., a LAN or WAN), which constitutes the underlying computational processing elements. Superimposed on the physical layer is the daemon network, where each daemon is a server process that receives, executes, and dispatches Messengers. The logical network is an application-specific computation network created on top of the daemon network. Messengers may be injected by a program, which is part of the MESSENGERS system, or by another Messenger into any of the daemon nodes, and they may start creating new logical nodes and links on the current or any other daemons. Based on application need, multiple logical nodes can be created on one physical node. A “MESSENGERS daemon” executes compiled Messengers. A daemon and all Messengers running on it share one process, and the Messengers are linked to the process dynamically. Messengers are allowed to call C functions, grouped in a user library which is also dynamically linked to the process. There are four tasks for a daemon. First, to accept signals, such as UNIX signals, to inject Messengers. These signals are sent by the program minject or another messenger. Second, to respond to requests, such as “search node” and “complete link,” from other Messengers. Third, to add incoming Messengers to a ready list. And fourth, to execute Messengers. In addition, a daemon also provides a function, the calling of which would result in the autonomous caller Messenger being sent to a destination daemon. Socket-level message passing is used by a daemon or a Messenger to communicate with remote daemons. The structure of a Messenger is depicted in FIG. 6. A Messenger may include a small Messenger control block (“MCB”) 100, which stores data such as “pointer to next function,” library name, and Messenger size. The Messenger may further include agent variables 200, a vector of offsets 300 used to access memory in a Messenger heap used for dynamic arrays, and the heap itself 400. There are two types of variables in MESSENGERS: agent variables and node variables. An agent variable is private to a particular Messenger and travels with that Messenger as it migrates through the logical network. A node variable is stationary and is accessible by all Messengers currently at the logical node to which the variable belongs. Hence agent variables can be used to carry data between nodes, while node variables can be used for inter-agent communication. A Messenger's programmer may tell it to migrate using the navigational statements, such as hop( ). A destination node's logical address or a logical link between the source and the destination nodes can be used as the argument for the statements. When a Messenger hops, it takes the data in its agent variables with it to wherever it migrates. A Messenger can spawn another Messenger using a statement, such as inject( ). Synchronization among Messengers uses “events,” and statements, such as signalEvent( ) and waitEvent( ). Since no remote data accessing is allowed, the events are local and so is synchronization. A Messenger's execution is not preempted between any two navigational statements. A Messenger must explicitly relinquish control to other Messengers using statements such as hop( ). We call this feature non-preemptive scheduling. The Messenger compiler lies at the heart of the system. Messengers code, with strong mobility, is translated into stationary code communicating using message passing with sockets. The translated stationary code (in C) is then further compiled into machine native code for execution. Strong mobility in MESSENGERS means that computation migrates in the network in the form of a program counter. The actual mechanism for handling program counters can be seen from a simple example. The basic idea is to break a MESSENGERS program into smaller functions (in C) at navigational or other context-switching statements, and use the “pointer to next function” as an artificial program counter. Consider the following code: (1) S1 (2) hop( ) (3) S2 This code shows two statements S1 and S2 separated by a context-switching statement hop( ). This code is compiled by the MESSENGERS compiler into two functions, each takes a pointer to an MCB 100 as its argument, shown in the following code: (1) f1 (mcb) (1) f2 (mcb) (2) S1 (2) S2 (3) mcb --> next_func = 2 (3) end (4) .../ code for hop ( ) */ (5) end In this program, f1( ) uses a “pointer to next function” to point to function f2( ), which is executed after migration. Line (4) in the program represents code that calls the daemon function mentioned earlier, and by calling this function the Messenger autonomously sends itself to a destination daemon. One feature of the MESSENGERS system is that it allows code to either be loaded from a shared disk or, in a non-shared file system, be sent across the network at most once, irrespective of how many times the locus of computation moves across the network. This feature is the key to efficient agent migration. The overhead of mobile agent navigation in MESSENGERS may be relatively small due to the following reasons. First, since a Messenger is compiled into smaller functions at navigational statements, it is not necessary to save the function stack but only the pointer to next function. Second, the extra information associated with a Messenger's status (i.e., MCB 100) is small. Third, no marshalling and unmarshalling of the agent variables is needed. Fourth, a Messenger runs in the same memory space of a daemon, which is why adding or removing it from the ready list takes only a few instructions to update some pointers in the list, instead of doing memory copying. The navigation of Messengers is almost as fast as sending TCP messages using a C program. In another aspect of navigational programming, an explicit-navigation mobile agent system may be built on top of a DSM. A DSM system may be used to serve as communication media for the globally accessible data, or in other words, agent variables. FIG. 7 depicts the functional components of such a system and the dependencies. A DSM 700 may be built on top of a physical network of machines 800. The mobile agent system 600, which may include a compiler and a daemon system, may be built on the DSM 700. An application may be implemented to include explicit agent navigation 500 that uses the mobile agent system 600. The advantages of such a DSM based explicit-navigation system include: 1) It prevents false sharing; 2) Agent migration is faster using DSM; 3) DSM memory consistency protocols can help to reuse the agent variables when the owner agent visits the same node multiple times; 4) Daemon programming on DSM is dramatically simpler than using socket level message passing programming. In another aspect of navigational programming, an implicit-navigation mobile agent system may be based on a DSM. In this system, a mechanism is included that decides for the agent when and where to migrate, and how the migration is achieved. FIG. 8 depicts a functional design of an implicit-navigation agent system. A DSM 1200 may be built on top of a physical network of machines 1300. The design further includes a navigation protocol 1100, which decides when a Messenger migrates and the destination. These protocols 1100 may be designed to follow the principle of pivot-computes. The other component is a mobile agent system 1150 that is able to support run-time strong mobility, i.e., a Messenger should be able to migrate at run-time anywhere in the program without any user direction. An application may be implemented to include implicit agent navigation 1000 that uses the mobile agent system 1150 and navigation protocol 1100. The run-time strong mobility may be used in conjunction with the logical program counter, i.e., the “next function pointer” in MESSENGERS. This may result in more efficient agent navigation combining both the programmer's knowledge of the application and the run-time system's capability in dynamic situations. In the foregoing specification, the invention has been described with reference to specific embodiments thereof. It will, however, be evident that various modifications and changes may be made thereto without departing from the broader spirit and scope of the invention. For example, the reader is to understand that the specific ordering and combination of process actions shown in the process flow diagrams described herein is merely illustrative, and the invention can be performed using different or additional process actions or a different combination or ordering of process actions. The specification and drawings are, accordingly, to be regarded in an illustrative rather than restrictive sense.	<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>Developing a software application for a system with a single processor and a single memory can be straight forward. When viewing the source code for such an application, the source code is often very similar to its original algorithm that describes the computable operations needed to be executed, and thus is generally not too burdensome to follow or analyze given the original algorithm. On the other hand, a software application for operation on multiple processors that uses multiple memory areas may be more complex. Such applications are often referred to as “parallel distributed programs,” and there are generally two approaches to developing such programs. One approach to developing a parallel distributed program is often referred to as “message passing” (“MP”), which is illustrated in FIG. 1 a . With this approach, the system is programmed as multiple tasks or threads, X and Y, that operate or execute on multiple processors, Processors 1 and 2 , and handle data residing in multiple memories (not shown). The tasks or threads, X and Y, communicate and cooperate with each other by sending and receiving “messages”. This approach allows for the different tasks and threads to operate in parallel and communicate with each other when necessary, which may result in an efficient and high-performing system. However, the source code for such a system may be burdensome to develop because programming the multiple tasks and threads and having them send and receive messages to each other may dramatically change the code structure and data structure of the original algorithm, and hence may be complicated, tedious, and error-prone. The code structure and data structure of the MP-based programs may lose much of their original characteristics. The abilities to preserve these original characteristics are referred to as algorithmic integrity and data structure integrity. MP programs typically do not preserve algorithmic integrity and data structure integrity. Another approach is often referred to as “distributed shared memory” (“DSM”), which is illustrated in FIG. 1 b . In this approach, a memory space, which may span across multiple memories indifferent processors, Processors 1 and 2 , is dedicated for multiple threads or tasks to access, i.e., it is a globally accessible memory space built on distributed memories. Thus, a thread, X, on one processor, Processor 1 , can access data in a memory on another processor, Processor 2 , without having to establish another thread. Developing parallel distributed programs using this approach is often easier than using the MP approach, because DSM alleviates the need for major changes in code structure and data structure. However, this approach is generally not as efficient, because it may require a transfer of large amounts of data from the memory on the other processor, Processor 2 , to the processor having thread X, Processor 1 and thus may not satisfy the need for high performance parallel computing. Accordingly, improved systems and methods for parallel distributed programming are desirable.	<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>The present invention is generally directed to parallel distributed programs. Generally, a parallel distributed program is configured to operate across multiple processors/nodes and multiple memories. In one aspect of the invention, a parallel distributed program includes at least one distributed shared variable located across the multiple memories and one or more distributed programs configured to operate across multiple processors. In another aspect of the invention, the one or more distributed programs include one or more self-migrating threads configured to migrate from one processor to another. Other systems, methods, features and advantages of the invention will be or will become apparent to one with skill in the art upon examination of the following figures and detailed description. It is intended that all such additional systems, methods, features and advantages be included within this description, be within the scope of the invention, and be protected by the accompanying claims.	20040521	20100504	20050217	75570.0		0	WEI, ZHENG	SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR PARALLEL DISTRIBUTED PROGRAMMING	UNDISCOUNTED	0	ACCEPTED		2,004
10,850,885	ACCEPTED	Arc fault circuit breaker and apparatus for detecting wet track arc fault	An apparatus includes a first circuit detecting when an absolute value of a current signal is less than a first predetermined value and outputting a signal after a first time period. A comparator compares that signal to an envelope of a rectified current signal, in order to provide an output with a plurality of pulses that persist for a relatively longer time for a relatively small value of the envelope, and persist for a relatively shorter time for a relatively large value of the envelope. A second circuit enables the comparator output if the rectified current signal exceeds a second predetermined value, and disables the comparator output after the rectified current signal is below the second predetermined value for a second time period. A third circuit accumulates the pulses and outputs a signal representative of a wet track arc fault.	1. A circuit breaker for interrupting current in an electrical system, said circuit breaker comprising: separable contacts adapted to interrupt said current in said electrical system; a trip mechanism adapted to trip open said separable contacts in response to a trip signal; and a trip circuit outputting said trip signal, said trip circuit comprising: a circuit adapted to generate a current signal representative of said current in said electrical system, to rectify said current signal to provide a rectified current signal and to track an envelope of said rectified current signal, a first arc fault detector circuit including a first output, a second arc fault detector circuit comprising: a first circuit adapted to detect when an absolute value of said current signal is less than a first predetermined value and output a signal after a first time period, a comparator adapted to compare said signal after a first time period to the envelope of said rectified current signal, in order to provide a second output with a pulse, which persists for a relatively longer time for a relatively small value of said envelope, and which persists for a relatively shorter time for a relatively large value of said envelope, and a second circuit adapted to enable the second output of said comparator if said rectified current signal exceeds a second predetermined value, and to disable the second output of said comparator after said rectified current signal is below said second predetermined value for a second time period, and an accumulator including an output having said trip signal, the output of said accumulator being responsive to the first output of said first arc fault detector circuit and to the second output of said comparator. 2. The circuit breaker of claim 1 wherein said first arc fault detector circuit comprises a first input of said rectified current signal, a second input of said envelope of said rectified current signal and means for generating an output signal at said first output indicating an arc fault in said electrical system in response to randomness in said envelope of said rectified current signal. 3. The circuit breaker of claim 2 wherein said circuit adapted to generate a current signal representative of said current in said electrical system, to rectify said current signal to provide a rectified current signal and to track an envelope of said rectified current signal comprises: a buffer inputting said current signal and providing a buffered current signal representative of said current in said electrical system, a full-wave rectifier inputting said buffered current signal and providing said rectified current signal, and first means for tracking said rectified current signal with a first time constant to generate a first tracking signal; and wherein said means for generating an output signal comprises second means for tracking said rectified current signal with a second time constant which is shorter than said first time constant to generate a second tracking signal, and means for comparing said first and second tracking signals and generating said output signal when said second tracking signal decays to a predetermined fraction of said first tracking signal. 4. The circuit breaker of claim 1 wherein said comparator is a first comparator; and wherein said second circuit includes a time delay and a second comparator having a negative input for said rectified current signal, a positive input for a signal representative of said second predetermined value, and an output, said time delay adapted to delay the output of said second comparator. 5. The circuit breaker of claim 1 wherein said first circuit includes a first comparator, a second comparator and a time delay, said first and second comparators having a common output, said time delay having a series combination of a capacitor and a resistor, which are electrically connected to said common output, said capacitor is normally discharged by said common output when the absolute value of said current signal is greater than the first predetermined value, said capacitor is charged through said resistor when the absolute value of said current signal is less than the first predetermined value, in order to generate said signal after a first time period. 6. The circuit breaker of claim 1 wherein said accumulator further includes an integrator portion responsive to the first output of said first arc fault detector circuit and to the second output of said comparator, and a buffer portion including said output having said trip signal. 7. The circuit breaker of claim 1 wherein said trip mechanism includes a trip latch adapted to trip open said separable contacts, a trip coil adapted to actuate said trip latch when energized, and a circuit adapted to energize said trip coil. 8. A circuit breaker for interrupting current in an electrical system, said circuit breaker comprising: separable contacts adapted to interrupt said current in said electrical system; a trip mechanism adapted to trip open said separable contacts in response to a trip signal; and a trip circuit outputting said trip signal, said trip circuit comprising: a first circuit adapted to generate a current signal representative of said current in said electrical system, a second circuit adapted to rectify said current signal and provide a rectified current signal, a third circuit adapted to track an envelope of said rectified current signal, a first arc fault detector circuit including a first input of said rectified current signal, a second input of said envelope of said rectified current signal and a first output, a second arc fault detector circuit comprising: a window comparator circuit adapted to detect when an absolute value of said current signal is less than a first predetermined value and output a signal, a first time delay adapted to delay the signal output by said window comparator and output a first delayed signal, a comparator adapted to compare the first delayed signal of said first time delay to the envelope of said rectified current signal, in order to provide an output with a pulse, which persists for a relatively longer time for a relatively small value of said envelope, and which persists for a relatively shorter time for a relatively large value of said envelope, a threshold detector circuit including an output with a signal, said threshold detector circuit adapted to detect if said rectified current signal exceeds a second predetermined value, a second time delay adapted to delay the signal of the output of said threshold detector circuit after said rectified current signal is below said second predetermined value and output a second delayed signal, and an and circuit outputting a second output responsive to said pulse and said second delayed signal, and an accumulator including an output having said trip signal, the output of said accumulator being responsive to the first output of said first arc fault detector circuit and to the second output of said and circuit. 9. The circuit breaker of claim 8 wherein said second arc fault detector circuit is adapted to be non-responsive to said current in said electrical system being a sinusoidal motor start-up inrush current and to be responsive to said current in said electrical system having a wet track arc signature. 10. The circuit breaker of claim 8 wherein said first arc fault detector circuit comprises means for generating an output signal at said first output indicating an arc fault in said electrical system in response to randomness in said envelope of said rectified current signal. 11. The circuit breaker of claim 10 wherein said third circuit comprises first means for tracking said current signal with a first time constant to generate a first tracking signal; and wherein said means for generating an output signal comprises second means for tracking said current signal with a second time constant which is shorter than said first time constant to generate a second tracking signal, and means for comparing said first and second tracking signals and generating said output signal when said second tracking signal decays to a predetermined fraction of said first tracking signal. 12. The circuit breaker of claim 8 wherein said second delayed signal disables the second output of said and circuit for said rectified current signal being less than said second predetermined value after said second time delay, and enables the second output of said second arc fault detector circuit for said rectified current signal being greater than said second predetermined value. 13. The circuit breaker of claim 8 wherein said accumulator comprises a resistor in parallel with a capacitor. 14. The circuit breaker of claim 13 wherein said and circuit comprises a current source including an input for said pulse and an output, which is said second output; and a switch including an input for the second delayed signal and an output, which disables the input of said current source. 15. The circuit breaker of claim 8 wherein said comparator is a first comparator; wherein said threshold detector circuit comprises a second comparator including a negative input for said rectified current signal, a positive input for a signal representative of said second predetermined value, and an output. 16. The circuit breaker of claim 15 wherein said second time delay comprises a diode including an anode and a cathode, a resistor, and a capacitor in series with said resistor, with said resistor and said capacitor being electrically connected to the anode of said diode, and with the cathode of said diode being electrically connected to the output of said second comparator. 17. The circuit breaker of claim 8 wherein said window comparator includes a first comparator and a second comparator, said first and second comparators having a common output; wherein said first time delay includes a series combination of a capacitor and a resistor, which are electrically connected to said common output; wherein said capacitor is normally discharged by said common output when the absolute value of said current signal is greater than the first predetermined value; and wherein said capacitor is charged through said resistor when the absolute value of said current signal is less than the first predetermined value, in order to generate said first delayed signal. 18. The circuit breaker of claim 17 wherein said first comparator includes a first output and a first diode having an anode and a cathode; wherein said second comparator includes a second output and a second diode having an anode and a cathode; wherein the cathodes of said first and second diodes are electrically connected to said common output; and wherein the anodes of said first and second diodes are electrically connected to the first and second outputs of said first and second comparators, respectively. 19. The circuit breaker of claim 8 wherein said comparator includes a negative input for the envelope of said rectified current signal, a positive input for said second delayed signal, and said output with said pulse. 20. Apparatus for detecting a wet track arc fault for a current in an electrical system including a circuit providing a current signal from said current, a circuit providing a rectified current signal from said current signal, and a circuit providing an envelope of said rectified current signal, said apparatus comprising: a first circuit adapted to detect when an absolute value of said current signal is less than a first predetermined value and output a signal after a first time period; a comparator adapted to compare said signal after a first time period to the envelope of said rectified current signal, in order to provide an output with a plurality of pulses, said pulses persisting for a relatively longer time for a relatively small value of said envelope, and persisting for a relatively shorter time for a relatively large value of said envelope; a second circuit adapted to enable the output of said comparator if said rectified current signal exceeds a second predetermined value, and to disable the output of said comparator after said rectified current signal is below said second predetermined value for a second time period; and a third circuit adapted to accumulate said pulses from the output of said comparator and output a signal representative of said wet track arc fault.	BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention This invention relates to circuit interrupters including arc fault trip mechanisms and, more particularly, to electronic trip units for circuit breakers, which respond to sputtering arc faults. The invention also relates to apparatus for detecting arc faults. 2. Background Information Circuit interrupters include, for example, circuit breakers, contactors, motor starters, motor controllers, other load controllers and receptacles having a trip mechanism. Circuit breakers are generally old and well known in the art. Examples of circuit breakers are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,260,676; and 5,293,522. Circuit breakers are used to protect electrical circuitry from damage due to an overcurrent condition, such as an overload condition or a relatively high level short circuit or fault condition. In small circuit breakers, commonly referred to as miniature circuit breakers, used for residential and light commercial applications, such protection is typically provided by a thermal-magnetic trip device. This trip device includes a bi-metal, which is heated and bends in response to a persistent overcurrent condition. The bi-metal, in turn, unlatches a spring powered operating mechanism, which opens the separable contacts of the circuit breaker to interrupt current flow in the protected power system. An armature, which is attracted by the sizable magnetic forces generated by a short circuit or fault, also unlatches, or trips, the operating mechanism. There has been considerable interest in providing protection against arc faults. Arc faults are intermittent high impedance faults which can be caused, for instance, by worn insulation between adjacent conductors, by exposed ends between broken conductors, by faulty connections, and in other situations where conducting elements are in close proximity. Because of their intermittent and high impedance nature, arc faults do not generate currents of either sufficient instantaneous magnitude or sufficient average RMS current to trip the conventional circuit interrupter. Even so, the arcs can cause damage or start a fire if they occur near combustible material. It is not practical to simply lower the pick-up currents on conventional circuit breakers, as there are many typical loads, which draw similar currents and would, therefore, cause nuisance trips. Consequently, separate electrical circuits have been developed for responding to arc faults. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,224,006; 5,691,869; and 5,818,237. It is believed that most arc fault detectors perform poorly or are completely ineffective in detecting wet track arc faults in wiring harnesses comprised of polyimide (e.g., Kapton®) insulated wire because such faults exhibit nearly sinusoidal fault currents. It is believed that known arc fault detectors do not respond unless the arc fault current exhibits a relatively more severely distorted characteristic. Some known prior art arc fault detectors for aerospace applications trip on relatively high, near sinusoidal currents and sinusoidal currents, which are caused by wet track arc faults and by motor inrush, respectively. For example, if the absolute current amplitude exceeds a predetermined threshold (e.g., about five times rated current), then the arc fault detector initiates a trip. There is a need for an arc fault detector to eliminate nuisance tripping that results from an inability to discern between those two types of currents. Accordingly, there is room for improvement in circuit breakers and apparatus for detecting arc faults. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION These needs and others are met by the present invention, which provides an arc fault detector circuit that is adapted to be non-responsive to current in an electrical system being, for example, a sinusoidal motor start-up inrush current and to be responsive to current in such electrical system having a wet track arc signature. In accordance with one aspect of the invention, a circuit breaker for interrupting current in an electrical system comprises: separable contacts adapted to interrupt the current in the electrical system; a trip mechanism adapted to trip open the separable contacts in response to a trip signal; and a trip circuit outputting the trip signal, the trip circuit comprising: a circuit adapted to generate a current signal representative of the current in the electrical system, to rectify the current signal to provide a rectified current signal and to track an envelope of the rectified current signal, a first arc fault detector circuit including a first output, a second arc fault detector circuit comprising: a first circuit adapted to detect when an absolute value of the current signal is less than a first predetermined value and output a signal after a first time period, a comparator adapted to compare the signal after a first time period to the envelope of the rectified current signal, in order to provide a second output with a pulse, which persists for a relatively longer time for a relatively small value of the envelope, and which persists for a relatively shorter time for a relatively large value of the envelope, and a second circuit adapted to enable the second output of the comparator if the rectified current signal exceeds a second predetermined value, and to disable the second output of the comparator after the rectified current signal is below the second predetermined value for a second time period, and an accumulator including an output having the trip signal, the output of the accumulator being responsive to the first output of the first arc fault detector circuit and to the second output of the comparator. The comparator may be a first comparator. The second circuit may include a time delay and a second comparator having a negative input for the rectified current signal, a positive input for a signal representative of the second predetermined value, and an output, the time delay adapted to delay the output of the second comparator. The first circuit may include a first comparator, a second comparator and a time delay, the first and second comparators having a common output, the time delay having a series combination of a capacitor and a resistor, which are electrically connected to the common output, the capacitor is normally discharged by the common output when the absolute value of the current signal is greater than the first predetermined value, the capacitor is charged through the resistor when the absolute value of the current signal is less than the first predetermined value, in order to generate the signal after a first time period. As another aspect of the invention, a circuit breaker for interrupting current in an electrical system comprises: separable contacts adapted to interrupt the current in the electrical system; a trip mechanism adapted to trip open the separable contacts in response to a trip signal; and a trip circuit outputting the trip signal, the trip circuit comprising: a first circuit adapted to generate a current signal representative of the current in the electrical system, a second circuit adapted to rectify the current signal and provide a rectified current signal, a third circuit adapted to track an envelope of the rectified current signal, a first arc fault detector circuit including a first input of the rectified current signal, a second input of the envelope of the rectified current signal and a first output, a second arc fault detector circuit comprising: a window comparator circuit adapted to detect when an absolute value of the current signal is less than a first predetermined value and output a signal, a first time delay adapted to delay the signal output by the window comparator and output a first delayed signal, a comparator adapted to compare the first delayed signal of the first time delay to the envelope of the rectified current signal, in order to provide an output with a pulse, which persists for a relatively longer time for a relatively small value of the envelope, and which persists for a relatively shorter time for a relatively large value of the envelope, a threshold detector circuit including an output with a signal, the threshold detector circuit adapted to detect if the rectified current signal exceeds a second predetermined value, a second time delay adapted to delay the signal of the output of the threshold detector circuit after the rectified current signal is below the second predetermined value and output a second delayed signal, and an and circuit outputting a second output responsive to the pulse and the second delayed signal, and an accumulator including an output having the trip signal, the output of the accumulator being responsive to the first output of the first arc fault detector circuit and to the second output of the and circuit. The second arc fault detector circuit may be adapted to be non-responsive to the current in the electrical system being a sinusoidal motor start-up inrush current and to be responsive to the current in the electrical system having a wet track arc signature. The second delayed signal may disable the second output of the and circuit for the rectified current signal being less than the second predetermined value after the second time delay, and may enable the second output of the second arc fault detector circuit for the rectified current signal being greater than the second predetermined value. The and circuit may comprise a current source including an input for the pulse and an output, which is the second output; and a switch including an input for the second delayed signal and an output, which disables the input of the current source. As another aspect of the invention, an apparatus detects a wet track arc fault for a current in an electrical system including a circuit providing a current signal from the current, a circuit providing a rectified current signal from the current signal, and a circuit providing an envelope of the rectified current signal. The apparatus comprises: a first circuit adapted to detect when an absolute value of the current signal is less than a first predetermined value and output a signal after a first time period; a comparator adapted to compare the signal after a first time period to the envelope of the rectified current signal, in order to provide an output with a plurality of pulses, the pulses persisting for a relatively longer time for a relatively small value of the envelope, and persisting for a relatively shorter time for a relatively large value of the envelope; a second circuit adapted to enable the output of the comparator if the rectified current signal exceeds a second predetermined value, and to disable the output of the comparator after the rectified current signal is below the second predetermined value for a second time period; and a third circuit adapted to accumulate the pulses from the output of the comparator and output a signal representative of the wet track arc fault. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS A full understanding of the invention can be gained from the following description of the preferred embodiments when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which: FIG. 1 is a block diagram of circuit breaker in accordance with the present invention. FIGS. 2A-2B form a schematic diagram of a circuit breaker arc fault detection circuit in accordance with another embodiment of the invention. FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a circuit breaker arc fault detection circuit in accordance with another embodiment of the invention. FIG. 4 is an example plot of the sensed current signal and the accumulated signal of FIG. 1. FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a circuit breaker arc fault detection circuit. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS The invention will be described as applied to a miniature circuit breaker, such as that described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,081,852, which is hereby incorporated by reference. That circuit breaker incorporates a thermal-magnetic trip device comprising a bi-metal and a magnetic armature, which unlatch a spring driven mechanism to open separable contacts in response to a persistent overcurrent and a short circuit current, respectively. The circuit breaker of U.S. Pat. No. 4,081,852 includes a ground fault detector which can be replaced by, or be used in addition to, the arc fault detector which forms a part of the present invention. Turning to FIG. 1, the electrical system 1 protected by the circuit breaker 3 includes a line conductor 5 and a neutral conductor 7 electrically connected to provide power to a load 9. The circuit breaker 3 includes separable contacts 11 which can be tripped open by a spring operated trip mechanism 13, in order to interrupt current in the electrical system 1. The trip mechanism 13 may be actuated by a conventional thermal-magnetic overcurrent device 15. This thermal-magnetic overcurrent device 15 includes a bi-metal 17 electrically connected in series with the line conductor 5. Persistent overcurrents heat up the bi-metal 17 causing it to bend and release a latch 19 which actuates the trip mechanism 13. Short circuit currents through the bi-metal 17 magnetically attract an armature 21 which alternatively releases the latch 19 to actuate the trip mechanism 13. Although an example trip mechanism 13 is shown, a wide range of trip mechanisms may be employed. Although a single-pole circuit breaker 3 is disclosed, the invention is applicable to circuit breakers having any number of poles or phases (e.g., a three-phase circuit breaker). In addition to the thermal-magnetic overcurrent device 15, which provides conventional protection, the circuit breaker 3 provides an arc fault detector trip circuit 22. This arc fault detector trip circuit 22 includes a pair of leads 23 and 24 electrically connected to sense voltage across the bi-metal 17. As the resistance of the bi-metal 17 is known (e.g., for the exemplary bi-metal, about 0.007 to about 0.100 ohms, although a wide range of values are possible), this voltage is a measure of the current flowing through the line conductor 5. A trip actuator 25 of the trip mechanism 13 is adapted to trip open the separable contacts 11 in response to a trip signal 26 output by the trip circuit 22. A first portion 28 of the arc fault detector trip circuit 22 may respond to an inverse relationship between the magnitude of step increases in current produced by the striking of an arc in the electrical system 1, and the rate at which such arcs are struck, or may respond to randomness in an envelope of peak magnitudes of such current. In accordance with the present invention, a second portion 29 of the arc fault detector trip circuit 22 responds to parallel wet track arc faults in the electrical system 1. A circuit 30 is adapted to generate a current signal representative of the current in the electrical system 1, to rectify the current signal and to track an envelope of the rectified current signal. The circuit 30 includes a buffer circuit 31 adapted to generate a current signal 31A representative of the current (e.g., as sensed across the bi-metal 17) in the electrical system 1, a circuit 32 adapted to provide a rectified current signal 32A from the current signal 31A, and a circuit 33 adapted to track an envelope 33A of the rectified current signal 32A. The first portion 28 of the arc fault detector trip circuit 22 includes a first input 28A of the rectified current signal 32A, a second input 28B of the envelope 33A of the rectified current signal 32A and a first output 28C. The second portion 29 of the arc fault detector trip circuit 22 includes a first circuit 34 adapted to detect when an absolute value of the current signal 31A is less than a first predetermined value and output a signal 34A after a first time period. The second portion 29 also includes a comparator 35 adapted to compare the signal 34A to the envelope 33A of the rectified current signal 32A, in order to provide a second output 35A with a pulse, which persists for a relatively longer time for a relatively small value of the envelope 33A, and which persists for a relatively shorter time for a relatively large value of the envelope 33A. The second portion 29 further includes a second circuit 36 adapted to enable the output 35A of the comparator 35 if the rectified current signal 32A exceeds a second predetermined value (e.g., without limitation, about five times rated current), and to disable the comparator output 35A after the rectified current signal 32A is below the second predetermined value for a second time period. An accumulator circuit 37 includes an integrator portion 38 responsive to the output 28C of the first arc fault detector circuit 28 and to the output 35A of the comparator 35, when enabled by the second circuit 36. The accumulator circuit 37 also includes a buffer portion 39 having an output 41 with the trip signal 26. The output 38A of the integrator portion 38 is responsive to the output 28C and to the output 35A, when enabled by the second circuit 36. The buffer output 41 applies a turn-on voltage from the trip signal 26 to the gate 43 of an SCR 45. The trip actuator 25 includes the trip latch 19, which is adapted to trip open the separable contacts 11, a trip coil 47 adapted to actuate the trip latch 19 when energized, and a circuit 48 adapted to energize the trip coil 47. Turn-on of the SCR 45 energizes the trip coil 47, which releases the trip latch 19 on the trip mechanism 13 to open the contacts 11. The SCR 45 is protected from voltage surges by the varistor 49 and its gate 43 is protected from noise by a capacitor 51. Current for the arc fault detector trip circuit 22 is drawn from the neutral conductor 7 through the coil 47 and through the SCR 45. The arc fault detector trip circuit 22 advantageously includes the second arc fault detector circuit 29, in order to provide discrimination between parallel wet track arc faults and other load events (e.g., without limitation, resulting from three-phase motor start-up inrushes). The ability of the circuit 29 to distinguish between parallel wet track arc faults and, for example, motor start-up inrushes, is based upon the fact that a motor start-up inrush is purely sinusoidal, while wet track arc signatures exhibit noticeable dwell time at zero crossings of the current waveform. As shown in FIGS. 2A-2B, the second arc fault detector circuit 29 of FIG. 1 includes a window comparator 55, a threshold detector 57, two timers 59,61, and a current source 63. The first circuit 34 of FIG. 1 includes the window comparator 55 and the first timer 59. The second circuit 36 of FIG. 1 includes the threshold detector 57 and the second timer 61. Two comparators 65,67 form the window comparator 55, which is adapted to detect when an absolute value of the input current signal 31A is less than a first predetermined value (e.g., is in suitable close proximity to zero current). The first comparator 65 includes a first output 65A and a first diode 66. The second comparator 67 includes a second output 67A and a second diode 68. The cathodes of the first and second diodes 66,68 are electrically connected to a common output 71, and the anodes of those diodes are electrically connected to the outputs 65A,67A of the respective comparators 65,67. When the absolute value of the current signal 31A is greater than a predetermined level, capacitor 69 is held in a discharged state by the window comparator output 71. After that absolute value falls within the window, the capacitor 69 is allowed to charge through resistor 73, thereby generating a fixed time delay at the (+) input of comparator 35. The first timer 59 is adapted to delay the signal 55A (FIG. 1) of the window comparator output 71 and output a delayed signal 83. The comparator 35 is adapted to compare the delayed signal 83 to the envelope 33A of the rectified current signal 32A, in order to provide an output 98 with a pulse, which persists for a relatively longer time for a relatively small value of the envelope 33A, and which persists for a relatively shorter time for a relatively large value of such envelope. The pulse at the output 98 will not occur at all if the load current 75 does not dwell near about zero longer than the variable time period generated by comparing the signal 83 and the envelope 33A of the rectified current signal. The (−) input of that comparator 35 is referenced to the output 33A of the slow time decay peak detector 33. The comparison between these two voltages generates a timing function with a variable period controlled by the peak current amplitude. That is, the larger the current, the shorter the time period. Since, for a sinusoidal current, the time spent within the window decreases with increasing amplitude, this variable timer works to maximize the effectiveness of the circuit 29 to recognize current signatures, which dwell at the zero crossing for more time than expected for a motor inrush waveform. If the dwell time of the load current 75 is longer than expected for a sinusoidal waveform, then the output 98 of comparator 35 turns on the current source 63 formed by the transistors 77,79 for the duration of the excess dwell time. The two window comparators 65,67 have the common output 71 to the timer 59, which is formed by the series combination of the capacitor 69 and the resistor 73, which are electrically connected to the common output 71. The capacitor 69 is normally discharged by the (high) common output 71 when the absolute value of the current signal 31A is greater than the first predetermined value as determined by divider 81 when either of the outputs 65A,67A of the respective comparators 65,67 is turned on. The capacitor 69 is charged through the resistor 73 when the absolute value of the current signal 31A is less than the first predetermined value and, thus, both of the outputs 65A,67A of the respective comparators 65,67 are turned off, in order to generate the delayed signal 83 after a first time period as set by the first timer 59. The comparator 57 of the second circuit 36 has a negative input (−) for the rectified current signal 32A, a positive input (+) for a signal 85 representative of a second predetermined value, and an output 87. The comparator 57 provides a threshold detector circuit that is adapted to detect if the rectified current signal 32A exceeds the second predetermined value (e.g., without limitation, about five times rated current as set by the signal 85). The second timer 61 is adapted to delay the comparator output 87 after the rectified current signal 32A is below the second predetermined value and output a delayed signal 88. Hence, the current source 63 remains enabled for a period of time (e.g., as set by the RC value of the second timer 61) after the rectified current signal 32A falls below the second predetermined value. The second timer 61 includes a diode 89, a resistor 91, and a capacitor 93 in series with the resistor 91. The resistor 91 and the capacitor 93 are electrically connected to the anode of the diode 89. The cathode of the diode 89 is electrically connected to the output 87 of the comparator 57. An AND circuit 95 provides an output 97 responsive to the pulse output 98 of the comparator 35 and the second delayed signal 88 of the second timer 61. The AND circuit 95 includes the current source 63 having an input 99 for the pulse output 98 of the comparator 35 and the output 97. The AND circuit 95 also includes a switch, such as the transistor 77, including a base input for the second delayed signal 88 and a source output, which disables the current source input 99 when the transistor 117 of the second timer 61 is turned on. The delayed signal 88 disables the output 97 of the second arc fault detector circuit 29 for the rectified current signal 32A being less than the second predetermined value after the second time delay, and enables that output 97 for that rectified current signal 32A being greater than the second predetermined value. The accumulator circuit 37 of FIG. 1 includes the integrator portion 38 and the buffer portion 39 having the output 41 with the trip signal 26. The output 41 is responsive to the output 28C of the first arc fault detector circuit 28 and to the output 98 of the comparator 35, when enabled by the AND circuit 95. The integrator portion 38 includes a resistor 105 in parallel with a capacitor 107. The capacitor 107 is charged by pulses through another resistor 109 and is discharged through the resistor 105. Suitable arc fault detectors, such as the AFD circuit 28 are disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,224,006; 5,691,869; and 5,818,237, which are hereby incorporated by reference herein. The comparator 57 forms a threshold detector analogous to a conventional “short delay” detector. Normally, for relatively small amplitudes of the current signal 31A, capacitor 93 of the second timer 61 maintains a charged state and transistor 117 is turned on, thereby disabling the current source 63 formed by the transistors 77,79. After the load current 75 exceeds a predetermined level (e.g., without limitation, about five times rated current), capacitor 93 is discharged by the output 87 of comparator 57 and transistor 117 is turned off, thereby enabling the current source 63 to be activated by the window comparator 55 through the output 98 of the comparator 35. After the load current 75 again drops below the critical threshold, transistor 117 remains off for a duration of time determined by the time constant of resistor 91 and capacitor 93. This time delay sets a maximum period in which the current source 63 can be enabled after each relatively high current event. Thereby, multiple events (i.e., half cycles) need to occur to accumulate enough activity to cause the circuit 29 to initiate the trip. If the load current 75 fails to exceed the critical threshold, then the current source 63 remains disabled and no activity is accumulated by the circuit 38. The second arc fault detector circuit 29 is adapted to be non-responsive to the load current 75 being, for example, a sinusoidal motor start-up inrush current and, conversely, to be responsive to such load current having a wet track arc signature. A suitably regulated AC/DC power supply 119 employs an alternating current voltage between earth ground 121 and the AC ground reference 123 at the load side of the separable contacts 11, in order to provide suitable DC outputs +14 VA 125 and −14 VA 127. Although not required, a suitable power supply monitoring circuit, such as circuit 129, may be employed as is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,650,515, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein. As is also not required, a suitable comparator circuit, such as 131, monitors one or more of the circuit breaker terminal temperatures. For example, two negative temperature coefficient thermistors (not shown) are mounted at the circuit breaker line terminal 133 and load terminal 135 (of FIG. 1) and initiate a trip if those terminals 133,135 overheat. Those thermistors are electrically connected in parallel between the +14 VA voltage 125 and the input 134 of the circuit 131. For example, if the electrical connection to one or both of the terminals 133,135 is relatively poor, thereby causing overheating, then this circuit 131 independently trips the circuit breaker 3. As the terminal temperature rises, the thermistor resistance decreases, which causes the circuit 131 to generate an output signal 136 that is input by the integrator portion 38 of the accumulator circuit 37 (FIG. 1). In turn, the circuit 37 ultimately trips the circuit breaker 3. An example of the circuit 131 is also disclosed in incorporated by reference U.S. Pat. No. 6,650,515. FIG. 3 shows the second arc fault detector trip circuit 29. In FIG. 4, example representations 31A′ and 38A′ of the current signal 31A and the integrator output 38A (FIG. 1), respectively, are shown. These waveforms are normalized in amplitude, in order that trip times may be evaluated on the basis of waveform shape only. The vertical cursor line 137 depicts the start of a wet track arc fault event and vertical cursor line 139 shows the approximate trip time. The circuit 29 of FIGS. 1 and 3 is preferably suitably calibrated, for example, to operate as a 2.5 A rated AFCI device and the waveforms are scaled to proportional values with an added 2.5 ARMS resistive parallel load (not shown). FIG. 5 shows a first arc fault detector circuit 28′, which includes a circuit 141 adapted to generate an output signal 143 at the output 28C indicating an arc fault in the electrical system 1 (FIG. 1) in response to randomness in the envelope 33A of the rectified current signal 32A. In this example, a circuit 145 is adapted to track the envelope of the rectified current signal 32A. The circuit 145 includes a first sub-circuit 147 adapted to track the rectified current signal 32A with a first time constant 149 to generate a first tracking signal 151, and a second sub-circuit 153 adapted to track the rectified current signal 32A with a second time constant 155, which is shorter than the first time constant 149, in order to generate a second tracking signal 157. The circuit 141 includes a sub-circuit 159 adapted to compare the first and second tracking signals 151,157 and generate the output signal 143 when the second tracking signal 157 decays to a predetermined fraction of the first tracking signal 151. Although analog circuits 22,29 are disclosed, it will be appreciated that a combination of one or more of analog, digital and/or processor-based circuits may be employed. While specific embodiments of the invention have been described in detail, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that various modifications and alternatives to those details could be developed in light of the overall teachings of the disclosure. Accordingly, the particular arrangements disclosed are meant to be illustrative only and not limiting as to the scope of the invention which is to be given the full breadth of the claims appended and any and all equivalents thereof.	<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>1. Field of the Invention This invention relates to circuit interrupters including arc fault trip mechanisms and, more particularly, to electronic trip units for circuit breakers, which respond to sputtering arc faults. The invention also relates to apparatus for detecting arc faults. 2. Background Information Circuit interrupters include, for example, circuit breakers, contactors, motor starters, motor controllers, other load controllers and receptacles having a trip mechanism. Circuit breakers are generally old and well known in the art. Examples of circuit breakers are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,260,676; and 5,293,522. Circuit breakers are used to protect electrical circuitry from damage due to an overcurrent condition, such as an overload condition or a relatively high level short circuit or fault condition. In small circuit breakers, commonly referred to as miniature circuit breakers, used for residential and light commercial applications, such protection is typically provided by a thermal-magnetic trip device. This trip device includes a bi-metal, which is heated and bends in response to a persistent overcurrent condition. The bi-metal, in turn, unlatches a spring powered operating mechanism, which opens the separable contacts of the circuit breaker to interrupt current flow in the protected power system. An armature, which is attracted by the sizable magnetic forces generated by a short circuit or fault, also unlatches, or trips, the operating mechanism. There has been considerable interest in providing protection against arc faults. Arc faults are intermittent high impedance faults which can be caused, for instance, by worn insulation between adjacent conductors, by exposed ends between broken conductors, by faulty connections, and in other situations where conducting elements are in close proximity. Because of their intermittent and high impedance nature, arc faults do not generate currents of either sufficient instantaneous magnitude or sufficient average RMS current to trip the conventional circuit interrupter. Even so, the arcs can cause damage or start a fire if they occur near combustible material. It is not practical to simply lower the pick-up currents on conventional circuit breakers, as there are many typical loads, which draw similar currents and would, therefore, cause nuisance trips. Consequently, separate electrical circuits have been developed for responding to arc faults. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,224,006; 5,691,869; and 5,818,237. It is believed that most arc fault detectors perform poorly or are completely ineffective in detecting wet track arc faults in wiring harnesses comprised of polyimide (e.g., Kapton®) insulated wire because such faults exhibit nearly sinusoidal fault currents. It is believed that known arc fault detectors do not respond unless the arc fault current exhibits a relatively more severely distorted characteristic. Some known prior art arc fault detectors for aerospace applications trip on relatively high, near sinusoidal currents and sinusoidal currents, which are caused by wet track arc faults and by motor inrush, respectively. For example, if the absolute current amplitude exceeds a predetermined threshold (e.g., about five times rated current), then the arc fault detector initiates a trip. There is a need for an arc fault detector to eliminate nuisance tripping that results from an inability to discern between those two types of currents. Accordingly, there is room for improvement in circuit breakers and apparatus for detecting arc faults.	<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>These needs and others are met by the present invention, which provides an arc fault detector circuit that is adapted to be non-responsive to current in an electrical system being, for example, a sinusoidal motor start-up inrush current and to be responsive to current in such electrical system having a wet track arc signature. In accordance with one aspect of the invention, a circuit breaker for interrupting current in an electrical system comprises: separable contacts adapted to interrupt the current in the electrical system; a trip mechanism adapted to trip open the separable contacts in response to a trip signal; and a trip circuit outputting the trip signal, the trip circuit comprising: a circuit adapted to generate a current signal representative of the current in the electrical system, to rectify the current signal to provide a rectified current signal and to track an envelope of the rectified current signal, a first arc fault detector circuit including a first output, a second arc fault detector circuit comprising: a first circuit adapted to detect when an absolute value of the current signal is less than a first predetermined value and output a signal after a first time period, a comparator adapted to compare the signal after a first time period to the envelope of the rectified current signal, in order to provide a second output with a pulse, which persists for a relatively longer time for a relatively small value of the envelope, and which persists for a relatively shorter time for a relatively large value of the envelope, and a second circuit adapted to enable the second output of the comparator if the rectified current signal exceeds a second predetermined value, and to disable the second output of the comparator after the rectified current signal is below the second predetermined value for a second time period, and an accumulator including an output having the trip signal, the output of the accumulator being responsive to the first output of the first arc fault detector circuit and to the second output of the comparator. The comparator may be a first comparator. The second circuit may include a time delay and a second comparator having a negative input for the rectified current signal, a positive input for a signal representative of the second predetermined value, and an output, the time delay adapted to delay the output of the second comparator. The first circuit may include a first comparator, a second comparator and a time delay, the first and second comparators having a common output, the time delay having a series combination of a capacitor and a resistor, which are electrically connected to the common output, the capacitor is normally discharged by the common output when the absolute value of the current signal is greater than the first predetermined value, the capacitor is charged through the resistor when the absolute value of the current signal is less than the first predetermined value, in order to generate the signal after a first time period. As another aspect of the invention, a circuit breaker for interrupting current in an electrical system comprises: separable contacts adapted to interrupt the current in the electrical system; a trip mechanism adapted to trip open the separable contacts in response to a trip signal; and a trip circuit outputting the trip signal, the trip circuit comprising: a first circuit adapted to generate a current signal representative of the current in the electrical system, a second circuit adapted to rectify the current signal and provide a rectified current signal, a third circuit adapted to track an envelope of the rectified current signal, a first arc fault detector circuit including a first input of the rectified current signal, a second input of the envelope of the rectified current signal and a first output, a second arc fault detector circuit comprising: a window comparator circuit adapted to detect when an absolute value of the current signal is less than a first predetermined value and output a signal, a first time delay adapted to delay the signal output by the window comparator and output a first delayed signal, a comparator adapted to compare the first delayed signal of the first time delay to the envelope of the rectified current signal, in order to provide an output with a pulse, which persists for a relatively longer time for a relatively small value of the envelope, and which persists for a relatively shorter time for a relatively large value of the envelope, a threshold detector circuit including an output with a signal, the threshold detector circuit adapted to detect if the rectified current signal exceeds a second predetermined value, a second time delay adapted to delay the signal of the output of the threshold detector circuit after the rectified current signal is below the second predetermined value and output a second delayed signal, and an and circuit outputting a second output responsive to the pulse and the second delayed signal, and an accumulator including an output having the trip signal, the output of the accumulator being responsive to the first output of the first arc fault detector circuit and to the second output of the and circuit. The second arc fault detector circuit may be adapted to be non-responsive to the current in the electrical system being a sinusoidal motor start-up inrush current and to be responsive to the current in the electrical system having a wet track arc signature. The second delayed signal may disable the second output of the and circuit for the rectified current signal being less than the second predetermined value after the second time delay, and may enable the second output of the second arc fault detector circuit for the rectified current signal being greater than the second predetermined value. The and circuit may comprise a current source including an input for the pulse and an output, which is the second output; and a switch including an input for the second delayed signal and an output, which disables the input of the current source. As another aspect of the invention, an apparatus detects a wet track arc fault for a current in an electrical system including a circuit providing a current signal from the current, a circuit providing a rectified current signal from the current signal, and a circuit providing an envelope of the rectified current signal. The apparatus comprises: a first circuit adapted to detect when an absolute value of the current signal is less than a first predetermined value and output a signal after a first time period; a comparator adapted to compare the signal after a first time period to the envelope of the rectified current signal, in order to provide an output with a plurality of pulses, the pulses persisting for a relatively longer time for a relatively small value of the envelope, and persisting for a relatively shorter time for a relatively large value of the envelope; a second circuit adapted to enable the output of the comparator if the rectified current signal exceeds a second predetermined value, and to disable the output of the comparator after the rectified current signal is below the second predetermined value for a second time period; and a third circuit adapted to accumulate the pulses from the output of the comparator and output a signal representative of the wet track arc fault.	20040521	20070109	20051124	62527.0		0	PATEL, DHARTI HARIDAS	ARC FAULT CIRCUIT BREAKER AND APPARATUS FOR DETECTING WET TRACK ARC FAULT	UNDISCOUNTED	0	ACCEPTED		2,004
10,851,013	ACCEPTED	System and method for externally providing database optimizer statistics	The present invention relates to a method and system for using an external program to generate and update statistical information used by a database optimizer for at least one of a database and a database management system, at least one table of data being replicated from the database to the external program, the external program generating statistical information on the replicated data and sending the generated statistical information back to the database for use with the optimizer. The replicated data residing with the external program may also be used by an application for the execution of database queries instead of the database itself with the application using a list of replicated tables or replicated data to determine where to target its queries.	1. A method for generating a statistical data item in a database using an external program, comprising the steps of: replicating a table of data from the database to the external program; generating, by the external program, the statistical data item as a function of the replicated table of data; and replicating the statistical data item from the external program to the database. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the statistical data item is at least one of a histogram, a value distribution, and a selectivity information item. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the database is part of a relational database management system. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the external program is a search engine program. 5. A method for updating a statistical data item in a database using an external program, comprising the steps of: replicating a table of data from the database to the external program; generating, by the external program, a new statistical data item as a function of the replicated table of data; and updating the statistical data item in the database as a function of the new statistical data item. 6. The method according to claim 5, wherein the statistical data item is at least one of a histogram, a value distribution, and a selectivity information item. 7. The method according to claim 5, wherein the database is part of a relational database management system. 8. The method according to claim 5, wherein the external program is a search engine program. 9. The method according to claim 5, wherein the new statistical data item is at least one of a histogram, a value distribution, and a selectivity information item. 10. The method according to claim 5, wherein the generating step occurs at a fixed periodic interval. 11. The method according to claim 10, wherein the updating step occurs at a fixed periodic interval. 12. The method according to claim 5, wherein the updating step replaces the statistical data item in the database with the new statistical data item. 13. A method for updating a statistical data item in a database using an external program, comprising the steps of: replicating a table of data from the database to the external program; updating, by the external program, the replicated table of data as a function of a change item, the change item received from at least one of the database and a database management system; generating, by the external program, a new statistical data item as a function of a re-indexing of the updated table of data; and updating the statistical data item in the database as a function of the new statistical data item. 14. The method according to claim 13, wherein the statistical data item is at least one of a histogram, a value distribution, and a selectivity information item. 15. The method according to claim 13, wherein the database is part of a relational database management system. 16. The method according to claim 13, wherein the external program is a search engine program. 17. The method according to claim 13, wherein the updating the replicated table of data step further comprises: generating, by the at least one of the database and the database management system, a change file, the change file containing the change item reflecting a change in the table of data; and receiving, by the external program, the change file. 18. The method according to claim 13, wherein the new statistical data item is at least one of a histogram, a value distribution, and a selectivity information item. 19. The method according to claim 13, wherein the generating step occurs at a fixed periodic interval. 20. The method according to claim 19, wherein the updating step occurs at a fixed periodic interval. 21. The method according to claim 13, wherein the change item is generated by an application. 22. The method according to claim 13, the update step further comprising: updating, by the external program, the replicated table of data as a function of a change item, the change item received from an application, the application providing the change item to the external application and at least one of the database and a database management system. 23. A method for retrieving a query item affiliated with a database, the query item stored by at least one of the database and an external program, comprising the steps of: replicating a table of data from the database to the external program; maintaining, by an application, a list of replicated data, the list of replicated data including the replicated table of data in the external program; and targeting at least one of the database and the external program to receive a request for the query item as a function of the list of replicated data. 24. The method according to claim 23, wherein the database is part of a relational database management system. 25. The method according to claim 23, wherein the external program is a search engine program. 26. The method according to claim 23, wherein the list of replicated data includes at least one associated pair of replicated table and external program containing the replicated table. 27. The method according to claim 23, wherein the request is written using SQL structured query language. 28. A computer-readable medium containing a set of instructions adapted to be executed on a processor to implement a method for generating a statistical data item in a database using an external program, the method comprising the steps of: replicating a table of data from the database to the external program; generating, by the external program, the statistical data item as a function of the replicated table of data; and replicating the statistical data item from the external program to the database. 29. A computer-readable medium containing a set of instructions adapted to be executed on a processor to implement a method for updating a statistical data item in a database using an external program, the method comprising the steps of: replicating a table of data from the database to the external program; generating, by the external program, a new statistical data item as a function of the replicated table of data; and updating the statistical data item in the database as a function of the new statistical data item. 30. A computer-readable medium containing a set of instructions adapted to be executed on a processor to implement a method for updating a statistical data item in a database using an external program, the method comprising the steps of: replicating a table of data from the database to the external program; updating, by the external program, the replicated table of data as a function of a change item, the change item received from at least one of the database and a database management system; generating, by the external program, a new statistical data item as a function of a re-indexing of the updated table of data; and updating the statistical data item in the database as a function of the new statistical data item. 31. A computer-readable medium containing a set of instructions adapted to be executed on a processor to implement a method for retrieving a query item affiliated with a database, the query item stored by at least one of the database and an external program, the method comprising the steps of: replicating a table of data from the database to the external program; maintaining, by an application, a list of replicated data, the list of replicated data including the replicated table of data in the external program; and targeting at least one of the database and the external program to receive a request for the query item as a function of the list of replicated data.	FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a system and method for provided externally determined database optimizer statistics. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Database management systems (DBMS), including both hierarchical and relational DBMS, receive a database query from a user and return results to the user. Relational database management systems (RDBMS) such as Oracle®, IBM DB2®, and Microsoft SQL server®, among others, are no exception. A DBMS receives a database query from a user and uses the search criteria provided in the query to find and return results to the user. These results may be actual data or statistical information about the data. For example, a query may return all records/rows concerning transactions initiated by a customer—actual data in the database-or may return the number of transactions initiated by a customer—statistical information about the data. Queries are generally formulated using a standardized query description language. For example, Structured Query Language (SQL) is a widely used standardized query description language that many DBMS use. Queries may be submitted to a DBMS from diverse types of users. For example, a person submitting queries to the DBMS using a native DBMS tool may be one such user. In this example, a user may be provided with a SQL statement editor allowing immediate execution of SQL statements on a database by the DBMS. In another example, a script file may connect to the DBMS and fire SQL statements against a database. In this example, the external script file is the user. In a third example, an external application may translate a user interface (UI) action into SQL statements that are sent to the DBMS with the external application receiving and translating the results from the DBMS into an appropriate representation on the external application UI. These examples are indicative of the broad range of users—e.g., individuals, scripts, and software applications—that may submit queries to a DBMS. DBMS generally use an optimizer to facilitate execution of a query. The optimizer calculates the most efficient way or more efficient ways to retrieve and access the data stored in a database. There are many constraints that effect the way in which an optimizer makes these calculations. For example, the optimizer may consider whether one or more indices exist that can be used to reduce the time and resources needed to retrieve the queried data. The value of these indices in expediting the query is relative to their selectivity. For example, the greater the ratio of the number of records/rows filtered or sampled by the index to the total number of records/rows in the table (1:5 being greater than 1:10), the lower the selectivity of the index and the less utility provided by using the index. On the other hand, the lower the ratio of filtered records/rows to total records/rows, the higher the selectivity and the greater the utility to the optimizer in using the index in conducting the query. In another example, value distribution information for data in a table of a database may be used to expedite a query. Value distribution information loses its importance as it becomes less current as a result of changes made to the table data. In general, two main types of database optimizer exist—Rule Based Optimizer (RBO) and Cost Based Optimizer (CBO). RBO use heuristic rules in determining the best method to access the queried data. CBO uses statistical information about the table data and the corresponding table indices in determining the best method to access the queried data. RBO do not typically rely on statistical information and table indices and, therefore, improvements in the collection of such information generally do not improve the performance of RBO. On the other hand, CBO performance is directly related to the quality of this statistical information and the table indices and the frequency with which they are updated. Statistical information about table data becomes increasingly obsolete as changes are made to a database table. The degree of obsolescence is related to the frequency of change to the database table data and the amount of elapsed time since the last updating of the statistical information. For this reason, it is important for the statistical information to be updated regularly in order to maintain adequate CBO performance. The process for updating statistical information is usually scheduled by the database administrator who weighs the performance cost to the database management system during the update of the statistical information with the need to maintain adequate CBO performance. A typical result of obsolete statistical information is the CBO initiating a more resource or time intensive retrieval of the queried information thereby decreasing query performance and potentially impacting the response times of other users also connected to and executing queries on the database. Restating this in terms of cost, a CBO using obsolete statistical information may execute more expensive queries. A database management system will typically include functionality to update the statistical information and indices for database tables. However, creating or updating this statistical information may considerably tie up database resources in a resource expensive manner. Typically, the resource expenses associated with updating statistical information for larger tables are greater and more apparent than for smaller tables. As previously stated, the process for updating statistical information is usually scheduled by the database administrator who weighs the performance cost to the database management system during the update of the statistical information with the need to maintain adequate CBO performance. The updating of the statistical information may have a large cost resulting in significant degradation in database management system services during the period of the update. For this reason, the updating of statistical information is generally scheduled for periods of limited user activity on the database. Compounding the difficulty in this scheduling are situations where a database and database management system serve users requiring more consistent twenty-four hour access. Under these circumstances, it is often difficult or impossible to schedule the updating of statistical information without impacting other users. In order to minimize the impact on users, the database management system may not use all the records/rows in a table when determining table statistics and may instead use a sample from the records/rows in the table. The use of samples expedites the updating of the statistical information reducing the impact on users. However, the use of samples may result in less accurate statistical information resulting in more expensive CBO queries. In other words, the quality of the statistical information generated using samples can not be guaranteed and may not be as accurate. Significant performance improvements can be achieved if statistical information is updated using the full table data or otherwise in a manner avoiding the expense to the database management system and the impact on database users that current updating of statistical information poses. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In one embodiment of the present invention, data is replicated from a database to an external program (e.g., a search engine) to provide faster access to the data for an application. During the process of indexing this replicated data for the external program, statistical data is produced. This statistical data may be provided to the database as a beneficial effect of the replication of the data according to this embodiment. This embodiment solves the above problems by providing faster access to the data through an external program such as a search engine while relieving some or all of the burden on the DBMS to generate and update optimizer statistics. In one embodiment of the present invention, an external program is used to calculate statistical information in order to achieve the desired performance improvements. According to this embodiment, an external program stores replicated information from one or more tables in a database, calculates statistics for the replicated tables, and returns the calculated statistical information to the database management system (DBMS). An external program is a separate program or process (i.e., separate from the DBMS and database) that may run on the same computer or hardware as the database and/or DBMS or may run on other hardware. In one embodiment of the present invention, at least one table of data is replicated from a database to an external program. The external program generates statistical data for the replicated tables of data and transmits the generated statistical data back to the database. The DBMS CBO may then use this generated statistical data to provide better optimization of database queries. The generated statistical data may include, for example, histograms, value distributions, and selectivity data along with any other information used by the CBO for database request (i.e., query) optimization. This embodiment may be used with both relational and hierarchical databases and is not limited to one particular type of database. The external program may be any software application including a search engine program. Data is replicated by complete tables according to this embodiment because CBO generally use table statistics in optimizing database requests (i.e., queries). In other embodiments of the present invention, other data replication schemes may be used. In another embodiment of the present invention, at least one table of data is replicated from a database to an external program. The external program generates new statistical data for the replicated table of data and this new statistical data is used to update existing statistical data in the database. The DBMS CBO can then use the updated statistical data in calculating more optimal database queries. The new statistical data may include histograms, value distributions, selectivity information or any other type of statistical data used by the CBO. The new statistical data may be generated at fixed intervals of time or may result from the external program receiving a certain number of updates to the replicated table. This embodiment may be used with any type of database management system including relational and hierarchical DBMS. The external program may be various types of software applications including a search engine program. At least one table of data is replicated from a database to an external program with any changes to the table in the database generating updates to the replicated table in the external program according to another embodiment of the present invention. This embodiment may also work with any type of DBMS—for example, relational and hierarchical—and with many types of external programs, including, for example, search engine programs. The external program either receives updates sent by the database or DBMS or requests information about updates to the replicated table. These updates are then executed on the replicated table and/or table indices in order to keep the information in the replicated table current. These updates may be received in the form of a change file (delta file) and may be executed at a periodic interval or as a result of receiving a certain number of updates (e.g., change files). The external program uses the updated replicated table to generate new statistical data, such as, for example, histogram, value distributions, and selectivity data, used by the CBO. This new statistical data generated by the external program is used to update the statistical data in the database. An application may also use the external program to execute database requests (i.e., queries) on the replicated data instead of or in conjunction with using the database according to one embodiment of the present invention. Data is still replicated from the database to the external program typically in complete tables as previously discussed. The application may maintain a list of the replicated tables or data internally or with the database according to various embodiments of the present invention. The application may use this list in determine where to direct a database query—to the external program and its replicated data or to the DBMS and the database. The application then executes the query according to this determination. The application can successfully use this embodiment regardless of database type—for example, relational or hierarchical—and regardless of external program type, though a search engine may be a more efficient external program to use. In another embodiment of the present invention, the application may use a list of tables replicated to a plurality of external programs and determine which of the plurality of external programs or the database to use when sending database queries. In this embodiment, multiple external programs have replicated data from the database and the application uses a list of which tables have been replicated to which external program in determining where to direct database queries. In any embodiment, these database queries may be generated using a standard query description language such as SQL. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating the process of using an external program to generate and/or update statistical information about one or more database tables according to one embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating a process where an application uses the replicated data in the external program according to one embodiment of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION In one embodiment of the present invention, data is replicated from a database to an external program (e.g., a search engine) to provide faster access to the data for an application. During the process of indexing this replicated data for the external program, statistical data is produced. This statistical data may be provided to the database as a beneficial effect of the replication of the data according to this embodiment. This embodiment solves the above problems by providing faster access to the data through an external program such as a search engine while relieving some or all of the burden on the DBMS to generate and update optimizer statistics. Database tables are replicated in an external program where statistical information is generated and returned to the database according to one embodiment of the present invention. An external program is a separate program or process (i.e., separate from the database management system and database) that may run on the same computer or hardware as the database and/or DBMS or may run on other hardware. This process may free the database management system from the resource requirements of updating statistical information on its tables—and, in particular, the master tables—on which users may be trying to perform queries or reduce these resource requirements. In addition, the external program may provide more thorough and more frequently updated statistical information to the database, thereby improving the performance of the CBO in the database management system. According to this embodiment of the present invention, more frequent and/or more thorough generating and updating of statistical information may result with minimal additional impact on the database. A database management system (DBMS) is a software application or set of applications that provide functionality for creating and maintaining one or more databases. For example, a database management system creating and managing relational databases is termed a relational database management system (RDBMS) and is only one type of database management system. Other types of database management systems may include hierarchical database management systems. Database management systems provide what are commonly known as back-end systems for maintaining and managing the data in the database. These back-end systems generally provide for database generation, maintenance, and query execution. In contrast, a front-end system is one or more applications that are part of the database management system that generally allow the user to enter data into a database, query data in the database, and format and generate visual or print reports from the data in the database. Some external software applications may also directly access the DBMS back-end and provide functionality similar to the front-end system of the DBMS. A DBMS typically makes use of an interface through which an external application or front-end system interacts with a database. For example, an external application may translate a user action on a graphical user interface into Structured Query Language (SQL) statements that are sent to the database management system to run on the database. In this case, SQL serves as an integral part of the interface between the external application and the database management system. A database management system usually has a predefined interface through which external applications and its front-end system allow access to the database. SQL is only one example of a possible interface language. In one embodiment of the present invention, an external program is used to calculate statistical information about all or part of the database in order to achieve the desired performance improvements. According to this embodiment, an external program stores replicated information from one or more tables in a database, calculates statistics for the replicated tables, and returns the calculated statistical information to the database management system. FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating the process of using an external program to generate and/or update statistical information about one or more database tables according to one embodiment of the present invention. A DBMS 160 may be used to create and manage one or more databases 110 used by other software applications 150-154. FIG. 1 illustrates several applications 150-154 that may interact with a particular database 110 and its database management system 160. In the example shown in FIG. 1, only application interaction with a database and DBMS is shown. However, the model shown in FIG. 1 may apply to other scenarios involving other types of database users (as previously discussed) according to other embodiments of the present invention. In conventional DBMS interaction with a software application, an application 150 may interact with the database 110 by delivering requests 101 such as, for example, queries to the database management system 160 which in turn executes 102 the requests on the database 110. Results are returned 103 by the DBMS 160 to the application 150. An external program 140 is used in addition to this conventional model according to one embodiment of the present invention. The external program 140 can be a variety of software programs, including, for example, a search engine program according to one embodiment of the present invention. For example, the SAP® retrieval and classification engine TREX may serve as the external search engine program. According to the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1, a table 111 of data is replicated 170 from the database 110 to the external program 140. According to this embodiment, the data is replicated by table because database optimizer statistics are typically calculated on a table of data as a whole. In other embodiments of the present invention reflecting different optimizer statistics schemes, data may be replicated in a manner other than by complete table as shown in FIG. 1. In yet other embodiments of the present invention, data may be replicated to facilitate using the external program for database query execution in addition to the generating and updating of database optimizer statistics. The external program 140, in this example a search engine, provides redundant storage 112 of the indexed table data 111. According to one embodiment of the present invention, the entire database 110 is replicated 170 to the external program 140 so that the external program 140 can generate and/or update statistical data 120 based on the replicated data 130 for the entire database 110. Regardless of the replication scheme being used, the database 110 is still responsible for the data overall in this embodiment of the present invention. In other words, the database 110 and the DBMS 160 continue to be responsible for correct data persistence, ensuring transactional consistency of the data, and for rolling back transactions, if necessary. The external program 140 stores replicated data 130 but does not replace the database 110 and DBMS 160 for responsibility of the data—the database 110 serves as the master system. The external program 140 can retrieve 175 data from the replicated table 112 and perform calculations 176 on the data in order to generate 177 statistical data 120 related to the replicated table 112 according to the embodiment reflected in FIG. 1. These calculations 176 may be similar to those performed in the conventional generation of database optimizer statistics and may result in the generation 177 of, for example, histograms, value distributions, and/or selectivity information. This statistical data 120 may then be transferred 180 back to the database management system 160 by the external program 140. Statistical data is typically generated to determine or approximate the data distribution of the values in an attribute of a table (relation). A query optimizer may use these statistics to determine result sizes or selectivity of query execution plans as part of its query optimization process. The statistical data 120 generated 177 by the external program 140 may include histograms, value distributions, and other selectivity information according to one embodiment of the present invention. All three aforementioned types represent the distribution of values in an attribute (column) of a table of a database. Histograms approximate the frequency distribution of values in an attribute of table and are typically calculated for key attributes that reflect relations across a database. Value distributions may reflect the distribution of values in an attribute determined from sampling the rows of the table or by examining all rows, where resources permit. In one embodiment of the present invention, all rows are used rather than sampling because doing so does not impact other users of the database and improves the resulting value distribution. Other selectivity information may include polynomial or mathematical distributions approximating the frequency distribution of values in an attribute. This statistical data is important because it allows a DBMS Cost Based Optimizer (CBO) to estimate query result sizes and access plan costs. The use of the replicated table 112 in the replicated data 130 by the external program 140 is only relevant to the extent that the data in the replicated table 112 is current and matches the data in the corresponding database 110 table 111. In order to maintain the currency of the data in the replicated table 112, updates reflecting any changes in the database 110 table 111 need to be captured and transmitted 172 to the external program 140, with the external program 140 implementing 173 these updates on the replicated data 130. In one embodiment of the present invention, the external program collects a series of updates (e.g., as delta files) to the replicated data 130 and either regularly re-indexes all the replicated data 130 using the updates or adds the updates (e.g., delta files) to the existing indices. The updates may be sent to the external program 140 by the DBMS 160 in one embodiment while the external program 140 may request and/or retrieve the updates from the DBMS 160 in another embodiment of the present invention. In another embodiment, a notification message is sent to the external program 140 when the information in the database 110 table 111 is updated. This updating process may occur at some designated time interval in one embodiment of the present invention. For example, the updates may be processed every 30 minutes, every 2 hours, twice a day, once a day, or once a week. In another embodiment, the updating process may occur when a certain number of updates have been accumulated. For example, every time 15 updates have been accumulated, the updates may be processed. In another embodiment of the present invention, a user may schedule the updates. For example, an administrator for the external program 140 may schedule the execution of the updates. The new updated data is then usable only after the replicated data 130 has been re-indexed or the updates have been added to the existing indices. In another embodiment of the present invention, updates to the replicated data may also be triggered and/or provided by the application itself. For example, as soon as the application makes an update to the database, it also sends a corresponding update call to the search engine and provides appropriate error handling (e.g., storing the updates in a log table on the database) if the search engine (or other external program) is not available. When the search engine is again available, it could read the updates queued in the log table from the database as part of the startup procedure and incorporate the accumulated updates into the replicated data. During the indexing or re-indexing of the replicated data 130, the external program 140 may collect a lot of statistical data 120 concerning the replicated data 130. According to one embodiment of the present invention, the generation 177 of the statistical data 120 is performed when the replicated data 130 is retrieved 175 and re-indexed 176 by the external program 140. According to this embodiment of the present invention, the statistical data 120 generated 177 is the same as the statistical data required by the database CBO as previously discussed. The external program 140 provides this statistical data 120 to the database 110 and DBMS 160 where the statistical data may serve as the input for mathematical algorithms that calculate statistical optimization in the CBO. Because the external program 140 is only providing statistical data 120 to the database 110 and DBMS 160, the external program 140 does not need know how the CBO operates or the mathematical algorithms it uses—both of which are generally closely guarded secrets of the respective DBMS 160 companies. A search engine or other external program 140 may also be able to provide faster access to the replicated data 130 than a database 110 or DBMS 160 can provide to the database 110 data. For this reason, an application 150 may benefit from accessing the replicated data 130 in the external program 140 over trying to access the database 110 directly. FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating a process where an application uses the replicated data in the external program according to one embodiment of the present invention. In one embodiment, an application program 150 may be set by default to use the external program 140 to retrieve data and perform database queries. If the external program 140 is not available or reachable because, for example, the network is down or if the external program 140 is itself down, the application 150 may then use the database 110 according to one embodiment of the present invention. This embodiment requires the application 150 to “know about” or be configured to use both the external program 140 and the database 110/DBMS 160. If the application is not configured to use both the external program 140 and the database 110/DBMS 160, this option is not available. The application 150 may also maintain a list 215, 216 of the database 110 tables 111 replicated 170 to the external program 140 according to one embodiment of the present invention. This list 215 may be maintained in the database 110 and retrieved 220, 221 by the application 150 for use when planning database queries according to one embodiment of the present invention. The application 150 may also internally maintain the list 216 of replicated tables 112, which may be used when planning database queries according to another embodiment of the present invention. In either embodiment, the list 215, 216 needs to be updated 231, 232 when additional tables are replicated 170 to the external program 140 or are no longer part of the replicated data 130 in the external program 140. The application 150 uses this list 215, 216 in determining where it will send database queries 241, 242—whether to send requests 242 to the external program 140 or send requests 241 to the database 110/DBMS 160. The application 150 will receive responses 251, 252 to these database queries from respectively the database 110/DBMS 160 and the external program 140 to which the queries were sent. In another embodiment of the present invention, the application may use multiple external programs, maintained in the list, with replicated data from the database when determining where to direct database queries. In addition to the potentially improved access to the data, the use of the external program 140 by the application 150 when transmitting database queries 242 reduces the load on the database 110 and DBMS 160 and may result in additional database efficiency.	<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>Database management systems (DBMS), including both hierarchical and relational DBMS, receive a database query from a user and return results to the user. Relational database management systems (RDBMS) such as Oracle®, IBM DB2®, and Microsoft SQL server®, among others, are no exception. A DBMS receives a database query from a user and uses the search criteria provided in the query to find and return results to the user. These results may be actual data or statistical information about the data. For example, a query may return all records/rows concerning transactions initiated by a customer—actual data in the database-or may return the number of transactions initiated by a customer—statistical information about the data. Queries are generally formulated using a standardized query description language. For example, Structured Query Language (SQL) is a widely used standardized query description language that many DBMS use. Queries may be submitted to a DBMS from diverse types of users. For example, a person submitting queries to the DBMS using a native DBMS tool may be one such user. In this example, a user may be provided with a SQL statement editor allowing immediate execution of SQL statements on a database by the DBMS. In another example, a script file may connect to the DBMS and fire SQL statements against a database. In this example, the external script file is the user. In a third example, an external application may translate a user interface (UI) action into SQL statements that are sent to the DBMS with the external application receiving and translating the results from the DBMS into an appropriate representation on the external application UI. These examples are indicative of the broad range of users—e.g., individuals, scripts, and software applications—that may submit queries to a DBMS. DBMS generally use an optimizer to facilitate execution of a query. The optimizer calculates the most efficient way or more efficient ways to retrieve and access the data stored in a database. There are many constraints that effect the way in which an optimizer makes these calculations. For example, the optimizer may consider whether one or more indices exist that can be used to reduce the time and resources needed to retrieve the queried data. The value of these indices in expediting the query is relative to their selectivity. For example, the greater the ratio of the number of records/rows filtered or sampled by the index to the total number of records/rows in the table (1:5 being greater than 1:10), the lower the selectivity of the index and the less utility provided by using the index. On the other hand, the lower the ratio of filtered records/rows to total records/rows, the higher the selectivity and the greater the utility to the optimizer in using the index in conducting the query. In another example, value distribution information for data in a table of a database may be used to expedite a query. Value distribution information loses its importance as it becomes less current as a result of changes made to the table data. In general, two main types of database optimizer exist—Rule Based Optimizer (RBO) and Cost Based Optimizer (CBO). RBO use heuristic rules in determining the best method to access the queried data. CBO uses statistical information about the table data and the corresponding table indices in determining the best method to access the queried data. RBO do not typically rely on statistical information and table indices and, therefore, improvements in the collection of such information generally do not improve the performance of RBO. On the other hand, CBO performance is directly related to the quality of this statistical information and the table indices and the frequency with which they are updated. Statistical information about table data becomes increasingly obsolete as changes are made to a database table. The degree of obsolescence is related to the frequency of change to the database table data and the amount of elapsed time since the last updating of the statistical information. For this reason, it is important for the statistical information to be updated regularly in order to maintain adequate CBO performance. The process for updating statistical information is usually scheduled by the database administrator who weighs the performance cost to the database management system during the update of the statistical information with the need to maintain adequate CBO performance. A typical result of obsolete statistical information is the CBO initiating a more resource or time intensive retrieval of the queried information thereby decreasing query performance and potentially impacting the response times of other users also connected to and executing queries on the database. Restating this in terms of cost, a CBO using obsolete statistical information may execute more expensive queries. A database management system will typically include functionality to update the statistical information and indices for database tables. However, creating or updating this statistical information may considerably tie up database resources in a resource expensive manner. Typically, the resource expenses associated with updating statistical information for larger tables are greater and more apparent than for smaller tables. As previously stated, the process for updating statistical information is usually scheduled by the database administrator who weighs the performance cost to the database management system during the update of the statistical information with the need to maintain adequate CBO performance. The updating of the statistical information may have a large cost resulting in significant degradation in database management system services during the period of the update. For this reason, the updating of statistical information is generally scheduled for periods of limited user activity on the database. Compounding the difficulty in this scheduling are situations where a database and database management system serve users requiring more consistent twenty-four hour access. Under these circumstances, it is often difficult or impossible to schedule the updating of statistical information without impacting other users. In order to minimize the impact on users, the database management system may not use all the records/rows in a table when determining table statistics and may instead use a sample from the records/rows in the table. The use of samples expedites the updating of the statistical information reducing the impact on users. However, the use of samples may result in less accurate statistical information resulting in more expensive CBO queries. In other words, the quality of the statistical information generated using samples can not be guaranteed and may not be as accurate. Significant performance improvements can be achieved if statistical information is updated using the full table data or otherwise in a manner avoiding the expense to the database management system and the impact on database users that current updating of statistical information poses.	<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>In one embodiment of the present invention, data is replicated from a database to an external program (e.g., a search engine) to provide faster access to the data for an application. During the process of indexing this replicated data for the external program, statistical data is produced. This statistical data may be provided to the database as a beneficial effect of the replication of the data according to this embodiment. This embodiment solves the above problems by providing faster access to the data through an external program such as a search engine while relieving some or all of the burden on the DBMS to generate and update optimizer statistics. In one embodiment of the present invention, an external program is used to calculate statistical information in order to achieve the desired performance improvements. According to this embodiment, an external program stores replicated information from one or more tables in a database, calculates statistics for the replicated tables, and returns the calculated statistical information to the database management system (DBMS). An external program is a separate program or process (i.e., separate from the DBMS and database) that may run on the same computer or hardware as the database and/or DBMS or may run on other hardware. In one embodiment of the present invention, at least one table of data is replicated from a database to an external program. The external program generates statistical data for the replicated tables of data and transmits the generated statistical data back to the database. The DBMS CBO may then use this generated statistical data to provide better optimization of database queries. The generated statistical data may include, for example, histograms, value distributions, and selectivity data along with any other information used by the CBO for database request (i.e., query) optimization. This embodiment may be used with both relational and hierarchical databases and is not limited to one particular type of database. The external program may be any software application including a search engine program. Data is replicated by complete tables according to this embodiment because CBO generally use table statistics in optimizing database requests (i.e., queries). In other embodiments of the present invention, other data replication schemes may be used. In another embodiment of the present invention, at least one table of data is replicated from a database to an external program. The external program generates new statistical data for the replicated table of data and this new statistical data is used to update existing statistical data in the database. The DBMS CBO can then use the updated statistical data in calculating more optimal database queries. The new statistical data may include histograms, value distributions, selectivity information or any other type of statistical data used by the CBO. The new statistical data may be generated at fixed intervals of time or may result from the external program receiving a certain number of updates to the replicated table. This embodiment may be used with any type of database management system including relational and hierarchical DBMS. The external program may be various types of software applications including a search engine program. At least one table of data is replicated from a database to an external program with any changes to the table in the database generating updates to the replicated table in the external program according to another embodiment of the present invention. This embodiment may also work with any type of DBMS—for example, relational and hierarchical—and with many types of external programs, including, for example, search engine programs. The external program either receives updates sent by the database or DBMS or requests information about updates to the replicated table. These updates are then executed on the replicated table and/or table indices in order to keep the information in the replicated table current. These updates may be received in the form of a change file (delta file) and may be executed at a periodic interval or as a result of receiving a certain number of updates (e.g., change files). The external program uses the updated replicated table to generate new statistical data, such as, for example, histogram, value distributions, and selectivity data, used by the CBO. This new statistical data generated by the external program is used to update the statistical data in the database. An application may also use the external program to execute database requests (i.e., queries) on the replicated data instead of or in conjunction with using the database according to one embodiment of the present invention. Data is still replicated from the database to the external program typically in complete tables as previously discussed. The application may maintain a list of the replicated tables or data internally or with the database according to various embodiments of the present invention. The application may use this list in determine where to direct a database query—to the external program and its replicated data or to the DBMS and the database. The application then executes the query according to this determination. The application can successfully use this embodiment regardless of database type—for example, relational or hierarchical—and regardless of external program type, though a search engine may be a more efficient external program to use. In another embodiment of the present invention, the application may use a list of tables replicated to a plurality of external programs and determine which of the plurality of external programs or the database to use when sending database queries. In this embodiment, multiple external programs have replicated data from the database and the application uses a list of which tables have been replicated to which external program in determining where to direct database queries. In any embodiment, these database queries may be generated using a standard query description language such as SQL.	20040521	20100914	20051124	72759.0		0	GOFMAN, ALEX N	SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR EXTERNALLY PROVIDING DATABASE OPTIMIZER STATISTICS	UNDISCOUNTED	0	ACCEPTED		2,004
10,851,045	ACCEPTED	Vehicle powertrain with two-wheel and four-wheel drive ratios	A vehicle powertrain incorporates a planetary gearset which is coupled with a front wheel drive mechanism and a rear wheel drive mechanism. The planetary gearset is controlled by two torque-transmitting mechanisms to establish an input member of the planetary gearset as well as a grounded member for the planetary gearset in combinations that will provide a two-wheel low drive ratio, a two-wheel high drive ratio, a four-wheel low drive ratio, and a four-wheel high drive ratio.	1. A vehicle powertrain comprising: a transmission output means; a planetary gearset including first, second, and third members, a transfer drive means drivingly connected with said first member, a first torque-transmitting mechanism selectively connecting said output means with said first and second members individually, a second torque-transmitting mechanism selectively connecting said third member with a stationary member; a first final drive means continuously connected with said first member; a second final drive means continuously connected with said second member; and said torque-transmitting mechanisms being engaged individually or in combination to establish a first drive path through said first final drive, a second drive path through said second final drive, a third four-wheel drive path through both said final drives, and a fourth four-wheel drive path through both said final drives, and having a drive ratio distinct from said third four-wheel drive path. 2. The vehicle powertrain defined in claim 1, further wherein: said first member is a planet carrier member; said second member is a ring gear member; said third member is a sun gear member; and said first torque-transmitting mechanism is a two-way mechanical clutch mechanism. 3. The vehicle powertrain defined in claim 2, further wherein: said second torque-transmitting mechanism is a mechanical brake mechanism. 4. The vehicle powertrain defined in claim 1, further wherein: said first final drive mechanism has an overall drive ratio numerically less than an overdrive drive ratio of said second final drive mechanism. 5. The vehicle powertrain defined in claim 1, further wherein: said first torque-transmitting mechanism is connected between said output means and said first member to establish a high ratio two-wheel drive path, or between said output means and said second member to establish a low ratio two-wheel drive path. 6. The vehicle powertrain defined in claim 1, further wherein: said first torque-transmitting mechanism is connected between said output means and said first member, and said second torque-transmitting mechanism is connected between said third member and said stationary member to establish a high ratio four-wheel drive path, or said first torque-transmitting mechanism is connected between said second member and said output means and said second torque-transmitting mechanism is connected between said third member and said stationary member to establish a low ratio four-wheel drive path.	TECHNICAL FIELD This invention relates to vehicle powertrains and, more particularly, to vehicle powertrains having a transfer case providing both a two-wheel drive and a four-wheel drive. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Typically, automotive transfer cases provide a two-speed planetary arrangement. One of the arrangements provides a high range RWD drive, the other provides a high range four-wheel drive and also provides a low range four-wheel drive. While this is very effective is passenger vehicles, it can be improved when employed in truck applications, such as pick-up trucks. When a pick-up truck is operated unloaded, the majority of the vehicle weight is on the front axle. However, when the pick-up truck is loaded, the majority of the vehicle weight is on the rear axle. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is an object of the present invention to provide an improved vehicle powertrain having a transfer case to establish both two-wheel and four-wheel drive ratios between a transmission output and the drive axles of the vehicle. In one aspect of the present invention, the transfer case is provided with two torque-transmitting mechanisms, a planetary gear arrangement or gearset, and a drive transfer mechanism. In another aspect of the present invention, one of the torque-transmitting mechanisms is effective to connect individually two members of the planetary gearset with the transmission output member, the other torque-transmitting mechanism is effective to connect a third member of the planetary gearset with a stationary housing. In yet another aspect of the present invention, the powertrain has a rear axle ratio determined by a final drive mechanism and the front axle has a final drive ratio determined by both a drive mechanism and the drive transfer mechanism. In still another aspect of the present invention, the ratio of the planetary gearset is combined with the final drive ratios of the front and rear wheels to provide a rear-wheel drive low ratio, a front-wheel drive high ratio, a four-wheel drive low ratio, and a four-wheel drive high ratio. In a further aspect of the present invention, the first of the torque-transmitting mechanisms is engaged to establish the front-wheel drive ratio and is engaged in combination with the second torque-transmitting mechanism to provide the high four-wheel drive ratio. In yet a further aspect of the present invention, the front drive final drive ratio is lower numerically than the rear drive final drive ratio. In a still further aspect of the present invention, the torque-transmitting mechanisms include a mechanical clutch, which connects the transmission output with the front axle to provide two-wheel drive high ratio and connects with the rear axle to provide two-wheel drive low ratio. In yet still a further aspect of the present invention, the mechanical clutch is engaged in combinations with the other torque-transmitting mechanism, which is a brake mechanism to provide a four-wheel drive high ratio and a four-wheel drive low ratio. In a yet still further aspect of the present invention, the ring to sun ratio of the planetary gearset is selected to have a ring and carrier speed ratio, which will match with the rear and front axle ratios when the sun gear is held stationary. DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic representation of a vehicle powertrain incorporating the present invention. FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of a planetary gearset incorporated within the powertrain of FIG. 1. FIG. 3 is a lever diagram of the vehicle powertrain. DESCRIPTION OF AN EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENT Referring to the drawings, wherein like characters represent the same or corresponding parts throughout the several views, there is seen in FIG. 1 a vehicle powertrain, generally designated 10, having a conventional power transmission 12, a transfer case 14, a rear final drive ratio or mechanism 16, and a front final drive ratio or mechanism 18. The transmission 12, being a conventional mechanism, provides a plurality of speed ratios between an engine 20 and a transmission output shaft 22. The transmission output shaft 22, as best seen in FIG. 2, is drivingly connected with a torque-transmitting mechanism or mechanical clutch 24, which has an A position and a B position of operation. The transfer case 14 includes the torque-transmitting mechanism 24 as well as a planetary gearset 26 and another torque-transmitting mechanism 28. The transfer case 14 also includes a transfer drive 30, such as a chain or gear train. The transfer drive 30 is connected with a propeller shaft or drive shaft 32, which connects with the front final drive mechanism 18. The planetary gearset 26 also has an output shaft 34, which drivingly connects with the rear final drive mechanism 16. The planetary gearset 26 includes a sun gear member 36, a ring gear member 38, and a planet carrier member 40. A plurality of pinion gears 42 are rotatably mounted on the planet carrier member 40 and disposed in meshing relationship with the sun gear member 36 and the ring gear member 38. The planetary gearset 26 is shown as a simple planetary gearset, that is a single set of pinions between the sun gear member and the ring gear member. However, a number of planetary gearsets can be employed in this invention including compound-type planetary gearsets wherein pairs of meshing pinion gears are disposed between the ring gear member and sun gear member. These various planetary gearsets will be well known to those skilled in the art such that it is not considered necessary to show and describe each of the planetary gearsets, which might be employed. The torque-transmitting mechanism 24 is selectable between the A position and the B position. In the A position, the transmission output shaft 22 is connected directly with the ring gear member 38. In the B position, the transmission output shaft 22 is connected with the planet carrier member 40. The torque-transmitting mechanism 28 is a brake mechanism connected between a stationary portion 41 and the sun gear member 36. When the torque-transmitting mechanism 28 is engaged, the sun gear member 36 is held stationary. The transfer drive means 30 and the ring gear to pinion gear ratio of the front drive mechanism 18 cooperate to provide the overall front drive ratio. The rear drive mechanism 16 has a ratio established by a conventional ring and pinion gearset as well as a differential gearset to drive the output wheels. The lever diagram shown in FIG. 3 has been given the same numerical designations as the corresponding components in FIG. 2. In the lever diagram of FIG. 3, the sun gear node is 36, the planet carrier node is 40, and the ring gear node is 38. The positions of the torque-transmitting mechanism 24 are shown as 24A and 24B. The final drive ratio of the front final drive 18 is represented by a lever 44 and the final drive ratio of the rear final drive 16 is represented by a lever 46. The mechanism shown and described provides four distinct drive conditions. This same mechanism will provide a rear-wheel drive Lo, a front-wheel drive Hi, a four-wheel high ratio, and a four-wheel low ratio. These ratios might be employed during operating conditions for the vehicle. For example, in a pick-up truck that is unloaded on a high friction surface, a four-wheel drive is not required and the majority of the vehicle weight is on the front wheels therefore a two-wheel front wheel drive is provided. This is a high ratio drive compared to other drives within the system. When the pick-up truck is loaded, it is desirable to drive on the rear wheels and since there is considerably more weight on the rear wheels, the drive ratio is a lower ratio, thereby producing higher tractive effort to the ground. When the traction surface has a low coefficient of friction, it is desirable to provide four-wheel drive ratios such that when the vehicle is totally loaded, the four-wheel drive ratio is a low ratio and when the vehicle is unloaded the drive ratio is a four-wheel drive high ratio. These ratios are accomplished by combinations of engagement of the torque-transmitting mechanisms 24 and 28. To provide a rear-wheel drive low ratio, the torque-transmitting mechanism 24 is placed in the position 24A and the torque-transmitting mechanism 28 is disengaged. Under this arrangement, the drive is directly from the transmission output shaft 22 to the rear-wheel drive 16 through the output drive shaft 34, which connects directly with the ring gear member 38. To provide a two-wheel drive high ratio, the torque-transmitting mechanism 24 is placed in the position 24B such that the drive from the transmission 12 is directed to the planet carrier member 40. The planet carrier member 40 is connected directly with the front-wheel final drive 18 and has a lower numerical ratio than the rear-wheel final drive ratio. The four-wheel drive low ratio is provided by placing the torque-transmitting mechanism 24 in the A position and by engaging the torque-transmitting mechanism 28. This establishes the sun gear member 36 as a ground member within the system such that the input power from the transmission 12 through shaft 22 is split between the ring gear member 38 and the planet carrier member 40 at a ratio determined by the ratio of the planetary gearset 26. Thus, in the preferred embodiment, the planet carrier member 40 is rotated at a reduced speed relative to the ring gear member 38. This accomplishes the four-wheel drive low ratio feature by driving the higher numerical ratio rear drive at a higher speed than the lower numerical ratio of the front-wheel drive. For example, if the final drive at the rear axle is 4.0 to 1, the final drive at the front axle is 3.0 to 1, and the planetary ratio is 3.0:1; that is, the ring gear member has three times the number of teeth as the sun gear member, the following drive conditions will occur. The output shaft 22 is rotated at 1200 rpm, as is the ring gear member 38. The planet carrier member 40 will rotate at a reduced ratio relative to the ring member 38 and with a 3.0:1 planetary ratio, the speed of the planet carrier member 40 will be 900 rpm. The 900 rpm driving the 3.0 front drive ratio will result in a front axle speed of 300 rpm. The ring gear speed of 1200 rpm and the rear axle ratio of 4.0 will provide a rotary speed of 300 rpm at the rear axle. Thus, the front and rear axles are driven at the same speed. To establish a high four-wheel drive ratio, the torque-transmitting mechanism 24 is placed in the B position and the torque-transmitting mechanism 28 is engaged. Under these conditions, the planet carrier member 40 receives the input drive from the input shaft 22, the ring gear member 38 will be overdriven, that is, will rotate faster than the shaft 22. The power at the ring gear member 38 will be delivered to the rear-wheel drive mechanism and the power at the planet carrier member 40 is delivered to the front-wheel drive mechanism. Since the planet carrier member 40 is driven at engine speed, using the above theoretical output shaft 22 speed of 1200 rpm, the front wheels will be rotating at a speed of 400 rpm and the rear wheels will also be rotating at 400 rpm determined by the speed ring gear member 38, which will be 1600 rpm, and reduced by the overall drive ratio of the rear axle which is 4.0, which would make the rear axle speed 400 rpm. By reviewing the above description of the vehicle powertrain and the operation thereof, it will now be apparent to those skilled in the art that the powertrain provided in FIGS. 1, 2, and 3 will establish a low two-wheel drive ratio at the rear wheels, a high two-wheel drive ratio at the front wheels, a low four-wheel drive ratio and a high four-wheel drive ratio.	<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>Typically, automotive transfer cases provide a two-speed planetary arrangement. One of the arrangements provides a high range RWD drive, the other provides a high range four-wheel drive and also provides a low range four-wheel drive. While this is very effective is passenger vehicles, it can be improved when employed in truck applications, such as pick-up trucks. When a pick-up truck is operated unloaded, the majority of the vehicle weight is on the front axle. However, when the pick-up truck is loaded, the majority of the vehicle weight is on the rear axle.	<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>It is an object of the present invention to provide an improved vehicle powertrain having a transfer case to establish both two-wheel and four-wheel drive ratios between a transmission output and the drive axles of the vehicle. In one aspect of the present invention, the transfer case is provided with two torque-transmitting mechanisms, a planetary gear arrangement or gearset, and a drive transfer mechanism. In another aspect of the present invention, one of the torque-transmitting mechanisms is effective to connect individually two members of the planetary gearset with the transmission output member, the other torque-transmitting mechanism is effective to connect a third member of the planetary gearset with a stationary housing. In yet another aspect of the present invention, the powertrain has a rear axle ratio determined by a final drive mechanism and the front axle has a final drive ratio determined by both a drive mechanism and the drive transfer mechanism. In still another aspect of the present invention, the ratio of the planetary gearset is combined with the final drive ratios of the front and rear wheels to provide a rear-wheel drive low ratio, a front-wheel drive high ratio, a four-wheel drive low ratio, and a four-wheel drive high ratio. In a further aspect of the present invention, the first of the torque-transmitting mechanisms is engaged to establish the front-wheel drive ratio and is engaged in combination with the second torque-transmitting mechanism to provide the high four-wheel drive ratio. In yet a further aspect of the present invention, the front drive final drive ratio is lower numerically than the rear drive final drive ratio. In a still further aspect of the present invention, the torque-transmitting mechanisms include a mechanical clutch, which connects the transmission output with the front axle to provide two-wheel drive high ratio and connects with the rear axle to provide two-wheel drive low ratio. In yet still a further aspect of the present invention, the mechanical clutch is engaged in combinations with the other torque-transmitting mechanism, which is a brake mechanism to provide a four-wheel drive high ratio and a four-wheel drive low ratio. In a yet still further aspect of the present invention, the ring to sun ratio of the planetary gearset is selected to have a ring and carrier speed ratio, which will match with the rear and front axle ratios when the sun gear is held stationary.	20040521	20060620	20051124	69686.0		0	HOLMES, JUSTIN	VEHICLE POWERTRAIN WITH TWO-WHEEL AND FOUR-WHEEL DRIVE RATIOS	UNDISCOUNTED	0	ACCEPTED		2,004
10,851,065	ACCEPTED	Electric cutting tool	An electric cutting tool has a body, a chuck at an end of the body for attaching a cutting implement having a rear end including a recess, and a drive mechanism for driving the chuck to slide in reciprocation for operating the cutting implement. The chuck has a gap for receiving the rear end of the implement, an internal multi-part fixing mechanism for engaging the recess of the cutting implement in the gap, and an outer cylinder having an inner cam surface for acting upon the fixing mechanism. The cylinder is manually rotatable between a locked position in which the cam surface presses the fixing mechanism tight against the recess in the gap to fix the cutting implement in place and an unlocked position in which the fixing means is released from the cutting mechanism. The fixing mechanism includes two discrete balls.	1. An electric cutting tool comprising: a body having an end; a chuck at the end of the body for attaching a cutting implement having a rear end including a recess; and a drive mechanism including an electric motor in the body for driving the chuck to slide in reciprocation for operating the cutting implement for cutting, wherein the chuck comprises: an inner space for receiving the rear end of the cutting implement; internal multi-part fixing means for engaging the recess of the cutting implement in the inner space; and an outer member having an inner cam surface acting upon the fixing means, the outer member being manually movable between a locked position in which the inner cam surface presses the fixing means against the recess of the cutting implement in the inner space to fix the cutting implement in place and an unlocked position in which the fixing means is released from the cutting implement. 2. The electric cutting tool as claimed in claim 1, wherein the fixing means is oblong, comprising an inner end for engaging the recess of the cutting implement and an outer end acted upon by the inner cam surface. 3. The electric cutting tool as claimed in claim 1, wherein the fixing means comprises an inner part for engaging the recess of the cutting implement and an outer part acted upon by the inner cam surface, the inner and outer parts being discrete parts. 4. The electric cutting tool as claimed in claim 3, wherein the outer part of the fixing means is rollable while in contact with the inner cam surface upon the outer member being moved between the locked and unlocked positions. 5. The electric cutting tool as claimed in claim 3, wherein the outer part of the fixing means is substantially spherical. 6. The electric cutting tool as claimed in claim 3, wherein the inner part of the fixing means is substantially spherical. 7. The electric cutting tool as claimed in claim 3, wherein the fixing means includes a third part positioned between the inner and outer parts. 8. The electric cutting tool as claimed in claim 7, wherein the third part comprises a spring co-acting between the inner and outer parts. 9. The electric cutting tool as claimed in claim 1, wherein the chuck includes a tunnel extending across the inner space and the inner cam surface, and the fixing means is located in the tunnel. 10. The electric cutting tool as claimed in claim 3, wherein the chuck includes a tunnel extending across the inner space and the inner cam surface, and the inner and outer parts of the fixing means are located in the tunnel, the tunnel having a cross-section wider than the outer part, permitting side movement of the outer part. 11. The electric cutting tool as claimed in claim 1, wherein the outer member is annular and rotatable and has an inner surface including an arcuate ramp recessed in the outer member as the inner cam surface. 12. The electric cutting tool as claimed in claim 1, wherein the chuck includes a core surrounded by the outer member, the core including a substantially central flat gap that defines the inner space. 13. The electric cutting tool as claimed in claim 1, being an electric hand saw.	The present invention relates to an electric cutting tool and particularly but not exclusively to an electric hand saw. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Conventional power tools and in particular electric drills and cutters usually incorporate a chuck for releasably attaching an implement i.e. a drill bit or cutting blade. The chuck ought to be reasonably tight for holding the implement whilst quick to facilitate release and re-attachment of the implement. The design of chucks for drill bits have been well developed but that for cutting blades is found to be unsatisfactory in one way or another. The subject invention seeks to provide an electric cutting tool that incorporates an improved chuck. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION According to the invention, there is provided an electric cutting tool comprising a body having an end, a chuck at the end of the body for attaching a cutting implement having a rear end including a recess, and a drive mechanism including an electric motor in the body for driving the chuck to slide in reciprocation for operating said implement to cut. The chuck comprises an inner space for receiving the rear end of said implement, an internal multi-part fixing means for engaging the recess of said implement in the inner space, and an outer member having an inner cam surface for acting upon the fixing means. The outer member is manually movable between a locked position in which the cam surface presses the fixing means tight against said recess in the inner space to fix said implement and an unlocked position in which the fixing means is released. Preferably, the fixing means is oblong, comprising an inner end for engaging the recess of said implement and an outer end for being acted upon by the cam surface. In a preferred embodiment, the fixing means comprises an inner part for engaging the recess of said implement and an outer part for being acted upon by the cam surface, the two parts being discrete parts. More preferably, the outer part of the fixing means is rollable while in contact with the cam surface upon the outer member being moved between the locked and the unlocked positions. It is further preferred that the outer part of the fixing means is substantially spherical. It is further preferred that the inner part of the fixing means is substantially spherical. More preferably, the fixing means includes a third part positioned between the inner and the outer parts. Further more preferably, the third part comprises a spring co-acting between the inner and the outer parts. In a preferred embodiment, the chuck includes a tunnel extending across the inner space and the cam surface, and the fixing means is provided in the tunnel. In a preferred embodiment, the chuck includes a tunnel extending across the inner space and the cam surface, and the inner and outer parts of the fixing means are provided in the tunnel, the tunnel having a cross-section wider than that of the outer part to permit side movement of the outer part. Preferably, the outer member is annular and rotatable and has an inner surface including an arcuate ramp recessed therein which provides the cam surface. Preferably, the chuck includes a core surrounded by the outer member, the core including a substantially central flat gap that defines the inner space. It is preferred that the electric cutting tool is an electric hand saw. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS The invention will now be more particularly described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional side view of an embodiment of an electric cutting tool in accordance with the invention, that being an electric saw; FIG. 2 is a side view corresponding to FIG. 1, which shows an internal drive mechanism of the electric saw; FIG. 3 is a side view corresponding to FIG. 2, which shows a chuck attaching a saw blade as part of the electric saw for being driven by the drive mechanism; FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of the chuck with saw blade of FIG. 3 taken along line X-X; FIGS. 4A and 4B are cross-sectional views of the chuck with saw blade of FIG. 4 taken along line IV-IV, said chuck being in an unlocked and locked condition respectively; FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view similar to FIG. 4, which shows a slightly different chuck attaching the same saw blade; and FIGS. 5A and 5B are cross-sectional views of the chuck with saw blade of FIG. 5 taken along line V-V, said chuck being in an unlocked and locked condition respectively. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF BEST MODE EMBODIMENT Referring initially to FIGS. 1 to 4 and 4A and 4B of the drawings, there is shown an electric cutting tool in the form of an electric hand saw 10 embodying the invention, which comprises a horizontal elongate body casing 100 having a front end 110 from which a saw blade 20 extends and a rear end providing a looped handle 120. The handle 120 expands downwardly to form a bottom opening 125, to which a matching rechargeable battery pack 130 is attached. The electric saw 10 includes an internal drive mechanism 200 housed in the casing 100 for driving the saw blade 20 to slide back and forth for cutting, which is attached to the drive mechanism 200 by means of a chuck 300. The drive mechanism 200 has a horizontal elongate frame 210 which supports an adjustable vertical guide plate 220 at its front end and an upright electric motor 230 at its rear end. As part of the drive mechanism 200, a gear train 240 mounted on the frame 210 and driven by the motor 230 serves to reduce the speed of the circular output of the motor 230 and includes a crank gearwheel 245 for translating the speed-reduced output into a rectilinear reciprocating motion. The frame 210 includes a co-extending channel 215 downstream of the crank gearwheel 245 for guiding the chuck 300, by a rear shaft 390 thereof extending through the channel 215, to slide back and forth in the longitudinal direction. The main body of the chuck 300 has a cylindrical core 310 that is centrally bifurcated to form a vertical flat gap 312 for receiving and holding the saw blade 20 by its rear end 22 that includes a side recess or hole 24, and a cylindrical reinforcing tube 320 surrounding the core 310 tight. Also included is a double-layered outer cylinder 330 which surrounds the combined core 310 and tube 320 as a sliding fit for manual rotation or turning in opposite directions thereabout through an angle of about 90° between a locked position (FIG. 4B) and an unlocked position (FIG. 4A). The combined core 310 and tube 320 is formed with a tunnel 314 that extends radially from one side of the gap 312 through to the interface between the tube 320 and the cylinder 330. The tunnel 314 contains an oblong two-part fixing means 340 which is provided by two discrete spherical components, i.e. an inner end ball 342 for engaging the hole 24 of the blade end 22 in the gap 312 and an outer end ball 344 for action by the cylinder 330. The two balls 342 and 344 are free to roll independently, which when taken together are relatively longer than the tunnel 314 such that the outer ball 344 always protrudes partially out of the relevant end of the tunnel 314. Conversely, the tunnel 314 has an oblong cross-section which is relatively wider than the balls 342 and 344 in either direction of rotation of the cylinder 330 such that both balls 342 and 344 can move slightly sideways in the tunnel 314. The cylinder 330 has a cam surface 332 in its inner surface, as provided by an arcuate ramp recessed in the inner surface, immediately outside the tunnel 314 for operating the fixing means 340 by pressing upon the outer ball 344. The cam surface 332 extends smoothly from a deep round end 334 through an angle of about 90° to terminate at a shallow flat end 336 tangential with the inner surface. In the unlocked position of the cylinder 330 (FIG. 4A), the round cam end 334 is aligned with the tunnel 314 and provides adequate room accommodating the outer ball 344 loose. In particular, the outer ball 344 is not urged by the cam surface 332 against the inner ball 342, whereby the inner ball 342 is loose to permit withdrawal of the saw blade 20 and attachment of another blade. Upon the cylinder 330 being turned to the locked position (FIG. 4B), the cam surface 332 gradually presses upon the outer ball 344 through a cam action and urges, with its flat end 336, the outer ball 344 against the inner ball 342. The inner ball 342 in turn engages and fixes the saw blade 20 tight by its rear hole 24 in the gap 312. When the cylinder 330 is turned in the opposite direction, the cam surface 332 recedes to release the outer and inner balls 344 and 342 hence the saw blade 20. The interaction between the cylinder 330 (i.e. the cam surface 332) and the fixing means 340 (i.e. the outer ball 344) is facilitated and enhanced by the outer ball 344 being round and rollable. Upon tightening of the cylinder 330 into the locked position, the inclined cam surface 332 and the adjacent end wall of the tunnel 314 together form a slightly acute (slightly smaller than 90°) corner into which the outer ball 344 is being wedged in. The outer ball 344 is rollable, albeit only marginally, by the cam surface 332 into a tighter grip thereby, tighter than what would be achievable if the same end of the fixing means 340 were not rollable. Upon loosening of the cylinder 330 from the locked position in the opposite direction, the outer ball 344 is rollable by the cam surface 332 back out of the wedging engagement. The outer ball 344 being rollable makes itself relatively easier to escape from the said wedging. Reference is now made to FIGS. 5, 5A and 5B, which show a slightly different chuck 300 for the electric saw 10, with equivalent components designated by identical reference numerals. The second chuck 300 shares the same components as the first chuck 300 and operates in the same manner, though the fixing means 340 includes a third part positioned between the first and the second parts i.e. a compression coil spring 346 co-acting between the inner and the outer balls 342 and 344. By reason of the spring 346, the two balls 342 and 344 are kept sprung at all time to avoid free rattling (FIG. 5A). The spring 346 is preferably weak to ensure that it does not add much resistance against rolling of the outer ball 344 by the cam surface 332 during locking and unlocking. In the locked condition, the two balls 342 and 344 abut directly with each other through the spring 346 (FIG. 5B). The balls 342 and 344 and spring 346 together act like a contractible/bendable locking pin, which as a whole 340 is deformable lengthwise and bendable sideways in a resilient manner as opposed to being in a freely loose manner as in the case of the previous counterpart. It is envisaged that the fixing means 340 may comprise more than three parts, depending on the physical configuration e.g. the length of the tunnel. The outer end part 344 may not be spherical because it is believed that anything that is circular and rollable about its center, e.g. a disc, would work as described above. With regard to the inner end part 342, as no rolling is required, anything that has a round protrusion for engaging the end hole of a cutting blade can be used. The invention has been given by way of example only, and various other modifications and/or variations to the described embodiment may be made by persons skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the invention as specified in the accompanying claims.	<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>Conventional power tools and in particular electric drills and cutters usually incorporate a chuck for releasably attaching an implement i.e. a drill bit or cutting blade. The chuck ought to be reasonably tight for holding the implement whilst quick to facilitate release and re-attachment of the implement. The design of chucks for drill bits have been well developed but that for cutting blades is found to be unsatisfactory in one way or another. The subject invention seeks to provide an electric cutting tool that incorporates an improved chuck.	<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>According to the invention, there is provided an electric cutting tool comprising a body having an end, a chuck at the end of the body for attaching a cutting implement having a rear end including a recess, and a drive mechanism including an electric motor in the body for driving the chuck to slide in reciprocation for operating said implement to cut. The chuck comprises an inner space for receiving the rear end of said implement, an internal multi-part fixing means for engaging the recess of said implement in the inner space, and an outer member having an inner cam surface for acting upon the fixing means. The outer member is manually movable between a locked position in which the cam surface presses the fixing means tight against said recess in the inner space to fix said implement and an unlocked position in which the fixing means is released. Preferably, the fixing means is oblong, comprising an inner end for engaging the recess of said implement and an outer end for being acted upon by the cam surface. In a preferred embodiment, the fixing means comprises an inner part for engaging the recess of said implement and an outer part for being acted upon by the cam surface, the two parts being discrete parts. More preferably, the outer part of the fixing means is rollable while in contact with the cam surface upon the outer member being moved between the locked and the unlocked positions. It is further preferred that the outer part of the fixing means is substantially spherical. It is further preferred that the inner part of the fixing means is substantially spherical. More preferably, the fixing means includes a third part positioned between the inner and the outer parts. Further more preferably, the third part comprises a spring co-acting between the inner and the outer parts. In a preferred embodiment, the chuck includes a tunnel extending across the inner space and the cam surface, and the fixing means is provided in the tunnel. In a preferred embodiment, the chuck includes a tunnel extending across the inner space and the cam surface, and the inner and outer parts of the fixing means are provided in the tunnel, the tunnel having a cross-section wider than that of the outer part to permit side movement of the outer part. Preferably, the outer member is annular and rotatable and has an inner surface including an arcuate ramp recessed therein which provides the cam surface. Preferably, the chuck includes a core surrounded by the outer member, the core including a substantially central flat gap that defines the inner space. It is preferred that the electric cutting tool is an electric hand saw.	20040524	20060919	20051124	92557.0		0	CHOI, STEPHEN	ELECTRIC CUTTING TOOL	SMALL	0	ACCEPTED		2,004
10,851,243	ACCEPTED	Motor assembly and vacuum cleaner having the same	A motor assembly for a vacuum cleaner for providing a user with a quieter environment during a cleaning work, and a vacuum cleaner having the same, is disclosed. The motor assembly includes a motor generating a suction force, an auxiliary filter member disposed on an airflow path connecting the motor to a dust-collecting apparatus for filtering a second time the air discharged from the dust-collecting apparatus, and a motor casing. The motor casing includes a first chamber connected to the dust-collecting apparatus with the auxiliary filter member mounted therein. A second chamber is connected to a discharge opening of the cleaner body and includes the motor mounted therein. A connection path is in fluid communication with the first chamber and the second chamber.	1. A motor assembly which is mounted in a cleaner body of a vacuum cleaner to generate a suction force to draw in dirt from a cleaning surface, the motor assembly comprising: a motor generating the suction force; an auxiliary filter member disposed on an airflow path connecting the motor to a dust-collecting apparatus in which the dirt is separated from external air drawn in by the suction force, the auxiliary filter member for filtering a second time the air discharged from the dust-collecting apparatus; and a motor casing with a first chamber and a second chamber divided therein, and including a connection path in fluid communication with the first chamber and the second chamber, wherein the first chamber is connected to the dust-collecting apparatus and including the auxiliary filter member mounted therein, the second chamber connected to a discharge opening of the cleaner body and including the motor mounted therein. 2. The motor assembly of claim 1, wherein one side of the first chamber includes an entrance opening which penetrates through an outer wall of the cleaner body and is exposed to the outside of the cleaner body, and the auxiliary filter member is removably mounted in the first chamber through the entrance opening. 3. The motor assembly of claim 2, wherein the motor casing further comprises a mounting member removably mounted in the first chamber through the entrance opening, the mounting member comprising: a supporting portion supporting the auxiliary filter member; and a cover disposed at one side of the supporting portion and covering the entrance opening when the supporting portion is inserted into the first chamber to block the entrance opening from the outside of the cleaner body. 4. The motor assembly of claim 3, further comprising a sealing member disposed along an edge of at least one of the entrance opening and the cover. 5. The motor assembly of claim 2, wherein the motor casing comprises: a first casing in which the first chamber is formed, and including a first port in fluid communication with the first chamber and the dust collecting apparatus; and a second casing connected to the first casing to form the second chamber in the motor casing, and including a second port connecting the second chamber to the discharge opening of the vacuum cleaner, the connection path includes a connection hole penetratingly formed in one side of the first casing, to connect the first and the second chambers when the first and the second casings are connected to each other. 6. The motor assembly of claim 5, wherein the second casing further comprises a guide duct guiding the air which is drawn into the second chamber through the connection hole so that the air swirls in the second casing along a circumferential direction of the motor by a predetermined distance and is then discharged through the second port. 7. The motor assembly of claim 1, wherein the motor casing further comprises a guide duct guiding the air which is drawn into the second chamber through the connection path so that the air swirls in the motor casing along a circumferential direction of the motor for a predetermined distance and is discharged through the discharge opening. 8. A vacuum cleaner comprising: a suction assembly with a dirt-suctioning opening; a cleaner body pivotably disposed at one side of the suction assembly and including a dust-collecting chamber and a discharge opening sequentially disposed therein and in fluid communication with the dirt-suctioning opening; a motor assembly disposed in the cleaner body to generate a suction force at the dirt-suctioning opening, and including an upper outside wall forming a bottom of the dust-collecting chamber; and a dust-collecting apparatus disposed in the dust-collecting chamber to separate dirt from an external air drawn in through the dirt-suctioning opening, wherein the motor assembly comprises: a motor generating the suction force; and a motor casing including a first chamber and a second chamber divided therein, and including a connection path in fluid communication with the first chamber and the second chamber, the first chamber being in fluid communication with the dust-collecting apparatus and including an auxiliary filter member mounted therein for filtering a second time the air discharged from the collecting apparatus, the second chamber connected to a discharge opening of the cleaner body and including the motor mounted therein. 9. The vacuum cleaner of claim 8, wherein one side of the first chamber is opened by an entrance opening which penetrates through an outer wall of the cleaner body and is exposed to the outside of the cleaner body, and the auxiliary filter member is removably mounted in the first chamber through the entrance opening. 10. The vacuum cleaner of claim 9, wherein the motor casing further comprises a mounting member removably mounted in the first chamber through the entrance opening, the mounting member comprising: a supporting portion supporting the auxiliary filter member; and a cover disposed at one side of the supporting portion for covering the entrance opening when the supporting portion is inserted into the first chamber to block the entrance opening from the outside of the cleaner body. 11. The vacuum cleaner of claim 10, further comprising a sealing member disposed along an edge of at least one of the entrance opening and the cover. 12 The vacuum cleaner of claim 8, wherein the motor casing comprises a guide duct guiding the air which is drawn into the second chamber through the connection path so that the air swirls in the motor casing along a circumferential direction of the motor by predetermined distance and is discharged through the discharge opening. 13. The vacuum cleaner of claim 8, wherein the motor casing comprises: a first casing in which the first chamber is formed, and including a first port in fluid communication with the first chamber and the dust collecting apparatus; and a second casing connected to the first casing to form the second chamber in the motor casing, and including a second port connecting the second chamber to the discharge opening of the vacuum cleaner, the connection path including a connection hole penetratingly formed in one side of the first casing connecting the first and the second chambers when the first and the second casings are connected to each other. 14. The vacuum cleaner of claim 13, wherein the second casing further comprises a guide duct guiding the air which is drawn into the second chamber through the connection hole so that the air swirls in the second casing along a circumferential direction of the motor by a predetermined distance and is discharged through the second port. 15. The vacuum cleaner of claim 13, wherein the dust-collecting apparatus comprises a cyclone dust-collecting apparatus which separates dirt from air by using a centrifugal force generated by swirling the air drawn in through the dirt-suctioning opening, and the cyclone dust-collecting apparatus comprises: a cyclone head portion fixed to an upper end of the dust-collecting chamber and is in fluid communication with the dirt-suctioning opening and the motor casing; and a dirt-collecting receptacle removably disposed at a lower end of the cyclone head portion to form a cyclone chamber, the dirt centrifugally separated at the cyclone chamber and collected on the dirt-collecting receptacle. 16. The vacuum cleaner of claim 15, wherein the dust-collecting chamber is provided with an ascending/descending unit ascending the dirt-collecting receptacle and inserted into the dust-collecting chamber to connecting the dirt-collecting receptacle to the cyclone head portion, the ascending/descending unit disposed on an upper outside wall of the motor assembly. 17. The vacuum cleaner of claim 16, wherein the ascending/descending unit comprises: a lever pivotably disposed at the upper outside wall of the motor assembly; a disk disposed on an upper portion of the lever in a vertically movable manner for supporting a lower surface of the dirt-collecting receptacle inserted in the dust-collecting chamber; and a cam driving unit disposed between the level member and the disk for ascending/descending the disk when the lever pivots. 18. A motor assembly of a vacuum cleaner, which is mounted in a cleaner body to generate a suction force to draw in dirt from a cleaning surface, the motor assembly comprising: a motor generating the suction force; and a motor casing including a chamber formed therein to mount the motor and a first port connecting the chamber to a dust-collecting apparatus separating the dirt from the external air drawn into the cleaner body by the suction force and a second port connecting the chamber to a discharge opening of the cleaner body, the motor casing comprising a guide duct guiding the air drawn in through the first port so that the air swirls in the motor casing along a circumferential direction of the motor by a predetermined distance and is discharged through the second port. 19. The motor assembly of claim 18, wherein the motor casing comprises a first chamber and a second chamber divided by a partition traversing inside the chamber. 20. The motor assembly of claim 19, wherein the first chamber is formed on an airflow path connecting the first and the second ports, and an auxiliary filter member is removably disposed in the first chamber for filtering the air drawn into the first chamber through the first port. 21. The motor assembly of claim 20, wherein one side of the first chamber is opened by an entrance opening which penetrates through an outer wall of the cleaner body and is exposed to the outside of the cleaner body, and the auxiliary filter member is removably mounted in the first chamber through the entrance opening. 22. The motor assembly of claim 21, wherein the motor casing further comprises a mounting member removably mounted in the first chamber through the entrance opening, and the mounting member comprises: a supporting portion supporting the auxiliary filter member and including a plurality of penetrating holes enabling a fluid communication between the first port and the second chamber; and a cover disposed at one side of the supporting portion, to cover the entrance opening when the supporting portion is inserted into the first chamber. 23. The motor assembly of claim 19, wherein the second chamber is connected to the first chamber through a predetermined connection path, and the motor is mounted in the second chamber. 24. The motor assembly of claim 19, wherein the connection path is a connection hole penetratingly formed in the partition.	REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION This application claims priority to copending Korean Patent Application No. 2003-45759, filed on Jul. 7, 2003, in the Korean Intellectual Property Office, the disclosure of which is entirely incorporated herein by reference. CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is related to copending applications entitled “Dust Collecting Apparatus For Cyclone Type Vacuum Cleaner”, (Korean Application 10-2003-0012029, filed Feb. 26, 2003), “Cyclone-Type Dust Collecting Apparatus For Vacuum Cleaner”, (Korean Application 10-2002-0077811, filed Dec. 9, 2002), and “Cyclone Type Dust Collecting Apparatus of Vacuum Cleaner”, (Korean Application 10-2003-0033167, filed May 24, 2003) which disclosures are commonly owned by the same assignee as the present application and are entirely incorporated herein by reference. FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a vacuum cleaner, and more particularly, to a motor assembly disposed in a vacuum cleaner to generate a suction force, by which dirt is drawn in from a cleaning surface. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION A general vacuum cleaner performs a cleaning work by drawing in dirt together with ambient air from a cleaning surface while traveling along the cleaning surface. The vacuum cleaner includes a cleaner body and a suction assembly. FIG. 1 is a view showing an appearance of an upright type vacuum cleaner as an example of the above-described general vacuum cleaner, and FIG. 2 is a view showing the cleaner body of the vacuum cleaner of FIG. 1. Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, a conventional upright type vacuum cleaner 100 includes a suction assembly 110, a cleaner body 120, a dust-collecting apparatus 130, and a motor assembly 150. The suction assembly 110 has an opening for drawing in dirt (not shown) formed in a bottom thereof from a cleaning surface therethrough. The cleaner body 120 is pivotably connected to one side of the suction assembly 110, and has a discharge opening 127 formed in a rear portion to discharge the air therethrough as the air is drawn in through the dirt-suctioning opening and filtered by the dust-collecting apparatus 130. A front casing 121 and a rear casing 122 form the exterior contour of the cleaner body 120. The dust-collecting apparatus 130 separates dirt from air that is drawn in through the suction assembly 110. As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, the vacuum cleaner 100 employs a cyclone dust-collecting apparatus 130 which is mounted in a dust-collecting chamber 125 of the cleaner body 120. The dust-collecting apparatus separates dirt using a centrifugal force generated by swirling the air entering into the cyclone dust-collecting apparatus 130, and also includes an auxiliary filter assembly 140 for filtering a second time the air discharged from the cyclone dust-collecting apparatus 130. Meanwhile, an ascending/descending unit 160 ascends/descends a dirt-collecting receptacle 135 of the cyclone dust-collecting apparatus 130 in the dust-collecting chamber 125 to connect/disconnect the dirt-collecting receptacle 135 to/from a cyclone head portion 131 fixed to an upper end of the dust-collecting chamber 125 of the cleaner body 120. The motor assembly 150 generates a suction force at the dirt-suctioning opening and is disposed in the cleaner body 120 and is in fluid communication with the dirt-suctioning opening. The motor assembly 150 includes a motor casing 153 for covering the exterior of a motor 305 (see FIG. 4) which generates the suction force. The motor casing 153 also guides the air discharged from the auxiliary filter assembly 140 to the discharge opening 127 of the cleaner body 120. In a conventional vacuum cleaner 100 with the above construction, since the motor assembly 150 and the auxiliary filter assembly 140 are constructed independently from each other, an airflow path for connecting the motor assembly 150 and the auxiliary assembly 140 is additionally required. Further, a sealing device is also required to seal the airflow path. Also, in situations where the airflow path is provided to connect the motor assembly 150 and the auxiliary filter assembly 140, since there occurs a noise during driving from the connection portions of the airflow path and the motor assembly 150 and the auxiliary filter assembly 140, there is a problem that a user cannot enjoy a quiet cleaning work. Furthermore, due to the addition of the extra airflow path and the sealing device, a manufacturing process of the vacuum cleaner 100 becomes more complicated and a manufacturing cost is increases. Thus, a heretofore unaddressed need exists in the industry to address the aforementioned deficiencies and inadequacies. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention has been developed to solve the problems in the related art. Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a motor assembly for a vacuum cleaner with an improved construction which provides a user with a quieter environment during a cleaning work by reducing a noise from the driving operation of the vacuum cleaner, and a vacuum cleaner having the same. The above aspect is achieved by providing a motor assembly for a vacuum cleaner comprising a motor generating the suction force and an auxiliary filter member disposed in an airflow path connecting the motor to a dust-collecting apparatus in which dirt is separated from external air drawn in by the suction force. The auxiliary filter member filters a second time the air discharged from the dust-collecting apparatus. A motor casing includes a first chamber and a second chamber divided therein, and a connection path in fluid connection with the first chamber and the second chamber. The first chamber is connected to the dust-collecting apparatus and includes the auxiliary filter member mounted therein, the second chamber being connected to a discharge opening of the cleaner body and including the motor mounted therein. According to an embodiment of the present invention, one side of the first chamber includes an entrance opening which penetrates through an outer wall of the cleaner body and is exposed to the outside of the cleaner body, and the auxiliary filter member is removably mounted in the first chamber through the entrance opening. The motor casing may further include a mounting member removably mounted in the first chamber through the entrance opening wherein the mounting member includes a supporting portion supporting the auxiliary filter member. A cover is disposed at one side of the supporting portion and covers the entrance opening when the supporting portion is inserted into the first chamber to block the entrance opening from the outside of the cleaner body. A sealing member is disposed along at least one edge of the entrance opening. Meanwhile, the motor casing includes a first casing in which the first chamber is formed, and includes a first port in fluid communication with the first chamber and the dust collecting apparatus, and a second casing connected to the first casing to form the second chamber in the motor casing, with a second port connecting the second chamber to the discharge opening of the vacuum cleaner. The connection path includes a connection hole penetratingly formed in one side of the first casing to connect the first and the second chambers when the first and the second casings are connected to each other. The second casing includes a guide duct guiding air which is drawn into the second chamber through the connection hole so that the air swirls in the second casing along a circumferential direction of the motor by a predetermined distance, and is then discharged through the second port. According to another aspect of the present invention, a vacuum cleaner includes a suction assembly with a dirt-suctioning opening formed in a lower surface thereof, and a cleaner body pivotably disposed at one side of the suction assembly with a dust-collecting chamber and a discharge opening sequentially disposed therein and in fluid communication with the dirt-suctioning opening. A motor assembly is disposed in the cleaner body to generate a suction force at the dirt-suctioning opening, with an upper outside wall forming a bottom of the dust-collecting chamber, and a dust-collecting apparatus disposed in the dust-collecting chamber to separate dirt from external air drawn in through the dirt-suctioning opening. The motor assembly includes a motor generating the suction force, and a motor casing with a first chamber and a second chamber divided therein, and a connection path in fluid communication with the first chamber and the second chamber. The first chamber is in fluid communication with the dust-collecting apparatus and includes an auxiliary filter member mounted therein for filtering a second time the air discharged from the collecting apparatus. The second chamber is connected to a discharge opening of the cleaner body and includes the motor mounted therein. The dust-collecting apparatus may include a cyclone dust-collecting apparatus which separates dirt from air using a centrifugal force generated by swirling the air drawn in through the dirt-suctioning opening. The cyclone dust-collecting apparatus also includes a cyclone head portion fixed to an upper end of the dust-collecting chamber in fluid communication with the dirt-suctioning opening and the motor casing. A dirt-collecting receptacle is removably disposed at a lower end of the cyclone head portion to form a cyclone chamber. Dirt is centrifugally separated at the cyclone chamber and is collected on the dirt-collecting receptacle. The dust-collecting chamber may be provided with an ascending/descending unit ascending the dirt-collecting receptacle. The dust-collecting chamber is inserted into the dust-collecting chamber to connect the dirt-collecting receptacle to the cyclone head portion. The ascending/descending unit is disposed on an upper outside wall of the motor assembly. Also, the ascending/descending unit may include a lever pivotably disposed at the upper outside wall of the motor assembly, a disk disposed on an upper portion of the level member in a vertically movable manner for supporting a lower surface of the dirt-collecting receptacle inserted in the dust-collecting chamber, and a cam driving unit disposed between the level member and the disk for ascending/descending the disk when the lever pivots. According to another embodiment of the present invention, a motor assembly of a vacuum cleaner includes a motor generating the suction force and a motor casing with a chamber formed therein to mount the motor. A first port connects the chamber to a dust-collecting apparatus and separates dirt from the external air drawn into the cleaner body by the suction force. A second port connects the chamber to a discharge opening of the cleaner body. The motor casing includes a guide duct guiding the air drawn in through the first port so that the air swirls in the motor casing along a circumferential direction of the motor by a predetermined distance and is discharged through the second port. According to the present invention as described above, since the motor casing and the auxiliary filter member are assembled with each other in an integrated form, the motor assembly prevents the noise during the driving of the vacuum cleaner, thus providing a user with a quieter environment. Also, both a manufacturing process and manufacturing cost of the vacuum cleaner are reduced. Other systems, methods features, and advantages of the present invention will be or become apparent to one with skill in the art upon examination of the following drawings and detailed description. It is intended that all such additional systems, methods, features, and advantages be included within that description, be within the scope of the present invention, and be protected by the accompanying claims. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The above aspect and other advantages of the present invention will be more apparent by describing an exemplary embodiment of the present invention with reference to the accompanying drawings. The components in the drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon clearly illustrating the principles of the present invention. Moreover, in the drawings, like reference numerals designate corresponding parts throughout the general views. FIG. 1 is a drawing of a perspective view showing an appearance of an upright type vacuum cleaner as an example of a conventional vacuum cleaner; FIG. 2 is a drawing of an exploded perspective view showing the cleaner body of FIG. 1; FIG. 3 is a drawing of an exploded perspective view showing a cleaner body of an upright type vacuum cleaner according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention; FIGS. 4 and 5 are drawings of exploded perspective views showing the motor assembly of FIG. 3; FIG. 6 is a drawing of a perspective view showing an interior of the second casing of the motor assembly according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention; and FIG. 7 is a drawing of a cross-sectional view showing the motor assembly according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention taken along the line I-I of FIG. 3. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT Hereinafter, a preferred embodiment of the present invention will be described in greater detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. With respect to the elements identical to those of the conventional vacuum cleaner as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, like reference numerals are assigned. Referring to FIGS. 3-7, a vacuum cleaner according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention includes a cleaner body 220, a cyclone dust-collecting apparatus 130, and a motor assembly 300. As shown in FIG. 3, the cleaner body 220 includes a dust-collecting chamber 225 with a discharge opening 127. The motor assembly 300 is disposed in the cleaner body 220. Accordingly, external air drawn in from outside through a dirt-suctioning opening (not shown) of a suction assembly 110 (see FIG. 1) sequentially passes through the dust-collecting chamber 225 and the motor assembly 300, and is discharged out of the cleaner body 220 through the discharge opening 127. The cyclone dust-collecting apparatus 130 separates dirt from the external air drawn in through the dirt-suctioning opening. The cyclone dust-collecting apparatus 130 swirls the air drawn in through the dirt-suctioning opening to generate a centrifugal force, and separates dirt from air using the centrifugal force of the swirling current. In that embodiment, the cyclone dust-collecting apparatus 130 includes a cyclone head portion 131 and a dirt-collecting receptacle 135. The cyclone head portion 131 is fixed to an upper end of the dust-collecting chamber 225, and includes an inlet 132 in fluid communication with the dirt-suctioning opening, and an outlet 133 in fluid communication with a motor casing 310, described below. The dirt-collecting receptacle 135 is removably connected to a lower end of the cyclone head portion 131, and that connection forms a cyclone chamber where the external air swirls. A connection member 134 and a connection hole 229 respectively, fix the cyclone head portion 131 to the dust-collecting chamber 225. The vacuum cleaner with the above construction further includes an ascending/descending unit 260 to connect/disconnect the dirt-collecting receptacle 135 of the cyclone dust-collecting apparatus 130 to/from the cyclone head portion 131. The ascending/descending unit 260 is disposed on a bottom of the dust-collecting chamber 225, and ascends the dirt-collecting receptacle 135 which is inserted in the dust-collecting chamber 225 to connect it with the cyclone head portion 131. The ascending/descending unit 260 includes a lever 261, a disk 263, and a cam driving unit (not shown). The lever 261 is connected to the bottom of the dust-collecting chamber 225 and horizontally pivots with respect to the cleaner body 220 in an arrowed direction ‘a’ of FIG. 4. The disk 263 which supports a bottom of the dirt-collecting receptacle 135 is disposed on the top surface of the lever 261. The disk 263 vertically moves as the lever 261 is pivoted. Also, the cam driving unit is (not shown) disposed between the lever 261 and the disk 263, for ascending/descending the disk 263 when the lever 261 pivots. The cam driving unit (not shown) can assume numerous embodiments, and thus, because it ascends and descends the disk 263 by the pivotal movement of the lever 261, a detailed description thereof will be omitted. The motor assembly 300 is disposed in the cleaner body 220, and is positioned at an airflow path connecting the dust-collecting apparatus 130 to the discharge opening 127, and also includes a motor 305 (see FIG. 4), an auxiliary filter member 270, and a motor casing 310. The motor assembly 300 differs from the conventional motor assembly 300 as described above in that the auxiliary filter member 270 is directly and removably disposed in the motor casing 310. Accordingly, since there is no need to have a connecting path connecting the auxiliary filter member 270 and the motor 305, noise can be entirely prevented during driving. Also, since an extra connecting device for connecting the motor 305 and the auxiliary filter member 270 and a sealing device are not required, a manufacturing process of the vacuum cleaner is simplified and a manufacturing cost reduced. Hereinafter, the motor assembly 300 according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention will be described in greater detail with reference to FIGS. 3-7. The motor 305 generates a suction force at the dirt-suctioning opening. The motor 305 may use a fan motor, which is typically used in a vacuum cleaner, hence, a detailed description of the motor 305 is omitted. The auxiliary filter member 270 is removably disposed in the motor casing 310, which is later described, and is positioned at the airflow path connecting the cyclone dust-collecting apparatus 130 and the motor 305. Preferably, the auxiliary filter member 270 is made from a porous material such as a sponge to remove dust a second time from the air discharged from the cyclone dust-collecting apparatus 130. The motor casing 310 includes a first casing 320 and a second casing 330. The first casing 320 encloses an upper portion of the motor 305 where a fan unit 306 for generating an air flux is disposed. The first casing 320 has a first chamber 350 defined therein, and the auxiliary filter member 270 is removably mounted in the first chamber 350. The first casing 320 includes a first port 323, an entrance opening 325, and a connection hole 324. The first port 323 is connected to a suction opening 128 connected to the outlet 133 of the dust-collecting apparatus 130, thereby in fluid communication with the first chamber 350 and the dust-collecting apparatus 130. The connection hole 324 penetrates through approximately a center portion of a bottom 322 of the first casing 320, and as the first casing 320 and the second casing 330 are connected to each other, the connection hole 324 is in fluid communication with the first chamber 350 and a second chamber 360 which will be described below. The entrance opening 325 is exposed to the outside of the cleaner body 220 with the motor casing 310 mounted in the cleaner body 220, and opens one side of the first chamber 350. A mounting member 272 is removably inserted into the entrance opening 325. The mounting member 272 aids in mounting the auxiliary filter member 270 into the first chamber 350, and includes a supporting portion 275 and a cover 273. The supporting portion 275 which supports the auxiliary filter member 270 is placed in the first chamber 350 when the mounting portion 272 is mounted into the first chamber 350. Accordingly, as shown in FIG. 7, the air discharged from the cyclone dust-collecting apparatus 130 to the first chamber 350 through the first port 323 passes through the auxiliary filter member 270 and the connection hole 324 before being discharged toward the second chamber 360. The air is filtered a second time by the auxiliary filter member 270. Accordingly, filtering efficiency of the vacuum cleaner improves. A sealing member (not shown) may be provided along an edge of the outlet 325 or the cover 273 to prevent air leakage at the cover 273 or the outlet 325. The second casing 330 is connected to a lower opening 322 of the first casing 320 to form a second chamber 360 in the motor casing 310, and the motor 305 is mounted in the second chamber 360. The second chamber 360 is in fluid communication with the first chamber 350 through the connection hole 324, and also is in fluid communication with the discharge opening 127 of the cleaner body 220 via the second port 333. As shown in FIGS. 6 and 7, the motor casing 310 of the preferred embodiment cause the flow path of the discharged air from the motor 305 to form in a predetermined shape and thus reduce noise caused by the air flux during the operation of the vacuum cleaner. The shape of the airflow path is formed by a guide duct 337 formed on an inner circumference of the second casing 330 in a circumferential direction and extends from the fan unit 306 of the motor 305 to the second port 333. Due to the guide duct 337, the air discharged from the motor 305 is guided to swirl along the inner circumference of the second casing 330 by a predetermined distance and then to discharge to the second port 333. Accordingly, the airflow path is extended to the maximum distance in the motor casing 310 so that the noise of the vacuum cleaner during the driving can be reduced. The top surface of the motor casing 310 forms a bottom of the dust-collecting chamber 225. Accordingly, the ascending/descending unit 260 is pivotably disposed on the motor casing 310 on a top surface 321 (see FIG. 3) of the first casing 320. Since the motor 305, the auxiliary filter member 270, and the ascending/descending unit 260 are all mounted in the cleaner body 220 when the motor assembly 300 is mounted in the cleaner body 220, a manufacturing process of the vacuum cleaner 100 (see FIG. 1) is simplified. Although in the above descriptions of the present invention only the upright type vacuum cleaner with the suction assembly 110 (see FIG. 1) pivotably disposed at the lower part of the cleaner body 220 is exemplified, that should not be considered as limiting. The motor assembly 300 can be applied in any vacuum cleaner such as a canister type vacuum cleaner where a suction assembly (not shown) is connected to a cleaner body via a connecting member such as an extension pipe. In that case, the operation and effect of application of the motor assembly 300 are identical to those of the above-described embodiment. In the conventional upright vacuum cleaner, the motor assembly 150 (see FIG. 2) and the auxiliary filter assembly 140 (see FIG. 1) are independently mounted in the cleaner body 120 (see FIG. 1). According to the present invention, the motor assembly 300 and the auxiliary filter member 270 are integrally mounted in the single motor casing 310, thus not requiring the extra sealing device 180 (see FIG. 2) which is disposed on a connection portion of the motor assembly 150 and the auxiliary filter assembly 140 in the conventional vacuum cleaner. The noise during the vacuum cleaner operation, which may occur at the connection portion of the motor assembly and the auxiliary filter member, can be prevented, and therefore, a cleaning work can be preformed with minimal noise. Also, since the single motor assembly 300 integrates the functions of the auxiliary filter member 270 and the ascending/descending unit 260 of the cyclone dust-collecting apparatus 130, a manufacturing process and a manufacturing cost of the vacuum cleaner can be reduced. Since the air discharge path extends from the motor casing 310 by a predetermined distance due to presence of the guide duct 337 formed in the motor casing 310, a driving noise of the vacuum cleaner can be reduced more than that in the conventional vacuum cleaner. The foregoing embodiment and advantages are merely exemplary and are not to be construed as limiting the present invention. The description of the present invention is intended to be illustrative, and not to limit the scope of the claims. Many alternatives, modifications, and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art. In the claims, means-plus-function clauses are intended to cover the structures described herein as performing the recited function and not only structural equivalents but also equivalent structures.	<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>A general vacuum cleaner performs a cleaning work by drawing in dirt together with ambient air from a cleaning surface while traveling along the cleaning surface. The vacuum cleaner includes a cleaner body and a suction assembly. FIG. 1 is a view showing an appearance of an upright type vacuum cleaner as an example of the above-described general vacuum cleaner, and FIG. 2 is a view showing the cleaner body of the vacuum cleaner of FIG. 1 . Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2 , a conventional upright type vacuum cleaner 100 includes a suction assembly 110 , a cleaner body 120 , a dust-collecting apparatus 130 , and a motor assembly 150 . The suction assembly 110 has an opening for drawing in dirt (not shown) formed in a bottom thereof from a cleaning surface therethrough. The cleaner body 120 is pivotably connected to one side of the suction assembly 110 , and has a discharge opening 127 formed in a rear portion to discharge the air therethrough as the air is drawn in through the dirt-suctioning opening and filtered by the dust-collecting apparatus 130 . A front casing 121 and a rear casing 122 form the exterior contour of the cleaner body 120 . The dust-collecting apparatus 130 separates dirt from air that is drawn in through the suction assembly 110 . As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 , the vacuum cleaner 100 employs a cyclone dust-collecting apparatus 130 which is mounted in a dust-collecting chamber 125 of the cleaner body 120 . The dust-collecting apparatus separates dirt using a centrifugal force generated by swirling the air entering into the cyclone dust-collecting apparatus 130 , and also includes an auxiliary filter assembly 140 for filtering a second time the air discharged from the cyclone dust-collecting apparatus 130 . Meanwhile, an ascending/descending unit 160 ascends/descends a dirt-collecting receptacle 135 of the cyclone dust-collecting apparatus 130 in the dust-collecting chamber 125 to connect/disconnect the dirt-collecting receptacle 135 to/from a cyclone head portion 131 fixed to an upper end of the dust-collecting chamber 125 of the cleaner body 120 . The motor assembly 150 generates a suction force at the dirt-suctioning opening and is disposed in the cleaner body 120 and is in fluid communication with the dirt-suctioning opening. The motor assembly 150 includes a motor casing 153 for covering the exterior of a motor 305 (see FIG. 4 ) which generates the suction force. The motor casing 153 also guides the air discharged from the auxiliary filter assembly 140 to the discharge opening 127 of the cleaner body 120 . In a conventional vacuum cleaner 100 with the above construction, since the motor assembly 150 and the auxiliary filter assembly 140 are constructed independently from each other, an airflow path for connecting the motor assembly 150 and the auxiliary assembly 140 is additionally required. Further, a sealing device is also required to seal the airflow path. Also, in situations where the airflow path is provided to connect the motor assembly 150 and the auxiliary filter assembly 140 , since there occurs a noise during driving from the connection portions of the airflow path and the motor assembly 150 and the auxiliary filter assembly 140 , there is a problem that a user cannot enjoy a quiet cleaning work. Furthermore, due to the addition of the extra airflow path and the sealing device, a manufacturing process of the vacuum cleaner 100 becomes more complicated and a manufacturing cost is increases. Thus, a heretofore unaddressed need exists in the industry to address the aforementioned deficiencies and inadequacies.	<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>The present invention has been developed to solve the problems in the related art. Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a motor assembly for a vacuum cleaner with an improved construction which provides a user with a quieter environment during a cleaning work by reducing a noise from the driving operation of the vacuum cleaner, and a vacuum cleaner having the same. The above aspect is achieved by providing a motor assembly for a vacuum cleaner comprising a motor generating the suction force and an auxiliary filter member disposed in an airflow path connecting the motor to a dust-collecting apparatus in which dirt is separated from external air drawn in by the suction force. The auxiliary filter member filters a second time the air discharged from the dust-collecting apparatus. A motor casing includes a first chamber and a second chamber divided therein, and a connection path in fluid connection with the first chamber and the second chamber. The first chamber is connected to the dust-collecting apparatus and includes the auxiliary filter member mounted therein, the second chamber being connected to a discharge opening of the cleaner body and including the motor mounted therein. According to an embodiment of the present invention, one side of the first chamber includes an entrance opening which penetrates through an outer wall of the cleaner body and is exposed to the outside of the cleaner body, and the auxiliary filter member is removably mounted in the first chamber through the entrance opening. The motor casing may further include a mounting member removably mounted in the first chamber through the entrance opening wherein the mounting member includes a supporting portion supporting the auxiliary filter member. A cover is disposed at one side of the supporting portion and covers the entrance opening when the supporting portion is inserted into the first chamber to block the entrance opening from the outside of the cleaner body. A sealing member is disposed along at least one edge of the entrance opening. Meanwhile, the motor casing includes a first casing in which the first chamber is formed, and includes a first port in fluid communication with the first chamber and the dust collecting apparatus, and a second casing connected to the first casing to form the second chamber in the motor casing, with a second port connecting the second chamber to the discharge opening of the vacuum cleaner. The connection path includes a connection hole penetratingly formed in one side of the first casing to connect the first and the second chambers when the first and the second casings are connected to each other. The second casing includes a guide duct guiding air which is drawn into the second chamber through the connection hole so that the air swirls in the second casing along a circumferential direction of the motor by a predetermined distance, and is then discharged through the second port. According to another aspect of the present invention, a vacuum cleaner includes a suction assembly with a dirt-suctioning opening formed in a lower surface thereof, and a cleaner body pivotably disposed at one side of the suction assembly with a dust-collecting chamber and a discharge opening sequentially disposed therein and in fluid communication with the dirt-suctioning opening. A motor assembly is disposed in the cleaner body to generate a suction force at the dirt-suctioning opening, with an upper outside wall forming a bottom of the dust-collecting chamber, and a dust-collecting apparatus disposed in the dust-collecting chamber to separate dirt from external air drawn in through the dirt-suctioning opening. The motor assembly includes a motor generating the suction force, and a motor casing with a first chamber and a second chamber divided therein, and a connection path in fluid communication with the first chamber and the second chamber. The first chamber is in fluid communication with the dust-collecting apparatus and includes an auxiliary filter member mounted therein for filtering a second time the air discharged from the collecting apparatus. The second chamber is connected to a discharge opening of the cleaner body and includes the motor mounted therein. The dust-collecting apparatus may include a cyclone dust-collecting apparatus which separates dirt from air using a centrifugal force generated by swirling the air drawn in through the dirt-suctioning opening. The cyclone dust-collecting apparatus also includes a cyclone head portion fixed to an upper end of the dust-collecting chamber in fluid communication with the dirt-suctioning opening and the motor casing. A dirt-collecting receptacle is removably disposed at a lower end of the cyclone head portion to form a cyclone chamber. Dirt is centrifugally separated at the cyclone chamber and is collected on the dirt-collecting receptacle. The dust-collecting chamber may be provided with an ascending/descending unit ascending the dirt-collecting receptacle. The dust-collecting chamber is inserted into the dust-collecting chamber to connect the dirt-collecting receptacle to the cyclone head portion. The ascending/descending unit is disposed on an upper outside wall of the motor assembly. Also, the ascending/descending unit may include a lever pivotably disposed at the upper outside wall of the motor assembly, a disk disposed on an upper portion of the level member in a vertically movable manner for supporting a lower surface of the dirt-collecting receptacle inserted in the dust-collecting chamber, and a cam driving unit disposed between the level member and the disk for ascending/descending the disk when the lever pivots. According to another embodiment of the present invention, a motor assembly of a vacuum cleaner includes a motor generating the suction force and a motor casing with a chamber formed therein to mount the motor. A first port connects the chamber to a dust-collecting apparatus and separates dirt from the external air drawn into the cleaner body by the suction force. A second port connects the chamber to a discharge opening of the cleaner body. The motor casing includes a guide duct guiding the air drawn in through the first port so that the air swirls in the motor casing along a circumferential direction of the motor by a predetermined distance and is discharged through the second port. According to the present invention as described above, since the motor casing and the auxiliary filter member are assembled with each other in an integrated form, the motor assembly prevents the noise during the driving of the vacuum cleaner, thus providing a user with a quieter environment. Also, both a manufacturing process and manufacturing cost of the vacuum cleaner are reduced. Other systems, methods features, and advantages of the present invention will be or become apparent to one with skill in the art upon examination of the following drawings and detailed description. It is intended that all such additional systems, methods, features, and advantages be included within that description, be within the scope of the present invention, and be protected by the accompanying claims.	20040524	20071002	20050113	59500.0		0	SNIDER, THERESA T	MOTOR ASSEMBLY AND VACUUM CLEANER HAVING THE SAME	UNDISCOUNTED	0	ACCEPTED		2,004
10,851,252	ACCEPTED	Folding magnetic holding wrap for cups or mugs	An improved holder for receiving a liquid-containing device and mounting it onto a magnetic accepting support or surface is provided having a foldable single unit wrap element with a magnetic means secured to the outer surface of the wrap element.	1. An improved beverage container holder that can receive a beverage container having a bottom portion, and that can be mounted on a metal surface, comprising: a) a foldable single unit wrap element comprising a cylindrical bottom portion that encircles the bottom portion of the beverage container, and b) a magnetic means secured to the bottom portion of the wrap element. 2. The improved beverage container holder of claim 1 , further comprising a first attachable means on the outer first surface of the wrap element, and a second attachable means formed as a tab portion that can engage the first attachable means. 3. An improved beverage container holder wherein said beverage container comprises an exposed portion, said holder comprising: a) a single unit foldable wrap element for encircling said beverage thereby exposing said exposed portion of said beverage, said wrap element having a first surface and a second surface, said second surface in contact with said beverage; and b) a magnetic means positioned on said first surface and covered with a protective coating. 4. The improved beverage container holder of claim 1 , further comprising a first attachable means on the first surface of the wrap element, and a second attachable means formed as a tab portion that can engage the first attachable means.	CLAIM OF PRIORITY This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/082,834 filed Feb. 25, 2002. FIELD OF INVENTION The present invention relates generally to a holding apparatus for a liquid-containing device and, more particularly, to a cup holding device that is capable of receiving a cup and mounting it on a metal support or surface. BACKGROUND OF INVENTION Cup holders have been designed to ease the handling of cups. Conventional cup holders typically have a cylindrical shape which is designed to encircle the sides of a cup while leaving its bottom essentially open. These holders can affix about the curvature of the cup. They may have a fluted appearance allowing retention of a cup with tapered sides. Cup holders have also been incorporated into other structures to provide a fixed-in-place support, such as in a dashboard, door or center section of a motor vehicle, or in the armrest of a movie theater or stadium chair. Holders may also be donned in an insulated or padded pocket of a garment or a lumbar carrying pack to free the hands of a user. Cup holders may be constructed of a variety of materials, depending upon the intended use. For example, holders comprise of rigid materials, such as a synthetic polymer, plastic or polyethylene vinyl chloride, or flexible plastic, foam, plastic covered foam or neoprene. They may also be constructed of pressed material such as paper pulp and have multiple nubs or depressions therein. In addition to aiding the gripability of the cup, cup holders can enhance a cup's insulation ability, block condensation or add a decorative feature. In all of these cases where cup holders have been designed for the ease of the user, none have offered an adjustable, folding portable metal-supportable cup holder. Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a cup holder having the capability of being supported by a metal magnetic accepting support or surface. It is a further object of the invention that the holder be adaptable to accommodate a variety of liquid-containing devices such as, for example, different types and sizes of cups, mugs, bottles and cans. In other embodiments, the magnetic holding wrap can be adapted to hold bathroom products, such as toothbrushes, toothbrush holders, razors, shampoo or conditioner bottles and other items. More particularly, an object of the invention is to provide a reusable folding cloth or reinforced neoprene magnetic wrap that can be covered having a fastener to allow the ends of the wrap to removably secure about a liquid-containing device. Another object is to provide a wrap that insulates, comforts and magnetically attaches to any magnetic accepting surface while supporting a liquid-containing device. SUMMARY OF INVENTION The present invention is directed towards an improved holder for holding a liquid-containing device and mounting it on a metal support or surface. A liquid-containing device, or as referred to generally herein as a “cup,” includes, but is not limited to, a cup, mug, can, bottle, flask or other similar container. The invention generally comprises a wrap element having a first surface, a second surface, two ends, at least one attachable means on each such surface, and a magnetic means provided on or in a portion of the first surface. The wrap element has a generally elongated form, but in certain situations a square shape is better suited for the intended end use. For instance, the shape of the wrap element can be designed to cover a more, or less, substantial portion of the cup outer surface or a larger or smaller cup by altering elongation. The wrap element is made of any material in a size and durability capable of accommodating a cup. Preferably, it is constructed of a synthetic polymer, such as polychloroprene or neoprene rubber, or foam. Neoprene rubber is known to display outstanding physical toughness, flexibility, resistance to damage from use and weather and has good resilience. The rubber may be used raw or exposed, or it can be covered with a natural or synthetic cloth for the finished wrap element. The covered wrap element offers a decorative feature as well as a protective barrier to those who may be allergic to rubber. Regardless of the cover, the wrap element first surface may have ornamental features or multiple coverings may be applied to the whole or a part of the first surface to add a decorative or textured feature. The magnetic means may consist of one or more magnets affixed to the first surface with adhesive and covered with a patch to secure the magnet or magnets to the first surface. Alternatively, the magnetic means may sit in a crevice or indent portion of the first surface thereby making the magnet means flush with the wrap element first surface. It may also be completely embedded into the wrap element such that magnetic means is entirely or partially concealed by the wrap element . Preferably, the magnetic means is centrally positioned between the side lengths of the first surface and equal distant between the ends. The elongated wrap element is generally shaped so that the two ends detachably engage with each other. Side lengths of the elongated wrap element may be essentially parallel to each other, creating a more uniform rectangle for accommodating an upright cup. To accommodate a tapered cup, the side lengths may have a slightly semi-circular shape. The ends are straight or generally curved to ease handleability. One attachable means resides at the end of the first surface and another communicating attachable means resides on the opposite end of the second surface such that it can detachably engage the first surface attachable means. Attachable means comprise of fasteners such as magnetic or nylon buckles, magnets, snap locks, adjuster bars, zipper pulls, slides or cord locks. The attachment means should be capable of tightly affixing about the container and are preferably selected to offer a way of adjusting the length of the wrap element to thereby accommodate a range of cup sizes. Generally, an embodiment of the present invention is made according to the following steps. An elongated piece of neoprene of about {fraction (1/16)}-½ inch thick, e.g. neoprene having a rough surface and a smoother surface with a backing, is obtained. From a central part of the first surface of the neoprene at least one small square portion is removed. Preferably, the removed portion measures about ¼-⅝ inch in length by ¼-⅝ inch in width. It may extend completely through the neoprene resulting in a hole, or cut just a superficial depth of the neoprene leaving a crevice on the surface. Multiple portions may be removed depending upon the desired design. For wrap elements in which the portion provides a hole, a patch such as a piece of cloth is affixed to the outside or second surface of the wrap element about the hole portion. One or more magnets are then placed into the hole or crevice. Preferably, this assembly is done by placing the wrap element on a magnetized steel and/or iron plate. The magnetized plate helps to align the magnet polarity, positive side facing outwards, reverse polarity repel hence place attracting side magnet out; or the reverse may be done. Another cloth, preferably nylon cloth, is affixed to all or a portion of the first surface of the wrap element. VELCRO® end fasteners are affixed to opposite ends of each side of the wrap element so that both ends communicate and removably attach securely to each other. Generally, the cloth and fastener items can be affixed to the neoprene using any convenient means, such as glue, paste, staples, pins or stitches. The user places the wrap element around a cup and fastens first attachable means to the second attachable means to securely affix it thereabout. Once securely about the cup, this combination can be mounted onto a magnetic accepting support or surface while, additionally, providing standard features associated with cup holders. Useable magnetic accepting surfaces are endless. They can range from outdoor structures, such as a galvanized light post, to an indoor wall support. To disengage the combination from the metal support, the user twists and lifts it off. The user avoids the hassle and strain of balancing a cup in situations where a metal support is nearby, such as a sign at the bus stop, a file cabinet at work, or a parking meter post. Additionally, the wrap element provides insulation to the container contents and manages possible condensation. An important feature of this invention is that it can be designed to allow the user to use it with a variety of sized cups. Another important feature is that the strength of the magnetic means is significant while the overall weight is not burdensome to the user. Optionally, the user can also use multiple wrap elements simultaneously together, i.e., one wrap element is secured about a surface or worn about a limb of a person and another wrap element, of opposite polarity, is removably attached thereto at magnetic means. Other features, aspects and advantages of the present invention will become better understood or apparent from a perusal of the following drawings, detailed description of the invention and appended claims. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS In the drawings which are attached hereto and made a part of this disclosure: FIGS. 1 and 1a illustrate a top view of two embodiments of a first surface of the present invention. FIGS. 2 and 2a show a perspective view of two embodiments of the present invention. FIG. 3 shows a top perspective view of an embodiment of the wrap element in an attached position. FIGS. 4 and 4a illustrate a top view of the first surface having two crevices for holding a magnetic means in two embodiments of the present invention. FIGS. 5 and 5a show another perspective view of two embodiments of the present invention. FIGS. 6 and 6a provide a cross section of the wrap element attachment means in an embodiment of the present invention. FIGS. 7a and 7b show perspective views of an assembled cup holder formed to hold a cup according to an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 8 shows a plan view of one surface of an embodiment of the present invention wherein one end attachment means has a tab portion. FIG. 9 shows a perspective view of an embodiment of the present invention having a bottom. FIGS. 10 and 10a illustrate a cross section of the wrap element having a bottom portion in two embodiments of the present invention. FIG. 11 illustrates another view of the wrap element with bottom portion having a magnetic means. FIG. 12 shows an embodiment of the second surface of the present invention having exposed texture portions. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION In a presently preferred embodiment of the present invention, by reference to FIG. 1, a cup holder 10 is shown unassembled and is in the form of an elongated wrap element 11. Wrap element 11 is defined by a length having two distal ends, 12 and 13, and two sides, 14 and 15, a first surface 20 and a second surface 30. Optionally, it has a bottom 17. Each of surfaces 20 and 30 also has an attachment means, 21 and 31, that is designed to removably attach with the other and be positioned along wrap element 11 at opposite ends from one another. A magnetic means 50 is provided on or in a portion of the first surface 20. In one embodiment, wrap element 11 is constructed out of a piece of neoprene having a thickness of about {fraction (1/16)} to ½ of an inch, preferably about ⅛ of an inch. The length varies. Preferably, it is about 10 to 14 inches, and more preferably the length is about 11 to 11 ½ inches. First and second surfaces can have a texture to improve gripability with a cup and/or the user. Grip may be further enhanced with installation of an additional covering. A decorative pattern can be applied to the first surface 20. It may be print directly on first surface 20 or comprise an additional layer of natural or synthetic cloth, such as nylon cloth affixed thereto. The attachment means, 21 and 31, are positioned so that when wrap element 11 is used in combination with a cup they detachably engage with each other thereby allowing the wrap element 11 to adapt tightly to the contours of the cup. In an embodiment of the invention, first surface attachment means 21 is provided near to end 12 in a position between sides 14 and 15, as shown in FIG. 1. As shown in FIG. 2, second surface attachment means 31 is provided on second surface 30 along end 13 in a position between sides 14 and 15. The attachment means 21 and 31 are designed to detachably engage each other when they are fastened together. Preferably, the attachment means 21 and 31 comprise fasteners, magnets or hook and latch closures, such as VELCRO®. For example, first attachable means 21 contains the hooks and second attachable means 31 contains a receiving latch closure. The selected attachment means is capable of providing a reliable hold sufficient to support a liquid-containing device according to the present invention. Magnetic means 50 may consist of one or more magnets. In an embodiment, the magnetic means 50 consists of a relatively small magnet that has a magnetic force superior to that of a commonly known and used magnet (e.g., refrigerator magnet). Typically, such common magnets have strength of about 2.0-4.3 kilogauss. Preferably, magnetic means 50 contains a magnet 51 having a strength of about 30 to 42 kilogauss. In a more preferred embodiment, a 35 kilogauss (neodynium-35) (Nd2Fel4B) magnet is used, and the magnet is about a ¼ to ½ inch square in size and about {fraction (1/32)} inch thick. Preferably, magnetic means 50 is centrally positioned on the first surface 20, although other positions work amply as well. In an alternative embodiment, magnetic means 50 is located at or near to an end of wrap element 11 and a corresponding attracting part is at the other end on the opposite surface of the wrap element thereby providing the dual the functionality of both magnetic means 50 and attachment means 21 and 31. Magnetic means 50 can be affixed to the first surface 20 with adhesive and covered with a protective coating or patch 55 to secure it to first surface 20 as illustrated in FIG. 3. The protective coating 55 can be a laminant or include a piece of nylon-cloth that is about {fraction (1/32)} inch or less in thickness and be sized just large enough to cover magnet means 50. It can also provide an excess trim for holding to said first surface 20, such as in FIG. 1. The protective coating 55 can also cover the entire first surface 20 of wrap element 11. Preferably, it has the dimensions of 2 ¼ to 2 ½ width by {fraction (11 1/4)} length. Alternatively, multiple magnets 51 are provided in a crevice or indent portion 22 of the first surface 20, as shown in FIG. 4. Indent portion 22 includes a portion of the first surface 20 that has a width and depth contoured to the dimensions of the magnetic means 50 and, preferably, as illustrated in FIGS. 5 and 6, such that the top surface of magnetic means 50 is flush with the first surface 20. The wrap element 11 is essentially rectangular in shape. Preferably, it has a slight curvature giving a semi-circular shape along sides 14 and 15 and rounded distal ends 12 and 13. The curvature can be adjusted to form a conical shape that accommodates tapered cups or provides greater support and gripability to traditional cylindrical cups. When in use, a user simply places wrap element 11 about a cup or mug and overlaps the two attachable ends 21 and 31 so that they securely join with each other as illustrated in FIGS. 7a and 7b. Once the cup is tightly fit about the cup, the holder combination can be mounted onto any metal magnetic accepting support by positioning the portion of the cup holder having the magnetic means against the metal support. To disengage the holder combination, it is twisted slightly at the magnet and lifted off. The mechanics of this will become evident when in use. In another embodiment of the invention, attachment means 21 and 31 are incorporated into the wrap element 11 and flush with the exterior surface. One (or both) attachment means can have an adjustable point of closure with the corresponding attachment means. It can comprise a tab or extended portion. Attachment means 21 (and or 31) may form a tab portion 21 a extending the length of a part of one end of the wrap element, as in FIG. 8. In a preferred embodiment, Tab 21 a extends part of the end by about ½ inch and measures about one inch wide. Tab 21a can thereby ease disengagement of the attachment means for removing the wrap element from a container, and accommodate an increased range of container shapes and sizes. A bottom portion 17 can be provided with the holder as illustrated in FIG. 9 or, alternatively, as in FIG. 10, in another embodiment of the present invention. Bottom 17 is attached to or incorporated into one of the side lengths, 14 or 15, of wrap element 11 to provide additional support for holding the cup in place and to prevent it from slipping out should the grip not be properly secured. Preferably, bottom 17 folds and expands, and is comprised of a flexible material, such as polyester, neoprene or an elastic cloth or web material, and is foldable. In a preferred embodiment, bottom portion 17 is comprised of the same piece of material as wrap element 11 to resemble a single unit and, may be cast from the same piece of material to form an integrated single unit. FIG. 10 shows a cross-sectional view of the single unit wrap element for encircling a beverage. In another embodiment, if separate, bottom portion 17 can be removably attached or partially or entirely affixed to the length 14 or 15, by any mechanism that ensures its fit, including fasteners, stitches, snaps, zippers, etc., such as in FIG. 11. The bottom 17 can also include a magnetic means 50a. This may be the same or different as magnetic means 50, but preferably employs one or multiple magnets 51a. Ideally, magnet 51a is of the same power and dimension as that of magnet 51. It can sit on bottom 17 or in a crevice thereof, much like on the wrap element first surface 20, as shown for example in FIGS. 10 and 11. In another embodiment, multiple cup holders 10 are used together. One wrap element 11 is secured about the arm of a wood chair. Another wrap element, holding a container, is removably attached to the first holder at their respective magnetic means. To successfully hold, the magnet means must have opposite polarity. One of the means may also be wrapped about an arm or leg of a person. It is contemplated that the invention will offer multiple applications. The length of the wrap element can be adjusted to accommodate various sizes of liquid-containing devices. For instance, in addition to holding cups and mugs, it has been designed to hold bottles for disinfectants, window wash, shampoos, etc. Cup holder 10 can be provided with a decorative covering along a portion or the entire length as shown in FIG. 1. Decorative elements can be incorporated into the neoprene substrate or affixed thereto. Such decoration includes, for example, of commercial information, company logo, art, scenic, advertising etc. The cup holder 10 can further have a texture. As indicated in FIG. 12, covering 60 is applied to second surface 30 leaving one or more openings 65 to the second surface 30. Surface 30 can be the neoprene or other substrate used, thereby increasing the gripability of wrap element 11 when contact with a container. Textured neoprene should add to gripability especially when in the container “sweats” or condensation forms. The texture, for example, includes a silky nylon cloth similar to some camping gear. Other combinations of openings 65 with surface 30 can prove advantageous. These features can be selected and refined for the desired use and design of the wrap. EXAMPLE By way of an example, a cup holder was constructed in accordance with the perimeters disclosed herein. One-eighth of an inch thick piece of neoprene was cut to have a semi-curved shape. The length was about twelve inches and width of about two inches to four inches. Two pieces of VELCRO® were attached at one end of the first surface oriented essentially parallel to the end and the two cooperating pieces at the opposite end on the second surface aligned to pair with those on the first surface. Two magnets of about ½ inch square were affixed to the center of the first surface with a rubber cement adhesive and covered with a patch using nylon cloth. The wrap element was then wrapped into an essentially cylindrical shape about a soda can. The combination was placed against the metal post of a street sign and positioned so the magnetic means was against the magnetic accepting surface of the post. It immediately held fast to it. The combination was tested and found to mount effectively while supporting cups containing liquids weighing up to about one pound. The combination was removed by twisting and lifting it from the post. While the foregoing has been set forth in considerable detail, the embodiments and preferences are presented for elucidation and not limitation. It will be appreciated from the specification that various modifications of the invention and combinations of elements, variations, equivalents, or improvements therein may be made by those skilled in the art, and are still within the scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.	<SOH> BACKGROUND OF INVENTION <EOH>Cup holders have been designed to ease the handling of cups. Conventional cup holders typically have a cylindrical shape which is designed to encircle the sides of a cup while leaving its bottom essentially open. These holders can affix about the curvature of the cup. They may have a fluted appearance allowing retention of a cup with tapered sides. Cup holders have also been incorporated into other structures to provide a fixed-in-place support, such as in a dashboard, door or center section of a motor vehicle, or in the armrest of a movie theater or stadium chair. Holders may also be donned in an insulated or padded pocket of a garment or a lumbar carrying pack to free the hands of a user. Cup holders may be constructed of a variety of materials, depending upon the intended use. For example, holders comprise of rigid materials, such as a synthetic polymer, plastic or polyethylene vinyl chloride, or flexible plastic, foam, plastic covered foam or neoprene. They may also be constructed of pressed material such as paper pulp and have multiple nubs or depressions therein. In addition to aiding the gripability of the cup, cup holders can enhance a cup's insulation ability, block condensation or add a decorative feature. In all of these cases where cup holders have been designed for the ease of the user, none have offered an adjustable, folding portable metal-supportable cup holder. Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a cup holder having the capability of being supported by a metal magnetic accepting support or surface. It is a further object of the invention that the holder be adaptable to accommodate a variety of liquid-containing devices such as, for example, different types and sizes of cups, mugs, bottles and cans. In other embodiments, the magnetic holding wrap can be adapted to hold bathroom products, such as toothbrushes, toothbrush holders, razors, shampoo or conditioner bottles and other items. More particularly, an object of the invention is to provide a reusable folding cloth or reinforced neoprene magnetic wrap that can be covered having a fastener to allow the ends of the wrap to removably secure about a liquid-containing device. Another object is to provide a wrap that insulates, comforts and magnetically attaches to any magnetic accepting surface while supporting a liquid-containing device.	<SOH> SUMMARY OF INVENTION <EOH>The present invention is directed towards an improved holder for holding a liquid-containing device and mounting it on a metal support or surface. A liquid-containing device, or as referred to generally herein as a “cup,” includes, but is not limited to, a cup, mug, can, bottle, flask or other similar container. The invention generally comprises a wrap element having a first surface, a second surface, two ends, at least one attachable means on each such surface, and a magnetic means provided on or in a portion of the first surface. The wrap element has a generally elongated form, but in certain situations a square shape is better suited for the intended end use. For instance, the shape of the wrap element can be designed to cover a more, or less, substantial portion of the cup outer surface or a larger or smaller cup by altering elongation. The wrap element is made of any material in a size and durability capable of accommodating a cup. Preferably, it is constructed of a synthetic polymer, such as polychloroprene or neoprene rubber, or foam. Neoprene rubber is known to display outstanding physical toughness, flexibility, resistance to damage from use and weather and has good resilience. The rubber may be used raw or exposed, or it can be covered with a natural or synthetic cloth for the finished wrap element. The covered wrap element offers a decorative feature as well as a protective barrier to those who may be allergic to rubber. Regardless of the cover, the wrap element first surface may have ornamental features or multiple coverings may be applied to the whole or a part of the first surface to add a decorative or textured feature. The magnetic means may consist of one or more magnets affixed to the first surface with adhesive and covered with a patch to secure the magnet or magnets to the first surface. Alternatively, the magnetic means may sit in a crevice or indent portion of the first surface thereby making the magnet means flush with the wrap element first surface. It may also be completely embedded into the wrap element such that magnetic means is entirely or partially concealed by the wrap element . Preferably, the magnetic means is centrally positioned between the side lengths of the first surface and equal distant between the ends. The elongated wrap element is generally shaped so that the two ends detachably engage with each other. Side lengths of the elongated wrap element may be essentially parallel to each other, creating a more uniform rectangle for accommodating an upright cup. To accommodate a tapered cup, the side lengths may have a slightly semi-circular shape. The ends are straight or generally curved to ease handleability. One attachable means resides at the end of the first surface and another communicating attachable means resides on the opposite end of the second surface such that it can detachably engage the first surface attachable means. Attachable means comprise of fasteners such as magnetic or nylon buckles, magnets, snap locks, adjuster bars, zipper pulls, slides or cord locks. The attachment means should be capable of tightly affixing about the container and are preferably selected to offer a way of adjusting the length of the wrap element to thereby accommodate a range of cup sizes. Generally, an embodiment of the present invention is made according to the following steps. An elongated piece of neoprene of about {fraction (1/16)}-½ inch thick, e.g. neoprene having a rough surface and a smoother surface with a backing, is obtained. From a central part of the first surface of the neoprene at least one small square portion is removed. Preferably, the removed portion measures about ¼-⅝ inch in length by ¼-⅝ inch in width. It may extend completely through the neoprene resulting in a hole, or cut just a superficial depth of the neoprene leaving a crevice on the surface. Multiple portions may be removed depending upon the desired design. For wrap elements in which the portion provides a hole, a patch such as a piece of cloth is affixed to the outside or second surface of the wrap element about the hole portion. One or more magnets are then placed into the hole or crevice. Preferably, this assembly is done by placing the wrap element on a magnetized steel and/or iron plate. The magnetized plate helps to align the magnet polarity, positive side facing outwards, reverse polarity repel hence place attracting side magnet out; or the reverse may be done. Another cloth, preferably nylon cloth, is affixed to all or a portion of the first surface of the wrap element. VELCRO® end fasteners are affixed to opposite ends of each side of the wrap element so that both ends communicate and removably attach securely to each other. Generally, the cloth and fastener items can be affixed to the neoprene using any convenient means, such as glue, paste, staples, pins or stitches. The user places the wrap element around a cup and fastens first attachable means to the second attachable means to securely affix it thereabout. Once securely about the cup, this combination can be mounted onto a magnetic accepting support or surface while, additionally, providing standard features associated with cup holders. Useable magnetic accepting surfaces are endless. They can range from outdoor structures, such as a galvanized light post, to an indoor wall support. To disengage the combination from the metal support, the user twists and lifts it off. The user avoids the hassle and strain of balancing a cup in situations where a metal support is nearby, such as a sign at the bus stop, a file cabinet at work, or a parking meter post. Additionally, the wrap element provides insulation to the container contents and manages possible condensation. An important feature of this invention is that it can be designed to allow the user to use it with a variety of sized cups. Another important feature is that the strength of the magnetic means is significant while the overall weight is not burdensome to the user. Optionally, the user can also use multiple wrap elements simultaneously together, i.e., one wrap element is secured about a surface or worn about a limb of a person and another wrap element, of opposite polarity, is removably attached thereto at magnetic means. Other features, aspects and advantages of the present invention will become better understood or apparent from a perusal of the following drawings, detailed description of the invention and appended claims.	20040521	20060404	20050106	67571.0		1	RAMIREZ, RAMON O	FOLDING MAGNETIC HOLDING WRAP FOR CUPS OR MUGS	SMALL	1	CONT-ACCEPTED		2,004
10,851,265	ACCEPTED	Golf tee setting device and method	A device is provided for setting a golf tee in the ground at a desired height and angle. In one embodiment, height adjustment of the tee is provided by a threaded screw member. In other embodiments, a plurality of longitudinally aligned recesses are formed within a longitudinal cavity to provide height adjustment. A bubble level may be incorporated on the device to align the golf tee at either a vertical position, or a desired angular position.	1. A golf tee setting device comprising: a body having a longitudinal cavity formed therethrough, and a slot formed in said body exposing said cavity, said body further having an upper end and a lower end, said upper end having a opening formed therein; an adjustment member threadably received in said opening, said adjustment member having a first end received in said cavity, and a second end extending through said opening and remaining exterior of said cavity, said adjustment member being adjustable to place said first end within a desired position within said cavity; and a level attached to said body enabling a user to adjust an angular position of the device. 2. A device, as claimed in claim 1, further including: a pair of flanges formed on said lower end of said body, and a notch located between said pair of flanges. 3. A device, as claimed in claim 1, wherein: said level is a bubble level including indicia for aligning said bubble level. 4. A device, as claimed in claim 1, wherein: said slot formed in said body exposes a pair of opposing faces of said body, and at least one of said faces has indicia placed thereon indicating a scale for determining a height at which to set the golf tee. 5. A device, as claimed in claim 4, wherein: said indicia includes a distance scale. 6. A device, as claimed in claim 4, wherein: said indicia includes a club level selection scale. 7. A device, as claimed in claim 1, further including: at least one protrusion extending from said cavity to impart a desired angular orientation of a tee to be set in the ground. 8. A device, as claimed in claim 1, further including: a plurality of arcuate notches formed on said lower end of said device, said arcuate notches being especially adapted for receiving a portion of a head of the golf tee. 9. A device, as claimed in claim 1, further including: a second longitudinal cavity formed in said body, and a slot formed on said body for exposing said second cavity, said second longitudinal cavity including a plurality of recesses formed therein corresponding to a plurality of additional tee settings. 10. A device, as claimed in claim 1, further including: an additional cavity formed in said body, and a plurality of brackets attached to said body within said additional cavity, said brackets being especially adapted for holding one or more tees. 11. A device, as claimed in claim 1, further including: a logo placed on an exterior surface of said body. 12. A device, as claimed in claim 1, further including: an arcuate groove formed on an exterior surface of said lower end of said body. 13. A golf tee setting device comprising: a body having a longitudinal cavity formed therethrough, and a slot formed in said body exposing said cavity, said body further including an upper end and a lower end; a plurality of longitudinally spaced recesses defined by a corresponding plurality of ridges extending from said cavity, each said recess defining an area to receive a head of the golf tee thereby defining a particular setting for the golf tee; an accessory attached to said upper end of said body, said accessory being selected from the group consisting of a level, an ornament, and a key chain holder. 14. A device, as claimed in claim 13, further including: a pair of flanges formed at said lower end of said body, and a notch formed between said pair of flanges. 15. A device, as claimed in claim 13, wherein: said plurality of longitudinal recesses have a shape to conform to a head and neck of the golf tee. 16. A device, as claimed in claim 13 wherein: said plurality of longitudinally aligned recesses each further include an arcuate sloping portions that conform to a shape of a neck of the golf tee. 17. A device, as claimed in claim 13, further including: a plurality of arcuate notches formed on said lower end of said device, said arcuate notches being especially adapted for receiving a portion of a head of the golf tee. 18. A device, as claimed in claim 13, further including: a second longitudinal cavity formed in said body, and a slot formed on said body for exposing said second cavity, said second longitudinal cavity including a plurality of recesses formed therein corresponding to a plurality of additional tee settings. 19. A device, as claimed in claim 13, further including: at least one protrusion extending from said longitudinal cavity for enabling a user to adjust an angularity of a tee placed in said longitudinal cavity. 20. A device, as claimed in claim 13, further including: an additional cavity formed in said body, and a plurality of brackets attached to said body within said additional cavity, said brackets being especially adapted for holding one or more tees. 21. A device, as claimed in claim 13, further including: a logo placed on an exterior surface of said body. 22. A device, as claimed in claim 13, further including: an arcuate groove formed on an exterior surface of said lower end of said body. 23. A golf tee setting device comprising: a body having a longitudinal cavity formed therethrough, and a slot formed in the said body exposing said cavity, said body further including an upper end and a lower end; a plurality of longitudinally spaced recesses defined by a corresponding plurality of ridges extending from said cavity, each said recess defining an area to receive a head of the golf tee thereby defining a particular setting for the golf tee; a body extension attached to said body and extending away from said body; and an accessory attached to said upper end of said body, said accessory being selected from the group consisting of a level, an ornament, and a key chain holder. 24. A method of setting a golf tee, said method comprising the steps of: providing a golf tee setting device having a longitudinal cavity formed therethrough; securing a golf tee within the cavity of the device; providing means for adjusting the golf tee within the cavity to thereby select a particular height at which the golf tee will extend above the ground; adjusting the golf tee within the device to select the desired height; inserting the golf tee into the ground while maintaining the golf tee engaged with the device; and adjusting the angle of the golf tee with respect to the ground by observing a level incorporated within the device that indicates when the golf tee is perpendicular with respect to the ground.	FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to devices used to control placement of an object into the ground, and more particularly, to a golf tee setting device and a method wherein the device is adjustable for enabling a user to precisely align the height of a golf tee above the ground, and the angle at which the golf tee extends from the ground. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION In the game of golf, a golfer is allowed to hit the golf ball from the tee box by placing the ball on a golf tee to raise the level or height at which the ball rests above the ground. Particularly for use of drivers or other clubs of similar configurations, it is necessary to raise the height of the ball to some level thereby ensuring the club face strikes the ball at the correct height and angle. A performance goal for professional as well as recreational golfers is to develop skills so that the game of golf becomes a more routine and repeatable sequence of actions thereby helping to eliminate the great number of variables that can produce an undesirable golf score. Highly skilled golfers such as professionals have the opportunity to play golf quite frequently, and because of this frequency, these golfers develop a certain “feel” for every aspect of the game to include the manner in which a golf ball is properly teed. However, recreational golfers do not get the opportunity to play as frequently, and inherently, will not have either the skill, patience, or discipline to correctly tee the golf ball each time. Ultimately, proper setting of the tee is important because it affects a golf ball's launch angle, launch direction, and the type and amount of spin imparted on the ball. Accordingly, improperly setting the golf tee will undermine a golfer's opportunity to shoot a better score. A number of prior art devices exist to assist a golfer in setting a golf tee at the proper height. One example of such a device is disclosed in the U.S. Pat. No. 5,370,388. This reference discloses a device having a threaded arrangement that allows a user to incrementally select a height at which a golf tee extends above the ground. U.S. Pat. No. 5,080,357 is another example of a device used to set a golf tee. This device includes a pair of articulated jaw assemblies located at a lower end portion of an elongated tubular shaft, and a handle jaw operating lever located at an upper end of the shaft. Manual squeezing of the lever moves an actuation rod within the shaft causing opposed lengths associated with the rod to move each jaw assembly outwardly. The jaw assemblies coact to hold a golf ball and tee, and are releaseable therefrom after the tee has been inserted into the ground. Yet another example of a device used for adjustably setting a golf tee includes the invention disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,643,113. This reference discloses a clamp for engaging the shaft of the golf tee, and a positioning screw engages a head of the golf tee such that a predetermined length of the tee shaft projects beyond the clamp for insertion into the ground. Although there are a number of prior inventions that exist, many of them suffer from various disadvantages to include being structurally complex and difficult to use. Additionally, the prior art suffers in that the references fail to provide both angular alignment and height adjustment of the tee with respect to the ground. Additionally, the prior art suffers in that many of the devices are large and bulky, and are not easily stored or carried by a golfer. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is one object of the present invention to provide a golf tee setting device that is structurally simple, yet provides a golfer with an effective solution for setting a golf tee at a precise height and angle with respect to the ground. It is yet another object of the invention to provide a golf tee setting device that is easily and precisely adjustable allowing a golfer to choose the desired height and angle of the tee. In accordance with the method of the present invention, it is also an object of the present invention to provide a quick and repeatable method of setting a golf tee, along with easy disengagement of the device from the golf tee after it has been set. It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a device that is adapted for use with the most common form of golf tees, namely, wooden tees used by both professionals and recreational golfers. In accordance with a first preferred embodiment of the present invention, the device of the invention may be constructed from a cylindrical or approximately cylindrical piece of material having a threaded adjustment screw manipulated by the user to set the particular height of the golf tee. The body has a longitudinal cavity formed therethrough for receiving the adjustment screw. A slot is formed in the body by removing a section thereof thus exposing the longitudinal cavity enabling a user to view the tee when engaged with the device. A visual scale may be incorporated on the body of the device enabling the golfer to quickly reference the desired height to set the tee. A bubble level may be attached to an upper portion of the body thereby allowing a user to adjust and set the angular orientation of the tee with respect to the ground. In another embodiment of the present invention, in lieu of using a threaded adjustment screw to adjust the setting of the tee, a plurality of stepped openings may be formed in the chamber, the openings being aligned longitudinally with one another along the length of the body. Thus, several incremental tee heights are provided. In the second embodiment, a bubble level may also be incorporated to provide a user with the capability to adjust the angular orientation of the tee. It may also be desirable to offset the bubble level so that the golfer can engage the upper portion of the body when setting the golf tee, thus, the bubble level remains visible for angular adjustment of the tee as necessary. In lieu of a bubble level, it may be desirable to incorporate other accessories on the device such as ornaments, or a key chain holder. Yet another feature that may be incorporated with the present invention is a plurality of arcuate shaped grooves formed on a bottom portion of the device, these grooves being particularly adapted for creating low golf tee settings. In yet another feature of the present invention, multiple cavities may be provided on the body to provide a user with additional tee settings. It is also contemplated within the present invention that the depth of the cavity formed in the body can be varied to best suit the desired manner in which to engage and disengage the golf tee. In yet another feature of the present invention, one or more fine adjustment elements may be provided in the form of small projections in the cavity of the body. These projections provide a pre-set angular orientation of the tee with respect to the ground. In yet another feature of the present invention, the back or rear side of the body of the device may be especially adapted to receive an advertising logo, or an additional cavity may be formed in the rear side of the body for storing one or more golf tees. In yet another feature of the present invention, the lower portion of the device may have an external annular groove thereby providing a better gripping surface for the user to set a tee. Because of the relatively small size and cylindrical shape of the device, the device fits well in a golfer's hand and is easily carried by the golfer. Other features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from a review of the drawings, taken in conjunction with the detailed description. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a perspective view of the device of the present invention; FIG. 2 is another perspective view showing a golf tee engaged with the device; FIG. 3A is a perspective view of a second embodiment of the present invention; FIGS. 3B and 3C are perspective views of example ornaments that may be placed on the device in lieu of a bubble level; FIG. 3D is a perspective view of a key chain holder that may be placed on the device in lieu of a bubble level; FIG. 4 illustrates a modification to the device wherein the bubble level is offset from the body of the device; FIG. 5 is another perspective view of the second embodiment illustrating a modification to the feature used to create various tee settings; FIG. 6 is another perspective view of the present invention illustrating special features used to create low tee height settings; FIG. 7 illustrates yet another feature of the present invention in the form of an additional cavity formed in the body of the device thereby providing another set of tee height settings; FIG. 8 is a perspective view illustrating the device having a cavity of a particular depth; FIG. 9 is another perspective view similar to FIG. 8 but illustrating the device having a cavity of a different depth; FIG. 10 is an enlarged fragmentary perspective view of the device wherein angular adjustment of a tee may be modified by use of one or more protrusions within the cavity; FIG. 11 is a perspective view of a rear or backside of the body of the device especially adapted for receiving an advertisement; FIG. 12 is a perspective view of the backside of the device modified to include an additional cavity and brackets for holding one or more golf tees; and FIG. 13 illustrates another modification of the present invention wherein an external groove is formed on a lower portion of the device thereby providing a more ergonomic gripping surface for emplacement of the golf tee in the ground. DETAILED DESCRIPTION Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, a first preferred embodiment of the invention is shown. The device 10 is defined by a body 12 having a longitudinal channel or cavity formed therethrough defined by interior surface 14. One side or surface of the body 12 is removed thereby exposing the cavity. Faces 18 define the areas where the body 12 has been removed to expose the cavity, the removed portion also referred to as a slot. The body 12 is shown as being elongated, and may be made in a cylindrical shape. An upper portion of the body 12 includes a threaded opening. The threaded opening receives an adjustment screw 24. The threaded opening may simply include threads formed on the interior surface of the body defining the opening, or a threaded insert 19 can be mounted within a non-threaded opening. The adjustment screw 24 includes a screw head 26 that may be manipulated by the golfer to vary the length at which the screw 24 is positioned within the cavity. The position of the screw 24 determines the height of the tee to be set. A lower portion of the body 12 includes a pair of flanges 20, and a notch 22 formed between the flanges. Referring to FIG. 2, a standard golf tee T is shown engaged with the device 10. The golf tee T includes a head H, a shaft S, and a neck portion N. The upper surface of the head H contacts the free end of the adjustment screw 24. A user may rotate the adjustment screw to position the tip of the screw along scale 28. Scale 28 may be a distance scale or index indicating the height at which the tee is to be positioned with respect to the ground. Optionally, an additional scale in the form of a club head selection scale or range 30 may be provided on the other face 18 also providing a golfer an indication of where to position the tip of the adjustment screw 24. For example, the cross-hatched lines positioned above the letter D indicates a range corresponding to a desired tee setting for a particular golf club, such as a driver. In use, a golfer secures a golf tee, inserts it in the cavity, and places the top surface of the golf tee against the end of the screw 24, as shown in FIG. 2. A user then adjusts the adjustment screw 24 to position the tee at the desired height, utilizing either the scale 28 and/or scale 30. The golfer then places one or more fingers over the head of the golf tee to ensure that the golf tee remains engaged within the cavity and against the end of the adjustment screw. The golfer then presses the golf tee into the ground until the lower surface or edge 16 of the device is flush with the ground. The device is then disengaged from the golf tee by simply moving the device laterally away from the golf tee. Referring to FIG. 3A, another preferred embodiment of the present invention is shown. In this second embodiment, the device 40 is also characterized as having a cylindrical shaped body 42, and a longitudinal cavity extending therethrough. Within the longitudinal cavity, a plurality of longitudinally aligned recesses 44 are formed, the recesses 44 being sized and spaced from one another to create incremental tee settings. The recesses are shaped to receive the head H of the golf tee, as shown. The recesses are defined by a plurality of ridges 45 extending from the interior surface defining the cavity. The recesses 44 may be further defined as including arcuate sloping portions 46 that abut the neck N of the tee. In FIG. 3A, a total of six settings are provided for height adjustment of the golf tee; however, more or less settings can be provided as desired. The device 40 may further include a setting scale 56 and/or a club level selection scale 58 placed on the respective faces 43 of the body. The device 40 further includes a pair of flanges 48 formed at a lower portion thereof, and a notch 50 positioned between the pair of flanges 48. One additional feature shown with respect to the embodiment in FIG. 3A is a bubble level 60. The bubble level is simply attached to the upper surface of the body 42. The bubble level may include indicia such as an alignment mark 61, cross hairs 62, and angular alignment lines 64. In use, a golfer secures the tee within the recess 44 corresponding to the desired height at which the golfer desires to set the tee. The golfer holds the golf tee and device 40, and presses the tee into the ground. As the golfer inserts the tee, the golfer may observe the bubble within the bubble level to align the bubble with the indicia. In some circumstances, it may be desirable to place the tee at a particular angle depending upon the type of club used, and the desired golf shot to be obtained. For example, placing the golf tee at a slight rearward angle with respect to the flight direction of the ball may assist a golfer in creating a back spin when the club face strikes the ball, or placing the golf tee at a slight forward angle with respect to the flight direction may assist a golfer in creating an over spin when the club face strikes the ball. If the golfer desires to set the tee at an angle, the golfer would choose a particular angular line 64, and align the bubble with that particular line. Referring to FIGS. 3B and 3C, in lieu of placing a bubble level on the device, an ornament 66 may be placed on the upper portion of the device thereby adding to the overall ornamentality of the device. The ornaments 66 shown are simply examples, and a user could choose any type of ornament in order to enhance the look of the device. As shown in FIG. 3D, yet another option is to attach a key chain holder 68 to the upper portion of the device, the holder 68 including a opening 70 for receiving a key chain or key ring (not shown). FIG. 4 illustrates a modification to the present invention wherein the device includes an arm 72 attached to the body, and placement of the bubble level 60 on the arm 72. Accordingly, the upper surface 74 of the body is free for the golfer to place the golfer's thumb or palm of the hand for setting the golf tee. Directing a force along the longitudinal axis of the device is made easier by pressing on the upper surface, and also avoids damaging and obscuring the bubble during use. Particularly, in dry ground conditions, it may be necessary to press on the upper surface of the device to improve the amount of force applied in penetrating the ground. FIG. 5 illustrates yet another embodiment shown as device 40′ that is similar to the device 40; however, the particular shape of the features in the cavity have been changed. More specifically, a plurality of longitudinally spaced arcuate protrusions 84 are formed on the interior surface 85 defining the channel or cavity. The arcuate protrusions 84 are spaced from one another and sized so that the head H of the golf tee is secured between pairs of adjacent protrusions. Accordingly, various tee settings are provided between the protrusions. Also as desired, a setting/distance scale and/or a club head selection scale may be placed on faces 82 in the same manner as FIG. 1 and/or FIG. 3A. Referring to FIG. 6, an additional feature that may be incorporated within the present invention includes the provision of a plurality of arcuate shaped recesses 88 formed on a bottom surface 86 of the device. Although this feature is shown as being combined with the third embodiment, it shall be also understood that the bottom portion of each of the embodiments may be so modified to include the arcuate recesses 88. When it is only desired to have the golf tee extend slightly above the level of the ground, a golfer simply inserts the head of the tee within the desired recess 88, and then presses the golf tee into the ground until the bottom surface 86 is flush with the ground. Particularly for teeing the ball on a par three hole, it may only be necessary or desired by the golfer to slightly raise the level of the golf ball above the ground. Accordingly, the recesses 88 are particularly adapted for use of the device in this circumstance. Referring to FIG. 7, yet another feature of the present invention is shown wherein a device 80 may include a first channel 81 with recesses 83 formed therein and adapted in size to create tee settings, and an additional channel 85 with recesses 87 formed therein to create additional tee settings. The recesses 83 and 87 may be longitudinally offset, the offset shown as differential distance 90. Thus, the offset arrangement between the channels provides the additional tee settings since the distance to the lower end of the device 80 is different for each recess. Referring to FIGS. 8 and 9, these figures simply illustrate the ability of the present invention to provide a cavity having variations in depth. Depending upon a golfer's preference, it may be desirable to provide a device with a deeper cavity depth thereby reducing effort required to maintain the tee within the cavity during insertion of the tee into the ground. Alternatively, it may be desirable to provide the cavity at a shallower depth, thereby easing disengagement of the tee from the device after the tee has been set. FIG. 8 shows a device with the shallower cavity while FIG. 9 shows a device with the deeper cavity. Referring to FIG. 10, yet an additional feature contemplated within the present invention is to provide one or more protrusions in the form of set screws or shims 92 that protrude from the various recesses within the longitudinal cavity. The purpose of these protrusions is to adjust the angle at which the tee is set. The protrusions may be of differing lengths to thereby create different tee angles. For example, a golfer may wish to routinely place the golf tee at a particular forward or reverse angle with respect to the flight of the ball. Accordingly, use of one or more of the protrusions will result in the tee having an inherent angle or inclination with respect to the longitudinal axis of the device. Shim receiving holes 93 are provided along the cavity at desired locations to receive the shims. In use, a golfer secures a tee in the channel and maintains contact of the tee against the shims 92. The golfer can observe the bubble level which normally indicates vertical alignment of the tee, but because of the shims 92, the tee is inserted at the prescribed angle. A user may selectively remove or add shims 92 to adjust tee angles. As shown, the shims 92 may be either placed within the individual recesses, or may be placed within the portion of cavity below the most lower recess. Although FIG. 10 shows two shims 92, only one shim is required to provide some angularity. Additionally, the shims can be used to compensate for the size of the particular tee used to provide a desired tee angle. Not all tees have the same diameter at the head, and diameters also differ at the tee shafts. If a different type of tee is used with different dimensions, the golfer can then reset the shims to provide the necessary compensation for angularity. Referring to FIG. 11, the rear or backside of the body is shown wherein a logo or advertisement 102 may be attached thereto. As shown in FIG. 12, yet another feature contemplated within the present invention is an additional cavity or opening 104 formed in the body, and a plurality of brackets 106 sized and spaced from one another for securing golf tees. Yet another feature of the present invention is shown in FIG. 13. An external arcuate groove 108 may be formed on the lower portion of the body, thereby providing a user a more ergonomic shape for grasping the device when setting the tee. Although extension 72, recesses 88, shims 92, groove 108, and deeper vs. shallower cavity depths (FIGS. 8 and 9) have been illustrated with respect to a device having a particular type of channel/cavity, to include particular types of recesses for creating various tee settings, it shall be understood that these features can be used with any channel/cavity disclosed herein. A number of different types of materials may be used for making the present invention. Perhaps the best material is a thermoplastic that can be molded into the desired shape. The shape of the present invention is easily repeatable within a molding process. The present invention could also be constructed of a metal which is either molded, or shaped as by use of a router and lathe. The present invention can also be made of wood. The bubble level may be made of a clear plastic such as acrylic. While the foregoing invention has been described with respect to preferred embodiments, it shall be understood that various other changes and modifications to the invention can be made within the spirit and scope of the invention, as claimed.	<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>In the game of golf, a golfer is allowed to hit the golf ball from the tee box by placing the ball on a golf tee to raise the level or height at which the ball rests above the ground. Particularly for use of drivers or other clubs of similar configurations, it is necessary to raise the height of the ball to some level thereby ensuring the club face strikes the ball at the correct height and angle. A performance goal for professional as well as recreational golfers is to develop skills so that the game of golf becomes a more routine and repeatable sequence of actions thereby helping to eliminate the great number of variables that can produce an undesirable golf score. Highly skilled golfers such as professionals have the opportunity to play golf quite frequently, and because of this frequency, these golfers develop a certain “feel” for every aspect of the game to include the manner in which a golf ball is properly teed. However, recreational golfers do not get the opportunity to play as frequently, and inherently, will not have either the skill, patience, or discipline to correctly tee the golf ball each time. Ultimately, proper setting of the tee is important because it affects a golf ball's launch angle, launch direction, and the type and amount of spin imparted on the ball. Accordingly, improperly setting the golf tee will undermine a golfer's opportunity to shoot a better score. A number of prior art devices exist to assist a golfer in setting a golf tee at the proper height. One example of such a device is disclosed in the U.S. Pat. No. 5,370,388. This reference discloses a device having a threaded arrangement that allows a user to incrementally select a height at which a golf tee extends above the ground. U.S. Pat. No. 5,080,357 is another example of a device used to set a golf tee. This device includes a pair of articulated jaw assemblies located at a lower end portion of an elongated tubular shaft, and a handle jaw operating lever located at an upper end of the shaft. Manual squeezing of the lever moves an actuation rod within the shaft causing opposed lengths associated with the rod to move each jaw assembly outwardly. The jaw assemblies coact to hold a golf ball and tee, and are releaseable therefrom after the tee has been inserted into the ground. Yet another example of a device used for adjustably setting a golf tee includes the invention disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,643,113. This reference discloses a clamp for engaging the shaft of the golf tee, and a positioning screw engages a head of the golf tee such that a predetermined length of the tee shaft projects beyond the clamp for insertion into the ground. Although there are a number of prior inventions that exist, many of them suffer from various disadvantages to include being structurally complex and difficult to use. Additionally, the prior art suffers in that the references fail to provide both angular alignment and height adjustment of the tee with respect to the ground. Additionally, the prior art suffers in that many of the devices are large and bulky, and are not easily stored or carried by a golfer.	<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>It is one object of the present invention to provide a golf tee setting device that is structurally simple, yet provides a golfer with an effective solution for setting a golf tee at a precise height and angle with respect to the ground. It is yet another object of the invention to provide a golf tee setting device that is easily and precisely adjustable allowing a golfer to choose the desired height and angle of the tee. In accordance with the method of the present invention, it is also an object of the present invention to provide a quick and repeatable method of setting a golf tee, along with easy disengagement of the device from the golf tee after it has been set. It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a device that is adapted for use with the most common form of golf tees, namely, wooden tees used by both professionals and recreational golfers. In accordance with a first preferred embodiment of the present invention, the device of the invention may be constructed from a cylindrical or approximately cylindrical piece of material having a threaded adjustment screw manipulated by the user to set the particular height of the golf tee. The body has a longitudinal cavity formed therethrough for receiving the adjustment screw. A slot is formed in the body by removing a section thereof thus exposing the longitudinal cavity enabling a user to view the tee when engaged with the device. A visual scale may be incorporated on the body of the device enabling the golfer to quickly reference the desired height to set the tee. A bubble level may be attached to an upper portion of the body thereby allowing a user to adjust and set the angular orientation of the tee with respect to the ground. In another embodiment of the present invention, in lieu of using a threaded adjustment screw to adjust the setting of the tee, a plurality of stepped openings may be formed in the chamber, the openings being aligned longitudinally with one another along the length of the body. Thus, several incremental tee heights are provided. In the second embodiment, a bubble level may also be incorporated to provide a user with the capability to adjust the angular orientation of the tee. It may also be desirable to offset the bubble level so that the golfer can engage the upper portion of the body when setting the golf tee, thus, the bubble level remains visible for angular adjustment of the tee as necessary. In lieu of a bubble level, it may be desirable to incorporate other accessories on the device such as ornaments, or a key chain holder. Yet another feature that may be incorporated with the present invention is a plurality of arcuate shaped grooves formed on a bottom portion of the device, these grooves being particularly adapted for creating low golf tee settings. In yet another feature of the present invention, multiple cavities may be provided on the body to provide a user with additional tee settings. It is also contemplated within the present invention that the depth of the cavity formed in the body can be varied to best suit the desired manner in which to engage and disengage the golf tee. In yet another feature of the present invention, one or more fine adjustment elements may be provided in the form of small projections in the cavity of the body. These projections provide a pre-set angular orientation of the tee with respect to the ground. In yet another feature of the present invention, the back or rear side of the body of the device may be especially adapted to receive an advertising logo, or an additional cavity may be formed in the rear side of the body for storing one or more golf tees. In yet another feature of the present invention, the lower portion of the device may have an external annular groove thereby providing a better gripping surface for the user to set a tee. Because of the relatively small size and cylindrical shape of the device, the device fits well in a golfer's hand and is easily carried by the golfer. Other features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from a review of the drawings, taken in conjunction with the detailed description.	20040521	20070529	20051124	66092.0		0	WONG, STEVEN B	GOLF TEE SETTING DEVICE AND METHOD	SMALL	0	ACCEPTED		2,004
10,851,311	ACCEPTED	Messaging protocol for processing messages with attachments	A message that is to be processed according to an electronic messaging protocol is associated with a sender of the message. The message also includes an attachment from an attaching entity. The attachment is associated with a unique property of the attaching entity. Other embodiments are also described and claimed.	1. A method comprising: inserting into a message, that is to be processed according to an electronic messaging protocol, information that identifies a sender of the message, the message includes an attachment from an attaching entity; and inserting into the message a unique property of the attaching entity. 2. The method of claim 1 further comprising presenting the message, including the inserted information about the sender and the attaching entity, to an end user who has received the message via said messaging protocol. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the electronic messaging protocol is an email protocol. 4. A machine-implemented method for communicating, comprising: inserting an attachment into a message that is to be delivered according to a messaging protocol; and filling (i) a first field of the message to identify a sender and (ii) a second field of the message to identify an entity who requested that the attachment be inserted. 5. The method of claim 4 further comprising: sending the message including the attachment and filled first and second fields to a message transfer agent, the agent being a node within a plurality of networks interconnected with one or more routers. 6. The method of claim 5 where in the inserting, filling, and sending are performed by one of (a) a source user agent, and (b) a client program of the sender. 7. The method of claim 4 wherein the message is created as a forwarded message that includes information that identifies one or more prior senders. 8. The method of claim 4 wherein the message includes (i) a further attachment from a prior sender, and (ii) information that separately identifies the prior sender as a further attaching entity that inserted the further attachment. 9. A machine-implemented method for communicating, comprising: creating a message to be delivered according to a messaging protocol for a plurality of networks interconnected with one or more routers, wherein the message includes (i) an attachment from an attaching entity, and (ii) information that identifies a sender of the message and separately identifies the attaching entity; and sending the created message to a message transfer agent. 10. The method of claim 9 wherein the message is created as a forwarded message that includes information that identifies one or more prior senders. 11. The method of claim 9 wherein the message includes (i) a further attachment from a prior sender, and (ii) information that separately identifies the prior sender as a further attaching entity that inserted the further attachment. 12. The method of claim 9 wherein the information identifies the attaching entity by one of (a) a name of the entity, (b) an email address of the entity, and (c) where the attaching entity is a person, the initials of the person. 13. The method of claim 9 further comprising: displaying simultaneously in a window (i) a filename of the attachment and (ii) said information that separately identifies the attaching entity, wherein the information that separately identifies the attaching entity is displayed as a mouse-over whenever a cursor in the window is positioned over the displayed filename of the attachment. 14. The method of claim 9 further comprising: displaying simultaneously in a window (i) a filename of the attachment and (ii) said information that separately identifies the attaching entity, wherein the information that separately identifies the attaching entity disappears when the displayed filename collapses back up. 15. The method of claim 9 wherein the attachment is a word processor file that represents a document that is being worked on by the attaching entity and an intended recipient of the message. 16. A machine-implemented method for communicating, comprising: processing a message that is received from a client program of a subscriber to a communications service, wherein the message is to be delivered according to a messaging protocol for a plurality of networks interconnected with one or more routers, and wherein the message includes an attachment from the subscriber and a first field that identifies a sender as the subscriber; and then adding a second field to the message that identifies an entity who requested that an attachment be inserted into the message as the subscriber. 17. The method of claim 16 wherein the message includes (i) a further attachment from a prior sender, and (ii) information that separately identifies the prior sender as a further attaching entity that inserted the further attachment. 18. The method of claim 16 wherein the processing and adding operations are performed by a server network, of one or more networked server machines, that is administered by a provider of the communications service. 19. The method of claim 18 wherein the communications service is an email service that provides email box storage for the subscriber. 20. The method of claim 18 wherein the communications service is a unified messaging service that provides inbound and outbound facsimile services for the subscriber via email. 21. The method of claim 18 wherein the message further includes a destination field that identifies a data network address of an intended recipient of the message, the method further comprising: sending the message including the attachment, the first and second fields, and the destination field, to a next hop in the plurality of networks according to the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP). 22. The method of claim 18 wherein the provider is a Web portal company. 23. The method of claim 21 further comprising: receiving the message including the attachment, the first and second fields, and the destination field, from the next hop, and then controlling a client-side user interface of the intended recipient via a Web server that has been accessed by the intended recipient, to display information taken from the first and second fields. 24. A machine-implemented method for communicating, comprising: processing a message from a user agent to be delivered according to a messaging protocol for a plurality of networks interconnected with one or more routers, wherein the message includes an attachment and a first field that identifies a sender; and filling a second field of the message to identify an entity who requested that the attachment be inserted into the message. 25. The method of claim 24 wherein the processing and filling are performed by a mail transfer agent. 26. A machine-implemented method for communicating, comprising: receiving information about a message that is processed according to a messaging protocol, the message includes an attachment from an attaching entity, a first field to identify a sender of the message, and a second field to identify the attaching entity, and wherein the received information is taken from the first and second fields; and presenting the received information to an intended recipient of the message. 27. The method of claim 26 wherein the second field is an X-header field. 28. The method of claim 26 wherein the information is received and presented by a client program that is inherently capable of interpreting the second field of the message as referring to an attaching entity associated with the attachment. 29. The method of claim 26 wherein the information is received and presented by a client program that further receives instructions, from a provider of messaging services who processed the message, for interpreting the second field of the message as referring to an attaching entity associated with the attachment. 30. The method of claim 29 wherein the intended recipient is a paying subscriber to a messaging service of the provider. 31. The method of claim 30 wherein the messaging service subscribed to by the recipient includes hosting storage of the message. 32. A machine-implemented method for communicating, comprising: receiving information about a message that is processed according to a messaging protocol for a plurality of networks interconnected with one or more routers, the message includes an attachment from an attaching entity, and wherein the received information identifies a sender of the message and separately identifies the attaching entity; and presenting the received information to an intended recipient of the message. 33. The method of claim 32 wherein the message was forwarded. 34. The method of claim 33 wherein the message includes a further attachment, and wherein the received information separately identifies a further attaching entity who added the further attachment. 35. The method of claim 33 wherein the received information further identifies two or more senders associated with the message. 36. The method of claim 32 wherein the received information identifies the attaching entity by one of (a) a name of the entity, and (b) where the attaching entity is a person, the initials of the person. 37. The method of claim 32 wherein the message includes a plurality of attachments from a plurality of different attaching entities, respectively, and the received information includes a unique property, for each of the plurality of attaching entities, which is presented by being displayed on a screen adjacent to an icon for a respective one of the plurality of attachments. 38. The method of claim 32 wherein the presented information includes sender name, date sent, subject, and an attachment symbol, all being displayed on a screen in one line, and wherein a unique property of the attaching entity, obtained from the received information, is displayed in response to the intended recipient selecting the attachment symbol. 39. The method of claim 38 wherein the presented information further includes message size, displayed in said one line. 40. The method of claim 38 wherein the message includes a plurality of attachments from a plurality of different attaching entities, respectively, and the received information includes a unique property, for each of the plurality of attaching entities, which is presented by via audio playback to the intended recipient. 41. The method of claim 37 wherein the received information is presented to the intended recipient via a client email program. 42. The method of claim 37 wherein the received information is presented to the intended recipient via a client Web browser interface to an email box service. 43. The method of claim 32 wherein the attachment is a word processor file that represents a document that is being worked on by the attaching entity and the intended recipient.	BACKGROUND An embodiment of the invention is related to electronic messaging protocols for a set of data networks that are interconnected with routers (e.g., the Internet), and in particular to the processing of messages having attachments. Other embodiments are also described and claimed. Electronic messaging protocols such as those that are used to pass messages over the Internet are in widespread use. Examples of such protocols include electronic mail (email), news, and online-chat (sometimes referred to as Instant Messaging) protocols. These protocols typically define a message as some form of data structure that has (i) a message body and (ii) one or more header fields. The header fields may contain information about where the message came from (e.g., the “from:” field of an email message), where it is going (e.g., the “to:” field of an email message), its subject, when it was sent, etc. The message body on the other hand may contain the body or essence of the message, in the form of data that typically has a predefined format (e.g., consists only of ASCII characters). Some protocols allow a sender to enclose or “attach” in the message body an object that is not in the predefined format. These protocols can automatically translate between the predefined format and some other format used by a given software application (e.g., between 7-bit ASCII characters and 8-bit binary characters). The attached objects may be “detached” by the recipient of the message, using the translation protocol. For example, with respect to email messages, the Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) protocol allows non-ASCII objects such as image files, audio/video files, and application software files (e.g., word processor, spreadsheet, and database program files) to become attachments in a message. Attachments are represented to a user on a display monitor as, for example, a small icon together with an identifier such as its filename. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The embodiments of the invention are illustrated by way of example and not by way of limitation in the figures of the accompanying drawings in which like references indicate similar elements. It should be noted that references to “an” embodiment of the invention in this disclosure are not necessarily to the same embodiment, and they mean at least one. FIG. 1 depicts a screen shot of a received email message with an associated attachment. FIG. 2 shows a conceptual diagram of a central server messaging system in which an embodiment of a messaging protocol described here may be implemented. FIG. 3 shows a conceptual diagram of another environment for the messaging protocol in which message transfer agents and user agents are used. FIG. 4 is a conceptual diagram of communications between the source and the recipient in which the client programs are aware of the associated attachment capability. FIG. 5 depicts a conceptual diagram of communications between the source and the recipient where the client programs may be arbitrary in that they need not be aware of the associated attachment capability. FIG. 6 illustrates a mouse-over feature for displaying information about an associated attachment. FIG. 7 illustrates a collapse-down/collapse-up feature for displaying information about an associated attachment. FIG. 8 shows a user interface screen shot that depicts an example default view of a message, with a collapsed attachment section. FIG. 9 shows a screen shot of the user interface in FIG. 8 with the attachment section expanded. DETAILED DESCRIPTION The inventor has noted that when a forwarded message has been received that contains an attachment, conventional techniques do not show or suggest to the recipient of the message who, among the various senders associated with the forwarded message, is the attaching entity. For example with respect to email, when an email message has been received that has been forwarded at least once and that contains an attachment, the recipient has no indication which of the two or more previous senders of the message actually requested that the attachment be inserted. Such information would be useful particularly in situations where a group of people are collaborating on one or more documents using conventional email capabilities to pass different versions of the document as attachments. According to an embodiment of the invention, an attachment within a message (that is to be processed according to an electronic messaging protocol) is associated with a unique property of the attaching entity. This is, of course, in addition to associating the message with a sender. The method may be applied to multiple attachments, as well as to messages that have been either newly created or have been forwarded more than once, to more easily allow the recipient of the message to determine who attached what to the message. A graphical user interface may then display not only an attachment name for each of the attachments within a message, but also any unique property of the attaching entity (e.g., name, email address, etc.). This could be done for multiple attachments in the message, and one or more different attaching entities within a single or recursive thread of a message chain. As an example, consider that John Doe creates a message and attaches a file named “a.doc”. The message is then sent to Jane Smith, who receives the message and attaches another file named “b.doc”. The message is then forwarded to Alice Cooper. When Alice receives and opens the message using, for example, a client program that supports such a methodology, or a Web interface with similar support, Alice would be presented with not only a message with two attachments in a conventional sense, but will also be presented with the name or other unique property of the person that is directly associated with each attachment. Thus, in this example, Alice would see an attachment icon for a.doc, next which “John Doe” would be displayed. In addition, Alice would see an attachment icon for b.doc, next to which “Jane Smith” is shown. See FIG. 1 for a further example, where a screen shot of a window from a client program acting as a Web interface to an email box enhanced with the “associated attachment” feature is shown. In this example, the display shows a “from” field 10 and a “to” field 14 for the most recent leg of a forwarded message. In addition, an earlier leg is also shown with “from” field 18 and “to” field 22. At the bottom of the screen are two attachments that can be identified by their filename fields 26, 34. Each of these is an “associated attachment” in that an additional field 30, 38 has been added to more easily indicate to the email recipient the attaching entity. More generally, however, as described below, the associated attachment technique may be applied to other types of messaging protocols, as well as other types of data communication networks. Turning now to FIG. 2, an example data network for implementing the associated attachment capability is shown. In this example, the messaging protocol uses a single message server 108 in a central server model to pass messages between a number of connected user systems. An example message 120 originates with user system 116 (source) and is to be delivered to the intended recipient at user system 104. The message 120 may be stored within a central message store 112 under control of the message server 108, until a client program in the user system 104 is available to read the message. The message 120 includes an attachment 124 that may have been inserted at the user system 116, a sender field 125 which is filled with data that identifies the sender, a recipient field 126 that identifies the recipient and an associated attachment (AA) field 128 that identifies the entity that requested that the attachment 124 be inserted. The message 120 so created is then stored within the central message store 112 on behalf of the recipient identified in the recipient field 126. Referring now to FIG. 3, another embodiment of the invention is shown where the messaging protocol operates over multiple networks that are interconnected with one or more routers (e.g., the Internet). Here, rather than having a single message server 108 that serves all of the users in the system, multiple systems or networks are connected with message transfer agents 204. In this case, a message 220 may originate with a user agent 208 and will include one or more attachments 124 together with their AA fields 128 as shown. The message 220 may be stored somewhere along the path between the source user agent 208 and the destination user agent 212. Accordingly, there may be multiple “hops” between the source user agent 208 and the destination user agent 212. As in the embodiment of FIG. 2, the intended recipient will receive information about a message that has been processed according to an electronic messaging protocol, where the message includes an attachment from an attaching entity, a field to identify a sender of the message, and an AA field to identify the attaching entity. This information may be taken from the different portions of the message 220 and may be delivered either in one transfer or in separate transfers, to the recipient at the user agent 212. Still referring to FIG. 3, the movement of messages from one system to another, that is from one message transfer agent 204 to another, may be implemented using server software that collects messages from a user agent 208 and passes them along to a destination message transfer agent 206. As an example, the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) may be used to define how a message is moved from one store or a file system to another, or from one server to another. A message may be sent from a user agent 208 to the server in message transfer agent 204, or from the server in message transfer agent 206 to the user agent 212, using for example the Post Office Protocol (POP). In such a case, client software (or the user agent) for the recipient checks the recipient's email box or message store every so often, to see if any messages are there. If so, the message is downloaded and stored locally to be subsequently presented to the recipient. Similarly, at the source or sender site, it is client software or user agent 208 that sends a message to a server in the message transfer agent 204 for delivery. FIG. 4 is a conceptual diagram of communications between the source and the recipient in which the client programs (or simply, clients) 404, 420 are aware of the associated attachment capability. In this embodiment, a source client 404 is referred to as being “AA aware” because it can not only insert an attachment into a message that is to be sent, but it also has knowledge of and is able to insert and fill a new field of the message, to identify the user of the source client 404 as the entity who requested that the attachment be inserted. Note that this message may be a newly created one, that is newly created in the client 404, or it may be a forwarded message, that is, based on one previously received by the client 404 and that includes information identifying one or more prior senders. In the case of forwarded messages therefore, a further attachment from a prior sender may be included in the message, along with information that separately identifies the prior sender as a further attaching entity that inserted the further attachment. See, for example, the screen shot of FIG. 1 showing such a forwarded message with multiple attachments. Here, the information identifies the attaching entity by its email address; alternatives include the name of the entity and, where the attaching entity is a person, just the initials of the person. Another example of a forwarded message with multiple attachments is shown below, where all headers in the message are also shown. Example Email Message From Jane Smith Fri Dec 12 15:14:39 2003 X-Apparently-To: alice@iapdomain..com via 216.136.225.53; Fri, 12 Dec 2003 15:14:58 -0800 Return-Path: <janes@iapdomain.com> Received: from 64.202.166.29 (HELO smtpout-1-2d.secureserver.net) (64.202.166.29) by mta222.mail.scd.yahoo.com with SMTP; Fri, 12 Dec 2003 15:14:57-0800 Received: (qmail 16195 invoked from network); 12 Dec. 2003 23:14:58-0000 Received: from unknown (67.100.80.253) by smtpout-1-2d.secureserver.net (64.202.166.28) with ESMTP; 12 Dec. 2003 23:14:58-0000 Subject: FW: Pics Date: Fri, 12 Dec 2003 15:14:39-0800 Message-ID: <002201c3c105$b84012f0$3201a8c0@Mike> MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary=″____ =_NextPart_000_0023—01C3C0C2.AA1CD2F0″ X-Priority: 3 (Normal) X-MSMail-Priority: Normal X-Mailer: Microsoft Outlook, Build 10.0.2616 X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2800.1165 Importance: Normal Content-Length: 434890 Forwarded Message From: “John Doe”<john@iapdomain.com> To: janes@iapdomain.com Subject: Pics Date: Thu, 11 Dec 2003 08:21:36-0800 Message-ID: <39A8F53E4B5F714EB75663F972770BDA08CC92@fnserver.doe.local> MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary=″---- =_NextPart—000—001D—01C3C0C2.A9F91E50″ X-Priority: 3 (Normal) X-MSMail-Priority: Normal X-Mailer: Microsoft Outlook, Build 10.0.4510 X-Nonspam: Whitelist X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2800.1165 Importance: Normal Attachment a.doc .jpg file, 750×563, 63k X-AA_entity: “John Doe” <johnd@iapdomain.com> Attachment b.doc .jpg file, 800×600, 66k X-AA_entity: “Jane Smith” <janes@iapdomain.com> In the example above, the information on the attaching entity associated with a particular attachment is given in an “X-header” field, described as X_AA_entity. Other optional message fields may be used, e.g. those that comply with a known messaging standard. Still referring to FIG. 4, the message may be sent from the source client 404 to a message transfer agent which in this embodiment is a SMTP server/relay 408. This can be done by way of a point of presence (PoP) 406 which gives the user access to the Internet and may be administered by a commercial Internet access provider (IAP). The source user may be a subscriber to the IAP and uses hardware (not shown) that, for example, may communicate with the PoP 406 via a dial-up connection, digital subscriber line (DSL) or other low level transmission link. The message is further transferred over one or more hops, i.e. nodes of an internet, before arriving at a recipient side mail transfer agent, here the SMTP relay 416. At the SMTP relay 416, the message may be transferred to a storage (not shown) and stored on behalf of the recipient. A recipient client program (or simply, client) 420 may then receive the message (e.g., by polling for new messages) from, for example, an email box assigned to the recipient. Note that in the embodiment depicted in FIG. 4, both the source and recipient clients 404, 420 are aware of the associated attachment capability. In that case, neither the SMTP server/relay 408 nor the SMTP relay 416 need be aware of the AA capability; it is up to the clients 404, 420 to process and display information about the attaching entity. An example of the clients 404, 420 that may be modified to have the AA capability is an email client program (e.g., NOTES software by Lotus Development Corp.). To recap part of the discussion above in connection with FIG. 4, the clients 404, 420 were said to be “AA aware” in that each is inherently capable of interpreting a particular header field of a message as referring to an attaching entity associated with an attachment in the message. In other words, the recipient client 420 (as well as the source client 404) have the needed program code (as provided by the publisher of the software that constitutes the client application) to interpret and properly display the associated attachment information to a user. Another embodiment of the invention is shown in FIG. 5, where the client programs are not capable of automatically interpreting the associated attachment information. For example, the arbitrary client 504 may be a conventional Web browser that is used by the source user to access an email box service to which he or she subscribes, e.g., YAHOO! Mail email solutions. The user in this case is a subscriber to a messaging service, and in particular one that provides the associated attachment capability. The user may request that a new message be created, via a Web interface such as that provided by YAHOO! Mail email solutions, and may specify an attachment to be inserted (according to conventional techniques). It is then up to the Internet service provider (ISP) network 509 that is hosting the email solution to recognize that the user has requested a particular attachment, and in response to add a specified field to the message to separately identify the source user as the entity who requested that the attachment be inserted. This modification to the message can be performed by new software in the ISP network 509 that will recognize the “sender” of the message (that will also contain an attachment 124) as also being the attaching entity, and in response will add AA info field 128 to the message. At the recipient side, an arbitrary client 520 (e.g., once again a Web browser that is used as a Web interface to the recipient user's email account maintained by an Internet service provider such as YAHOO! Mail email solutions) is used to access and display an “inbox”. The associated attachment messaging services added to the ISP network 509 are responsible for providing the arbitrary client 520 with the necessary data, so that the client 520 is able to receive information about the message (that includes an attachment), where this received information has been taken from a sender field and an AA info field of the message. For example, this received information may be presented to the intended recipient of the message via Web site content that has been downloaded by the arbitrary client 520. Note that in the above described embodiments of FIGS. 4 and 5, although both the source and recipient had a similar type of client program (for instance in FIG. 4, both client programs were AA aware, whereas in FIG. 5 neither client program was AA aware), the associated attachment capability may also be implemented in situations where only one of the source and recipient clients is AA aware. In that case, the user that has an arbitrary client (that is, one which is not AA aware) may need to be a subscriber to an AA messaging service so that his arbitrary client can properly display to the user any associated attachment information that may have been inserted into a particular message. Referring back to FIG. 1, the attaching entity may be identified to a user by for example an email address being continuously displayed to the user, below the filename of the attachment, as shown in FIG. 1. An alternative however is to display this information as “mouse-over”. This is illustrated in FIG. 6. Whenever a cursor 608 is positioned over the displayed filename field 26 of an attachment, a pop-up 610 appears, to identify the attaching entity. The pop-up 610 disappears once the cursor has been moved off the filename field 26. In another embodiment, information about the attaching entity is displayed using a collapse down—collapse up feature as depicted in FIG. 7. Each attachment may be associated with a separate triangular icon 704, 708 that can be clicked-on by the user, to collapse down and collapse up the information about the associated attachments. FIGS. 8 and 9 show additional examples of displaying a message with associated attachment capability. In FIG. 8, the message is displayed with an attachment section 804 that is collapsed. In this example, there are three attachments as shown. Upon an end user clicking the expand icon 808, an expanded view appears as shown in FIG. 9. Note the additional data that is displayed for each of the three attachments, namely the name of the attaching entity and the date the attachment was created by its author. Alternatively, this additional data may include other types of “meta info” that can be associated with the attaching entity. Not all of this meta info need be displayed, however. FIGS. 8 and 9 also show another attachment section 812 that may be used instead of the collapsible section 804. In this case, the associated attachment information, e.g. the name of the attaching entity, is automatically displayed next to the name of its respective attachment when the message is opened by the end user, such that there is no need to click to expand the view (as with the section 804). The user interface in FIGS. 8 and 9 may be a Web-based client that is used to view and manage an email services account of an end user. The service may be one that combines conventional email storage and transmission with the fax/voice-to-email capability offered by j2 Global Communications. The user is identified by name and by an inbound fax/voice number in the section 820. A section 824 displays icons for different folders, one of which is INBOX (highlighted). Higher level actions such as setting preferences of the user interface, managing the folders, customer support, and the message inbox section may be taken using another set of icons in section 826. Finally, storage details regarding the email services account are displayed in section 828. The embodiments of the invention described above may be provided as a computer program product or software which may include a machine or computer-readable medium having stored thereon instructions which may be used to program a computer (or other electronic devices) to perform a process according to an embodiment of the invention. In other embodiments, operations might be performed by specific hardware components that contain microcode, hardwired logic, or by any combination of programmed computer components and custom hardware components. To summarize, various embodiments of a modification to a messaging protocol, for better dealing with attachments, have been described. In the foregoing specification, the invention has been described with reference to specific exemplary embodiments thereof. It will, however, be evident that various modifications and changes may be made thereto without departing from the broader spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims. For instance, although the AA info field has been illustrated in several example email messages as containing only information that identifies the attaching entity, this field may be used to contain additional information such as a filename for the attachment, and a time stamp (as to for example the time and/or date when the attachment was inserted into the message or when the attachment was created by its author). The specification and drawings are, accordingly, to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense.	<SOH> BACKGROUND <EOH>An embodiment of the invention is related to electronic messaging protocols for a set of data networks that are interconnected with routers (e.g., the Internet), and in particular to the processing of messages having attachments. Other embodiments are also described and claimed. Electronic messaging protocols such as those that are used to pass messages over the Internet are in widespread use. Examples of such protocols include electronic mail (email), news, and online-chat (sometimes referred to as Instant Messaging) protocols. These protocols typically define a message as some form of data structure that has (i) a message body and (ii) one or more header fields. The header fields may contain information about where the message came from (e.g., the “from:” field of an email message), where it is going (e.g., the “to:” field of an email message), its subject, when it was sent, etc. The message body on the other hand may contain the body or essence of the message, in the form of data that typically has a predefined format (e.g., consists only of ASCII characters). Some protocols allow a sender to enclose or “attach” in the message body an object that is not in the predefined format. These protocols can automatically translate between the predefined format and some other format used by a given software application (e.g., between 7-bit ASCII characters and 8-bit binary characters). The attached objects may be “detached” by the recipient of the message, using the translation protocol. For example, with respect to email messages, the Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) protocol allows non-ASCII objects such as image files, audio/video files, and application software files (e.g., word processor, spreadsheet, and database program files) to become attachments in a message. Attachments are represented to a user on a display monitor as, for example, a small icon together with an identifier such as its filename.	<SOH> BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS <EOH>The embodiments of the invention are illustrated by way of example and not by way of limitation in the figures of the accompanying drawings in which like references indicate similar elements. It should be noted that references to “an” embodiment of the invention in this disclosure are not necessarily to the same embodiment, and they mean at least one. FIG. 1 depicts a screen shot of a received email message with an associated attachment. FIG. 2 shows a conceptual diagram of a central server messaging system in which an embodiment of a messaging protocol described here may be implemented. FIG. 3 shows a conceptual diagram of another environment for the messaging protocol in which message transfer agents and user agents are used. FIG. 4 is a conceptual diagram of communications between the source and the recipient in which the client programs are aware of the associated attachment capability. FIG. 5 depicts a conceptual diagram of communications between the source and the recipient where the client programs may be arbitrary in that they need not be aware of the associated attachment capability. FIG. 6 illustrates a mouse-over feature for displaying information about an associated attachment. FIG. 7 illustrates a collapse-down/collapse-up feature for displaying information about an associated attachment. FIG. 8 shows a user interface screen shot that depicts an example default view of a message, with a collapsed attachment section. FIG. 9 shows a screen shot of the user interface in FIG. 8 with the attachment section expanded. detailed-description description="Detailed Description" end="lead"?	20040521	20080902	20060209	68634.0	G06F1516	1	KANG, PAUL H	MESSAGING PROTOCOL FOR PROCESSING MESSAGES WITH ATTACHMENTS BY INSERTING INTO A FIELD OF THE MESSAGE A UNIQUE PROPERTY OF THE ATTACHING ENTITY	UNDISCOUNTED	0	ACCEPTED	G06F	2,004
10,851,329	ACCEPTED	Engineering and automation system	An engineering system (1) and an associated automation system (1), whose components cooperate in accordance with specifications from the engineering system. These systems include a database (3) and at least one first and one second production module (20), which have an input interface (21) and an output interface (22). Each input interface (21) has a predefined number of inputs (23, 24) and each output interface (22) has a predefined number of outputs (25, 26). The database (3) contains a number of data records (31, 32, 33), each including at least one data item. Each one of the data records (31, 32, 33) is associated with a respective input (23, 24) and a respective output (25, 26).	1. An engineering system, comprising: a database, and at least one first and one second production module, which each have an input interface and an output interface, wherein each input interface comprises a predefined number of inputs and each output interface comprises a predefined number of outputs, and wherein the database comprises a number of data records, each of which comprises at least one respective data item, and wherein each of the data records is associated with a respective one of the inputs and a respective one of the outputs. 2. The engineering system as claimed in claim 1, wherein each production module comprises a trigger input, upon whose activation the data records associated with the respective inputs are accepted. 3. The engineering system as claimed in claim 2, wherein the respective data records are accepted from the database. 4. The engineering system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first production module is linked with the second production module. 5. The engineering system as claimed in claim 1, wherein each production module is associated with a respective production process, and wherein the data records associated with the respective outputs are accepted into the database after completion of the respective production process. 6. The engineering system as claimed in claim 5, wherein the first production module is linked with the second production module, and wherein, upon completion of the respective production process with which the first production module is associated, the data records associated with the respective inputs of the linked second production module are accepted. 7. The engineering system as claimed in claim 6, wherein the respective data records are accepted from the database. 8. The engineering system as claimed in claim 1, wherein each data record is associated with at least one of an identifier and type information. 9. The engineering system as claimed in claim 8, wherein each data record is associated with a format. 10. An automation system, comprising: at least one automation device, a database, and at least one first and one second production station that is at least one of controlled and monitored by the automation device, wherein the first production station is associated with at least one first production module and the second production station is associated with at least one second production module, each of which has an input interface and an output interface, wherein each input interface has a predefined number of inputs, and each output interface has a predefined number of outputs, wherein the database has a number of data records, each of which comprises at least one data item, and wherein each of the data records is associated with a respective one of the inputs and a respective one of the outputs. 11. The automation system as claimed in claim 10, wherein each production module comprises a trigger input, upon whose activation the data records associated with the respective inputs are accepted. 12. The engineering system as claimed in claim 11, wherein the respective data records are accepted from the database. 13. The automation system as claimed in claim 10, wherein the first production module is linked with the second production module. 14. The automation system as claimed in claim 10, wherein each production module is associated with a respective production process, and wherein the data records associated with the respective outputs are accepted into the database after completion of the respective production process. 15. The automation system as claimed in claim 14, wherein the first production module is linked with the second production module, and wherein, upon completion of the respective production process with which the first production module is associated, the data records associated with the respective inputs of the linked second production module are accepted from the database. 16. The automation system as claimed in claim 10, wherein each data record is associated with at least one of an identifier and type information. 17. The engineering system as claimed in claim 16, wherein each data record is associated with a format. 18. The automation system as claimed in claim 10, further comprising: a data server managing a data archive, and a data server production module that is associated with the data server, that has a functionality of at least one of the first and the second production module, and that is linked with at least one of the first and the second production module. 19. An automation system having an engineering system comprising: a database, and at least one first and one second production module, which each have an input interface and an output interface, wherein each input interface comprises a predefined number of inputs and each output interface comprises a predefined number of outputs, and wherein the database comprises a number of data records, each of which comprises at least one respective data item, and wherein each of the data records is associated with a respective one of the inputs and a respective one of the outputs.	This is a Continuation of International Application PCT/DE02/04294, with an international filing date of Nov. 22, 2002, which was published under PCT Article 21(2) in German, and the disclosure of which is incorporated into this application by reference. FIELD AND BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The invention relates to an engineering system on the one hand and an automation system on the other, each equipped with a software component, which is hereinafter referred to as a production module. Today, in production technology, for example, an increasing amount of data is acquired in the course of production for a wide variety of reasons, e.g., logistics, quality assurance, statistics or for subsequent production steps. These data either relate to the product itself or are relevant for the operator or service personnel or for the subsequent production steps to control the corresponding production machines. To handle the data volume, data processing hardware, in particular standard PCs, are frequently used in addition to the automation hardware, which controls the individual production steps. This data processing hardware is used only to collect and transport and, in some cases, display the data. The data processing is solved directly and variously using the standard tools of the corresponding operating systems, communication media and protocols, databases, etc. with standards developed in house. This is inconsistent with the goal of standardization in the automation of technical processes. In addition, individualized solutions that can be created and maintained only by trained personnel are expensive to procure and maintain. OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION Thus, one object of the invention is to provide a standardization of the data processing. Another, associated object is to provide a standardization that is largely based on the already common standards in the field of automation and thus can be readily integrated in the methodology for implementing complex automation systems, beginning with, e.g., control of an individual actuator up through, e.g., processing of management engineering systems data. As a result, the corresponding tasks could be handled in a familiar environment by the automation personnel who do the actual control programming. The invention assumes that a special functionality, hereinafter referred to as a production module, would make it possible to handle the data volume particularly efficiently. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION These and other objects of the invention are attained, on the one hand, by an engineering system in which the number and the functionality of the production modules required for a specific automation task are defined, and are attained, furthermore, by an automation system in or with which these production modules are used. Thus, according to the invention, an engineering system is provided, with a database and at least one first and second production module, each of which has an input interface and an output interface. Each input interface has a predefined number of inputs and each output interface a predefined number of outputs. The database contains a number of data records, each including at least one data item, and each of the data records is assigned, respectively, to each input and each output. The database includes all the data to be processed in an automation task, in particular the data to be processed across stations in an automation task with distributed automation stations. The data does not include, e.g., states of the automated process, e.g. “limit switch assigned” or “motor forward,” but does include, e.g., product-related data generated or changed in connection with the process. The production module is a software component for processing data of the aforementioned type, which offers a standardized interface for individual production units or production steps within an automated production process. An automation task typically networks or coordinates a plurality of production units or production steps in accordance with the planned production process. For each production unit or production step at least one production module is provided. The minimum configuration thus includes a first and a second production module, which exchange data. To accept data of the above-described type, each production module has an input interface. Data that the production module generates or changes can be fetched via an output interface associated with the production module. Each input interface has a predefined number of inputs and each output interface a predefined number of outputs. The number of inputs and outputs can be individually selected for each production module according to the respective requirements. To represent a collection of data that belong together, the database has a number of data records, each of which includes at least one data item. A data record with only one data item, for example, is a data record that identifies or references the corresponding production station or production step. A data record with more than one data item, for example, is a data record for storing error information, which includes not only an entry referencing the production step or production station but also, e.g., an entry storing the date and time and at least one entry identifying the error that occurred. Furthermore, an additional—in particular a dynamic—data item may be provided to reference or identify the products affected by the error. Each input and output of every production module can be assigned one of these data records, such that, for example, error information from one production unit or production step can be forwarded to other components, in particular other production modules within the automation system. Advantageously, each production module has a trigger input. When this trigger input is activated, the data records assigned to the corresponding inputs are accepted, in particular, from the database. The trigger input can be used to control the timing of the acceptance of data. Since the database is a global database, whose data records may be accessed by more than one production module, it is important to be able to specify in a defined manner at which instant a data record is accepted from the database, since acceptance of a data record from the database makes sense only if any prior processing or changing of this data record by another production module has been completed. The activation of the trigger input is correlated with the instant when a product reaches the corresponding production unit or when the corresponding production step is started on this product. If the first production module can be interlinked with the second production module or, in more general terms, if one of the production modules can be interlinked with another production module, the data flow and, in particular, the instant of the data flow between the individual production modules can be specified. By assigning each production module to a production process and accepting the data records assigned to the outputs in the database after the production process has been completed, it is ensured, on the one hand, that only complete data records are accepted in the database and, on the other hand, that this acceptance process needs to occur only once, so that the amount of data to be transmitted is reduced. A production process can be assigned either to a production station or a production step. Advantageously, once the production process to which the first production module is assigned has been completed, the data records assigned to the corresponding inputs of the linked second production module are accepted, e.g., in particular from the database. The completion of a production process to which a production module is assigned is a suitable instant for a production module that is linked with this production module to accept the data records assigned to the inputs of the linked production module. The trigger input of a production module is either this linkage or an additional input, via which a stimulus can be transmitted to the production module in addition to the trigger input to prompt it to accept the data records assigned to the corresponding inputs. As an alternative, or in addition thereto, a data exchange may be specified via a link between a first and a second production module. This link can be used, for example, to link an output of a first production module with an input of a second production module, so that if, for example, a data record with error information is present at the corresponding output of the first production module, it can be transmitted directly to the corresponding input of the second production module, which in this case must be provided to accept error messages. In such a procedure, there can be more than one link between the first and the second production module. Advantageously, each data record of the database is assigned an identifier or type information and, in particular, a format. The identifier makes it easier to identify and reference the data record. The type information facilitates access to a data item of the data record. This is a device known from the so-called high-level programming languages for the so-called composite data types. A format that can be optionally assigned to the data record, possibly also to an individual data item within the data record, enables the consistent representation of one and the same data item by different production modules across the entire automation project. The number and functionality of inputs and outputs can be individually specified for each production module. The inputs of a production module are provided to accept the data to be supplied in the production step and to directly control and/or parameterize the corresponding production hardware. The outputs of the production module are provided to output and possibly forward the data acquired in the production step. Each production module has access to a global database, which contains, for example, data to identify the corresponding product and—if the production system is configured to produce different products—possibly data to identify the different products. Data or associated type definitions for storing error information or data for storing statistical information are also provided. For each production module the number of the inputs and outputs can be freely selected. When an input of a production module is generated, the type of the data that can be transferred via this input to the production module can be selected. This selection is done by means of data types defined in the global database. At least one input is typically provided for each production module, which is used to transmit a product identification to that production module. The product identification is used to establish and parameterize the production station, e.g., if in a component insertion machine the component placement on a circuit board of a first dimension turns out differently from the component placement of a circuit board with a different dimension on the same component insertion machine. Furthermore, each production module typically has at least one input that specifies the actions to be carried out at the production station. In the case of a component insertion process, e.g., where the components are inserted in a printed circuit board, these data include component data describing, in particular, the type and number of the components to be inserted and their position on the printed circuit board. If only transistors are inserted at a first production station, the component data include a specification of the transistors within the above-described scope. For a production module relating to a production station where resistors are inserted in another production step, the component data include the corresponding specifications for the resistors, etc. To track errors or, generally, to monitor production for statistical purposes, each production module typically has an output used for error information and/or an output used for data relating to the production steps that have been completed successfully. The linkage of the production modules, which is represented in the engineering system by simple graphic means, e.g. connecting lines, defines possible data flow paths. The manner in which data are exchanged between the individual production stations, and thus between the corresponding production modules, is defined by the inputs of the corresponding production modules. The following is an example for illustration purposes: If the automation system includes, for example, a data archive, each production module that generates data or changes existing data will be directly or indirectly connected with the data archive. The production module of the data archive has an input for each possible data item, e.g., error information, statistical information, etc. Only through the connection configured in the engineering system between the production module of a production station and the corresponding production module of the data archive can the data exchange between the two stations of the automation system be ensured without the corresponding operator having to worry about the details of data transmission, e.g., controlling the hardware, communication protocols, etc. Each production module has internal software-implemented tools to control the corresponding hardware of the production station. The single “interconnection” to be made by a user of the engineering system according to the invention is the assignment of the inputs of the production module to the corresponding inputs of the control software and the assignment of the outputs of the control software to the outputs of the production module. The objects of the invention are further attained by an automation system with at least one automation device, a database and at least one first and one second production station. The first production station is assigned at least one first production module and the second production station at least one second production module, each with an input interface and an output interface. Each input interface has a predefined number of inputs and each output interface a predefined number of outputs. The database has a number of data records, each including at least one data item, and each of the data records is assigned to a respective input and a respective output. The first and the second production stations are controlled and/or monitored by the automation device in a manner known per se. The term production station—as used also in the explanations given above—denotes, on the one hand, specific production hardware, e.g., a pick-and-place robot for inserting components on a printed circuit board, but, in addition or alternatively, also a production step, e.g., one which is carried out at a production station where other production steps are carried out as well. To be cited as an example is a device where—in a first production step—components are first inserted in a printed circuit board and—in a second production step—the inserted components are soldered. The automation system includes an automation device, e.g., a stored-program controller, with a processing functionality and means for accepting data from a controlled and/or monitored process and means for outputting data to this process, particularly to control the corresponding process peripherals. The automation system further includes at least two production modules, which need not be spatially or functionally separated, but between which data pertaining to the automation process are exchanged. The explanations provided above and below, to the extent that they relate to the production module, apply analogously to corresponding advantageous further refinements of the automation system. The engineering system and the automation system are essentially distinguished from one another in that the engineering system is used to define the type and number of the production modules and their interfaces and a possible interlinkage as described above. The specifications thus made are used to generate a control program, or a plurality of control subroutines. This program and/or these subroutines are loaded into the components of the automation system that are used to process such control programs, e.g. a control device to control a unit for inserting components in a printed circuit board or an external processing unit associated with this control device and having a functionality for processing control programs. In other words, what has been planned or configured by means of the engineering system is used in or on the automation system. An advantageous further refinement of the automation system according to the invention consists of providing a data server, which manages a data archive, and an associated data server production module, which has the same functionality as the first or the second production module—as described above—and is linked with the first and/or the second production module. Such a data archive serves for long-term storage of product or process-related data acquired in the production process, e.g., when and on which hardware a specific product has been manufactured, whether errors occurred during the manufacture of the product, and, if so, which errors occurred how and where, and the means that were used to correct them. Every manufacturer must generate such data in connection with its obligation to track products, such that the data can be uniquely assigned to a specific product even after a relatively long period of time to enable the manufacturer to show, in the event that a product is defective, that it had done everything possible to ensure that the product passed and left the production process without defects. The aforementioned production module thus has at least one input to accept a data record with error information and in addition, or as an alternative thereto, an input to accept a data record with general statistical information for the production process with product-related and/or process-related data. Such data are typically supplied by each production module assigned to a production station or a production step. The linkage of the data of this production module with the first and/or the second production module is an example in which the stimulus to accept the data, in this case to accept the input data of the production module assigned to the data server, is suitably correlated with the completion of a production process in a production station to which the first or the second production module is assigned. In an advantageous embodiment, the engineering system is a component of the automation system, so that the type and functionality of the production modules, or the linkage between them, can be adapted at any time. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS An embodiment of the invention will now be described, by way of example, with reference to the figures in which: FIG. 1 is a schematic of an automation system, FIG. 2 shows a production module, and FIG. 3 shows a database with data records. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS An automation system 1 includes a data server 2 and at least one automation device 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, e.g., a stored-program controller with a processing functionality and means for acquiring data from a controlled and/or monitored process and means for outputting data to this process, particularly to control the corresponding process peripherals. The automation system 1 further includes at least two production modules 20 (FIG. 2), which need not necessarily be spatially or functionally separated, but between which data relating to the automation process is exchanged. The data server 2 includes a database 3 and a data archive 3′. The database 3 includes all data relevant to the current production process in the automation system 1. The data archive 3′ includes old data, which are no longer relevant to the current production process, but which are kept available for documentation purposes. Each automation device 4 . . . 11 controls a production station 4 . . . 11 or the production process 4 . . . 11 running thereon. The terms automation device, production station and production process are used overlappingly here. FIG. 2 is a schematic of a production module 20 with an input interface 21 and an output interface 22. The input interface 21 is assigned a number of inputs 23, 24. Correspondingly, the output interface 22 is assigned a number of outputs. The production module 20 further has a trigger input 27 via which a stimulus can be transmitted to the production module 20 to accept data through the inputs 23, 24. FIG. 3 shows the database 3 with some data records 31, 32, 33. The database 3 can also be configured as a distributed database 3 (not depicted), which is kept available in whole or in part in each production station 2, 4 . . . 11. With reference to FIG. 1, two of the production stations 4, 5 are, for example, a first and a second repair station 4, 5, three of the production stations 6, 7, 8 are, for example, a first, second and third component insertion station 6, 7, 8, one of the production stations 9 is, for example, a soldering station 9, a further production station 10 is, for example, an inspection station, and a last production station 11 is , for example, an assembly station 11. This enables the automation system 1 to control the production process, e.g., a printed circuit board manufacturing process. When a printed circuit board is delivered, e.g., to a component insertion station 6, 7, 8, the trigger input 27 of the production module 20 assigned to the corresponding component insertion station 6, 7, 8 is engaged, such that the data assigned to the inputs 23, 24 are accepted from the database 3. The data accepted from the database 3 show how the components are to be inserted in the printed circuit board (type and position of the components). The same applies, for example, to a soldering station 9, in which the data accepted from the database by the associated production module 20 determine the procedure and the boundary conditions under which the components inserted on the printed circuit board are to be soldered. If errors occur during the component insertion process 6, 7, 8 or the soldering process 9, corresponding data are entered into the database 3 by means of the outputs 25, 26 of the production module 20 at whose production step 6, 7, 8, 9 the error occurred. As soon as the faulty printed circuit board reaches a repair station 4, 5, these data can be accessed by means of the inputs 23, 24 of the production module 20 of the repair station 4, 5, to localize and if possible repair the error. Thus, the invention can be briefly summarized as follows: An engineering system 1 and a corresponding automation system 1, the components of which cooperate in accordance with the specifications from the engineering system, have a data base 3 and at least one first and one second production module 20, each of which has an input interface 21 and an output interface 22. Each input interface 21 has a predefinable number of inputs 23, 24 and each output interface 22 a predefinable number of outputs 25, 26. The database 3 has a number of data records 31, 32, 33, each of which contains at least one data item, and each of the data records 31, 32, 33 can be assigned to a respective input 23, 24 and a respective output 25, 26. The above description of the preferred embodiments has been given by way of example. From the disclosure given, those skilled in the art will not only understand the present invention and its attendant advantages, but will also find apparent various changes and modifications to the structures and methods disclosed. It is sought, therefore, to cover all such changes and modifications as fall within the spirit and scope of the invention, as defined by the appended claims, and equivalents thereof.	<SOH> FIELD AND BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>The invention relates to an engineering system on the one hand and an automation system on the other, each equipped with a software component, which is hereinafter referred to as a production module. Today, in production technology, for example, an increasing amount of data is acquired in the course of production for a wide variety of reasons, e.g., logistics, quality assurance, statistics or for subsequent production steps. These data either relate to the product itself or are relevant for the operator or service personnel or for the subsequent production steps to control the corresponding production machines. To handle the data volume, data processing hardware, in particular standard PCs, are frequently used in addition to the automation hardware, which controls the individual production steps. This data processing hardware is used only to collect and transport and, in some cases, display the data. The data processing is solved directly and variously using the standard tools of the corresponding operating systems, communication media and protocols, databases, etc. with standards developed in house. This is inconsistent with the goal of standardization in the automation of technical processes. In addition, individualized solutions that can be created and maintained only by trained personnel are expensive to procure and maintain.	<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>These and other objects of the invention are attained, on the one hand, by an engineering system in which the number and the functionality of the production modules required for a specific automation task are defined, and are attained, furthermore, by an automation system in or with which these production modules are used. Thus, according to the invention, an engineering system is provided, with a database and at least one first and second production module, each of which has an input interface and an output interface. Each input interface has a predefined number of inputs and each output interface a predefined number of outputs. The database contains a number of data records, each including at least one data item, and each of the data records is assigned, respectively, to each input and each output. The database includes all the data to be processed in an automation task, in particular the data to be processed across stations in an automation task with distributed automation stations. The data does not include, e.g., states of the automated process, e.g. “limit switch assigned” or “motor forward,” but does include, e.g., product-related data generated or changed in connection with the process. The production module is a software component for processing data of the aforementioned type, which offers a standardized interface for individual production units or production steps within an automated production process. An automation task typically networks or coordinates a plurality of production units or production steps in accordance with the planned production process. For each production unit or production step at least one production module is provided. The minimum configuration thus includes a first and a second production module, which exchange data. To accept data of the above-described type, each production module has an input interface. Data that the production module generates or changes can be fetched via an output interface associated with the production module. Each input interface has a predefined number of inputs and each output interface a predefined number of outputs. The number of inputs and outputs can be individually selected for each production module according to the respective requirements. To represent a collection of data that belong together, the database has a number of data records, each of which includes at least one data item. A data record with only one data item, for example, is a data record that identifies or references the corresponding production station or production step. A data record with more than one data item, for example, is a data record for storing error information, which includes not only an entry referencing the production step or production station but also, e.g., an entry storing the date and time and at least one entry identifying the error that occurred. Furthermore, an additional—in particular a dynamic—data item may be provided to reference or identify the products affected by the error. Each input and output of every production module can be assigned one of these data records, such that, for example, error information from one production unit or production step can be forwarded to other components, in particular other production modules within the automation system. Advantageously, each production module has a trigger input. When this trigger input is activated, the data records assigned to the corresponding inputs are accepted, in particular, from the database. The trigger input can be used to control the timing of the acceptance of data. Since the database is a global database, whose data records may be accessed by more than one production module, it is important to be able to specify in a defined manner at which instant a data record is accepted from the database, since acceptance of a data record from the database makes sense only if any prior processing or changing of this data record by another production module has been completed. The activation of the trigger input is correlated with the instant when a product reaches the corresponding production unit or when the corresponding production step is started on this product. If the first production module can be interlinked with the second production module or, in more general terms, if one of the production modules can be interlinked with another production module, the data flow and, in particular, the instant of the data flow between the individual production modules can be specified. By assigning each production module to a production process and accepting the data records assigned to the outputs in the database after the production process has been completed, it is ensured, on the one hand, that only complete data records are accepted in the database and, on the other hand, that this acceptance process needs to occur only once, so that the amount of data to be transmitted is reduced. A production process can be assigned either to a production station or a production step. Advantageously, once the production process to which the first production module is assigned has been completed, the data records assigned to the corresponding inputs of the linked second production module are accepted, e.g., in particular from the database. The completion of a production process to which a production module is assigned is a suitable instant for a production module that is linked with this production module to accept the data records assigned to the inputs of the linked production module. The trigger input of a production module is either this linkage or an additional input, via which a stimulus can be transmitted to the production module in addition to the trigger input to prompt it to accept the data records assigned to the corresponding inputs. As an alternative, or in addition thereto, a data exchange may be specified via a link between a first and a second production module. This link can be used, for example, to link an output of a first production module with an input of a second production module, so that if, for example, a data record with error information is present at the corresponding output of the first production module, it can be transmitted directly to the corresponding input of the second production module, which in this case must be provided to accept error messages. In such a procedure, there can be more than one link between the first and the second production module. Advantageously, each data record of the database is assigned an identifier or type information and, in particular, a format. The identifier makes it easier to identify and reference the data record. The type information facilitates access to a data item of the data record. This is a device known from the so-called high-level programming languages for the so-called composite data types. A format that can be optionally assigned to the data record, possibly also to an individual data item within the data record, enables the consistent representation of one and the same data item by different production modules across the entire automation project. The number and functionality of inputs and outputs can be individually specified for each production module. The inputs of a production module are provided to accept the data to be supplied in the production step and to directly control and/or parameterize the corresponding production hardware. The outputs of the production module are provided to output and possibly forward the data acquired in the production step. Each production module has access to a global database, which contains, for example, data to identify the corresponding product and—if the production system is configured to produce different products—possibly data to identify the different products. Data or associated type definitions for storing error information or data for storing statistical information are also provided. For each production module the number of the inputs and outputs can be freely selected. When an input of a production module is generated, the type of the data that can be transferred via this input to the production module can be selected. This selection is done by means of data types defined in the global database. At least one input is typically provided for each production module, which is used to transmit a product identification to that production module. The product identification is used to establish and parameterize the production station, e.g., if in a component insertion machine the component placement on a circuit board of a first dimension turns out differently from the component placement of a circuit board with a different dimension on the same component insertion machine. Furthermore, each production module typically has at least one input that specifies the actions to be carried out at the production station. In the case of a component insertion process, e.g., where the components are inserted in a printed circuit board, these data include component data describing, in particular, the type and number of the components to be inserted and their position on the printed circuit board. If only transistors are inserted at a first production station, the component data include a specification of the transistors within the above-described scope. For a production module relating to a production station where resistors are inserted in another production step, the component data include the corresponding specifications for the resistors, etc. To track errors or, generally, to monitor production for statistical purposes, each production module typically has an output used for error information and/or an output used for data relating to the production steps that have been completed successfully. The linkage of the production modules, which is represented in the engineering system by simple graphic means, e.g. connecting lines, defines possible data flow paths. The manner in which data are exchanged between the individual production stations, and thus between the corresponding production modules, is defined by the inputs of the corresponding production modules. The following is an example for illustration purposes: If the automation system includes, for example, a data archive, each production module that generates data or changes existing data will be directly or indirectly connected with the data archive. The production module of the data archive has an input for each possible data item, e.g., error information, statistical information, etc. Only through the connection configured in the engineering system between the production module of a production station and the corresponding production module of the data archive can the data exchange between the two stations of the automation system be ensured without the corresponding operator having to worry about the details of data transmission, e.g., controlling the hardware, communication protocols, etc. Each production module has internal software-implemented tools to control the corresponding hardware of the production station. The single “interconnection” to be made by a user of the engineering system according to the invention is the assignment of the inputs of the production module to the corresponding inputs of the control software and the assignment of the outputs of the control software to the outputs of the production module. The objects of the invention are further attained by an automation system with at least one automation device, a database and at least one first and one second production station. The first production station is assigned at least one first production module and the second production station at least one second production module, each with an input interface and an output interface. Each input interface has a predefined number of inputs and each output interface a predefined number of outputs. The database has a number of data records, each including at least one data item, and each of the data records is assigned to a respective input and a respective output. The first and the second production stations are controlled and/or monitored by the automation device in a manner known per se. The term production station—as used also in the explanations given above—denotes, on the one hand, specific production hardware, e.g., a pick-and-place robot for inserting components on a printed circuit board, but, in addition or alternatively, also a production step, e.g., one which is carried out at a production station where other production steps are carried out as well. To be cited as an example is a device where—in a first production step—components are first inserted in a printed circuit board and—in a second production step—the inserted components are soldered. The automation system includes an automation device, e.g., a stored-program controller, with a processing functionality and means for accepting data from a controlled and/or monitored process and means for outputting data to this process, particularly to control the corresponding process peripherals. The automation system further includes at least two production modules, which need not be spatially or functionally separated, but between which data pertaining to the automation process are exchanged. The explanations provided above and below, to the extent that they relate to the production module, apply analogously to corresponding advantageous further refinements of the automation system. The engineering system and the automation system are essentially distinguished from one another in that the engineering system is used to define the type and number of the production modules and their interfaces and a possible interlinkage as described above. The specifications thus made are used to generate a control program, or a plurality of control subroutines. This program and/or these subroutines are loaded into the components of the automation system that are used to process such control programs, e.g. a control device to control a unit for inserting components in a printed circuit board or an external processing unit associated with this control device and having a functionality for processing control programs. In other words, what has been planned or configured by means of the engineering system is used in or on the automation system. An advantageous further refinement of the automation system according to the invention consists of providing a data server, which manages a data archive, and an associated data server production module, which has the same functionality as the first or the second production module—as described above—and is linked with the first and/or the second production module. Such a data archive serves for long-term storage of product or process-related data acquired in the production process, e.g., when and on which hardware a specific product has been manufactured, whether errors occurred during the manufacture of the product, and, if so, which errors occurred how and where, and the means that were used to correct them. Every manufacturer must generate such data in connection with its obligation to track products, such that the data can be uniquely assigned to a specific product even after a relatively long period of time to enable the manufacturer to show, in the event that a product is defective, that it had done everything possible to ensure that the product passed and left the production process without defects. The aforementioned production module thus has at least one input to accept a data record with error information and in addition, or as an alternative thereto, an input to accept a data record with general statistical information for the production process with product-related and/or process-related data. Such data are typically supplied by each production module assigned to a production station or a production step. The linkage of the data of this production module with the first and/or the second production module is an example in which the stimulus to accept the data, in this case to accept the input data of the production module assigned to the data server, is suitably correlated with the completion of a production process in a production station to which the first or the second production module is assigned. In an advantageous embodiment, the engineering system is a component of the automation system, so that the type and functionality of the production modules, or the linkage between them, can be adapted at any time.	20040524	20070220	20050113	80750.0		0	PHAM, THOMAS K	ENGINEERING AND AUTOMATION SYSTEM	UNDISCOUNTED	1	CONT-ACCEPTED		2,004
10,851,441	ACCEPTED	Rotary union assembly for use in air pressure inflation systems for tractor trailer tires	A rotary union assembly for use in an automatic tire inflation system for maintaining the desired pressure in the tires on a tractor trailer or other vehicle having pressurized axles. The assembly communicates the valve stems on a pair of adjacent tires with the axle interior through the use of a flexible tube extending between a stationary first fitting threadably engaged in the axle spindle and a rotary housing secured against the outside end surface of the hub cap so as to be positioned exteriorly of the wheel lubrication compartment and rotatable with the hub cap. The first fitting defines an open channel extending axially therethrough and includes an o-ring seal extending about the channel and forming an airtight seal within the fitting about the tube. A stationary shaft member having an air passageway extending axially therethrough carries the downstream end of the flexible tube and projects into the rotatable housing to communicate the axle interior with the housing through the flexible tube and provide a rotatable mounting for the housing on the shaft. The shaft defines a stationary bearing surface on its downstream end. A rotary sealing member having an air passageway extending axially therethrough is mounted within the housing for rotation therewith. The rotary sealing member defines a rotary bearing surface which is urged the stationary bearing surface on the shaft member by a spring member. Opposed channels are provided in the housing proximate the bearing surfaces and hose and valve assemblies communicate the opposed channels with the tire valve stems.	1-17. (Canceled) 18. A rotary union assembly for use in an automatic tire inflation system for maintaining a desired pressure in a plurality of pneumatic tires mounted on the wheels of a vehicle having a source of pressurized air for fluid communication with the tires and a hub cap at the end of each axle, said assembly comprising: a stationary fitting carried by an end of an axle and defining an open channel extending axially therethrough; a stationary tubular member defining an upstream end portion and a downstream end portion, said upstream end portion extending axially through said channel in said fitting into the interior of said axle and communicating with the source of pressurized air; and a housing, attachable to the exterior of a hub cap for rotation with said hub cap, said housing defining at least one air passageway extending therethrough and being rotatably mounting on said downstream end portion of said tubular member such that said tubular member communicates the source of pressurized air with said passageway in said housing, whereby air flow is directed from said source through said stationary tubular member to said rotatable housing. 19. The assembly of claim 18 wherein said tubular member is axially translatable with respect to said fitting whereby the axial spacing between said fitting and said housing can be varied. 20. The assembly of claim 18 wherein at least a portion of said tubular member is flexible whereby a sealed air flow conduit can be provided between said fitting and said housing when said housing is out of axial alignment with said end of said axle. 21. A rotary union assembly for use in an automatic tire inflation system for maintaining a desired pressure in a plurality of pneumatic tires mounted on the wheels of a vehicle having a source of pressurized air for fluid communication with the tires and a hub cap at the end of each axle for providing a lubrication compartment for the wheel bearings, said assembly comprising: a first stationary fitting carried by an end of an axle and defining an open channel extending axially therethrough; a tube member defining an upstream end portion and a downstream end portion, said upstream end portion extending axially through said channel in said first fitting into the interior of said axle and communicating with the source of pressurized air; a stationary shaft member having an air passageway extending axially therethrough and communicating with said tubular member; a housing, attachable to the exterior of a hub cap for rotation with said hub cap, said housing defining at least one air passageway extending therethrough and being rotatably mounted on said shaft member such that said air passageways in said shaft member communicates with said air passageway in said housing, whereby air flow is directed from said source through said tube member and said stationary shaft member to said rotatable housing; and an air hose assembly communicating said air passageway in said rotatable housing with at least one of the vehicle tires. 22. The assembly of claim 21 wherein said stationary shaft member defines a stationary planar bearing surface at one end thereof and including a rotary sealing member mounted within said air passageway in said housing for rotation with said housing, said rotary sealing member having an air passageway extending therethrough and communicating with said air passageway in said shaft member and defining a rotary planar bearing surface disposed parallel to and in abutment with said stationary planar bearing surface on said shaft, said bearing surfaces being disposed exteriorly of the lubrication compartment. 23. The assembly of claim 22 including a spring member for urging said rotatable bearing surface on said sealing member against said stationary bearing surface on said shaft member, said spring member exerting a force on said sealing member of about 5.5 to 6.0 pounds. 24. The assembly of claim 21 wherein said stationary shaft member defines a chamber in an end portion thereof communicating with said passage extending therethrough and including a second stationary fitting sealably secured in said chamber and engaging said downstream end portion of said flexible tube member for communicating said tube member with said axial passageway in said shaft member. 25. The assembly of claim 24 wherein said tube member is flexible whereby a sealed air flow conduit can be provided between said first fitting and said second fitting when said second fitting is out of axial alignment with said end of said axle. 26. The assembly of claim 25 wherein said tube member is axially translatable with respect to said first fitting whereby the axial spacing between said first and second fittings can be varied. 27. The assembly of claim 24 wherein said stationary shaft member defines a stationary planar bearing surface at one end thereof and including a rotary sealing member mounted within said air passageway in said housing for rotation with said housing, said rotary sealing member having an air passageway extending therethrough and communicating with said air passageway in said shaft member and defining a rotary planar bearing surface disposed parallel to and in abutment with said stationary planar bearing surface on said shaft, said bearing surfaces being disposed exteriorly of the lubrication compartment. 28. The assembly of claim 27 wherein said housing defines an axial chamber therein and a pair of opposed radial channels communicating with said chamber, said shaft member and said sealing member being disposed in said axial chamber and wherein said air hose assembly communicates each of said radial passageways with one of the vehicle tires for directing air flow through said rotatable housing to said tires. 29. A rotary union assembly for use in an automatic tire inflation system for maintaining a desired pressure in a plurality of pneumatic tires mounted on the wheels of a vehicle having a source of pressurized air for fluid communication with the tires and a hub cap at the end of each axle for providing a lubrication compartment for the wheel bearings, said assembly comprising: a first stationary fitting carried by an end of an axle and defining an open channel extending axially therethrough; a flexible tube member defining an upstream end portion and a downstream end portion, said upstream end portion extending axially through said first fitting, being axially translatable with respect to said fitting and communicating with the interior of said axle; a stationary shaft member having an air passageway extending axially therethrough and communicating with said flexible tube member; a housing, attachable to the exterior of a hub cap for rotation with said hub cap, said housing defining at least one air passageway extending therethrough and being rotatably mounted on said shaft member such that said air passageway in said shaft communicates with said air passageway in said housing, whereby air flow is directed from said source through said flexible tube member and said stationary shaft member to said rotatable housing; and an air hose assembly communicating said air passageway in said rotatable housing with at least one of the vehicle tires. 30. The rotary union assembly of claim 29 wherein said stationary shaft member defines a stationary planar bearing surface at one end thereof and including a rotary sealing member mounted within said air passageway in said housing for rotation with said housing, said rotary sealing member having an air passageway extending therethrough and communicating with said air passageway in said shaft member and defining a rotary planar bearing surface disposed parallel to and in abutment with said stationary planar bearing surface on said shaft, said bearing surfaces being disposed exteriorly of the lubrication compartment. 31. The assembly of claim 30 wherein said stationary shaft member defines a chamber in an end portion thereof communicating with said passage extending therethrough and including a second stationary fitting sealably secured in said chamber and engaging said downstream end portion of said flexible tube member for communicating said tube member with said axial passageway in said shaft member. 32. The assembly of claim 14 including a spring member for urging said rotatable bearing surface on said sealing member against said stationary bearing surface on said shaft member, said spring member exerting a force on said sealing member of about 5.5 to 6.0 pounds. 33. A rotary union assembly for use in an automatic tire inflation system for maintaining a desired pressure in a plurality of pneumatic tires mounted on the wheels of a vehicle having a source of pressurized air for fluid communication with the tires and a hub cap at the end of each axle, said assembly comprising: a stationary tubular member defining an upstream end portion and a downstream end portion, said upstream end portion extending axially into the interior of said axle through an end thereof and communicating with the source of pressurized air; and a housing, attachable to the exterior of a hub cap for rotation with said hub cap, said housing defining at least one air passageway extending therethrough and being rotatably mounting on said downstream end portion of said tubular member such that said tubular member communicates the source of pressurized air with said passageway in said housing, whereby air flow is directed from said source through said stationary tubular member to said rotatable housing. 34. The assembly of claim 33 wherein said tubular member is axially translatable with respect to said end of the axle whereby the axial spacing between the axle end and said housing can be varied. 35. The assembly of claim 33 wherein at least a portion of said tubular member is flexible whereby a sealed air flow conduit can be provided between said end of the axle and said housing when said housing is out of axial alignment with said end of the axle. 36. The assembly of claim 34 wherein at least a portion of said tubular member is flexible whereby a sealed air flow conduit can be provided between said end of the axle and said housing when said housing is out of axial alignment with said end of the axle. 37. A rotary union assembly for use in an automatic tire inflation system for maintaining a desired pressure in a plurality of pneumatic tires mounted on the wheels of a vehicle having a source of pressurized air for fluid communication with the tires and a hub cap at the end of each axle, said assembly comprising: a stationary tubular member defining an upstream end portion and a downstream end portion, said upstream end portion extending axially into the interior of said axle through an end thereof and communicating with the source of pressurized air; a housing, attachable to the exterior of a hub cap for rotation with said hub cap, said housing defining at least one air passageway extending therethrough and being rotatably mounting on said downstream end portion of said tubular member such that said tubular member communicates the source of pressurized air with said passageway in said housing, whereby air flow is directed from said source through said stationary tubular member to said rotatable housing; and a rotary union disposed in said air passageway within said housing for communicating said air flow with said tires. 38. The assembly of claim 37 wherein at least a portion of said tubular member is flexible whereby a sealed air flow conduit can be provided between said end of the axle and said housing when said housing is out of axial alignment with said end of the axial. 39. The assembly of claim 37 wherein said tubular member is axially translatable with respect to said end of the axle whereby the axial spacing between the axle end and said housing can be varied. 40. The assembly of claim 37 wherein said tubular member is axially translatable with respect to said end of the axle and at least a portion of said tubular member is flexible whereby the axial spacing between said end of the axle and said housing can be varied and a sealed air flow conduit can be provided between the axle end and said housing when said housing is out of axial alignment with said end of the axle.	BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to an improved rotary assembly for use in a central tire inflation system for automatically maintaining the inflation pressure of the pneumatic tires on moving vehicles such as tractor trailers. Automatic central tire inflation systems for vehicle tires are well known and the subject of several U.S. patents, including U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,276,503; 4,387,931; 4,883,106; 5,287,906 and 5,584,949, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. The central tire' inflation systems employed on typical tractor trailers utilize the air compressor on the tractor as a source of pressurized air to fill a leaking tire while the trailer is in motion. The compressor directs air to the reserve air brake tank on the trailer and is set to maintain the air pressure within the tank within a range of about 100 to 125 psi, which generally corresponds to the range of typical inflation pressures in the tires used on large tractor trailers. Air from the reserve air brake tank is first directed to the braking system to maintain the air pressure in the braking system at the normal brake system level of about 70 psi. Excess air is directed from the tank through a pressure protection valve to a control box for the tire inflation system. The pressure protection valve only opens to direct the air to the control box when the air pressure in the tank exceeds 70 psi, thereby preventing air from being directed to the air inflation system which is needed for the trailer braking system. The control box contains a pressure regulator which is set to the cold tire pressure of the particular tires on the trailer so as to supply air to the tires at the desired pressure level in the event of a leak. Air is directed from the control box to the leaking tire through one of the trailer axles, which either carries an air line from the control box, or is sealed and functions as an air conduit. The pressurized air carried by the axles communicates with each pair of trailer tires mounted thereon through a rotary union assembly by which air flow is directed from a stationary air line to the valve stems on the rotating tires. Pressure responsive valves are employed between each rotary union assembly and its associated tires so that upon the occurrence of a leak in one of the tires, the resulting pressure loss will cause one of the valves to open and allow air flow from the rotary union assembly to pass therethrough to the leaking tire. While these central tire inflation systems are well known and in widespread use, they suffer from several shortcomings. The rotary union assemblies employed in these systems have a relatively limited useful life span before the rotary seals begin to leak. The rotary seals, or rotary unions as they are frequently called, which are employed in these assemblies are generally located within the wheel lubrication compartments adjacent the ends of the axles. Accordingly, any air leakage in the rotary union seals causes an air pressure build up within the lubrication compartment which can damage the oil seals therein, and create an oil leak. If the wheel bearings loose their lubrication, they will seize up and can cause a fire. In addition to creating the potential for a dangerous fire, the positioning of the rotary union within the lubrication compartment of the wheel makes accessibility to the elements comprising the rotary union both difficult and awkward. As a result, the costs of repair and replacement are significantly increased. The present invention provides a rotary union assembly for automatic central tire inflation systems which exhibits a substantially longer life than the rotary union assemblies heretofore in use. In addition, the assembly is configured so as to position the rotary union outside of the lubrication compartment for the vehicle wheels and thus avoids pressure build-ups within the compartment in the unlikely event of a leak in the rotary union seal. The assembly also provides ready access to the rotary union components thereof without having to enter the lubrication compartment to facilitate part replacement. As a result, the present invention provides a substantial improvement in air pressure maintenance systems for tractor trailer tires. Other problems facing central tire inflation systems include a lack of uniformity in tractor trailer wheel hub cap configurations and off-center mountings. The former situation results in variations in the axial distance between the ends of the axle spindles and end walls of the hub caps. This distance generally determines the spacing between the air inlet of the assembly and the rotary seal therein. It would be highly desirable to provide a rotary union assembly which could readily accommodate such dimensional variations and thereby obviate the need to provide differently sized assemblies or replacement components for different hub cap configurations. The rotary union assembly should also accommodate off-center alignments of the axle spindle and hub caps without incurring additional wear on the air seals in the assembly which further shortens the life of the assembly. The rotary union assembly of the present invention achieves these objectives as well. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Briefly, the present invention is directed to a rotary union assembly for use in automatic tire inflation systems for vehicle tires and, particularly, for use in automatic inflation systems employed on tractor trailers having pressurized stationary axles. The rotary union assembly of the present invention communicates the valve stems on a pair of adjacent tires with the pressurized axle interior through the use of a stationary flexible air hose communicating at its upstream end with the axle interior through a stationary o-ring seal and at its downstream end with a rotary housing containing the rotary seal. The housing is sealably secured against the exterior surface of the end wall of the hub cap so as to be rotatable with the hub cap and tire. The o-ring seal is provided in a through flow fitting threadably secured in the extended end of the axle spindle so as to form an air tight seal about the upstream portion of the stationary air hose which allows for the length of the air hose projecting from the o-ring to the rotary housing to be readily varied by the simple insertion or retraction of line from the fitting during installation, thereby accommodating wide variations in hub cap configurations without the need for part replacement and without adversely affecting the integrity of the seal. As both the flexible air hose and the fitting through which it extends are stationary, wear is virtually eliminated at this juncture of the assembly. The use of a flexible air hose between the axle spindle and rotary housing, allows for inadvertent off-center mountings of the rotary housing relative to the threaded fitment on the axle spindle without significantly affecting either the integrity or the life of the air seals in the assembly. Positioning the rotary housing against the exterior end surface of the hub cap locates the rotary seal formed therein outside of the lubrication compartment of the wheel and thereby prevents pressure build ups within the lubrication compartment in the event of air leakage in the rotary seal. The rotary seal of the present invention includes an elongated stationary shaft having an air passageway extending axially therethrough. The shaft carries the downstream end of the flexible air hose and projects through and is carried by a pair of bearing members disposed in an extended portion of the rotary housing. The extended portion of the housing projects axially through the hub cap end wall such that the shaft communicates the pressurized tractor trailer axle with the interior of the rotary housing while providing a rotatable mounting of the rotary housing on the stationary shaft. A spring biased graphite element having a centrally disposed axial passageway is mounted in a fixed disposition within the housing so as to be rotatable therewith. The element is pressed against the downstream end of the elongated shaft in a flush disposition therewith to form with the shaft a rotary union by which air flow passes from the stationary flexible air hose into the rotating housing. In the rotary housing mounted on the end wall of the hub cap, air is directed from the rotary union through two opposed channels into separate air lines which communicate with the valve stems on the pair of adjacent tires. Pressure responsive valves are provided in each of the lines to allow air flow through the appropriate line in response to a downstream pressure drop as would occur in the event of a leak in one of the tires. A normally open pressure responsive valve is also provided in each line which closes in the event of a drop in pressure upstream of the rotary union as would occur when the compressor is shut down to prevent the trailer tires from deflating. A warning light is also provided in the system for indicating to the driver the activation of the central tire inflation system. It is the principal object of the present invention to provide an improved rotary union assembly for use in central tire inflation systems employed on tractor trailers. It is another object of the present invention to provide a rotary assembly for use in central tire inflation systems which exhibits a substantially longer useful life than the rotary union assemblies heretofore available. It is another object of the present invention to provide a rotary union assembly for use in a central tire inflation system for automatically maintaining the inflation pressure of the pneumatic tires on moving vehicles such as tractor trailers which reduces the possibility of a pressure build up within the lubrication compartments of the wheels. It is a further object of the present invention to provide a rotary union assembly for a central tire inflation system which minimizes any wear in the air seals of the assembly as a result of off-center mountings between the rotary housing and air outlet in the axial spindle. It is a still further object of the present invention to provide a rotary union assembly for use in a central tire inflation system which allows one to remove and replace the components of the rotary union exteriorly of the hub cap so as to obviate the need to remove the hub cap and risk contaminating an otherwise sealed area to effect part replacement. It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a rotary union assembly for use in a central tire inflation system which is adaptable for use with a wide variety of differently configured wheel hub caps without the need for part replacement. It is another object of the present invention to provide a rotary union assembly for use in a central tire inflation system which provides a high volume air flow to the tires to handle high volume air leaks and reduce the tire inflation time in the event of a flat tire. It is still further object of the present invention to provide a rotary union assembly for use in central tire air inflation systems which is of simple construction and economical to manufacture. These and other objects and advantages of the present invention will become readily apparent from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT IN THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a partial perspective view of the rotary union assembly of the present invention shown secured to a hub cap on the outer wheel of a pair of tractor trailer tires mounted on a stationary axle. FIG. 2 is an exploded perspective, view of the components of the rotary union assembly of the present invention. FIG. 3 is a sectional side view of the rotary union assembly of the present invention and associated axle spindle. FIG. 4 is a partial side view of the rotary housing, air lines and associated valves employed in the rotary union assembly of the present invention. Referring now in detail to the drawings, the rotary union assembly 10 of the present invention, while useable on a wide variety of movable vehicles employing stationary axles for automatically maintaining the inflation pressure of the pneumatic tires thereon, is particularly adapted for use on tractor trailers. Accordingly, the assembly 10 will be described in conjunction with a pair of adjacent vehicle tires 12 and 14 mounted on a stationary tractor trailer axle 16. While identical rotary union assemblies 10 are provided at the end of each axle on the trailer to maintain the inflation pressure of the tires carried thereby, reference will be made to only one such assembly and the pair of tires it services. The trailer axle 16 which carries tires 12 and 14 is sealed and functions as an air conduit to communicate the spindles 18 welded to the extended ends of a trailer axle 16 with an air supply line 20. Air supply line 20 provides air under pressure to the interior of axle 16 from the conventional air compressor on the tractor via a standard pressure protection valve and control box (not shown) to pressurize the axle at the cold tire pressure of the trailer tires. As seen in FIGS. 2 and 3, axle spindle 18 has a centrally disposed conduit 22 extending axially therethrough which terminates at its downstream end in an enlarged cylindrical bore 24. A cylindrical plug 26 provided with an o-ring 27 mounted in a groove in its outer surface is sealably secured in bore 24. Plug 26 defines a centrally disposed axial threaded opening 28 therein. Plug 26 can be secured in bore 24 in a press fit or by means of self-tapping-threads. A through flow fitting 30 is threadably engaged in opening 28 with the threads thereon being of the NPT type and preferably coated with a suitable sealant so as to form an airtight fitment with plug 26. In an alternate embodiment of trailer axles which define solid ends, the extended ends are drilled and tapped to provide the threaded opening 28 for fitting 30. Fitting 30 defines an open axial channel 32 extending therethrough and carries an o-ring 34 therein extending about channel 32 adjacent a seal retaining ring 36. O-ring 34 and retaining ring 36 are disposed in an offset portion 38 of channel 32 which terminates in a downstream, slightly enlarged channel portion 39 as seen in FIG. 3. A flexible air hose 40 is disposed in channel 32 and projects therethrough into conduit 22 in spindle 18 so as to communicate with the interior of pressurized axle 16. A suitable air filter 37 is provided in an upstream end portion of hose 40 within axle 16 to remove any debris from the air flow through hose 40 which might exist within the axle interior. The o-ring 34 carried in fitting 30 forms an airtight seal about air hose 40 while allowing for the hose to be axially adjusted with respect to fitting 30. The downstream end portion 41 of air hose 40 is secured within a second fitting 42 which securely grips air hose 40. A fitting marketed by Parker Hannifin Corporation under the name Presto Encapsulated Cartridge Model PPMCEN-4, tube size ¼, is ideally suited for fitting 42 for use with hose 40 having a 0.250 in. outside diameter. Flexible hose 40 is preferably constructed of a nylon or plastic material and defines a wall thickness of about 0.050 in. Fitting 42 carries an external o-ring 43 and is sealably secured in a press fitment within a chamber 44 formed in the upstream end of an elongated steel shaft 45 axially aligned with air hose 40. Shaft 45 has an axially disposed air channel 46 extending therethrough communicating with chamber 44. Shaft 45 projects into a rotary housing 50 which is mounted exteriorly adjacent the end wall 52 of hub cap 54. Rotary housing 50 defines a channel 58 extending axially therethrough for receiving shaft 45 and the other components of the rotary union 70. A pair of high quality self-lubricating bearings 56 are mounted within housing 50 about a portion of channel 58 which receive in a press fitment a downstream portion 59 of the shaft 45 so as to provide a freely rotational mounting of the rotary housing 50 on shaft 45. Bearings marketed by NTN Bearing Corporation of America of Mt. Prospect, Ill. under the model designation W688AZZ/1K have been found to be well suited for this application. The bearings 56 are secured in place within housing 50 by retaining rings 60 and 61. The downstream portion 59 of shaft 45 which projects through bearings 56 is of a reduced diameter to define a bearings abutment shoulder 62 and a flat end face 63. A reduced diameter portion 64 of rotary housing 50 projects through a centrally disposed aperture 65 in the end wall of hub cap 54 such that the rotary housing can be sealably secured against the exterior end wall 52 of hub cap 54 in axial alignment with the hub cap and shaft 45, flexible air hose 40 and fitting 30 by means of an exterior o-ring 66 and interior locking ring 67. The hub cap 54 is secured to the outer tire wheel 68 by means of the threaded engagement of the wheel lug nuts 69 with lug bolts 69′. Accordingly, rotation of tires 12 and 14 will effect rotation of the wheel hub cap 54 and rotary housing 50 with respect to the axially aligned and stationary shaft 46, air hose 40 and fitting 30. The rotary union or seal 70 in rotary housing 50 is defined by the stationary elongated shaft 45, an axially aligned graphite element 72 having an open ended channel 74 extending axially therethrough, a steel washer 78, an o-ring 79 disposed between washer 78 and the downstream end of the graphite element 72, and a coil spring 80 carried by a cylindrical projection 82 on a plug 84. Plug 84 is provided with an o-ring 83 thereon and is threadably secured in a sealing engagement in the extended end of the rotary housing 50. The graphite element defines a hexagonal portion 72′ which fits within a correspondingly configured portion 58′ of the flow through channel 58 in rotary housing 50 such that rotational movement of housing 50 with hub cap 54 is imparted to graphite element 72. The spring member 80 when compressed to 0.25 inches produces spring force of about 5.5 to 6.0 pounds and bears against plug member 84 and washer 78 so as to urge the upstream planar end face 73 of graphite element 72 against the flush downstream adjacent planar end face 63 of the stationary shaft 45. A weep hole 86 is provided in the rotary housing 50 which communicates with channel 58 therein proximate the abutment of the rotating end face 73 on the graphite element 72 with the end face 63 of stationary shaft 45. Thus, in the event any air leakage were to occur at the rotary union 70, the air would pass to the atmosphere and not pressurize the bearings or leak past the bearings to the lubrication compartment 88 within the hub cap. In addition, a plurality of conventional duck bill type relief valves (not shown) would preferably be provided in the hub cap end wall 52, radially spaced from rotary housing 50, so that in the unlikely event an air leak within the hub cap were to occur, a pressure build up in the lubrication compartment would be avoided. A pair of oppositely aligned radial channels 90 and 92 are provided in the rotary housing 50 which communicate with the axial channel 58 therein proximate spring member 80 as seen in FIG. 3. Through the aforesaid configuration, air under pressure in axle 16 passes into and through stationary flexible hose 40, fittings 30 and 42 and the stationary shaft 45 into the rotating graphite element 72 being urged against the shaft by spring member 80. The air then passes through element 72 and into housing channels 90 and 92 for direction to the trailer tires 12 and 14 via air lines 96 and 98 (see FIG. 4). The resulting rotary seal has been found to exhibit an extremely long life without leakage. By means of the threadably engaged plug 84, which defines an Allen wrench opening 99 in the head portion thereof, ready access is provided to the interior of the rotary housing 50 and the elements comprising the rotary seal 70 disposed therein. The opposed channels 90 and 92 in rotary housing 50 are provided with internal threads for the threaded engagement therein of Schraeder valves 100 and 102 respectively. (See FIG. 4). Valves 100 and 102 each have an opening pressure of about 90 psi and are held open by a conventional check valve depressor 103 (only one being shown) mounted in the air hoses 96 and 98 within knurled nut ends 104 and 106 carried thereby. Mounted downstream and substantially adjacent depressors 103 are a second pair of Schraeder valves 105 (only one being shown) which are normally closed and have an opening pressure of about 3 psi. Air hoses 96 and 98 project in opposed directions from rotary housing 50 to the conventional valve stems (not shown) carried on tires 12 and 14. The threaded hose fittings 108 carried by downstream ends of air hoses 96 and 98 for threaded engagement with the tire valve stems are each provided with a check valve depressor (not shown) such that upon threadably securing the air hoses to the valve stems, the check valves in the tire valve stems are maintained in an open disposition, thereby communicating the interior of tires 12 and 14 with air hoses 96 and 98. Through the aforesaid configuration, air under a pressure corresponding to that of the cold pressure of the vehicle tires 12 and 14 is provided from axle 16 through the rotary union assembly 10 and the open Schraeder valves 100 and 102 carried by the rotary housing 50. Because the air passing through valves 100 and 102 to valves 105 is at the same pressure as the air within tires 12 and 14, valves 105 are balanced and remain closed, preventing air flow through the rotary union assembly 10. In the event of a leak in one of the tires, the resulting pressure drop downstream in air, hose 96 or 98 will create a pressure imbalance across the valve 105 mounted therein. As soon as this imbalance reaches 3 psi, the valve 105 will open, allowing air to pass therethrough to the leaking tire to maintain the desired inflation pressure within the tire. When the automatic air inflation system is shut down, the pressure within the axle remains at the tire inflation pressure. Accordingly, valves 105 remain balanced and closed so that the tires will not deflate. If the axle were to leak so that the pressure were to drop on the upstream side of valves 105, they would remain closed so that the tires would not release air to the depressurized chamber within the axle. If one were to remove one of hoses 96 or 98 from housing 50, as would occur if the hoses were damaged, valve 100 or 102 would close so that the system would not continually blow air to the atmosphere. Finally, a warning light (not shown) is provided so as to alert the driver in the event of the activation of the automatic tire inflation system, which would be indicative of a tire leak. In addition, if one were to disconnect one of air hoses 96 or 98 from its respective tire stem, the warning light would also illuminate so that the automatic tire inflation system would not continuously pump air through the system without the knowledge of the driver. Such a warning system could comprise a microswitch in electrical communication with the wiring harness on the trailer which closes upon the activation of the control box in the automatic tire inflation system and triggers a transmitter which would send a signal to a receiving unit mounted on the front left corner of the trailer. The receiving unit would activate a plurality of LED's which would be clearly visible to the driver through the side mirror of the attached tractor. Various changes and modifications may be made in carrying out the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope thereof. Insofar as these changes and modifications are within the purview of the appended claims, they are to be considered as part of the present invention.	<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>The present invention relates to an improved rotary assembly for use in a central tire inflation system for automatically maintaining the inflation pressure of the pneumatic tires on moving vehicles such as tractor trailers. Automatic central tire inflation systems for vehicle tires are well known and the subject of several U.S. patents, including U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,276,503; 4,387,931; 4,883,106; 5,287,906 and 5,584,949, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. The central tire' inflation systems employed on typical tractor trailers utilize the air compressor on the tractor as a source of pressurized air to fill a leaking tire while the trailer is in motion. The compressor directs air to the reserve air brake tank on the trailer and is set to maintain the air pressure within the tank within a range of about 100 to 125 psi, which generally corresponds to the range of typical inflation pressures in the tires used on large tractor trailers. Air from the reserve air brake tank is first directed to the braking system to maintain the air pressure in the braking system at the normal brake system level of about 70 psi. Excess air is directed from the tank through a pressure protection valve to a control box for the tire inflation system. The pressure protection valve only opens to direct the air to the control box when the air pressure in the tank exceeds 70 psi, thereby preventing air from being directed to the air inflation system which is needed for the trailer braking system. The control box contains a pressure regulator which is set to the cold tire pressure of the particular tires on the trailer so as to supply air to the tires at the desired pressure level in the event of a leak. Air is directed from the control box to the leaking tire through one of the trailer axles, which either carries an air line from the control box, or is sealed and functions as an air conduit. The pressurized air carried by the axles communicates with each pair of trailer tires mounted thereon through a rotary union assembly by which air flow is directed from a stationary air line to the valve stems on the rotating tires. Pressure responsive valves are employed between each rotary union assembly and its associated tires so that upon the occurrence of a leak in one of the tires, the resulting pressure loss will cause one of the valves to open and allow air flow from the rotary union assembly to pass therethrough to the leaking tire. While these central tire inflation systems are well known and in widespread use, they suffer from several shortcomings. The rotary union assemblies employed in these systems have a relatively limited useful life span before the rotary seals begin to leak. The rotary seals, or rotary unions as they are frequently called, which are employed in these assemblies are generally located within the wheel lubrication compartments adjacent the ends of the axles. Accordingly, any air leakage in the rotary union seals causes an air pressure build up within the lubrication compartment which can damage the oil seals therein, and create an oil leak. If the wheel bearings loose their lubrication, they will seize up and can cause a fire. In addition to creating the potential for a dangerous fire, the positioning of the rotary union within the lubrication compartment of the wheel makes accessibility to the elements comprising the rotary union both difficult and awkward. As a result, the costs of repair and replacement are significantly increased. The present invention provides a rotary union assembly for automatic central tire inflation systems which exhibits a substantially longer life than the rotary union assemblies heretofore in use. In addition, the assembly is configured so as to position the rotary union outside of the lubrication compartment for the vehicle wheels and thus avoids pressure build-ups within the compartment in the unlikely event of a leak in the rotary union seal. The assembly also provides ready access to the rotary union components thereof without having to enter the lubrication compartment to facilitate part replacement. As a result, the present invention provides a substantial improvement in air pressure maintenance systems for tractor trailer tires. Other problems facing central tire inflation systems include a lack of uniformity in tractor trailer wheel hub cap configurations and off-center mountings. The former situation results in variations in the axial distance between the ends of the axle spindles and end walls of the hub caps. This distance generally determines the spacing between the air inlet of the assembly and the rotary seal therein. It would be highly desirable to provide a rotary union assembly which could readily accommodate such dimensional variations and thereby obviate the need to provide differently sized assemblies or replacement components for different hub cap configurations. The rotary union assembly should also accommodate off-center alignments of the axle spindle and hub caps without incurring additional wear on the air seals in the assembly which further shortens the life of the assembly. The rotary union assembly of the present invention achieves these objectives as well.	<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>Briefly, the present invention is directed to a rotary union assembly for use in automatic tire inflation systems for vehicle tires and, particularly, for use in automatic inflation systems employed on tractor trailers having pressurized stationary axles. The rotary union assembly of the present invention communicates the valve stems on a pair of adjacent tires with the pressurized axle interior through the use of a stationary flexible air hose communicating at its upstream end with the axle interior through a stationary o-ring seal and at its downstream end with a rotary housing containing the rotary seal. The housing is sealably secured against the exterior surface of the end wall of the hub cap so as to be rotatable with the hub cap and tire. The o-ring seal is provided in a through flow fitting threadably secured in the extended end of the axle spindle so as to form an air tight seal about the upstream portion of the stationary air hose which allows for the length of the air hose projecting from the o-ring to the rotary housing to be readily varied by the simple insertion or retraction of line from the fitting during installation, thereby accommodating wide variations in hub cap configurations without the need for part replacement and without adversely affecting the integrity of the seal. As both the flexible air hose and the fitting through which it extends are stationary, wear is virtually eliminated at this juncture of the assembly. The use of a flexible air hose between the axle spindle and rotary housing, allows for inadvertent off-center mountings of the rotary housing relative to the threaded fitment on the axle spindle without significantly affecting either the integrity or the life of the air seals in the assembly. Positioning the rotary housing against the exterior end surface of the hub cap locates the rotary seal formed therein outside of the lubrication compartment of the wheel and thereby prevents pressure build ups within the lubrication compartment in the event of air leakage in the rotary seal. The rotary seal of the present invention includes an elongated stationary shaft having an air passageway extending axially therethrough. The shaft carries the downstream end of the flexible air hose and projects through and is carried by a pair of bearing members disposed in an extended portion of the rotary housing. The extended portion of the housing projects axially through the hub cap end wall such that the shaft communicates the pressurized tractor trailer axle with the interior of the rotary housing while providing a rotatable mounting of the rotary housing on the stationary shaft. A spring biased graphite element having a centrally disposed axial passageway is mounted in a fixed disposition within the housing so as to be rotatable therewith. The element is pressed against the downstream end of the elongated shaft in a flush disposition therewith to form with the shaft a rotary union by which air flow passes from the stationary flexible air hose into the rotating housing. In the rotary housing mounted on the end wall of the hub cap, air is directed from the rotary union through two opposed channels into separate air lines which communicate with the valve stems on the pair of adjacent tires. Pressure responsive valves are provided in each of the lines to allow air flow through the appropriate line in response to a downstream pressure drop as would occur in the event of a leak in one of the tires. A normally open pressure responsive valve is also provided in each line which closes in the event of a drop in pressure upstream of the rotary union as would occur when the compressor is shut down to prevent the trailer tires from deflating. A warning light is also provided in the system for indicating to the driver the activation of the central tire inflation system. It is the principal object of the present invention to provide an improved rotary union assembly for use in central tire inflation systems employed on tractor trailers. It is another object of the present invention to provide a rotary assembly for use in central tire inflation systems which exhibits a substantially longer useful life than the rotary union assemblies heretofore available. It is another object of the present invention to provide a rotary union assembly for use in a central tire inflation system for automatically maintaining the inflation pressure of the pneumatic tires on moving vehicles such as tractor trailers which reduces the possibility of a pressure build up within the lubrication compartments of the wheels. It is a further object of the present invention to provide a rotary union assembly for a central tire inflation system which minimizes any wear in the air seals of the assembly as a result of off-center mountings between the rotary housing and air outlet in the axial spindle. It is a still further object of the present invention to provide a rotary union assembly for use in a central tire inflation system which allows one to remove and replace the components of the rotary union exteriorly of the hub cap so as to obviate the need to remove the hub cap and risk contaminating an otherwise sealed area to effect part replacement. It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a rotary union assembly for use in a central tire inflation system which is adaptable for use with a wide variety of differently configured wheel hub caps without the need for part replacement. It is another object of the present invention to provide a rotary union assembly for use in a central tire inflation system which provides a high volume air flow to the tires to handle high volume air leaks and reduce the tire inflation time in the event of a flat tire. It is still further object of the present invention to provide a rotary union assembly for use in central tire air inflation systems which is of simple construction and economical to manufacture. These and other objects and advantages of the present invention will become readily apparent from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.	20040521	20051129	20050106	94943.0		2	STORMER, RUSSELL D	ROTARY UNION ASSEMBLY FOR USE IN AIR PRESSURE INFLATION SYSTEMS FOR TRACTOR TRAILER TIRES	SMALL	1	CONT-ACCEPTED		2,004
10,851,481	ACCEPTED	Compounds and methods for delivery of prostacyclin analogs	This invention pertains generally to prostacyclin analogs and methods for their use in promoting vasodilation, inhibiting platelet aggregation and thrombus formation, stimulating thrombolysis, inhibiting cell proliferation (including vascular remodeling), providing cytoprotection, preventing atherogenesis and inducing angiogenesis. Generally, the compounds and methods of the present invention increase the oral bioavailability and circulating concentrations of treprostinil when administered orally. Compounds of the present invention have the following formula:	1. A compound having structure I wherein, R1 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, substituted and unsubstituted benzyl groups, and groups wherein OR1 are substituted or unsubstituted glycolamide esters; R2 and R3 may be the same or different and are independently selected from the group consisting of H, phosphate and groups wherein OR2 and OR3 form esters of amino acids or proteins, with the proviso that all of R1, R2 and R3 are not H; enantiomers thereof; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compound: 2. The compound of claim 1, wherein R1 is a substituted or unsubstituted benzyl group. 3. The compound of claim 3, wherein R1 is CH2C6H5. 4. The compound of claim 1, wherein OR1 is a substituted or unsubstituted glycolamide ester, R1 is —CH2CONR4R5, R4 and R5 may be the same or different and are independently selected from the group consisting of H, OH, substituted and unsubstituted alkyl groups, —(CH2)mCH3, —CH2OH, and —CH2(CH2)nOH, with the proviso that m is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, and n is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4. 5. The compound of claim 4, wherein one or both of R4 and R5 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, —OH, —CH3, or —CH2CH2OH. 6. The compound of claim 4 , wherein both of R4 and R5 are H, —OH, —CH3, or —CH2CH2OH. 7. The compound of claim 1, wherein one or both of R2 and R3 are H. 8. The compound of claim 1, wherein R2 and R3 are independently selected from phosphate and groups wherein OR2 and OR3 are esters of amino acids, dipeptides, esters of tripeptides and esters of tetrapeptides. 9. The compound of claim 8, wherein only one of R2 or R3 is a phosphate group. 10. The compound of claim 8, wherein R2 and R3 are independently selected from groups wherein OR2 and OR3 are esters of amino acids. 11. The compound of claim 10, wherein one or both of R2 and R3 are esters of glycine or alanine. 12. The compound of claim 1, wherein one of R2 and R3 are H. 13. The compound of claim 10, wherein R2 is H. 14. The compound of claim 1, wherein R1 is H. 15. The compound of claim 1, wherein the oral bioavailability of the compound is greater than the oral bioavailability of treprostinil. 16. The compound of claim 15, wherein the oral bioavailability of the compound is at least 50% greater than the oral bioavailability of treprostinil. 17. The compound of claim 16, wherein the oral bioavailability of the compound is at least 100% greater than the oral bioavailability of treprostinil. 18. The compound of claim 1, further comprising an inhibitor of p-glycoprotein transport. 19. The compound of claim 1, further comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. 20. A method of treating pulmonary hypertension and/or other disorders where prostacyclin shows benefit in a subject comprising orally administering a pharmaceutically effective amount of a compound of structure II: wherein, R1 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, substituted and unsubstituted alkyl groups, arylalkyl groups and groups wherein OR1 form a substituted or unsubstituted glycolamide ester; R2 and R3 may be the same or different and are independently selected from the group consisting of H, phosphate and groups wherein OR2 and OR3 form esters of amino acids or proteins, with the proviso that all of R1, R2 and R3 are not H; enantiomers thereof; and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein when OR1 forms a substituted or unsubstituted glycolamide ester, R1 is —CH2CONR4R5, wherein R4 and R5 may be the same or different and are independently selected from the group consisting of H, OH, substituted and unsubstituted alkyl groups, —(CH2)mCH3, —CH2OH, and —CH2(CH2)nOH, with the proviso that m is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, and n is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein R1 is a C1-C4 alkyl group. 23. The method of claim 22, wherein R1 is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, propyl or butyl. 24. The method of claim 20, wherein R1 is a substituted or unsubstituted benzyl group. 25. The method of claim 24, wherein R1 is —CH3 or —CH2C6H5. 26. The method of claim 21, R4 and R5 are the same or different and are independently selected from the group consisting of H, OH, —CH3, and —CH2CH2OH. 27. The method of claim 20, wherein one or both of R2 and R3 are H. 28. The method of claim 20, wherein one or both of R2 and R3 are not H and R2 and R3 are independently selected from phosphate and groups wherein OR2 and OR3 are esters of amino acids, dipeptides, esters of tripeptides and esters of tetrapeptides. 29. The method of claim 20, wherein only one of R2 or R3 is a phosphate group. 30. The method of claim 28 wherein R2 and R3 are independently selected from groups wherein OR2 and OR3 are esters of amino acids. 31. The method of claim 30, wherein one or both of R2 and R3 are esters of glycine or alanine. 32. The method of claim 28, wherein one of R1 is H. 33. The method of claim 28, wherein one of R1 and R2 is H. 34. The method of claim 33, wherein R2 is H. 35. The method of claim 20, wherein the oral bioavailability of the compound is greater than the oral bioavailability of treprostinil. 36. The method of claim 35, wherein the oral bioavailability of the compound is at least 50% greater than the oral bioavailability of treprostinil. 37. The method of claim 36, wherein the oral bioavailability of the compound is at least 100% greater than the oral bioavailability of treprostinil. 38. The method of claim 20, further comprising administering pharmaceutically effective amount of a p-glycoprotein inhibitor. 39. The method of claim 38, wherein the p-glycoprotein inhibitor is administered simultaneously with the compound of structure II. 40. The method of claim 38, wherein the p-glycoprotein inhibitor is administered prior to administration of the compound of structure II. 41. The method of claim 38, wherein the p-glycoprotein inhibitor is administered orally or intravenously. 42. The method of claim 20, wherein the method is used to treat pulmonary hypertension. 43. A method of increasing the oral bioavailability of treprostinil or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, comprising administering a pharmaceutically effective amount of a p-glycoprotein inhibitor and orally administering a pharmaceutically effective amount of treprostinil and to a subject. 44. The method of claim 43, wherein the p-glycoprotein inhibitor is administered simultaneously with the treprostinil. 45. The method of claim 43, wherein the p-glycoprotein inhibitor is administered prior to administration of the treprostinil. 46. The method of claim 43, wherein the p-glycoprotein inhibitor is administered orally or intravenously. 47. A composition comprising treprostinil or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a p-glycoprotein inhibitor. 48. The compound of claim 1, wherein the pharmaceutically actable salt is diethanolamine. 49. The compound of claim 1, having the following structure: 50. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compounds is a polymorph of Form B. 51. The compound of claim 50, wherein the compound has an X-ray powder diffraction pattern as shown in FIG. 20.	CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED PATENT APPLICATIONS This application claims benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/472,407, filed on May 22, 2003, the entire contents of which are incorporated by reference herein. FIELD OF THE INVENTION This invention pertains generally to prostacyclin analogs and methods for their use in promoting vasodilation, inhibiting platelet aggregation and thrombus formation, stimulating thrombolysis, inhibiting cell proliferation (including vascular remodeling), providing cytoprotection, preventing atherogenesis and inducing angiogenesis. Through these prostacyclin-mimetic mechanisms, the compounds of the present invention may be used in the treatment of/for: pulmonary hypertension, ischemic diseases (e.g., peripheral vascular disease, Raynaud's phenomenon, Scleroderma, myocardial ischemia, ischemic stroke, renal insufficiency), heart failure (including congestive heart failure), conditions requiring anticoagulation (e.g., post MI, post cardiac surgery), thrombotic microangiopathy, extracorporeal circulation, central retinal vein occlusion, atherosclerosis, inflammatory diseases (e.g., COPD, psoriasis), hypertension (e.g., preeclampsia), reproduction and parturition, cancer or other conditions of unregulated cell growth, cell/tissue preservation and other emerging therapeutic areas where prostacyclin treatment appears to have a beneficial role. These compounds may also demonstrate additive or synergistic benefit in combination with other cardiovascular agents (e.g., calcium channel blockers, phosphodiesterase inhibitors, endothelial antagonists, antiplatelet agents). BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Many valuable pharmacologically active compounds cannot be effectively administered orally for various reasons and are generally administered via intravenous or intramuscular routes. These routes of administration generally require intervention by a physician or other health care professional, and can entail considerable discomfort as well as potential local trauma to the patient. One example of such a compound is treprostinil, a chemically stable analog of prostacyclin. Although treprostinil sodium (Remodulin®) is approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for subcutaneous administration, treprostinil as the free acid has an absolute oral bioavailability of less than 10%. Accordingly, there is clinical interest in providing treprostinil orally. Thus, there is a need for a safe and effective method for increasing the systemic availability of treprostinil via administration of treprostinil or treprostinil analogs. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In one embodiment, the present invention provides a compound having structure I: wherein, R1 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, substituted and unsubstituted benzyl groups, and groups wherein OR1 are substituted or unsubstituted glycolamide esters; R2 and R3 may be the same or different and are independently selected from the group consisting of H, phosphate and groups wherein OR2 and OR3 form esters of amino acids or proteins, with the proviso that all of R1, R2 and R3 are not H; an enantiomer of the compound; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compound and polymorphs. In some of these embodiments, R1 is a substituted or unsubstituted benzyl group, such as CH2C6H5. In other embodiments, OR1 is a substituted or unsubstituted glycolamide ester, R1 is —CH2CONR4R5, R4 and R5 may be the same or different and are independently selected from the group consisting of H, OH, substituted and unsubstituted alkyl groups, —(CH2)mCH3, —CH2OH, and —CH2(CH2)nOH, with the proviso that m is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, and n is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4. In certain of these embodiments one or both of R4 and R5 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, —OH, —CH3, or —CH2CH2OH. In any of the previously discussed embodiments, one or both of R2 and R3 can be H. In some enantiomers of the compound R1═R2═R3═H, or R2═R3=H and R1=valinyl amide. In still further embodiments of the present compounds R2 and R3 are independently selected from phosphate and groups wherein OR2 and OR3 are esters of amino acids, dipeptides, esters of tripeptides and esters of tetrapeptides. In some compounds only one of R2 or R3 is a phosphate group. In other compounds R2 and R3 are independently selected from groups wherein OR2 and OR3 are esters of amino acids, such as esters of glycine or alanine. In any of the above embodiments, one of R2 and R3 are H. In certain of the present compounds, the oral bioavailability of the compound is greater than the oral bioavailability of treprostinil, such as at least 50% or 100% greater than the oral bioavailability of treprostinil. The above compounds can further comprise an inhibitor of p-glycoprotein transport. Any of these compounds can also further comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. The present invention also provides a method of using the above compounds therapeutically of/for: pulmonary hypertension, ischemic diseases, heart failure, conditions requiring anticoagulation, thrombotic microangiopathy, extracorporeal circulation, central retinal vein occlusion, atherosclerosis, inflammatory diseases, hypertension, reproduction and parturition, cancer or other conditions of unregulated cell growth, cell/tissue preservation and other emerging therapeutic areas where prostacyclin treatment appears to have a beneficial role. A preferred embodiment is a method of treating pulmonary hypertension and/or peripheral vascular disease in a subject comprising orally administering a pharmaceutically effective amount of a compound of structure II: wherein, R1 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, substituted and unsubstituted alkyl groups, arylalkyl groups and groups wherein OR1 form a substituted or unsubstituted glycolamide ester; R2 and R3 may be the same or different and are independently selected from the group consisting of H, phosphate and groups wherein OR2 and OR3 form esters of amino acids or proteins, with the proviso that all of R1, R2 and R3 are not H; an enantiomer of the compound; and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or polymorph of the compound. In some of these methods, when OR1 forms a substituted or unsubstituted glycolamide ester, R1 is —CH2CONR4R5, wherein R4 and R5 may be the same or different and are independently selected from the group consisting of H, OH, substituted and unsubstituted alkyl groups, —(CH2)mCH3, —CH2OH, and —CH2(CH2)nOH, with the proviso that m is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, and n is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4. In other methods R1 is a C1-C4 alkyl group, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl or butyl. In the disclosed methods, R1 can also be a substituted or unsubstituted benzyl group. In other methods, R1 can be —CH3 or —CH2C6H5. In still other methods R4 and R5 are the same or different and are independently selected from the group consisting of H, OH, —CH3, and —CH2CH2OH. In yet other methods, one or both of R2 and R3 are H. Alternatively, one or both of R2 and R3 are not H and R2 and R3 are independently selected from phosphate and groups wherein OR2 and OR3 are esters of amino acids, dipeptides, esters of tripeptides and esters of tetrapeptides. In some methods, only one of R2 or R3 is a phosphate group. In additional methods, R2 and R3 are independently selected from groups wherein OR2 and OR3 are esters of amino acids, such as esters of glycine or alanine. In further methods one of R1 and R2 is H. In some methods, enantiomers of the compound where R1═R2═R3═H, or R2═R3═H and R1=valinyl amide are used. In various methods the oral bioavailability of the compound is greater than the oral bioavailability of treprostinil, such as at least 50% or 100% greater than the oral bioavailability of treprostinil. The present methods can also comprise administering pharmaceutically effective amount of a p-glycoprotein inhibitor, simultaneously, sequentially, or prior to administration of the compound of structure II. In some embodiments the p-glycoprotein inhibitor is administered orally or intravenously. The disclosed methods can be used to treat pulmonary hypertension. The present invention also provides a method of increasing the oral bioavailability of treprostinil or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, comprising administering a pharmaceutically effective amount of a p-glycoprotein inhibitor and orally administering a pharmaceutically effective amount of treprostinil to a subject. In certain of these embodiments the p-glycoprotein inhibitor is administered prior to or simultaneously with the treprostinil. The route of the p-glycoprotein inhibitor administration can vary, such as orally or intravenously. The present invention also provides a composition comprising treprostinil or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a p-glycoprotein inhibitor. The present compound can also be administered topically or transdermally. Pharmaceutical formulations according to the present invention are provided which include any of the compounds described above in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The compounds described above can also be used to treat cancer. Further objects, features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following detailed description. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIGS. 1A and 1B respectively show plasma concentration versus time curves for intravenous and intraportal dosing of treprostinil diethanolamine salt in rats as described in Example 1; FIGS. 2A, 2B and 2C respectively show plasma concentration versus time curves for intraduodenal, intracolonic and oral dosing of treprostinil diethanol amine salt in rats as described in Example 1; FIG. 3 shows on a logarithmic scle the average plasma concentration versus time curves for the routes of administration described in Example 1; FIG. 4 is a graphical representation of the plasma concentration versus time curve for treprostinil in rat following oral administration in rats of treprostinil methyl ester as described in Example 2; FIG. 5 is a graphical representation of the plasma concentration versus time curve for treprostinil in rat following oral administration in rats of treprostinil benzyl ester as described in Example 2; FIG. 6 is a graphical representation of the plasma concentration versus time curve for treprostinil in rat following oral administration in rats of treprostinil diglycine as described in Example 2; FIG. 7 is a graphical representation of the plasma concentration versus time curve for treprostinil in rat following oral administration in rates of treprostinil benzyl ester (0.5 mg/kg) and treprostinil diglycine (0.5 mg/kg) as described in Example 2 compared to treprostinil (1 mg/per kg). FIG. 8 is a graphical representation of the plasma concentration versus time curve for treprostinil in rat following intraduodenal administration of treprostinil monophosphate (ring) as described in Example 3; FIG. 9 is a graphical representation of the plasma concentration versus time curve for treprostinil in rat following intraduodenal administration of treprostinil monovaline (ring) as described in Example 3; FIG. 10 is a graphical representation of the plasma concentration versus time curve for treprostinil in rat following intraduodenal administration of treprostinil monoalanine (ring) as described in Example 3; FIG. 11 is a graphical representation of the plasma concentration versus time curve for treprostinil in rat following intraduodenal administration of treprostinil monoalanine (chain) as described in Example 3; and FIG. 12 is a graphical representation of the avergage plasma concentration versus time curve for each prodrug compared to treprostinil alone from Example 1, as described in Example 3. Treprostinil was dosed at 1 mg/kg whereas the prodrugs were dosed at 0.5 mg/kg. FIGS. 13A-13D respectively show doses, administered every two hours for four doses, for either 0.05 mg per dose (total=0.2 mg), 0.125 mg per dose (total=0.5 mg), 0.25 mg per dose (total=1.0 mg), or 0.5 mg per dose (total=2.0 mg). FIG. 14 shows pharmacokinetic profiles of UT-15C sustained release tablets and sustained release capsules, fasted and fed state. FIG. 15 shows an X ray powder diffraction spectrum of the polymorph Form A. FIG. 16 shows an IR spectrum of the polymorph Form A. FIG. 17 shows a Raman spectrum of the polymorph Form A. FIG. 18 shows thermal data of the polymorph Form A. FIG. 19 shows moisture sorption data of the polymorph Form A. FIG. 20 shows an X ray powder diffraction spectrum of the polymorph Form B. FIG. 21 shows thermal data of the polymorph Form B. FIG. 22 shows moisture sorption data of the polymorph Form B. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Unless otherwise specified, “a” or “an” means “one or more”. The present invention provides compounds and methods for inducing prostacyclin-like effects in a subject or patient. The compounds provided herein can be formulated into pharmaceutical formulations and medicaments that are useful in the methods of the invention. The invention also provides for the use of the compounds in preparing medicaments and pharmaceutical formulations and for use of the compounds in treating biological conditions related to insufficient prostacyclin activity as outlined in the Field of Invention. The present invention also provides compounds and methods for the treatment of cancer and cancer related disorders. In some embodiments, the present compounds are chemical derivatives of (+)-treprostinil, which has the following structure: Treprostinil is a chemically stable analog of prostacyclin, and as such is a potent vasodilator and inhibitor of platelet aggregation. The sodium salt of treprostinil, (1R,2R,3aS,9aS)-[[2,3,3a,4,9,9a -Hexahydro-2-hydroxy-1-[(3S)-3-hydroxyoctyl]-1H-benz[f]inden-5-yl]oxy]acetic acid monosodium salt, is sold as a solution for injection as Remodulin® which has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treatment of pulmonary hypertension. In some embodiments, the present compounds are derivatives of (−)-treprostinil, the enantiomer of (+)-treprostinil. A preferred embodiment of the present invention is the diethanolamine salt of treprostinil. The present invention further includes polymorphs of the above compounds, with two forms, A and B, being described in the examples below. Of the two forms, B is preferred. A particularly preferred embodiment of the present invention is form B of treprostinil diethanolamine. In some embodiments, the present compounds are generally classified as prodrugs of treprostinil that convert to treprostinil after administration to a patient, such as through ingestion. In some embodiments, the prodrugs have little or no activity themselves and only show activity after being converted to treprostinil. In some embodiments, the present compounds were produced by chemically derivatizing treprostinil to make stable esters, and in some instances, the compounds were derivatized from the hydroxyl groups. Compounds of the present invention can also be provided by modifying the compounds found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,306,075 and 5,153,222 in like manner. In one embodiment, the present invention provides compounds of structure I: wherein, R1 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, substituted and unsubstituted benzyl groups and groups wherein OR1 are substituted or unsubstituted glycolamide esters; R2 and R3 may be the same or different and are independently selected from the group consisting of H, phosphate and groups wherein OR2 and OR3 form esters of amino acids or proteins, with the proviso that all of R1, R2 and R3 are not H; enantiomers of the compound; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compound. In some embodiments wherein OR1 are substituted or unsubstituted glycolamide esters, R1 is —CH2CONR4R5 and R4 and R5 may be the same or different and are independently selected from the group consisting of H, OH, substituted and unsubstituted alkyl groups, —(CH2)mCH3, —CH2OH, and —CH2(CH2)nOH, with the proviso that m is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, and n is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4. One skilled in the art will also readily recognize that where members are grouped together in a common manner, such as in a Markush group or the groups described in the R of structures I and II above and below, the present invention encompasses not only the entire group listed as a whole, but each member of the group individually and all possible subgroups of the main group. Accordingly, for all purposes, the present invention encompasses not only the main group, but also the main group absent one or more of the group members. The present invention also envisages the explicit exclusion of one or more of any of the group members in the claimed invention. For example, R1 can specifically exclude H, substituted and unsubstituted benzyl groups, or groups wherein OR1 are substituted or unsubstituted glycolamide esters. In some embodiments, R1 is a substituted or unsubstituted benzyl groups, such as —CH2C6H5, —CH2C6H4NO2, —CH2C6H4OCH3, —CH2C6H4Cl, —CH2C6H4(NO2)2, or —CH2C6H4F. The benzyl group can be ortho, meta, para, ortho/para substituted and combinations thereof. Suitable substituents on the aromatic ring include halogens (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine), —NO2 groups, —OR16 groups wherein R16 is H or a C1-C4 alkyl group, and combinations thereof. Alternatively, when R1 is —CH2CONR4R5 then R4 and R5 may be the same or different and are independently selected from the group consisting of H, OH, —CH3, and —CH2CH2OH. In these compounds where R1 is not H, generally one or both of R2 and R3 are H. In some embodiment one or both of R2 and R3 are H and R1 is —CH2CONR4R5, and one or both of R4 and R5 are H, —OH, —CH3, —CH2CH2OH. In compounds where one or both of R2 and R3 are not H, R2 and R3 can be independently selected from phosphate and groups wherein OR2 and OR3 are esters of amino acids, dipeptides, esters of tripeptides and esters of tetrapeptides. In some embodiments, only one of R2 or R3 is a phosphate group. In compounds where at least one of R2 and R3 is not H, generally R1 is H. In additional embodiments, one of R2 and R3 are H and thus the compound of structure I is derivatized at only one of R2 and R3. In particular compounds, R2 is H and R3 is defined as above. In additional embodiments, R1 and R3 are H and R2 is a group wherein OR2 is an ester of an amino acid or a dipeptide. In further embodiments, R1 and R2 are H and R3 is a group wherein OR3 is an ester of an amino acid or a dipeptide. When one or both of the OR2 and OR3 groups form esters of amino acids or peptides, i.e., dipeptides, tripeptides or tetrapeptides, these can be depicted generically as —COCHR6NR7R8 wherein R6 is selected from the group consisting of amino acid side chains, R7 and R8 may be the same or different and are independently selected from the group consisting of H, and —COCHR9NR10R11. Generally, reference to amino acids or peptides refers to the naturally occurring, or L-isomer, of the amino acids or peptides. However, the present compounds and methods are not limited thereto and D-isomer amino acid residues can take the place of some or all of L-amino acids. In like manner, mixtures of D- and L-isomers can also be used. In the embodiments wherein the amino acid is proline, R7 together with R6 forms a pyrrolidine ring structure. R6 can be any of the naturally occurring amino acid side chains, for example —CH3 (alanine), —(CH2)3NHCNH2NH (arginine), —CH2CONH2 (asparagine), —CH2COOH (aspartic acid,), —CH2SH (cysteine), —(CH2)2CONH2 (glutamine), —(CH2)2COOH (glutamic acid), —H (glycine), —CHCH3CH2CH3 (isoleucine), —CH2CH(CH3)2 (leucine), —(CH2)4NH2 (lysine), —(CH2)2SCH3 (methionine), —CH2Ph (phenylalanine), —CH2OH (serine), —CHOHCH3 (threonine), —CH(CH3)2 (valine), —(CH2)3NHCONH2 (citrulline) or —(CH2)3NH2 (ornithine). Ph designates a phenyl group. In the above compounds, R7 and R8 may be the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of H, and —COCHR9NR10R11, wherein R9 is a side chain of amino acid, R10 and R11 may be the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of H, and —COCHR12NR13R14, wherein R12 is an amino acid side chain, R13 and R14 may be the same or different and are independently selected from the group consisting of H, and —COCHR15NH2. One skilled in the art will realize that the peptide chains can be extended on the following scheme to the desired length and include the desired amino acid residues. In the embodiments where either or both of OR2 and OR3 groups form an ester of a peptide, such as dipeptide, tripeptide, tetrapeptide, etc. the peptides can be either homopeptides, i.e., repeats of the same amino acid, such as arginyl-arginine, or heteropeptides, i.e., made up of different combinations of amino acids. Examples of heterodipeptides include alanyl-glutamine, glycyl-glutamine, lysyl-arginine, etc. As will be understood by the skilled artisan when only one R7 and R8 includes a peptide bond to further amino acid, such as in the di, tri and tetrapeptides, the resulting peptide chain will be linear. When both R7 and R8 include a peptide bond, then the peptide can be branched. In still other embodiments of the present compounds R1 is H and one of R2 or R3 is a phosphate group or H while the other R2 or R3 is a group such the OR2 or OR3 is an ester of an amino acid, such as an ester of glycine or alanine. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of these compounds as well as pharmaceutical formulation of these compounds are also provided. Generally, the compounds described herein have enhanced oral bioavailability compared to the oral bioavailability of treprostinil, either in free acid or salt form. The described compounds can have oral bioavailability that is at least 25%, 50% 100%, 200%, 400% or more compared to the oral bioavailability of treprostinil. The absolute oral bioavailability of these compounds can range between 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30% and 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60% or more when administered orally. For comparison, the absolute oral bioavailability of treprostinil is on the order of 10%, although treprostinil sodium has an absolute bioavailability approximating 100% when administered by subcutaneous infusion. As will be understood by one skilled in the art, for any and all purposes, particularly in terms of providing a written description, all ranges disclosed herein, and in particular the bioavailability ranges described herein also encompass any and all possible subranges and combinations of subranges thereof. As only one example, a range of 20% to 40%, can be broken down into ranges of 20% to 32.5% and 32.5% to 40%, 20% to 27.5% and 27.5% to 40%, etc. Any listed range can be easily recognized as sufficiently describing and enabling the same range being broken down into at least equal halves, thirds, quarters, fifths, tenths, etc. As a non-limiting example, each range discussed herein can be readily broken down into a lower third, middle third and upper third, etc. As will also be understood by one skilled in the art all language such as “up to,” “at least,” “greater than,” “less than,” “more than” and the like include the number recited and refer to ranges which can be subsequently broken down into subranges as discussed above. In the same manner, all ratios disclosed herein also include all subratios falling within the broader ratio. Administration of these compounds can be by any route by which the compound will be bioavailable in effective amounts including oral and parenteral routes. The compounds can be administered intravenously, topically, subcutaneously, intranasally, rectally, intramuscularly, transdermally or by other parenteral routes. When administered orally, the compounds can be administered in any convenient dosage form including, for example, capsule, tablet, liquid, suspension, and the like. Testing has shown that that treprostinil can be irritating upon skin contact. In contrast, some of the compounds disclosed herein, generally as prodrugs of treprostinil, are not irritating to the skin. Accordingly, the present compounds are well suited for topical or transdermal administration. When administered to a subject, the above compounds, and in particular the compounds of structure I, are prostacyclin-mimetic and are useful in treating conditions or disorders where vasodilation and/or inhibition of platelet aggregation or other disorders where prostacyclin has shown benefit, such as in treating pulmonary hypertension. Accordingly, the present invention provides methods for inducing prostacyclin-like effects in a subject comprising administering a pharmaceutically effective amount of one or more of the compounds described herein, such as those of structure I above, preferably orally, to a patient in need of such treatment. As an example, the vasodilating effects of the present compounds can be used to treat pulmonary hypertension, which result from various forms of connective tissue disease, such as lupus, scleroderma or mixed connective tissue disease. These compounds are thus useful for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension. In another embodiment, the present invention also provides methods of promoting prostacyclin-like effect in a subject by administering a pharmaceutically effective amount of a compound of structure II: wherein, R1 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, substituted and unsubstituted alkyl groups, arylalkyl groups and groups wherein OR1 form a substituted or unsubstituted glycolamide ester; R2 and R3 may be the same or different and are independently selected from the group consisting of H, phosphate and groups wherein OR2 and OR3 form esters of amino acids or proteins, with the proviso that all of R1, R2 and R3 are not H; an enantiomer of the compound; and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound. In groups wherein OR1 form a substituted or unsubstituted glycolamide ester, R1 can be —CH2CONR4R5, wherein R4 and R5 may be the same or different and are independently selected from the group consisting of H, OH, substituted and unsubstituted alkyl groups, —(CH2)mCH3, —CH2OH, and —CH2(CH2)nOH, with the proviso that m is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, and n is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4. In other methods of inducing vasodilation or treating hypertension, R1 can be a C1-C4 alkyl group, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl or butyl. In other methods R1 is a substituted or unsubstituted benzyl groups, such as —CH2C6H5, —CH2C6H4NO2, —CH2C6H4OCH3, —CH2C6H4Cl, —CH2C6H4(NO2)2, or —CH2C6H4F. The benzyl group can be ortho, meta, para, ortho/para substituted and combinations thereof. Suitable substituents on the aromatic ring include halogens (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine), —NO2 groups, —OR16 groups wherein R16 is H or a C1-C4 alkyl group, and combinations thereof. Alternatively, when R1 is —CH2CONR4R5 then R4 and R5 may be the same or different and are independently selected from the group consisting of H, OH, —CH3, and —CH2CH2OH. In these methods, where R1 is not H, generally one or both of R2 and R3 are H. In some methods, one or both of R2 and R3are H and R1 is —CH3, —CH2C6H5. In other methods where one or both of R2 and R3 are H, then R1 is —CH2CONR4R5, and one or both of R4 and R5 are H, —OH, —CH3, —CH2CH2OH. In methods where one or both of R2 and R3 are not H, R2 and R3 can be independently selected from phosphate and groups wherein OR2 and OR3 are esters of amino acids, dipeptides, esters of tripeptides and esters of tetrapeptides. In some embodiments, only one of R2 or R3 is a phosphate group. In methods where at least one of R2 and R3 is not H, generally R1 is H. In other methods, one of R2 or R3 is H and the other R2 or R3 is as defined elsewhere herein. In some methods, R2 is H and R3 is not H. In additional embodiments, R1 and R3 are H and R2 is a group wherein OR2 is an ester of an amino acid or a dipeptide. In further embodiments, R1 and R2 are H and R3 is a group wherein OR3 is an ester of an amino acid or a dipeptide. In the methods, where one or both of the OR2 and OR3 groups form esters of amino acids or peptides, i.e., dipeptides, tripeptides or tetrapeptides, these can be depicted generically as —COCHR6NR7R8 wherein R6 is selected from the group consisting of amino acid side chains, R7 and R8 may be the same or different and are independently selected from the group consisting of H, and —COCHR9NR10R11. In the embodiments wherein the amino acid is proline, R7 together with R6 forms a pyrrolidine ring structure. R6 can be any of the naturally occurring amino acid side chains, for example —CH3 (alanine), —(CH2)3NHCNH2NH (arginine), —CH2CONH2 (asparagine), —CH2COOH (aspartic acid,), —CH2SH (cysteine), —(CH2)2CONH2 (glutamine), —(CH2)2COOH (glutamic acid), —H (glycine), —CHCH3CH2CH3 (isoleucine), —CH2CH(CH3)2 (leucine), —(CH2)4NH2 (lysine), —(CH2)2SCH3 (methionine), —CH2Ph (phenylalanine), —CH2OH (serine), —CHOHCH3 (threonine), —CH(CH3)2 (valine), —(CH2)3NHCONH2 (citrulline) or —(CH2)3NH2 (ornithine). Ph designates a phenyl group. In the above methods, R7 and R8 may be the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of H, and —COCHR9NR10R11, wherein R9 is a side chain of amino acid, R10 and R11 may be the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of H, and —COCHR12NR13R14, wherein R12 is an amino acid side chain, R13 and R14 may be the same or different and are independently selected from the group consisting of H, and —COCHR15NH2. One skilled in the art will realize that the peptide chains can be extended on the following scheme to the desired length and include the desired amino acid residues. In the embodiments where either or both of OR2 and OR3 groups form an ester of a peptide, such as dipeptide, tripeptide, tetrapeptide, etc. the peptides can be either homopeptides, i.e., repeats of the same amino residue, or heteropeptides, i.e., made up of different combinations of amino acids. As will be understood by the skilled artisan when only one of R7 and R8 includes a peptide bond to further amino acid, such as in the di, tri and tetrapeptides, the resulting peptide chain will be linear. When both R7 and R8 include a peptide bond, then the peptide can be branched. In still other methods R1 is H and one of R2 or R3 is a phosphate group or H while the other R2 or R3 is a group such the OR2 or OR3 is an ester of an amino acid, such as an ester of glycine or alanine. In some methods, the administered compound can have an oral bioavailability that is at least 25%, 50% 100%, 200%, 400% of the oral bioavailability of treprostinil. It is generally preferred to administer compounds that have higher absolute oral bioavailabilities, such as 15%, 20%, 25%, 30% and 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60% or more when administered orally. Treprostinil has also been discovered to inhibit metastasis of cancer cells as disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/006,197 filed Dec. 10, 2001 and Ser. No. 10/047,802 filed Jan. 16, 2002, both of which are hereby incorporated into this application. Accordingly, the compounds described above, and in particular those of structure I and II, can also be used in the treatment of cancer and cancer related disorders, and as such the present invention provides pharmaceutical compositions and methods for treating cancer. Suitable formulations and methods of using the present compounds can be achieved by substituting the compounds of the present invention, such as those of structure I and II and in particular prodrugs of treprostinil, for the active compounds disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 10/006,197 and 10/047,802 filed Jan. 16, 2002. Synthesis of the following compounds of structure I and structure II can be achieved as follows: Synthesis of methyl ester of Treprostinil (2) and biphosphate ester of Treprostinil Synthesis of methyl ester of Treprostinil (2) Methyl ester of treprostinil (2) was prepared by treating 1.087 g (2.8 mmoles) of treprostinil (1) with 50 ml of a saturated solution of dry hydrochloric acid in methanol. After 24 hours at room temperature, the methanol was evaporated to dryness and the residue was taken in 200 ml dichloromethane. The dichloromethane solution was washed with a 10% aqueous potassium carbonate solution, and then with water to a neutral pH, it was dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and the solvent was removed in vacuo affording treprostinil methyl ester (2) in 98% yield as a yellow oil. The crude methyl ester was used as such in subsequent reactions. Synthesis of biphosphate ester of Treprostinil (4) The procedure was adapted after Steroids, 2(6), 567-603(1963). The methyl ester of treprostinil (2) (60 mg, 0.15 mmoles) was dissolved in 2 ml dry pyridine and a pyridinium solution of the previously prepared pyridinium solution of 2-cyanoethylphosphate 1M (0.3 ml, 0.3 mmoles) (cf. Methods in Enzymology, 1971, 18(c), 54-57) were concentrated to dryness in vacuo at 40° C. Anhydrous pyridine was added and the reaction mixture was again concentrated; the operation was repeated twice in order to remove water completely. Finally the residue was dissolved in 2 ml anhydrous pyridine and 190 mg (0.9 mmoles) dicyclohexylcarbodiimide were added as a solution in 2 ml anhydrous pyridine. The reaction mixture in a closed flask was stirred magnetically for 48 hours at room temperature. 1 ml water was added and after one hour, the mixture was concentrated to a thick paste in vacuo. The reaction mixture was treated overnight at room temperature with 3 ml of a 1/9 water/methanol solution containing 35 mg sodium hydroxide. The white solid (dicyclohexylurea) formed was removed by filtration and it was washed well with water. The aqueous-methanolic solution was concentrated almost to dryness in vacuo, water was added and the solution was extracted with n-butanol (3×2 ml), then with methylene chloride (1×2 ml). The pH of the solution was adjusted to 9.0 by treatment with a sulfonic acid ion exchange resin (H+cycle−Dowex), treatment with Dowex resin for a longer time (˜12 hours) lead to both the cleavage of the TBDMS group and the recovery of the free carboxyl group. The resin was filtered and the solution was concentrated to dryness affording the corresponding bisphosphate 4 (43 mg, yield 52%). Synthesis of 3′-monophosphate ester of treprostinil (8) and 2-monophosphate ester of treprostinil (10) Synthesis of monoprotected TBDMS methyl ester of treprostinil (5 and 6) The procedure was adapted from Org. Synth., 1998, 75, 139-145. The treprostinil methyl ester (2) (305.8 mg, 0.75 mmoles) was dissolved in 15 ml anhydrous dichloromethane and the solution was cooled on an ice bath to 0° C. Imidazole (102 mg, 1.5 mmoles) and tert-butyldimethyl silyl chloride (226.2 mg, 1.5 mmoles) were added and the mixture was maintained under stirring at 0° C. for 30 minutes, then stirred overnight at room temperature. Water (25 ml) was added and the organic layer was separated. The aqueous layer was then extracted with dichloromethane (3×50 ml). The organic layers were dried over Na2SO4, the solution was filtered and the solvent was removed in vacuo affording 447 mg crude reaction product. The crude reaction product was separated by column chromatography (silica gel, 35% ethyl acetate/hexanes) affording 140 mg bis-TBDMS protected Treprostinil methyl ester, 160 mg 2-TBDMS protected treprostinil methyl ester (6) and 60 mg 3′-TBDMS protected Treprostinil methyl ester (5). Synthesis of monophosphate ester of Treprostinil 8/10 The procedure was adapted after Steroids, 1963, 2(6), 567-603 and is the same for (8) and (10) starting from (6) and (5), respectively. The TBDMS protected methyl ester of treprostinil (6) (46 mg, 0.09 mmoles) was dissolved in 2 ml dry pyridine and a pyridinium solution of the previously prepared pyridinium solution of 2-cyanoethyiphosphate 1M (0.2 ml, 0.2 mmoles) (cf. Methods in Enzymology, 1971, 18(c), 54-57) were concentrated to dryness in vacuo at 40° C. Anhydrous pyridine was added and the reaction mixture was again concentrated; the operation was repeated twice in order to remove water completely. Finally the residue was dissolved in 2 ml anhydrous pyridine and 116 mg (0.56 mmoles) dicyclohexylcarbodiimide were added as a solution in 2 ml anhydrous pyridine. The reaction mixture in a closed flask was stirred magnetically for 48 hours at room temperature in the dark. 5 ml water were added and after one hour, the mixture was concentrated to a thick paste in vacuo. The reaction mixture was treated overnight at room temperature with 10 ml of a 1/9 water/methanol solution containing 100 mg sodium hydroxide. The white solid (dicyclohexylurea) formed was removed by filtration and it was washed well with water. The aqueous-methanolic solution was concentrated almost to dryness in vacuo, water was added and the solution was extracted with n-butanol (3×10 ml), then with methylene chloride (1×10 ml). The pH of the solution was adjusted to 9.0 by treatment with a sulfonic acid ion exchange resin (H+cycle−Dowex); treatment with Dowex resin for a longer time (˜12 hours) lead to both the cleavage of the TBDMS group and the recovery of the free carboxyl group. The resin was filtered and the solution was concentrated to dryness affording the corresponding monophosphate 8 (33 mg, yield 68%). Synthesis of methyl ester of treprostinil (2) (2) (1 g; 2.56 mmol) was added to methanol (50 ml) prior saturated with gaseous hydrochloric acid and the mixture swirled to give a clear solution that was left to stand overnight at room temperature. Solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue was neutralized with a 20% potassium carbonate solution and extracted in dichloromethane. The organic layer was washed with water, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate and evaporated to yield the crude product (0.96 g). Purification by preparative tic (silica gel plate; eluent: 7:3 (v/v) hexane-ethyl acetate) afforded 2 (0.803; 77.5%), colorless oil. Synthesis of Tritreprostinil diethanolamine (UT-15C) Treprostinil acid acid is dissolved in a 1:1 molar ratio mixture of ethanol:water and diethanolamine is added and dissolved. The solution is heated and acetone is added as an antisolvent during cooling. Synthesis of diglycil ester of treprostinil methyl ester (12) To a magnetically stirred solution of (2) methyl ester 2 (0.268 g; 0.66 mmol) in dichloromethane (30 ml) N-carbobenzyloxyglycine p-nitrophenyl ester (0.766 g; 2.32 mmol) and 4-(dimethyamino)pyridine (250 mg; 2.05 mmol) were successively added. The resulted yellow solution was stirred at 20° C. for 24 hrs., then treated with 5% sodium hydroxide solution (20 ml) and stirring continued for 15 mm. Dichloromethane (50 ml) was added, layers separated and the organic phase washed with a 5% sodium hydroxide solution (6×20 ml), water (30 ml), 10% hydrochloric acid (2×40 ml), 5% sodium bicarbonate solution (40 ml) and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. Removal of the solvent afforded crude (11) (0.61 g), pale-yellow viscous oil. Purification by flash column chromatography on silica gel eluting with gradient 9/1 to 1/2 (v/v) hexane-ethyl ether afforded 0.445 g (85.3%) of 11, white crystals, m.p. 70-72° C. ‘Fl-NMR [CDCl3;δ(ppm)]: 3.786 (s)(3H, COOCH3), 3.875 (d)(2H) and 3.940 (d)(2H)(NH—CH2—COO), 4.631 (s) (2 H, OCH2—COOCH3), 4.789 (m)(1H, adjacent to OOC—CH2NHcbz) and 4.903 (m) (1H, adjacent to OOCCH2NHcbz), 5.09 (s)(4H, C6H5CH2O), 5.378 (m)(1H) and 5.392 (m)(1H)(NH), 7.295-7.329 (m)(10H, C6H5). LR ESI-MS (m/z): 787.1 [M+H]+, 804.1 [M+NH4]+, 809.3 [M+Na]+, 825.2 [M+K]+, 1590.5 [2M+NH4]+, 1595.6 [2M+Na]+. Methyl ester, diglycyl ester (12) A solution of ester (11) (0.4 g; 0.51 mmol) in methanol (30 ml) was introduced in the pressure bottle of a Parr hydrogenation apparatus, 10% palladium on charcoal (0.2 g; 0.197 mmol Pd) was added, apparatus closed, purged thrice with hydrogen and loaded with hydrogen at 50 p.s.i. Stirring was started and hydrogenation carried out for 5 hrs. at room temperature. Hydrogen aas removed from the installation by vacuum suction and replaced with argon. The catalyst was filtered off through celite deposited on a fit and the filtrate concentrated in vacuo to give 0.240 g (91%) of 4, white solid m.p. 98-100° C. Synthesis of benzyl ester of treprostinil (13) To a stirred solution of (2) (2 g; 5.12 mmol) in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (20 ml) benzyl bromide (0.95 ml; 7.98 mmol) and freshly distilled triethylamine (1.6 ml; 11.48 mmol) were consecutively added at room temperature and the obtained solution was refluxed with stirring for 12 hrs. A white precipitate was gradually formed. Solvent was distilled off in vacuo and the residue treated with water (30 ml). Upon extraction with methylene chloride emulsion formation occurs. The organic and aqueous layers could be separated only after treatment with 5% hydrochloric acid solution (20 ml). The organic layer was washed with water, dried on anhydrous sodium sulfate, and evaporated, the residue was further dried under reduced pressure over phosphorus pentoxide to give a yellow viscous oil (2.32 g) that was purified by preparative thin layer chromatography (silica gel plate; eluent: 1:2, v/v, hexane/ethyl ether). Yield: 81.2%. Synthesis of bis-glycyl ester of treprostinil (15) Benzy ester, di-cbzGly ester (14) To a magnetically stirred solution of benzyl ester 13 (1 g; 2.08 mmol) in dichloromethane (50 ml) N-carbobenzyloxyglycine p-nitrophenyl ester (2.41 g; 7.28 mmol) and 4-(dimethyamino) pyridine (788 mg; 6.45 mmol) were added. The resulted yellow solution was stirred at 20° C. for 21 hrs., then successively washed with a 5% sodium hydroxide solution (6×45 ml), 10% hydrochloric acid (2×40 ml), 5% sodium bicarbonate solution (40 ml) and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. Removal of the solvent, followed by drying over phosphorus pentoxide under reduced pressure, afforded crude 14 (2.61 g), pale-yellow oil. Purification by flash column chromatography on silica gel eluting with gradient 9:1 to 1:2 (v/v) hexane-ethyl ether gave (14_(1.51 g; 84.1%) as a colorless, very viscous oil. Diglycyl ester (15) A solution of ester (14) (0.4 g; 0.46 mmol) in methanol (30 ml) was hydrogenated over 10% Pd/C as described for ester (12). Work-up and drying over phosphorus pentoxide in vacuo yielded 0.170 g (72.7%) of ester 15, white solid m.p. 155-158° C. Synthesis of 3′-glycyl ester of treprostinil 19 Benzyl ester, t-butyldimethysilyl monoester (16) A solution of tert-butyldimethylsilyl chloride (0.45 g; 2.98 mmol) in dichloromethane (8 ml) was added dropwise over 10 min., at room temperature, into a stirred solution of benzyl ester 13 (0.83 g; 1.73 mmol) and imidazole (0.33 g; 4.85 mmol) in dichloromethane (20 ml). Stirring was continued overnight then water (20 ml) was added, the mixture stirred for one hour, layers separated, organic layer dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo to give a slightly yellow oil (1.15 g). The crude product is a mixture of the mono-TBDMS (16) and di-TBDMS esters (1H-NMR). Column chromatography on silica gel, eluting with a 9:1 (v/v) hexane-ethyl acetate mixture, readily afforded the di-ester (0.618 g) in a first fraction, and ester 16 (0.353 g; yield relative to 13: 34.4%) in subsequent fractions. Analytical tlc on silica gel of the ester 16 showed only one spot (eluent: 3:2 (v/v) hexane-ethyl ether). Consequently, under the above reaction conditions, the other possible isomer (mono-TBDMS ester at the side-chain hydroxyl) was not observed. Another experiment in which the molar ratio tert-butyldimethylsilyl chloride: ester 13 was lowered to 1.49 (followed by flash column chromatography of the product on silica gel, eluting with gradient 9.5/0.5 to 3/1 (v/v) hexane-ethyl ether) lead to a decreased content (36.5%, as pure isolated material) of the undesired di-OTBDMS by-product. The mono-OTBDMS ester fractions (45.1%; isolated material) consisted of ester 16 (98%) and its side-chain isomer (2%) that could be distinctly separated; the latter was evidenced (tlc, NMR) only in the last of the monoester fractions. Benzyl ester, cbz-glycyl monoester (18) To a magnetically stirred solution of ester 16 (0.340 g; 0.57 mmol) in dichloromethane (15 ml) N-carbobenzyloxyglycine p-nitrophenyl ester (0.445 g; 1.35 mmol) and 4-(dimethyamino) pyridine (150 mg; 1.23 mmol) were successively added. The solution was stirred at 20° C. for 40 hrs. Work-up as described for esters 11 and 14 yielded a crude product (0.63 g) containing 90% 17 and 10% 18 (1H-NMR). To completely remove the protective TBDMS group, this mixture was dissolved in ethanol (30 ml) and subjected to acid hydrolysis (5% HCl, 7 ml) by stirring overnight at room temperature. Solvent was then removed under reduced pressure and the residue extracted in dichloromethane (3×50 ml); the organic layer was separated, washed once with water (50 ml), dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo to give crude ester 18 (0.51 g). Purification by flash column chromatography as for esters 11 and 14 afforded ester 18 (0.150 g; overall yield: 39.1%) as a colorless, viscous oil. Glycyl monoester (19) A solution of ester 18 (0.15 g; 0.22 mmol) in methanol (30 ml) was hydrogenated over 10% Pd/C as described for ester 12 and 15. Work-up and drying over phosphorus pentoxide in vacuo yielded ester 10 (0.98 g; 98.0%), white, shiny crystals m.p. 74-76° C. LR ESI-MS (m/z): 448.2 [M+H]+, 446.4 [M−H]−. Synthesis of 3′-L-leucyl ester of treprostinil 22 Benzyl ester, t-butyldimethysilyl monoester, cbz-L-leucyl monoester (20) To a stirred solution of ester 16 (0.38 g: 0.64 mmol) and N-carbobenzyloxy-L-leucine N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (0.37 g; 1.02 mmol) in 10 ml dichloromethane 4-(dimethyamino)pyridine (0.17 g; 1.39 mmol) was added, then stirring continued at room temperature for 2 days. The solvent was removed in vacuo and the crude product (0.9 g) subjected to flash column chromatography on silica gel eluting with 9:1 hexane-ethyl acetate; the firstly collected fraction yielded an oil (0.51 g) which, based on the its NMR spectrum and tic, was proved to be a 2:1 mixture of ester 20 and the starting ester 16. Preparative tic on silica gel (eluent: ethyl acetate-hexane 1:4) gave pure 20, colorless oil (overall yield based on 7: 62.6%). Benzyl ester, cbz-L-leucyl monoester (21) De-protection of the cyclopentenyl hydroxyl in the t-butyldimethysilyl monoester 20 succeeded by treatment with diluted hydrochloric acid solution as described for 18, with the exception that a 1:5 (v/v) chloroform-ethanol mixture, instead of ethanol alone, was used to ensure homogeneity. Work-up afforded 20, colorless oil, in 87.6% yield. L-leucyl monoesler (22) Hydrogenolysis of the benzyl and N-carbobenzyloxy groups in 21 was carried out as for 18. Work-up afforded 22 (95.3%), white solid, m.p. 118-120° C. Synthesis of 2-L-leucyl ester of treprostinil 25 Benzyl ester, cbz-L-leucyl monoesters (21, 23) and -diester (24) To a stirred solution of ester 13 (0.53 g: 1.10 mmol) and N-carbobenzyloxy-L-leucine N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (0.76 g; 2.05 mmol) in dichloromethane (30 ml) 4-(dimethyamino) pyridine (0.29 g; 2.37 mmol) was added, then stirring continued at room temperature for 1 day. The solution was diluted with dichioromethane (40 mnl), successively washed with a 5% sodium hydroxide solution (4×25 ml), 10% hydrochloric acid (2×30 ml), 5% sodium bicarbonate solution (50 ml), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to give the crude product (0.85 g), as a viscous, yellow oil. Thin layer chromatography revealed a complex mixture in which esters 13 and 21 as well as cbz-L-leucine could be identified through the corresponding rF values, only as minor products. The crude product was flash-chromatographed through a silica gel column eluting with gradient hexane-ethyl ether. At 7:3 (v/v) hexane-ethyl ether, the first fraction gave the cbz-L-leucyl diester 24 (6% of the product subjected to chromatography) while the two subsequent fractions afforded the cbz-L-leucyl monoester 23 (54% of the crude product, as pure isolated 23; 57.6% yield, relative to 2). Purity of both compounds was verified by analytical tlc and NMR. The other isomer, cbz-L-leucyl monoester 21 constituted only about 5% of the crude product and was isolated by preparative tlc of the latter only a 3:1 23/21 mixture. L-leucyl monoester (25) Hydrogenolysis of 23 to the ester 25 was performed as described for compound 12 but reaction was carried out at 35 p.s.i., overnight. Work-up and drying over phosphorus pentoxide in vacuo afforded 25, white solid m. p. 153-155° C., in quantitative yield. Synthesis of 3′-L-alanyl ester of treprostinil 30 N-Cbz-L-alanyl p-nitro phenyl ester (27) To a stirred solution containing N-carbobenzyloxy-L-alanine (1 g; 4.48 mmol) and p-nitrophenol (1 g; 7.19 mmol) in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (7 ml) a fine suspension of 1,3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (1.11 g; 5.38 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (5 ml) was added over 30 min. Stirring was continued at room temperature for 18 hrs., glacial acetic acid (0.3 ml) added, 1,3-dicyclohexylurea filtered off and solvent removed in vacuo, at 40° C., to give a viscous, yellow-reddish oil (2.5 g). The 1H-NMR spectrum showed a mixture consisting of N-carbobenzyloxy-Lalanine p-nitrophenyl ester (27), unreacted p-nitrophenol and a small amount of DCU, which was used as such in the next reaction step. Benzyl ester, cbz-L-alanyl monoester (29) A solution of 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine (0.30 g; 2.49 mmol) in dichloromethane (3 ml) was quickly dropped (over 5 min.) into a magnetically stirred solution of ester 16 (0.37 g; 0.62 mmol) and crude N-carbobenzyloxy-L-alanine p-nitrophenyl ester (0.98 g) in dichloromethane (12 ml). The mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature, then diluted with dichloromethanc (50 ml), and thoroughly washed with a 5% sodium hydroxide solution (7×35 ml), 10% hydrochloric acid (3×35 ml), 5°/a sodium bicarbonate solution (50 ml), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to give the crude ester 28 (1.1 g). The latter was dissolved in ethanol (30 ml), 5% hydrochloric acid (8 ml) and chloroform (5 ml) were added and the solution stirred overnight. Solvents were removed in vacuo, the residue taken-up in dichloromethane, washed to pH 7 with a 5% sodium hydrogencarbonate solution, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and the solvent evaporated affording crude 29 (1.04 g). Purification by column chromatography on silica gel, eluting with gradient hexane-ethyl ether, enabled separation of a fraction (at hexane:ethyl ether=1:1 v/v) of pure 29 as a colorless very viscous oil (0.11 g; 25.8% overall yield, based on 16). L-alanyl monoester (30) Removal of the benzyl and N-carbobenzyloxy groups in 29 was achieved through catalytic hydrogenation as described for 12. Ester 30 was obtained (yield: 97.2%) as a pale-yellow, partially crystallized, oil. Synthesis of the 3′-L-valine ester of Treprostinil benzyl ester 33 Synthesis of the benzyl ester of Treprostinil 13 The benzyl ester 11 was synthesized by adapting the method described by J. C. Lee et al. in Organic Prep. and Proc. Intl., 1996, 28(4), 480-483. To a solution of 1 (620 mg, 1.6 mmoles) and cesium carbonate (782.4 mg, 2.4 mmoles) in acetonitrile (30 ml) was added benzyl bromide (0.48 ml, 4 mmoles) and the mixture was stirred at reflux for 1 hour. After cooling at room temperature, the precipitate was filtered off and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo. The residue was dissolved in chloroform (150 ml) and washed with a 2% aqueous solution of NaHCO3 (3×30 ml). The organic layer was washed with brine, dried on Na2SO4, filtered and the solvent was removed in vacuo to afford 750 mg of the crude benzyl ester 13 (yield 98%) as a yellow viscous oil. The crude benzyl ester 13 can be purified by column chromatography (100-0% dichioromethane(methanol) but it can also be used crude in subsequent reactions. Synthesis of the TBDMS protected Treprostinil benzyl ester 16 The procedure for the synthesis of the TBDMS protected benzyl ester was adapted from Organic Synth., 1998, 75, 139-145. The benzyl ester 13 (679 mg, 1.4 mmoles) was dissolved in anhydrous dichloromethanc (20 ml) and the solution was cooled to 0° C. on an ice bath. Imidazole (192 mg, 2.8 mmoles) and t-butyl-dimethylsilyl chloride (TBDMSCl) (420 mg, 2.8 mmoles) were added and the mixture was maintained under stirring for another half hour on the ice bath and then it was left overnight at room temperature. 40 ml water was added to the reaction mixture and the organic layer was separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with 3×50 ml dichloromethane. The combined organic layers were dried over Na2SO4, filtered and the solvent was removed in vacuo. This afforded 795 mg of material which proved to be a mixture of the desired mono TBDMS protected 5 benzyl ester with the bis-TBDMS protected benzyl ester. Pure 16 (249 mg) was obtained by column chromatography on silica gel (eluent 35% ethyl acetate/hexane). Synthesis of N-Cbz-L-valine ester of the TBDMS protected Treprostinil benzyl ester 31 The procedure used was adapted from Tetrahedron Lett., 1978, 46, 4475-4478. A solution of NCbz-L-valine (127 mg, 0.5 mmoles), N,N-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) (111 mg, 0.5 mmoles), compound 16 (249 mg, 0.4 mmoles) and 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine (DMAP) (6 mg, 0.05 mmoles) in anhydrous dichloromethane (15 ml) was stirred at room temperature until esterification was complete. The solution was filtered and the formed N,N-dicyclohexylurea was filtered. The filtrate was diluted with dichloromethane (80 ml) and washed with water (3×30 ml), a 5% aqueous acetic acid solution (2×30 ml) and then again with water (3×30 ml). The organic layer was dried over Na2SO4 and the solvent was evaporated in vacuo affording 369 mg crude 31. Pure 31 was obtained by chromatography (silica gel, 35% ethyl acetate/hexane). Synthesis of the 3′-N-Cbz-L-valine ester of Treprostinil benzyl ester 32 Cleavage of the TBDMS group in compound 31 was achieved using an adaptation of the procedure described in Org. Letters, 2000, 2(26), 4177-4180. The N-Cbz-L-valine ester of the TBDMS protected benzyl ester 31 (33 mg, 0.04 mmoles) was dissolved in methanol (5 ml) and tetrabutylammonium tribromide (TBATB) (2 mg, 0.004 mmoles) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 24 hrs until the TBDMS deprotection was complete. The methanol was evaporated and the residue was taken in dichloromethane. The dichloromethane solution was washed with brine and then dried over Na2SO4. After filtering the drying agent the solvent was evaporated to dryness affording 30.2 mg of crude compound 32. Synthesis of the 3′-L-valine ester of Treprostinil 33 The benzyl and benzyl carboxy groups were removed by catalytic hydrogenation at atmospheric pressure in the presence of palladium 10% wt on activated carbon. The 3′-N-Cbz-L-valine ester of benzyl ester 32 (30.2 mg, 0.04 mmoles) was dissolved in methanol (10 ml) and a catalytic amount of Pd/C was added. Under magnetic stirring the air was removed from the flask and then hydrogen was admitted. The reaction mixture was maintained under hydrogen and stirring at room temperature for 24 hrs, then the hydrogen was removed with vacuum. The reaction mixture was then filtered through a layer of celite and the solvent was removed in vacuo to afford the pure 3′-L-valine ester of Treprostinil 33 (15 mg, 0.03 mmoles). Synthesis of 2-L-valine ester of Treprostinil 36/bis-L-valine ester of Trenrostinil 37 Synthesis of 2-L-alanine ester of Treprostinil 36′/bis-L-alanine ester of Treprostinil 37′ Synthesis of 2-N-Cbz-L-valine ester of Treprostinil benzyl ester 34 and bis-N-Cbz-L-valine ester of Treprostinil benzyl ester 35 The procedure used was adapted from Tetrahedron Lett., 1978, 46, 4475-4478. A solution of NCbz-L-valine (186 mg, 0.7 mmoles), N,N-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) (167 mg, 0.8 mmoles), compound 13 (367 mg, 0.8 mmoles) and 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine (DMAP) (12 mg, 0.09 mmoles) in anhydrous dichloromethane (15 ml) was stirred at room temperature until esterification was complete. The solution was filtered and the formed N,N-dicyclohexylurea was filtered. The filtrate was diluted with dichloromethane (100 ml) and washed with water (3×50 ml), a 5% aqueous acetic acid solution (2×50 ml) and then again with water (3×50 ml). The organic layer was dried over Na2SO4 and the solvent was evaporated in vacuo affording 556 mg crude product. The product was separated by chromatography (silica gel, 35% ethyl acetate/hexane) yielding 369.4 mg 2-valine ester 34 and 98 mg bis-valine ester 35. Synthesis of 2 N-Cbz-L-alanine ester of Treprostinil benzyl ester 34′ and bis-N-Cbz-L-alanine ester of Treprostinil benzyl ester 35′ The procedure used was adapted from Tetrahedron Lett., 1978, 46, 4475-4478. A solution of NCbz-L-alanine (187 mg, 0.84 mmoles), N,N-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) (175 mg, 0.85 mmoles), compound 13 (401 mg, 0.84 mmoles) and 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine (UMAP) (11.8 mg, 0.1 mmoles) in anhydrous dichloromethane (15 ml) was stirred at room temperature until esterification was complete. The solution was filtered and the formed N,N-dicyclohexylurea was filtered. The filtrate was diluted with dichloromethane (100 ml) and washed with water (3×50 ml), a 5% aqueous acetic acid solution (2×50 ml) and then again with water (3×50 ml). The organic layer was dried over Na2SO4 and the solvent was evaporated in vacuo affording 516 mg crude product. The product was separated by chromatography (silica gel, 35% ethyl acetate/hexane) yielding 93.4 mg 2-alanine ester 34′ and 227 mg bis-alanine ester 35′. Synthesis of 2-L-valine ester of Treprostinil 36/bis-L-valine ester of Treprostinil 37 The benzyl and benzyl carboxy groups were removed by catalytic hydrogenation at atmospheric pressure in the presence of palladium 10% wt on activated carbon. The 2-N-Cbz-L-valine ester of Treprostinil benzyl ester 34 (58.2 mg, 0.08 mmoles)/bis-N-Cbz-L-valine ester of Treprostinil benzyl ester 35 (55.1 mg, 0.06 mmoles) was dissolved in methanol (10 ml) and a catalytic amount of Pd/C was added. Under magnetic stirring the air was removed from the flask and hydrogen was admitted. The reaction mixture was maintained under hydrogen and stirring at room temperature for 20 hrs, then hydrogen was removed with vacuum. The reaction mixture was then filtered through a layer of celite and the solvent was removed in vacuo to afford the pure 2-L-valine ester of Treprostinil 36 (40 mg, 0.078 mmoles)/bis-L-valine ester of Treprostinil 37 (23 mg, 0.04 mmoles). Synthesis of 2-L-alanine ester of Treprostinil 36′/bis-L-alanine ester of Treprostinil 37′ The benzyl and benzyl carboxy groups were removed by catalytic hydrogenation at atmospheric pressure in the presence of palladium 10% wt on activated carbon. The 2-N-Cbz-L-alanine ester of Treprostinil benzyl ester 34′ (87.4 mg, 0.13 mmoles)/bis-N-Cbz-L-alanine ester of Treprostinil benzyl ester 35′ (135 mg, 0.15 mmoles) was dissolved in methanol (15 ml) and a catalytic amount of Pd/C was added. Under magnetic stirring the air was removed from the flask and hydrogen was admitted. The reaction mixture was maintained under hydrogen and stirring at room temperature for 20 hrs, then hydrogen was removed with vacuum. The reaction mixture was then filtered through a layer of celite and the solvent was removed in vacuo to afford the pure 2-L-valine ester of Treprostinil 36′ (57 mg, 0.12 mmoles)/bis-L-alanine ester of Treprostinil 37′ (82 mg, 0.15 mmoles). Synthesis of benzyl esters of treprostinil 38 a-e a 4-NO2C6H4CH2; b 4-(CH3O)C6H4CH2; c 2-ClC6H4CH2; d 2,4-(NO2)2C6H3CH2; e 4-FC6H4CH2 Synthesis of the benzyl esters of treprostinil 38 a-e was performed using the procedure for the benzyl ester 13. Enantiomers of these compounds, shown below, can be synthesized using reagents and synthons of enantiomeric chirality of the above reagents. (−)-treprostinil can be synthesized as follows: Briefly, the enantiomer of the commercial drug (+)-Treprostinil was synthesized using the stereoselective intramolecular Pauson Khand reaction as a key step and Mitsunobu inversion of the side-chain hydroxyl group. The absolute configuration of (−)-Treprostinil was confirned by an X-ray structure of the L-valine amide derivative. The following procedure was used to make (−)-treprostinil-methyl-L-valine amide: To a stirred solution of (−)-Treprostinil (391 mg, 1 mmol) and L-valine methyl ester hydrochloride (184 mg, 1.1 mmol) in DMF (10 ml) under Ar was sequentially added pyBOP reagent (1.04 g, 2 mmol), diisopropylethyl amine (0.52 ml, 3 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight (15 hrs). Removal of the solvent in vacuo and purification by chromatography yielded white solid 12 (481 mg, 86%), which was recrystallized (10% ethyl acetate in hexane) to give suitable crystals for X-ray. Various modifications of these synthetic schemes capable of producing additional compounds discussed herein will be readily apparent to one skilled in the art. There are two major barriers to deliver treprostinil in the circulatory system. One of these barriers is that treprostinil undergoes a large first pass effect. Upon first circulating through the liver, about 60% of treprostinil plasma levels are metabolized, which leaves only about 40% of the absorbed dose. Also, a major barrier to oral delivery for treprostinil is that the compound is susceptible to an efflux mechanism in the gastrointestinal tract. The permeability of treprostinil has been measured across Caco-2 cell monolayers. The apical to basal transport rate was measured to be 1.39×106 cm/sec, which is indicative of a highly permeable compound. However, the basal to apical transport rate was 12.3×106 cm/sec, which suggests that treprostinil is efficiently effluxed from the serosal to lumenal side of the epithelial cell. These data suggest that treprostinil is susceptible to p-glycoprotein, a membrane bound multidrug transporter. It is believed that the p-glycoprotein efflux pump prevents certain pharmaceutical compounds from traversing the mucosal cells of the small intestine and, therefore, from being absorbed into systemic circulation. Accordingly, the present invention provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising treprostinil, the compound of structure I or the compound of structure II, or their pharmaceutically acceptable salts and combinations thereof in combination with one or more inhibitors of p-glycoprotein. A number of known non-cytotoxic pharmacological agents have been shown to inhibit p-glycoprotein are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,451,815, 6,469,022, and 6,171,786. P-glycoprotein inhibitors include water soluble forms of vitamin E, polyethylene glycol, poloxamers including Pluronic F-68, polyethylene oxide, polyoxyethylene castor oil derivatives including Cremophor EL and Cremophor RH 40, Chrysin, (+)-Taxifolin, Naringenin, Diosmin, Quercetin, cyclosporin A (also known as cyclosporine), verapamil, tamoxifen, quinidine, phenothiazines, and 9,10-dihydro-5-methoxy-9-oxo-N-[4-[2-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6,7,-dimethoxy-2-isoquinolinyl)ethyl]phenyl]-4-acridinecarboxamide or a salt thereof. Polyethylene glycols (PEGs) are liquid and solid polymers of the general formula H(OCH2CH2)nOH, where n is greater than or equal to 4, having various average molecular weights ranging from about 200 to about 20,000. PEGs are also known as alpha-hydro-omega-hydroxypoly-(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl)polyethylene glycols. For example, PEG 200 is a polyethylene glycol wherein the average value of n is 4 and the average molecular weight is from about 190 to about 210. PEG 400 is a polyethylene glycol wherein the average value of n is between 8.2 and 9.1 and the average molecular weight is from about 380 to about 420. Likewise, PEG 600, PEG 1500 and PEG 4000 have average values of n of 12.5-13.9, 29-36 and 68-84, respectively, and average molecular weights of 570-630, 1300-1600 and 3000-3700, respectively, and PEG 1000, PEG 6000 and PEG 8000 have average molecular weights of 950-1050, 5400-6600, and 7000-9000, respectively. Polyethylene glycols of varying average molecular weight of from 200 to 20000 are well known and appreciated in the art of pharmaceutical science and are readily available. The preferred polyethylene glycols for use in the instant invention are polyethylene glycols having an average molecular weight of from about 200 to about 20,000. The more preferred polyethylene glycols have an average molecular weight of from about 200 to about 8000. More specifically, the more preferred polyethylene glycols for use in the present invention are PEG 200, PEG 400, PEG 600, PEG 1000, PEG 1450, PEG 1500, PEG 4000, PEG 4600, and PEG 8000. The most preferred polyethylene glycols for use in the instant invention is PEG 400, PEG 1000, PEG 1450, PEG 4600 and PEG 8000. Polysorbate 80 is an oleate ester of sorbitol and its anhydrides copolymerized with approximately 20 moles of ethylene oxide for each mole of sorbitol and sorbitol anhydrides. Polysorbate 80 is made up of sorbitan mono-9-octadecanoate poly(oxy-1,2-ethandiyl) derivatives. Polysorbate 80, also known as Tween 80, is well known and appreciated in the pharmaceutical arts and is readily available. Water-soluble vitamin E, also known as d-alpha-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate [TPGS], is a water-soluble derivative of natural-source vitamin E. TPGS may be prepared by the esterification of the acid group of crystalline d-alpha-tocopheryl acid succinate by polyethylene glycol 1000. This product is well known and appreciated in the pharmaceutical arts and is readily available. For example, a water-soluble vitamin E product is available commercially from Eastman Corporation as Vitamin E TPGS. Naringenin is the bioflavonoid compound 2,3-dihydro-5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4H-1-1-benzopyran-4-one and is also known as 4′,5,7-trihydroxyflavanone. Naringenin is the aglucon of naringen which is a natural product found in the fruit and rind of grapefruit. Naringenin is readily available to the public from commercial sources. Quercetin is the bioflavonoid compound 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3,5,7-trihydroxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one and is also known as 3,3′,4′,5,7-pentahydroxyflavone. Quercetin is the aglucon of quercitrin, of rutin and of other glycosides. Quercetin is readily available to the public from commercial sources. Diosmin is the naturally occurring flavonic glycoside compound 7-[[6-O-6-deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl]oxy]-5-hydroxy-2-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one. Diosmin can be isolated from various plant sources including citrus fruits. Diosmin is readily available to the public from commercial sources. Chrysin is the naturally occurring compound 5,7-dihydroxy-2-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one which can be isolated from various plant sources. Chrysin is readily available to the public from commercial sources. Poloxamers are alpha-hydro-omega-hydroxypoly(oxyethylene)poly (oxypropylene)poly(oxyethylene) block copolymers. Poloxamers are a series of closely related block copolymers of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide conforming to the general formula HO(C2H4O)a(C3H6O)b(C2H4 O)aH. For example, poloxamer 124 is a liquid with “a” being 12, “b” being 20, and having an average molecular weight of from about 2090 to about 2360; poloxamer 188 is a solid with “a” being 80, “b” being 27, and having an average molecular weight of from about 7680 to about 9510; poloxamer 237 is a solid with “a” being 64, “b” being 37, and having an average molecular weight of from about 6840 to about 8830; poloxamer 338 is a solid with “a” being 141, “b” being 44, and having an average molecular weight of from about 12700 to about 17400; and poloxamer 407 is a solid with “a” being 101, “b” being 56, and having an average molecular weight of from about 9840 to about 14600. Poloxamers are well known and appreciated in the pharmaceutical arts and are readily available commercially. For example, Pluronic F-68 is a commercially available poloxamer from BASF Corp. The preferred poloxamers for use in the present invention are those such as poloxamer 188, Pluronic F-68, and the like. Polyoxyethylene castor oil derivatives are a series of materials obtained by reacting varying amounts of ethylene oxide with either castor oil or hydrogenated castor oil. These polyoxyethylene castor oil derivatives are well known and appreciated in the pharmaceutical arts and several different types of material are commercially available, including the Cremophors available from BASF Corporation. Polyoxyethylene castor oil derivatives are complex mixtures of various hydrophobic and hydrophilic components. For example, in polyoxyl 35 castor oil (also known as Cremophor EL), the hydrophobic constituents comprise about 83% of the total mixture, the main component being glycerol polyethylene glycol ricinoleate. Other hydrophobic constituents include fatty acid esters of polyethylene glycol along with some unchanged castor oil. The hydrophilic part of polyoxyl 35 castor oil (17%) consists of polyethylene glycols and glyceryl ethoxylates. In polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castor oil (Cremophor RH 40) approximately 75% of the components of the mixture are hydrophobic. These comprise mainly fatty acid esters of glycerol polyethylene glycol and fatty acid esters of polyethylene glycol. The hydrophilic portion consists of polyethylene glycols and glycerol ethoxylates. The preferred polyoxyethylene castor oil derivatives for use in the present invention are polyoxyl 35 castor oil, such as Cremophor EL, and polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castor oil, such as Cremophor RH 40. Cremophor EL and Cremophor RH 40 are commercially available from BASF Corporation. Polyethylene oxide is a nonionic homopolymer of ethylene oxide conforming to the general formula (OCH2CH2)n in which n represents the average number of oxyethylene groups. Polyethylene oxides are available in various grades which are well known and appreciated by those in the pharmaceutical arts and several different types of material are commercially available. The preferred grade of polyethylene oxide is NF and the like which are commercially available. (+)-Taxifolin is (2R-trans)-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2,3-dihydro-3,5,7-trihydroxy-4H-1-benzo pyran-4-one. Other common names for (+)-taxifolin are (+)-dihydroquercetin; 3,3′,4′,5,7-pentahydroxy-flavanone; diquertin; taxifoliol; and distylin. (+)-Taxifolin is well know and appreciated in the art of pharmaceutical arts and is readily available commercially. The preferred p-glycoprotein inhibitor for use in the present invention are water soluble vitamin E, such as vitamin E TPGS, and the polyethylene glycols. Of the polyethylene glycols, the most preferred p-glycoprotein inhibitors are PEG 400, PEG 1000, PEG 1450, PEG 4600 and PEG 8000. Administration of a p-glycoprotein inhibitor may be by any route by which the p-glycoprotein inhibitor will be bioavailable in effective amounts including oral and parenteral routes. Although oral administration is preferred, the p-glycoprotein inhibitors may also be administered intravenously, topically, subcutaneously, intranasally, rectally, intramuscularly, or by other parenteral routes. When administered orally, the p-glycoprotein inhibitor may be administered in any convenient dosage form including, for example, capsule, tablet, liquid, suspension, and the like. Generally, an effective p-glycoprotein inhibiting amount of a p-glycoprotein inhibitor is that amount which is effective in providing inhibition of the activity of the p-glycoprotein mediated active transport system present in the gut. An effective p-glycoprotein inhibiting amount can vary between about 5 mg to about 1000 mg of p-glycoprotein inhibitor as a daily dose depending upon the particular p-glycoprotein inhibitor selected, the species of patient to be treated, the dosage regimen, and other factors which are all well within the abilities of one of ordinary skill in the medical arts to evaluate and assess. A preferred amount however will typically be from about 50 mg to about 500 mg, and a more preferred amount will typically be from about 100 mg to about 500 mg. The above amounts of a p-glycoprotein inhibitor can be administered from once to multiple times per day. Typically for oral dosing, doses will be administered on a regimen requiring one, two or three doses per day. Where water soluble vitamin E or a polyethylene glycol is selected as the p-glycoprotein inhibitor, a preferred amount will typically be from about 5 mg to about 1000 mg, a more preferred amount will typically be from about 50 mg to about 500 mg, and a further preferred amount will typically be from about 100 mg to about 500 mg. The most preferred amount of water soluble vitamin E or a polyethylene glycol will be from about 200 mg to about 500 mg. The above amounts of water soluble vitamin E or polyethylene glycol can be administered from once to multiple times per day. Typically, doses will be administered on a regimen requiring one, two or three doses per day with one and two being preferred. As used herein, the term “co-administration” refers to administration to a patient of both a compound that has vasodilating and/or platelet aggregation inhibiting properties, including the compounds described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,306,075 and 5,153,222 which include treprostinil and structures I and II described herein, and a p-glycoprotein inhibitor so that the pharmacologic effect of the p-glycoprotein inhibitor in inhibiting p-glycoprotein mediated transport in the gut is manifest at the time at which the compound is being absorbed from the gut. Of course, the compound and the p-glycoprotein inhibitor may be administered at different times or concurrently. For example, the p-glycoprotein inhibitor may be administered to the patient at a time prior to administration of the therapeutic compound so as to pre-treat the patient in preparation for dosing with the vasodilating compound. Furthermore, it may be convenient for a patient to be pre-treated with the p-glycoprotein inhibitor so as to achieve steady state levels of p-glycoprotein inhibitor prior to administration of the first dose of the therapeutic compound. It is also contemplated that the vasodilating and/or platelet aggregation inhibiting compounds and the p-glycoprotein inhibitor may be administered essentially concurrently either in separate dosage forms or in the same oral dosage form. The present invention further provides that the vasodilating and/or platelet aggregation inhibiting compound and the p-glycoprotein inhibitor may be administered in separate dosage forms or in the same combination oral dosage form. Co-administration of the compound and the p-glycoprotein inhibitor may conveniently be accomplished by oral administration of a combination dosage form containing both the compound and the p-glycoprotein inhibitor. Thus, an additional embodiment of the present invention is a combination pharmaceutical composition for oral administration comprising an effective vasodilating and/or platelet aggregation inhibiting amount of a compound described herein and an effective p-glycoprotein inhibiting amount of a p-glycoprotein inhibitor. This combination oral dosage form may provide for immediate release of both the vasodilating and/or platelet aggregation inhibiting compound and the p-glycoprotein inhibitor or may provide for sustained release of one or both of the vasodilating and/or platelet aggregation inhibiting compound and the p-glycoprotein inhibitor. One skilled in the art would readily be able to determine the appropriate properties of the combination dosage form so as to achieve the desired effect of co-administration of the vasodilating and/or platelet aggregation inhibiting compound and the p-glycoprotein inhibitor. Accordingly, the present invention provides for an enhancement of the bioavailability of treprostinil, a drug of structure I or II, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof by co-administration of a p-glycoprotein inhibitor. By co-administration of these compounds and a p-glycoprotein inhibitor, the total amount of the compound can be increased over that which would otherwise circulate in the blood in the absence of the p-glycoprotein inhibitor. Thus, co-administration in accordance with the present invention can cause an increase in the AUC of the present compounds over that seen with administration of the compounds alone. Typically, bioavailability is assessed by measuring the drug concentration in the blood at various points of time after administration of the drug and then integrating the values obtained over time to yield the total amount of drug circulating in the blood. This measurement, called the Area Under the Curve (AUC), is a direct measurement of the bioavailability of the drug. Without limiting the scope of the invention, it is believed that in some embodiments derivatizing treprostinil at the R2 and R3 hydroxyl groups can help overcome the barriers to oral treprostinil delivery by blocking these sites, and thus the metabolism rate may be reduced to permit the compound to bypass some of the first pass effect. Also, with an exposed amino acid, the prodrug may be actively absorbed from the dipeptide transporter system that exists in the gastrointestinal tract. Accordingly, the present invention provides compounds, such as those found in structures I and II, that reduce the first pass effect of treprostinil and/or reduce the efflux mechanism of the gastrointestinal tract. In some embodiments of the method of treating hypertension in a subject, the subject is a mammal, and in some embodiments is a human. Pharmaceutical formulations may include any of the compounds of any of the embodiments described above, either alone or in combination, in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier such as those described herein. The instant invention also provides for compositions which may be prepared by mixing one or more compounds of the instant invention, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, excipients, binders, diluents or the like, to treat or ameliorate a variety of disorders related vasoconstriction and/or platelet aggregation. A therapeutically effective dose further refers to that amount of one or more compounds of the instant invention sufficient to result in amelioration of symptoms of the disorder. The pharmaceutical compositions of the instant invention can be manufactured by methods well known in the art such as conventional granulating, mixing, dissolving, encapsulating, lyophilizing, emulsifying or levigating processes, among others. The compositions can be in the form of, for example, granules, powders, tablets, capsules, syrup, suppositories, injections, emulsions, elixirs, suspensions or solutions. The instant compositions can be formulated for various routes of administration, for example, by oral administration, by transmucosal administration, by rectal administration, transdermal or subcutaneous administration as well as intrathecal, intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intranasal, intraocular or intraventricular injection. The compound or compounds of the instant invention can also be administered by any of the above routes, for example in a local rather than a systemic fashion, such as injection as a sustained release formulation. The following dosage forms are given by way of example and should not be construed as limiting the instant invention. For oral, buccal, and sublingual administration, powders, suspensions, granules, tablets, pills, capsules, gelcaps, and caplets are acceptable as solid dosage forms. These can be prepared, for example, by mixing one or more compounds of the instant invention, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, with at least one additive or excipient such as a starch or other additive. Suitable additives or excipients are sucrose, lactose, cellulose sugar, mannitol, maltitol, dextran, sorbitol, starch, agar, alginates, chitins, chitosans, pectins, tragacanth gum, gum arabic, gelatins, collagens, casein, albumin, synthetic or semi-synthetic polymers or glycerides, methyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl-cellulose, and/or polyvinylpyrrolidone. Optionally, oral dosage forms can contain other ingredients to aid in administration, such as an inactive diluent, or lubricants such as magnesium stearate, or preservatives such as paraben or sorbic acid, or anti-oxidants such as ascorbic acid, tocopherol or cysteine, a disintegrating agent, binders, thickeners, buffers, sweeteners, flavoring agents or perfuming agents. Additionally, dyestuffs or pigments may be added for identification. Tablets may be further treated with suitable coating materials known in the art. Additionally, tests have shown that the present compounds, including treprostinil, and in particular the compounds of structure I and II have increased bioavailability when delivered to the duodenum. Accordingly, one embodiment of the present invention involves preferential delivery of the desired compound to the duodenum as well as pharmaceutical formulations that achieve duodenal delivery. Duodenal administration can be achieved by any means known in the art. In one of these embodiments, the present compounds can be formulated in an enteric-coated dosage form. Generally, enteric-coated dosage forms are usually coated with a polymer that is not soluble at low pH, but dissolves quickly when exposed to pH conditions of 3 or above. This delivery form takes advantage of the difference in pH between the stomach, which is about 1 to 2, and the duodenum, where the pH tends to be greater than 4. Liquid dosage forms for oral administration may be in the form of pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, syrups, elixirs, suspensions, slurries and solutions, which may contain an inactive diluent, such as water. Pharmaceutical formulations may be prepared as liquid suspensions or solutions using a sterile liquid, such as, but not limited to, an oil, water, an alcohol, and combinations of these. Pharmaceutically suitable surfactants, suspending agents, emulsifying agents, may be added for oral or parenteral administration. As noted above, suspensions may include oils. Such oil include, but are not limited to, peanut oil, sesame oil, cottonseed oil, corn oil and olive oil. Suspension preparation may also contain esters of fatty acids such as ethyl oleate, isopropyl myristate, fatty acid glycerides and acetylated fatty acid glycerides. Suspension formulations may include alcohols, such as, but not limited to, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, hexadecyl alcohol, glycerol and propylene glycol. Ethers, such as but not limited to, poly(ethyleneglycol), petroleum hydrocarbons such as mineral oil and petrolatum; and water may also be used in suspension formulations. Injectable dosage forms generally include aqueous suspensions or oil suspensions which may be prepared using a suitable dispersant or wetting agent and a suspending agent. Injectable forms may be in solution phase or in the form of a suspension, which is prepared with a solvent or diluent. Acceptable solvents or vehicles include sterilized water, Ringer's solution, or an isotonic aqueous saline solution. Alternatively, sterile oils may be employed as solvents or suspending agents. Preferably, the oil or fatty acid is non-volatile, including natural or synthetic oils, fatty acids, mono-, di- or tri-glycerides. For injection, the pharmaceutical formulation may be a powder suitable for reconstitution with an appropriate solution as described above. Examples of these include, but are not limited to, freeze dried, rotary dried or spray dried powders, amorphous powders, granules, precipitates, or particulates. For injection, the formulations may optionally contain stabilizers, pH modifiers, surfactants, bioavailability modifiers and combinations of these. The compounds may be formulated for parenteral administration by injection such as by bolus injection or continuous infusion. A unit dosage form for injection may be in ampoules or in multi-dose containers. Besides those representative dosage forms described above, pharmaceutically acceptable excipients and carries are generally known to those skilled in the art and are thus included in the instant invention. Such excipients and carriers are described, for example, in “Remingtons Pharmaceutical Sciences” Mack Pub. Co., New Jersey (1991), which is incorporated herein by reference. The formulations of the invention may be designed for to be short-acting, fast-releasing, long-acting, and sustained-releasing as described below. Thus, the pharmaceutical formulations may also be formulated for controlled release or for slow release. The instant compositions may also comprise, for example, micelles or liposomes, or some other encapsulated form, or may be administered in an extended release form to provide a prolonged storage and/or delivery effect. Therefore, the pharmaceutical formulations may be compressed into pellets or cylinders and implanted intramuscularly or subcutaneously as depot injections or as implants such as stents. Such implants may employ known inert materials such as silicones and biodegradable polymers. Specific dosages may be adjusted depending on conditions of disease, the age, body weight, general health conditions, sex, and diet of the subject, dose intervals, administration routes, excretion rate, and combinations of drugs. Any of the above dosage forms containing effective amounts are well within the bounds of routine experimentation and therefore, well within the scope of the instant invention. A therapeutically effective dose may vary depending upon the route of administration and dosage form. The preferred compound or compounds of the instant invention is a formulation that exhibits a high therapeutic index. The therapeutic index is the dose ratio between toxic and therapeutic effects which can be expressed as the ratio between LD50 and ED50. The LD50 is the dose lethal to 50% of the population and the ED50 is the dose therapeutically effective in 50% of the population. The LD50 and ED50 are determined by standard pharmaceutical procedures in animal cell cultures or experimental animals. A method of preparing pharmaceutical formulations includes mixing any of the above-described compounds with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and water or an aqueous solution. Pharmaceutical formulations and medicaments according to the invention include any of the compounds of any of the embodiments of compound of structure I, II or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof described above in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Thus, the compounds of the invention may be used to prepare medicaments and pharmaceutical formulations. In some such embodiments, the medicaments and pharmaceutical formulations comprise any of the compounds of any of the embodiments of the compounds of structure I or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. The invention also provides for the use of any of the compounds of any of the embodiments of the compounds of structure I, II or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof for prostacyclin-like effects. The invention also provides for the use of any of the compounds of any of the embodiments of the compounds of structure I, II or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof or for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension. The invention also pertains to kits comprising one or more of the compounds of structure I or II along with instructions for use of the compounds. In another embodiment, kits having compounds with prostacyclin-like effects described herein in combination with one or more p-glycoprotein inhibitors is provided along with instructions for using the kit. By way of illustration, a kit of the invention may include one or more tablets, capsules, caplets, gelcaps or liquid formulations containing the bioenhancer of the present invention, and one or more tablets, capsules, caplets, gelcaps or liquid formulations containing a prostacyclin-like effect compound described herein in dosage amounts within the ranges described above. Such kits may be used in hospitals, clinics, physician's offices or in patients' homes to facilitate the co-administration of the enhancing and target agents. The kits should also include as an insert printed dosing information for the co-administration of the enhancing and target agents. The following abbreviations and definitions are used throughout this application: Generally, reference to a certain element such as hydrogen or H is meant to include all isotopes of that element. For example, if an R group is defined to include hydrogen or H, it also includes deuterium and tritium. As used herein, the term “p-glycoprotein inhibitor” refers to organic compounds which inhibit the activity of the p-glycoprotein mediated active transport system present in the gut. This transport system actively transports drugs which have been absorbed from the intestinal lumen and into the gut epithelium back out into the lumen. Inhibition of this p-glycoprotein mediated active transport system will cause less drug to be transported back into the lumen and will thus increase the net drug transport across the gut epithelium and will increase the amount of drug ultimately available in the blood. The phrases “oral bioavailability” and “bioavailability upon oral administration” as used herein refer to the systemic availability (i.e., blood/plasma levels) of a given amount of drug administered orally to a patient. The phrase “unsubstituted alkyl” refers to alkyl groups that do not contain heteroatoms. Thus the phrase includes straight chain alkyl groups such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl and the like. The phrase also includes branched chain isomers of straight chain alkyl groups, including but not limited to, the following which are provided by way of example: —CH(CH3)2, —CH(CH3)(CH2CH3), —CH(CH2CH3)2, —C(CH3)3, —C(CH2CH3)3, —CH2CH(CH3)2, —CH2CH(CH3)(CH2CH3), —CH2CH(CH2CH3)2, —CH2C(CH3)3, —CH2C(CH2CH3)3, —CH(CH3)CH(CH3)(CH2CH3), —CH2CH2CH(CH3)2, —CH2CH2CH(CH3)(CH2CH3), —CH2CH2CH(CH2CH3)2, —CH2CH2C(CH3)3, —CH2CH2C(CH2CH3)3, —CH(CH3)CH2CH(CH3)2, —CH(CH3)CH(CH3)CH(CH3)2, —CH(CH2CH3)CH(CH3)CH(CH3)(CH2CH3), and others. The phrase also includes cyclic alkyl groups such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, and cyclooctyl and such rings substituted with straight and branched chain alkyl groups as defined above. The phrase also includes polycyclic alkyl groups such as, but not limited to, adamantyl norbornyl, and bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl and such rings substituted with straight and branched chain alkyl groups as defined above. Thus, the phrase unsubstituted alkyl groups includes primary alkyl groups, secondary alkyl groups, and tertiary alkyl groups. Unsubstituted alkyl groups may be bonded to one or more carbon atom(s), oxygen atom(s), nitrogen atom(s), and/or sulfur atom(s) in the parent compound. Preferred unsubstituted alkyl groups include straight and branched chain alkyl groups and cyclic alkyl groups having 1 to 20 carbon atoms. More preferred such unsubstituted alkyl groups have from 1 to 10 carbon atoms while even more preferred such groups have from 1 to 5 carbon atoms. Most preferred unsubstituted alkyl groups include straight and branched chain alkyl groups having from 1 to 3 carbon atoms and include methyl, ethyl, propyl, and —CH(CH3)2. The phrase “substituted alkyl” refers to an unsubstituted alkyl group as defined above in which one or more bonds to a carbon(s) or hydrogen(s) are replaced by a bond to non-hydrogen and non-carbon atoms such as, but not limited to, a halogen atom in halides such as F, Cl, Br, and I; and oxygen atom in groups such as hydroxyl groups, alkoxy groups, aryloxy groups, and ester groups; a sulfur atom in groups such as thiol groups, alkyl and aryl sulfide groups, sulfone groups, sulfonyl groups, and sulfoxide groups; a nitrogen atom in groups such as amines, amides, alkylamines, dialkylamines, arylamines, alkylarylamines, diarylamines, N-oxides, imides, and enamines; a silicon atom in groups such as in trialkylsilyl groups, dialkylarylsilyl groups, alkyldiarylsilyl groups, and triarylsilyl groups; and other heteroatoms in various other groups. Substituted alkyl groups also include groups in which one or more bonds to a carbon(s) or hydrogen(s) atom is replaced by a bond to a heteroatom such as oxygen in carbonyl, carboxyl, and ester groups; nitrogen in groups such as imines, oximes, hydrazones, and nitriles. Preferred substituted alkyl groups include, among others, alkyl groups in which one or more bonds to a carbon or hydrogen atom is/are replaced by one or more bonds to fluorine atoms. One example of a substituted alkyl group is the trifluoromethyl group and other alkyl groups that contain the trifluoromethyl group. Other alkyl groups include those in which one or more bonds to a carbon or hydrogen atom is replaced by a bond to an oxygen atom such that the substituted alkyl group contains a hydroxyl, alkoxy, aryloxy group, or heterocyclyloxy group. Still other alkyl groups include alkyl groups that have an amine, alkylamine, dialkylamine, arylamine, (alkyl)(aryl)amine, diarylamine, heterocyclylamine, (alkyl)(heterocyclyl)amine, (aryl)(heterocyclyl)amine, or diheterocyclylamine group. The phrase “unsubstituted arylalkyl” refers to unsubstituted alkyl groups as defined above in which a hydrogen or carbon bond of the unsubstituted alkyl group is replaced with a bond to an aryl group as defined above. For example, methyl (—CH3) is an unsubstituted alkyl group. If a hydrogen atom of the methyl group is replaced by a bond to a phenyl group, such as if the carbon of the methyl were bonded to a carbon of benzene, then the compound is an unsubstituted arylalkyl group (i.e., a benzyl group). Thus the phrase includes, but is not limited to, groups such as benzyl, diphenylmethyl, and 1-phenylethyl (—CH(C6H5)(CH3)) among others. The phrase “substituted arylalkyl” has the same meaning with respect to unsubstituted arylalkyl groups that substituted aryl groups had with respect to unsubstituted aryl groups. However, a substituted arylalkyl group also includes groups in which a carbon or hydrogen bond of the alkyl part of the group is replaced by a bond to a non-carbon or a non-hydrogen atom. Examples of substituted arylalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, —CH2C(═O)(C6H5), and —CH2(2-methylphenyl) among others. A “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” includes a salt with an inorganic base, organic base, inorganic acid, organic acid, or basic or acidic amino acid. As salts of inorganic bases, the invention includes, for example, alkali metals such as sodium or potassium; alkaline earth metals such as calcium and magnesium or aluminum; and ammonia. As salts of organic bases, the invention includes, for example, trimethylamine, triethylamine, pyridine, picoline, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, and triethanolamine. As salts of inorganic acids, the instant invention includes, for example, hydrochloric acid, hydroboric acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid. As salts of organic acids, the instant invention includes, for example, formic acid, acetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, fumaric acid, oxalic acid, lactic acid, tartaric acid, maleic acid, citric acid, succinic acid, malic acid, methanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, and p-toluenesulfonic acid. As salts of basic amino acids, the instant invention includes, for example, arginine, lysine and ornithine. Acidic amino acids include, for example, aspartic acid and glutamic acid. “Treating” within the context of the instant invention, means an alleviation of symptoms associated with a biological condition, disorder, or disease, or halt of further progression or worsening of those symptoms, or prevention or prophylaxis of the disease or disorder. For example, within the context of treating patients having pulmonary hypertension, successful treatment may include a reduction direct vasodilation of pulmonary and/or systemic arterial vascular beds and inhibition of platelet aggregation. The result of this vasodilation will generally reduce right and left ventricular afterload and increased cardiac output and stroke volume. Dose-related negative inotropic and lusitropic effects can also result. The outward manifestation of these physical effects can include a decrease in the symptoms of hypertension, such as shortness of breath, and an increase in exercise capacity. The present invention, thus generally described, will be understood more readily by reference to the following examples, which are provided by way of illustration and are not intended to be limiting of the present invention. EXAMPLES Example 1 In this Example, the bioavailability of treprostinil in rats after dosing orally, intraduodenally, intracolonically and via the portal vein was compared to determine possible barriers to bioavailability. In addition to bioavailability, a number of pharmacokinetic parameters were determined. Animal Dosing The bioavailability of treprostinil was evaluated in Sprague-Dawley, male rats. Fifteen surgically modified rats were purchased from Hilltop Lab Animals (Scottdale, Pa.). The animals were shipped from Hilltop to Absorption Systems' West Chester University (West Chester, Pa.), where they were housed for at least twenty-four hours prior to being used in the study. The animals were fasted for approximately 16 hours prior to dosing. The fifteen rats used in this study were divided into five groups (I, II, III, IV and V). The weight of the animals and the dosing regimen are presented in Table 1. TABLE 1 Dose Weight Route of Study Volume Dose Group Rat # (g) Administration Day (mL/kg) (mg/kg) I 118 327 Intravenous 0 2 1 119 329 Intravenous 0 2 1 120 320 Intravenous 0 2 1 II 121 337 Intraportal Vein 0 2 1 122 319 Intraportal Vein 0 2 1 123 330 Intraportal Vein 0 2 1 III 124 329 Intraduodenal 0 2 1 125 331 Intraduodenal 0 2 1 126 324 Intraduodenal 0 2 1 IV 127 339 Intracolonic 0 2 1 128 333 Intracolonic 0 2 1 129 320 Intracolonic 0 2 1 V 130 293 Oral 0 2 1 131 323 Oral 0 2 1 132 332 Oral 0 2 1 Samples were withdrawn at the following time points. IV and IPV: 0 (pre-dose) 2, 5, 15, 30, 60, 120, 240, 360, 480 minutes ID, IC and Oral: 0 (pre-dose), 5, 15, 30, 60, 120, 240, 360, 480 minutes Approximately 0.50 to 0.75 mL of whole blood was collected from the jugular vein of a cannulated rat. The blood was transferred to heparinized tubes and placed on ice until centrifuged. Following centrifugation the plasma was placed on ice until frozen at −70□C prior to shipment to Absorption Systems Analysis of Plasma Samples Samples were analyzed using the following methodology: Dosing Solution Preparation The dosing solution was prepared by combining 15.2 mg of treprostinil diethanolamine (12.0 mg of the free acid form) with 24 mL of 5% dextrose. The solution was then sonicated until dissolved for a final concentration of 0.5 mg/mL. The final pH of the dosing solution was 4.6. At the time of dosing, the dosing solution was clear and homogenous. Standards and Sample Preparation To determine the concentration of treprostinil in rat plasma samples, standards were prepared with rat plasma collected in heparin obtained from Lampire Biological Laboratories (Lot #021335263) to contain 1000, 300, 100, 30, 10, 3, 1 and 0.3 ng/mL of treprostinil. Plasma standards were treated identically to the plasma samples. Plasma samples were prepared by solid phase extraction. After an extraction plate was equilibrated, 150 μL of a plasma sample was placed into the well and vacuumed through. The extraction bed was then washed with 600 μL of acetonitrile: deionized water (25:75) with 0.2% formic acid. The compound was eluted with 600 μL of 90% acetonitrile and 10% ammonium acetate. The eluates were collected and evaporated to dryness. The residue was reconstituted with 150 μL of acetonitrile: deionized water (50:50) with 0.5 μg/mL of tolbutamide (used as an internal standard). HPLC Conditions Column: Keystone Hypersil BDS C18 30 × 2 mm i.d., 3 μm. Mobile Phase Buffer: 25 mM NH4OH to pH 3.5 w/85% formic acid. Reservoir A: 10% buffer and 90% water. Reservoir B: 10% buffer and 90% acetonitrile. Mobile Phase Composition: Gradient Program: Time Duration Grad. Curve % A % B −0.1 0.10 0 80 20 0 3.00 1.0 10 90 3.00 1.00 1.0 0 100 4.00 2.00 0 80 20 Flow Rate: 300 μL/min. Inj. Vol.: 10 μL Run Time: 6.0 min. Retention Time: 2.6 min. Mass Spectrometer Instrument: PE SCIEX API 2000 Interface: Electrospray (“Turbo Ion Spray”) Mode: Multiple Reaction Monitoring (MRM) Precursor Ion Product Ion Treprostinil 389.2 331.2 IS 269.0 170.0 Nebulizing Gas: 25 Drying Gas: Curtain Gas: 25 Ion Spray: 60, 350° C. −5000 V Orifice: −80 V Ring: −350 V Q0: 10 V IQ1: 11 V ST: 15 V R01: 11 V IQ2: 35 V R02: 40 V IQ3: 55 V R03: 45 V CAD Gas: 4 Method Validation Table 2 lists the average recoveries (n=6) and coefficient of variation (c.v.) for rat plasma spiked with treprostinil. All samples were compared to a standard curve prepared in 50:50 dH2O: acetonitrile with 0.5 μg/mL of tolbutamide to determine the percent of treprostinil recovered from the plasma. TABLE 2 Accuracy and Precision of Method Spiked Coefficient of Concentration Percent Recovered Variation 1000 ng/mL 85.6 5.2 100 ng/mL 89.6 11.6 10 ng/mL 98.8 7.0 Pharmacokinetic Analysis Pharmacokinetic analysis was performed on the average plasma concentration for each time point. The data were subjected to non-compartmental analysis using the pharmacokinetic program WinNonlin v. 3.1 (2). Results Clinical Observations Prior to beginning the experiments it was noted that supra-pharmacological doses of treprostinil would be needed to achieve plasma concentrations that could be analyzed with adequate sensitivity. Using the dose of 1 mg/kg some adverse effects were noted in animals dosed intravenously and via the intraportal vein. All rats dosed intravenously displayed signs of extreme lethargy five minutes after dosing but fully recovered to normal activity thirty minutes post-dosing. In addition, fifteen minutes after dosing all three animals dosed via the portal vein exhibited signs of lethargy. One rat (#123) expired before the thirty-minute sample was drawn. The other rats fully recovered. The remaining animals did not display any adverse reactions after administration of the compound. Sample Analysis Average plasma concentrations for each route of administration are shown in Table 3. TABLE 3 Average (n = 3) plasma concentrations (ng/mL) Time (min) Pre-dose 2 5 15 30 60 120 240 360 480 Intravenous 0 1047.96 364.28 130.91 55.56 14.45 4.45 1.09 0.50 0.30 Intraportal Vein* 0 302.28 97.39 47.98 21.94 11.06 3.87 2.51 4.95 5.14 Intraduodenal 0 — 61.76 31.67 18.57 13.55 5.91 1.11 0.89 0.90 Intracolonic 0 — 7.46 3.43 3.52 1.48 0.64 0.36 0.06λ 0.20λ Oral 0 — 4.52 2.90 3.67 2.06 4.52 1.82 0.90 0.96 n = 2, λconcentration falls below the limit of quantitation (LOQ) of the analytical method The plasma concentration versus time curves for intravenous, intraportal, intraduodenal, intracolonic and oral dosing are shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. FIG. 3 shows the average plasma concentration versus time curves for all five routes of administration. In the experiments shown in these figures, the diethanolamine salt was used. Table 4 shows the pharmacokinetic parameters determined for treprostinil. The individual bioavailabilities of each rat are found in Table 5. TABLE 4 Average Bioavailability and Pharmacokinetic Parameters of Treprostinil in Rats Average Average Volume of CLs Route of AUC480 min Cmax Tmax T1/2 Bioavailability Distribution (mL.min−1. Administration (min.ng/mL) (ng/mL) (min) (min) (%) ± SD (L.kg−1) kg−1)* Intravenous 11253.49 2120Ψ 0 94 NA 1.98 88.54 Intraportal Vein 4531.74 302 2 ND 40.3 ± 5.5 ND ND Intraduodenal 2712.55 62 5 ND 24.1 ± 0.5 ND ND Intracolonic 364.63 8 5 ND 3.2 ± 2.5 ND ND Oral 1036.23 5 5 ND 9.2 ± 1.4 ND ND Normalized to the average weight of the rats ND: Not determined ΨExtrapolated Value TABLE 5 Individual Bioavailabilities of Treprostinil in Rats Individual Individual Route of AUC480 min Bioavailability Administration Rat # (min · ng/mL) (%) Intravenous 118 10302.85 NA 119 9981.52 NA 120 13510.65 NA Intraportal Vein 121 4970.67 44.2 122 4093.21 36.4 123 ND ND Intraduodenal 124 2725.68 24.2 125 2763.60 24.6 126 2646.05 23.5 Intracolonic 127 72.63 0.7 128 395.08 3.5 129 625.20 5.6 Oral 130 998.70 8.9 131 907.60 8.1 132 1203.73 10.7 NA: Not applicable ND: Not determined Conclusions Treprostinil has a terminal plasma half-life of 94 minutes. The distribution phase of treprostinil has a half-life of 10.3 minutes and over 90% of the distribution and elimination of the compound occurs by 60 minutes post-dosing. The volume of distribution (Vd=1.98 L/kg) is greater than the total body water of the rat (0.67 L/kg) indicating extensive partitioning into tissues. The systemic clearance of treprostinil (88.54 mL/min/kg) is greater than the hepatic blood flow signifying that extra-hepatic clearance mechanisms are involved in the elimination of the compound. First pass hepatic elimination of treprostinil results in an average intraportal vein bioavailability of 40.3%. Fast but incomplete absorption is observed after intraduodenal, intracolonic and oral dosing (Tmax≦5 min). By comparing the intraportal vein (40.3%) and intraduodenal bioavailability (24.1%) it appears that approximately 60% of the compound is absorbed in the intestine. The average intraduodenal bioavailibility is almost three times greater than the oral bioavailibility suggesting that degradation of treprostinil in the stomach or gastric emptying may influence the extent of systemic absorption. Example 2 In this Example, Treprostinil concentrations were determined in male Sprague-Dawley rats following a single oral dose of the following compounds: Experimental Dosing Solution Preparation All dosing vehicles were prepared less than 2 hours prior to dosing. 1. Treprostinil Methyl Ester A solution of treprostinil methyl ester was prepared by dissolving 2.21 mg of treprostinil methyl ester with 0.85 mL of dimethylacetamide (DMA). This solution was then diluted with 7.65 mL of PEG 400:Polysorbate 80:Water, 40:1:49. The final concentration of the dosing vehicle was 0.26 mg/mL of treprostinil methyl ester equivalent to 0.25 mg/mL of Treprostinil. The dosing vehicle was a clear solution at the time of dosing. 2. Treprostinil Benzyl Ester A solution of treprostinil benzyl ester was prepared by dissolving 2.58 mg of treprostinil benzyl ester with 0.84 mL of dimethylacetamide (DMA). This solution was then diluted with 7.54 mL of PEG 400:Polysorbate 80:Water, 40:1:49. The final concentration of the dosing vehicle was 0.268 mg/mL of treprostinil benzyl ester equivalent to 0.25 mg/mL of Treprostinil. The dosing vehicle was a clear solution at the time of dosing. 3. Treprostinil Diglycine A solution of treprostinil diglycine was prepared by dissolving 1.86 mg of compound with 0.58 mL of dimethylacetamide (DMA). This solution was then diluted with 5.18 mL of PEG 400:Polysorbate 80:Water, 40:1:49. The final concentration of the dosing vehicle was 0.323 mg/mL of treprostinil diglycine equivalent to 0.25 mg/mL of Treprostinil. The dosing vehicle was a clear solution at the time of dosing. Animal Dosing The plasma concentrations of Treprostinil following administration of each prodrug were evaluated in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats were purchased from Hilltop Lab Animals (Scottdale, Pa.). The animals were shipped from Hilltop to Absorption Systems' West Chester University facility (West Chester, Pa.). They were housed for at least twenty-four hours prior to being used in the study. The animals were fasted for approximately 16 hours prior to dosing. The rats used in this study were divided into three groups (I, II and III). Groups I-III were dosed on the same day. The weight of the animals and the dosing regimen are presented in Table 6. TABLE 6 Study Design Route of Compound Dose Volume Dose Group Rat # Weight (kg) Administration Dosed (mL/kg) (mg/kg) I 638 306 Oral Treprostinil 2 0.520 639 310 Oral methyl ester 640 319 Oral II 641 319 Oral Treprostinil 2 0.616 642 309 Oral benzyl ester 643 320 Oral III 644 318 Oral Treprostinil 2 0.646 645 313 Oral diglycine 646 322 Oral This dose of prodrug = 0.500 mg/kg of the active, Treprostinil Animals were dosed via oral gavage. Blood samples were taken from a jugular vein cannula at the following time points: 0(pre-dose) 5, 15, 30, 60, 120, 240, 360 and 480 minutes The blood samples were withdrawn and placed into tubes containing 30 μL of a solution of 500 units per mL of heparin in saline, and centrifuged at 13,000 rpm for 10 minutes. Approximately 200 μL of plasma was then removed and dispensed into labeled polypropylene tubes containing 4 μL of acetic acid in order to prodrug remaining in the samples. The plasma samples were frozen at −20° C. and were transported on ice to Absorption Systems Exton Facility. There they were stored in a −80° C. freezer pending analysis. Analysis of Plasma Samples Plasma samples were analyzed as described in Example 1. In brief, Treprostinil was extracted from the plasma via liquid-liquid extraction then analyzed by LC/MS/MS. The analytical validation results were reported previously in Example 1. The lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) of the analytical method was 0.01 ng/mL. Samples were not assayed for unchanged prodrug. Acceptance Criteria for Analytical Runs Two standard curves, with a minimum of five points per curve, and a minimum of two quality control samples (QCs) were dispersed throughout each run. Each route of administration was bracketed by a standard curve used for back-calculation. The standards and QCs must be within ±15% (20% for the LLOQ) accuracy and precision for the run to be accepted. At least 75% of all standards and QCs must pass the acceptance criteria. Pharmacokinetic Analysis Pharmacokinetic analysis was performed on the plasma concentration of Treprostinil for each individual rat at each time point and on the average plasma concentration for all three rats in the group for each time point. The data were subjected to non-compartmental analysis using the pharmacokinetic program WinNonLin v. 3.1 (2). Results Study Observations No adverse reactions were observed following oral administration of treprostinil methyl ester, treprostinil benzyl ester or treprostinil diglycine. Plasma Stability of Prodrugs in Acidified Rat Plasma In order to terminate any conversion of prodrug to active after samples were withdrawn the plasma was acidified. Acetic acid (v/v) was added to each plasma sample immediately after centrifugation of the red blood cells to a concentration of 2%. In-vitro plasma stability of each prodrug was performed to insure that the compound was stable in acidified plasma. To perform this assay 2% acetic acid was added to blank rat plasma obtained from Lampire Biological. The acidified rat plasma was equilibrated at 37° C. for three minutes prior to addition of prodrug. The initial concentration of each prodrug was 1000 ng/mL. A 100 μL aliquot of plasma (n=3per time point) was taken at 0, 60 and 120 minutes. Each aliquot was combined with 20 μL of HCl and vortexed. Liquid-liquid extraction was then performed and the concentration of Treprostinil in each sample determined. The concentration of Treprostinil at each time point in acidified rat plasma is given in Table 7. Small amounts of Treprostinil appear to be present in the neat compound sample of treprostinil methyl ester and treprostinil diglycine. The concentration of Treprostinil remained constant throughout the course of the experiment, indicating that there was no conversion of prodrug into active compound occurring in acidified plasma. TABLE 7 Plasma Stability of Prodrugs in Acidified Dog Plasma Treprostinil Concentration (ng/mL) ± SD (n = 3) Treprostinil Treprostinil Treprostinil Time (min) methyl ester benzyl ester diglycine 0 56.8 ± 9.3 <0.01 54.9 ± 4.3 60 55.1 ± 5.0 <0.01 51.8 ± 5.9 120 53.8 ± 1.3 <0.01 54.5 ± 0.8 Total % Treprostinil 5.7 <0.01 5.5 Average Treprostinil plasma concentrations following administration of treprostinil methyl ester, treprostinil benzyl ester or treprostinil diglycine are shown in Table 8. TABLE 8 Treprostinil Concentrations (Average ± SD (n = 3) Plasma Concentrations (ng/mL) Oral Dosing Pre- 5 15 30 60 120 240 360 480 Solution Dose (min) (min) (min) (min) (min) (min) (min) (min) Treprostinil 0 <0.01 0.2 ± 0.0 0.3 ± 0.1 0.5 ± 0.1 1.5 ± 0.8 0.2 ± 0.7 <0.01 0.1 ± 0.1 methyl ester Treprostinil 0 3.1 ± 2.8 1.9 ± 0.8 2.5 ± 1.5 3.2 ± 1.9 7.3 ± 4.9 1.6 ± 1.2 0.4 ± 0.40 0.6 ± 0.9 benzyl ester Treprostinil 0 <0.01 1.1 ± 1.9 6.6 ± 10.7 0.5 ± 3 40. ± 5.8 9.0 ± 13.5 2.1 ± 2.9 1.3 ± 0.8 diglycine Due to insufficient amount of sample collected this time point is the average of n = 2 rats. FIGS. 4-7 contain graphical representations of the plasma concentration versus time curves for Treprostinil in rat following administration of each prodrug. Table 9 lists each figure and the information displayed. TABLE 9 List of Figures Figure Description 4 Oral Dose of Treprostinil methyl ester 5 Oral Dose of Treprostinil benzyl ester 6 Oral Dose of Treprostinil diglycine 7 Oral Dose of Treprostinil benzyl ester and Treprostinil diglycine Compared to Treprostinil Alone from Example 1 Pharmacokinetic Analysis Bioavailability of the prodrug was determined relative to that of the active compound based on Example 1 in which Treprostinil was dosed to rats. The following formula was used to determine relative bioavailability (F): Relative F=(AUC(Prodrug Dose)/Dose)/(AUC(Treprostinil Dose)/Dose)100 Bioavailability was also determined relative to an intravenous dose of Treprostinil in rats determined in Example 1. Results are listed in Table 10. TABLE 10 Average Relative Bioavailability and Pharmacokinetic Parameters of Treprostinil in Rats Test Average Relative Compound Dose AUC0-t Cmax Tmax Bioavailability Bioavailability Administered (mg/kg) (min.ng/mL) (ng/mL) (min) (%) ± SD (n = 3) (%) ± SD (n = 3) Treprostinil 0.5 212 1.50 120 41.0 ± 16 3.8 ± 2 methyl ester Treprostinil 0.5 1171 7.20 120 226 ± 155 20.8 ± 14 benzyl ester Treprostinil 0.5 2242 9.04 240 433 ± 631 39.9 ± 58 diglycine Conclusions In this study the relative oral bioavailabilities of prodrugs of Treprostinil were determined in rats. Treprostinil methyl ester resulted in Treprostinil area under the plasma concentration versus time curves (AUCs) less than that after dosing the active compound. Prodrugs treprostinil benzyl ester and treprostinil diglycine both had Treprostinil average AUCs greater than that after dosing of the active compound. Treprostinil diglycine had the highest relative bioavailability of 433% with over 4 times more Treprostinil reaching the systemic circulation. The Cmax of 9 ng/mL of Treprostinil following administration of treprostinil diglycine occurred at 240 minutes post-dosing. The Cmax following dosing of Treprostinil is 5 ng/mL and occurs only 5 minutes post-dosing. Treprostinil benzyl ester had a relative bioavailability of 226±155% with a Cmax of 7.2 ng/mL occurring 120 minutes post-dosing. It should also be noted that the AUCs are not extrapolated to infinity. References 1. WinNonlin User's Guide, version 3.1, 1998-1999, Pharsight Co., Mountain View, Calif. 94040. Example 3 This example illustrates a pharmacokinetic study of treprostinil following administration of a single duodenal dose of treprostinil and various prodrugs of the present invention. In this study, the area under the curve of Treprostinil in male Sprague-Dawley rats following a single intraduodenal dose of treprostinil monophosphate (ring), treprostinil monovaline (ring), treprostinil monoalanine (ring) or treprostinil monoalanine (chain), prodrugs of treprostinil was compared. The compounds were as follows: having the following substituents: Compound R1 R2 R3 treprostinil H —PO3H3 H monophosphate (ring) treprostinil H —COCH(CH(CH3)2)NH2 H monovaline (ring) treprostinil H —COCH(CH3)NH2 H monoalanine (ring) treprostinil H H —COCH(CH3)NH2 monoalanine (chain) Experimental Dosing Solution Preparation All dosing vehicles were prepared less than 2 hours prior to dosing. 1. Treprostinil Monophosphate (Ring) A dosing solution of treprostinil monophosphate (ring) was prepared by dissolving 1.01 mg of treprostinil monophosphate (ring) in 0.167 mL of dimethylacetamide (DMA) until dissolved. This solution was further diluted with 1.50 mL of PEG 400: Polysorbate 80: Water, 40: 1:49. The final concentration of the dosing vehicle was 0.603 mg/mL of prodrug equivalent to 0.5 mg/mL of Treprostinil. The dosing vehicle was a clear solution at the time of dosing. 2. Treprostinil Monovaline (Ring) A 50 mg/mL solution of treprostinil monovaline (ring) was prepared in dimethylacetamide (DMA). A 25 μL aliquot of the 50 mg/mL stock solution was then diluted with 175 μL of DMA and 1.8 mL of PEG 400: Polysorbate 80: Water, 40: 1:49. The final concentration of the dosing vehicle was 0.625 mg/mL of prodrug equivalent to 0.5 mg/mL of Treprostinil. The dosing vehicle was a clear solution at the time of dosing. 3. Treprostinil Monoalanine (Ring) A solution of treprostinil monoalanine (ring) was prepared by dissolving 1.05 mg of treprostinil monoalanine (ring) in 0.178 mL of dimethylacetamide (DMA) until dissolved. This solution was further diluted with 1.60 mL of PEG 400: Polysorbate 80: Water, 40: 1:49. The final concentration of the dosing vehicle was 0.590 mg/mL of treprostinil monoalanine (ring) equivalent to 0.5 mg/mL of Treprostinil. The dosing vehicle was a clear solution at the time of dosing. 4. Treprostinil Monoalanine (Chain) A solution of treprostinil monoalanine (chain) was prepared by dissolving 0.83 mg of treprostinil monoalanine (chain) in 0.14 mL of dimethylacetamide (DMA) until dissolved. This solution was further diluted with 1.26 mL of PEG 400: Polysorbate 80: Water, 40: 1:49. The final concentration of the dosing vehicle was 0.591 mg/mL of treprostinil monoalanine (chain) equivalent to 0.5 mg/mL of Treprostinil. The dosing vehicle was a clear solution at the time of dosing. Animal Dosing The plasma concentrations of Treprostinil following oral administration of each prodrug were evaluated in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Twelve rats were purchased from Hilltop Lab Animals (Scottdale, Pa.). The animals were shipped from Hilltop to Absorption Systems' West Chester University facility (West Chester, Pa.). They were housed for at least twenty-four hours prior to being used in the study. The animals were fasted for approximately 16 hours prior to dosing. The twelve rats used in this study were divided into four groups. All groups were dosed on day 1 of the study. The weight of the animals and the dosing regimen are presented in Table 11. TABLE 11 Dose Volume Dose* Rat # Weight (g) Compound (mL/kg) (mg/kg) 130 327 treprostinil monophosphate (ring) 1 0.603 131 321 treprostinil monophosphate (ring) 1 0.603 132 310 treprostinil monophosphate (ring) 1 0.603 133 328 treprostinil monovaline (ring) 1 0.625 134 326 treprostinil monovaline (ring) 1 0.625 135 346 treprostinil monovaline (ring) 1 0.625 136 321 treprostinil monoalanine (chain) 1 0.591 137 319 treprostinil monoalanine (chain) 1 0.591 138 330 treprostinil monoalanine (chain) 1 0.591 139 316 treprostinil monoalanine (ring) 1 0.590 140 330 treprostinil monoalanine (ring) 1 0.590 141 339 treprostinil monoalanine (ring) 1 0.590 This dose of prodrug = 0.500 mg/kg of treprostinil Animals were dosed via an indwelling duodenal cannula. Blood samples were takenfrom a jugular vein cannula at the following time points:0 (pre-dose) 5, 15, 30, 60, 120, 240, 360 and 480 minutes. The blood samples were withdrawn and placed into tubes containing 30 μL of a solution of 500 units per mL of heparin in saline, and centrifuged at 13,000 rpm for 10 minutes. Approximately 200 μL of plasma was then removed and dispensed into appropriately labeled polypropylene tubes containing 4 μL of acetic acid in order to stabilize any prodrug remaining in the samples. The plasma samples were frozen at −20° C. and were transported on ice to Absorption Systems Exton Facility. There they were stored in a −80° C. freezer pending analysis. Analysis of Plasma Samples Plasma samples were analyzed using the methods described above. In brief, Treprostinil was extracted from the plasma via solid phase extraction then analyzed by LC/MS/MS. The lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) of the analytical method was 0.03 ng/mL. Acceptance Criteria for Analytical Runs Four standard curves, with a minimum of five points per curve, and a minimum of two quality control samples (QCs) at 3 concentrations were dispersed throughout each run. Each prodrug set was bracketed by a standard curve used for back-calculation. The standards and QCs must be within ±15% (20% for the LLOQ) accuracy and precision for the run to be accepted. At least 75% of all standards and QCs must pass the acceptance criteria. Pharmacokinetic Analysis Pharmacokinetic analysis was performed on the plasma concentration of Treprostinil for each individual rat at each time point and on the average plasma concentration for all three rats in the group for each time point. The data were subjected to non-compartmental analysis using the pharmacokinetic program WinNonLin v. 3.1(2). Results Study Observations No adverse reactions were observed following intraduodenal administration of treprostinil monophosphate (ring), treprostinil monovaline (ring), treprostinil monoalanine (ring) or treprostinil monoalanine (chain). Ex-Vivo Plasma Stability of Prodrugs in Acidified Rat Plasma In order to terminate any conversion of prodrug to active after samples were withdrawn, the plasma was acidified. Acetic acid (v/v) was added to each plasma sample immediately after separation of the red blood cells to a concentration of 2%. In-vitro plasma stability of each prodrug was performed to insure that the compound was stable in acidified plasma. To perform this assay 2% acetic acid was added to blank rat plasma obtained from Lampire Biological. The acidified rat plasma was brought to room temperature for three minutes prior to addition of prodrug. The initial concentration of each prodrug was 1000 ng/mL. A 100 μL aliquot of plasma (n=3per time point) was taken at 0, 60 and 120 minutes. Sample preparation of each plasma sample was performed as described above and the concentration of Treprostinil monitored. Treprostinil concentrations did not increase in any of the acidified plasma samples spiked with prodrug over the two-hour period of the experiment. Sample Analysis Average Treprostinil plasma concentrations following administration of treprostinil monophosphate (ring), treprostinil monovaline (ring), treprostinil monoalanine (ring) or treprostinil monoalanine (chain) are shown in Table 12. TABLE 12 AVERAGE ± SD (N = 3) PLASMA TREPROSTINIL CONCENTRATIONS (NG/ML) Oral Dosing Pre- 5 15 30 60 120 240 360 480 Solution dose (min) (min) (min) (min) (min) (min) (min) (min) treprostinil 0 8.62 ± 3.0 6.57 ± 1.7 3.31 ± 1.2 4.31 ± 0.8 2.07 ± 0.4 0.91 ± 0.5 0.26 ± 0.08 0.3 ± 0.08 monophosphate (ring) treprostinil 0 0.76 ± 0.2 0.91 ± 0.7 1.52 ± 0.6 1.53 ± 0.6 1.65 ± 0.7 0.66 ± 0.1 0.15 ± 0.03 0.05 ± 0.02 monovaline (ring) treprostinil 0 2.42 ± 0.6 2.52 ± 0.4 2.91 ± 0.6 3.25 ± 1.5 1.69 ± 0.4 0.55 ± 0.2 0.20 ± 0.1 0.22 ± 0.2 monoalanine (ring) treprostinil 0 9.53 ± 2.6 3.92 ± 0.6 3.83 ± 0.7 2.74 ± 0.9 0.86 ± 0.4 0.29 ± 0.2 0.08 ± 0.04 0.19 ± 0.3 monoalanine (chain) FIGS. 8-12 contain graphical representations of the plasma concentration versus time curves for Treprostinil in rat following administration of each prodrug. Table 13 lists each figure and the information displayed. TABLE 13 Figure Description 8 Intraduodenal dose of treprostinil monophosphate (ring) 9 Intraduodenal dose of treprostinil monovaline (ring) 10 Intraduodenal dose of treprostinil monoalanine (ring) 11 Intraduodenal dose of treprostinil monoalanine (chain) 12 Intraduodenal dose of each prodrug compared to treprostinil alone from Example 1 Pharmacokinetic Analysis Bioavailability of the prodrug was determined relative to that of the active compound based on a previous study in which Treprostinil was dosed to rats. The following formula was used to determine relative bioavailability (F): Relative F=(AUC(ProdrugDose)/Dose)/(AUC(Treprostinil Dose)/Dose)100 Absolute bioavailability was also estimated using data from an intravenous dose of Treprostinil in rats determined in Example 1. Results are listed in Table 14. TABLE 14 List of Figures Figure Description 8 Intraduodenal Dose of treprostinil monophosphate (ring) 9 Intraduodenal Dose of treprostinil monovaline (ring) 10 Intraduodenal Dose of treprostinil monoalanine (ring) 11 Intraduodenal Dose of treprostinil monoalanine (chain) 12 Intraduodenal Dose of Each Prodrug Compared to Treprostinil Alone from Example 1 Conclusions The relative intraduodenal bioavailabilities of four prodrugs of Treprostinil were determined in rats. All the compounds had relative intraduodenal bioavailabilities less than that of the active compound. treprostinil monophosphate (ring) and treprostinil monoalanine (ring) had the highest relative intraduodenal bioavailability at 56% and 38% respectively. The Tmax for treprostinil monophosphate (ring) and treprostinil monoalanine (chain) occurred 5 minutes post-dosing. treprostinil monovaline (ring) and treprostinil monoalanine (ring) had longer absorption times with Tmax values of 120 and 60 minutes respectively. Maximum Treprostinil concentrations were highest following treprostinil monophosphate (ring) and treprostinil monoalanine (chain) dosing. They reached approximately 9 ng/mL 5 minutes post-dosing. The bioavailabilities are much greater when dosed intraduodenally than when dosed orally as measured by treprostinil plasma levels. References 1. WinNonlin User's Guide, version 3.1, 1998-1999, Pharsight Co., Mountain View, Calif. 94040. Example 4 In this Example, Treprostinil concentrations will be determined in male Sprague-Dawley rats following a single oral or intraduodenal dose of the following compounds of structure II: having the following substituents: Cpd. R1 R2 R3 A —CH2CONH2 H H B —CH2CON(CH2)2OH H H C —CH2CON(CH3)2 H H D —CH2CONHOH H H E —CH2C6H4NO2 (p)* H H F —CH2C6H4OCH3 (p)* H H G —CH2C6H4Cl (o)* H H H —CH2C6H4(NO2)2 (o, p)* H H I —CH2C6H4F (p)* H H J H —PO3H3 H K H H —PO3H3 L H —COCH2NH2 H M H H —COCH2NH2 N H —COCH(CH3)NH2 H O H H —COCH(CH3)NH2 P H —COCH(CH3)NH2 —COCH(CH3)NH2 *o denotes ortho substitution, m denotes meta substitution and p denotes para substitution. Examples of these compounds include: Prodrug preparation and analysis will take place as described in Examples 1 and 2 above. Additionally, the oral bioavailability of treprostinil, treprostinil sodium and the compounds shown in Example 2 and this Example will be administered in close proximity to or simultaneously with various different p-glycoprotein inhibiting compounds at varying concentrations and tested to determine the effect of the p-glycoprotein inhibitors on the oral bioavailability of the compounds. The p-glycoprotein inhibitors will be administered both intravenously and orally. Example 5 Clinical Studies with Treprostinil Diethanolamine Introduction Prior to proceeding directly into clinical studies with a sustained release (SR) solid dosage form of UT-15C (treprostinil diethanolamine), a determination of the pharmacokinetics of an oral “immediate release” solution was performed. The first clinical study (01-101) evaluated the ability of escalating doses of an oral solution of UT-15C to reach detectable levels in plasma, potential dose-plasma concentration relationship, bioavailability and the overall safety of UT-15C. Volunteers were dosed with the solutions in a manner that simulated a sustained release formulation releasing drug over approximately 8 hours. The second clinical study (01-102) assessed the ability of two SR solid dosage form prototypes (i.e., 1. microparticulate beads in a capsule and, 2. tablet) to reach detectable levels in plasma and the potential influence of food on these plasma drug concentrations. The SR prototypes were designed to release UT-15C over approximately an 8 hour time period. Details of the two clinical studies are described below. Clinical Study 01-101 A Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetic Study of multiple Escalating Doses of UT-15C (Treprostinil Diethanolamine) Administered as an Oral Solution in Healthy Adult Volunteers (Including Study of bioavailability). The oral solution of UT-15C was administered to 24 healthy volunteers to assess the safety and pharmacokinetic profile of UT-15C as well as its bioavailability. To mimic a SR release profile, doses were administered every two hours for four doses at either 0.05 mg per dose (total=0.2 mg), 0.125 mg per dose (total=0.5 mg), 0.25 mg per dose (total=1.0 mg), or 0.5 mg per dose (total=2.0 mg). Study endpoints included standard safety assessments (adverse events, vital signs, laboratory parameters, physical examinations, and electrocardiograms) as well as pharmacokinetic parameters. All subjects received all four scheduled doses and completed the study in its entirety. Treprostinil plasma concentrations were detectable in all subjects following administration of an oral solution dose of UT-15C. Both AUCinf and Cmax increased in a linear fashion with dose for each of the four dose aliquots. The highest concentration observed in this study was 5.51 ng/mL after the third 0.25 mg solution dose aliquot of the 2.0 mg UT-15C total dose. Based on historical intravenous treprostinil sodium data, the mean absolute bioavailability values for the 0.2 mg, 0.5 mg, 1.0 mg and 2.0 mg doses of UT-15C were estimated to be 21%, 23%, 24% and 25%, respectively. The results of this study are respectively shown in FIGS. 13A-13D. UT-15C was well tolerated by the majority of subjects at all doses given. There were no clinically significant, treatment emergent changes in hematology, clinical chemistry, urinalysis, vital signs, physical exams, and ECGs. The most frequently reported adverse events were flushing, headache, and dizziness. This safety profile with UT-15C (treprostinil diethanolamine) is consistent with the reported safety profile and product labeling of Remodulin (treprostinil sodium) and other prostacyclin analogs. Thus, changing the salt form of treprostinil did not result in any unexpected safety issues following the protocol specified dosing regimen (i.e. single dose every 2 hours for four total doses on a single day). Clinical Study 01-102 A Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetic Study Comparing a Single Dose of a Sustained Release Capsule and Tablet Formulation of UT-15C (Treprostinil Diethanolamine) Administered to Healthy Adult Volunteers in the Fasted and Fed State The 01-102 study was designed to evaluate and compare the safety and pharmacokinetic profiles of a (1) UT-15C SR tablet prototype and, (2) UT-15C SR capsule prototype (microparticulate beads in a capsule) in both the fasted and fed state. Each of the SR dosage forms weres designed to release UT-15C (1 mg) over an approximate 8-hour time period. Fourteen healthy adult volunteers were assigned to receive the SR tablet formulation while an additional fourteen volunteers were assigned to receive the SR capsule formulation. Subjects were randomized to receive a single dose (1 mg) of their assigned SR prototype in both the fasted and fed state. A crossover design was employed with a seven day wash-out period separating the fed/fasted states. For the fed portion of the study, subjects received a high calorie, high fat meal. Study endpoints included standard safety assessments (adverse events, vital signs, laboratory parameters, physical examinations, and electrocardiograms) as well as pharmacokinetic parameters. All subjects administered UT-15C SR tablets and capsules had detectable treprostinil plasma concentrations. Calculations of area under the curve from zero to twenty-four hours (AUC0-24) indicate that total exposure to UT-15C SR occurred in the following order: Tablet Fed>Capsule Fasted>Tablet Fasted>Capsule Fed. FIG. 14 displays the pharmacokinetic profiles of the two formulations in the fasted and fed states. UT-15C SR tablets and capsules were tolerated by the majority of subjects. All adverse events were mild to moderate in severity and were similar to those described in Study 0 1-101 and in Remodulin's product labeling. Additionally, there were no treatment-emergent changes in vital signs, laboratory parameters, physical examinations, or electrocardiograms throughout the study. These results demonstrate that detectable and potentially therapeutic drug concentrations can be obtained from a solid dosage form of UT-15C and that these concentrations can be maintained over an extended period of time through sustained release formulation technology. Polymorphs of Treprostinil Diethanolamine Two crystalline forms of UT-15C were idenitified as well as an amorphous form. The first, which is metastable, is termed Form A. The second, which is thermodynamically more stable, is Form B. Each form was characterized and interconversion studies were conducted to demonstrate which form was thermodynamically stable. Form A is made according to the methods in Table 15. Form B is made from Form A, in accordance with the procedures of Table 16. TABLE 15 XRPD Sample Solvent Conditionsa Habit/Description Resultb ID tetrahydrofuran FE opaque white solids; morphology A 1440- unknown, birefringent 72-02 SE glassy transparent solids A (PO) 1440- 72-03 SC (60° C.) translucent, colorless glassy sheets A 1440- of material, birefringent 72-16 Toluene slurry (RT), 6d white solids; opaque masses of A + B 1440- smaller particles 72-01 toluene:IPA SC(60° C.) white solids; spherical clusters of A 1480- (11.4:1) fibers, birefringent 21-03 Water FE opaque white solids; morphology A 1440- unknowm, birefringent 72-07 SE opaque ring of solids, birefringent A + B 1440- 72-08 freeze dry white, glassy transparent solids A + B 1480- 58-02 water:ethanol FE opaque white solids; morphology A + 11.5 pk 1440- (1:1) unknown, birefringent 72-09 FE clear and oily substance with some B 1480- opaque solids 79-02 SE glassy opaque ring of solid A 1440- 72-10 aFE = fast evaporation; SE = slow evaporation; SC = slow cool bIS = insufficient sample; PO = preferred orientation; LC = low crystallinity; pk = peak cXRPD = X-ray powder diffraction TABLE 16 XRPD Solvent Conditions Habit/Description Result Sample ID ethanol/water FE glassy appearing solids of —b 1519-68-01 (1:1) unknown morphology; birefringent 1,4-dioxane slurry(50° C.), 6d white solids; opaque masses of B 1519-73-02a material; morphology unknown slurry(50° C.), 2d small grainy solids; with B 1557-12-01 birefringence subsample of — B 1557-15-01 1557-12-01 subsample of white solids B 1557-15-02 1557-12-01 slurry(50° C.), 2d — B 1557-17-01 isopropanol slurry(RT), 1d white solids —b 1519-96-03 tetrahydrofuran slurry(RT), 1d — —b 1519-96-02 toluene slurry(50° C.), 6d white solids B 1519-73-01 aSeeds of sample #1480-58-01 (A + B) added bSamples not analyzed Characterization of Crystal Forms: Form A The initial material synthesized (termed Form A) was characterized using X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetry (TG), hot stage microscopy, infrared (IR) and Raman spectroscopy, and moisture sorption. Representative XRPD of Form A is shown in FIG. 15. The IR and Raman spectra for Form A are shown in FIGS. 16 and 17, respectively. The thermal data for Form A are shown in FIG. 18. The DSC thermogram shows an endotherm at 103° C. that is consistent with melting (from hot stage microscopy). The sample was observed to recrystallize to needles on cooling from the melt. The TG data shows no measurable weight loss up to 100° C., indicating that the material is not solvated. The moisture sorption data are shown graphically in FIG. 19. Form A material shows significant weight gain (>33%) during the course of the experiment (beginning between 65 to 75% RH), indicating that the material is hygroscopic. In addition, hygroscopicity of treprostinil diethanolamine was evaluated in humidity chambers at approximately 52% RH and 68% RH. The materials were observed to gain 4.9% and 28% weight after 23 days in the ˜52% RH and ˜68% RH chambers, respectively. Based on the above characterization data, Form A is a crystalline, anhydrous material which is hygroscopic and melts at 103° C. Form B Treprostinil diethanolamine Form B was made from heated slurries (50° C.) of Form A in 1,4 dioxane and toluene, as shown in Table 16. Material isolated from 1,4-dioxane was used to fully characterize Form B. A representative XRPD pattern of Form B is shown in FIG. 20. Form A and Form B XRPD patterns are similar, however, significant differences are observed in the range of approximately 12-17°2θ (FIG. 20). The thermal data for Form B are shown in FIG. 21. The DSC thermogram (Sample ID 1557-17-01) shows a single endotherm at 107° C. that is consistent with a melting event (as determined by hotstage microscopy). The TG shows minimal weight loss up to 100° C. The moisture sorption/desorption data for Form B are shown in FIG. 22. There is minimal weight loss at 5% RH and the material absorbs approximately 49% water at 95% RH. Upon desorption from 95% down to 5% RH, the sample loses approximately 47%. Form A and Form B can easily be detected in the DSC curve. Based on the above characterization data, Form B appears to be a crystalline material which melts at 107° C. Thermodynamic Properties: Inter-conversion experiments were carried out in order to determine the thermodynamically most stable form at various temperatures. These studies were performed in two different solvents, using Forms A and B material, and the data are summarized in Table 17. Experiments in isopropanol exhibit full conversion to Form B at ambient, 15° C., and 30° C. after 7 days, 11 days, and 1 day, respectively. Experiments in tetrahydrofuran also exhibit conversion to Form B at ambient, 15° C., and 30° C. conditions. Full conversion was obtained after 11 days at 15° C., and 1 day at 30° C. At ambient conditions, however, a minor amount of Form A remained after 7 days based on XRPD data obtained. Full conversion would likely occur upon extended slurry time. Based on these slurry inter-conversion experiments, Form B appears to be the most thermodynamically stable form. Form A and Form B appear to be related monotropically with Form B being more thermodynamically stable. TABLE 17 Interconversion Studies of Treprostinil Diethanolamine Experiment/ Tem- Sample Starting per- No. Forms Solvent Materials ature Time 1557-22- A vs. B isopropanol solid mixture ambient 7 days 01 # 1557-20-01a 1557-47- A vs. B solid mixture 15° C. 11 days 02 # 1557-35-01d 1557-33- A vs. B solid mixture 30° C. 1 day 02 # 1557-35-01d 1557-21- A vs. B solid mixture 50° C. — 02e # 1557-20-01b 1557-20- A vs. B tetrahydrofuran solid mixture ambient 7 days 03 # 1557-20-01c 1557-47- A vs. B solid mixture 15° C. 11 days 01 # 1557-35-01d 1557-33- A vs. B solid mixture 30° C. 1 day 01 # 1557-35-01d 1557-21- A vs. B solid mixture 50° C. — 01e # 1557-20-01c asaturated solution Sample ID 1557-21-03 bsaturated solution Sample ID 1519-96-03 csaturated solution Sample ID 1519-96-02 dsaturated solution prepared just prior to addition of solids esamples not analyzed as solubility (at 50° C.) of treprostinil diethanolamine was very high and solutions became discolored. All references disclosed herein are specifically incorporated by reference thereto. While preferred embodiments have been illustrated and described, it should be understood that changes and modifications can be made therein in accordance with ordinary skill in the art without departing from the invention in its broader aspects as defined herein.	<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>Many valuable pharmacologically active compounds cannot be effectively administered orally for various reasons and are generally administered via intravenous or intramuscular routes. These routes of administration generally require intervention by a physician or other health care professional, and can entail considerable discomfort as well as potential local trauma to the patient. One example of such a compound is treprostinil, a chemically stable analog of prostacyclin. Although treprostinil sodium (Remodulin®) is approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for subcutaneous administration, treprostinil as the free acid has an absolute oral bioavailability of less than 10%. Accordingly, there is clinical interest in providing treprostinil orally. Thus, there is a need for a safe and effective method for increasing the systemic availability of treprostinil via administration of treprostinil or treprostinil analogs.	<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>In one embodiment, the present invention provides a compound having structure I: wherein, R 1 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, substituted and unsubstituted benzyl groups, and groups wherein OR 1 are substituted or unsubstituted glycolamide esters; R 2 and R 3 may be the same or different and are independently selected from the group consisting of H, phosphate and groups wherein OR 2 and OR 3 form esters of amino acids or proteins, with the proviso that all of R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are not H; an enantiomer of the compound; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compound and polymorphs. In some of these embodiments, R 1 is a substituted or unsubstituted benzyl group, such as CH 2 C 6 H 5 . In other embodiments, OR 1 is a substituted or unsubstituted glycolamide ester, R 1 is —CH 2 CONR 4 R 5 , R 4 and R 5 may be the same or different and are independently selected from the group consisting of H, OH, substituted and unsubstituted alkyl groups, —(CH 2 ) m CH 3 , —CH 2 OH, and —CH 2 (CH 2 ) n OH, with the proviso that m is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, and n is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4. In certain of these embodiments one or both of R 4 and R 5 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, —OH, —CH 3 , or —CH 2 CH 2 OH. In any of the previously discussed embodiments, one or both of R 2 and R 3 can be H. In some enantiomers of the compound R 1 ═R 2 ═R 3 ═H, or R 2 ═R 3 =H and R 1 =valinyl amide. In still further embodiments of the present compounds R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from phosphate and groups wherein OR 2 and OR 3 are esters of amino acids, dipeptides, esters of tripeptides and esters of tetrapeptides. In some compounds only one of R 2 or R 3 is a phosphate group. In other compounds R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from groups wherein OR 2 and OR 3 are esters of amino acids, such as esters of glycine or alanine. In any of the above embodiments, one of R 2 and R 3 are H. In certain of the present compounds, the oral bioavailability of the compound is greater than the oral bioavailability of treprostinil, such as at least 50% or 100% greater than the oral bioavailability of treprostinil. The above compounds can further comprise an inhibitor of p-glycoprotein transport. Any of these compounds can also further comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. The present invention also provides a method of using the above compounds therapeutically of/for: pulmonary hypertension, ischemic diseases, heart failure, conditions requiring anticoagulation, thrombotic microangiopathy, extracorporeal circulation, central retinal vein occlusion, atherosclerosis, inflammatory diseases, hypertension, reproduction and parturition, cancer or other conditions of unregulated cell growth, cell/tissue preservation and other emerging therapeutic areas where prostacyclin treatment appears to have a beneficial role. A preferred embodiment is a method of treating pulmonary hypertension and/or peripheral vascular disease in a subject comprising orally administering a pharmaceutically effective amount of a compound of structure II: wherein, R 1 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, substituted and unsubstituted alkyl groups, arylalkyl groups and groups wherein OR 1 form a substituted or unsubstituted glycolamide ester; R 2 and R 3 may be the same or different and are independently selected from the group consisting of H, phosphate and groups wherein OR 2 and OR 3 form esters of amino acids or proteins, with the proviso that all of R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are not H; an enantiomer of the compound; and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or polymorph of the compound. In some of these methods, when OR 1 forms a substituted or unsubstituted glycolamide ester, R 1 is —CH 2 CONR 4 R 5 , wherein R 4 and R 5 may be the same or different and are independently selected from the group consisting of H, OH, substituted and unsubstituted alkyl groups, —(CH 2 ) m CH 3 , —CH 2 OH, and —CH 2 (CH 2 ) n OH, with the proviso that m is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, and n is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4. In other methods R 1 is a C 1 -C 4 alkyl group, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl or butyl. In the disclosed methods, R 1 can also be a substituted or unsubstituted benzyl group. In other methods, R 1 can be —CH 3 or —CH 2 C 6 H 5 . In still other methods R 4 and R 5 are the same or different and are independently selected from the group consisting of H, OH, —CH 3 , and —CH 2 CH 2 OH. In yet other methods, one or both of R 2 and R 3 are H. Alternatively, one or both of R 2 and R 3 are not H and R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from phosphate and groups wherein OR 2 and OR 3 are esters of amino acids, dipeptides, esters of tripeptides and esters of tetrapeptides. In some methods, only one of R 2 or R 3 is a phosphate group. In additional methods, R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from groups wherein OR 2 and OR 3 are esters of amino acids, such as esters of glycine or alanine. In further methods one of R 1 and R 2 is H. In some methods, enantiomers of the compound where R 1 ═R 2 ═R 3 ═H, or R 2 ═R 3 ═H and R 1 =valinyl amide are used. In various methods the oral bioavailability of the compound is greater than the oral bioavailability of treprostinil, such as at least 50% or 100% greater than the oral bioavailability of treprostinil. The present methods can also comprise administering pharmaceutically effective amount of a p-glycoprotein inhibitor, simultaneously, sequentially, or prior to administration of the compound of structure II. In some embodiments the p-glycoprotein inhibitor is administered orally or intravenously. The disclosed methods can be used to treat pulmonary hypertension. The present invention also provides a method of increasing the oral bioavailability of treprostinil or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, comprising administering a pharmaceutically effective amount of a p-glycoprotein inhibitor and orally administering a pharmaceutically effective amount of treprostinil to a subject. In certain of these embodiments the p-glycoprotein inhibitor is administered prior to or simultaneously with the treprostinil. The route of the p-glycoprotein inhibitor administration can vary, such as orally or intravenously. The present invention also provides a composition comprising treprostinil or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a p-glycoprotein inhibitor. The present compound can also be administered topically or transdermally. Pharmaceutical formulations according to the present invention are provided which include any of the compounds described above in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The compounds described above can also be used to treat cancer. Further objects, features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following detailed description.	20040524	20080826	20050421	74200.0		3	COPPINS, JANET L	COMPOUNDS AND METHODS FOR DELIVERY OF PROSTACYCLIN ANALOGS	UNDISCOUNTED	0	ACCEPTED		2,004
10,851,561	ACCEPTED	Formation of a silicon oxynitride layer on a high-k dielectric material	In one embodiment, a method for depositing a capping layer on a dielectric layer in a process chamber is provided which includes depositing the dielectric layer on a substrate surface, depositing a silicon-containing layer by an ALD process, comprising alternately pulsing a silicon precursor and an oxidizing gas into the process chamber, and exposing the silicon-containing layer to a nitridation process. In another embodiment, a method for depositing a silicon-containing capping layer on a dielectric layer in a process chamber by an ALD process is provided which includes flowing a silicon precursor into the process chamber, purging the process chamber with a purge gas, flowing an oxidizing gas comprising water formed by flowing a H2 gas and an oxygen-containing gas through a water vapor generator, and purging the process chamber with the purge gas.	1. A method for depositing a capping layer on a dielectric layer, comprising: depositing the dielectric layer on a substrate; depositing a silicon-containing layer on the dielectric layer by an ALD process, comprising alternately pulsing a silicon precursor and an oxidizing gas into a process chamber; exposing the silicon-containing layer to a nitridation process; and exposing the substrate to an anneal process. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the nitridation process comprises a nitrogen plasma. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the anneal process is at a temperature from about 600° C. to about 1,200° C. for a time period from about 1 second to about 120 seconds. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the capping layer is about 5 Å or less. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the dielectric layer is selected from the group consisting of HfO2, HfSiO4, HfSixOyNz, HfAlxOyNz, Al2O3, HfO2/Al2O3 laminate, LaAlOx, LaOx, derivatives thereof and combinations thereof. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the depositing the dielectric layer, the depositing the silicon-containing layer and the nitridation process occur in the process chamber. 7. The method of claim 5, wherein the oxidizing gas comprises water formed by flowing a H2 gas and an oxygen-containing gas through a water vapor generator. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the oxygen-containing gas comprises at least one gas selected from the group consisting of O2, N2O, NO2, N2O5 and combinations thereof. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the silicon precursor is selected from the group consisting of (Me2N)4Si, (Me2N)3SiH, (Et2N)4Si, (Et2N)3SiH, (MeEtN)4Si, (MeEtN)3SiH, SiH4, SiCl4, H2SiCl2, Si2H6, Si2Cl6, derivatives thereof and combinations thereof. 10. A method for depositing a capping layer on a dielectric layer in a process chamber, comprising: depositing the dielectric layer on a substrate; exposing the dielectric layer to an ALD process, comprising alternately pulsing a silicon precursor and an oxidizing gas into the process chamber depositing a silicon-containing layer on the dielectric layer; and exposing the silicon-containing layer to a nitridation process. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the oxidizing gas comprises water formed by flowing a H2 gas and an oxygen-containing gas through a water vapor generator. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the oxygen-containing gas comprises at least one gas selected from the group consisting of O2, N2O, NO2, N2O5 and combinations thereof. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the silicon precursor is selected from the group consisting of (Me2N)4Si, (Me2N)3SiH, (Et2N)4Si, (Et2N)3SiH, (MeEtN)4Si, (MeEtN)3SiH, SiH4, SiCl4, H2SiCl2, Si2H6, Si2Cl6, derivatives thereof and combinations thereof. 14. The method of claim 10, wherein the nitridation process comprises a nitrogen plasma. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the substrate is annealed for a time period from about 1 second to about 120 seconds and at a temperature from about 600° C. to about 1,200° C. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein a polysilicon layer is deposited to the capping layer. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the capping layer is about 5 Å or less. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the dielectric layer is selected from the group consisting of HfO2, HfSiO4, HfSixOyNz, HfAlxOyNz, Al2O3, HfO2/Al2O3 laminate, LaAlOx, LaOx, derivatives thereof and combinations thereof. 19. The method of claim 10, wherein the depositing the dielectric layer, the depositing the silicon-containing layer and the nitridation process occur in the processing chamber. 20. A method for depositing a silicon-containing capping layer on a dielectric layer in a process chamber by an ALD process, comprising: flowing a silicon precursor into the process chamber; purging the process chamber with a purge gas; flowing an oxidizing gas comprising water formed by flowing a H2 gas and an oxygen-containing gas through a water vapor generator; and purging the process chamber with the purge gas. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the oxygen-containing gas comprises at least one gas selected from the group consisting of O2, N2O, NO2, N2O5 and combinations thereof. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the silicon-containing capping layer is exposed to a plasma nitridation process. 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the silicon-containing capping layer is annealed at a temperature from about 600° C. to about 1,200° C. for a time period from about 1 second to about 120 seconds. 24. The method of claim 21, wherein the silicon precursor is selected from the group consisting of (Me2N)4Si, (Me2N)3SiH, (Et2N)4Si, (Et2N)3SiH, (MeEtN)4Si, (MeEtN)3SiH, SiH4, SiCl4, H2SiCl2, Si2H6, Si2Cl6, derivatives thereof and combinations thereof. 25. The method of claim 24, wherein a polysilicon layer is deposited to the silicon-containing capping layer. 26. The method of claim 24, wherein the silicon-containing capping layer is about 5 Å or less. 27. The method of claim 26, wherein the dielectric layer is selected from the group consisting of HfO2, HfSiO4, HfSixOyNz, HfAlxOyNz, Al2O3, HfO2/Al2O3 laminate, LaAlOx, LaOx, derivatives thereof and combinations thereof. 28. A method for depositing a silicon-containing layer on a substrate surface in a process chamber, comprising: exposing the substrate surface to a silicon precursor and an oxidizing gas comprising water formed by flowing a H2 gas and an oxygen-containing gas through a water vapor generator; and exposing the substrate surface to a nitridation process. 29. The method of claim 28, wherein the oxygen-containing gas comprises at least one gas selected from the group consisting of O2, N2O, NO2, N2O5 and combinations thereof. 30. The method of claim 29, wherein the nitridation process comprises a nitrogen plasma. 31. The method of claim 30, wherein the silicon-containing layer is annealed at a temperature from about 600° C. to about 1,200° C. for a time period from about 1 second to about 120 seconds. 32. The method of claim 30, wherein the silicon precursor is selected from the group consisting of (Me2N)4Si; (Me2N)3SiH, (Et2N)4Si, (Et2N)3SiH, (MeEtN)4Si, (MeEtN)3SiH, SiH4, SiCl4, H2SiCl2, Si2H6, Si2Cl6, derivatives thereof and combinations thereof. 33. The method of claim 32, wherein a polysilicon layer is deposited on the silicon-containing layer. 34. The method of claim 32, wherein the silicon-containing layer is about 5 Å or less. 35. The method of claim 34, wherein the silicon-containing layer is deposited on a dielectric layer selected from the group consisting of HfO2, HfSiO4, HfSixOyNz, HfAlxOyNz, Al2O3, HfO2/Al2O3 laminate, LaAlOx, LaOx, derivatives thereof and combinations thereof.	BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Field of the Invention Embodiments of the present invention generally relate to methods for depositing materials on substrates, and more specifically, to methods for depositing capping layers, such as silicon oxides or silicon oxynitrides, to dielectric materials. In the field of semiconductor processing, flat-panel display processing or other electronic device processing, chemical vapor deposition has played an important role in forming films on substrates. As the geometries of electronic devices continue to shrink and the density of devices continues to increase, the size and aspect ratio of the features are becoming more aggressive, e.g., feature sizes of 0.07 microns and aspect ratios of 10 or greater are being considered. Accordingly, conformal deposition of materials to form these devices is becoming increasingly important. While conventional chemical vapor deposition has proved successful for device geometries and aspect ratios down to 0.15 microns, the more aggressive device geometries require new, innovative deposition techniques. One technique that is receiving considerable attention is atomic layer deposition (ALD). In the scheme, reactants are sequentially introduced into a processing chamber where each reactant chemisorbs onto the substrate surface and a reaction occurs. A purge step is typically carried out between the delivery of each reactant gas. The purge step may be a continuous purge with the carrier gas or a pulse purge between the delivery of the reactant gases. One problem that interferes with small device assembly has been elemental diffusion from one material layer to another layer. Contamination by elemental diffusion is very prominent in material layers that are adjacent to doped polysilicon, since the dopants (e.g., boron) readily diffuse. In order to limit dopant diffusion, nitridation processes have been used to densify dielectric high-k materials, such as hafnium silicate. The densification process incorporates nitrogen in the dielectric material and forms Si—N bonds and Hf—N bonds. While the Si—N bonds are desirable, the Hf—N bonds are undesirable since their metallic characteristics increase leakage. Also, the industry has been struggling to introduce high-k materials that are compatible on the substrate, since the interaction between polysilicon and the many high-k materials usually have the wrong work-function threshold shift. Alternatively, silicon nitride has been used as an effective boron barrier layer at the dielectric/gate interface. However, the material has poor device properties due to inherently fixed charges. A desirable barrier layer should form the dielectric/gate interface and enhances the mobility of charge carriers in the polysilicon by blocking dopant diffusion from the polysilicon layer. In the prior art, ALD processes have been used to deposit thin silicon oxide layers. Silicon oxide deposited by an ALD process, plasma treated and subsequently annealed has been utilized as a capping layer. However, silicon oxide layers are often deposited by ALD processes that alternate pulses of dichlorosilane (Cl2SiH2) with water or oxygen. The silicon oxide may be contaminated with halogen impurities due to the chlorinated silane precursors. If silicon oxide layers contaminated with halogens are used as dopant barrier layers, chlorine may diffuse into the polysilicon layer adversely effecting the charge carrier mobility. Therefore, there is a need for a deposition process to cap a dielectric material with a barrier layer, such as silicon oxide or silicon oxynitride. The barrier layer should be free of halogen contamination and be as thin as possible while reducing dopant diffusion, as well as the barrier layer and the dielectric layer should be chemically compatible. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In one embodiment, a method for depositing a capping layer on a dielectric layer is provided which includes depositing the dielectric layer on a substrate, depositing a silicon-containing layer on the dielectric layer by an ALD process, comprising alternately pulsing a silicon precursor and an oxidizing gas into a process chamber, exposing the silicon-containing layer to a nitridation process and exposing the substrate to an anneal process In another embodiment, a method for depositing a capping layer on a dielectric layer in a process chamber is provided which includes depositing the dielectric layer on a substrate, exposing the dielectric layer to an ALD process, comprising alternately pulsing a silicon precursor and an oxidizing gas into the process chamber, depositing a silicon-containing layer on the dielectric layer, and exposing the silicon-containing layer to a nitridation process. In another embodiment, a method for depositing a silicon-containing capping layer on a dielectric layer in a process chamber by an ALD process is provided which includes flowing a silicon precursor into the process chamber, purging the process chamber with a purge gas, flowing an oxidizing gas comprising water formed by flowing a H2 gas and an oxygen-containing gas through a water vapor generator, and purging the process chamber with the purge gas. In another embodiment, a method for depositing a silicon-containing layer on a substrate surface in a process chamber is provided which includes exposing the substrate surface to a silicon precursor and an oxidizing gas comprising water formed by flowing a H2 gas and an oxygen-containing gas through a water vapor generator, and exposing the substrate surface to a nitridation process. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS So that the manner in which the above recited features of the present invention can be understood in detail, a more particular description of the invention, briefly summarized above, may be had by reference to embodiments, some of which are illustrated in the appended drawings. It is to be noted, however, that the appended drawings illustrate only typical embodiments of the invention and are therefore not to be considered limiting of its scope, for the invention may admit to other equally effective embodiments. FIG. 1 illustrates a process sequence for forming a capping layer on a dielectric layer according to one embodiment described herein; FIGS. 2A-2F illustrate a process sequence for depositing multiple layers on a substrate surface according to another embodiment described herein; FIG. 3 illustrates ALD pulsing sequences for the silicon precursor and oxidizing gas according to one embodiment described herein; and FIG. 4 depicts a schematic cross-sectional view of a process chamber that may be used to perform an ALD process described herein. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT The present invention provides methods for preparing silicon-containing compounds used in a variety applications including as capping barrier layers on high-k dielectric materials. The methods use atomic layer deposition (ALD) to have elemental control of the composition of the silicon compounds. In one embodiment, the process includes an in-situ water generator to produce an oxidizing gas used with a silicon precursor to deposit silicon-containing material. The ALD processes utilizing the in-situ water generator to grow silicon-containing material neatly and efficiently, thereby significantly increasing production throughput. In other aspects, silicon-containing materials are nitrided by nitrogen plasma, such as with decoupled plasma nitridation (DPN), and subsequently annealed. A “substrate surface” as used herein refers to any substrate or material surface formed on a substrate upon which film processing is performed. For example, a substrate surface on which processing may be performed include materials such as dielectric materials, silicon, silicon oxide, strained silicon, silicon on insulator (SOI), carbon doped silicon oxides, silicon nitride, doped silicon, germanium, gallium arsenide, glass, sapphire, and any other materials such as metals, metal nitrides, metal alloys, and other conductive materials, depending on the application. Barrier layers, metals or metal nitrides on a substrate surface include titanium, titanium nitride, tungsten nitride, tantalum and tantalum nitride. Substrates may have various dimensions, such as 200 mm or 300 mm diameter wafers, as well as, rectangular or square panes. Embodiments of the processes described herein deposit silicon-containing compounds on many substrates and surfaces, especially, high-k dielectric materials. Substrates on which embodiments of the invention may be useful include, but are not limited to semiconductor wafers, such as crystalline silicon (e.g., Si<100> or Si<111>), silicon oxide, strained silicon, SOI, silicon germanium, doped or undoped polysilicon, doped or undoped silicon wafers silicon nitride and patterned or non-patterned wafers. Surfaces include bare silicon wafers, films, layers and materials with dielectric, conductive and barrier properties and include aluminum oxide and polysilicon. Pretreatment of surfaces includes polishing, etching, reduction, oxidation, hydroxylation, annealing and/or baking. “Atomic layer deposition” or “cyclical deposition” as used herein refers to the sequential introduction of two or more reactive compounds to deposit a layer of material on a substrate surface. The two, three or more reactive compounds may alternatively be introduced into a reaction zone of a processing chamber. Usually, each reactive compound is separated by a time delay to allow each compound to adhere and/or react on the substrate surface. In one aspect, a first precursor or compound A is pulsed into the reaction zone followed by a first time delay. Next, a second precursor or compound B is pulsed into the reaction zone followed by a second delay. During each time delay a purge gas, such as nitrogen, is introduced into the processing chamber to purge the reaction zone or otherwise remove any residual reactive compound or by-products from the reaction zone. Alternatively, the purge gas may flow continuously throughout the deposition process so that only the purge gas flows during the time delay between pulses of reactive compounds. The reactive compounds are alternatively pulsed until a desired film or film thickness is formed on the substrate surface. In either scenario, the ALD process of pulsing compound A, purge gas, pulsing compound B and purge gas is a cycle. A cycle can start with either compound A or compound B and continue the respective order of the cycle until achieving a film with the desired thickness. A “pulse” as used herein is intended to refer to a quantity of a particular compound that is intermittently or non-continuously introduced into a reaction zone of a processing chamber. The quantity of a particular compound within each pulse may vary over time, depending on the duration of the pulse. The duration of each pulse is variable depending upon a number of factors such as, for example, the volume capacity of the process chamber employed, the vacuum system coupled thereto, and the volatility/reactivity of the particular compound itself. A “half-reaction” as used herein to refer to a precursor pulse step followed by a purge step. In FIG. 1, illustrates an exemplary process sequence 100 for forming a capped dielectric film, such as a silicon oxide layer on a high-k gate dielectric material. FIGS. 2A-2F correspond to process sequence 100 to illustrate the assembly of a semiconductor device, such as a transistor. In step 102, a dielectric layer 210 is deposited on a substrate 200, depicted in FIGS. 2A-2B, by conventional deposition techniques, such as ALD, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), physical vapor deposition (PVD), thermal techniques and combinations thereof. In a preferred embodiment, dielectric layer 210 is deposited by an ALD process and apparatus, such as described in co-pending United States Provisional Patent Application Serial No. ______, filed May 12, 2004, entitled, “Atomic Layer Deposition of Hafnium-containing High-K Materials,” assigned to Applied Materials, Inc., and is herein incorporated by reference. Dielectric layer 210 is generally deposited with a film thickness from about 10 Å to about 1,000 Å, preferably from about 20 Å to about 500 Å and more preferably from about 50 Å to about 200 Å, for example, about 100 Å. A substrate may be pretreated before depositing dielectric layer 210 in order to have termination with a variety of functional groups such as hydroxyls (OH), alkoxy (OR, where R=Me, Et, Pr or Bu), haloxyls (OX, where X═F, Cl, Br or I), halides (F, Cl, Br or I), oxygen radicals, aminos (NH or NH2) and amidos (NR or NR2, where R═H, Me, Et, Pr or Bu). A pretreatment may be effected by administering a reagent, such as NH3, B2H6, SiH4, Si2H6, H2O, HF, HCl, O2, O3, H2O, H2O/O2, H2O/H2, H2O2, H2, atomic-H, atomic-N, atomic-O, alcohols or amines. Once the surface of the substrate is pretreated, an ALD cycle is started. For many of the high-k dielectric materials, the precursor adsorption is self-limiting under certain process conditions, and generally is at low temperatures (<300° C.) to exhibit this behavior. In one embodiment, the pretreatment may involve a presoak with a reagent prior to depositing a hafnium compound. The presoak may involve exposing the substrate surface to the reagent for a period of time from about 5 seconds to about 120 seconds, preferably from about 5 seconds to about 30 seconds. In one example, the substrate surface is exposed to water vapor for 15 seconds prior to starting an ALD process to deposit dielectric layer 210. Dielectric layer 210 is deposited on the substrate surface and may have a variety of compositions that are homogenous, heterogeneous, graded and/or multiple layered stacks or laminates. Dielectric layer 210 is generally a high-k dielectric material and may include combinations of hafnium, zirconium, titanium, tantalum, lanthanum, aluminum, silicon, oxygen and/or nitrogen. Dielectric layer 210 may have a composition that includes hafnium-containing materials, such as hafnium oxides (HfOx or HfO2), hafnium silicates (HfSixOy or HfSiO4), hafnium silicon oxynitrides (HfSixOyNz), hafnium oxynitrides (HfOxNy), hafnium aluminates (HfAlxOy), hafnium aluminum silicates (HfAlxSiyOz), hafnium aluminum silicon oxynitrides (HfAlwSixOyNz), hafnium lanthanum oxides (HfLaxOy), zirconium-containing materials, such as zirconium oxides (ZrOx or ZrO2), zirconium silicates (ZrSixOy or ZrSiO4), zirconium silicon oxynitrides (ZrSixOyNz), zirconium oxynitrides (ZrOxNy), zirconium aluminates (ZrAlxOy), zirconium aluminum silicates (ZrAlxSiyOz), zirconium aluminum silicon oxynitrides (ZrAlwSixOyNz), zirconium lanthanum oxides (ZrLaxOy), other aluminum-containing materials or lanthanum-containing materials, such as aluminum oxides (Al2O3 or AlOx), aluminum oxynitrides (AlOxNy), aluminum silicates (AlSixOy), aluminum silicon oxynitrides (AlSixOyNz), lanthanum aluminum oxides (LaAlxOy), lanthanum oxides (LaOx or La2O3), derivatives thereof and combinations thereof. Other dielectric materials useful for dielectric layer 210 may include titanium oxides (TiOx or TiO2), titanium oxynitrides (TiOxNy), tantalum oxides (TaOx or Ta2O5) and tantalum oxynitrides (TaOxNy). Laminate films that are useful dielectric materials for dielectric layer 210 include HfO2/Al2O3, HfO2/SiO2, La2O3/Al2O3 and HfO2/SiO2/Al2O3. In step 104, a silicon oxide layer 220 is deposited on dielectric layer 210 by an ALD process, as depicted in FIG. 2C. Silicon oxide layer 220 may include silicon dioxide (SiO2) or other silicon oxides (SiOx), such as less oxidized forms. Generally, silicon oxide layer 220 is deposited with a thickness in a range from about 1 Å to about 20 Å, preferably from about 2 Å to about 10 Å, and more preferably from about 3 Å to about 8 Å, for example, about 5 Å. In many embodiments, silicon oxide layer 220 is about 5 Å or less. Prior to the deposition of silicon oxide layer 220, the dielectric layer 210 may be exposed to a pretreatment step similarly disclosed for pretreatment of substrate 200 prior to the deposition of dielectric layer 210. The substrate is loaded into a process chamber capable of performing cyclical deposition and the process conditions are adjusted. Process conditions may include temperature, pressure and flow rate of carrier gas. In one embodiment, the process chamber used to deposit silicon oxide layer 220 is the same process chamber used to deposit the dielectric layer 210. In another embodiment, a first process chamber is used to deposit the dielectric layer 210 and a second process chamber is used to deposit silicon oxide layer 220. The first process chamber and the second process chamber may be on different cluster tools, but preferably on the same cluster tool. ALD process 300 forms a silicon oxide layer 220, according to one embodiment of the present invention, as depicted in FIG. 3. In step 302, dielectric layer 210 on the substrate surface is exposed to pulse of a silicon precursor that is introduced into the process chamber for a time period in a range from about 0.1 second to about 5 seconds. A pulse of purge gas is then pulsed into the processing chamber to purge or otherwise remove any residual silicon precursor or by-products in step 304. In step 306, a pulse of oxidizing gas is introduced into the processing chamber. The oxidizing gas may include several agents, such as in-situ water, oxygen or hydrogen. A pulse of purge gas is then introduced into the processing chamber to purge or otherwise remove any residual oxidizing gas or by-products in step 308. Suitable carrier gases or purge gases may include helium, argon, nitrogen, hydrogen, forming gas, oxygen and combinations thereof. After each deposition cycle, a silicon oxide layer 220 is formed having a particular thickness. Generally, about 8 ALD process cycles are completed to form silicon oxide layer 220 with a thickness of about 5 Å. Depending on specific device requirements, subsequent deposition cycles may be needed to deposit silicon oxide layer 220 having a predetermined thickness in step 310. In step 312, once the predetermined thickness of silicon oxide layer 220 is achieved, ALD process 300 is ceased. The cyclical deposition process or ALD process typically occurs at a pressure in the range from about 1 Torr to about 100 Torr, preferably in the range from about 1 Torr to about 20 Torr, for example about 10 Torr. The temperature of the substrate is usually in the range from about 70° C. to about 1,000° C., preferably from about 100° C. to about 450° C., and more preferably from about 200° C. to about 400° C. In step 302, the silicon precursor is introduced to the process chamber at a rate in the range from about 5 sccm to about 200 sccm. The silicon precursor is usually introduced with a carrier gas, such as nitrogen, with a total flow rate in the range from about 50 sccm to about 1,000 sccm. The silicon precursor is pulsed into the process chamber at a rate from about 0.1 second to about 10 seconds, depending on the particular process and desired silicon oxide layer 220. In one embodiment, the silicon precursor is pulsed at a rate from about 1 second to about 5 seconds, for example, about 3 seconds. In another embodiment, the silicon precursor is pulsed at a rate from about 0.1 second to about 1 second, for example, about 0.5 second. In one embodiment, the silicon precursor is preferably tetrakis(dimethylamino)silane ((Me2N)4Si or TDMAS) or tris(dimethylamino)silane ((Me2N)3SiH or Tris-DMAS). In step 306, the oxidizing gas is introduced to the process chamber at a rate in the range from about 20 sccm to about 1,000 sccm, preferably in the range from about 50 sccm to about 200 sccm. The oxidizing gas is pulsed into the process chamber at a rate from about 0.1 second to about 10 seconds, depending on the particular process. In one embodiment, the oxidizing gas is pulsed at a rate from about 1 second to about 5 seconds, for example, about 1.7 seconds. In another embodiment, the oxidizing gas is pulsed at a rate from about 0.1 second to about 3 second, for example, about 0.5 second. The oxidizing gas is produced from a water vapor generating (WVG) system that is in fluid communication to the process chamber by a line. The WVG system generates ultra-high purity water vapor by means of a catalytic reaction of O2 and H2. The H2 and the O2 each flow into the WVG system at a rate in the range from about 20 sccm to about 200 sccm. Generally, the flow of O2 is higher than the flow of H2, for example, the H2 has a flow rate of about 100 sccm and O2 has a flow rate of about 120 sccm. Therefore, the water vapor flowing out of the WVG system is O2 enriched. When the H2 flow rate is about 100 sccm and the O2 flow rate is about 120 sccm, the outflow of oxidizing gas includes a water vapor with a flow rate about 100 sccm and an O2 with a flow rate about 70 sccm. Once a preferred H2/O2 concentration is determined, each flow rate may be proportionately altered to adjust the outward flowing water vapor with the same H2/O2 concentration. In another example, H2 has a flow rate about 50 sccm and O2 has a flow rate about 60 sccm. The WVG system has a catalyst-lined reactor or a catalyst cartridge in which water vapor is generated by means of a chemical reaction, unlike pyrogenic generators that produce water vapor as a result of ignition. The catalyst may include a metal or alloy, such as palladium, platinum, nickel, combinations thereof and alloys thereof. The ultra-high purity water is ideal for the ALD processes in the present invention. In one embodiment, to prevent unreacted H2 from flowing downstream, O2 is allowed to flow through the WVG system for 5 seconds. Next, H2 is allowed to enter the reactor for about 5 seconds. The catalytic reaction between H2 and O2 is instantaneous, so water vapor is generated immediately after the H2 and O2 reach the reactor. Regulating the flow of H2 and O2 allows the concentration to be precisely controlled at any point from 1% to 100% concentrations, that is, the water vapor may contain water, H2, O2 or combinations thereof. In one example, the water vapor contains water and O2. In another example, the water vapor contains water and H2. Similarly, by employing the same method of gas flow control, the amount of water vapor may also be regulated, yielding accurate and repeatable flows every time. While water vapor is usually generated by flowing H2 and O2 into the reactor, the O2 may be supplemented or substituted with another oxygen source compound, such as NO, N2O, NO2, N2O5, H2O2 or O3. In one embodiment, H2 and N2O are utilized to form a water vapor that is used in the various ALD processes throughout the present disclosure. Suitable WVG systems are commercially available, such as the WVG by Fujikin of America, Inc., located in Santa Clara, Calif., and the CSGS (Catalyst Steam Generator System) by Ultra Clean Technology, located in Menlo Park, Calif. The pulses of a purge gas, preferably argon or nitrogen, at steps 304 and 308, are typically introduced at a rate from about 2 slm to about 22 slm, preferably at about 10 slm. Each processing cycle (steps 302 through 308) lasts from about 0.01 second to about 20 seconds. For example, in one embodiment, the processing cycle is about 10 seconds, while in another embodiment, the processing cycle is about 2 seconds. The specific pressures and times are obtained through routine experimentation. In one example, a 300 mm diameter wafer needs about twice the flow rate as a 200 mm diameter wafer in order to maintain similar throughput. In one embodiment, hydrogen gas is applied as a carrier gas, purge and/or a reactant gas to reduce halogen contamination from the film. Precursors that contain halogen atoms (e.g., Cl2SiH2, SiCl4 and Si2Cl6) may readily contaminate the film. Hydrogen is a reductant and will produce hydrogen halides (e.g., HCl) as a volatile and removable by-product. Therefore, hydrogen may be used as a carrier gas or reactant gas when combined with a precursor compound (i.e., silicon or oxygen precursors) and may include another carrier gas (e.g., Ar or N2). In one aspect, a water/hydrogen mixture, at a temperature in the range from about 100° C. to about 500° C., is used to reduce the halogen concentration and increase the oxygen concentration of the film. Many silicon precursors are within the scope of the invention. One important precursor characteristic is to have a favorable vapor pressure. Precursors at ambient temperature and pressure may be plasma, gas, liquid or solid. However, within the ALD chamber, volatilized precursors are utilized. Exemplary silicon precursors include silanes, alkylsilanes, alkylaminosilanes, silanols, and alkoxy silanes, for example, silicon precursors include (Me2N)4Si, (Me2N)3SiH, (Me2N)2SiH2, (Me2N)SiH3, (Et2N)4Si, (Et2N)3SiH, (MeEtN)4Si, (MeEtN)3SiH, Si(NCO)4, MeSi(NCO)3, SiH4, Si2H6, SiCl4, Si2Cl6, MeSiCl3, HSiCl3, Me2SiCl2, H2SiCl2, MeSiH3, Me2SiH2, EtSiH3, Et2SiH2, MeSi(OH)3, Me2Si(OH)2, (EtO)4Si, derivative thereof, and combinations thereof. Other alkoxy silanes may be described by the generic chemical formula (RO)4-nSiLn, where n=0-3, R=methyl, ethyl, propyl or butyl and L=H, OH, F, Cl, Br or I and combinations thereof. Other alkylsilane compounds useful as silicon precursors include R4-nSiHn, where R is independently methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl or other alkyl and n=0-3. Other alkylaminosilane compounds useful as silicon precursors include (RR′N)4-nSiHn, where R or R′ are independently hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl or butyl and n=0-3. Also, higher silanes are used as silicon precursors within some embodiments of the invention. Higher silanes are disclosed in commonly assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/688,797, filed on Oct. 17, 2003, entitled, “Silicon-containing Layer Deposition with Silicon Compounds”, and is incorporated herein by reference in entirety for the purpose of describing silicon precursors. Some preferred silicon precursors include (Me2N)3SiH, (Et2N)3SiH, (Me2N)4Si, (Et2N)4Si, and (MeEtN)4Si. In another embodiment, steps 102 and 104 are performed in the same ALD chamber by ceasing the flow of particular reagents, such as a metal precursor, used in step 102, but not used in step 104. For example, dielectric layer 210, comprising hafnium silicate, is deposited as by performing an ALD process that includes sequentially pulsing HfCl4, water vapor, TDMAS and water vapor, with each precursor separated by a purge cycle. The dielectric layer 210 is formed by repeating the ALD cycle until the film has a thickness of about 100 Å, therefore, completing step 102. Without stopping the ALD cycle, the HfCl4 half reaction and one of the water vapor half reactions are ceased and step 104 has begun. The ALD process proceeds by sequentially pulsing TDMAS and water vapor, with each precursor separated by a purge cycle. After about 8 cycles of the ALD process, a 5 Å silicon oxide layer 220 is formed on dielectric layer 210 containing the hafnium silicate. The substrate is transferred to a decoupled plasma nitridation (DPN) chamber, such as the CENTURA™ DPN chamber, available from Applied Materials, Inc., located in Santa Clara, Calif. In one embodiment, the DPN chamber is on the same cluster tool as the ALD chamber used to deposit the dielectric layer 210 and/or the ALD chamber used to deposit the silicon oxide layer 220. Therefore, the substrate may be exposed to a nitridation process without being exposed to the ambient environment. In FIG. 1, step 106, the silicon oxide layer 220 is exposed to a nitridation process. The nitridation process physically incorporates nitrogen atoms into the silicon oxide material to form nitrogen-containing silicon oxide layer 230, as depicted in FIG. 2D. The nitrogen concentration of nitrogen-containing silicon oxide layer 230 may be in the range from about 5 atomic percent (at %) to about 40 at %, preferably from about 10 at % to about 25 at %. Preferably, the nitridation process exposes the silicon oxide layer 220 to nitrogen plasma, such as a DPN process. During a DPN process, the silicon oxide layer 220 is bombarded with atomic-N formed by co-flowing N2 and a noble gas plasma, such as argon. Besides N2, other nitrogen-containing gases may be used to form the nitrogen plasma, such as NH3, hydrazines (e.g., N2H4 or MeN2H3), amines (e.g., Me3N, Me2NH or MeNH2), anilines (e.g., C6H5NH2), and azides (e.g., MeN3 or Me3SiN3). Other noble gases that may be used in a DPN process include helium, neon and xenon. The nitridation process proceeds at a time period from about 10 seconds to about 120 seconds, preferably from about 15 seconds to about 60 seconds, for example, about 30 seconds. Also, the nitridation process is conducted with a plasma power setting at about 900 watts to about 2,700 watts and a pressure at about 10 mTorr to about 100 mTorr. The nitrogen has a flow from about 0.1 slm to about 1.0 slm, while the noble gas has a flow from about 0.1 slm to about 1.0 slm. In a preferred embodiment, the nitridation process is a DPN process and includes a plasma by co-flowing Ar and N2. In another embodiment, instead of transferring the substrate to the DPN chamber, a nitridation process may include exposing the silicon oxide layer 220 to nitrogen plasma during each ALD half reaction, at the completion of an ALD cycle and/or at the completion of the deposition of a silicon oxide layer 220. For example, a nitridizing remote-plasma is exposed to silicon oxide layer 220 to form nitrogen-containing silicon oxide layer 230 directly in the ALD process chamber. Radical nitrogen compounds may also be produced by heat or hot-wires and used during nitridation processes. Other nitridation processes to form nitrogen-containing silicon oxide layer 230 are contemplated, such as annealing the substrate in a nitrogen-containing environment, and/or including a nitrogen precursor into an additional half reaction within the ALD cycle while forming the nitrogen-containing silicon oxide layer 230. For example, an additional half reaction during an ALD cycle to form silicon oxide may include a pulse of NH3 followed by a pulse of purge gas. The substrate is subsequently transferred to an anneal chamber, such as the CENTURA™ RADIANCE™ RTP chamber available from Applied Materials, Inc., located in Santa Clara, Calif., and exposed to an anneal process. The anneal chamber may be on the same cluster tool as the deposition chamber and/or the nitridation chamber. Therefore, the substrate may be annealed without being exposed to the ambient environment. FIG. 1, step 108, the substrate is annealed converting nitrogen-containing silicon oxide layer 230 to a capping layer 240, such as silicon oxynitride (SiOxNy), as depicted in FIG. 2E. The substrate is maintained at a temperature from about 600° C. to about 1,200° C., preferably from about 800° C. to about 1,100° C. for a time period from about 1 second to about 120 seconds, preferably from about 30 seconds to about 90 seconds, for example, at about 1,000° C. for about 60 seconds. Generally, the anneal chamber atmosphere contains at least one anneal gas, such as O2, N2, NH3, N2H4, NO, N2O, or combinations thereof. The anneal chamber is maintained at a pressure from about 5 Torr to about 100 Torr, for example, at about 15 Torr. The nitrogen atoms within the nitrogen-containing silicon oxide layer 230 are chemically incorporated into capping layer 240. Once the capping layer 240 is formed, additional materials are deposited thereon, such as a polysilicon layer 250, as shown in FIG. 2F. Polysilicon layer 250 may be deposited by CVD, atomic layer epitaxy (ALE), thermal decomposition methods, or similar deposition techniques known in the art. Polysilicon layer 250 generally contains dopants, such as boron, phosphorus or arsenic. Capping layer 240 maintains a dopant barrier at interface 245 between dielectric layer 210 and polysilicon layer 250, thus the mobility of charge carriers in a boron-doped, polysilicon layer 250 is enhanced. Hardware FIG. 4 is a schematic cross-sectional view of one embodiment of a process chamber 380 including a gas delivery apparatus 430 adapted for cyclic deposition, such as atomic layer deposition or rapid chemical vapor deposition. A detailed description for a process chamber 380 is described in commonly assigned U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20030079686 and commonly assigned U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20030121608, which are both incorporated herein in their entirety by reference. Several alternative chambers for cyclic deposition are described in co-pending United States Provisional Patent Application Serial No. ______, filed May 12, 2004, entitled, “Atomic Layer Deposition of Hafnium-containing High-K Materials,” assigned to Applied Materials, Inc., and is herein incorporated by reference. The terms atomic layer deposition (ALD) and rapid chemical vapor deposition as used herein refer to the sequential introduction of reactants to deposit a thin layer over a substrate structure. The sequential introduction of reactants may be repeated to deposit a plurality of thin layers to form a conformal layer to a desired thickness. The process chamber 380 may also be adapted for other deposition techniques. The process chamber 380 comprises a chamber body 382 having sidewalls 384 and a bottom 386. A slit valve 388 in the process chamber 380 provides access for a robot (not shown) to deliver and retrieve a substrate 390, such as a semiconductor wafer with a diameter of 200 mm or 300 mm or a glass substrate, from the process chamber 380. A substrate support 392 supports the substrate 390 on a substrate receiving surface 391 in the process chamber 380. The substrate support 392 is mounted to a lift motor 414 to raise and lower the substrate support 392 and a substrate 90 disposed thereon. A lift plate 416 connected to a lift motor 418 is mounted in the process chamber 380 and raises and lowers pins 420 movably disposed through the substrate support 392. The pins 420 raise and lower the substrate 390 over the surface of the substrate support 392. The substrate support 392 may include a vacuum chuck, an electrostatic chuck, or a clamp ring for securing the substrate 390 to the substrate support 392 during processing. The substrate support 392 may be heated to increase the temperature of a substrate 390 disposed thereon. For example, the substrate support 392 may be heated using an embedded heating element, such as a resistive heater, or may be heated using radiant heat, such as heating lamps disposed above the substrate support 392. A purge ring 422 may be disposed on the substrate support 392 to define a purge channel 424 which provides a purge gas to a peripheral portion of the substrate 390 to prevent deposition thereon. A gas delivery apparatus 430 is disposed at an upper portion of the chamber body 382 to provide a gas, such as a process gas and/or a purge gas, to the process chamber 380. A vacuum system 478 is in communication with a pumping channel 479 to evacuate any desired gases from the process chamber 380 and to help maintain a desired pressure or a desired pressure range inside a pumping zone 466 of the process chamber 380. In one embodiment, the chamber depicted by FIG. 4 permits the process gas and/or purge gas to enter the process chamber 380 normal (i.e., 90°) with respect to the plane of the substrate 390 via the gas delivery apparatus 430. Therefore, the surface of substrate 390 is symmetrically exposed to gases that allow uniform film formation on substrates. The process gas includes a silicon precursor (e.g., TDMAS) during one pulse and includes an oxidizing gas (e.g., water vapor) in another pulse. In one embodiment, the gas delivery apparatus 430 comprises a chamber lid 432. The chamber lid 432 includes an expanding channel 434 extending from a central portion of the chamber lid 432 and a bottom surface 460 extending from the expanding channel 434 to a peripheral portion of the chamber lid 432. The bottom surface 460 is sized and shaped to substantially cover a substrate 390 disposed on the substrate support 392. The chamber lid 432 may have a choke 462 at a peripheral portion of the chamber lid 432 adjacent the periphery of the substrate 390. The cap portion 472 includes a portion of the expanding channel 434 and gas inlets 436A, 436B. The expanding channel 434 has gas inlets 436A, 436B to provide gas flows from two similar valves 442A, 442B. The gas flows from the valves 442A, 442B may be provided together and/or separately. In one configuration, valve 442A and valve 442B are coupled to separate reactant gas sources but are preferably coupled to the same purge gas source. For example, valve 442A is coupled to reactant gas source 438 and valve 442B is coupled to reactant gas source 439, and both valves 442A, 442B are coupled to purge gas source 440. Each valve 442A, 442B includes a delivery line 443A, 443B having a valve seat assembly 444A, 444B and includes a purge line 445A, 445B having a valve seat assembly 446A, 446B in fluid with valves 452A, 452B. The delivery line 443A, 443B is in communication with the reactant gas source 438, 439 and is in communication with the gas inlet 436A, 436B of the expanding channel 434. Additional reactant gas sources (e.g., WVG system output), delivery lines, gas inlets and valves may be added to the gas delivery apparatus 430 in one embodiment (not shown). The valve seat assembly 444A, 444B of the delivery line 443A, 443B controls the flow of the reactant gas from the reactant gas source 438, 439 to the expanding channel 434. The purge line 445A, 445B is in communication with the purge gas source 440 and intersects the delivery line 443A, 443B downstream of the valve seat assembly 444A, 444B of the delivery line 443A, 443B. The valve seat assembly 446A, 446B of the purge line 4745A, 445B controls the flow of the purge gas from the purge gas source 440 to the delivery line 443A, 443B. If a carrier gas is used to deliver reactant gases from the reactant gas source 438, 439, preferably the same gas is used as a carrier gas and a purge gas (e.g., nitrogen used as a carrier gas and a purge gas). Each valve seat assembly 444A, 444B, 446A, 446B may comprise a diaphragm and a valve seat. The diaphragm may be biased open or closed and may be actuated closed or open respectively. The diaphragms may be pneumatically actuated or may be electrically actuated. Examples of pneumatically actuated valves include pneumatically actuated valves available from Fujiken and Veriflow. Examples of electrically actuated valves include electrically actuated valves available from Fujiken. Programmable logic controllers 448A, 448B may be coupled to the valves 442A, 442B to control actuation of the diaphragms of the valve seat assemblies 4744A, 444B, 446A, 446B of the valves 442A, 442B. Pneumatically actuated valves may provide pulses of gases in time periods as low as about 0.020 second. Electrically actuated valves may provide pulses of gases in time periods as low as about 0.005 second. An electrically actuated valve typically requires the use of a driver coupled between the valve and the programmable logic controller. Each valve 442A, 442B may be a zero dead volume valve to enable flushing of a reactant gas from the delivery line 443A, 443B when the valve seat assembly 444A, 444B of the valve is closed. For example, the purge line 445A, 445B may be positioned adjacent the valve seat assembly 444A, 444B of the delivery line 443A, 443B. When the valve seat assembly 444A, 444B is closed, the purge line 445A, 445B may provide a purge gas to flush the delivery line 443A, 443B. In the embodiment shown, the purge line 445A, 445B is positioned slightly spaced from the valve seat assembly 444A, 444B of the delivery line 443A, 443B so that a purge gas is not directly delivered into the valve seat assembly 444A, 444B when open. A zero dead volume valve as used herein is defined as a valve which has negligible dead volume (i.e., not necessary zero dead volume.) Each valve 442A, 442B may be adapted to provide a combined gas flow and/or separate gas flows of the reactant gas 438, 439 and the purge gas 440. In reference to valve 442A, one example of a combined gas flow of the reactant gas 438 and the purge gas 440 provided by valve 442A comprises a continuous flow of a purge gas from the purge gas source 440 through purge line 445A and pulses of a reactant gas from the reactant gas source 438 through delivery line 443A. The continuous flow of the purge gas may be provided by leaving diaphragm of the valve seat assembly 446A of the purge line 445A open. The pulses of the reactant gas from the reactant gas source 438 may be provided by opening and closing the diaphragm of the valve seat 444A of the delivery line 443A. In reference to valve 442A, one example of separate gas flows of the reactant gas 438 and the purge gas 440 provided by valve 442A comprises pulses of a purge gas from the purge gas source 440 through purge line 445A and pulses of a reactant gas from the reactant gas source 438 through delivery line 443A. The pulses of the purge gas may be provided by opening and closing the diaphragm of the valve seat assembly 446A of the purge line 445A open. The pulses of the reactant gas from the reactant gas source 438 may be provided by opening and closing the diaphragm valve seat 444A of the delivery line 443A. The delivery lines 443A, 443B of the valves 442A, 442B may be coupled to the gas inlets 436A, 436B through gas conduits 450A, 450B. The gas conduits 450A, 450B may be integrated or may be separate from the valves 442A, 442B. In one aspect, the valves 442A, 442B are coupled in close proximity to the expanding channel 434 to reduce any unnecessary volume of the delivery line 443A, 443B and the gas conduits 450A, 450B between the valves 442A, 442B and the gas inlets 436A, 436B. In FIG. 4, the expanding channel 434 comprises a channel which has an inner diameter which increases from an upper portion 437 to a lower portion 435 of the expanding channel 434 adjacent the bottom surface 460 of the chamber lid 432. In one specific embodiment, the inner diameter of the expanding channel 434 for a chamber adapted to process 200 mm diameter substrates is between about 0.2 inches (0.51 cm) and about 1.0 inches (2.54 cm), preferably between about 0.3 inches (0.76 cm) and about 0.9 inches (2.29 cm) and more preferably between about 0.3 inches (0.76 cm) and about 0.5 inches (1.27 cm) at the upper portion 437 of the expanding channel 434 and between about 0.5 inches (1.27 cm) and about 3.0 inches (7.62 cm), preferably between about 0.75 inches (1.91 cm) and about 2.5 inches (6.35 cm) and more preferably between about 1.1 inches (2.79 cm) and about 2.0 inches (5.08 cm) at the lower portion 435 of the expanding channel 434. In another specific embodiment, the inner diameter of the expanding channel 434 for a chamber adapted to process 300 mm diameter substrates is between about 0.2 inches (0.51 cm) and about 1.0 inches (2.54 cm), preferably between about 0.3 inches (0.76 cm) and about 0.9 inches (2.29 cm) and more preferably between about 0.3 inches (0.76 cm) and about 0.5 inches (1.27 cm) at the upper portion 437 of the expanding channel 434 and between about 0.5 inches (1.27 cm) and about 3.0 inches (7.62 cm), preferably between about 0.75 inches (1.91 cm) and about 2.5 inches (6.35 cm) and more preferably between about 1.2 inches (3.05 cm) and about 2.2 inches (5.59 cm) at the lower portion 435 of the expanding channel 434 for a 300 mm substrate. In general, the above dimension apply to an expanding channel adapted to provide a total gas flow of between about 500 sccm and about 3,000 sccm. In other specific embodiments, the dimension may be altered to accommodate a certain gas flow therethrough. In general, a larger gas flow will require a larger diameter expanding channel. In one embodiment, the expanding channel 434 may be shaped as a truncated cone (including shapes resembling a truncated cone). Whether a gas is provided toward the walls of the expanding channel 434 or directly downward towards the substrate, the velocity of the gas flow decreases as the gas flow travels through the expanding channel 434 due to the expansion of the gas. The reduction of the velocity of the gas flow helps reduce the likelihood the gas flow will blow off reactants adsorbed on the surface of the substrate 390. Not wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that the diameter of the expanding channel 434, which is gradually increasing from the upper portion 437 to the lower portion 435 of the expanding channel, allows less of an adiabatic expansion of a gas through the expanding channel 434 which helps to control the temperature of the gas. For instance, a sudden adiabatic expansion of a gas delivered through the gas inlet 436A, 436B into the expanding channel 434 may result in a drop in the temperature of the gas which may cause condensation of the precursor vapor and formation of particles. On the other hand, a gradually expanding channel 434 according to embodiments of the present invention is believed to provide less of an adiabatic expansion of a gas. Therefore, more heat may be transferred to or from the gas, and, thus, the temperature of the gas may be more easily controlled by controlling the surrounding temperature of the gas (i.e., controlling the temperature of the chamber lid 432). The gradually expanding channel may comprise one or more tapered inner surfaces, such as a tapered straight surface, a concave surface, a convex surface, or combinations thereof or may comprise sections of one or more tapered inner surfaces (i.e., a portion tapered and a portion non-tapered). In one embodiment, the gas inlets 436A, 436B are located adjacent the upper portion 437 of the expanding channel 434. In other embodiments, one or more gas inlets may be located along the length of the expanding channel 434 between the upper portion 437 and the lower portion 435. In FIG. 4, a control unit 480, such as a programmed personal computer, work station computer, or the like, may be coupled to the process chamber 380 to control processing conditions. For example, the control unit 480 may be configured to control flow of various process gases and purge gases from gas sources 438, 439, 440 through the valves 442A, 442B during different stages of a substrate process sequence. Illustratively, the control unit 480 comprises a central processing unit (CPU) 482, support circuitry 484, and memory 486 containing associated control software 483. The control unit 480 may be one of any form of general purpose computer processor that can be used in an industrial setting for controlling various chambers and sub-processors. The CPU 482 may use any suitable memory 486, such as random access memory, read only memory, floppy disk drive, compact disc drive, hard disk, or any other form of digital storage, local or remote. Various support circuits may be coupled to the CPU 482 for supporting the process chamber 380. The control unit 480 may be coupled to another controller that is located adjacent individual chamber components, such as the programmable logic controllers 448A, 448B of the valves 442A, 442B. Bi-directional communications between the control unit 480 and various other components of the process chamber 380 are handled through numerous signal cables collectively referred to as signal buses 488, some of which are illustrated in FIG. 4. In addition to control of process gases and purge gases from gas sources 438, 439, 440 and from the programmable logic controllers 448A, 448B of the valves 442A, 442B, the control unit 480 may be configured to be responsible for automated control of other activities used in wafer processing, such as wafer transport, temperature control, chamber evacuation, among other activities, some of which are described elsewhere herein. EXAMPLES The ALD processes are maintained in a temperature range from about 70° C. to about 1,000° C., preferably from about 100° C. to about 400° C., for example, about 250° C. Materials grown may be similar throughout a wider temperature range assuming that saturating ALD behavior is maintained. The ALD processes are conducted with a pressure in the range from about 0.1 Torr to about 100 Torr, preferably in the range from about 1 Torr to about 10 Torr. Materials grown may be similar from high vacuum to high pressures assuming saturating ALD behavior is maintained. The flow is maintained viscous to encourage reactant separation. Carrier gas (e.g., N2 or Ar) is maintained in the range from about 2 slm to about 22 slm, preferably at about 10 slm. Example 1 A silicon-containing capping layer is formed on a high-k gate dielectric. Initially, a substrate is placed in to an ALD chamber and the substrate surface is exposed to a pretreatment of water vapor to form hydroxyl groups. A hafnium silicate layer is deposited to the substrate surface by performing an ALD process using the hafnium precursor (TDEAH), the silicon precursor (TDMAS), and in-situ water vapor produced by a water vapor generator (WVG) system, available from Fujikin of America, Inc., located in Santa Clara, Calif. The ALD cycle includes sequentially pulsing TDEAH, water vapor, TDMAS and water vapor, with each precursor separated by a nitrogen purge. The hafnium silicate layer is formed by repeating the cycle until the film has a thickness of about 100 Å. Next, the silicon-containing capping layer is formed on the hafnium silicate layer in the same ALD chamber. Silicon oxide is grown with an ALD process by sequentially pulsing a silicon precursor (TDMAS) with in-situ water vapor formed from a WVG system. Carrier gas, such as nitrogen, is directed into the ALD process chamber with a flow rate of about 2 slm. The TDMAS is dosed into the carrier gas and pulsed into the chamber for about 1 second. A purge gas of nitrogen is pulsed into the chamber for 1.5 seconds to remove any unbound TDMAS. Hydrogen gas and oxygen gas with the flow rate of 100 sccm and 80 sccm respectively, are supplied the WVG system. The in-situ water vapor exits from the WVG system with approximately 100 sccm of water and about 30 sccm of oxygen. The in-situ water vapor is pulsed into the chamber for 1.7 seconds. The purge gas of nitrogen is pulsed into the chamber for 1.5 seconds to remove any unbound or non-reacted reagents. The ALD cycle is repeated 8 times to produce a silicon oxide layer with a thickness of about 5 Å. The substrate is transferred to a decoupled plasma nitridation (DPN) chamber, such as the CENTURA™ DPN chamber, available from Applied Materials, Inc., located in Santa Clara, Calif. The substrate surface is exposed to a nitridation process by co-flowing N2 with an argon plasma. The nitridation process proceeds for about 30 seconds to incorporate nitrogen atoms within the silicon oxide layer. The substrate is subsequently transferred to an anneal chamber, such as the CENTURA™ RADIANCE™ RTP chamber available from Applied Materials, Inc., located in Santa Clara, Calif. and exposed to an anneal process. The substrate is maintained at about 1,000° C. for about 1 minute in an O2 atmosphere maintained at about 15 Torr. The incorporated nitrogen atoms form bonds with the silicon oxide to produce silicon oxynitride. Example 2 A silicon-containing capping layer is formed on a high-k gate dielectric. Initially, a substrate is placed in to an ALD chamber equipped with a remote plasma generator and the substrate surface is exposed to a pretreatment of water vapor to form hydroxyl groups. A hafnium silicate layer is deposited to the substrate surface by performing an ALD process using the hafnium precursor (HfCl4), the silicon precursor (Tris-DMAS), and in-situ water vapor produced by a WVG system. The ALD cycle includes sequentially pulsing HfCl4, water vapor, Tris-DMAS and water vapor, with each precursor separated by an argon purge. The hafnium silicate layer is formed by repeating the cycle until the film has a thickness of about 50 Å, subsequently, the ALD cycle is altered. The hafnium precursor pulses and one of the water vapor pulses are stopped. Therefore, the ALD cycle, forming silicon oxide instead of hafnium silicate, includes continuing sequential pulsing of Tris-DMAS and water vapor formed by the WVG system. Carrier gas, such as argon, is directed into the ALD process chamber with a flow rate of about 2 slm. The Tris-DMAS is dosed into the carrier gas and pulsed into the chamber for about 1 second. A purge gas of argon is pulsed into the chamber for 1.5 seconds to remove any unbound Tris-DMAS. Hydrogen gas and oxygen gas with the flow rate of 100 sccm and 80 sccm respectively, are supplied the WVG system. The in-situ water vapor exits from the WVG system with approximately 100 sccm of water and about 30 sccm of oxygen. The in-situ water vapor is pulsed into the chamber for 1.7 seconds. The argon purge gas is pulsed into the chamber for 1.5 seconds to remove any unbound or non-reacted reagents. The ALD cycle is repeated 8 times to produce a silicon oxide layer with a thickness of about 5 Å. The substrate is kept in the same ALD chamber equipped with a remote plasma generator. The substrate surface is exposed to a remote plasma nitridation process for about 30 seconds to incorporate nitrogen atoms within the silicon oxide layer. The substrate is subsequently transferred to an anneal chamber, such as the CENTURA™ RADIANCE™ RTP chamber available from Applied Materials, Inc., located in Santa Clara, Calif. and exposed to an anneal process. The substrate is maintained at about 1,000° C. for about 1 minute in an O2 atmosphere maintained at about 15 Torr. The incorporated nitrogen atoms form bonds with the silicon oxide to produce silicon oxynitride. While the foregoing is directed to embodiments of the present invention, other and further embodiments of the invention may be devised without departing from the basic scope thereof, and the scope thereof is determined by the claims that follow.	<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>Field of the Invention Embodiments of the present invention generally relate to methods for depositing materials on substrates, and more specifically, to methods for depositing capping layers, such as silicon oxides or silicon oxynitrides, to dielectric materials. In the field of semiconductor processing, flat-panel display processing or other electronic device processing, chemical vapor deposition has played an important role in forming films on substrates. As the geometries of electronic devices continue to shrink and the density of devices continues to increase, the size and aspect ratio of the features are becoming more aggressive, e.g., feature sizes of 0.07 microns and aspect ratios of 10 or greater are being considered. Accordingly, conformal deposition of materials to form these devices is becoming increasingly important. While conventional chemical vapor deposition has proved successful for device geometries and aspect ratios down to 0.15 microns, the more aggressive device geometries require new, innovative deposition techniques. One technique that is receiving considerable attention is atomic layer deposition (ALD). In the scheme, reactants are sequentially introduced into a processing chamber where each reactant chemisorbs onto the substrate surface and a reaction occurs. A purge step is typically carried out between the delivery of each reactant gas. The purge step may be a continuous purge with the carrier gas or a pulse purge between the delivery of the reactant gases. One problem that interferes with small device assembly has been elemental diffusion from one material layer to another layer. Contamination by elemental diffusion is very prominent in material layers that are adjacent to doped polysilicon, since the dopants (e.g., boron) readily diffuse. In order to limit dopant diffusion, nitridation processes have been used to densify dielectric high-k materials, such as hafnium silicate. The densification process incorporates nitrogen in the dielectric material and forms Si—N bonds and Hf—N bonds. While the Si—N bonds are desirable, the Hf—N bonds are undesirable since their metallic characteristics increase leakage. Also, the industry has been struggling to introduce high-k materials that are compatible on the substrate, since the interaction between polysilicon and the many high-k materials usually have the wrong work-function threshold shift. Alternatively, silicon nitride has been used as an effective boron barrier layer at the dielectric/gate interface. However, the material has poor device properties due to inherently fixed charges. A desirable barrier layer should form the dielectric/gate interface and enhances the mobility of charge carriers in the polysilicon by blocking dopant diffusion from the polysilicon layer. In the prior art, ALD processes have been used to deposit thin silicon oxide layers. Silicon oxide deposited by an ALD process, plasma treated and subsequently annealed has been utilized as a capping layer. However, silicon oxide layers are often deposited by ALD processes that alternate pulses of dichlorosilane (Cl 2 SiH 2 ) with water or oxygen. The silicon oxide may be contaminated with halogen impurities due to the chlorinated silane precursors. If silicon oxide layers contaminated with halogens are used as dopant barrier layers, chlorine may diffuse into the polysilicon layer adversely effecting the charge carrier mobility. Therefore, there is a need for a deposition process to cap a dielectric material with a barrier layer, such as silicon oxide or silicon oxynitride. The barrier layer should be free of halogen contamination and be as thin as possible while reducing dopant diffusion, as well as the barrier layer and the dielectric layer should be chemically compatible.	<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>In one embodiment, a method for depositing a capping layer on a dielectric layer is provided which includes depositing the dielectric layer on a substrate, depositing a silicon-containing layer on the dielectric layer by an ALD process, comprising alternately pulsing a silicon precursor and an oxidizing gas into a process chamber, exposing the silicon-containing layer to a nitridation process and exposing the substrate to an anneal process In another embodiment, a method for depositing a capping layer on a dielectric layer in a process chamber is provided which includes depositing the dielectric layer on a substrate, exposing the dielectric layer to an ALD process, comprising alternately pulsing a silicon precursor and an oxidizing gas into the process chamber, depositing a silicon-containing layer on the dielectric layer, and exposing the silicon-containing layer to a nitridation process. In another embodiment, a method for depositing a silicon-containing capping layer on a dielectric layer in a process chamber by an ALD process is provided which includes flowing a silicon precursor into the process chamber, purging the process chamber with a purge gas, flowing an oxidizing gas comprising water formed by flowing a H 2 gas and an oxygen-containing gas through a water vapor generator, and purging the process chamber with the purge gas. In another embodiment, a method for depositing a silicon-containing layer on a substrate surface in a process chamber is provided which includes exposing the substrate surface to a silicon precursor and an oxidizing gas comprising water formed by flowing a H 2 gas and an oxygen-containing gas through a water vapor generator, and exposing the substrate surface to a nitridation process.	20040521	20120221	20051124	57399.0		0	GAMBETTA, KELLY M	FORMATION OF A SILICON OXYNITRIDE LAYER ON A HIGH-K DIELECTRIC MATERIAL	UNDISCOUNTED	0	ACCEPTED		2,004
10,851,580	ACCEPTED	White reflective coating for modified bitumen membrane	A coating composition useful for building materials products, especially roofing surfaces, is provided. The coating composition provides durable exterior protection to surfaces that it applied to, and it has reflective properties. The coating composition includes a mixture of a polymeric binder, a polymeric carrier and a pigment. The pigment is present in the coating composition in amount that is capable of providing a coating that has an initial energy efficiency rating greater than or equal to 0.65 for a low-sloped roof, or an initial energy efficiency greater than or equal to 0.25 for a steep-sloped roof.	1. A top coating composition of high energy efficacy, reflectance, and durability comprising: a mixture of a polymeric binder, a polymeric carrier and an effective amount of a pigment that is capable of providing a coating that has an initial energy efficacy rating greater than or equal to 0.65 for a low-sloped roof, or an initial energy efficacy greater than or equal to 0.25 for a steep-sloped roof; wherein said composition is applied in-plant during manufacture of roofing membranes. 2. The top coating composition of claim 1 wherein the polymeric binder is a thermoplastic polymer selected from the group consisting of acrylic or methacrylic polymers or copolymers, epoxy resins, and polyvinyl acetate. 3. The top coating of claim 1 wherein the polymeric carrier is water or a hydrocarbon solvent. 4. The top coating of claim 1 wherein the pigment comprises titanium dioxide, calcium carbonate, colemanite, aluminum trihydrate (ATH), borate compounds or mixtures thereof. 5. The top coating of claim 1 where the pigment is titanium dioxide. 6. The top coating composition of claim 1 wherein the polymeric binder and the polymeric carrier form an aqueous polymeric-based emulsion. 7. The coating composition of claim 1 wherein the polymeric binder and the polymeric carrier form a solvent polymeric-based emulsion. 8. The coating composition of claim 1 wherein the polymeric binder is present in said mixture in an amount from about 30 to about 60 wt. %. 9. The coating composition of claim 1 wherein the polymeric binder is an acrylic polymer that is present in said mixture in an amount from about 30 to about 60 wt. %. 10. The coating composition of claim 1 wherein the polymeric binder is an acrylic polymer that is present in said mixture in an amount from about 40 to about 50 wt. %. 11. The coating composition of claim 1 wherein the pigment is present in said mixture in an amount from about 1 to about 20 wt. %. 12. The coating composition of claim 1 further comprising one or more optional components selected from the group consisting of dispersants, defoamers, fillers, solvents, microbiocides, thickening agents, coalescent agents, fire retardants, pH modifiers, wetting agents, light stabilizers, and adhesion promoters. 13. A coating comprising in approximate percentages by weight: Water 10.55 Dispersant 0.48 Oil-based defoamer 0.68 Clay-based 0.20 thickener Acrylic polymer 48.04 Pigment 5.77 Fire retardants 31.44 Pigment/mildewstat 0.47 Base 0.14 Coalescent 1.92 Polymeric 0.04 thickener Biocide 0.27 14. A coating comprising in approximate percentages by weight: Water 2-40 Potassium 0.1-0.6 tripolyphosphate Sodium salt of 0.1-7.0 carboxylic acid Oil-based defoamer 0.1-7.0 Acrylic polymer 5-60 Clay-based thickener 0.1-7 Ester alcohol 0.5-7.0 Alumina trihydrate 5-45 Microbiocide 0.1-4 Titanium dioxide 2-20 Zinc borate 1-10 Zinc oxide 0.1-4 15. A roofing product comprising a substrate and the coating of claim 14. 16. The roofing product of claim 14 wherein the substrate comprises modified bitumen. 17. A method for improving the adhesion between a coating and a modified bitumen membrane, which method comprises: (a) treating a surface of a modified bitumen roll roofing membrane with an aqueous dispersion of a white reflective coating in-plant during manufacture; and (b) allowing the dispersion to dry on the surface. 18. A method for improving the reflectivity of a roof coating, which method comprises: (a) treating a surface of a modified bitumen roll roofing membrane with a white reflective coating in-plant during manufacture; and (b) allowing the dispersion to dry on the surface.	The present invention relates to an improved building materials top coating composition, and more specifically, to a top coating composition for roofing products that provides improved energy efficacy, durability, high reflectivity, improved fire rating and is easy to apply. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Energy efficient roof systems increasingly are in demand because of rising energy costs, evolving building codes and greater sensitivity to the effects of urban heat islands. Energy-efficient roofing materials result in cooler roof surfaces and less energy spent for air conditioning. From an environmental standpoint, reduced cooling costs translate to reduced fuel usage, less power-plant emissions and fewer particulate matter in the air. Energy efficient roof coatings reduce roof insulation thickness requirements and ceiling plenum construction. In addition, some energy codes have begun to include minimum requirements for reflectivity and emissivity (i.e., a surface's ability to emit heat). For example, the Cool Roof Rating Council has developed a system to evaluate and label roof coverings using independent testing labs so energy performance values for all roof coverings can be included in energy codes. As a result of this demand and media attention about ENERGY STAR® rating and reflectivity, acrylic coatings have been used as finish coats for modified bitumen roof systems and maintenance coatings for existing roof systems. White, water-based acrylic coatings have been found to provide the highest reflectivity and longevity. White reflective coatings also typically minimize heat damage to roof membranes, increasing their expected service lives. Acrylic coatings primarily are formulated with pigments, acrylic polymers and water. There may be other additives, such as fibers for reinforcement, glycol for freeze thaw resistance, intumescant or other fire-retardant additives, or biocides to prevent fungal growth in the container. ENERGY STAR® listings are specific to a coating formula. That is, coating formulation changes must be tested and recertified before establishing the ENERGY STAR® listing for that coating. With prior art white, water-based acrylic coatings problems have occurred in maintaining roof surface reflectivity. Reflectivity decreases the most during the first year of a roof's life. After three years, the rate that reflectivity declines is typically less significant. Changes in reflectivity are primarily related to changes with the coating itself (e.g., coating-erosion or cracking) and/or minimally related to accumulation of particulate matter (e.g., dirt) from atmospheric fallout. Depending on the geographic exposure and how well roof surfaces drain, keeping roof surfaces white and preventing premature failure from cracking and peeling can be a significant challenge and result in major maintenance expenditures for owners. Maintaining reflectivity may involve regular cleaning, regular restoration of reflective coatings, and regular application of biocides and/or fungicides. There remains a need for improved coatings with greater reflectivity, energy efficacy and durability. Prior art acrylic coatings are applied directly to granule-surfaced modified bitumen roof membranes on new roof systems or as restorative coatings. However, granules are difficult to coat because of their rough, uneven surface areas. Moisture and air pockets can be trapped under the acrylic coating and lead to blisters or pinholes in the cured acrylic coating. Consequently, application of a compatible primer to the granule surface before coating application is required. Inconsistent coverage and potential cracking of areas where the coating is applied too heavily are additional problems related to application of previous acrylic coatings. Prior art coatings require application to the roofing membrane subsequent to placement of the modified bitumen membranes. Application requires special equipment such as a pressure washer, paddle mixer and spray rig as well as personal protective equipment. Pressure washing removes embedded dirt, chalking, carbon black and poorly adhered material. A paddle mixer is required as the coating must be completely stirred to ensure proper polymer dispersion because the solids may have settled at a container's bottom. Hence, there is a need for coating compositions that can be easily and effectively applied without the need for special equipment. Acrylic coatings develop strength and adhesion as they cure during installation. When an acrylic coating is applied, two physical changes must occur: water must evaporate from the applied coating film for initial drying and acrylic polymers must fuse together for final cure. Consequently, for application purposes, multiple thin coats promote water evaporation, polymer dispersion, and help eliminate pinholes, voids or thin spots. Application of water-based acrylic coatings is influenced by changing weather conditions. Virtually all parts of North America have some application limitations as a result of cold weather, daily rainstorms, high humidity and/or fog, or reduced daylight hours during winter. Rain on an uncured coating will cause a partial or total coating run-off. Problems occur when an acrylic coating is specified on a construction project without regard to the time of year the coating is to be installed. Therefore, two or more successive coats of the coating are often necessary. Further, the drying of the coating is influenced by weather conditions. Cold temperatures and lack of sunlight decrease the freshly applied coating's evaporation. Water in the coating film closest to the membrane diffuses through slowly. Coatings exposed to water conditions during the drying or coating period may soften, lift and debond from the surface. This often requires cleaning of the surface and reapplication of the coating. The final cure takes place during the first few weeks after application and is essential to the coating's long term performance. Wet weather and cooler temperatures inhibit final cure and may inhibit proper fusing. Consequently, acrylic coating applications cannot be attempted on roofing projects from late fall to early spring in most North American areas. Hence, there is a need for new and improved coating compositions that may be applied in-plant during manufacture of the roll roofing membrane. In particular, a coating composition is needed that is reflective, energy efficient (meeting today's Energy Star® criteria) as well as durable and easy to apply, and which is not vulnerable to the effects of moisture and cold temperatures during the curing process. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention provides an improved top coating composition for use in roofing products that provides energy efficacy, high reflectivity, durability, improved fire rating, and is easy to apply. The reflectivity provided by the inventive top coating composition, meets today's Energy Star® standards. The roof coating of the invention is a white coating that adheres well to various roof substrates, particularly modified bitumen membranes and remains adhered even under severe water-ponding conditions. The resulting coated roof has an initial solar reflectance and a maintained solar reflectance that meets today's Energy Star® criteria. The energy efficacy of the top coat is determined by its solar reflectance. Solar reflectance by definition is the fraction of solar flux reflected by a surface expressed as a percent or within the range of 0.00 and 1.00. The top coating composition of the present invention comprises an aqueous dispersion of acrylic whitening agents, flame retardants, a thickening agent, and a polymeric carrier. The composition generally comprises about 30 to about 60 wt. % polymeric binder, about 1 to about 20 wt. % pigment material, and about 2 to about 40 wt % polymeric carrier. The present invention is also related to the film, i.e. top coat, that is formed from the top coating composition of the present invention as well as roofing products that are coated with the same. Because the coating has little odor, it can be applied while the building is occupied and in service, with minimal disruption, making the coating ideal for buildings that function as schools, residences, food preparation areas, hospitals and offices. Alternatively, the coating of the present invention can be applied in-plant during manufacture of the roll roofing-membranes in order to achieve a higher reflectivity. Application in-plant results in greater strength and adhesion to the roofing membrane. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION As indicated above, the present invention provides a top coating composition or roofing products that provides energy efficacy, durable exterior protection, is highly reflective to solar energy, and is easy to apply. The highly reflective nature of the top coating composition of the present invention can provide a solar reflective coating that minimizes energy expended in air conditioning and levels temperature within a building structure. The coating composition of the present invention includes a mixture of an aqueous dispersion of whitening agents, flame retardants, a thickening agent, and a polymeric carrier. The mixture of the present invention has an initial reflectivity of at least 65% ASTM and a solar reflectance of at least 50% after three years exposure. Modified bitumen roof systems are defined as polymer-modified bitumen membranes and a base sheet, reinforced with plies of fiberglass, polyester or a combination of both. Reflectivity is defined as the fraction of radiant energy that is reflected from the white roofing substrate. The higher the amount of reflectivity the cooler the roof has the capability of being. Wet mil thickness is defined as the amount of coating applied to the roofing substrate equal to one thousandth of an inch while the coating is still wet. The mixture has a solid content of about 65%. More typically, the mixture has a solid content from about 58 to about 70%. Thermoplastic water dispersible polymers, especially acrylic polymers or copolymers are employed as the polymeric binder of the top coating composition of the present invention. The polymers used may be any thermoplastic (olefin copolymers or polymers), rubbers and in particular thermoplastic elastomers (multiblock copolymers of diolefin and styrene), or, to a lesser extent, thermosetting resins (polyurethanes, epoxy resin, phenol formaldehyde) capable of forming a film. These polymers can be used alone or in mixture. In the latter case, the mixtures of polymers may contain polyolefins, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene and polyethylene terephthalate. Suitable thermoplastic polymers include, but are not limited to: acrylic or methacrylic polymers or copolymers, epoxy resins, and polyvinyl acetate. The thermoplastic polymers are typically present in the resultant mixture in an amount from about 30 to about 60 wt. %; preferably about 40 to about 50 wt. % based on 100% of the total mixture. The actual amount is dependent upon the type of binder used. The coating composition of the present invention also includes a polymeric carrier. The polymeric carrier employed in the present invention is typically water, mineral spirits, or hot solvents such as toluene or xylene. The preferred polymeric carrier for the present invention is water. The polymeric carrier is present in the inventive top coating composition in an amount from about 2 to about 40 wt. %; with an amount from about 5 to about 20 wt. % being more typical. The other component of the inventive top coating composition is a pigment. The pigment employed in the present invention can be any pigment that is capable of providing a highly reflective coating after the resultant mixture is cured. Typically, the pigment provides a coating that is white in color. Various shades of white are also possible as well as other colors that are capable of providing a coating that is highly reflective. Suitable pigments that can be employed in the present invention include, but are not limited to: titanium dioxide, calcium carbonate, colemanite, aluminum trihydride (ATH), borate compounds, and mixtures thereof. One highly preferred pigment employed in the present top coating composition is titanium dioxide, which produces a white color. The coating can be formulated in a variety of colors to conform to building asthetics. The pigments are employed in an amount from about 1 to about 20 wt. %, with an amount from about 4 to about 15 wt. % being more typical for one of the aforementioned pigments. The ratio of pigment to binder of the coating formulation is in the range of about 1:5 to 1:10, preferably 1:6.5 to 1:8.5. The energy efficacy of the coating is determined by measuring its initial solar reflectance using ASTM E903 (Standard test method for solar absorptance, reflectance, and transmission of materials using integrated spheres). Alternatively, the initial solar reflectance can be determined by ASTM C 1549 (Standard test method for determination of solar reflectance near ambient temperature using a portable reflectometer). In addition to having the aforementioned initial solar reflectance values, the coating of the present invention needs to be capable of maintaining a solar reflectance for three years after installation on a low-sloped roof under normal conditions of greater than or equal to 0.50 (measured from the first year after installation). For steep-sloped roofing products, the top coating of the present invention has to maintain a solar reflectance for three years after installation under normal conditions of greater than or equal to 0.15 (measured from the first year after installation). Maintenance of solar reflectance of a roofing product can be determined using the current guidelines mentioned in the Energy Star® program requirements manual. The test can be carried out using ASTM E 1918 or ASTM C 1549 for low-sloped roofing products. ASTM C 1549 can be used in the case of steep-sloped roofing. The compositions of the present invention may be thickened using conventional coating thickeners as desired. For example, cellolosic thickeners such as methyl cellulose and hydroxyethylcellulose may be used. Preferred are clay-based thickeners such as attapulgite or bentonite clays. A clay-based thickener also improves the waterproofing (e.g. increases ponding resistance) and fire resistance capabilities of the coating, and hence the roof system. The amount of thickener employed depends upon the pigment/binder ratio of the composition, the type and grade of thickener used and the application technique to be used. The coating composition of the present invention includes a flame retardant. The flame retardant is typically present in the resultant mixture in an amount from about 5 to about 50 wt. %, with an amount from about 15 to about 35 wt. % being more typical. The coating composition of the present invention, which comprises a mixture of at least the above-mentioned components, may also include other optional components that are typically employed in top coating compositions. For example, the coating composition of the present invention can include any of the following components: dispersants such as potassium tripolyphosphate, acrylic polymers or copolymers, and the like; defoamers that are capable of preventing foaming; fillers such as calcium carbonate, talc, white sand, colemanite and the like; solvents that are capable of serving as a coalescing agent such as ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, alcohols, and the like; preferred is ester alcohol which is a slow evaporating, water-insoluble coalescing aid. microbiocides that serve as fungicides, e.g., zinc oxide; thickening agents such as hydroxethyl cellulose, polyurethane, and the like; additional fire retardants such as alumina trihydrate, zinc borate, alkali metal silicates, and the like; pH modifiers such as aqueous ammonia; wetting agents such as siloxanes; light stabilizers such as hindered amines; and/or adhesion promoters such as hydrocarbon resins. The optional components mentioned above are present in the coating composition of the present invention in amounts that are well known to those skilled in the art. The coating composition of the present invention is prepared by first providing an aqueous dispersion of at least the polymeric binder, the polymeric carrier, the pigment and the other optional ingredients while maintaining constant mixing. Mixing occurs using any mixing apparatus that can operate under low sheer conditions. By “low sheer” it is meant a mixing speed of about 60 rpm or less, which speed is capable of providing and maintaining a homogeneous mixture. The mixing provides a blend (or emulsion) of components that can be applied immediately to a surface of a building materials product or the resultant mixture can be stored for several weeks or months prior to application. The resultant top coating composition of the present invention can be applied to any substrate, especially roofing products or other related building materials products, by brushing, roller coating, spray coating, dip coating, squeegee and other like coating procedures. After applying the coating composition of the present invention to a surface of a substrate, the coating composition is cured at the temperature of the environment in which the coated substrate is located. Curing can take place in just a few minutes or longer depending on the thickness of the applied coating as well as the environmental temperature. The coating composition of the present invention is generally applied to the exterior surface of a substrate. In particular, the coating composition is generally applied to an expose exterior surface of a roofing product including low-sloped roofing products such as single ply membranes, built-up roofing (BUR), modified bitumen, ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) rubber and standing-seam profile metal roofing, or steep sloped roofing products such as composite shingles, clay, concentrate, fiber cement tile, slate, shakes, architectural profiled metal and individual roofing components. In some preferred applications, the coating composition of the present invention is applied to BUR surfaces, modified bitumen and EPDM rubber. After application and curing, a top coat is provided to the substrate that provides durable protection to the substrate from abrasion, impact, water, and other environmental factors. Moreover, the top coat provided by the present invention is capable of extending the lifetime of the current roofing system. The top coat provided in the present invention is also breathable meaning that it has excellent porosity, which allows for venting of vapors. In addition to the foregoing properties, the top coat that is formed using the inventive composition has a high reflectivity that meets and even may exceed current Energy Star® values. The following tables provide exemplary coating compositions of the present invention which provide durable exterior protection to the surfaces they are applied to. The exemplary coating compositions of the present invention also exhibit superior fire-resistance and are highly reflective. TABLE 1 Coating Composition A Raw Materials Description/used as % Water polymeric carrier 2-40 Potassium dispersant 0.1-0.6 tripolyphosphate Sodium salt of dispersant 0.1-7.0 carboxylic acid Oil-based defoamer foam protection 0.1-7.0 Acrylic polymer binder 5-60 Clay-based thickener thickener 0.1-7 Ester alcohol coalescing agent 0.5-7.0 Alumina trihydrate fire retardant 5-45 Microbiocide fungicide 0.1-4 Titanium dioxide pigment 2-20 Zinc borate fire retardant 1-10 Zinc oxide fungicide 0.1-4 Viscosity: 500 cps to 20K cps. Preferably 1000-1800 cps Volume solids: 65% by weight (range 60-67%) Density: 10.974 (range 10-11.5) lbs./gal. Color: White The optional components mentioned above are present in the coating composition of the present invention in amounts that are well known to those skilled in the art. While the acrylic coating of the present invention is directed to modified bitumen roof membranes, such as APP and SBS polymer modified bitumens, it is understood that it may be applied to other roof systems such as, but not limited to, granule- and mineral-surfaced modified bitumen cap sheets, metal roof systems, masonry surfaces, build-up roof (BUR) systems (BUR systems consist of bitumen and ply sheets applied in multiple layers, hence the term “built-up”), EPDM, PVC, Hypalon® and substrates such as spray polyurethane foam (SPF). The coating can be applied in a liquid state at a specified application rate which results in a coating thickness of between about 0.1 to 0.9 mm (4 to 36 mils). For all application purposes, the coating can be applied with more than one coat, in two thin coats or one thick coat. The coating may be applied by spray, brush or roller. A spray pump capable of developing 1,800-psi material output pressure should be sufficient to spray the coating of the present invention. Alternatively, hydraulic or pneumatic pumps may be used. The coating of the present invention may be used with or without surface priming. The coating may be applied to the roof and cured in situ or “manufactured in place” or may be prepared in-plant. When prepared in-plant, the coating is applied to the roofing membrane, wound in spiral rolls and cut to appropriate sizes. EXAMPLE 1 The water is charged into a mixing vessel. To this is added the additional raw materials. A roof coating formulation was prepared as set forth in Table 2. TABLE 2 Amount Preferred Material Material type Wt % Range± Range± Water Solvent 10.55 10 2 KTPP (1) Dispersant 0.24 7 1 Tamol 850 (2) Dispersant 0.24 7 2 Foamaster VL (3) Oil-based defoamer 0.48 7 2 Benaqua 4000 (4) Clay-based thickener 0.20 7 2 Lypocryl MB Acrylic polymer 48.04 10 4 3640 (5) Ti-Pure R-960 (6) Pigment 5.77 5 2 632 CM (7) Fire retardant 29.05 8 4 Firebrake ZB (8) Fire retardant 2.39 7 2 Kadox 915 (9) Pigment/mildewstat 0.47 7 2 Ammonia aqua Base 0.14 7 2 (10) BYK 346 (11) Defoamer 0.20 7 2 Texanol (12) Coalescent 1.92 7 2 Nopco DSX1514 Polymeric thickener 0.04 7 1 (13) Skane M-8 Biocide 0.27 4 2 TOTAL 100.00 (1) Potassium tripolyphosphate (FMC) (2) Sodium salt of carboxylic acid (Rohn & Haas Company, Philadelphia, PA) (3) Cognis Corporation (4) Rheox/Elementis (5) E. I. Dupont de Nemours & Co., Wilmington, DE (6) Titanium dioxide (E.I. Dupont de Nemours & Co., Wilmington, DE) (7) Alumiuna trihydrate (Huber) (8) Zinc borate hydrate (U.S. Borax Inc.) (9) Zinc oxide (U.S. Zinc) (10) 28% aqueous ammonia solution (Boremco) (11) Dimethyl-polysiloxane polylether (BYK Chemie) (12) Ester alcohol (Eastman Kodak, Rochester, NY) (13) Henkel (14) Isothiazoline microbiocide (Rohm and Haas Company, Philadelphia, PA) While the present invention has been particularly shown and described with respect to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the foregoing and other changes in forms and details may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. It is therefore intended that the present invention not be limited to the exact forms and details described and illustrated but fall within the scope of the appended claims.	<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>Energy efficient roof systems increasingly are in demand because of rising energy costs, evolving building codes and greater sensitivity to the effects of urban heat islands. Energy-efficient roofing materials result in cooler roof surfaces and less energy spent for air conditioning. From an environmental standpoint, reduced cooling costs translate to reduced fuel usage, less power-plant emissions and fewer particulate matter in the air. Energy efficient roof coatings reduce roof insulation thickness requirements and ceiling plenum construction. In addition, some energy codes have begun to include minimum requirements for reflectivity and emissivity (i.e., a surface's ability to emit heat). For example, the Cool Roof Rating Council has developed a system to evaluate and label roof coverings using independent testing labs so energy performance values for all roof coverings can be included in energy codes. As a result of this demand and media attention about ENERGY STAR® rating and reflectivity, acrylic coatings have been used as finish coats for modified bitumen roof systems and maintenance coatings for existing roof systems. White, water-based acrylic coatings have been found to provide the highest reflectivity and longevity. White reflective coatings also typically minimize heat damage to roof membranes, increasing their expected service lives. Acrylic coatings primarily are formulated with pigments, acrylic polymers and water. There may be other additives, such as fibers for reinforcement, glycol for freeze thaw resistance, intumescant or other fire-retardant additives, or biocides to prevent fungal growth in the container. ENERGY STAR® listings are specific to a coating formula. That is, coating formulation changes must be tested and recertified before establishing the ENERGY STAR® listing for that coating. With prior art white, water-based acrylic coatings problems have occurred in maintaining roof surface reflectivity. Reflectivity decreases the most during the first year of a roof's life. After three years, the rate that reflectivity declines is typically less significant. Changes in reflectivity are primarily related to changes with the coating itself (e.g., coating-erosion or cracking) and/or minimally related to accumulation of particulate matter (e.g., dirt) from atmospheric fallout. Depending on the geographic exposure and how well roof surfaces drain, keeping roof surfaces white and preventing premature failure from cracking and peeling can be a significant challenge and result in major maintenance expenditures for owners. Maintaining reflectivity may involve regular cleaning, regular restoration of reflective coatings, and regular application of biocides and/or fungicides. There remains a need for improved coatings with greater reflectivity, energy efficacy and durability. Prior art acrylic coatings are applied directly to granule-surfaced modified bitumen roof membranes on new roof systems or as restorative coatings. However, granules are difficult to coat because of their rough, uneven surface areas. Moisture and air pockets can be trapped under the acrylic coating and lead to blisters or pinholes in the cured acrylic coating. Consequently, application of a compatible primer to the granule surface before coating application is required. Inconsistent coverage and potential cracking of areas where the coating is applied too heavily are additional problems related to application of previous acrylic coatings. Prior art coatings require application to the roofing membrane subsequent to placement of the modified bitumen membranes. Application requires special equipment such as a pressure washer, paddle mixer and spray rig as well as personal protective equipment. Pressure washing removes embedded dirt, chalking, carbon black and poorly adhered material. A paddle mixer is required as the coating must be completely stirred to ensure proper polymer dispersion because the solids may have settled at a container's bottom. Hence, there is a need for coating compositions that can be easily and effectively applied without the need for special equipment. Acrylic coatings develop strength and adhesion as they cure during installation. When an acrylic coating is applied, two physical changes must occur: water must evaporate from the applied coating film for initial drying and acrylic polymers must fuse together for final cure. Consequently, for application purposes, multiple thin coats promote water evaporation, polymer dispersion, and help eliminate pinholes, voids or thin spots. Application of water-based acrylic coatings is influenced by changing weather conditions. Virtually all parts of North America have some application limitations as a result of cold weather, daily rainstorms, high humidity and/or fog, or reduced daylight hours during winter. Rain on an uncured coating will cause a partial or total coating run-off. Problems occur when an acrylic coating is specified on a construction project without regard to the time of year the coating is to be installed. Therefore, two or more successive coats of the coating are often necessary. Further, the drying of the coating is influenced by weather conditions. Cold temperatures and lack of sunlight decrease the freshly applied coating's evaporation. Water in the coating film closest to the membrane diffuses through slowly. Coatings exposed to water conditions during the drying or coating period may soften, lift and debond from the surface. This often requires cleaning of the surface and reapplication of the coating. The final cure takes place during the first few weeks after application and is essential to the coating's long term performance. Wet weather and cooler temperatures inhibit final cure and may inhibit proper fusing. Consequently, acrylic coating applications cannot be attempted on roofing projects from late fall to early spring in most North American areas. Hence, there is a need for new and improved coating compositions that may be applied in-plant during manufacture of the roll roofing membrane. In particular, a coating composition is needed that is reflective, energy efficient (meeting today's Energy Star® criteria) as well as durable and easy to apply, and which is not vulnerable to the effects of moisture and cold temperatures during the curing process.	<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>The present invention provides an improved top coating composition for use in roofing products that provides energy efficacy, high reflectivity, durability, improved fire rating, and is easy to apply. The reflectivity provided by the inventive top coating composition, meets today's Energy Star® standards. The roof coating of the invention is a white coating that adheres well to various roof substrates, particularly modified bitumen membranes and remains adhered even under severe water-ponding conditions. The resulting coated roof has an initial solar reflectance and a maintained solar reflectance that meets today's Energy Star® criteria. The energy efficacy of the top coat is determined by its solar reflectance. Solar reflectance by definition is the fraction of solar flux reflected by a surface expressed as a percent or within the range of 0.00 and 1.00. The top coating composition of the present invention comprises an aqueous dispersion of acrylic whitening agents, flame retardants, a thickening agent, and a polymeric carrier. The composition generally comprises about 30 to about 60 wt. % polymeric binder, about 1 to about 20 wt. % pigment material, and about 2 to about 40 wt % polymeric carrier. The present invention is also related to the film, i.e. top coat, that is formed from the top coating composition of the present invention as well as roofing products that are coated with the same. Because the coating has little odor, it can be applied while the building is occupied and in service, with minimal disruption, making the coating ideal for buildings that function as schools, residences, food preparation areas, hospitals and offices. Alternatively, the coating of the present invention can be applied in-plant during manufacture of the roll roofing-membranes in order to achieve a higher reflectivity. Application in-plant results in greater strength and adhesion to the roofing membrane. detailed-description description="Detailed Description" end="lead"?	20040521	20121002	20051124	98439.0		0	SZEKELY, PETER A	WHITE REFLECTIVE COATING FOR MODIFIED BITUMEN MEMBRANE	UNDISCOUNTED	0	ACCEPTED		2,004
10,851,728	ACCEPTED	Flow sensor calibration methods and apparatus	Apparatus and methods of calibrating a microfluidic flow sensor, in which the flow of a fluid through a flow sensor is stopped and a first value is read from the flow sensor, then the fluid is pumped through the flow sensor sequentially at first and second selected rates, and readings from the flow sensor of the flow rate are taken for each of the rates. The readings are used in a polynomial equation to determine the actual flow rate, which is used to calibrate the sensor. The flow sensor can be connected to a computer programmed to perform the calibration method, determine the actual flow rate of the sensor, and make appropriate adjustments to the flow rate of a pump.	1. A method of calibrating a microfluidic flow sensor comprising the steps of: pumping a fluid past a microfluidic flow sensor; stopping the flow of the fluid and determining a first value from the flow sensor for the rate of flow; pumping the fluid through the sensor at a first preselected rate of flow and determining a second value output by the sensor corresponding to the first preselected rate of flow; pumping the fluid through the sensor at a second preselected rate of flow and determining a third value output by the sensor corresponding to the second preselected rate of flow; calculating the constants c, b, and a, respectively, in a quadratic equation y=ax2+bx+c based on the corresponding first, second, and third values; and calibrating the sensor based on the calculated values for c, b, and a. 2. The method according to claim 1 wherein the flow sensor comprises a thermal anemomity sensor. 3. The method according to claim 1 wherein the fluid comprises one selected from a group consisting of the following: tetrahydrofuran, methanol, water, ethanol, dimethylsulfoxide, and acetonitrile. 4. The method according to claim 1 further comprising the steps of first rinsing a pump used for pumping the fluid. 5. The method according to claim 1 wherein the steps of pumping the fluid through the flow sensor further comprises pumping the fluid through a valve to a waste receptacle. 6. The method according to claim 1 further comprising the step of providing a pump with a known flow rate. 7. The method according to claim 1 further comprising the steps of transmitting the first, second, and third values from the sensor to a computer. 8. The method according to claim 7 wherein the calculating step is performed by the computer in accordance with a computer program. 9. A method of calibrating a microfluidic flow sensor comprising the steps of: rinsing a pump with a selected fluid; pumping the fluid past a microfluidic flow sensor; stopping the pump; transmitting to a computer a first value for fluid flow as determined by the sensor; pumping the fluid through the flow sensor at a first selected flow rate; transmitting to the computer a second value for fluid flow as determined by the sensor at the first flow rate; pumping the fluid through the flow sensor at a second selected flow rate; transmitting to the computer a third value for fluid flow as determined by the sensor at the second flow rate; pumping the fluid through the flow sensor at a third selected flow rate; transmitting to the computer a fourth value for fluid flow as determined by the sensor at the third flow rate; calculating values for constants a, b, c, and d in an equation y=ax3+bx2+cx+d based on the first, second, third, and fourth values; and determining the flow rate x according to the equation. 10. The method according to claim 9 wherein the first flow rate is between approximately −1000 microliters per minute or so and approximately +1000 microliters per minute or so. 11. The method according to claim 9 wherein the second flow rate is between about −5000 microliters per minute or so and about +5000 microliters per minute or so. 12. An article of manufacture comprising: an electronic storage device comprising computer software having program instructions directing a computer running said instructions to receive and store in memory a first value for a first flow rate from a microfluidic fluid flow sensor, receive and store in memory a second value for a second flow rate from said flow sensor, receive and store in memory a third value for a third flow rate from said flow sensor, calculate values for constants a, b, and c corresponding to said first, second and third values for calibration of said flow sensor, receive and store in memory an operational value for a flow rate from said flow sensor during operation, calculate a real flow rate corresponding to the operational flow rate value, and adjust the pump velocity based on the calculated real flow rate. 13. The article according to claim 12 wherein said article comprises a hard disk. 14. The article according to claim 12 wherein said article comprises a CDROM. 15. The article according to claim 12 wherein said article comprises a non-volatile computer memory device. 16. The article according to claim 12 wherein said program instructions further direct the computer to adjust the flow rate of a pump responsive to the flow rate calculated using the values calculated for constants a, b, and c. 17. A method of calibrating a flow sensor comprising the steps of: pumping a fluid past a microfluidic flow sensor; stopping the flow of the fluid and determining a first value for the rate of flow from the flow sensor; pumping the fluid through the sensor at (n+1) preselected rates of flow and, for each of the preselected rates, determining the corresponding value for the rate of flow from the flow sensor; calculating n constants for a polynomial equation with the highest order being n; and calibrating the sensor based on the calculated values for the n constants. 18. The method according to claim 17 wherein n equals three. 19. The method according to claim 18 wherein the values of the n constants are calculated using the equation y=ax2+bx+c. 20. The method according to claim 17 wherein n equals four. 21. The method according to claim 20 wherein the values of the n constants are calculated using the equation y=ax3+bx2+cx+d. 22. The method according to claim 17 wherein the values of the n constants are calculated by determining a least-squares algorithm. 23. A method of controlling flow rate in a microfluidic liquid chromatography system comprising a pump in fluid communication with a flow sensor comprising the steps of: pumping a fluid in the system at (n+1) preselected flow rates, and determining the corresponding value for each rate of flow from the flow sensor; calculating n constants for a polynomial equation with n as the highest order; measuring a flow rate from the flow sensor; calculating a real flow rate corresponding to the measured flow rate using the polynomial equation; and adjusting the pump velocity based on the calculated real flow rate. 24. The method according to claim 23 wherein n equals 3. 25. The method according to claim 23 wherein the values of the n constants are calculated using the equation y=ax2+bx+c. 26. The method according to claim 23 wherein the values of the n constants are calculated using a least-squares algorithm.	FIELD OF THE INVENTION The invention relates to methods and apparatus for calibrating flow rate sensors used in liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, and other analytical methodologies. More particularly, the invention relates to methods and apparatus useful for calibration of ultra-low flow rate liquid sensors used in micro/nano flow chromatography, mass spectrometry and other analytical applications. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Analytical methods and systems have been developed that demand sensitive high-throughput analyses of biological materials in small quantities. Often, such analyses require precise control of the fluid flow rates in the range of about one (1) nano-liter (nL) per minute to about five (5) microliters (μL) per minute, with pressures varying over a range of several orders of magnitude. Such analytical applications include, among others, nano-scale liquid chromatography (nano-LC), mass spectrometry (MS), or capillary electrophoresis (CE). These microfluidic applications typically utilize fluid flow rates as low as tens of nanoliters per minute up to several microlitres per minute. Designing systems to precisely achieve and maintain ultra-low flow rates is a difficult task, fraught with several potential problems. One problem affecting such microfluidic techniques comes from the susceptibility of various components of systems used for conventional ultra-low flow applications to compress or decompress in response to a change in system pressure. This component adjustment to pressure change often creates a significant delay time before achieving a desired flow rate in conventional microfluidic systems and applications, and can also hinder accurate flow rate adjustment in such systems and applications. Another persistent problem with such conventional microfluidic systems and applications occurs when air or other gases are inadvertently entrained into the flow path of such a system. If these compressible gases are present in the flow path of conventional systems for such applications, the compression and expansion of gas bubbles creates difficulties in achieving a desired flow rate. In many conventional microfluidic systems, the flow rate of a fluid is established in a pump by displacing liquid at a controlled rate using, for example, a piston or syringe plunger. To obtain desired flow rates in such conventional systems, the displacing element of the pump is moved at a fixed velocity using a preprogrammed control system. Such conventional systems often show undesirable flow rate fluctuations created from imprecision in the mechanical construction of the drive system used to displace the liquid. In conventional lead screw-driven systems, for example, inaccuracies often arise from periodic changes in screw characteristics as the screw turns through a complete revolution, and from inaccuracies in thread pitch along the screw, among other types of mechanical errors. In order to overcome these difficulties in achieving and maintaining desired flow rates, conventional flow sensors may be employed to allow the system to compensate for inaccuracies through use of a feedback loop to a preprogrammed control system. Many conventional flow sensors used in microfluidic analysis, such as the SLG1430 sensor that is commercially available from Sensirion Inc. (of Zurich, Switzerland), have a non-linear response to fluid flow. For such flow sensors, the sensor response to increasing flow rate approximates a polynomial equation, with the equation order and constants dependent on variables such as flow sensor design, the liquid that is being monitored, and the operating flow rate range. In order to use such conventional flow sensors to measure and maintain accurate ultra-low flow rates in conventional systems via a feedback loop, the sensor must be calibrated for the solvent that is to be passed through the sensor. Conventional calibration methods usually involve preparation of a list of the sensor responses at different flow rates for a given solvent. When a particular solvent is used, the actual flow rate is obtained by comparing the sensor response to tabulated calibration values gathered from repeated observations made for that particular sensor and solvent combination. Calibration curves for a given sensor and solvent can be obtained by fitting the calibration data to a best-fit curve from the empirical data in such conventional calibration methods. A major problem with this conventional calibration tabular methodology is that data values must be collected for any solution mixture that is to be passed through the system. Doing so for numerous solvents can require a significant amount of time and effort. Moreover, for reliable operation, this data must be collected using a precise flow rate reference. Often, a conventional microfluidic system will be used to deliver different solutions that possess diverse characteristics, and calibrating a conventional system for these various solutions is often time consuming and laborious. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention provides a method for calibrating a liquid flow sensor by pumping a volume of a fluid through the sensor for a series of fixed rates. The flow rate is first determined by moving a displacing element at a controlled velocity and, by use of a valve, allowing the system output to dispense through a low-pressure orifice or piece of tubing. Because the system is pumping at low pressure during the calibration procedure, system response is rapid, regardless of component compressibility or entrapped gas pockets. In fluidic systems that utilize lead screw drives, flow sensor response is determined by averaging the measured flow rate for a complete revolution of the pump lead screw, thereby minimizing periodic lead screw derived flow rate noise. The flow sensor response is determined for several different flow rates, depending on the order of polynomial fit. In one embodiment, the sensor response is approximated using the general equation: y=ax2+bx+c where y is the sensor response, x is the actual flow rate, a is the first quadratic constant, b is the second quadratic constant, and c is the equation intercept, which is the sensor response measured with no fluid flow. In this embodiment, the constants can be determined by measuring the sensor response and actual flow rate at three individual pump infusion rates. In another embodiment, during which a flow sensor can be calibrated during operation of an analytical system, the actual flow rate is determined by evaluating the quadratic equation using: x = - b ± b 2 - 4 ⁢ a ⁢ ⁢ c 2 ⁢ a using the real root. In this embodiment, x is determined from the measured flow sensor response. In yet another embodiment, the sensor may be calibrated in the same general way over a larger flow rate range by extending the order of the polynomial and using more calibration data points to determine the constants. It is an object of the invention to provide methods and apparatus which allow precise calibration of a flow sensor in a system which has periodic flow rate fluctuations. It is another object of the invention to provide methods and apparatus which allow precise calibration of a flow sensor by minimizing the potential effects of trapped gases or compression of system components. It is yet another object of the invention to provide methods and apparatus which allows precise calibration of a flow sensor for use with a given fluid over a wide range of flow rates. It is yet another object of the invention to provide methods and apparatus to allow precise calibration of a flow sensor during operation of an analytical system to thereby allow an operator to obtain a desired flow rate. It is an object of the invention to provide a method that accurately and precisely allows an operator to calibrate a flow sensor for a particular fluid more quickly and easily than conventional methods. It is an object of the invention to provide a method which allows an operator to calibrate a flow sensor for a fluid without having to generate or use a table of empirical data. It is an object of the invention to provide a method that allows precise flow control using inexpensive, mechanically-driven pump systems. It is an object of the invention to provide a method that allows rapid in-situ calibration of a flow sensor while consuming small amounts of fluid. These and other objects and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following detailed description. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the components of a fluidic system in accordance with the present invention. FIG. 2 is a flow diagram showing the steps of a method in accordance with the present invention. FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a system used to provide an example test of the methods of the present invention. FIG. 4 is a graph showing the data collected in one example of the present invention. FIG. 5 is a flow diagram showing an alternative embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 6 is a graph showing data collected in another example of the present invention. FIGS. 7A-7S are examples of source code in accordance with the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT Referring to FIG. 1, the components of a fluid control system are depicted. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the methods and apparatus of the invention may be used with chromatography, mass spectrometry, capillary electrophoresis, or other analytical applications and systems. As shown in FIG. 1, this particular embodiment of the fluid control system includes a selection valve 4 with a plurality of ports. One port 4a of valve 4 has a fluid connection to a first side of flow sensor 2. The second side of flow sensor 2 has a fluid connection to the input and output port of a pump 1. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that any one of a number of conventional selection valves, flow sensors, and pumps may be used for valve 4, sensor 2, and pump 1. For best results, I prefer to use the 100 μl positive displacement pump which is commercially available from Sapphire Engineering Inc. (Pocasset, Mass., USA), the flow sensor SLG 1430 which is commercially available from Sensirion Inc. (Zurich, Switzerland), and the V-485 selection valve that is commercially available from Upchurch Scientific, Inc. (Oak Harbor, Wash., USA). As shown in FIG. 1, the pump 1 is electronically connected to a controller 3 which, in turn, is electronically connected to a driver 5. The controller 3 is also electronically connected to the sensor 2. The controller 3 can be preprogrammed with computer software to perform the steps of the method of the invention. For best results, I prefer to use as the driver 5, a driver MICROLYNX® which is commercially available from Intelligent Motion Systems Inc. (of Marlborough, Conn., USA). The controller 3 preferably consists of a preprogrammed PIC 18F452 microcontroller, which is commercially available from Microchip Technologies Inc. (of Chandler, Ariz., USA) with serial communications and digital input/output connections. The controller 3 is essentially an application specific integrated circuit, with the computer program incorporated therein. The computer program preferably is written to allow the controller 3 and the system to perform the steps detailed below. Still referring to FIG. 1, it can be seen that at least one of the output ports of valve 4 is in fluid communication with a waste receptacle 7. Another port of the valve 4 is in fluid communication with a reservoir 8, which holds the subject fluid to be considered for purposes of calibration (often referred to as the solvent). The port 4d of the valve 4 is in fluid connection with the input of a downstream analytical system 6. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that any of a number of analytical systems may represent the downstream analytical system, including chromatography or mass spectrometry systems. The controller 3 is electronically connected to the valve 4, and controls the position of the valve 4. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that any of a number of analytical systems or devices may be attached to other unused ports on the chosen selection valve. Referring now to FIG. 2, the steps of the method of the invention will be described with respect to the flow diagram. (For ease of reference, the same numbers are used to refer to the components shown in FIG. 1.) Before beginning the calibration cycle, it is useful to first purge and prime the system to remove excess trapped air or other gases. Accordingly, step 100 is filling the pump 1 (in FIG. 1) from the reservoir 8 via the selection valve 4. Next, the pump 1 is rinsed 110 by expelling the fluid in the pump 1 to a waste receptacle via valve 4. The pump 1 is then refilled 120 with the fluid of interest. Together, steps 100, 110, and 120 can be considered the purging/priming cycle. Still referring to FIG. 2, the calibration cycle is described next. In step 130, an operator pumps a volume of the fluid through the sensor 2 to a waste receptacle via the valve 4. There will be negligible pressure present in the system during this step 130. The operator then stops the pump 1 and the flow of the fluid through the sensor 2 at step 140. Once the rate of change of flow sensed by the sensor 2 has minimized, the flow sensor will output this value and transmit it to the controller 3 as step 145. This value transmitted to the controller 3 at step 145 will be considered the constant c in the equation y=ax2+bx+c in the quadratic equation (or, if the controller is programmed to solve a cubic or other equation, the value shall be deemed the constant in such equation corresponding to the y-intercept in the equation). During the next step 150, the operator then starts the pump 1 to pump the fluid so that it flows at a preselected rate, such as 2 microliters per minute through the sensor 2 and to a waste receptacle. The rate of flow can be determined by knowing the linear distance that the piston of the pump 1 travels based on the pitch of the lead screw thread that drives the piston of the pump 1. The cross-sectional area of the piston in pump 1 is also known. Thus, the volume of the fluid moved per unit time per rotation of the lead screw (or the lead screw nut, as the case may be) is known or readily determined. For best results, the calibration step 150 should be performed only with the output of the fluid flowing to waste so that there is negligible back pressure within the microfluidic system and therefore any elasticity of any components within the system will not be of significance in the calibration. Once the preselected first flow rate is reached, the sensor 2 will transmit a second averaged value to the controller 3 at step 155. This averaged value is determined by averaging the flow sensor response for the entire cycle of periodic noise in the pump mechanism. In the case of a lead screw driven pump, the flow rate is averaged for a complete turn of the lead screw. Still referring to FIG. 2, the operator then sets the pump 1 to pump the fluid so that it flows at a second preselected rate at step 160, such as 4 microliters per minute, through the sensor 2 and to a waste receptacle. As noted above, the rate of flow can be determined precisely by knowing the dimensions of the distance traveled by the lead screw of the piston of pump 1 and the area of the piston in pump 1. In step 165, once the second preselected flow rate is reached, the sensor 2 will transmit a third value to the controller 3. This averaged value is determined by averaging the flow sensor response for the entire cycle of periodic noise in the pump mechanism. In the case of a lead screw driven pump, the flow rate is averaged for a complete turn of the lead screw. For the highest order n in the equation to be solved, we prefer to measure and determine the sensor 2 responses for n+1 different flow rates. By using the measured flow sensor 2 responses and the known pumping rate of the fluid for the corresponding sensor 2 output responses, the operator can determine at step 170 the constants a, b, and c for the quadratic equation (and other constants where the equation to be used has higher orders than the second). Alternatively, the controller 3 can be preprogrammed to determine 170 the values of the constants. Once the sensor 2 has been calibrated in accordance with the invention, the system can be used by the operator as follows: The operator can for example read the output of the flow sensor 2 during operation of the system at step 180. The flow rate value output by the sensor 2 can also be determined automatically by the preprogrammed controller 3. The controller 3 can be preprogrammed so that it transmits appropriate signals to driver 5 at step 190 depending on the incremental values of flow rate of change measured by the sensor 2 and transmitted to the controller 3. The driver 5 then adjusts the output of the pump 1 based on the signals received by sensor 2 to maintain the flow rate set by the operator of the system at step 195. Although not shown (apart from controller 3), those skilled in the art will appreciate that a preprogrammed computer can be used as the controller 3. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that such a computer can be easily programmed to receive and store the values it receives from the sensor 2, together with the information for determining the flow rate based on the dimensions of the pump. The programmed computer can be set so that it automatically calculates the constants a, b, and c (or others depending on the particular equation to be solved) and then outputs those values for use by the operator. Similarly, the computer (not shown apart from controller 3) can be preprogrammed with such constants so that the computer receives updated signals corresponding to the flow rate as determined by the sensor 2 during operation, the computer (not shown apart from controller 3) and, as appropriate according to its programmed instructions, sends signals to the driver 5 to adjust the pump 1 to obtain the flow rate selected by the operator for operation of the system 1. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that such computer programs can be stored on the hard drive of the computer (not shown apart from controller 3), or on a disk, CDROM, DVD, EEPROM, ASIC, per drive, or other electronic storage device with non-volatile memory. Referring now to FIG. 3, an experimental system 301 used to evaluate one embodiment of the invention is shown. In FIG. 3, the system 301 includes a high-pressure positive displacement pump 310, an inline non-invasive flow sensor 315, and a four-way selection valve 320 (for filling and dispensing solvent mixtures in the system 301). The system 301 maintains a precise flow rate to a desired value regardless of back pressure in system 301. The system 301 is able to use the output signal from the flow sensor 315 to adjust the piston velocity of the pump 310 to clamp the output flow rate from the pump 310 to the selected value. As shown in FIG. 3, the experimental system 301 also includes a source of a solvent 322, which is in fluid communication with the flow sensor 315. The flow sensor 315, in turn, is connected to allow fluid communication with both a waste receptacle 324 and an injection valve 330. The injection valve is also in fluid communication with a sample syringe 332 and a second waste receptacle 334. In addition, the injection valve 330 is in fluid communication with a first end of a column 340, which is housed within a column oven 345. The column oven 345 is used to maintain the temperature of the column 340 at 35.0° C.±0.05° C. The second end of the column 340 is in fluid communication with a detector 350. For this experiment, I used a V-485 NANOPEAK injection valve (commercially available from Upchurch Scientific of Oak Harbor, Wash.) for the injection valve 330, a 15 cm by 75 μm inner diameter nano column (the PEPMAP C18 column commercially available from LC Packings of Amsterdam, The Netherlands) for the column 340, and an ULTIMATE UV detector (also commercially available from LC Packings of Amsterdam, The Netherlands) for the detector 350. Using a timed injection routine, numerous 5 nL plugs of a mixture consisting of naphthalene, fluorine, biphenyl, and uracil dissolved in 75% acetronitrile/water were repeatedly injected into the column 340. Analytes were detected via absorbance at 250 nm using the detector 350. All experimental data were collected at 1.6 Hz using analog/digital circuitry and preprogrammed computer software performing the methods described above. The data collected are shown graphically in FIG. 4. As shown in FIG. 4, the system flow sensor output for a variety of increasing flow rates applied to the column 340 (over a range of 50 nL/minute to 700 nL/minute) shows that the system flow sensor possesses a 90% risetime of 12 seconds at 700 nL/minute (a pressure of 3,000 psi) and exhibits a RMS flow rate noise of approximately 1 nL/minute at an output flow rate of 50 nL/minute. Referring now to FIG. 5, a flow chart of an another alternative embodiment of the present invention is shown. In step 500, the system begins the methods of the invention. In step 501, the system checks to see if the flow sensor has already been calibrated. This can be done by checking a flag or the status of a value stored in computer memory. If the flow sensor has been determined to have been calibrated at step 501, then the next step is reading the data value from the flow sensor at step 505. This step 505 is repeated as many times as is necessary to obtain the data values needed to calculate the constants for the polynomial equation to be solved. If the equation is of the order n, then at least n+1 data values should be measured. For example, if the flow sensor is known to have a non-linear response that is quadratic, then the program will need to measure at least three data values in order to solve the equation y=ax2+bx+c. Similarly, if the equation used to model the response of the flow sensor is cubic, then at least four data values should be read from the flow sensor. Still referring to FIG. 5, the data values read in step 505 are provided to the preprogrammed computer (not shown in FIG. 5) so that it can use the data values measured by the flow sensor to calculate the constants and solve the polynomial equation. By solving the equation, the computer has calculated a value for the real flow rate of the system at step 510. Next, at step 515, the computer reads the required flow rate from memory. This value can be input by the operator when setting up the system. At step 520, the computer then calculates the required pump velocity needed to achieve the preselected flow rate based on the value of the real flow rate and the stored value for the desired flow rate. At step 525, the computer then sends a signal to the pump driver in order to have the pump operate at the required velocity determined in step 520. At step 530, the system checks to see if the user or operator has input a new flow rate. If not, the next step is to determine if a new calibration is required. Of course, an operator may choose to calibrate based on the passage of time or after some other selected interval or event has occurred. If not, the next step is to repeat step 505 and continue the foregoing cycle. If a user has input a new flow rate, the system first stores the new value in computer memory at step 550, as shown in FIG. 5. The system then checks to see whether a new calibration is required at step 540. Still referring to FIG. 5, if the computer determines that a new calibration is needed at step 540, the computer then performs the following steps. First, the computer sends a signal to the valve (not shown in FIG. 5) to switch the fluid communication with at least one valve port to a waste receptacle at step 560. Next, at step 561, the computer sends a signal to stop the pump. At step 562, the data value is read from the flow sensor. Although this can be a single data reading, I prefer to have a number of readings taken of the flow sensor's reading, each of which can be stored in the computer memory and then averaged. Once the average has been obtained in step 562, the computer sends a signal to have the pump operate at a preselected first speed at step 563. In step 564, a number of values are read from the flow sensor, stored in computer memory and an average of those values is determined. Next, in step 565, the computer sends a signal to the pump to have it operated at a second preselected speed. In step 566, a number of readings are taken of the flow sensor, stored in computer memory, and an average is determined. In step 567, the computer stores the values for the averages determined in the steps 562, 564, and 566 in computer memory. At step 568, the computer then sends a signal to stop the pump. The computer then calculates the constants for the polynomial equation corresponding to the flow sensor using a least-squares algorithm (sometimes referred to as a “best square fit”), or a similar algorithm. Once the constants have been calculated and the equation solved, the computer can use those values in the equation based on the new required flow rate input and the new calibration is completed at step 569. Once the new calibration is completed at step 569, the computer can then repeat the performance of the steps by returning to step 505 and reading the values of the flow rate from the flow sensor. Referring now to FIG. 6, data from another example of the present invention is provided in graphical form. In FIG. 6, the flow rate FR is shown, as is the measured pressure P. FIG. 6 shows that the pressure P rapidly adjusts to changes made to the flow rate in a system using the methods of the present invention. Now referring to FIGS. 7A-7S, source code of a computer program is provided, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. The source code shown in FIGS. 7A-7S may be used to implement some or all of the steps of the methods of the present invention as described above. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the methods of the invention can be used to attenuate noise from mechanical sources, such as the leadscrew of the pump. This can be done by averaging the values obtained from the flow sensor over one entire rotation of the leadscrew. For example, when a stepping motor (not shown) is used to actuate the pump, the number of steps corresponding to a complete rotation of the leadscrew can be determined. For example, in the system used in the above example, the stepping motor (not shown) has 200 steps per complete revolution, and a complete revolution of the leadscrew pumps 5 μL of the fluid. At a rate of 1.56 Hz, the computer is able to obtain 94 data points per minute, all of which can be stored in memory of the computer and then averaged. This averaging eliminates the variations which can result from the mechanical variations in the leadscrew due to thread size and the like. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that this method can also be used to calibrate any mechanical pump that provides periodic noise (i.e., fluctuations in the data due to various mechanical features) by averaging the data values obtained over the entire period of the noise source, thus allowing a user to calibrate for noise from such pumps with drive mechanisms other than leadscrews. Attached hereto as Appendix A, and incorporated fully by reference herein, is a copy of the User Guide—100 μL version for the Scivex Confluent Nano Fluidic Module. This Appendix A provides further details and information regarding the use of calibration methods and apparatus of the present invention, such as in the operation of a pump controlled by a preprogrammed computer which uses values measured by a flow sensor to calculate a solution to a polynomial equation, such as is described above, then uses the calculated values to determine what, if any, adjustments to the pump's actions need to be made to obtain a preselected flow rate. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the data points obtained using the methods of the invention can be used to perform other interpolation algorithms, such as a cubic spline. Such techniques include those described in the book “Numerical Recipes in C: The Art of Scientific Computing” by William H. Press, published by the Cambridge University Press in 1988, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein. Those of skill in the art will also appreciate that the methods of the invention can be used with other equipment and solution combinations. For example, a system using two pumps (not shown) and two solutions (not shown) that are mixed together using a T-junction (also not shown) can be used for a binary gradient system. The foregoing description of the invention is of the preferred embodiments and should not be considered a limitation on the scope of the invention claimed. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that changes may be made in the use of specific components, solutions, sample sizes, flow rates, and the like without departing from the spirit of the invention and the scope of the claims.	<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>Analytical methods and systems have been developed that demand sensitive high-throughput analyses of biological materials in small quantities. Often, such analyses require precise control of the fluid flow rates in the range of about one (1) nano-liter (nL) per minute to about five (5) microliters (μL) per minute, with pressures varying over a range of several orders of magnitude. Such analytical applications include, among others, nano-scale liquid chromatography (nano-LC), mass spectrometry (MS), or capillary electrophoresis (CE). These microfluidic applications typically utilize fluid flow rates as low as tens of nanoliters per minute up to several microlitres per minute. Designing systems to precisely achieve and maintain ultra-low flow rates is a difficult task, fraught with several potential problems. One problem affecting such microfluidic techniques comes from the susceptibility of various components of systems used for conventional ultra-low flow applications to compress or decompress in response to a change in system pressure. This component adjustment to pressure change often creates a significant delay time before achieving a desired flow rate in conventional microfluidic systems and applications, and can also hinder accurate flow rate adjustment in such systems and applications. Another persistent problem with such conventional microfluidic systems and applications occurs when air or other gases are inadvertently entrained into the flow path of such a system. If these compressible gases are present in the flow path of conventional systems for such applications, the compression and expansion of gas bubbles creates difficulties in achieving a desired flow rate. In many conventional microfluidic systems, the flow rate of a fluid is established in a pump by displacing liquid at a controlled rate using, for example, a piston or syringe plunger. To obtain desired flow rates in such conventional systems, the displacing element of the pump is moved at a fixed velocity using a preprogrammed control system. Such conventional systems often show undesirable flow rate fluctuations created from imprecision in the mechanical construction of the drive system used to displace the liquid. In conventional lead screw-driven systems, for example, inaccuracies often arise from periodic changes in screw characteristics as the screw turns through a complete revolution, and from inaccuracies in thread pitch along the screw, among other types of mechanical errors. In order to overcome these difficulties in achieving and maintaining desired flow rates, conventional flow sensors may be employed to allow the system to compensate for inaccuracies through use of a feedback loop to a preprogrammed control system. Many conventional flow sensors used in microfluidic analysis, such as the SLG1430 sensor that is commercially available from Sensirion Inc. (of Zurich, Switzerland), have a non-linear response to fluid flow. For such flow sensors, the sensor response to increasing flow rate approximates a polynomial equation, with the equation order and constants dependent on variables such as flow sensor design, the liquid that is being monitored, and the operating flow rate range. In order to use such conventional flow sensors to measure and maintain accurate ultra-low flow rates in conventional systems via a feedback loop, the sensor must be calibrated for the solvent that is to be passed through the sensor. Conventional calibration methods usually involve preparation of a list of the sensor responses at different flow rates for a given solvent. When a particular solvent is used, the actual flow rate is obtained by comparing the sensor response to tabulated calibration values gathered from repeated observations made for that particular sensor and solvent combination. Calibration curves for a given sensor and solvent can be obtained by fitting the calibration data to a best-fit curve from the empirical data in such conventional calibration methods. A major problem with this conventional calibration tabular methodology is that data values must be collected for any solution mixture that is to be passed through the system. Doing so for numerous solvents can require a significant amount of time and effort. Moreover, for reliable operation, this data must be collected using a precise flow rate reference. Often, a conventional microfluidic system will be used to deliver different solutions that possess diverse characteristics, and calibrating a conventional system for these various solutions is often time consuming and laborious.	<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>The present invention provides a method for calibrating a liquid flow sensor by pumping a volume of a fluid through the sensor for a series of fixed rates. The flow rate is first determined by moving a displacing element at a controlled velocity and, by use of a valve, allowing the system output to dispense through a low-pressure orifice or piece of tubing. Because the system is pumping at low pressure during the calibration procedure, system response is rapid, regardless of component compressibility or entrapped gas pockets. In fluidic systems that utilize lead screw drives, flow sensor response is determined by averaging the measured flow rate for a complete revolution of the pump lead screw, thereby minimizing periodic lead screw derived flow rate noise. The flow sensor response is determined for several different flow rates, depending on the order of polynomial fit. In one embodiment, the sensor response is approximated using the general equation: in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="lead"? y=ax 2 +bx+c in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="tail"? where y is the sensor response, x is the actual flow rate, a is the first quadratic constant, b is the second quadratic constant, and c is the equation intercept, which is the sensor response measured with no fluid flow. In this embodiment, the constants can be determined by measuring the sensor response and actual flow rate at three individual pump infusion rates. In another embodiment, during which a flow sensor can be calibrated during operation of an analytical system, the actual flow rate is determined by evaluating the quadratic equation using: x = - b ± b 2 - 4 ⁢ a ⁢ ⁢ c 2 ⁢ a using the real root. In this embodiment, x is determined from the measured flow sensor response. In yet another embodiment, the sensor may be calibrated in the same general way over a larger flow rate range by extending the order of the polynomial and using more calibration data points to determine the constants. It is an object of the invention to provide methods and apparatus which allow precise calibration of a flow sensor in a system which has periodic flow rate fluctuations. It is another object of the invention to provide methods and apparatus which allow precise calibration of a flow sensor by minimizing the potential effects of trapped gases or compression of system components. It is yet another object of the invention to provide methods and apparatus which allows precise calibration of a flow sensor for use with a given fluid over a wide range of flow rates. It is yet another object of the invention to provide methods and apparatus to allow precise calibration of a flow sensor during operation of an analytical system to thereby allow an operator to obtain a desired flow rate. It is an object of the invention to provide a method that accurately and precisely allows an operator to calibrate a flow sensor for a particular fluid more quickly and easily than conventional methods. It is an object of the invention to provide a method which allows an operator to calibrate a flow sensor for a fluid without having to generate or use a table of empirical data. It is an object of the invention to provide a method that allows precise flow control using inexpensive, mechanically-driven pump systems. It is an object of the invention to provide a method that allows rapid in-situ calibration of a flow sensor while consuming small amounts of fluid. These and other objects and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following detailed description.	20040521	20060606	20051124	59145.0		0	FITZGERALD, JOHN P	FLOW SENSOR CALIBRATION METHODS AND APPARATUS	UNDISCOUNTED	0	ACCEPTED		2,004
10,851,836	ACCEPTED	Leg support apparatus for trees and bushes	A leg support apparatus comprising a leg comprising a first support and a second support. The leg comprising a pivot end and a spike end. A base comprising a lug side, a ground contact side, and a surrounding wall connecting between the lug side and ground contact side, with lugs extending from the lug side. A pin used for pivotally connecting the lugs to the pivot end of the leg. A spike extending from the spike end of the leg. The spike used for used for engaging a wire basket surrounding the root ball of a plant or used for engaging the lip of a container holding a plant, so that the plant is supported by the leg support apparatus and ground and does not tip over. A leg support apparatus comprising a body comprising a rocker bottom base from which extends a leg, and wherein a spike extends from the spike end of the leg, and the spike is used for engaging a wire basket surrounding a root ball and preventing the plant from tipping over.	1. A leg support apparatus comprising: a) a leg comprising a first support and a second support and wherein the second support and the first support are joined together, b) a base comprising a lug side, a ground contact side, and a surrounding wall connecting between the lug side and ground contact side, c) lugs extending from the lug side and a pin used for pivotally connecting the lugs to the leg, d) a spike, and e) the leg having a spike end and the spike extending from the spike end of the leg. 2. The leg support apparatus according to claim 1 wherein the spike is used for engaging a lip of a container holding a plant or used for engaging with wire basket surrounding a root ball. 3. The leg support apparatus according to claim 1 wherein the base further comprises a leg recess defined in the lug side of the base between the lugs, and the leg recess used for allowing the leg to pivot relative to the base. 4. The leg support apparatus according to claim 3 wherein the leg further comprises a pivot end having a cylindrical shape. 5. The leg support apparatus according to claim 1 further comprising a pivot pin and wherein the leg further comprises a pivot end defining a pivot pin opening and the lugs define lug openings, the pivot pin positioned in the pivot pin opening and lug openings and the pivot pin used for pivotally connecting the leg to the base to form a hinged connection. 6. The leg support apparatus according to claim 1 wherein the leg defines a recess and a connecting member is provided and the connecting member is received in the recess and the connecting member is used for supporting a planting stake. 7. The leg support apparatus according to claim 1 wherein the spike end comprises a bend and a bent portion and the bent portion has a contact surface and the spike extends from the contact surface and the contact surface used for contacting a root ball. 8. The leg support apparatus according to claim 7 wherein the contact surface is at about a sixty degree angle to the first support. 9. The leg support apparatus according to claim 8 wherein the first support and the second support are perpendicular to one another so that the leg has a T-shaped cross section. 10. The leg support apparatus according to claim 1 wherein the ground contact side of the base is contoured to grip a surface on which it is placed. 11. A method of making a leg support apparatus comprising the steps of: a) providing a leg comprising a first support and a second support and joining the first support and second support, b) providing a base comprising a lug side, a ground contact side, and a surrounding wall connecting between the lug side and ground contact side, c) providing lugs extending from the lug side and providing a pin and using the pin for pivotally connecting the lugs to the leg, d) providing a spike, and e) providing the leg with a spike end and positioning the spike such that it extends from the spike end of the leg. 12. A method of making a leg support apparatus according to claim 11 wherein the first support and the second support are perpendicular to one another. 13. A method of making a leg support apparatus according to claim 11 comprising the further steps of defining in the lug side of the base between the lugs a leg recess and using the leg recess for allowing the leg to pivot relative to the base. 14. A method of making a leg support apparatus according to claim 13 comprising the further steps of providing the leg with a pivot end having a cylindrical shape and pinning the pivot end to the base with the pin and forming a hinged connection. 15. A method of making a leg support apparatus according to claim 11 comprising the further steps of forming the leg and base from plastic or epoxy. 16. A method of making a leg support apparatus according to claim 11 comprising the further steps of providing the spike end with a bend and a bent portion and providing the bent portion with a contact surface and wherein the spike extends from the contact surface and the contact surface is used for contacting in the root ball and the spike is used for engaging a wire basket holding a root ball. 17. A method of making a leg support apparatus according to claim 16 comprising the further steps of providing the contact surface at about a sixty degree angle to the first support. 18. A leg support apparatus comprising: a) a leg comprising a first support joined with a second support and wherein the first support and the second support are perpendicular to one another and wherein the leg has a pivot end and a spike end, b) a rocker bottom base connected to the pivot end of the leg at a hinged connection and the rocker bottom base having a curved shape, c) grips formed on the ground contact side of the rocker bottom base, and d) a spike extending from the spike end of the leg and the spike used for used for engaging a wire basket surrounding a root ball. 19. A leg support apparatus comprising: a) a body comprising a leg comprising a first support and a second support and wherein the second support is perpendicular to the first support, the leg further comprising a bend and a spike end, b) the body further comprising a rocker bottom base the leg extends from the rocker bottom base and rocker bottom base comprising a ground contact side having a curved shape, c) grips formed on the ground contact side of the rocker bottom base, and d) the leg having a spike end and a plurality of spikes formed integral with and extending from the spike end and the plurality of spikes used for engaging a wire basket surrounding a root ball. 20. The leg support apparatus according to claim 19 wherein the leg has a bend. 21. A leg support apparatus comprising: a) a body comprising a rocker bottom base and a leg extending from the rocker bottom base, b) the leg comprising a first support and a second support, the first support joined with the second support, c) the rocker bottom base having a ground contacting side and a leg side and the leg extending from the leg side and the ground contacting side having a plurality of cleats used for providing stability, d) the leg comprising a spike end having a contact surface with a spike extending from the contact surface, and f) wherein the spike is used for engaging wire baskets used for holding plants. 22. A method of making a leg support apparatus comprising the steps of: a) providing a body with a rocker bottom base and a leg such that the leg extends from the rocker bottom base, b) providing the leg with a first support and a second support and joining the first support and second support, c) providing the rocker bottom base with a ground contacting side and a leg side such that the leg extends from the leg side of the rocker bottom base, d) providing the ground contacting side with a plurality of cleats used for providing stability, e) providing the leg with a spike end and providing the spike end with a contact surface, and f) providing a spike and extending the spike from the contact surface such that the spike can be used for engaging wire baskets used for holding plants.	PRIORITY CLAIM This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional patent Application No. 60/472,927 filed on May 23, 2003, to Goltz and entitled Leg Support Apparatus For Unplanted Trees and Bushes. BACKGROUND In the horticulture industry, trees, bushes, and large plants are delivered from the growers to sales lots. The sales lots may be wholesalers or retailers. A problem exists in the manner by which tree, bushes, and plants are handled in the sales lots. Take for example the root ball of a typical tree, which may be two or more feet in diameter. The root ball is typically wrapped in burlap, and a wire basket surrounds the burlap. The tree has a tendency flip over because it is top heavy and because of the round shape of the root ball. The tree is thus damaged when it tips over and impacts the ground. To solve the problems associated with trees tipping over, the nursery industry uses cinder blocks. The cinder blocks can weigh between twenty and thirty pounds and are manually positioned around the root ball. The cinder blocks are used for supporting the root ball such that the tree or bush is forced to stand upright. However, there are numerous problems associated with the use of cinder blocks. First, the nursery must maintain a good supply of heavy blocks in stock. This occupies precious space and creates a hazard when new plants and bushes arrive, because the cinder blocks are constantly in the way. Additionally, heavy equipment is needed to move large quantities of the blocks. Cinder blocks are relatively brittle and have a tendency to break when dropped. As a result, a nursery can use thousands of cinder blocks in a typical planting season. Then there are the significant problems associated with manually handling the blocks. Workers can and do strain their backs, cut their hands on the blocks, and drop blocks on their feet. To make matter worse, even with the use of cinder blocks, the top heavy trees can still topple over. For example, if a wind comes up the tree, will fall over since it cannot withstand the wind load. The result is damaged trees and large inventory losses. It is further noted that sometimes the tree/plant arrives in a cylindrical/truncated cone shaped container or pot. Even when the plant/tree is in a container or pot, it still has a tendency to tip over because it is top heavy. Thus, the use of containers or pots does not solve the problem of plants tipping over. Thus, there is a need for a better apparatus and methodology of supporting unplanted trees, bushes, and plants. It would be desirable if the apparatus was light weight, easy to make and use, and inexpensive. It would also be desirable if the device was compact and durable so that it can be reused. SUMMARY The present leg support apparatus solves the problems associated with the use of cinderblocks. In a first embodiment, the leg support apparatus comprises a leg having a first support and a second support. The second support is perpendicular to the first support. Thus, the leg has a generally T-shaped cross section. The leg comprises a pivot end defining a pivot pin hole and a spike end from which a spike extends. A spike extends from the spike end of the leg, and the spike is used for engaging the wire basket that surrounds a root ball or is used for engaging the rim of plant container. A base is provided having a lug side, a cleat or ground contact side, and a surrounding wall connecting between the lug side and ground contact side is provided. Lugs extend from the lug side and the lugs define lug holes. A pivot pin is provided. The pivot pin is received in the lug holes and the pivot pin hole in the leg and is used for pivotally connecting the lugs to the leg. A hinged connection is thus formed between the base and the leg. The base further comprises a leg recess defined in the lug side of the base and between the lugs. The leg recess is used for allowing the leg to be pivoted relative to the base. The base also defines an opening that is used for receiving a ground stake therethrough. This allows the base to be staked to the ground if necessary with a ground stake. The spike end of the leg comprises a bend and a bent portion. The bent portion has a contact surface and the spike extends from the contact surface. In one embodiment, the contact surface may be at about a sixty degree angle to the first support. The leg support apparatus can comprise plastics, epoxies, metals, metal alloys, wood, and combinations thereof. The leg support apparatus is made by providing a leg comprising a first support and a second support such that the second support is perpendicular to the first support. The leg is provided with a pivot end and a spike end. A base is provided having a lug side, a ground contact side, and a surrounding wall connecting between the lug side and ground contact side. Lugs are formed on the lug side of the base. A pin is provided and used for pivotally connecting the lugs to the leg. A spike extends from the spike end of the leg. In a second embodiment the leg support apparatus has a leg having a recess which receives a connecting stake. A planting stake connects to the connecting stake a guy rope is used to tie the tree to the planting stake. The tree can be both anchored and staked. In a third embodiment, there is a hinged connection between the base and leg and the spike extends directly out of the spike end of the leg. In a fourth embodiment, a leg support apparatus comprises a body having a leg and a rocker bottom base. The leg extends from the rocker bottom base. The rocker bottom base has a ground contact side that has a curved shape or rocker shape. Grips are formed in the ground contacting side and used for allowing the leg support apparatus to grip the ground. A spike extends from the spike end of the leg and the spike is formed integral with the spike end. The spike used for used for engaging the wire basket surrounding a root ball or lip of a container. In a fifth embodiment, the leg support apparatus comprises a body having rocker bottom base and a leg. The leg has a bend in it and a plurality of spikes extending from the leg. In a sixth embodiment the leg support apparatus comprises a body having a leg that extends from a rocker bottom base. The rocker bottom base is formed such that it has cleats. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS At the outset it is noted that common reference numbers used throughout the drawings refer to common parts or features. FIG. 1 is a perspective view of the leg support apparatus. FIG. 2 is a perspective view of the base of the leg support apparatus. FIG. 3 is a sectional view of the base of the leg support apparatus taken along cut line A-A. FIG. 4 is a sectional view of the base of the leg support apparatus taken along cut line B-B. FIG. 5 is a front elevational view of the base of the leg support apparatus. FIG. 6 is perspective view of the ground contact side of the base of the leg support apparatus. FIG. 7 shows an exploded view of the pin and washers. FIG. 8 is a perspective view of the leg of the leg support apparatus. FIG. 9 is a front elevation view, partly in section, of the hook end of the leg. FIG. 10 is a front elevational view, partly in section, of the pivot end of the leg. FIG. 11 is a sectional view of the leg taken along cut line C-C. FIG. 11A shows a front elevational view of the leg support apparatus supporting a tree on the ground. FIG. 11B shows a front elevational below ground view of a second embodiment of the leg support apparatus wherein the tree is planted and staked. FIG. 12 shows a perspective view of a third embodiment of the leg support apparatus. FIG. 12A shows a front elevational view, partly in section, of the second third of the leg support apparatus. FIG. 12B shows a sectional view of third embodiment of the leg support apparatus taken along cut line M-M. FIG. 13 shows a front elevational view of a fourth embodiment of the leg support apparatus. FIG. 13A shows a front elevational view, partly in section, of the fourth embodiment of the leg support apparatus. FIG. 13B shows a sectional view of the fourth leg support apparatus taken along cut line G-G. FIG. 14 shows a front elevational view of a fifth embodiment of the leg support apparatus. FIG. 15 shows a right side elevational view of the fifth embodiment of the leg support apparatus. FIG. 16 shows a top plan view of the fifth embodiment of the leg support apparatus. FIG. 17 shows a sectional view of the leg support apparatus of the fifth embodiment taken along cut line D-D. FIG. 18 is a perspective view of a sixth embodiment of the leg support apparatus. FIG. 19 is a front elevation view, partly in section, of the leg of the sixth embodiment of the leg support apparatus. FIG. 20 is a sectional view of the leg of the sixth embodiment taken along cut line E-E. DETAILED DESCRIPTION The leg support apparatus 20 is shown in FIGS. 1-11A. The leg support apparatus 20 comprises a base 22 and a leg 24. A pivot pin is provided and used for pivotally connecting the base 22 and leg 24 together. The leg 24 can be pivoted back and forth relative to the base 22 in the direction indicated by the arrows 15, designated P-P in FIG. 1. FIGS. 2-6 show the base 22. The base 22 has a lug side 32, a ground contacting side 34, and a surrounding side wall 36 that connects between the ground contacting side 34 and lug side 32. The base 22 has lugs 28 that extend from the lug side 32. The lugs 28 define lug holes or lug openings 30. In the lug side 32 of the base 22 and between the lugs 28, a leg recess 38 is defined. The leg recess 38 provides clearance so that the leg 24 can be pivoted back and forth in a manner to be described presently. The base 22 also defines a hole or opening 40. The opening 40 is used for allowing a ground stake 41 (FIG. 1) to be received and moved therethrough. This allows the leg support apparatus 20 to be staked or secured to the ground if necessary. FIG. 3 is a sectional view of the base 22 taken along cut line A-A of FIG. 2. FIG. 4 is a sectional view of the base 22 taken along cut line B-B of FIG. 3. The base 22 is generally rectangular-shaped, and has a length designate L in FIG. 3 and a width designated W in FIG. 4. For example, the width W can be about four inches and the length L can be about eight inches. The thickness, designated T in FIG. 3, can be about one inch. In other embodiments the base 22 could have other shapes and could be otherwise dimensioned. Also, the ground contacting side 34 can be textured so as to increase friction between the base 22 and the ground 100. The ground 100 (FIG. 5) can be earth, nursery grounds, concrete, asphalt, or any surface with which the ground contact side 34 of the base 22 makes contact. The leg 24 is shown in FIGS. 1, 8-11A. The leg 24 has a pivot portion 54 at its pivot end 50. The pivot portion 54 defines a pivot pin hole or opening 52 sized to receive the pivot pin 60 therein. The leg 24 has a cylindrical shaped pivot portion 54 having a cylindrical surface 56 at its pivot end 60. The leg 24 has a first support 58 that extends from the pivot portion 54, as shown in FIGS. 8 and 10. The leg 24 also has a second support 60 which is connected to the first support 58, as shown in FIGS. 1, 8-11. The first support and second support 58, 60, respectively, are perpendicular to one another as shown in FIG. 11, which is a view of the leg 24 taken along cut line C-C of FIG. 9. The leg 24 thus has a T-shaped cross section. It is noted that the first and second supports, 58, 60, respectively can be formed as a body. Also, the first support 58 has side edges 62 (FIG. 11), and the second support 60 meets with the first support 58 at about midway between the side edges 62. This arrangement of the first and second support, 58, 60, respectively, provides the leg 24 with structural strength that resists twisting and bending. The leg 24 further comprises a spike end 64. At the spike end 64, the first support 58 connects with a bent portion 66 at a bend 67, as shown in FIGS. 1, 8-9. At the bend 67, the bent portion 66 is at about a 600 angle (sixty degree angle) with the first support 58, as shown in FIGS. 8 and 9. The bent portion 66 has a contact surface 68 from which extends a spike 70. The spike 70 can be formed as part of the leg 24, for example if the leg 24 comprises plastic, epoxy, and other similar materials known to those having ordinary skill in the art. The utility of the spike 70 to be described presently. The leg 24 can be about six inches long or about twelve inches long, but can have other lengths depending on the requirements of the nursery or requirements of a particular application. The pivot end 50 of the leg 24 is pivotally connected to the base 22 by the pivot pin 26. The pivot pin 26 is shown in FIGS. 4 and 7. The pivot pin 26 includes a lock washer 26a, a flat washer 26b, and a high strength clip 26c. The pivot pin 26 defines a notch 26d. In particular, to install the pivot pin 26 the pivot end 50 of the leg 26 is moved between the lugs 28 the lug openings 30 and aligned with the pivot pin hole 52. The pivot pin 26 is inserted therein and the clip 26c is fitted into the notch 26d, thus securing the pivot pin 26 in place. The leg 24 is thus secured to the base 22 at a hinged connection 72 as shown in FIG. 1. Thus, the leg 24 can pivot back and forth with respect to the base 22. It is noted that the leg recess 38 provides clearance for the cylindrical surface 56 of the pivot end 50 of the leg 24, so that there is no undesirable interference between the leg 24 and the base 22 as pivoting occurs. Additionally, the hinged connection 72 permits the leg support apparatus 20 to be self leveling when placed on the ground. The hinged connection 72 further allows the leg support apparatus 20 to be folded when not in use. This allows for compact storage of a plurality of leg support apparatuses 20 in a small area. When trees, bushes, plants, and so forth arrive at the nursery after having been shipped from various growers, their balls are typically in burlap sacks or wrapped in burlap. The burlap is usually encased in wire basket. The trees, bushes, and plants can also arrive in containers having lips surrounding their openings. FIG. 11A shows a front elevational view of the leg support apparatus 20 in use supporting a tree 80 on the ground 100. The tree ball 81 is surrounded by burlap 82. The burlap is encased in wire basket 84. When the trees/plants 80 are being lowered by equipment or workers from delivery trucks, the spike 70 of the leg support apparatus 20 is inserted between the wire basket 84 and through the burlap 82. Or, the spike 70 is placed under the lip of the container if the tree/plant is in a container. Then, as the plant is lowered, the base 22 contacts the ground, asphalt, or concrete 100 as the case may be, and the spike 70 sets into the plant or against the container lip. Part of the load of the plant is supported by the leg support apparatus 20 and the other part of the load of the plant is supported by the ground 100. Leg support apparatuses 20 can be used on the sides of the tree ball 81 to support the tree ball 81. The support provided by the leg support apparatuses 20 will support the tree ball 81 and tree in virtually all weather conditions, even high wind conditions. Additionally, a ground stake 41 (FIG. 1) can be moved through the opening 40 in the base 22 and pounded into the ground 100. The ground stake 41 is used for preventing movement of the leg support apparatus 20. It is noted that in the ground stake 41 is not required in all instances. The leg support apparatus 20 can also be used as a plant anchor, in addition to an apparatus used for supporting trees and bushes in parking lots and nurseries. In particular, when a bush or tree 80 is being planted, a suitable hole is made in the earth. Then, the spikes 70 of the leg support apparatuses 20 are moved through the wire basket 84 and burlap 82 such that the leg support apparatus 20 is connected to the root ball 81. As the tree 80 is lowered into the hole, the base 22 contacts the earth at the bottom of the hole. Then, the tree 80 is supported by the earth at the bottom of the hole and the leg support apparatuses 20. The tree 80 is leveled by the self leveling nature of the leg support apparatuses 20, and earth is filled in around the root ball 81 of the tree 80. The leg support apparatuses 20 remain buried under ground. Thus, the leg support apparatus 80 can be used for above ground applications and below ground applications. The leg support apparatus 20 can thus be used as an anchor in the planting of trees, shrubs, and bushes. The leg 24 and base 22 can comprise metals, plastics, wood, epoxy resins, alloys, and combinations thereof, and other suitable materials known to those having ordinary skill in the art. The leg 24 and base 22 can be made by machining processes or molding processes both of which are well known to those having ordinary skill in the art. The pivot pin 26 can comprise high strength steel or other metal or metal alloy. It is noted that these materials and molding/machining processes can be used to make the leg support apparatuses of the other embodiments to be described presently. Additionally, the ground contacting side 34 of the base 22 can have a surface which is compatible with the area where the leg support-apparatus 20 will be used. For example, the ground contact side 34 can comprise a sandpaper like surface if the tree/plants are going to be placed on asphalt or concrete, for example in a sales lot. Or, if the trees are going to be placed on engineered soils, for example those found in some nurseries, the ground contacting side 34 could comprise a ribbed structure or cleats. Thus, the leg support apparatus 20 eliminates the need for cumbersome and problematic cinder blocks, reduces worker injury, decreases the likelihood of a plant tipping over and being damaged. The leg support apparatus 20 is also compact, easy to use, is relatively inexpensive, can be reused many times, and takes up a minimal amount of storage space. In a second embodiment, shown in FIG. 11B, the leg support apparatus 20a comprises a base 22a and a leg 24a. The tree is shown planted in a hole 87 dug in the earth. Here, the leg 24a is used as a brace. The leg 24a has a recess 25a and the recess 25a is used for receiving a connecting member 26a. The connecting member 26a can be treaded or otherwise connected to the leg 24a. A planting stake 27a can be connected to the connecting member 26a. A guy rope 30a then connects between the tree and the connecting member 26a. As shown in FIG. 11B, this thus provides for a total support system for trees and bushes, allowing them to be anchored and staked if necessary. The connecting member 26a may also be formed integral with the leg 24a. FIG. 12 shows a perspective view of a third embodiment of the leg support apparatus 220, with a base 222 and leg 224. The leg 224 has a first support 258 and a second support 260 that are perpendicular to one another. A spike 270 extends directly from the first support 258, as shown. A hinged connection 272 connects the base 222 with the leg 224, in the manner described above in connection with the first embodiment. The base 222 has a recess 223. The ground contact side 234 of the base 222 has valleys and ridges or cleats 235. The cleats 235 increase the ability of the base 222 to dig into the surface of soils on which it is used, for example the soils typically encountered in nurseries. FIG. 12A shows a front elevational view, partly in section, of the second embodiment of the leg support apparatus. FIG. 12B shows a sectional view of second embodiment of the leg support apparatus taken along cut line M-M of FIG. 12A. FIGS. 13-13B show a fourth embodiment of the leg support apparatus 320 wherein the leg support apparatus 320 comprises a body 321 having a rocker bottom base 322 and a leg 324. The rocker bottom base 322 has a curved or rocker bottom shape 333 and a ground contacting side 329 comprising flat portions or grips 333 separated by recesses or valleys 335. The leg 324 extends from the rocker bottom base 322. The need for a pivot pin has thus been eliminated in this embodiment. A spike 370 extends from the spike end 332 of the leg 324, as shown. The first and second supports 358,360, respectively, are perpendicular to one another, as shown in FIG. 13B, which is a view taken along cut line G-G of FIG. 13A. It is noted that the grips 333 formed in the rocker bottom 322 are used for gripping the ground 100. FIGS. 14-17 show a fifth embodiment of the leg support apparatus 420 wherein the leg support apparatus 420 comprises a body 421 having a rocker bottom base 422 from which extends a leg 424. A plurality of spikes 470 protrude from the leg 424. The leg 424 further comprises a first support 458 and a second support 460 that are perpendicular to one another. The leg 424 has a bend 430 in it. The ground contacting side 425 of the rocker bottom base 422 comprises flat portions or grips 433 separated by recesses 435. FIG. 17 is a view taken along cut line D-D of FIG. 14. As shown in FIG. 17, the first and second support s 458,460, respectively, are perpendicular. The rocker bottom base 422 facilitates positioning of the leg support apparatus 420 under the root ball. FIGS. 18-20 show a sixth embodiment of the leg support apparatus 520 wherein the leg support apparatus is a body 521. The body 521 comprises a leg 524 that extends from a rocker bottom base 522. The rocker bottom base 522 has a ground contacting side 525 and a leg side 527, with a surrounding side wall 531 extending between the ground contacting side 525 and leg side 527. The leg 524 extends from the leg side 527 of the rocker bottom base 522. The ground contacting side 525 of the rocker bottom base 522 has a plurality of cleats 529 used for gripping the ground on which the leg support apparatus 520 is placed. The rocker bottom base 522 is curved so that it can be moved relative to the tree or plant to achieve more stable support of the tree or plant. The leg 524 comprises a first support 538 joined with a second support 540. FIG. 20 is a sectional view of the leg 534 taken along cut line E-E of FIG. 19. FIG. 20 shows that the first and second supports 538, 540, respectively, are perpendicular to one another. It also shows that the first support 538 has side edges 539 and that the second support 540 extends from the first support 538 from about the midpoint 541 of the first support 538, such that the leg 524 has a T-shaped cross section, as shown. The leg 524 has a rocker end 530 that is joined with the rocker bottom base 522, and the leg 524 has a spike end 532. The spike end 532 has a bend 549. A bent portion 550 meets the first support 538 and second support 540 at the bend 549. The bent portion 550 has a contact surface 552 and a spike 533 extends from the contact surface 552. At the bend 549 the contact surface 552 is at about a 60° angle (sixty degree angle) with respect to the first support 538, as shown in FIG. 19. It is noted that the bent portion 550 could be formed such that the spike 533 extends from the contact surface 552 at various locations on the contact surface 552. Thus, the leg support apparatus 20 provides for a labor saving way by which trees and bushes can be positioned and maintained in the upright position. Additionally, the plant health is increased because the plants are not falling over which can cause damage to plant limbs and roots. This results in a higher survival rate of the trees and bushes supported by the leg support apparatus. Additionally, the leg support apparatus 20 can be repeatedly used year after year, and the numerous problems associated with the use of cinder blocks and other labor intensive methods is eliminated. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that while a leg support apparatus for trees and bushes has been described above in connection with particular embodiments and examples, the leg support apparatus for trees and bushes is not necessarily so limited and other embodiments, examples, uses, and modifications and departures from the embodiments, examples, and uses may be made without departing from the leg support for trees and bushes. All of these embodiments are intended to be within the scope and spirit of this invention.	<SOH> BACKGROUND <EOH>In the horticulture industry, trees, bushes, and large plants are delivered from the growers to sales lots. The sales lots may be wholesalers or retailers. A problem exists in the manner by which tree, bushes, and plants are handled in the sales lots. Take for example the root ball of a typical tree, which may be two or more feet in diameter. The root ball is typically wrapped in burlap, and a wire basket surrounds the burlap. The tree has a tendency flip over because it is top heavy and because of the round shape of the root ball. The tree is thus damaged when it tips over and impacts the ground. To solve the problems associated with trees tipping over, the nursery industry uses cinder blocks. The cinder blocks can weigh between twenty and thirty pounds and are manually positioned around the root ball. The cinder blocks are used for supporting the root ball such that the tree or bush is forced to stand upright. However, there are numerous problems associated with the use of cinder blocks. First, the nursery must maintain a good supply of heavy blocks in stock. This occupies precious space and creates a hazard when new plants and bushes arrive, because the cinder blocks are constantly in the way. Additionally, heavy equipment is needed to move large quantities of the blocks. Cinder blocks are relatively brittle and have a tendency to break when dropped. As a result, a nursery can use thousands of cinder blocks in a typical planting season. Then there are the significant problems associated with manually handling the blocks. Workers can and do strain their backs, cut their hands on the blocks, and drop blocks on their feet. To make matter worse, even with the use of cinder blocks, the top heavy trees can still topple over. For example, if a wind comes up the tree, will fall over since it cannot withstand the wind load. The result is damaged trees and large inventory losses. It is further noted that sometimes the tree/plant arrives in a cylindrical/truncated cone shaped container or pot. Even when the plant/tree is in a container or pot, it still has a tendency to tip over because it is top heavy. Thus, the use of containers or pots does not solve the problem of plants tipping over. Thus, there is a need for a better apparatus and methodology of supporting unplanted trees, bushes, and plants. It would be desirable if the apparatus was light weight, easy to make and use, and inexpensive. It would also be desirable if the device was compact and durable so that it can be reused.	<SOH> SUMMARY <EOH>The present leg support apparatus solves the problems associated with the use of cinderblocks. In a first embodiment, the leg support apparatus comprises a leg having a first support and a second support. The second support is perpendicular to the first support. Thus, the leg has a generally T-shaped cross section. The leg comprises a pivot end defining a pivot pin hole and a spike end from which a spike extends. A spike extends from the spike end of the leg, and the spike is used for engaging the wire basket that surrounds a root ball or is used for engaging the rim of plant container. A base is provided having a lug side, a cleat or ground contact side, and a surrounding wall connecting between the lug side and ground contact side is provided. Lugs extend from the lug side and the lugs define lug holes. A pivot pin is provided. The pivot pin is received in the lug holes and the pivot pin hole in the leg and is used for pivotally connecting the lugs to the leg. A hinged connection is thus formed between the base and the leg. The base further comprises a leg recess defined in the lug side of the base and between the lugs. The leg recess is used for allowing the leg to be pivoted relative to the base. The base also defines an opening that is used for receiving a ground stake therethrough. This allows the base to be staked to the ground if necessary with a ground stake. The spike end of the leg comprises a bend and a bent portion. The bent portion has a contact surface and the spike extends from the contact surface. In one embodiment, the contact surface may be at about a sixty degree angle to the first support. The leg support apparatus can comprise plastics, epoxies, metals, metal alloys, wood, and combinations thereof. The leg support apparatus is made by providing a leg comprising a first support and a second support such that the second support is perpendicular to the first support. The leg is provided with a pivot end and a spike end. A base is provided having a lug side, a ground contact side, and a surrounding wall connecting between the lug side and ground contact side. Lugs are formed on the lug side of the base. A pin is provided and used for pivotally connecting the lugs to the leg. A spike extends from the spike end of the leg. In a second embodiment the leg support apparatus has a leg having a recess which receives a connecting stake. A planting stake connects to the connecting stake a guy rope is used to tie the tree to the planting stake. The tree can be both anchored and staked. In a third embodiment, there is a hinged connection between the base and leg and the spike extends directly out of the spike end of the leg. In a fourth embodiment, a leg support apparatus comprises a body having a leg and a rocker bottom base. The leg extends from the rocker bottom base. The rocker bottom base has a ground contact side that has a curved shape or rocker shape. Grips are formed in the ground contacting side and used for allowing the leg support apparatus to grip the ground. A spike extends from the spike end of the leg and the spike is formed integral with the spike end. The spike used for used for engaging the wire basket surrounding a root ball or lip of a container. In a fifth embodiment, the leg support apparatus comprises a body having rocker bottom base and a leg. The leg has a bend in it and a plurality of spikes extending from the leg. In a sixth embodiment the leg support apparatus comprises a body having a leg that extends from a rocker bottom base. The rocker bottom base is formed such that it has cleats.	20040521	20070417	20050526	94134.0		0	PALO, FRANCIS T	LEG SUPPORT APPARATUS FOR TREES AND BUSHES	SMALL	0	ACCEPTED		2,004
10,851,839	ACCEPTED	Grounding of electrical structures	Placement of a conductive polymer composition grounding material at frequent points in an integrated electric transmission and distribution system to minimize transmission of harmonics and the resulting electrical losses is described.	1. A method of grounding integrated electrical transmission and distribution systems comprising the step of providing a ground contact area of at least 750 in2 using a conductive polymer composition at one or more transformer structures in the distribution system. 2. The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of providing a ground contact area of at least 750 in2 using a conductive polymer composition at one or more primary switch structures in the distribution system. 3. The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of providing a ground contact area of at least 750 in2 using a conductive polymer composition at one or more primary metering structures in the distribution system. 4. The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of providing a ground contact area of at least 750 in2 using a conductive polymer composition at one or more lightening arrestor structures in the distribution system. 5. The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of providing a ground contact area of at least 750 in using a conductive polymer composition at one or more capacitor bank structures in the distribution system. 6. The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of providing a ground contact area of at least 750 in2 using a conductive polymer composition at one or more relay structures in the distribution system. 7. The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of providing a ground contact area of at least 750 in2 using a conductive polymer composition at one or more automatic switch structures in the distribution system. 8. The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of providing a ground contact area of at least 750 in2 using a conductive polymer composition at one or more of: at least one switch structure in the distribution system; at least one metering structure in the distribution system; at least one lightening arrestor structure in the distribution system; at least one capacitor bank structure in the distribution system; at least one relay structure in the distribution system; and, at least one automatic switch structure in the distribution system. 9. The method of claim 1 wherein said at one or more transformer structures comprises at least 25% of said transformer structures in the distribution system. 10. The method of claim 9 wherein said at one or more transformer structures comprises at least 50% of said transformer structures in the distribution system. 11. The method of claim 10 wherein said at one or more transformer structures comprises substantially all of said transformer structures in the distribution system. 12. The method of claim 10 wherein said at one or more transformer structures comprises all of said transformer structures in the distribution system. 13. The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of providing a ground contact area of at least 750 in2 using a conductive polymer composition at one or more structures in the transmission system. 14. The method of claim 12 further comprising the step of providing a ground contact area of at least 750 in2 using a conductive polymer composition at substantially all of said structures in the transmission system. 15. The method of claim 12 further comprising the step of providing a ground contact area of at least 750 in2 using a conductive polymer composition at all structures in the transmission system. 16. A method of grounding integrated electrical transmission and distribution systems comprising the step of providing a ground contact area of at least 750 in2 using a conductive polymer composition at one or more structures in the transmission system. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein said one or more structures in the transmission system comprises all structures in the transmission system. 18. A method of grounding integrated electrical transmission and distribution systems comprising the step of providing a ground contact area of at least 750 in2 using a conductive polymer composition at one or more transformer structure in the distribution system, said conductive polymer composition comprising polyurethane. 19. The method of claim 18 wherein said polymer composition comprising polyurethane is formed by combining polyisocyanate, an organic alcohol component, an asphaltic component, a liquid water-immiscible component in an amount effective to allow formation of a foam in the presence of water, a catalyst, a non-ionic surfactant, a flame retardant, and a conductive material. 20. The method of claim 19 wherein said polymer composition is formed by combining about 30-50% 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate; about 0.01-30% of an asphaltic component; about 15-35% of amine phenolic or polyether polyol or combination of both; about 4-15% of a water-immiscible component; up to about 2% silicone glycolcopolymer; less than 1% water; up to about 1% catalyst selected from the group consisting of amine-based catalyst, tin-based catalyst, and a mixture of amine-based catalyst and tin-based catalyst; up to about 2% flame retardant and from about 1-20% of the conductive material. 21. The method of claim 19 wherein said conductive material is selected from the group consisting of TMAI, organic salts, inorganic salts, conjugated organic compounds, carbon particles, carbon fibers, metal filings, fullerene-based materials, single wall nanotubes, multiwall nanotubes, nanotube composites, and any combination thereof.	TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates generally to an improved method of grounding of electrical structures using rigid foam polyurethane resin compositions. It more particularly relates to the improvement of the resulting electrical ground using the compositions which also permit the setting or resetting of the electrical structure. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This invention is an improvement in the methods of setting or resetting electrical structures, while simultaneously improving the electrical grounding of the same. line protection of poles or encapsulation of pole treatment chemicals and enhancement of the strength to density ratio, of rigid foam polyurethane resins formed in-situ. The improvement resides in the use of compositions having electrical conductivity. The resulting electrical contact surface area of the pole to the earth is greatly enhanced relative to conventional grounding techniques. The present invention is an improvement in the technology disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,968,657 to Hannay, U.S. Pat. No. 5,466,094 to Kirby et al., U.S. Pat. No. 3,564,859 to Goodman, U.S. Pat. No. 3,403,520 to Goodman, and U.S. Pat. No. 4,966,497 to Kirby which describe related methods for resetting poles with foam plastic. It is also an improvement over published U.S. application No. 2003/0210959 A1 of Hannay et al, which discusses improved grounding using foam polyurethane compositions. The entire disclosures of U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,968,657, 3,564,859, 3,403,520, 4,966,497, 5,466,094, and published U.S. application No. 2003/0210959 A1 are incorporated by reference as though fully set out herein. In brief, U.S. Pat. No. 3,403,520 describes a method of setting pole forms in the ground by making a hole which is only slightly larger than the butt of the pole to be placed in the hole, placing the pole in the hole in the desired position, partially filling the hole with a reactive component mixture with a synthetic resin and a blowing agent and permitting the reaction to complete so as to expand the resinous foam into all the space between the pole and the sides of the hole. The expanded resinous foam adheres to and seals the surface of the embedded section of the pole protecting it from moisture, chemicals and rodents and sets the pole in the hole. The expanding resinous foam fills all the voids, surfaces, crevices and notches in the sides and bottom of the hole. U.S. Pat. No. 3,564,859 describes a procedure for straightening and refilling the hole. It utilizes the same method as U.S. Pat. No. 3,403,520 for producing foam and for filling voids resulting when an existing installed pole has been realigned after it has been canted or tilted. U.S. Pat. No. 3,968,657 was an improvement upon the in-situ reaction chemistry used to prepare the backfill material. The '657 patent disclosed the addition of a non-volatile water-immiscible material to the mixture so that properties of the resultant product are not affected excessively in the presence of groundwater. A further improvement in the backfill-forming chemistry was described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,966,497. The '497 patent describes a procedure that is an improvement on the above methods because halogenated hydrocarbon blowing agents, more particularly chlorofluorocarbons, are not required. Further, the composition decreased the cost per unit of the polyurethane foam. U.S. Pat. No. 5,466,094 represented another improvement pole setting or resetting compositions and methods. In the '094 patent, the polyurethane forming chemistry was modified by stabilizing the highly reactive isocyanate component by pre-reaction to form a prepolymer. Published U.S. application No. 2003/0210959 A1 describes how resetting pole compositions can be used to enhance grounding generally. However, given the proliferation of sensitive electronic circuitry of modem devices such as the personal computer, there remains a need to efficiently ground electrical structures in such a way that optimally removes harmonic components which lead to harmonic distortion. All of the aforementioned patents are devoid of any teaching which describes a backfill composition or method which simultaneously sets or resets an electrical structure and aids in the electrical grounding of the structure. A good ground connection effectively directs the excessive current from a lightening strike to the ground. Proper grounding also helps to insure the quality of the power being transmitted by helping to eliminate or minimize voltage spikes and interference such as RF signals from adversely affecting sensitive electronic equipment. The present invention simultaneously improves the stability and grounding of modem electrical structures and transmission lines. Electrical systems in the United States use the crust of the earth as part of the return conductor. The grounded, system neutral protects the phase conductors from excessive amperage and voltage as well as to help balance phase voltage and harmonics. Continuously grounded “static” shield wire's purpose is to get the excessive current of a lightening strike into the ground as soon as possible to avoid damage to the shielding conductors, and the buildup of excessive unbalanced voltage on the phases. Good grounding is particularly important today with the sophisticated electronic equipment currently widespread. Additionally, good grounding helps to minimize service interruptions. The need for good backfill materials to set and reset electrical line structures has been known for quite some time and good progress has been made in this area. By making any of the currently used backfill materials conductive and optimally placing such materials, the surface area “connected” to the earth can be greatly enhanced, and harmonic distortion can be significantly reduced. For instance, the typical method of connecting to the earth is a 5/8ths inch×10 foot ground rod driven into the earth. This method has a surface area of 235 in2. A 10 inch×10 inch copper plate has a surface area of 100 in2. A butt wrap ground of No. 6 copper wire, 20 feet long, wrapped around the pole will give a surface area of 75 in2. This is compared to the surface area of a backfill, which is an approximately 20 inch diameter hole, 6 feet deep, giving a surface area in contact with the earth of up to 4500 in2 which is 19 and 60 times bigger respectively. Therefore, the electrical contact with the ground is increased. This is important in the areas of poor soil conductivity. As was discussed above, U.S. Pat. No. 4,966,497 teaches the use of using a modified urethane as a pole backfill material. By expanding the physical properties of this backfill material to include electrically conductive capabilities, the surface area and abilities of the grounding are vastly improved to include electrical ground in addition to physical grounding. Electrical losses in transmission and distribution are proportional to the square of the current multiplied by the impedance. For this reason, it is advantageous for electrical transmission lines to operate at a high voltage, low current mode to minimize losses. Given a constant impedance, current and voltage are directly proportional; a decrease in one is compensated by a proportional increase in the other. Hence, transmission is optimally performed in a high voltage, low current mode. Prior to use, however, this must be transformed to a low voltage source as almost all equipment would be destroyed by the high voltages used in transmission. Proper grounding of the electrical transmission at optimal locations, can be used to efficiently reduce and sometimes eliminate harmonic components which lead to harmonic distortion. Grounding is an important “safety valve” of an electrical system, protecting both the system and persons working on the system. Proper grounding is important for a number of reasons. All electrical equipment requires grounding because of possible short circuits within the system. Electrical sensors, such as relays require a reference, which is oftentimes ground. Harmonics created by semiconductor equipment and unbalanced loads depend upon good ground to stabilize the system. The standard AC system in the U.S. operates at 60 cycles/second (Hz). Harmonics are additional cycles superimposed on the 60 Hz cycle curve. The total load comprises the basic sine wave of the expected system load plus the harmonics generated, resulting in a much larger total than the expected load. Harmonics are oftentimes caused by unbalanced loads; such as produced by single phase motors, temporary faults on the line or equipment and by the use of semiconductors, etc. Harmonics can be reduced substantially by a strong ground as close to the load as possible. BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention is directed to a method of grounding structures in integrated electrical transmission and distribution systems. Some embodiments of the invention follow. In one embodiment of the present invention, there is a method of grounding integrated electrical transmission and distribution systems comprising the step of providing a ground contact area of at least 750 in2 using a conductive polymer composition at one or more transformer structures in the distribution system. In one embodiment, the method further comprises the step of providing a ground contact area of at least 750 in2 using a conductive polymer composition at one or more primary switch structures in the distribution system. In one embodiment, the method further comprises the step of providing a ground contact area of at least 750 in2 using a conductive polymer composition at one or more primary metering structures in the distribution system. In one embodiment, the method further comprises the step of providing a ground contact area of at least 750 in2 using a conductive polymer composition at one or more lightening arrestor structures in the distribution system. In one embodiment, the method further comprises the step of providing a ground contact area of at least 750 in2 using a conductive polymer composition at one or more capacitor bank structures in the distribution system. In one embodiment, the method further comprises the step of providing a ground contact area of at least 750 in2 using a conductive polymer composition at one or more relay structures in the distribution system. In one embodiment, the method further comprises the step of providing a ground contact area of at least 750 in2 using a conductive polymer composition at one or more automatic switch structures in the distribution system. In one embodiment, the method further comprises the step of providing a ground contact area of at least 750 in2 using a conductive polymer composition at one or more of: at least one switch structure in the distribution system; at least one metering structure in the distribution system; at least one lightening arrestor structure in the distribution system; at least one capacitor bank structure in the distribution system; at least one relay structure in the distribution system; and, at least one automatic switch structure in the distribution system. In one embodiment of the method of grounding integrated electrical transmission and distribution systems comprising the step of providing a ground contact area of at least 750 in2 using a conductive polymer composition at one or more transformer structures in the distribution system, the one or more transformer structures comprises at least 25% of said transformer structures in the distribution system. In one embodiment of the method of grounding integrated electrical transmission and distribution systems comprising the step of providing a ground contact area of at least 750 in2 using a conductive polymer composition at one or more transformer structures in the distribution system, the one or more transformer structures comprises at least 50% of said transformer structures in the distribution system. In one embodiment of the method of grounding integrated electrical transmission and distribution systems comprising the step of providing a ground contact area of at least 750 in2 using a conductive polymer composition at one or more transformer structures in the distribution system, the one or more transformer structures comprises substantially all of the transformer structures in the distribution system. In one embodiment of the method of grounding integrated electrical transmission and distribution systems comprising the step of providing a ground contact area of at least 750 in2 using a conductive polymer composition at one or more transformer structures in the distribution system, the one or more transformer structures comprises all of said transformer structures in the distribution system. In one embodiment of the method of grounding integrated electrical transmission and distribution systems comprising the step of providing a ground contact area of at least 750 in2 using a conductive polymer composition at one or more transformer structures in the distribution system, the method further comprises the step of providing a ground contact area of at least 750 in2 using a conductive polymer composition at one or more structures in the transmission system. In one embodiment of the method of grounding integrated electrical transmission and distribution systems comprising the step of providing a ground contact area of at least 750 in2 using a conductive polymer composition at one or more transformer structures in the distribution system, the method further comprises the step of providing a ground contact area of at least 750 in using a conductive polymer composition at substantially all of said structures in the transmission system. In one embodiment of the present invention, there is a method of grounding integrated electrical transmission and distribution systems comprising the step of providing a ground contact area of at least 750 in2 using a conductive polymer composition at one or more structures in the transmission system. In one embodiment, there is a method of grounding integrated electrical transmission and distribution systems comprising the step of providing a ground contact area of at least 750 in2 using a conductive polymer composition at all structures in the transmission system In another embodiment of the present invention, there is a method of grounding integrated electrical transmission and distribution systems comprising the step of providing a ground contact area of at least 750 in2 using a conductive polymer composition at one or more transformer structure in the distribution system, the conductive polymer composition comprising polyurethane. In one embodiment, the polymer composition comprising polyurethane is formed by combining polyisocyanate, an organic alcohol component, an asphaltic component, a liquid water-immiscible component in an amount effective to allow formation of a foam in the presence of water, a catalyst, a non-ionic surfactant, a flame retardant, and a conductive material. In one embodiment, the polymer composition is formed by combining about 30-50% 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate; about 0.01-30% of an asphaltic component; about 15-35% of amine phenolic or polyether polyol or combination of both; about 4-15% of a water-immiscible component; up to about 2% silicone glycolcopolymer; less than 1% water; up to about 1% catalyst selected from the group consisting of amine-based catalyst, tin-based catalyst, and a mixture of amine-based catalyst and tin-based catalyst; up to about 2% flame retardant and from about 1-20% of the conductive material. In one embodiment, the conductive material is selected from the group consisting of tetramethylammonium iodide (TMAI), organic salts, inorganic salts, conjugated organic compounds, carbon particles, carbon fibers, metal filings, fullerene-based materials, single wall nanotubes, multiwall nanotubes, nanotube composites, and any combination thereof. The foregoing has outlined rather broadly the features and technical advantages of the present invention in order that the detailed description of the invention that follows may be better understood. Additional features and advantages of the invention will be described hereinafter which form the subject of the claims of the invention. It should be appreciated that the conception and specific embodiment disclosed may be readily utilized as a basis for modifying or designing other structures for carrying out the same purposes of the present invention. It should also be realized that such equivalent constructions do not depart from the invention as set forth in the appended claims. The novel features which are believed to be characteristic of the invention, both as to its organization and method of operation, together with further objects and advantages will be better understood from the following description when considered in connection with the accompanying figures. It is to be expressly understood, however, that each of the figures is provided for the purpose of illustration and description only and is not intended as a definition of the limits of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION As used herein, “a” or “an” means one or more. As used herein, the term “amine-based catalyst” means any catalytic compound having at least one amino function. Examples include, but are not limited to, aminophenol and triethylamine. As used herein, “asphalt” or “asphaltic component” is defined by its customary meaning, being a solid or semisolid mixture comprising bitumens obtained from native deposits or petroleum or by-products of petroleum or petroleum related industry processes. It consists of one or more hydrocarbons of greater than about sixteen carbon atoms. As used herein, the term “asphaltic component” means a composition comprising asphalt. Non-limiting examples of a commercial “asphalt” or “asphaltic component” include ChevronPhillips H.P.O. 830 and ExxonMobil S2. As used herein in reference to the polymer composition, the term “conductive” means having a capacity to transfer electrons through the material. As used herein, the term “integrated electrical transmission and distribution system” refers to any electrical system in which an electrical transmission system is in contact with an electrical distribution system. “Transmission” and “distribution” have their ordinary meanings as known to one of ordinary skill in the art. As used herein, the term “organic alcohol component” means a composition comprising a component having the formula R—(OH)n where n is at least one. Organic alcohol components can be simple alcohols or polyols. As used herein, “TMAI” means tetramethylammonium iodide. As used herein, the term “tin-based catalyst” means any catalytic compound having at least one tin atom. Examples include, but are not limited to, dibutyl tin and diethyl tin. As defined herein, “water-immiscible” means that the solubility in water at about 70° F. is less than about 5 grams per 100 grams of water and preferably less than about 1 gram per 100 grams of water. The term “water-immiscible component” means any liquid material meeting the above-specified solubility requirement, but most preferably means aromatic solvents or mixtures thereof, such as those comprising toluene or xylenes, etc. A non-limiting example of a commercial “water-immiscible component” includes ExxonMobil SC150. All percentages recited herein are percent by weight unless indicated otherwise. Structural foundations are to transfer loads, in the case of electrical structures, from some place above the ground into the soil. This transfer of load into the soil is dependent upon the strength of the soil and the size of the area that accepts the load. In general, for a utility wood pole foundation, it has been established that the embedded area (hole) required to support a pole is 10% of the height of the structure plus an additional two feet. (60 cm). The more uniform or undisturbed the soil is at the pole/soil interface, the less deflection of the structure will occur. Conductive polymer compositions used for grounding provides an ideal medium to transfer the load because of its total uniformity and its intimate contact with the soil. Because of these attributes, the soil is loaded uniformly and the structure will support more load with less ground line defection. The requirements for the backfilling foundations on structures supporting aerial loads makes them a prime candidate for using foam and when the backfill is electrically conductive, the foam serves two functions; supporting the structure and grounding the structure. Many of such compositions have the benefit of corrosion protection of the portion of the structure with which they contact. Conductive polymer compositions would benefit several kinds of structures, such as wood poles, concrete poles, metal poles and fiberglass poles, etc. In addition, the combination of structure types such as those with concrete lower sections and steel upper sections would be good candidates. Another plus with the pre-cast concrete foundation is that it can be “foamed” in place as the hole is excavated, therefore eliminating the problems of needing anchor bolt alignment and rebar placement while trying to pour the concrete at the same time. Other variations of foundation installation might include pre-casting concrete tubes with anchor bolts assemblies cast into the concrete tubes. The tube is trucked to the power line right of way and rolled to its final location. The hole is then excavated and the concrete tube is lowered into the hole, aligned and “foamed” in place with the conductive foam. The excavated spoils are then placed inside the pre-cast tube before the structure itself is attached to the pre-cast concrete tube. This method eliminates a great deal of right of way clean up. It must be noted, that in using fiberglass and concrete embedment of any type, it would be expedient to place a ground wire into the annulus so the conductive foam can make a connection to the structure and system neutral. Also, it may be beneficial in some cases to place a ground rod in the composition either before the composition is installed or after the composition is in place. After the composition has been installed, a ground rod may simply be driven into the composition. This greatly expands the contact area of the ground rod. The process of producing conductive polymer composition can be realized by dispersing conductive materials compatible with the modified urethane foam system. Preferably, these materials are innately conducting. It has been found that the conductive materials disclosed herein provide continuous electrical pathways through the polymer matrices generally, and particularly through urethane foam, giving such polymer matrices properties similar to commonly used conductors. Any number of conductive materials are applicable in the present invention. In one possible system, TMAI is homogeneously dispersed or dissolved throughout the polymer matrix, resulting in a conducting polymer. TMAI also may be used as a doping and coupling agent. Other salts are also possible, particularly those having organic moieties and possessing formal charge. Alternatively, any organic or inorganic salt which imparts conductivity to the polymer matrix is within the scope of the present invention. Neutral molecules such as some conjugated organic molecules are also useful. Alternatively or additionally, carbon particles, carbon fibers, or both carbon particles and carbon fibers may be used. An example would be a mixture (preferably 1:1, by weight) of TMAI (or other conductive material) and carbon particles and/or fibers is used. When non-dissolving or partially dissolving particles and/or fibers such as carbon particles and/or fibers are used, the imparted conductivity is optimized as the particles becomes smaller. Ideally, particles of micron-scale dimensions work best. Metals or metal alloys may also be used. Wide dispersal of the conductive material throughout the polymer matrix maximizes conductivity. For example iron, copper, or other metal filings may be used. Alternatively, steel filings may be used. It is also possible to use materials which become conducting in the presence of another material or external stimulus. Alternatively or additionally, fullerene-based materials are preferred conductive materials in the present invention. Single wall nanotubes (SWNT), multiwall nanotubes (MWNT), and nanotube composites may be used separately or together, alone, or in combination with other conductive materials such as carbon black, carbon particles, carbon fibers, metal particles, metal alloy particles, etc. The single wall nanotubes, multiwall nanotubes, and nanotube composites may be of any purity and physical dimensions which renders the polymer composition conductive. Fullerenes, such as C60, C70, C64, C84, as well as the higher fullerenes may also be used. Also, derivatized fullerenes may be used. Single wall nanotubes preferably have diameters ranging from approximately 0.7 to 2 nanometers. Multiwall nanotubes preferably have diameters ranging from approximately 10 to approximately 300 nm. Preferably, when single wall nanotubes are used, they at levels of from approximately 0.1-6% of the composition. Also, preferably, when the multiwall nanotubes are used, they are at levels of from approximately 1-8% of the composition. When multiwall nanotubes are used, it is preferable that approximately 80% of the multiwall nanotube have dimensions of approximately 10 to 30 nm in diameter and approximately 1 to 10 microns in length. When single wall nanotubes are used, it is preferable that approximately 30% of the single wall nanotubes have dimensions of approximately 0.7 to 1.2 nm in diameter and approximately 2 to 20 microns in length. Although specific examples have been offered in this discussion, it should be clear to one of ordinary skill in the art that any conductive material, compatible with the composition matrix can be used to enhance grounding of the equipment in question. A wide variety of polymers are useful as the polymer matrix in the present invention. These can be polyesters, polyamides, polyolefins, as well as others. Preferably, polyurethane foam is used as the polymer matrix. Although the examples focus on polyurethane foam, it should be understood that any suitable polymer matrix loaded with conductive material is useful in the present invention. Although any conductive polymers and conductive polymer compositions are amenable to the invention, that found to be preferred in the present invention is a polyurethane foam composition. There are standard methods known in the art for the production of polyurethane foam compositions. Polyurethane foam may be produced by reacting a polyisocyanate with a group containing active hydrogen such as a polyol. A polyisocyanate, such as OCN—R—NCO (containing the organic radical —R—) reacts with an organic alcohol molecule such as one represented by the general formula R—(OH)n, where n is at least one, a low molecular weight and liquid resinous material containing a long chain organic radical —R— (polyester radical chain, for example) and having groups containing active hydrogen atoms such as the OH groups. The organic alcohol can be a simple alcohol or a polyol. The polyisocyanate serves two functions; first as a resin reactant to link two or more molecules of resin (OH—R—OH) to form a larger molecule of solid resin; and second, to react with polyisocyanate to form gaseous CO2 which serves as the blowing agent causing foam formation. Illustrative examples of the polyisocyanate include polymeric diphenylmethyl diisocyanate, and others. An illustrative example of the polyol is 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate. Other specific compounds may be used in each case. The conductive material may be introduced in any way into the final polymer matrix. Ideally, the dispersed conductive material is introduced as a homogenous solution or mixture with one or more of the individual reactants which form the polymer in-situ at the reinforcement location. Preferably, in the case of polyurethane foams, the dispersed conductive material is introduced as a homogeneous solution or a mixture of the 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate. It may also be alternatively introduced as a homogeneous solution or mixture of any of the other reactant components. Alternatively, the conductive material may be added to the fully prepared polymer at some point prior to introduction of the polymer into the reinforcement location. The steps of dispersing the conductive material throughout the polymer composition and applying the polymer composition to the pole or the like may be performed simultaneously or sequentially. Preferably, the step of dispersing is performed before the step of applying, however, alternatively, the step of applying may be performed before the step of dispersing or the two steps may be performed simultaneously. Doping and coupling agents may be used in the present invention to modify and/or improve performance. Non-limiting examples of these include tetramethylammonium iodide, crown ethers, and ligands. A non-limiting example of a crown ether is 18-crown-6. The conductive material may be of any nature and the physical dimensions may vary so long as the polymer matrix is rendered conductive. Preferably, the conductive material is fine particulate material. The particles are preferably of micron-scale dimensions. However, materials of larger dimensions may be used. Carbon fiber up to 0.25 inches in length establish electrical pathways through the carbon particles which accumulate around the cell wall and tie the carbon particles together so as to establish the electrical pathway. Any dimensions are suitable so long as the addition forms a homogenous, widely dispersed mixture. The only requirement is that the addition of the conductive materials renders to the polymer matrix a conductivity greater than that of the neat polymer and greater than earth. The conductive material should be present in an amount of about 0.1% to about 20% of the total weight of the final composition. Preferably, it should be present in a range of from about 0.1% to about 10%. Most preferably, it should be present in a range of from about 0.1% to about 7.5%. The carbon fibers are in the amount of 0.1 to 1%, preferably 0.6%. In the general case for polyurethane foams, the composition is formed in situ by the combination of a polyisocyanate, an organic alcohol component, an asphaltic component, a liquid water-immiscible component in an amount effective to allow formation of a film of sufficient strength for holding the pole in the presence of water, a catalyst, a flame retardant, and a non-ionic surfactant. Preferably, the composition has a density of about 4 to 17 pounds per cubic feet and compression of at least about 30 PSI. By way of non-limiting example, the polyisocyanate may be 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyante, and the organic alcohol component may be amine phenolic or polyether polyol. The liquid water-immiscible component may be any aromatic solvent or any aromatic solvent mixture such as toluene, the various xylenes or mixtures thereof. Preferably, a mixture of xylenes is used, although other aromatic solvents may be used. A commercially available example of this component is ExxonMobil SC150. The asphaltic component may be a commercially available asphalt such as Chevron Phillips H.P.O. 830 or ExxonMobil S2. These commercial materials are merely illustrative examples and are not limiting. Non-limiting examples of the catalyst include aminophenol, and dibutyl tin; and the non-ionic surfactant may be, among others, silicon glycolcopolymer. Doping materials may be crown ethers such as 18-crown-6, and TMAI. It is preferable to include a flame retardant component in the composition described herein. The flame retardant helps in raising the overall flash point of the material for fire and safety. It also helps in the flow ability of the material. An illustrative but non-exhaustive list of flame-retardants include TCPP (tris(1-choloro-2-propyl) phosphate); TDCPP (tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate); and TCEP (tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate). Some illustrative and non-exhaustive commercial examples include Celltech TCEP Flame Retardant, and Fyrol CEF. The following specific example illustrates the modification of a known material with conductive carbon to provide a conductive polymer composition useful in the present invention. The foamable compositions utilized in the present invention can vary widely with the requirements mentioned above. The following is representative of such formulations in which all parts are by weight. Note that the example contains references to specific commercial components are made, however, any equivalent of these components may be substituted therein. Component Range Preferred 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate 30-50% 39.8% Petroleum hydrocarbon Chevron Phillips 5-30% 11.8% H.P.O. 830 Amine phenolic or polyether polyol 20-35% 25% or combination of both Aromatic Solvent ExxonMobil SC150 4-15% 12.6% Silicone glycolcopolymer 0-2% 1.3% Carbon Fiber (at least 0.25 inches long) 0.1-1% 0.6% Water 0-1% 0.20% Aminophenol catalyst 0-1% 0.33% Flame Retardant 0-2% 1.5% 1:1 Mixture of Carbon Black and TMAI 1-20% 7.3% The method of the present invention may also to improve grounding of electrical structures already in place. This method of resetting and grounding an electrical structure is accomplished by creating more surface area on an existing electrical system by excavating a trench away from the structures that are already in place. The trench should be excavated to a depth where the moisture content of the soil is constant. The width of the trench can be wide or narrow, whichever is practical to excavate depending the method used for the excavation. The polymer composition of the present invention is poured or installed in the bottom of the trench along with the copper wire that is encapsulated in the composition and connected to the pole ground and system neutral. Another method of providing supplemental grounding on structures previously in place would be to excavate an area around the structure. Rather than replacing the removed soil, the composition material of the present invention would be installed around the excavated area and would provide additional grounding. The composition and methods described herein can also be used in conjunction with substation ground-mats or grids. After the excavation is completed for the mat/grid and the ground-mat has been installed, 3″-6″ of the composition 1 is placed over the connecting copper wire to increase the area of the grounding mat's connection with the earth. Along the same line, temporary substations, i.e., power transformers on wheels, could best be grounded by auguring numerous holes around the transformer. Adequately sized copper wires that are connected between the temporary transformers and the holes would have conductive material poured over the copper wire that is in the hole, thus enhancing the copper wire to earth connection. Consideration may also be made in areas of high soil resistivity when installing underground cable with the ground wire wound around the cable. (a sheath type of cable). It is beneficial to apply the conductive composition over the conductor in well-spaced intervals which will increase the grounding and also let the cable dissipate heat. This application also improves heat dissipation. The present invention is also applicable to resetting and/or grounding other structures. In particular, buildings ranging from high-rise skyscrapers, mid-level buildings, down to one or two stories houses, etc., may be afforded enhanced foundational support and/or electrical grounding through the use of the present invention. The composition of the present invention is well suited to electrical equipment with single-phase motors. In this way, the backfill material can perform better than a ground rod. The increased area will readily allow the unbalanced (reactive) load to connect with the distribution transformer and/or the power substation through the ground so the load can be balanced through the substation connection (Y−Δ). An important application of the present invention is the removal of harmonics from the electrical system. The standard AC system in the U.S. operates at 60 cycles/second (Hz). Harmonics are additional cycles superimposed on the 60 Hz cycle curve. While systems outside the U.S., such as those in Europe, operate at different frequencies, the effect is similar, and the present invention is applicable. The total load comprises the basic sine wave of the expected system load plus the harmonics generated, resulting in a much larger total than the expected load. Harmonics are oftentimes caused by unbalanced loads; such as produced by single phase motors, temporary faults on the line or equipment and by the use of semiconductors, etc. Harmonics can be eliminated by directing them to the ground on a grounded “Y” of a “Y”-Delta connection at the transformer bank. This requires a strong ground at the transformer bank. As earlier mentioned, good ground is helpful when lightening strikes a utility pole. The speed of discharging a lightening strike minimizes damages to system components. Lightening strikes can be in excess of 50,000 amps, therefore a strong ground is essential to accommodate such high currents. The present invention is applicable to any and all of the aforementioned problems. The use of a conductive polymer material to ground the electrical structure improves the grounding performance of a wide variety of polymer backfill materials useful pole setting and/or resetting agents. This same idea can be applied to reactive loads present along the electrical transmission and distribution lines. To insure that all such loads are properly accounted for, it is preferable that all ground points along the electrical transmission line are grounded with a conductive material such as that described in detail herein. Modem loads in commercial buildings are dominated by fluorescent lights and personal computers, which cause a very high harmonic content, mainly for the third harmonic, which can increase the phase currents by 30% to 40% and in turn combine in the neutral to raise the neutral currents by 50% to 70%. The resulting problems flow on to the utility distribution system, where the losses compound all the way back to the generator unless the utility does something to eliminate the problem along the way. The harmonics in the neutral can be eliminated or greatly reduced by grounding the neutral at the transformer that feeds the load and further reduced at each transformer or neutral ground on the return path back to the generator. A superior method of grounding can substantially reduce these problems. Good grounds on each transmission structure that supports a static wire does a superior job of protection from the buildup of excessive voltage fluctuations on the phase as a result of a lightning strike. It has been found that the excessive current induced in the static will travel both ways from the point of strike. It has also found that after 5 to 10 grounds in each direction, current from the strike has been reduced to zero. Good grounds are additionally necessary for workmen's safety when working on or around high voltage lines. Electrical losses in transmission are equal to I2Z where I is current flowing and Z is the sum of the resistance and the inductance, which are properties of the physical structure. Where neutral current has been raised by 50% for this example, losses without harmonics=(1)2×Z and losses with harmonics=(1.5)2×Z and the Z which governs the system in the case where harmonics are removed is much less than the Z for the path all the way back to the generator. In order to make this test, adequate grounding is needed. A heavy duty neutral ground is needed at the utility pole or other structure which supports the transformers that supply customers, particularly industrial or commercial customers. Adequate grounding, at as many poles and structures as possible, preferably at all such points along the path to the transmission substations and the power plant substations that feed the circuit we are testing. The NESC and NEC have stated that a ¾″×8′ ground rod, driven in undisturbed soil is an adequate ground. It is preferable that the grounding in the present invention be at least this good. However, lightning strikes, heavy secondary services, and requirement for larger neutrals has proven this to be wrong. A #6 wire butt wrapped on a pole is also inadequate for the changed conditions that now exist in utility systems. The ground must be able to conduct the heavy currents from the static in case of lightning to a good connection to ground without significant damage to itself and must be able to give short circuit protection to people and property in buildings with a large capacity service. A small wire (#6) will usually handle the current for the small period of time in which the lightning current will flow, but the ground will not always dissipate the current. The ability to dissipate the current depends on the contact area of the ground wire or rod and the soil. The contact area in square inches for common grounds are: A butt wrapped #6 wire=75 square inches A ⅝×8 ground rod=188 square inches A ⅝×10 ground rod=235 square inches A ¾×10 ground rod=282 square inches One example of grounding material useful in the present invention is with a conductive polymer composition such as the urethane polymer composition herein described. Other grounding materials are also useful in the present invention, provided they have similar or superior conductive properties. Given the urethane polymer composition described herein, or one with comparable conductive properties, a ground contact area of 750 in2 or greater is preferred in the present invention. Typically, a hole is bored out of the earth at or near the structure to be grounded, and an amount of conductive material necessary to result in a contact area of 750 in2 or greater is used. Connections to the structure from the conductive material can be made with a suitable conducting connection, typically #6 copper wire may be used, but other means known to those of ordinary skill in the art are also applicable. The proper grounding of at least one transformer structures in the distribution system is an aspect of the present invention. Additionally, the grounding of one or more other components in the distribution systems is another aspect. These include at least one primary switch structure, at least one primary metering structure, at least one lightening arrestor structure, at least one capacitor bank structure, at least one relay structure, and/or at least one automatic switch structure in the distribution system. The grounding may include the grounding of any combination of one ore more than one of these components in the distribution system. More preferably, the grounding would comprise grounding of at least 25% of the transformer structures in the distribution system. Even more preferably, the grounding would comprise grounding of at least 50% of the transformer structures in the distribution system. Even more preferably, the grounding would comprise grounding of substantially all of the transformer structures in the distribution system. Most preferably, the grounding would comprise grounding every transformer structure in the distribution system. The system would be complemented by grounding of one or more or possibly all structures in the transmission system. The typical system's sequence starts at the generator which has a step up transformer to transmit high voltages through the transmission system by progressing on to a substation that delivers the power to a distribution system that then reduces the voltage back down for customer consumption. All of this produces system impedance which creates the system losses. The electrical customer provides the load on the system. A consequence of additional loads that include florescent lights, computer chips and variable speed motors is the harmonic problems that we now are experiencing. The generator has to provide for the load as well as the losses that occur on the system. If harmonics have raised the neutral current by 50%, then losses in the neutral would be (1)2×Z neutral without the harmonics and (1.5)2 z neutral or 225% with the harmonics. If the harmonics can be eliminated within 10% of the system, then a 22.5% loss in the system without the effect of harmonics would occur in the portion near the load and the 9% of the line not affected by the harmonic losses will remain as is; for the system added to the loss for the 90% of the system that remains unchanged will give a loss of 112.5% on the corrected system. In the absence of adequate grounding and the neutralization of the harmonics, those same losses would be 225%. The grounds that we need to provide will be placed at each transformer ground and at each pole from the load, through each substation from the load to the generator. Although the present invention and its advantages have been described in detail, it should be understood that various changes, substitutions and alterations can be made herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. Moreover, the scope of the present application is not intended to be limited to the particular embodiments of the process, machine, manufacture, composition of matter, means, methods and steps described in the specification. As one of ordinary skill in the art will readily appreciate from the disclosure of the present invention, processes, machines, manufacture, compositions of matter, means, methods, or steps, presently existing or later to be developed that perform substantially the same function or achieve substantially the same result as the corresponding embodiments described herein may be utilized according to the present invention. Accordingly, the appended claims are intended to include within their scope such processes, machines, manufacture, compositions of matter, means, methods, or steps.	<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>This invention is an improvement in the methods of setting or resetting electrical structures, while simultaneously improving the electrical grounding of the same. line protection of poles or encapsulation of pole treatment chemicals and enhancement of the strength to density ratio, of rigid foam polyurethane resins formed in-situ. The improvement resides in the use of compositions having electrical conductivity. The resulting electrical contact surface area of the pole to the earth is greatly enhanced relative to conventional grounding techniques. The present invention is an improvement in the technology disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,968,657 to Hannay, U.S. Pat. No. 5,466,094 to Kirby et al., U.S. Pat. No. 3,564,859 to Goodman, U.S. Pat. No. 3,403,520 to Goodman, and U.S. Pat. No. 4,966,497 to Kirby which describe related methods for resetting poles with foam plastic. It is also an improvement over published U.S. application No. 2003/0210959 A1 of Hannay et al, which discusses improved grounding using foam polyurethane compositions. The entire disclosures of U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,968,657, 3,564,859, 3,403,520, 4,966,497, 5,466,094, and published U.S. application No. 2003/0210959 A1 are incorporated by reference as though fully set out herein. In brief, U.S. Pat. No. 3,403,520 describes a method of setting pole forms in the ground by making a hole which is only slightly larger than the butt of the pole to be placed in the hole, placing the pole in the hole in the desired position, partially filling the hole with a reactive component mixture with a synthetic resin and a blowing agent and permitting the reaction to complete so as to expand the resinous foam into all the space between the pole and the sides of the hole. The expanded resinous foam adheres to and seals the surface of the embedded section of the pole protecting it from moisture, chemicals and rodents and sets the pole in the hole. The expanding resinous foam fills all the voids, surfaces, crevices and notches in the sides and bottom of the hole. U.S. Pat. No. 3,564,859 describes a procedure for straightening and refilling the hole. It utilizes the same method as U.S. Pat. No. 3,403,520 for producing foam and for filling voids resulting when an existing installed pole has been realigned after it has been canted or tilted. U.S. Pat. No. 3,968,657 was an improvement upon the in-situ reaction chemistry used to prepare the backfill material. The '657 patent disclosed the addition of a non-volatile water-immiscible material to the mixture so that properties of the resultant product are not affected excessively in the presence of groundwater. A further improvement in the backfill-forming chemistry was described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,966,497. The '497 patent describes a procedure that is an improvement on the above methods because halogenated hydrocarbon blowing agents, more particularly chlorofluorocarbons, are not required. Further, the composition decreased the cost per unit of the polyurethane foam. U.S. Pat. No. 5,466,094 represented another improvement pole setting or resetting compositions and methods. In the '094 patent, the polyurethane forming chemistry was modified by stabilizing the highly reactive isocyanate component by pre-reaction to form a prepolymer. Published U.S. application No. 2003/0210959 A1 describes how resetting pole compositions can be used to enhance grounding generally. However, given the proliferation of sensitive electronic circuitry of modem devices such as the personal computer, there remains a need to efficiently ground electrical structures in such a way that optimally removes harmonic components which lead to harmonic distortion. All of the aforementioned patents are devoid of any teaching which describes a backfill composition or method which simultaneously sets or resets an electrical structure and aids in the electrical grounding of the structure. A good ground connection effectively directs the excessive current from a lightening strike to the ground. Proper grounding also helps to insure the quality of the power being transmitted by helping to eliminate or minimize voltage spikes and interference such as RF signals from adversely affecting sensitive electronic equipment. The present invention simultaneously improves the stability and grounding of modem electrical structures and transmission lines. Electrical systems in the United States use the crust of the earth as part of the return conductor. The grounded, system neutral protects the phase conductors from excessive amperage and voltage as well as to help balance phase voltage and harmonics. Continuously grounded “static” shield wire's purpose is to get the excessive current of a lightening strike into the ground as soon as possible to avoid damage to the shielding conductors, and the buildup of excessive unbalanced voltage on the phases. Good grounding is particularly important today with the sophisticated electronic equipment currently widespread. Additionally, good grounding helps to minimize service interruptions. The need for good backfill materials to set and reset electrical line structures has been known for quite some time and good progress has been made in this area. By making any of the currently used backfill materials conductive and optimally placing such materials, the surface area “connected” to the earth can be greatly enhanced, and harmonic distortion can be significantly reduced. For instance, the typical method of connecting to the earth is a 5/8ths inch×10 foot ground rod driven into the earth. This method has a surface area of 235 in 2 . A 10 inch×10 inch copper plate has a surface area of 100 in 2 . A butt wrap ground of No. 6 copper wire, 20 feet long, wrapped around the pole will give a surface area of 75 in 2 . This is compared to the surface area of a backfill, which is an approximately 20 inch diameter hole, 6 feet deep, giving a surface area in contact with the earth of up to 4500 in 2 which is 19 and 60 times bigger respectively. Therefore, the electrical contact with the ground is increased. This is important in the areas of poor soil conductivity. As was discussed above, U.S. Pat. No. 4,966,497 teaches the use of using a modified urethane as a pole backfill material. By expanding the physical properties of this backfill material to include electrically conductive capabilities, the surface area and abilities of the grounding are vastly improved to include electrical ground in addition to physical grounding. Electrical losses in transmission and distribution are proportional to the square of the current multiplied by the impedance. For this reason, it is advantageous for electrical transmission lines to operate at a high voltage, low current mode to minimize losses. Given a constant impedance, current and voltage are directly proportional; a decrease in one is compensated by a proportional increase in the other. Hence, transmission is optimally performed in a high voltage, low current mode. Prior to use, however, this must be transformed to a low voltage source as almost all equipment would be destroyed by the high voltages used in transmission. Proper grounding of the electrical transmission at optimal locations, can be used to efficiently reduce and sometimes eliminate harmonic components which lead to harmonic distortion. Grounding is an important “safety valve” of an electrical system, protecting both the system and persons working on the system. Proper grounding is important for a number of reasons. All electrical equipment requires grounding because of possible short circuits within the system. Electrical sensors, such as relays require a reference, which is oftentimes ground. Harmonics created by semiconductor equipment and unbalanced loads depend upon good ground to stabilize the system. The standard AC system in the U.S. operates at 60 cycles/second (Hz). Harmonics are additional cycles superimposed on the 60 Hz cycle curve. The total load comprises the basic sine wave of the expected system load plus the harmonics generated, resulting in a much larger total than the expected load. Harmonics are oftentimes caused by unbalanced loads; such as produced by single phase motors, temporary faults on the line or equipment and by the use of semiconductors, etc. Harmonics can be reduced substantially by a strong ground as close to the load as possible.	<SOH> BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>The present invention is directed to a method of grounding structures in integrated electrical transmission and distribution systems. Some embodiments of the invention follow. In one embodiment of the present invention, there is a method of grounding integrated electrical transmission and distribution systems comprising the step of providing a ground contact area of at least 750 in 2 using a conductive polymer composition at one or more transformer structures in the distribution system. In one embodiment, the method further comprises the step of providing a ground contact area of at least 750 in 2 using a conductive polymer composition at one or more primary switch structures in the distribution system. In one embodiment, the method further comprises the step of providing a ground contact area of at least 750 in 2 using a conductive polymer composition at one or more primary metering structures in the distribution system. In one embodiment, the method further comprises the step of providing a ground contact area of at least 750 in 2 using a conductive polymer composition at one or more lightening arrestor structures in the distribution system. In one embodiment, the method further comprises the step of providing a ground contact area of at least 750 in 2 using a conductive polymer composition at one or more capacitor bank structures in the distribution system. In one embodiment, the method further comprises the step of providing a ground contact area of at least 750 in 2 using a conductive polymer composition at one or more relay structures in the distribution system. In one embodiment, the method further comprises the step of providing a ground contact area of at least 750 in 2 using a conductive polymer composition at one or more automatic switch structures in the distribution system. In one embodiment, the method further comprises the step of providing a ground contact area of at least 750 in 2 using a conductive polymer composition at one or more of: at least one switch structure in the distribution system; at least one metering structure in the distribution system; at least one lightening arrestor structure in the distribution system; at least one capacitor bank structure in the distribution system; at least one relay structure in the distribution system; and, at least one automatic switch structure in the distribution system. In one embodiment of the method of grounding integrated electrical transmission and distribution systems comprising the step of providing a ground contact area of at least 750 in 2 using a conductive polymer composition at one or more transformer structures in the distribution system, the one or more transformer structures comprises at least 25% of said transformer structures in the distribution system. In one embodiment of the method of grounding integrated electrical transmission and distribution systems comprising the step of providing a ground contact area of at least 750 in 2 using a conductive polymer composition at one or more transformer structures in the distribution system, the one or more transformer structures comprises at least 50% of said transformer structures in the distribution system. In one embodiment of the method of grounding integrated electrical transmission and distribution systems comprising the step of providing a ground contact area of at least 750 in 2 using a conductive polymer composition at one or more transformer structures in the distribution system, the one or more transformer structures comprises substantially all of the transformer structures in the distribution system. In one embodiment of the method of grounding integrated electrical transmission and distribution systems comprising the step of providing a ground contact area of at least 750 in 2 using a conductive polymer composition at one or more transformer structures in the distribution system, the one or more transformer structures comprises all of said transformer structures in the distribution system. In one embodiment of the method of grounding integrated electrical transmission and distribution systems comprising the step of providing a ground contact area of at least 750 in 2 using a conductive polymer composition at one or more transformer structures in the distribution system, the method further comprises the step of providing a ground contact area of at least 750 in 2 using a conductive polymer composition at one or more structures in the transmission system. In one embodiment of the method of grounding integrated electrical transmission and distribution systems comprising the step of providing a ground contact area of at least 750 in 2 using a conductive polymer composition at one or more transformer structures in the distribution system, the method further comprises the step of providing a ground contact area of at least 750 in using a conductive polymer composition at substantially all of said structures in the transmission system. In one embodiment of the present invention, there is a method of grounding integrated electrical transmission and distribution systems comprising the step of providing a ground contact area of at least 750 in 2 using a conductive polymer composition at one or more structures in the transmission system. In one embodiment, there is a method of grounding integrated electrical transmission and distribution systems comprising the step of providing a ground contact area of at least 750 in 2 using a conductive polymer composition at all structures in the transmission system In another embodiment of the present invention, there is a method of grounding integrated electrical transmission and distribution systems comprising the step of providing a ground contact area of at least 750 in 2 using a conductive polymer composition at one or more transformer structure in the distribution system, the conductive polymer composition comprising polyurethane. In one embodiment, the polymer composition comprising polyurethane is formed by combining polyisocyanate, an organic alcohol component, an asphaltic component, a liquid water-immiscible component in an amount effective to allow formation of a foam in the presence of water, a catalyst, a non-ionic surfactant, a flame retardant, and a conductive material. In one embodiment, the polymer composition is formed by combining about 30-50% 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate; about 0.01-30% of an asphaltic component; about 15-35% of amine phenolic or polyether polyol or combination of both; about 4-15% of a water-immiscible component; up to about 2% silicone glycolcopolymer; less than 1% water; up to about 1% catalyst selected from the group consisting of amine-based catalyst, tin-based catalyst, and a mixture of amine-based catalyst and tin-based catalyst; up to about 2% flame retardant and from about 1-20% of the conductive material. In one embodiment, the conductive material is selected from the group consisting of tetramethylammonium iodide (TMAI), organic salts, inorganic salts, conjugated organic compounds, carbon particles, carbon fibers, metal filings, fullerene-based materials, single wall nanotubes, multiwall nanotubes, nanotube composites, and any combination thereof. The foregoing has outlined rather broadly the features and technical advantages of the present invention in order that the detailed description of the invention that follows may be better understood. Additional features and advantages of the invention will be described hereinafter which form the subject of the claims of the invention. It should be appreciated that the conception and specific embodiment disclosed may be readily utilized as a basis for modifying or designing other structures for carrying out the same purposes of the present invention. It should also be realized that such equivalent constructions do not depart from the invention as set forth in the appended claims. The novel features which are believed to be characteristic of the invention, both as to its organization and method of operation, together with further objects and advantages will be better understood from the following description when considered in connection with the accompanying figures. It is to be expressly understood, however, that each of the figures is provided for the purpose of illustration and description only and is not intended as a definition of the limits of the present invention. detailed-description description="Detailed Description" end="lead"?	20040521	20070612	20051124	95717.0		0	JACKSON, STEPHEN W	GROUNDING OF ELECTRICAL STRUCTURES	SMALL	0	ACCEPTED		2,004
10,851,858	ACCEPTED	Weight-optimized portable oxygen concentrator	System for producing an oxygen-rich gas comprising (a) a primary gas mover including a first and a second compressor, wherein the primary gas mover is characterized by a weight Wp; (b) a drive motor adapted to drive the first and second compressors; (c) a rechargeable power supply characterized by a weight, Wb; and (d) a pressure/vacuum swing adsorption unit adapted to separate the pressurized feed air into an oxygen-rich product at a product flow rate Fp and an oxygen-depleted waste gas, wherein the adsorption unit comprises a plurality of adsorber beds containing an adsorbent and characterized by a total adsorbent weight Wa; and wherein the combined weight, Wt, of the adsorbent, the primary gas mover, and the rechargeable power supply is characterized by the expression 0.75 Fp<Wt<2.02 Fp where Fp is in liters per min (at 23° C. and 1 atma pressure), and Wa, Wp, and Wb are in pounds.	1. A system for producing an oxygen-rich gas comprising (a) a primary gas mover including a first compressor adapted to compress atmospheric air to provide pressurized feed air and a second compressor adapted to compress a waste gas from subatmospheric pressure to atmospheric pressure, wherein the primary gas mover is characterized by a weight Wp; (b) a drive motor adapted to drive the first and second compressors; (c) a rechargeable power supply adapted to supply power to the drive motor, wherein the rechargeable power supply is characterized by a weight Wb; and (d) a pressure/vacuum swing adsorption unit adapted to separate the pressurized feed air into an oxygen-rich product at a product flow rate Fp and an oxygen-depleted waste gas, wherein the adsorption unit comprises a plurality of adsorber beds containing an adsorbent, wherein the total amount of the adsorbent contained in the adsorber beds is characterized by a total adsorbent weight Wa; wherein the combined weight, Wt, of the adsorbent, the primary gas mover, and the rechargeable power supply is characterized by the expression 0.75 Fp<Wt<2.02 Fp where Fp is in liters per min (at 23° C. and 1 atma pressure) and Wa, Wp, and Wb are in pounds. 2. The system of claim 1 wherein the battery is characterized by an operating run time in hours, tr, between maximum and minimum working charge, and wherein the system is further characterized by any of the expressions 0.21 Fp<Wa<0.61 Fp, 0.36 Fp<Wp<0.70 Fp, 0.18 Fp<Wb<0.71 Fp, and 0.10 Fp tr<Wb<0.40 Fp tr. 3. The system of claim 1 wherein the plurality of adsorber beds comprises four or more beds. 4. The system of claim 3 wherein the plurality of adsorber beds consists of four beds. 5. The system of claim 1 wherein each of the first and second compressors are selected from the group consisting of scroll, diaphragm, piston, and rotary vane compressors. 6. The system of claim 5 wherein the first and second compressors are scroll-type compressors. 7. The system of claim 1 having a total weight of less than 12 pounds. 8. The system of claim 7 having a total-weight of less than 10 pounds. 9. The system of claim 8 having a total weight of less than 8 pounds. 10. The system of claim 1 wherein the adsorbent is selected from the group consisting of zeolite X exchanged with one or more metallic cations selected from the group consisting of lithium, calcium, zinc, copper, sodium, potassium, and silver. 11. The system of claim 10 wherein the adsorber beds further comprise an additional adsorbent selective for the adsorption of water and carbon dioxide from air and wherein the additional adsorbent is selected from the group consisting of (1) activated alumina and (2) zeolite X exchanged with one or more metallic cations selected from the group consisting of lithium, sodium, and potassium. 12. The system of claim 1 which further comprises a conserver. 13. The system of claim 1 wherein the rechargeable power supply is a battery. 14. The system of claim 1 wherein the rechargeable power supply is a fuel cell. 15. The system of claim 1 which further comprises an external case surrounding the primary-gas mover, drive motor, rechargeable power supply, and pressure/vacuum swing adsorption system, and a user display/control panel mounted on the outer side of the case. 16. The system of claim 15 having a total weight of less than 12 pounds. 17. The system of claim 16 having a total weight of less than 10 pounds. 18. The system of claim 17 having a total weight of less than 8 pounds. 19. A system for producing an oxygen-rich gas comprising (a) a primary gas mover including a first compressor adapted to compress atmospheric air to provide pressurized feed air and a second compressor adapted to compress a waste gas from subatmospheric pressure to atmospheric pressure, wherein the primary gas mover is characterized by a weight Wp; (b) a drive motor adapted to drive the first and second compressors; (c) a rechargeable power supply adapted to supply power to the drive motor, wherein the rechargeable power supply is characterized by a weight, Wb, and an operating run time, tr, between maximum and minimum working charge; and (d) a pressure/vacuum swing adsorption unit adapted to separate the pressurized feed air into an oxygen-rich product at a product flow rate Fp and an oxygen-depleted waste gas, wherein the adsorption unit comprises a plurality of adsorber beds containing adsorbent, wherein the total amount of the adsorbent contained in the adsorber beds is characterized by a total adsorbent weight Wa; wherein the system is characterized by any of the expressions 0.21 Fp<Wa<0.61 Fp, 0.36 Fp<Wp<0.70 Fp, 0.18 Fp<Wb<0.71 Fp, and 0.10 Fp tr<Wb<0.40 Fp tr, where Fp is in liters per min (at 23° C. and 1 atma pressure), tr is in hours, and Wa, Wp and Wb, are in pounds. 20. The system of claim 19 which further comprises additional elements including electrical wiring and control systems, a case or housing, and a user display/control panel mounted on the outer side of the housing, wherein the oxygen generation system and the additional elements are combined to form a portable oxygen concentrator, and means for the user to carry the portable concentrator unit. 21. A method for producing an oxygen-rich product gas comprising (a) providing a primary gas mover including a first compressor for compressing atmospheric air to provide pressurized feed air and a second compressor adapted to compress an oxygen-depleted waste gas from subatmospheric pressure to atmospheric pressure, a drive motor for driving the first and second compressors, and a rechargeable battery for providing power to the drive motor, wherein the rechargeable power supply is characterized by an operating run time between maximum and minimum working charge; (b) providing a pressure/vacuum swing adsorption system adapted to separate the pressurized feed air into the oxygen-rich product gas and the oxygen-depleted waste gas, wherein the adsorption system comprises a plurality of adsorber beds containing adsorbent; and (c) operating each of the adsorber beds in turn through an adsorption cycle including at least the repeating steps of feed/provide product, depressurization, evacuation, and repressurization; wherein the method is characterized by any of the operating parameters (1) the rechargeable battery provides between 0.02 and 0.17 KWh of power during the operating run time between maximum and minimum working charge; (2) the total working capacity of the adsorbent in each adsorber bed during the adsorption cycle is between 1.2×10−4 and 6.7×10−4 lbmoles of nitrogen; (3) the first compressor moves between 1.14×10−4 and 4.01×10−4 lbmoles of pressurized feed air during the feed/provide product step; and (4) the second compressor moves between 3.47×10−4 and 9.96×10−4 lbmoles of waste gas during the depressurization and evacuation steps. 22. The method of claim 21 wherein the pressure/vacuum swing adsorption system has four adsorber beds and each of the adsorber beds undergoes in turn a series of adsorption cycle steps which comprise (A) a feed/make product step wherein the pressurized feed air is introduced into a feed end of the bed while the oxygen-enriched product gas is withdrawn from a product end of the bed; (B) a feed/make product/provide repressurization step wherein the pressurized feed air is introduced into a feed end of the bed while an oxygen-enriched product gas is withdrawn from a product end of the bed, and wherein a portion of the product gas is used for pressurizing another bed undergoing its final repressurization step; (C) a depressurization step in which the bed is depressurized by withdrawing gas therefrom, wherein at least a portion of the gas withdrawn therefrom is transferred to another bed undergoing a repressurization step; (D) a provide purge step in which the bed is further depressurized by withdrawing gas therefrom, wherein at least a portion of the gas withdrawn therefrom is transferred to another bed undergoing a purge step; (E) an evacuation step in which gas is withdrawn from the feed end of the bed until the bed reaches a minimum subatmospheric bed pressure; (F) a purge step in which the bed is purged by introducing purge gas into the product end of the bed while continuing to evacuate the bed, wherein the purge gas is provided from another bed undergoing step (D); (G) a repressurization step in which pressurization gas is introduced into the product end of the bed, wherein the pressurization gas is provided from another bed undergoing step (C); and (H) a final repressurization step in which product gas from another bed is introduced into the product end of the bed. 23. The method of claim 21 wherein the minimum bed pressure is between 0.25 and 1.0 atma. 24. The method of claim 21 wherein the minimum bed pressure is between 0.45 and 0.8 atma. 25. The method of claim 21 wherein the pressure of the oxygen-enriched product gas is between 1.2 and 1.6 atma. 26. The method of claim 21 wherein the oxygen-enriched product gas is provided at a flow rate in the range of 0.5 to 3.0 liters per min (defined at 23° C. and 1 atma pressure). 27. A method for producing an oxygen-rich product gas comprising (a) providing a primary gas mover including a first compressor for compressing atmospheric air to provide pressurized feed air and a second compressor adapted to compress an oxygen-depleted waste gas from subatmospheric pressure to atmospheric pressure, a drive motor for driving the first and second compressors, and a rechargeable battery for providing power to the drive motor, wherein the rechargeable power supply is characterized by an operating run time between maximum and minimum working charge; (b) providing a pressure/vacuum swing adsorption unit adapted to separate the pressurized feed air into the oxygen-rich product gas and the oxygen-depleted waste gas, wherein the adsorption unit comprises a plurality of adsorber beds containing adsorbent selective for the adsorption of nitrogen from air; and (c) operating each of the adsorber beds in turn through an adsorption cycle including at least the repeating steps of feed/provide product, depressurization, evacuation, and repressurization; wherein the minimum pressure in the evacuation step is between 0.35 and 1.00 atma. 28. A method for the design of a portable pressure/vacuum swing adsorption oxygen concentrator system comprising (a) defining design parameters including at least a product flow rate, a product purity, a product delivery pressure, a pressure/vacuum swing adsorption process cycle, the number of adsorber vessels, an adsorbent contained in the adsorber vessels, the type of gas mover, the type of regenerable power supply to provide power to the drive motor, and the run time of the regenerable power supply between maximum and minimum working charge; (b) selecting a series of minimum bed pressures pressures below atmospheric pressure and determining for each of the minimum bed pressures the required weights of the gas mover, the power supply, and the adsorbent contained in the adsorber vessels, wherein each minimum bed pressure is a lowest bed pressure in the pressure/vacuum swing adsorption process cycle; (c) adding the weights of the adsorbent, the gas mover, and the power supply determined in (b) for each value of the minimum bed pressure to provide a total weight of the adsorbent, the gas mover, and the power supply as a function of the minimum bed pressure; and (d) selecting a range of the minimum bed pressures that corresponds to a range of minimum combined weight of the adsorbent, the gas mover, and the power supply. 29. The method of claim 28 wherein the range of minimum bed pressures is between 0.45 and 0.8 atma.	BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The supply of therapeutic oxygen to patients in homes and other residential settings is an important and growing market in the health care industry. A segment of this market includes the development and commercialization of portable oxygen concentrators, particularly units that can be carried easily by patients requiring continuous oxygen therapy. A portable and easily-carried oxygen supply may be provided by stored liquid or compressed oxygen with an appropriate vaporization or pressure regulation system and a gas delivery cannula. Alternatively and preferably, oxygen may be supplied by a small air separation device carried by the patient that supplies gaseous oxygen at the desired purity, flow rate, and pressure. Power for operating the device can be provided by a rechargeable power supply, typically a rechargeable battery. The small air separation device may be an adsorption-based system using a pressure swing adsorption (PSA) process. Respiratory oxygen usage rates typically range up to about 5 lpm (liters per minute at 23° C. and 1 atma pressure) for ambulatory patients with moderate oxygen requirements. The design of an easily-carried, rechargeable, portable oxygen concentrator in this product range should achieve an appropriate balance among product gas flow rate, weight, and power supply life or run time (i.e., the operating time between power supply recharges). This balance requires the proper choice of numerous operating and design parameters and presents a significant challenge to engineering designers. In a small adsorptive air separation unit, for example, design parameters may include product purity, product delivery pressure, type of process cycle, process cycle pressure envelope, adsorbent, number and dimensions of adsorbent beds, type of gas mover, type of power supply, gas flow control methods, electrical control systems, and materials of construction. There is a need in the art for methods to design portable adsorption-based oxygen generation systems that provide the required gas supply rates and run times with minimum system weight. This need can be met by optimization methods that enable designers to balance these requirements while specifying appropriate process and mechanical parameters for these systems. BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION This need for optimized design of small, easily-carried, adsorption-based oxygen concentrators is met by the various embodiments of the present invention. As described in detail herein, it has been found that a minimum weight range can be determined for an adsorption-based system for any operable combination of product flow rate, product purity, product delivery pressure, and run time. This may be achieved by determining the weight of each variable-weight system component as a function of a selected process parameter, adding the weights of these components at various values of the selected parameter, and generating a curve of variable weight vs. the selected parameter. This curve generally exhibits a minimum weight in a preferred range of the selected process parameter. The selected process parameter is the minimum bed pressure during the process cycle. An embodiment of the invention relates to a system for producing an oxygen-rich gas comprising (a) a primary gas mover including a first compressor adapted to compress atmospheric air to provide pressurized feed air and a second compressor adapted to compress a waste gas from subatmospheric pressure to atmospheric pressure, wherein the primary gas mover is characterized by a weight Wp; (b) a drive motor adapted to drive the first and second compressors; (c) a rechargeable power supply adapted to supply power to the drive motor, wherein the rechargeable power supply is characterized by a weight Wb; and (d) a pressure/vacuum swing adsorption unit adapted to separate the pressurized feed air into an oxygen-rich product at a product flow rate Fp and an oxygen-depleted waste gas, wherein the adsorption unit comprises a plurality of adsorber beds containing an adsorbent, wherein the total amount of the adsorbent contained in the adsorber beds is characterized by a total adsorbent weight Wa; wherein the combined weight, Wt, of the adsorbent, the primary gas mover, and the rechargeable power supply may be characterized by the expression 0.75 Fp<Wt<2.02 Fp where Fp is in liters per min (at 23° C. and 1 atma pressure) and Wa, Wp, and Wb are in pounds. The battery may be characterized by an operating run time in hours, tr, between maximum and minimum working charge, and the system may be further characterized by any of the expressions 0.21 Fp<Wa<0.61 Fp, 0.36 Fp<Wp<0.70 Fp, 0.18 Fp<Wb<0.71 Fp, and 0.10 Fp tr<Wb<0.40 Fp tr. The plurality of adsorber beds may comprise four or more beds, and may consist of four beds. Each of the first and second compressors may be selected from the group consisting of scroll, diaphragm, piston, and rotary vane compressors. The first and second compressors may be scroll-type compressors. The system may further comprise a conserver. The system may have a total weight of less than 12 pounds, may have a total weight of less than 10 pounds, and may have a total weight of less than 8 pounds. The adsorbent may be selected from the group consisting of zeolite X exchanged with one or more metallic cations selected from the group consisting of lithium, calcium, zinc, copper, sodium, potassium, and silver. The adsorber beds may further comprise an additional adsorbent selective for the adsorption of water and carbon dioxide from air and wherein the additional adsorbent is selected from the group consisting of (1) activated alumina and (2) zeolite X exchanged with one or more metallic cations selected from the group consisting of lithium, sodium, and potassium. The rechargeable power supply may be a battery. Alternatively, the rechargeable power supply may be a fuel cell. The system may further comprise an external case surrounding the primary gas mover, drive motor, rechargeable power supply, and pressure/vacuum swing adsorption system, and a user display/control panel mounted on the outer side of the case. This system may have a total weight of less than 12 pounds, may have a total weight of less than 10 pounds, and may have a total weight of less than 8 pounds. The system for producing an oxygen-rich gas may comprise (a) a primary gas mover including a first compressor adapted to compress atmospheric air to provide pressurized feed air and a second compressor adapted to compress a waste gas from subatmospheric pressure to atmospheric pressure, wherein the primary gas mover is characterized by a weight Wp; (b) a drive motor adapted to drive the first and second compressors; (c) a rechargeable power supply adapted to supply power to the drive motor, wherein the rechargeable power supply is characterized by a weight, Wb, and an operating run time, tr, between maximum and minimum working charge; and (d) a pressure/vacuum swing adsorption unit adapted to separate the pressurized feed air into an oxygen-rich product at a product flow rate Fp and an oxygen-depleted waste gas, wherein the adsorption unit comprises a plurality of adsorber beds containing adsorbent, wherein the total amount of the adsorbent contained in the adsorber beds is characterized by a total adsorbent weight Wa; wherein the system may be characterized by any of the expressions 0.21 Fp<Wa<0.61 Fp, 0.36 Fp<Wp<0.70 Fp, 0.18 Fp<Wb<0.71 Fp, and 0.10 Fp tr<Wb<0.40 Fp tr, where Fp is in liters per min (at 23° C. and 1 atma pressure), tr is in hours, and Wa, Wp and Wb, are in pounds. The system may further comprise additional elements including electrical wiring and control systems, a case or housing, and a user display/control panel mounted on the outer side of the housing, wherein the oxygen generation system and the additional elements are combined to form a portable oxygen concentrator, and means for the user to carry the portable concentrator unit. Another embodiment of the invention pertains to a method for producing an oxygen-rich product gas comprising (a) providing a primary gas mover including a first compressor for compressing atmospheric air to provide pressurized feed air and a second compressor adapted to compress an oxygen-depleted waste gas from subatmospheric pressure to atmospheric pressure, a drive motor for driving the first and second compressors, and a rechargeable battery for providing power to the drive motor, wherein the rechargeable power supply is characterized by an operating run time between maximum and minimum working charge; (b) providing a pressure/vacuum swing adsorption system adapted to separate the pressurized feed air into the oxygen-rich product gas and the oxygen-depleted waste gas, wherein the adsorption system comprises a plurality of adsorber beds containing adsorbent; and (c) operating each of the adsorber beds in turn through an adsorption cycle including at least the repeating steps of feed/provide product, depressurization, evacuation, and repressurization; wherein the method may be characterized by any of the operating parameters (1) the rechargeable battery provides between 0.02 and 0.17 KWh of power during the operating run time between maximum and minimum working charge; (2) the total working capacity of the adsorbent in each adsorber bed during the adsorption cycle is between 1.2×10−4 and 6.7×10−4 lbmoles of nitrogen; (3) the first compressor moves between 1.14×10−4 and 4.01×10−4 lbmoles of pressurized feed air during the feed/provide product step; and (4) the second compressor moves between 3.47×1.04 and 9.96×10−4 lbmoles of waste gas during the depressurization and evacuation steps. The pressure/vacuum swing adsorption system may have four adsorber beds and each of the adsorber beds may undergo in turn a series of adsorption cycle steps which comprise (A) a feed/make product step wherein the pressurized feed air is introduced into a feed end of the bed while the oxygen-enriched product gas is withdrawn from a product end of the bed; (B) a feed/make product/provide repressurization step wherein the pressurized feed air is introduced into a feed end of the bed while an oxygen-enriched product gas is withdrawn from a product end of the bed, and wherein a portion of the product gas is used for pressurizing another bed undergoing its final repressurization step; (C) a depressurization step in which the bed is depressurized by withdrawing gas therefrom, wherein at least a portion of the gas withdrawn therefrom is transferred to another bed undergoing a repressurization step; (D) a provide purge step in which the bed is further depressurized by withdrawing gas therefrom, wherein at least a portion of the gas withdrawn therefrom is transferred to another bed undergoing a purge step; (E) an evacuation step in which gas is withdrawn from the feed end of the bed until the bed reaches a minimum subatmospheric bed pressure; (F) a purge step in which the bed is purged by introducing purge gas into the product end of the bed while continuing to evacuate the bed, wherein the purge gas is provided from another bed undergoing step (D); (G) a repressurization step in which pressurization gas is introduced into the product end of the bed, wherein the pressurization gas is provided from another bed undergoing step (C); and (H) a final repressurization step in which product gas from another bed is introduced into the product end of the bed. The minimum bed pressure may be between 0.25 and 1.0 atma, and may be between 0.45 and 0.8 atma. The pressure of the oxygen-enriched product gas may be between 1.2 and 1.6 atma. The oxygen-enriched product gas may be provided at a flow rate in the range of 0.5 to 3.0 liters per min (defined at 23° C. and 1 atma pressure). An alternative embodiment of the invention is directed to a method for producing an oxygen-rich product gas comprising (a) providing a primary gas mover including a first compressor for compressing atmospheric air to provide pressurized feed air and a second compressor adapted to compress an oxygen-depleted waste gas from subatmospheric pressure to atmospheric pressure, a drive motor for driving the first and second compressors, and a rechargeable battery for providing power to the drive motor, wherein the rechargeable power supply is characterized by an operating run time between maximum and minimum working charge; (b) providing a pressure/vacuum swing adsorption unit adapted to separate the pressurized feed air into the oxygen-rich product gas and the oxygen-depleted waste gas, wherein the adsorption unit comprises a plurality of adsorber beds containing adsorbent selective for the adsorption of nitrogen from air; and (c) operating each of the adsorber beds in turn through an adsorption cycle including at least the repeating steps of feed/provide product, depressurization, evacuation, and repressurization; wherein the minimum pressure in the evacuation step may be between 0.35 and 1.00 atma. Another embodiment of the invention relates to a method for the design of a portable pressure/vacuum swing adsorption oxygen concentrator system comprising (a) defining design parameters including at least a product flow rate, a product purity, a product delivery pressure, a pressure/vacuum swing adsorption process cycle, the number of adsorber vessels, an adsorbent contained in the adsorber vessels, the type of gas mover, the type of regenerable power supply to provide power to the drive motor, and the run time of the regenerable power supply between maximum and minimum working charge; (b) selecting a series of minimum bed pressures pressures below atmospheric pressure and determining for each of the minimum bed pressures the required weights of the gas mover, the power supply, and the adsorbent contained in the adsorber vessels, wherein each minimum bed pressure is a lowest bed pressure in the pressure/vacuum swing adsorption process cycle; (c) adding the weights of the adsorbent, the gas mover, and the power supply determined in (b) for each value of the minimum bed pressure to provide a total weight of the adsorbent, the gas mover, and the power supply as a function of the minimum bed pressure; and (d) selecting a range of the minimum bed pressures that corresponds to a range of minimum combined weight of the adsorbent, the gas mover, and the power supply. The range of minimum bed pressures may be between 0.45 and 0.8 atma. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a schematic flow diagram of an exemplary pressure/vacuum swing adsorption system for embodiments of the present invention. FIG. 2 is a plot of individual component variable weights and total component variable weight vs. minimum bed pressure for a five bed PVSA system illustrating a first embodiment of the invention. FIG. 3 is a plot of individual component variable weights and total component variable weight vs. minimum bed pressure for a five bed PVSA system illustrating a second embodiment of the invention. FIG. 4 is a plot of individual component variable weights and total component variable weight vs. minimum bed pressure for a five bed PVSA system illustrating a third embodiment of the invention. FIG. 5 is a plot of individual component variable weights and total component variable weight vs. minimum bed pressure for a five bed PVSA system illustrating a fourth embodiment of the invention. FIG. 6 is a plot of individual component variable weights and total component variable weight vs. minimum bed pressure for a five bed PVSA system illustrating a fifth embodiment of the invention. FIG. 7 is a plot of individual component variable weights and total component variable weight vs. minimum bed pressure for a five bed PVSA system illustrating a sixth embodiment of the invention. FIG. 8 is a plot of individual component variable weights and total component variable weight vs. minimum bed pressure for a five bed PVSA system illustrating a seventh embodiment of the invention. FIG. 9 is a plot of individual component variable weights and total component variable weight vs. minimum bed pressure for a five bed PVSA system illustrating an eighth embodiment of the invention. FIG. 10 is a plot of individual component variable weights and total component variable weight vs. minimum bed pressure for a four bed PVSA system illustrating a first alternative embodiment of the invention. FIG. 11 is a plot of individual component variable weights and total component variable weight vs. minimum bed pressure for a four bed PVSA system illustrating a second alternative embodiment of the invention. FIG. 12 is a plot of individual component variable weights and total component variable weight vs. minimum bed pressure for a four bed PVSA system illustrating a third alternative embodiment of the invention. FIG. 13 is a plot of individual component variable weights and total component variable weight vs. minimum bed pressure for a four bed PVSA system illustrating a fourth alternative embodiment of the invention. FIG. 14 is a plot of individual component variable weights and total component variable weight vs. minimum bed pressure for a four bed PVSA system illustrating a fifth alternative embodiment of the invention. FIG. 15 is a plot of individual component variable weights and total component variable weight vs. minimum bed pressure for a four bed PVSA system illustrating a sixth alternative embodiment of the invention. FIG. 16 is a plot of individual component variable weights and total component variable weight vs. minimum bed pressure for a four bed PVSA system illustrating a seventh alternative embodiment of the invention. FIG. 17 is a plot of individual component variable weights and total component variable weight vs. minimum bed pressure for a four bed PVSA system illustrating an eighth alternative embodiment of the invention. FIG. 18 is a plot of adsorbent weights vs. product flow rate for Examples 1-16. FIG. 19 is a plot of the weights of the primary gas mover vs. product flow rate for Examples 1-16. FIG. 20 is a plot of the battery weights vs. product flow rate for Examples 1-16. FIG. 21 is a plot of the time-normalized battery weights vs. product flow rate for Examples 1-16. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The embodiments of the invention described herein are directed to methods for designing and optimizing the weight of small pressure/vacuum swing adsorption (PVSA) systems utilized, for example, in portable and user-carried medical oxygen concentrator systems. It was found in the development of the embodiments of the present invention that a minimum weight or desirable range of weights can be determined for the PVSA system for any operable combination of product flow rate, product purity, product delivery pressure, and run time. This may be achieved by determining the weight of each variable-weight system component as a function of a selected process parameter, adding the weights of these components at various values of the selected parameter, and generating a curve of variable weight vs. the selected parameter. This curve generally exhibits a desirable minimum weight or range of minimum weights as a function of the selected process parameter. This selected process parameter may be the minimum bed pressure during regeneration in the PVSA cycle. In the PVSA process described herein, the adsorber bed pressures vary between superatmospheric pressure and subatmospheric pressure during each cycle as described below. This differs from a pressure swing adsorption (PSA) process in which the operating pressure range includes bed pressures above atmospheric pressure and may include bed pressures approaching atmospheric pressure at the end of the depressurization step. Subatmospheric pressures are not utilized in a PSA process. An exemplary PVSA process and system that may be designed according to embodiments of the invention is shown for the purpose of illustration in FIG. 1. Atmospheric air 1 is drawn through filter 3, inlet silencer 5, and line 7 by first or feed air compressor 9. Feed air compressor 9 is a part of primary gas mover 11 which also includes drive motor 13 and second or vacuum waste gas compressor 15. Pressurized feed air at 1.15 to 1.80 atma is discharged from the compressor and flows through air feed line 17 to rotary valve assembly 19, which is in flow communication with adsorber bed feed lines 21, 23, 25, 27, and 29, adsorber bed product lines 31, 33, 35, 37, and 39, air feed line 17, product line 51, and waste gas line 53. In this exemplary PVSA system, five adsorber beds 41, 43, 45, 47, and 49 are used, although any number of multiple beds may be used. An optional product gas storage tank (not shown) may be used if desired. A cannula (not shown) may be connected to product line 51 to deliver product gas to the user. Each adsorber bed contains adsorbent selective for the adsorption of water, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen from air. This adsorbent may be selected from the group consisting of zeolite X exchanged with one or more metallic cations selected from the group consisting of lithium, calcium, zinc, copper, sodium, potassium, and silver. The zeolite X may have a ratio of silicon to aluminum of about 1 to about 1.25. The adsorbent may be formed into beads, extrudates, or other shapes known in the art, using binder materials or without binder materials (also known as binderless). The adsorbent typically adsorbs water and carbon dioxide more strongly than nitrogen, and therefore the initial adsorbent adjacent to the feed air inlet of an adsorber will preferentially remove water and carbon dioxide. Dry, carbon dioxide-free air from this initial adsorbent region then passes to the remainder of the adsorbent in the adsorber, where the nitrogen is selectively adsorbed to provide the oxygen-enriched product gas. The initial adsorbent adjacent to the feed air inlet thereby provides pretreatment by removing water and carbon dioxide prior to nitrogen removal. Optionally, each adsorber bed also may contain pretreatment adsorbent selective for the adsorption of water and carbon dioxide from air, and this adsorbent may be selected from the group consisting of (1) activated alumina and (2) zeolite X exchanged with one or more metallic cations selected from the group consisting of lithium, sodium, and potassium. Typically, the water-selective adsorbent (if used) would form a layer located adjacent the feed end of the adsorber bed and may comprise 10 to 40% of the total adsorbent in the adsorber bed. In this option, the remainder of the bed would contain the adsorbent described above and would selectively adsorb nitrogen from the water and carbon dioxide-free air from the pretreatment adsorbent layer. Vacuum waste gas compressor 15 withdraws oxygen-depleted PVSA waste gas through line 53, typically at subatmospheric pressure, and discharges the gas via line 57 and silencer 57 to the atmosphere. Electric power for drive motor 13 is provided by rechargeable power supply 59, which may be a rechargeable battery of any type known in the art. Alternatively, the rechargeable power supply may be a portable fuel cell system comprising a fuel cell and portable fuel storage means. The fuel may be hydrogen or methanol. Feed air compressor 9 and vacuum waste gas compressor 15 may be any type of compressor known in the art and may be selected from scroll, diaphragm, piston, and rotary vane compressors. The feed air and vacuum waste gas compressors may be driven in tandem by a single drive motor and may be driven by a common drive shaft. Scroll compressors are well-suited for service with the air separation device described herein. Feed air compressor 9 and vacuum waste gas compressor 15 may be combined in a single combined scroll-type primary gas mover. Rotary valve assembly 19 is designed for a specific PVSA cycle and a specific number of adsorber beds. The assembly includes a first rotary valve connected to lines 21, 23, 25, 27, and 29 that are attached to the feed ends of adsorbent beds 41, 43, 45, 47, and 49, respectively. The first rotary valve also is connected to air feed line 17 and waste gas line 53. This first rotary valve enables appropriate flow communication among any of the feed ends of the adsorbent beds, the air feed line, and the waste gas line according to predetermined process cycle steps as described below. A second rotary valve is connected to lines 31, 33, 35, 37, and 39 that are attached to the product ends of the adsorbent beds, respectively, and also is connected to product line 51. This second rotary valve enables appropriate flow communication among any of the product ends of the adsorbent beds and the product line according to predetermined process cycle steps as described below. The two rotary valves may be operated by a single drive motor and may rotate at the same rotational rate. Rotary valves of this type are described, for example, in a copending United States patent application having Ser. No. 10/295,144 filed on Nov. 15, 2002. This patent application is incorporated herein by reference. The operation of the PVSA system of FIG. 1 may be illustrated by an exemplary PVSA cycle summarized in Table 1. TABLE 1 Process Cycle Steps for Exemplary PVSA System Step Duration, Number Description Sec. 1 Feed/make product/provide purge 1.0 2 Feed/make product/provide repress. gas 1.0 3 provide 1st repressurization gas 1.0 4 provide 2nd repressurization gas 1.0 5 Idle step 1.0 6 Evacuation 1.0 7 Purge with product gas 1.0 8 Receive 2nd repressurization gas 1.0 9 Receive 1st repressurization gas 1.0 10 Repressurize with product gas 1.0 During the initial portion of Step 1, the feed step, there may be a short period of feed pressurization before product gas flows from the bed. During evacuation in Step 6, a minimum bed pressure is attained, which is defined as the lowest pressure during this step. The duration of this exemplary 10 second cycle, or the duration of any step in the cycle, may be modified as required to meet various process or product requirements. A cycle chart is given in Table 2 to show the relationship of cycle steps among the five adsorbent beds, wherein each bed in turn passes through steps 1-10 of Table 1. TABLE 2 PVSA Cycle Chart Bed Step Number 41 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 43 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 45 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 47 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 49 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 The use of Tables 1 and 2 together with FIG. 1 will enable the skilled person to understand this exemplary PVSA process cycle. Modifications to this particular cycle may be made if desired, and other types of PVSA cycles may be used as appropriate. As an alternative embodiment to the five bed PVSA system and cycle described above, a four bed system and cycle may be used. This four bed system would be a modification of the system of FIG. 1 wherein adsorber bed 49, adsorber bed feed line 29, and adsorber product line 39 are deleted. Rotary valve 19 would be designed for four beds instead of five beds. In this alternative cycle, only one pressurization gas transfer step is used compared with two such steps in the five bed cycle of Table 1. Table 3 presents the four bed cycle steps and Table 4 presents a cycle chart for the four bed cycle (note that bed 49 of FIG. 1 is deleted for the four bed system). TABLE 3 Process Cycle Steps for Exemplary 4-Bed PVSA System Step Duration, Number Description Sec. 1 Feed/make product 1.0 2 Feed/make product/provide repress. gas 1.0 3 Provide repressurization gas 1.0 4 Provide purge 1.0 5 Evacuation 1.0 6 Purge 1.0 7 Receive repressurization gas 1.0 8 Repressurize with product gas 1.0 TABLE 4 4-Bed PVSA Cycle Chart Bed Step Number 41 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 43 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 45 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 47 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 A complete portable user-carried oxygen concentrator system typically includes a number of components in addition to those illustrated by the exemplary PVSA system of FIG. 1. These additional components may include, for example, any of the following features: electrical wiring and control systems; structural elements; a case or housing; a user display/control panel mounted on the outer side of the housing; a conserver; a product tank; and means for the user to carry the concentrator unit such as a handle, carrying strap, or dual shoulder straps. The total weight of the portable user-carried oxygen concentrator system thus is the combined weight of (a) the variable-weight components earlier described (i.e., the adsorbent, primary gas mover, and the battery) and (b) the additional components described immediately above. Portable user-carried oxygen concentrator systems such as that those described above using four or five beds may be designed to meet desirable criteria such as, for example, a continuous oxygen product flow of up to 3 lpm, an easily-carried weight, and an operating time on a single power supply recharge of at least 1-2 hours. A system meeting these criteria would provide more freedom and a higher standard of living for an ambulatory patient and would be an attractive product offering for a supplier of oxygen concentrators. Embodiments of the PVSA oxygen concentrator system described above preferably meet these criteria and provide the patient with an oxygen-enriched product of at least 85 mole % oxygen purity. The portable oxygen concentrator system should be easily carried by the patient and have a total weight of less than 12 pounds, preferably less than 10 pounds, and most preferably less than 8 pounds. Because patients needing oxygen therapy usually are ill, minimum system weight is extremely important. As mentioned earlier, designing these systems for minimum weight is a significant engineering challenge. When the product flow rate, product purity, product delivery pressure, and system run time are specified, the total weight of the oxygen concentrator system consists of some components whose weights depend on the PVSA operating conditions and other components whose weights are essentially independent of PVSA operating conditions. The variable-weight components in this scenario include the power supply (e.g., battery), the weight of adsorbent in the adsorbent beds, and the weight of the primary gas mover, i.e., the feed air compressor and vacuum waste gas compressor in combination. The weights of all other components in this scenario are independent of the selection of product flow rate, product purity, product delivery pressure, and system run time. The total weight of the oxygen concentrator system thus may be minimized by selecting PVSA operating conditions that minimize the weight of the variable-weight components. The embodiments of the present invention are directed to methods for minimizing the weight of the variable-weight components by optimizing PVSA operating conditions as described below. Reducing the weight of the fixed-weight components (i.e., those components whose weights are essentially independent of PVSA cycle operating conditions) may be possible by improvements in materials, motor design, electrical systems, and the like, but these are not addressed by embodiments of the present invention. The adsorbent weight requirement may be determined by the amount of adsorbent required to remove the nitrogen from feed air such that a desired oxygen product purity is attained. The adsorbent weight requirement can be determined by the relation W a = n ads n * 1 B where nads is the moles of nitrogen to be removed per minute, n is the nitrogen working capacity in moles of nitrogen adsorbed by the adsorbent in one adsorber bed during one bed cycle, and B is the rate at which a fresh adsorber bed is available for feed in beds/min and is determined by the PVSA cycle time. The parameter nads can be determined by: n ads = Q p ⁢ y O2 , p ⁢ y N2 , f θ O2 ⁢ y O2 , f where Qp is the product flow in moles per minute, yO2,p is the product purity in percent oxygen, yN2,f is the nitrogen concentration in the feed in percent, θO2 is the oxygen recovery in percent (i.e., the percent of the oxygen in the feed gas that is present in the product gas), and yO2,f is the oxygen concentration in the feed in percent. The nitrogen working capacity of the adsorbent is dependent on the pressure envelope to which the adsorbent is exposed. The preferred method to determine adsorbent working capacity is to measure oxygen and nitrogen pure component isotherms at multiple temperatures from which parameters can be determined by the application of the dual site Langmuir model [see Myers, A. L., Activity Coefficients of Mixtures Adsorbed on Heterogeneous Surfaces, AIChE J. 1983 (29), 691] n i = M 1 ⁢ bp 1 + bp + M 2 ⁢ ⅆ p 1 + ⅆ p where M1, b, M2, and d are fit parameters and p is pressure. The Langmuir model then is used to determine working capacity by means of multicomponent adsorption models, namely the ideal adsorption solution theory (IAST) [see Myers, A. L. and Prausnitz, J. M., Thermodynamics of Mixed Gas Adsorption, AIChE J. 1965 (1), 11] or more preferably the heterogeneous ideal adsorbed solution theory (HIAST) [see Mathias P. M. et al, Correlation of Multicomponent Gas Adsorption by the Dual-Site Langmuir Model. Application to Nitrogen/Oxygen Adsorption on 5A Zeolite, Ind. & Eng. Chem Res. 1996 (35), 7]. The weight of the primary gas mover (i.e., the combined weight of the feed air compressor and the vacuum waste gas compressor), Wp, may be determined based on requirements of the two compressors to provide gas at the specified pressures during the feed step of the cycle and the required flow rate during the vacuum and purge steps of the cycle. The weight of the primary gas mover will vary based on the geometry of the compressor; for example, the size of the involutes in a scroll compressor will vary based on the gas compression ratio. The weight of the primary gas mover does not include the electric motor which powers the primary gas mover and is considered a fixed weight for the present analysis, wherein the motor can be operated at various speeds depending on the required feed gas and waste gas compression duty. The weight of the primary gas mover is determined to be proportional to the oxygen production rate for the present analysis. The weight of the rechargeable power supply, in this case a battery, may be optimized by applying the relationship of energy discharge to the requirements over the duration of the PVSA cycle. The power supplied by the battery to the other components of the oxygen generator (alarms, valve motor, etc) may be about 5 W. The power required from the battery to operate the feed air compressor and the vacuum waste gas compressor may be determined directly by the adiabatic power of compression based on the pressures used during the PVSA cycles. Adiabatic power is given by the expression P ad = m . ⁢ kRT 1 k - 1 ⁡ [ ( p 2 p 1 ) ( k - 1 k ) - 1 ] where {dot over (m)} is the mass flow rate, R is the gas constant, T1 is the temperature of the inlet gas, p2 is the pressure of the outlet gas, p1 is the pressure of the inlet gas to the compressor, and k is the ratio of heat capacity at constant pressure to heat capacity at constant volume and equals 1.4 for air. When operating in the compression mode, p2 is the air feed pressure and p1 is atmospheric pressure. When operating in the vacuum mode, p2 is atmospheric pressure and p1 is the waste gas pressure exiting the adsorbent bed. The battery power density may be determined from manufacturers' specifications. For a state-of-the-art lithium ion battery, for example, the energy density ρbatt is given in lb/Wh. For any given run time, tr (in hours), the weight of the battery (in pounds) may be described by the relation W b = ρ batt ⁢ P ad ⁢ t r η p ⁢ η m where ηp and ηm are the efficiencies of the compressors and the drive motor, respectively. The overall weight of the variable-weight components may be determined from the relationship of each individual component weight to the characteristics of the cycle, specifically the operating pressure envelope. The total weight of the variable-weight components therefore is a function of the minimum pressure during evacuation, pmin, and the product pressure, pprod. The desirable weight of the variable components may be determined by first selecting a product flow rate, product pressure, and run time. Then, using the total weight function, the combined weight of all three components can be plotted as a function of a single variable, the minimum bed pressure, as given below: Wt={Wa+Wp+Wb}(pmin) The desirable weight of the variable components is determined by first selecting a product flow rate, product pressure, and run time. Then, using the total weight function, the combined weight of all three components can be plotted as a function of a single variable, the minimum bed pressure. Plotting the weight of the variable-weight components vs. the minimum bed pressure at constant production rate, product purity, product pressure, and run time shows unexpectedly that there is a minimum pressure, or a range of desirable minimum pressures, that correspond to a minimum weight or range of desirable minimum weights of the variable-weight components. The following Examples illustrate this feature but do not limit the embodiments of the invention to any of the specific details described therein. Each of the Examples is based on providing a product containing 93 mole % oxygen at various delivery pressures, flow rates, and run times using (a) the five bed PVSA system of FIG. 1 with the PVSA cycle described in Tables 1 and 2, and (b) a four bed PVSA system with the cycle described in Tables 3 and 4. The adsorbent is a sodium- and lithium-exchanged low-silica X-type zeolite (LSX) in bead form with an average particle diameter of 0.50 mm; In calculating the weight of the adsorbent required using the nitrogen adsorption equations given above, a bed utilization factor of 70% was used to account for the fact that 70% of the adsorbent capacity is utilized for nitrogen adsorption while the remaining 30% of the adsorbent capacity is utilized for the adsorption of water and carbon dioxide. The efficiency of drive motor 13 in primary gas mover 11 typically may be 80% and the efficiency of compressors 9 and 15 typically may be 70%. The system is powered by a rechargeable lithium ion battery such as, for example, one manufactured and sold by Varta having a fixed energy density of 12.46 lb/kWh per the manufacturer's specifications. The total weight of the system is the sum of the weight of the fixed-weight components (housing, tubing, electrical wiring, etc) and the variable weights of the adsorbent, the primary gas mover (i.e., the feed air compressor and the vacuum waste gas compressor), and the battery. EXAMPLE 1 A PVSA system was simulated to generate 3 lpm of 93 mole % oxygen at a product pressure of 1.6 atm for a period of 1 hour of continuous run time for a five-bed system of FIG. 1 using the cycle of Tables 1 and 2. The primary gas mover consisted of scroll-type feed air and waste gas compressors driven by a common motor. The weight of each variable-weight component, i.e., the adsorbent, primary gas mover, and battery, were calculated using the methods described earlier for values of the minimum bed pressure between 0.35 and 1.0 atma. These weights were summed and all data were plotted as shown in FIG. 2. The three individual component weights show no obvious minima as functions of the minimum bed pressure. When these weights are combined, however, the plot of total variable weight vs. minimum bed pressure exhibits a minimum total variable weight of 3.6 lb at 0.7 atma. A desirable relative weight range between the minimum weight and 5% above the minimum weight was defined to yield a desirable total variable weight range of 3.6 to 3.8 lb. This corresponds to a range of the minimum bed pressure of 0.4 to 0.9 atma, which is a desirable PVSA operating range for this Example. In this desirable pressure range, the weight of the adsorbent is between a lower value of 0.7 lb and an upper value of 1.4 lb, the weight of the primary gas mover is 1.9 lb, and the weight of the battery is between a lower value of 0.5 lb and an upper value of 1.2 lb. EXAMPLE 2 Example 1 was repeated using a primary gas mover consisting of diaphragm-type feed air and waste gas compressors driven by a common motor. The weight of each variable-weight component, i.e., the adsorbent, primary gas mover, and battery, were calculated using the methods described earlier for values of the minimum bed pressure between 0.35 and 0.96 atma. These weights were summed and all data were plotted as shown in FIG. 3. The three individual component weights show no obvious minima as functions of the minimum bed pressure. When these weights are combined, however, the plot of total variable weight vs. minimum bed pressure exhibits a minimum total variable weight of 2.8 lb at about 0.7 atma. A desirable relative weight range between the minimum weight and 5% above the minimum weight was defined to yield a desirable total variable weight range of 2.8 to 3.0 lb. This corresponds to a range of the minimum bed pressure of 0.5 to 0.9 atma, which is a desirable PVSA operating range for this Example. In this desirable pressure range, the weight of the adsorbent is between a lower value of 0.7 lb and an upper value of 1.3 lb, the weight of the primary gas mover is 1.1 lb, and the weight of the battery is between a lower value of 0.6 lb and an upper value of 1.1 lb. EXAMPLE 3 A PVSA system was simulated to generate 2 lpm of 93 mole % oxygen at a product pressure of 1.4 atm for a period of 2 hours of continuous run time for a five-bed system of FIG. 1 using the cycle of Tables 1 and 2. The primary gas mover consisted of scroll-type feed air and waste gas compressors driven by a common motor. The weight of each variable-weight component, i.e., the adsorbent, primary gas mover, and battery, were calculated using the methods described earlier for values of the minimum bed pressure between 0.4 and 1.0 atma. These weights were summed and all data were plotted as shown in FIG. 4. The three individual component weights show no obvious minima as functions of the minimum bed pressure. When these weights are combined, however, the plot of total variable weight vs. minimum bed pressure exhibits a minimum total variable weight of 2.9 lb at 0.7 atma. A desirable relative weight range between the minimum weight and 5% above the minimum weight was defined to yield a desirable total variable weight range of 2.9 to 3.1 lb. This corresponds to a range of the minimum bed pressure of about 0.6 to about 0.9 atma, which is a desirable PVSA operating range for this Example. In this desirable pressure range, the weight of the adsorbent is between a lower value of 0.6 lb and an upper value of 1.2 lb, the weight of the primary gas mover is 1.3 lb, and the weight of the battery is between a lower value of 0.5 lb and an upper value of 1.1 lb. EXAMPLE 4 Example 3 was repeated using a primary gas mover consisting of diaphragm-type feed air and waste gas compressors driven by a common motor. The weight of each variable-weight component, i.e., the adsorbent, primary gas mover, and battery, were calculated using the methods described earlier for values of the minimum bed pressure between 0.40 and 0.96 atma. These weights were summed and all data were plotted as shown in FIG. 5. The three individual component weights show no obvious minima as functions of the minimum bed pressure. When these weights are combined, however, the plot of total variable weight vs. minimum bed pressure exhibits a minimum total variable weight of 2.3 lb at about 0.8 atma. A desirable relative weight range between the minimum weight and 5% above the minimum weight was defined to yield a desirable total variable weight range of 2.3 to 2.5 lb. This corresponds to a range of the minimum bed pressure of 0.6 to about 0.9 atma, which is a desirable PVSA operating range for this Example. In this desirable pressure range, the weight of the adsorbent is between a lower value of 0.6 lb and an upper value of 1.1 lb, the weight of the primary gas mover is 0.7 lb, and the weight of the battery is between a lower value of 0.6 lb and an upper value of 1.1 lb. EXAMPLE 5 A PVSA system was simulated to generate 1 lpm of 93 mole % oxygen at a product pressure of 1.2 atm for a period of 3 hours of continuous run time for a five-bed system of FIG. 1 using the cycle of Tables 1 and 2. The primary gas mover consisted of scroll-type feed air and waste gas compressors driven by a common motor. The weight of each variable-weight component, i.e., the adsorbent, primary gas mover, and battery, were calculated using the methods described earlier for values of the minimum bed pressure between 0.35 and 0.96 atma. These weights were summed and all data were plotted as shown in FIG. 6. The three individual component weights show no obvious minima as functions of the minimum bed pressure. When these weights are combined, however, the plot of total variable weight vs. minimum bed pressure exhibits a minimum total variable weight of 1.5 lb at about 0.7 atma. A desirable relative weight range between the minimum weight and 5% above the minimum weight was defined to yield a desirable total variable weight range of 1.5 to 1.6 lb. This corresponds to a range of the minimum bed pressure of about 0.6 to 0.8 atma, which is a desirable PVSA operating range for this Example. In this desirable pressure range, the weight of the adsorbent is between a lower value of 0.3 lb and an upper value of 0.6 lb, the weight of the primary gas mover is 0.7 lb, and the weight of the battery is between a lower value of 0.3 lb and an upper value of 0.6 lb. EXAMPLE 6 Example 5 was repeated using a primary gas mover consisting of diaphragm-type feed air and waste gas compressors driven by a common motor. The weight of each variable-weight component, i.e., the adsorbent, primary gas mover, and battery, were calculated using the methods described earlier for values of the minimum bed pressure between 0.40 and 0.96 atma. These weights were summed and all data were plotted as shown in FIG. 7. The three individual component weights show no obvious minima as functions of the minimum bed pressure. When these weights are combined, however, the plot of total variable weight vs. minimum bed pressure exhibits a minimum total variable weight of 1.3 lb at about 0.7 atma. A desirable relative weight range between the minimum weight and 5% above the minimum weight was defined to yield a desirable total variable weight range of 1.2 to 1.3 lb. This corresponds to a range of the minimum bed pressure of 0.6 to about 0.8 atma, which is a desirable PVSA operating range for this Example. In this desirable pressure range, the weight of the adsorbent is between a lower value of 0.3 lb and an upper value of 0.6 lb, the weight of the primary gas mover is 0.4 lb, and the weight of the battery is between a lower value of 0.3 lb and an upper value of 0.6 lb. EXAMPLE 7 A PVSA system was simulated to generate 3 lpm of 93 mole % oxygen at a product pressure of 1.6 atm for a period of 3 hours of continuous run time for a five-bed system of FIG. 1 using the cycle of Tables 1 and 2. The primary gas mover consisted of scroll-type feed air and waste gas compressors driven by a common motor. The weight of each variable-weight component, i.e., the adsorbent, primary gas mover, and battery, were calculated using the methods described earlier for values of the minimum bed pressure between 0.5 and 1.06 atma. These weights were summed and all data were plotted as shown in FIG. 8. The three individual component weights show no obvious minima as functions of the minimum bed pressure. When these weights are combined, however, the plot of total variable weight vs. minimum bed pressure exhibits a minimum total variable weight of 4.8 lb at about 0.9 atma. A desirable relative weight range between the minimum weight and 5% above the minimum weight was defined to yield a desirable total variable weight range of 4.8 to 5.0 lb. This corresponds to a range of the minimum bed pressure of about 0.8 to 1.1 atma, which is a desirable PVSA operating range for this Example. In this desirable pressure range, the weight of the adsorbent is between a lower value of 1.0 lb and an upper value of 1.8 lb, the weight of the primary gas mover is 1.9 lb, and the weight of the battery is between a lower value of 1.4 lb and an upper value of 2.1 lb. EXAMPLE 8 Example 7 was repeated using a primary gas mover consisting of diaphragm-type feed air and waste gas compressors driven by a common motor. The weight of each variable-weight component, i.e., the adsorbent, primary gas mover, and battery, were calculated using the methods described earlier for values of the minimum bed pressure between 0.37 and 1.06 atma. These weights were summed and all data were plotted as shown in FIG. 9. The three individual component weights show no obvious minima as functions of the minimum bed pressure. When these weights are combined, however, the plot of total variable weight vs. minimum bed pressure exhibits a minimum total variable weight of 4.0 lb at about 0.9 atma. A desirable relative weight range between the minimum weight and 5% above the minimum weight was defined to yield a desirable total variable weight range of 4.0 to 4.2 lb. This corresponds to a range of the minimum bed pressure of 0.8 to about 1.0 atma, which is a desirable PVSA operating range for this Example. In this desirable pressure range, the weight of the adsorbent is between a lower value of 1.1 lb and an upper value of 1.6 lb, the weight of the primary gas mover is 1.1 lb, and the weight of the battery is between a lower value of 1.4 lb and an upper value of 2.0 lb. EXAMPLE 9 Example 1 was repeated except that the PVSA system was a four bed system operated according to the cycle of Tables 3 and 4. The primary gas mover consisted of scroll-type feed air and waste gas compressors driven by a common motor. The weight of each variable-weight component, i.e., the adsorbent, primary gas mover, and battery, were calculated using the methods described earlier for values of the minimum bed pressure between 0.35 and 1.0 atma. These weights were summed and all data were plotted as shown in FIG. 10. The three individual component weights show no obvious minima as functions of the minimum bed pressure. When these weights are combined, however, the plot of total variable weight vs. minimum bed pressure exhibits a minimum total variable weight of 3.2 lb at 0.7 atma. A desirable relative weight range between the minimum weight and 5% above the minimum weight was defined to yield a desirable total variable weight range of 3.2 to 3.4 lb. This corresponds to a range of the minimum bed pressure of 0.5 to about 0.9 atma, which is a desirable PVSA operating range for this Example. In this desirable pressure range, the weight of the adsorbent is between a lower value of 0.6 lb and an upper value of 1.3 lb, the weight of the primary gas mover is 1.6 lb, and the weight of the battery is between a lower value of 0.5 lb and an upper value of 1.2 lb. EXAMPLE 10 Example 2 was repeated except that the PVSA system was a four bed system operated according to the cycle of Tables 3 and 4. The primary gas mover consisted of diaphragm-type feed air and waste gas compressors driven by a common motor. The weight of each variable-weight component, i.e., the adsorbent, primary gas mover, and battery, were calculated using the methods described earlier for values of the minimum bed pressure between 0.35 and 0.96 atma. These weights were summed and all data were plotted as shown in FIG. 11. The three individual component weights show no obvious minima as functions of the minimum bed pressure. When these weights are combined, however, the plot of total variable weight vs. minimum bed pressure exhibits a minimum total variable weight of 2.7 lb at 0.7 atma. A desirable relative weight range between the minimum weight and 5% above the minimum weight was defined to yield a desirable total variable weight range of 2.7 to 2.9 lb. This corresponds to a range of the minimum bed pressure of about 0.5 to 0.9 atma, which is a desirable PVSA operating range for this Example. In this desirable pressure range, the weight of the adsorbent is between a lower value of 0.7 lb and an upper value of 1.3 lb, the weight of the primary gas mover is 1.1 lb, and the weight of the battery is between a lower value of 0.5 lb and an upper value of 1.0 lb. EXAMPLE 11 Example 3 was repeated except that the PVSA system was a four bed system operated according to the cycle of Tables 3 and 4. The primary gas mover consisted of scroll-type feed air and waste gas compressors driven by a common motor. The weight of each variable-weight component, i.e., the adsorbent, primary gas mover, and battery, were calculated using the methods described earlier for values of the minimum bed pressure between 0.4 and 1.0 atma. These weights were summed and all data were plotted as shown in FIG. 12. The three individual component weights show no obvious minima as functions of the minimum bed pressure. When these weights are combined, however, the plot of total variable weight vs. minimum bed pressure exhibits a minimum total variable weight of 2.6 lb at 0.8 atma. A desirable relative weight range between the minimum weight and 5% above the minimum weight was defined to yield a desirable total variable weight range of 2.6 to 2.8 lb. This corresponds to a range of the minimum bed pressure of 0.6 to about 0.9 atma, which is a desirable PVSA operating range for this Example. In this desirable pressure range, the weight of the adsorbent is between a lower value of 0.6 lb and an upper value of 1.1 lb, the weight of the primary gas mover is 1.1 lb, and the weight of the battery is between a lower value of 0.5 lb and an upper value of 1.1 lb. EXAMPLE 12 Example 4 was repeated except that the PVSA system was a four bed system operated according to the cycle of Tables 3 and 4. The primary gas mover consisted of diaphragm-type feed air and waste gas compressors driven by a common motor. The weight of each variable-weight component, i.e., the adsorbent, primary gas mover, and battery, were calculated using the methods described earlier for values of the minimum bed pressure between 0.4 and 0.96 atma. These weights were summed and all data were plotted as shown in FIG. 13. The three individual component weights show no obvious minima as functions of the minimum bed pressure. When these weights are combined, however, the plot of total variable weight vs. minimum bed pressure exhibits a minimum total variable weight of 2.3 lb at about 0.8 atma. A desirable relative weight range between the minimum weight and 5% above the minimum weight was defined to yield a desirable total variable weight range of 2.3 to 2.4 lb. This corresponds to a range of the minimum bed pressure of about 0.6 to about 0.9 atma, which is a desirable PVSA operating range for this Example. In this desirable pressure range, the weight of the adsorbent is between a lower value of 0.6 lb and an upper value of 1.1 lb, the weight of the primary gas mover is 0.7 lb, and the weight of the battery is between a lower value of 0.5 lb and an upper value of 1.0 lb. EXAMPLE 13 Example 5 was repeated except that the PVSA system was a four bed system operated according to the cycle of Tables 3 and 4. The primary gas mover consisted of scroll-type feed air and waste gas compressors driven by a common motor. The weight of each variable-weight component, i.e., the adsorbent, primary gas mover, and battery, were calculated using the methods described earlier for values of the minimum bed pressure between 0.35 and 0.96 atma. These weights were summed and all data were plotted as shown in FIG. 14. The three individual component weights show no obvious minima as functions of the minimum bed pressure. When these weights are combined, however, the plot of total variable weight vs. minimum bed pressure exhibits a minimum total variable weight of 1.4 lb at about 0.7 atma. A desirable relative weight range between the minimum weight and 5% above the minimum weight was defined to yield a desirable total variable weight range of 1.4 to 1.5 lb. This corresponds to a range of the minimum bed pressure of 0.6 to 0.9 atma, which is a desirable PVSA operating range for this Example. In this desirable pressure range, the weight of the adsorbent is between a lower value of 0.3 lb and an upper value of 0.6 lb, the weight of the primary gas mover is 0.6 lb, and the weight of the battery is between a lower value of 0.3 lb and an upper value of 0.5 lb. EXAMPLE 14 Example 6 was repeated except that the PVSA system was a four bed system operated according to the cycle of Tables 3 and 4. The primary gas mover consisted of diaphragm-type feed air and waste gas compressors driven by a common motor. The weight of each variable-weight component, i.e., the adsorbent, primary gas mover, and battery, were calculated using the methods described earlier for values of the minimum bed pressure between 0.4 and 0.96 atma. These weights were summed and all data were plotted as shown in FIG. 15. The three individual component weights show no obvious minima as functions of the minimum bed pressure. When these weights are combined, however, the plot of total variable weight vs. minimum bed pressure exhibits a minimum total variable weight of 1.2 lb in a range of the minimum bed pressure of about 0.6 to 0.8 atma, which is a desirable PVSA operating range for this Example. In this desirable pressure range, the weight of the adsorbent is between a lower value of 0.3 lb and an upper value of 0.6 lb, the weight of the primary gas mover is 0.4 lb, and the weight of the battery is between a lower value of 0.3 b and an upper value of 0.5 lb. EXAMPLE 15 Example 7 was repeated except that the PVSA system was a four bed system operated according to the cycle of Tables 3 and 4. The primary gas mover consisted of scroll-type feed air and waste gas compressors driven by a common motor. The weight of each variable-weight component, i.e., the adsorbent, primary gas mover, and battery, were calculated using the methods described earlier for values of the minimum bed pressure between 0.5 and 1.06 atma. These weights were summed and all data were plotted as shown in FIG. 16. The three individual component weights show no obvious minima as functions of the minimum bed pressure. When these weights are combined, however, the plot of total variable weight vs. minimum bed pressure exhibits a minimum total variable weight of 4.4 lb at slightly below 1.0 atma. A desirable relative weight range between the minimum weight and 5% above the minimum weight was defined to yield a desirable total variable weight range of 4.4 to 4.6 lb. This corresponds to a range of the minimum bed pressure of about 0.8 to 1.1 atma, which is a desirable PVSA operating range for this Example. In this desirable pressure range, the weight of the adsorbent is between a lower value of 1.0 lb and an upper value of 1.6 lb, the weight of the primary gas mover is 1.6 lb, and the weight of the battery is between a lower value of 1.4 lb and an upper value of 2.0 lb. EXAMPLE 16 Example 8 was repeated except that the PVSA system was a four bed system operated according to the cycle of Tables 3 and 4. The primary gas mover consisted of diaphragm-type feed air and waste gas compressors driven by a common motor. The weight of each variable-weight component, i.e., the adsorbent, primary gas mover, and battery, were calculated using the methods described earlier for values of the minimum bed pressure between about 0.37 and 1.06 atma. These weights were summed and all data were plotted as shown in FIG. 17. The three individual component weights show no obvious minima as functions of the minimum bed pressure. When these weights are combined, however, the plot of total variable weight vs. minimum bed pressure exhibits a minimum total variable weight of 3.9 lb at slightly less than 1.0 atma. A desirable relative weight range between the minimum weight and 5% above the minimum weight was defined to yield a desirable total variable weight range of 3.9 to 4.1. This corresponds to a range of the minimum bed pressure of about 0.8 to 1.0 atma, which is a desirable PVSA operating range for this Example. In this desirable pressure range, the weight of the adsorbent is between a lower value of 1.0 lb and an upper value of 1.5 lb, the weight of the primary gas mover is 1.1 lb, and the weight of the battery is between a lower value of 1.4 lb and an upper value of 2.0 lb. EXAMPLE 17 The PVSA system of FIG. 1 was simulated using the cycle described in Tables 1 and 2 for product flow rates of 1 to 3 lpm, product delivery pressures between 1.2 and 1.6 atma, and run times between 1 and 3 hours. The PVSA system of FIG. 1 also was simulated using the cycle described in Tables 3 and 4 for the same product flow rates, product delivery pressures, and run times. For these simulations, the rechargeable battery provides between 0.02 and 0.17 KWh of power during the operating run time between maximum and minimum working charge. The total working capacity of the adsorbent in each adsorber bed during the cycles is between 1.2×10−4 and 6.7×10−4 lbmoles of nitrogen. The feed air compressor (the first compressor) moves between 1.14×10−4 and 4.01×10−4 lbmoles of pressurized feed air during the feed steps and the waste gas compressor (the second compressor) moves between 3.47×10−4 and 9.96×10−4 lbmoles of waste gas during the depressurization and evacuation steps. A summary of the results from Examples 1-16 is given in Table 5. These results were utilized to define desirable operating ranges for the weights of the adsorbent, primary gas mover, and battery as functions of the product flow rate. This was effected by plotting values of the upper and lower weights corresponding to the upper and lower values of the minimum bed pressure ranges for each of the variable-weight components defined in Examples 1-16 as functions of product flow rates. Linear boundaries to define a desirable operating region in terms of weight vs. product flow rate then were constructed for each component so that all upper and lower values of the minimum weights were included in this optimum operating region. In addition, ranges of the minimum weight of the battery were normalized to a unit run time and plotted as functions of the product flow rate to determine an optimum operating region in terms of this normalized variable. Based on these Examples, the minimum bed pressure typically falls between 0.25 and 1.0 atma, and may be in the range of 0.45 and 0.8 atma. TABLE 5 Summary of Examples 1 through 16 Product Product Run Minimum Bed Pressure, Total Variable Example Flow, Press., Time, No of Primary Gas atma Weight, lb No. lpm atma hr Beds Mover Type Minimum Range Minimum Range 1 3 1.6 1 5 Scroll 0.7 0.4-0.9 3.6 3.6-3.8 2 3 1.6 1 5 Diaphragm 0.7 0.5-0.9 2.8 2.8-3.0 3 2 1.4 2 5 Scroll 0.7 0.6-0.9 2.9 2.9-3.1 4 2 1.4 2 5 Diaphragm 0.8 0.6-0.9 2.3 2.3-2.5 5 1 1.2 3 5 Scroll 0.7 0.6-0.8 1.5 1.5-1.6 6 1 1.2 3 5 Diaphragm 0.7 0.6-0.8 1.2 1.2-1.3 7 3 1.6 3 5 Scroll 0.9 0.8-1.1 4.8 4.8-5.0 8 3 1.6 3 5 Diaphragm 0.9 0.8-1.0 4.0 4.0-4.2 9 3 1.6 1 4 Scroll 0.7 0.5-0.9 3.2 3.2-3.4 10 3 1.6 1 4 Diaphragm 0.7 0.5-0.9 2.7 2.7-2.9 11 2 1.2 2 4 Scroll 0.8 0.6-0.9 2.6 2.6-2.8 12 2 1.2 2 4 Diaphragm 0.8 0.6-0.9 2.3 2.3-2.4 13 1 1.2 3 4 Scroll 0.7 0.6-0.9 1.4 1.4-1.5 14 1 1.2 3 4 Diaphragm 0.7 0.6-0.8 1.2 — 15 3 1.6 3 4 Scroll ˜1.0 0.8-1.1 4.4 4.4-4.6 16 3 1.6 3 4 Diaphragm ˜1.0 0.8-1.0 3.9 3.9-4.1 The resulting plots and desirable operating regions for the individual variable-weight components are shown in FIGS. 18, 19, 20, and 21. FIG. 18 illustrates a desirable operating region bounded by (a) a lower line drawn through the origin and the lower weight of the adsorbent weight range for the product flow rate of 3 lpm and (b) an upper line drawn through the origin and the upper weight of the adsorbent weight range for the product flow rate of 1 μm. All upper and lower weights of the adsorbent for product flow rates of 1, 2, and 3 lpm thus fall within the desirable operating region described by the upper and lower lines of FIG. 18. FIG. 19 indicates that the desirable range of the weights of the primary gas movers lie between and include the weights of the scroll-type and diaphragm-type feed air and waste gas compressors which define the upper and lower lines, respectively. FIG. 20 illustrates a desirable operating region bounded by upper and lower lines drawn through the origin and the upper and lower battery weights of the Examples at 3 lpm product flow rates. All upper and lower weights of the variable-weight battery for product flow rates of 1, 2, and 3 lpm thus fall within the desirable operating region described by the upper and lower lines. FIG. 21 illustrates a desirable operating region bounded by (a) a lower line drawn through the origin and the lower value of the time-normalized battery weight range corresponding to the Examples at 1 lpm product flow rate and (b) an upper line drawn through the origin and the upper value of the time-normalized battery weight range corresponding to the Examples at a product flow rate of 3 lpm. All upper and lower values of the time-normalized battery weight for product flow rates of 1, 2, and 3 lpm thus fall within the desirable operating region described by the upper and lower lines of FIG. 21. The optimization methods described above thus cover the operation of four bed and five bed PVSA system for production rates of 1 to 3 lpm of 93 mole % oxygen in a product pressure range of 1.2 to 1.6 atma for periods of 1 to 3 hours of continuous run time. The corresponding optimum weight ranges for individual components were defined analytically for the desirable operating ranges of the minimum bed pressure. In addition, desirable operating regions were defined analytically in terms of weight vs. product flow rates for the individual variable-weight components. Also, desirable operating regions were defined analytically in terms of weight vs. product flow rates for the total weights of the combined variable-weight. These are summarized below. The desirable operating regions described above and illustrated in FIGS. 18, 19, 20, and 21 may be expressed as follows for the individual variable-weight components: (a) for the weight of the adsorbent, Wa, 0.21 Fp<Wa<0.61 Fp; (b) for the weight of the primary gas mover, Wp, 0.36 Fp<Wp<0.70 Fp; (c) for the weight of the battery, Wb, 0.18 Fp<Wb<0.71 Fp; and (d) for the battery weight on a time-normalized basis, 0.10 Fp tr<Wb<0.40 Fp tr. In these expressions, Fp is the product flow rate in liters per minute (at 23° C. and 1 atma), weight is in pounds, and time tr is in hours. The desired operating characteristics of the PVSA systems described above may be characterized by any of the above expressions. By combining the expressions in (a), (b), and (c) above, the total variable weight, Wt, may be expressed as 0.75 Fp<Wt<2.02 Fp where Wt is in pounds. The combined weight of the variable-weight components of a PVSA system designed for generating 1 lpm of 93 mole % oxygen thus may lie between 0.75 and 2.02 pounds and a system designed for generating 3 lpm of 93 mole % oxygen thus may lie between 2.25 and 6.06 pounds. This expression may be extended to product flow rates above 3 lpm and below 1 μm to determine the total variable weight of the PVSA system components. For example, the expression may be used to determine the total variable weight between 0.5 and 5 lpm, and this weight would range between 0.375 lb and 1.01 lb for a 0.5 lpm system and between 3.75 lb and 10.1 lb for a 5 lpm system.	<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>The supply of therapeutic oxygen to patients in homes and other residential settings is an important and growing market in the health care industry. A segment of this market includes the development and commercialization of portable oxygen concentrators, particularly units that can be carried easily by patients requiring continuous oxygen therapy. A portable and easily-carried oxygen supply may be provided by stored liquid or compressed oxygen with an appropriate vaporization or pressure regulation system and a gas delivery cannula. Alternatively and preferably, oxygen may be supplied by a small air separation device carried by the patient that supplies gaseous oxygen at the desired purity, flow rate, and pressure. Power for operating the device can be provided by a rechargeable power supply, typically a rechargeable battery. The small air separation device may be an adsorption-based system using a pressure swing adsorption (PSA) process. Respiratory oxygen usage rates typically range up to about 5 lpm (liters per minute at 23° C. and 1 atma pressure) for ambulatory patients with moderate oxygen requirements. The design of an easily-carried, rechargeable, portable oxygen concentrator in this product range should achieve an appropriate balance among product gas flow rate, weight, and power supply life or run time (i.e., the operating time between power supply recharges). This balance requires the proper choice of numerous operating and design parameters and presents a significant challenge to engineering designers. In a small adsorptive air separation unit, for example, design parameters may include product purity, product delivery pressure, type of process cycle, process cycle pressure envelope, adsorbent, number and dimensions of adsorbent beds, type of gas mover, type of power supply, gas flow control methods, electrical control systems, and materials of construction. There is a need in the art for methods to design portable adsorption-based oxygen generation systems that provide the required gas supply rates and run times with minimum system weight. This need can be met by optimization methods that enable designers to balance these requirements while specifying appropriate process and mechanical parameters for these systems.	<SOH> BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>This need for optimized design of small, easily-carried, adsorption-based oxygen concentrators is met by the various embodiments of the present invention. As described in detail herein, it has been found that a minimum weight range can be determined for an adsorption-based system for any operable combination of product flow rate, product purity, product delivery pressure, and run time. This may be achieved by determining the weight of each variable-weight system component as a function of a selected process parameter, adding the weights of these components at various values of the selected parameter, and generating a curve of variable weight vs. the selected parameter. This curve generally exhibits a minimum weight in a preferred range of the selected process parameter. The selected process parameter is the minimum bed pressure during the process cycle. An embodiment of the invention relates to a system for producing an oxygen-rich gas comprising (a) a primary gas mover including a first compressor adapted to compress atmospheric air to provide pressurized feed air and a second compressor adapted to compress a waste gas from subatmospheric pressure to atmospheric pressure, wherein the primary gas mover is characterized by a weight W p ; (b) a drive motor adapted to drive the first and second compressors; (c) a rechargeable power supply adapted to supply power to the drive motor, wherein the rechargeable power supply is characterized by a weight W b ; and (d) a pressure/vacuum swing adsorption unit adapted to separate the pressurized feed air into an oxygen-rich product at a product flow rate F p and an oxygen-depleted waste gas, wherein the adsorption unit comprises a plurality of adsorber beds containing an adsorbent, wherein the total amount of the adsorbent contained in the adsorber beds is characterized by a total adsorbent weight W a ; wherein the combined weight, W t , of the adsorbent, the primary gas mover, and the rechargeable power supply may be characterized by the expression in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="lead"? 0.75 F p <W t <2.02 F p in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="tail"? where F p is in liters per min (at 23° C. and 1 atma pressure) and W a , W p , and W b are in pounds. The battery may be characterized by an operating run time in hours, t r , between maximum and minimum working charge, and the system may be further characterized by any of the expressions in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="lead"? 0.21 F p <W a <0.61 F p , in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="tail"? in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="lead"? 0.36 F p <W p <0.70 F p , in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="tail"? in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="lead"? 0.18 F p <W b <0.71 F p , and in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="tail"? in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="lead"? 0.10 F p t r <W b <0.40 F p t r . in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="tail"? The plurality of adsorber beds may comprise four or more beds, and may consist of four beds. Each of the first and second compressors may be selected from the group consisting of scroll, diaphragm, piston, and rotary vane compressors. The first and second compressors may be scroll-type compressors. The system may further comprise a conserver. The system may have a total weight of less than 12 pounds, may have a total weight of less than 10 pounds, and may have a total weight of less than 8 pounds. The adsorbent may be selected from the group consisting of zeolite X exchanged with one or more metallic cations selected from the group consisting of lithium, calcium, zinc, copper, sodium, potassium, and silver. The adsorber beds may further comprise an additional adsorbent selective for the adsorption of water and carbon dioxide from air and wherein the additional adsorbent is selected from the group consisting of (1) activated alumina and (2) zeolite X exchanged with one or more metallic cations selected from the group consisting of lithium, sodium, and potassium. The rechargeable power supply may be a battery. Alternatively, the rechargeable power supply may be a fuel cell. The system may further comprise an external case surrounding the primary gas mover, drive motor, rechargeable power supply, and pressure/vacuum swing adsorption system, and a user display/control panel mounted on the outer side of the case. This system may have a total weight of less than 12 pounds, may have a total weight of less than 10 pounds, and may have a total weight of less than 8 pounds. The system for producing an oxygen-rich gas may comprise (a) a primary gas mover including a first compressor adapted to compress atmospheric air to provide pressurized feed air and a second compressor adapted to compress a waste gas from subatmospheric pressure to atmospheric pressure, wherein the primary gas mover is characterized by a weight W p ; (b) a drive motor adapted to drive the first and second compressors; (c) a rechargeable power supply adapted to supply power to the drive motor, wherein the rechargeable power supply is characterized by a weight, W b , and an operating run time, t r , between maximum and minimum working charge; and (d) a pressure/vacuum swing adsorption unit adapted to separate the pressurized feed air into an oxygen-rich product at a product flow rate F p and an oxygen-depleted waste gas, wherein the adsorption unit comprises a plurality of adsorber beds containing adsorbent, wherein the total amount of the adsorbent contained in the adsorber beds is characterized by a total adsorbent weight W a ; wherein the system may be characterized by any of the expressions in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="lead"? 0.21 F p <W a <0.61 F p , in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="tail"? in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="lead"? 0.36 F p <W p <0.70 F p , in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="tail"? in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="lead"? 0.18 F p <W b <0.71 F p , and in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="tail"? in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="lead"? 0.10 F p t r <W b <0.40 F p t r , in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="tail"? where F p is in liters per min (at 23° C. and 1 atma pressure), t r is in hours, and W a , W p and W b , are in pounds. The system may further comprise additional elements including electrical wiring and control systems, a case or housing, and a user display/control panel mounted on the outer side of the housing, wherein the oxygen generation system and the additional elements are combined to form a portable oxygen concentrator, and means for the user to carry the portable concentrator unit. Another embodiment of the invention pertains to a method for producing an oxygen-rich product gas comprising (a) providing a primary gas mover including a first compressor for compressing atmospheric air to provide pressurized feed air and a second compressor adapted to compress an oxygen-depleted waste gas from subatmospheric pressure to atmospheric pressure, a drive motor for driving the first and second compressors, and a rechargeable battery for providing power to the drive motor, wherein the rechargeable power supply is characterized by an operating run time between maximum and minimum working charge; (b) providing a pressure/vacuum swing adsorption system adapted to separate the pressurized feed air into the oxygen-rich product gas and the oxygen-depleted waste gas, wherein the adsorption system comprises a plurality of adsorber beds containing adsorbent; and (c) operating each of the adsorber beds in turn through an adsorption cycle including at least the repeating steps of feed/provide product, depressurization, evacuation, and repressurization; wherein the method may be characterized by any of the operating parameters (1) the rechargeable battery provides between 0.02 and 0.17 KWh of power during the operating run time between maximum and minimum working charge; (2) the total working capacity of the adsorbent in each adsorber bed during the adsorption cycle is between 1.2×10 −4 and 6.7×10 −4 lbmoles of nitrogen; (3) the first compressor moves between 1.14×10 −4 and 4.01×10 −4 lbmoles of pressurized feed air during the feed/provide product step; and (4) the second compressor moves between 3.47×1.04 and 9.96×10 −4 lbmoles of waste gas during the depressurization and evacuation steps. The pressure/vacuum swing adsorption system may have four adsorber beds and each of the adsorber beds may undergo in turn a series of adsorption cycle steps which comprise (A) a feed/make product step wherein the pressurized feed air is introduced into a feed end of the bed while the oxygen-enriched product gas is withdrawn from a product end of the bed; (B) a feed/make product/provide repressurization step wherein the pressurized feed air is introduced into a feed end of the bed while an oxygen-enriched product gas is withdrawn from a product end of the bed, and wherein a portion of the product gas is used for pressurizing another bed undergoing its final repressurization step; (C) a depressurization step in which the bed is depressurized by withdrawing gas therefrom, wherein at least a portion of the gas withdrawn therefrom is transferred to another bed undergoing a repressurization step; (D) a provide purge step in which the bed is further depressurized by withdrawing gas therefrom, wherein at least a portion of the gas withdrawn therefrom is transferred to another bed undergoing a purge step; (E) an evacuation step in which gas is withdrawn from the feed end of the bed until the bed reaches a minimum subatmospheric bed pressure; (F) a purge step in which the bed is purged by introducing purge gas into the product end of the bed while continuing to evacuate the bed, wherein the purge gas is provided from another bed undergoing step (D); (G) a repressurization step in which pressurization gas is introduced into the product end of the bed, wherein the pressurization gas is provided from another bed undergoing step (C); and (H) a final repressurization step in which product gas from another bed is introduced into the product end of the bed. The minimum bed pressure may be between 0.25 and 1.0 atma, and may be between 0.45 and 0.8 atma. The pressure of the oxygen-enriched product gas may be between 1.2 and 1.6 atma. The oxygen-enriched product gas may be provided at a flow rate in the range of 0.5 to 3.0 liters per min (defined at 23° C. and 1 atma pressure). An alternative embodiment of the invention is directed to a method for producing an oxygen-rich product gas comprising (a) providing a primary gas mover including a first compressor for compressing atmospheric air to provide pressurized feed air and a second compressor adapted to compress an oxygen-depleted waste gas from subatmospheric pressure to atmospheric pressure, a drive motor for driving the first and second compressors, and a rechargeable battery for providing power to the drive motor, wherein the rechargeable power supply is characterized by an operating run time between maximum and minimum working charge; (b) providing a pressure/vacuum swing adsorption unit adapted to separate the pressurized feed air into the oxygen-rich product gas and the oxygen-depleted waste gas, wherein the adsorption unit comprises a plurality of adsorber beds containing adsorbent selective for the adsorption of nitrogen from air; and (c) operating each of the adsorber beds in turn through an adsorption cycle including at least the repeating steps of feed/provide product, depressurization, evacuation, and repressurization; wherein the minimum pressure in the evacuation step may be between 0.35 and 1.00 atma. Another embodiment of the invention relates to a method for the design of a portable pressure/vacuum swing adsorption oxygen concentrator system comprising (a) defining design parameters including at least a product flow rate, a product purity, a product delivery pressure, a pressure/vacuum swing adsorption process cycle, the number of adsorber vessels, an adsorbent contained in the adsorber vessels, the type of gas mover, the type of regenerable power supply to provide power to the drive motor, and the run time of the regenerable power supply between maximum and minimum working charge; (b) selecting a series of minimum bed pressures pressures below atmospheric pressure and determining for each of the minimum bed pressures the required weights of the gas mover, the power supply, and the adsorbent contained in the adsorber vessels, wherein each minimum bed pressure is a lowest bed pressure in the pressure/vacuum swing adsorption process cycle; (c) adding the weights of the adsorbent, the gas mover, and the power supply determined in (b) for each value of the minimum bed pressure to provide a total weight of the adsorbent, the gas mover, and the power supply as a function of the minimum bed pressure; and (d) selecting a range of the minimum bed pressures that corresponds to a range of minimum combined weight of the adsorbent, the gas mover, and the power supply. The range of minimum bed pressures may be between 0.45 and 0.8 atma.	20040521	20071009	20051124	85337.0		1	HOPKINS, ROBERT A	WEIGHT-OPTIMIZED PORTABLE OXYGEN CONCENTRATOR	UNDISCOUNTED	0	ACCEPTED		2,004
10,851,886	ACCEPTED	IMAGE-FORMING DEVICE HAVING A BELT TYPE PROCESSING MEMBER WITH MICRO-FEATURES	An image-forming device comprises a rotating belt that includes a plurality of micro-members. The micro-members are preferably spherical members or hook and loop members. The rotating belt having the micro-members thereon is adapted to contact microencapsulated media with a force sufficient to rupture unhardened microcapsules on the media.	1. An image-forming device comprising: an imaging member that exposes a photosensitive medium to form a latent image on the photosensitive medium, the photosensitive medium comprising a plurality of microcapsules which encapsulate imaging material; and a processing member that develops the latent image, said processing member comprising a rotatable belt that includes micro-members on a surface thereof which contact the photosensitive medium during a rotation of the belt to apply a force to a surface of the photosensitive medium, said force being sufficient to release imaging material from selected microcapsules of said plurality of microcapsules. 2. An image-forming device according to claim 1, wherein said micro-members are a plurality of spherical members provided on the surface of the belt. 3. An image-forming device according to claim 1, wherein said micro-members are a plurality of hook and loop members which extend from an outer surface of said belt. 4. An image-forming device according to claim 1, further comprising a backing member positioned so as oppose said belt, wherein said media passes between said belt and said backing member. 5. An image-forming device according to claim 4, wherein said backing member is an opposing platen roller. 6. An image-forming device according to claim 1, wherein said belt is an endless belt that extends around two opposing pulleys. 7. An image-forming device according to claim 6, further comprising a spring member that urges a surface of said belt which opposes the media in a direction toward the media. 8. An image-forming device according to claim 6, wherein said belt is rotated in a first direction around the opposing pulleys, said first direction being transverse to a direction of travel of the media in said image-forming device 9. An image forming method comprising: exposing a photosensitive medium comprising a plurality of micro-capsules which encapsulate imaging material to form a latent image; and developing the latent image by contacting a surface of said medium with a rotating belt having micro-members thereon, said contacting of the micro-members of the rotating belt with the surface of the medium applying a force to the surface of the medium which is sufficient to release imaging material from selected microcapsules of the plurality of microcapsules. 10. An image forming method according to claim wherein said micro-members comprise a plurality of hook and loop members located on a surface of said belt. 11. An image forming method according to claim 9. wherein said micro-members comprise a plurality of spherical members located on a surface of said belt. 12. An image forming method according to claim 9, wherein during said developing step, the medium is conveyed between the rotating belt and a backing member.	CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS The present application is related to the following pending patent application: U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/831,085 filed Apr. 23, 2004, entitled ROLLER CHAIN FOR APPLYING PRESSURE. FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to an image-forming device for processing photosensitive media, wherein the photosensitive media includes a plurality of microcapsules that encapsulate imaging material such as coloring material. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Image-forming devices are known in which media having a layer of microcapsules containing a chromogenic material and a photohardenable or photosoftenable composition, and a developer, which may be in the same or a separate layer from the microcapsules, is image-wise exposed. In these devices, the microcapsules are ruptured, and an image is produced by the differential reaction of the chromogenic material and the developer. More specifically, in these image-forming devices, after exposure and rupture of the microcapsules, the ruptured microcapsules release a color-forming agent, whereupon the developer material reacts with the color-forming agent to form an image. The image formed can be viewed through a transparent support or a protective overcoat against a reflective white support as is taught in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,783,353 and U.S. Publication No. 2002/0045121 A1. Typically, the microcapsules will include three sets of microcapsules sensitive respectively to red, green and blue light and containing cyan, magenta and yellow color formers, respectively, as taught in U.S. Pat. No. 4,772,541. Preferably a direct digital transmission imaging technique is employed using a modulated LED print head to expose the microcapsules. Conventional arrangements for developing the image formed by exposure in these image-forming devices include using spring-loaded balls, micro wheels, micro rollers or rolling pins, and heat from a heat source is applied after this development step to accelerate development. The photohardenable composition in at least one and possibly all three sets of microcapsules can be sensitized by a photo-initiator such as a cationic dye-borate complex as described in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,772,541; 4,772,530; 4,800,149; 4,842,980; 4,865,942; 5,057,393; 5,100,755 and 5,783,353. The above describes micro-encapsulation technology that combines micro-encapsulation with photo polymerization into a photographic coating to produce a continuous tone, digital imaging member. With regard to the media used in this technology, a substrate is coated with millions of light sensitive microcapsules, which contain either cyan, magenta or yellow image forming dyes (in leuco form). The media further comprises a monomer and the appropriate cyan, magenta or yellow photo initiator that absorb red, green or blue light respectively. Exposure to light, after the induction period is reached, induces polymerization. When exposure is made, the photo-initiator absorbs light and initiates a polymerization reaction, converting the internal fluid (monomer) into polymer, which binds or traps leuco dye from escaping when pressure is applied. With no exposure, microcapsules remain soft and are easily broken, permitting all of the contained dye to be expelled into a developer containing binder and developed which produces the maximum color available. With increasing exposure, an analog or continuous tone response occurs until the microcapsules are completely hardened, to thereby prevent any dye from escaping when pressure is applied. Conventionally, as describe above, in order to develop the image, pressure is uniformly applied across the image. As a final fixing step, heat is applied to accelerate color development and to extract all un-reacted liquid from the microcapsules. This heating step also serves to assist in the development of available leuco dye for improved image stability. Generally, pressure ruptured capsules (unhardened) expel lueco dye into the developer matrix. Small compact low cost printers typically employed micro-wheels or balls backed by springs and operate in a scanning stylus fashion by transversing the media. This allowed for low cost and relatively low spring force due to the small surface area that the ball or micro wheel (typically 2 to 3 mm diameter) contacted on the media. The disadvantage of this method was that the processing pitch required to assure uniform development needs to be (approximately 1 mm for a 3/16″ diameter ball) which results in slow processing times for a typical print image format (4×6 inch). Ganging multiple ball stylus or micro wheels adds cost, and increases the possibility of processing failure due to debris caught under a ball 0surface. Conventional high speed processing involved line processing utilizing large crushing rollers. To ensure the high pressure, (psi) required, these rollers tended to be large to minimize deflection. However, these large rollers were costly, heavy, and require high spring loading. Also, the extensibility of this method is limited as larger rollers (and spring loads) are required as media size increases. Recent developments in media design (or the imaging member) as described in co-pending U.S. application Ser. No. 10/687,939 have changed the prior art structure of the imaging member to the point where the aforementioned means of processing may no longer be robust. The use of a substantially non-compressible top clear polymer film layer and a rigid opaque backing layer which serves to contain the image forming layer of conventional media presented a processing position whereby balls, micro wheels or rollers could be used without processing artifacts such as scratch, banding, or dimensional or surface deformation. In addition, the non-compressibility of this prior art structure provided more tolerance to processing conditions. The recent imaging member embodiment as described in the above-mentioned co-pending patent application, replaces the top and bottom structures of the media with highly elastic and compressible materials (gel SOC) (super over coat or top most clear gel comprising layer) and synthetic paper (polyolefin). The media as described in the above-mentioned co-pending application may no longer survive these means of processing in a robust fashion where pressure is applied by a roller or ball. This is due to the fact that in the imaging member described in the co-pending application, the polyolefin paper backing that is used as fiber base substrates (cellulose fiber) present non uniform density, and the high compression forces required for processing in the conventional arrangements may make an “image” of the fiber pattern in the print, thus making the print corrupt. It would be advantageous to provide a means or method of processing that did not invoke present methods utilizing high compression forces, to provide a high quality image by improving the tonal scale development and density minimum formation of the imaging member. As mentioned, the need to provide a means of processing that will facilitate the use of the recently designed imaging member is needed. In addition, a processing means that would use plain paper as a substrate would be highly desired. Further, it would be advantageous to provide a means of processing that is low in cost, is fully extensible, and is mechanically simple and robust. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention provides for an image-forming device and method that addresses the issues noted above. The image-forming device of the present invention offers the advantages of both types of prior art, i.e., low spring load and fast printing speed. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention the mechanism for crushing the microcapsules is comprised of a belt or belt-type member with micro-members on a surface thereof, and a platen roller that opposes the belt. The micro-members on the belt can define spherical features that are in direct contact with an emulsion side of the media to introduce pressure which is sufficient to rupture unhardened microcapsules on the media. The present invention therefore relates to an image-forming device which comprises an imaging member adapted to expose a photosensitive medium to form a latent image on the photosensitive medium, with the photosensitive medium comprising a plurality of microcapsules which encapsulate imaging material; and a processing member adapted to develop the latent image, with the processing member comprising a rotatable belt that includes micro-members on a surface thereof which contact the photosensitive medium during a rotation of the belt to apply a force to a surface of the photosensitive medium. The force is sufficient to release imaging material from selected microcapsules of the plurality of microcapsules. The present invention also relates to an image forming method that comprises exposing a photosensitive medium comprising a plurality of micro-capsules which encapsulate imaging material to form a latent image; and developing the latent image by contacting a surface of said medium with a rotating belt having micro-members thereon, with the contacting of the micro-members of the rotating belt with the surface of the medium applying a force to the surface of the medium which is sufficient to release imaging material from selected microcapsules of the plurality of microcapsules. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1A schematically shows an image-forming device; FIG. 1B schematically shows an example of a pressure applying system that can be used in the image-forming device of FIG. 1A; FIG. 2 schematically shows an image-forming device in accordance with the present invention; FIG. 3 is a front or rear view of a belt or belt-type processing member in accordance with the present invention; FIG. 4 is a detailed view of one embodiment of the belt or belt-type processing member in accordance with the present invention; FIG. 5 is a schematic view of the surface of an embodiment of the belt or belt-type processing member in accordance with the present invention; FIG. 6 is a side view of the belt or belt-type processing member of FIG. 3; FIGS. 7A and 7B illustrate features of the belt or belt-type processing member of the present invention; FIG. 8 is a schematic view of the surface of a further embodiment of a belt or belt-type processing member in accordance with the present invention; FIG. 9 is a schematic view of the surface of a still further embodiment of a belt or belt-type processing member in accordance with the present invention; and FIG. 10 is a view of the surface of a still further embodiment of a belt or belt-type processing member of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Referring now to the drawings, wherein like reference numerals represent identical or corresponding parts throughout the several views, FIG. 1A is a schematic view of an image-forming device 15 pertinent to the present invention. Image-forming device 15 could be, for example, a printer that includes an opening 17 that is adapted to receive a cartridge containing photosensitive media. As described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,884,114, the cartridge could be a light tight cartridge in which photosensitive sheets are piled one on top of each other. When inserted into image-forming device 15, a feed mechanism that includes, for example, a feed roller 21a in image-forming device 15, working in combination with a mechanism in the cartridge, cooperate with each other to pull one sheet at a time from the cartridge into image-forming device 15 in a known manner. Although a cartridge type arrangement is shown, the present invention is not limited thereto. It is recognized that other methods of introducing media into to the image-forming device such as, for example, individual media feed or roll feed are applicable to the present invention. Once inside image-forming device 15, photosensitive media travels along media path 19, and is transported by, for example, drive rollers 21 connected to, for example, a driving mechanism such as a motor. The photosensitive media will pass by an imaging member 25 in the form of an imaging head that could include a plurality of light emitting elements (LEDs) that are effective to expose a latent image on the photosensitive media based on image information. After the latent image is formed, the photosensitive media is conveyed past a processing assembly or a development member 27. Processing assembly 27 could be a pressure applicator or pressure assembly, wherein an image such as a color image is formed based on the image information by applying pressure to microcapsules having imaging material encapsulated therein to crush unhardened microcapsules. As discussed above, the pressure could be applied by way of spring-loaded balls, micro wheels, micro rollers, rolling pins, etc. FIG. 1B schematically illustrates an example of a pressure applicator 270 for processing assembly 27 which can be used in the image-forming device of FIG. 1A. In the example of FIG. 1B, pressure applicator 270 is a crushing roller arrangement that provides a point contact on photosensitive medium 102. More specifically, pressure applicator 270 includes a support 45 that extends along a width-wise direction of photosensitive medium 102. Moveably mounted on support 45 is a crushing roller arrangement 49 that is adapted to move along the length of support 45, i.e., across the width of photosensitive medium 102. Crushing roller arrangement 49 is adapted to contact one side of photosensitive medium 102. A beam or roller type member 51 is positioned on an opposite side of photosensitive medium 102 and can be provided on a support or spring member 57. Beam or roller type member 51 is positioned so as to contact the opposite side of photosensitive medium 102 and is located opposite crushing roller arrangement 49. Beam or roller type member 51 and crushing roller arrangement 49 when in contact with photosensitive medium 102 on opposite sides provide a point contact on photosensitive medium 102. Crushing roller arrangement 49 is adapted to move along a width-wise direction of photosensitive material 102 so as to crush unhardened microcapsules and release coloring material. Further examples of pressure applicators or crushing members that can be used in the image-forming device of FIG. 1A are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,483,575 and 6,229,558. Within the context of the present invention, the imaging material comprises a coloring material (which is used to form images) or material for black and white media. After the formation of the image, the photosensitive media is conveyed past heater 29 (FIG. 1A) for fixing the image on the media. In a through-feed unit, the photosensitive media could thereafter be withdrawn through an exit 32. As a further option, image-forming device 15 can be a return unit in which the photosensitive media is conveyed or returned back to opening 17. As previously discussed, conventional arrangements employ spring loaded micro-wheels or ball processing (point processing) to provide a pressure or crushing force to microcapsules of microencapsulated media. The traditional approach for crushing the microcapsules by way of a crushing force applied by balls, wheels or micro-rollers may provide for processing speeds which are in some instances not as fast as desired due to the fact that the development pitch of these arrangements are small, and processing velocity is limited to reasonable bi-directional travel rates. Furthermore, in the traditional ball-crushing arrangements, debris introduced into the printer can cause the ball or micro-wheel to drag the debris over the media to cause a scratching of the image and, thus, render the print unusable. In order to provide for a higher throughput device, large rollers, which have a width that covers the width of the media, can be utilized. However, these large rollers tend to require high spring loading and may deflect under load. This could adversely affect the application of pressure on the media. The present invention overcomes the above-noted drawbacks by providing for an image-forming device 150 as shown in FIG. 2. Image-forming device 150 is similar to image-forming device 15 in FIG. 1A except for the processing member. More specifically, image-forming device 150 can be adapted to accept microencapsulated media through an opening 170, while a roller 210 can be adapted to convey the media to an imaging member 250. Imaging member 250 can be an imaging head that includes a plurality of light-emitting elements adapted to expose a latent image on the media based on image information. After the latent image is formed, the media is conveyed passed a processing assembly or a development member 152 in accordance with the present invention. Development member 152 comprises a belt or belt type processing member 10 and a backing member 60, which can be an opposing platen roller, an opposing beam or a surface having a width that generally matches the width of the media. Belt 10 comprises micro-members 14 thereon that are adapted to contact microencapsulated photosensitive medium 1000 when it travels between belt 10 and backing member 60. More specifically, belt 10 includes a surface or outer surface that comprises a plurality of micro-members 14 which contact the surface of media 1000 as belt 10 is rotated. Micro-members 10 can define spherical features or can be in the form of hook-like or loop-like members provided on the exterior surface of belt 10. FIG. 3 is a view of the front or rear of belt 10 relative to media 1000 wherein media 1000 is traveling into or from the paper. As illustrated in FIG. 3, belt 10 is preferably an endless belt that is wrapped around opposing pulleys 20. A known drive member such as a motor can be used to rotate pulleys 20 as shown by the arrows 20a, 20b to cause a rotation of belt 10 in direction 5000. As shown in FIG. 2, the rotation direction 5000 of belt 10 is transverse to the direction of travel 6000 of media 1000 in image-forming device 150. As further illustrated in FIG. 3, a spring-loaded plate 40 urged by springs 30 can be provided on a surface of belt 10. Preferably, spring-loaded plate 40 is provided within endless belt 10 and on a portion of belt 10 that faces media 1000 to provide a pressure on belt 10 that is applied to media 1000. For processing media 1000, belt 10 is rotated in direction 5000 or a direction opposite to direction 5000, such that micro-members 14 contact media 1000 with a rotational force that is sufficient to apply a shear-like force and/or a compressional force onto the top surface of media 1000. With this arrangement, the rotational force applied by micro-members 14 is essentially converted to a compressive or pressure force onto media 1000, which is sufficient to rupture selected unhardened microcapsules. FIG. 4 is a detailed view of a section of belt 10 having micro-members 14 thereon. As shown, belt 10 is located such that the micro-members 14 contact a surface of media 1000. Therefore, when belt 10 is rotated as described above, the micro-members 14 apply a force on the media that is sufficient to rupture unhardened microcapsules on media 1000. As also shown in FIG. 4, micro-members 14 could be in the form of spherical members such as semi-circles. Of course, the present invention is not limited to the spherical members being in the form of semi-circles provided directly on the surface of belt 10. For example, as shown in FIG. 5, the micro-members could be designed to rise above a surface of belt 10. More specifically, micro-members 14a as shown in FIG. 5 include a base section 14c and a semicircular member 14d that can be made of any smooth surface and can take any shape. With the arrangement of FIG. 5 in which the semicircular member 14d is raised from the belt surface, it is not necessary to locate belt 10 as close to the surface of media 1000 as in the embodiment of FIG. 4. FIG. 6 is a side view of a portion of the image-forming device in accordance with the present invention and illustrates belt 10 with respect to media 1000. As shown, media 1000 travels in direction 6000 while belt 10 is rotated in direction 5000 (FIG. 3) which would be a direction in and out of the paper in FIG. 6 and is transverse to direction 6000. Spring loaded plate 40 with springs 30 urge micro-members 14 into contact with media 1000 such that nips are essentially formed between each of micro-members 14 and backing member 60 for the passage of media 1000 there-between. Referring back to FIG. 3 where belt 10 is shown as moving from left to right, while media 1000 is moving out of the plane and perpendicular to the belt moving direction, belt 10 preferably defines a width between pulleys 20a, 20b that is at least greater than a width of media 1000. Therefore, rotation of belt 10 having micro-members 14 thereon is effective to crush all the unhardened microcapsules and release imaging material to form an image. The imaging material that is released from the microcapsules comprises a coloring material that is used to form the image or material for black and white media. After formation of the image, the photosensitive media is conveyed pass heater 290 for fixing the image on the media. In a through-feed unit, the photosensitive media could thereafter be withdrawn through an exit 320. As a further option, image-forming device 150 can be a return unit in which the photosensitive media is conveyed to or returned back to opening 170. A further feature of the present invention will be described with reference to FIGS. 7A and 7B. FIG. 7A shows a top view of the present invention, where belt 10 is moving downward at a linear velocity of v, and media 1000 is moving right at a linear velocity of u. Lines 80 represent centerlines of a processing band produced by the pressure from two consecutive micro-members 14. Angle θ as shown in FIG. 7A can be adjusted by adjusting a ratio of u to v. For example, line 80 is vertical when the media speed u is zero. An advantage of the present invention is related to the fact that the whole imaging area is processed under the micro-members 14 multiple times to ensure color development. Furthermore, as shown in FIG. 7A, a pitch p (the distance between the centerlines 80 of two consecutive processing bands), can be adjusted by adjusting the spacing of the micro-members 14, as well as the velocities of the belt 10 and the media 1000. In fact, as illustrated by the following equation (1), it can be shown that p = u v ⁢ d ( 1 ) where p is the pitch, u and v are the belt speed (vertical) and media speed (horizontal to the right), respectively, and d is the distance between the centers of two consecutive micro-members 14. In order to achieve a sufficiently high color density Dmax, the pitch value should be much smaller than a characteristic length (radius in the case of sphere) of the micro-members 14. In the present invention, in order to achieve the desired small pitch value, one simply needs to reduce media speed u, or the distance d between the consecutive micro-features. Of course, the distance d cannot be smaller than the diameter of the sphere, however the media speed u can be reduced to a needed value to achieve the desired pitch. As described above, the micro-members 14 can be in various shapes, can vary in spacing and can vary in configuration. FIG. 7B is a side view or FIG. 7A and show micro-members 14 as a spherical or semi-circular members. Also, as shown in FIG. 7A, the micro-members can be in a single row on belt 10. However, the present member is not limited to such an arrangement. FIGS. 8 and 9 are alternative embodiments of the inventions where two rows of micro-members 14, 14a are shown. Further, instead of a spherical member, micro-members 14, 14a on the surface of belt 10 can be in the form of loop and hooks. FIG. 10 illustrates one embodiment of a loop and hook configuration 900 provided on the surface of belt 10. Although loop and hook configuration 900 is shown as broken loops, the present invention is not limited thereto. As an alternative, the loops of the loop and hook configuration can be unbroken loops. Further, the loops and hooks can be made of a plastic or resilient material and can be provided on the outer surface of belt 10 in a random or predetermined pattern with respect to location and height. Loop and hook configuration 900 functions like micro-members 14, 14a in that a rotation of belt 10 causes loop and hook configuration 900 to contact the media while being rotated. This causes a force on the media that is sufficient to rupture the non-hardened microcapsules to release coloring material. It is noted that belt 10 having spherical members 14, 14a, or belt 10 having loop and hook configuration 900 can be compliant in nature in order to compensate for any non-uniform surfaces on the media, and can be self-correcting for media thickness variations. It is also noted that belt 10 can be rotated at various velocities in accordance with design considerations, however, faster velocities provide for a higher probability of more micro-members striking the microcapsules on the media, which improves development. The arrangement of the present invention is advantageous for processing media such as disclosed in co-pending application U.S. Ser. No. 10/687,939, since a sufficient force to rupture the capsules is created. The present invention also permits the use of a low cost base media since the processing can be restricted to the microcapsules and any deformation or patterning caused by density differences in the support sheet and read out in the development of the media due to the resulting differential pressures is of no consequence. That is, in a feature of the present invention, rotating belt 10 with micro-members 14, 14a or 900 thereon permits the restriction of processing development to the image forming layer of media 1000, while leaving both the top most clear gel comprising layer intact and without scratches. Further, belt 10 with micro-members 14, 14a or 900 thereon does not invade the bottom-most backing layer of media 1000 and thus, avoids pattern readout of low-cost media supports. The invention has been described in detail with particular reference to certain preferred embodiments thereof, but it will be understood that variations and modifications can be effected within the spirit and scope of the invention.	<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>Image-forming devices are known in which media having a layer of microcapsules containing a chromogenic material and a photohardenable or photosoftenable composition, and a developer, which may be in the same or a separate layer from the microcapsules, is image-wise exposed. In these devices, the microcapsules are ruptured, and an image is produced by the differential reaction of the chromogenic material and the developer. More specifically, in these image-forming devices, after exposure and rupture of the microcapsules, the ruptured microcapsules release a color-forming agent, whereupon the developer material reacts with the color-forming agent to form an image. The image formed can be viewed through a transparent support or a protective overcoat against a reflective white support as is taught in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,783,353 and U.S. Publication No. 2002/0045121 A1. Typically, the microcapsules will include three sets of microcapsules sensitive respectively to red, green and blue light and containing cyan, magenta and yellow color formers, respectively, as taught in U.S. Pat. No. 4,772,541. Preferably a direct digital transmission imaging technique is employed using a modulated LED print head to expose the microcapsules. Conventional arrangements for developing the image formed by exposure in these image-forming devices include using spring-loaded balls, micro wheels, micro rollers or rolling pins, and heat from a heat source is applied after this development step to accelerate development. The photohardenable composition in at least one and possibly all three sets of microcapsules can be sensitized by a photo-initiator such as a cationic dye-borate complex as described in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,772,541; 4,772,530; 4,800,149; 4,842,980; 4,865,942; 5,057,393; 5,100,755 and 5,783,353. The above describes micro-encapsulation technology that combines micro-encapsulation with photo polymerization into a photographic coating to produce a continuous tone, digital imaging member. With regard to the media used in this technology, a substrate is coated with millions of light sensitive microcapsules, which contain either cyan, magenta or yellow image forming dyes (in leuco form). The media further comprises a monomer and the appropriate cyan, magenta or yellow photo initiator that absorb red, green or blue light respectively. Exposure to light, after the induction period is reached, induces polymerization. When exposure is made, the photo-initiator absorbs light and initiates a polymerization reaction, converting the internal fluid (monomer) into polymer, which binds or traps leuco dye from escaping when pressure is applied. With no exposure, microcapsules remain soft and are easily broken, permitting all of the contained dye to be expelled into a developer containing binder and developed which produces the maximum color available. With increasing exposure, an analog or continuous tone response occurs until the microcapsules are completely hardened, to thereby prevent any dye from escaping when pressure is applied. Conventionally, as describe above, in order to develop the image, pressure is uniformly applied across the image. As a final fixing step, heat is applied to accelerate color development and to extract all un-reacted liquid from the microcapsules. This heating step also serves to assist in the development of available leuco dye for improved image stability. Generally, pressure ruptured capsules (unhardened) expel lueco dye into the developer matrix. Small compact low cost printers typically employed micro-wheels or balls backed by springs and operate in a scanning stylus fashion by transversing the media. This allowed for low cost and relatively low spring force due to the small surface area that the ball or micro wheel (typically 2 to 3 mm diameter) contacted on the media. The disadvantage of this method was that the processing pitch required to assure uniform development needs to be (approximately 1 mm for a 3/16″ diameter ball) which results in slow processing times for a typical print image format (4×6 inch). Ganging multiple ball stylus or micro wheels adds cost, and increases the possibility of processing failure due to debris caught under a ball 0surface. Conventional high speed processing involved line processing utilizing large crushing rollers. To ensure the high pressure, (psi) required, these rollers tended to be large to minimize deflection. However, these large rollers were costly, heavy, and require high spring loading. Also, the extensibility of this method is limited as larger rollers (and spring loads) are required as media size increases. Recent developments in media design (or the imaging member) as described in co-pending U.S. application Ser. No. 10/687,939 have changed the prior art structure of the imaging member to the point where the aforementioned means of processing may no longer be robust. The use of a substantially non-compressible top clear polymer film layer and a rigid opaque backing layer which serves to contain the image forming layer of conventional media presented a processing position whereby balls, micro wheels or rollers could be used without processing artifacts such as scratch, banding, or dimensional or surface deformation. In addition, the non-compressibility of this prior art structure provided more tolerance to processing conditions. The recent imaging member embodiment as described in the above-mentioned co-pending patent application, replaces the top and bottom structures of the media with highly elastic and compressible materials (gel SOC) (super over coat or top most clear gel comprising layer) and synthetic paper (polyolefin). The media as described in the above-mentioned co-pending application may no longer survive these means of processing in a robust fashion where pressure is applied by a roller or ball. This is due to the fact that in the imaging member described in the co-pending application, the polyolefin paper backing that is used as fiber base substrates (cellulose fiber) present non uniform density, and the high compression forces required for processing in the conventional arrangements may make an “image” of the fiber pattern in the print, thus making the print corrupt. It would be advantageous to provide a means or method of processing that did not invoke present methods utilizing high compression forces, to provide a high quality image by improving the tonal scale development and density minimum formation of the imaging member. As mentioned, the need to provide a means of processing that will facilitate the use of the recently designed imaging member is needed. In addition, a processing means that would use plain paper as a substrate would be highly desired. Further, it would be advantageous to provide a means of processing that is low in cost, is fully extensible, and is mechanically simple and robust.	<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>The present invention provides for an image-forming device and method that addresses the issues noted above. The image-forming device of the present invention offers the advantages of both types of prior art, i.e., low spring load and fast printing speed. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention the mechanism for crushing the microcapsules is comprised of a belt or belt-type member with micro-members on a surface thereof, and a platen roller that opposes the belt. The micro-members on the belt can define spherical features that are in direct contact with an emulsion side of the media to introduce pressure which is sufficient to rupture unhardened microcapsules on the media. The present invention therefore relates to an image-forming device which comprises an imaging member adapted to expose a photosensitive medium to form a latent image on the photosensitive medium, with the photosensitive medium comprising a plurality of microcapsules which encapsulate imaging material; and a processing member adapted to develop the latent image, with the processing member comprising a rotatable belt that includes micro-members on a surface thereof which contact the photosensitive medium during a rotation of the belt to apply a force to a surface of the photosensitive medium. The force is sufficient to release imaging material from selected microcapsules of the plurality of microcapsules. The present invention also relates to an image forming method that comprises exposing a photosensitive medium comprising a plurality of micro-capsules which encapsulate imaging material to form a latent image; and developing the latent image by contacting a surface of said medium with a rotating belt having micro-members thereon, with the contacting of the micro-members of the rotating belt with the surface of the medium applying a force to the surface of the medium which is sufficient to release imaging material from selected microcapsules of the plurality of microcapsules.	20040521	20051108	20051124	93670.0		0	GUTIERREZ, KEVIN C	IMAGE-FORMING DEVICE HAVING A BELT TYPE PROCESSING MEMBER WITH MICRO-FEATURES	UNDISCOUNTED	0	ACCEPTED		2,004
10,851,907	ACCEPTED	Electronic signage	A display, a signage system including the display, and methods of writing the display, are described, wherein the system includes at least one display, at least one writing unit, and at least one holder. Each display includes at least one bi-stable display element and at least one electrical interconnect substrate. The display can be written using the writing unit and displayed in the writing unit or in the holder.	1. A display comprising: at least two bi-stable display elements; and at least one electrical interconnect substrate, wherein each display element is electrically connected to at least one electrical interconnect substrate. 2. The display of claim 1, wherein the display elements and the electrical interconnect substrate have a physical connection. 3. The display of claim 2, wherein the physical connection provides the electrical connection. 4. The display of claim 2, wherein the physical connection comprises a frame. 5. The display of claim 4, wherein the frame provides power for the display. 6. The display of claim 4, wherein the frame comprises a compression mechanism. 7. The display of claim 4, wherein the frame further comprises a signage-attachment mechanism. 8. The display of claim 7, wherein the signage is paper, plastic, cardboard, electronic, a liquid crystal display, a light emitting diode, an organic light emitting diode, a bistable display, a rewritable display, or a combination thereof. 9. The display of claim 1, comprising more than one electrical interconnect substrate. 10. The display of claim 1, comprising two bi-stable display elements connected to one electrical interconnect substrate. 11. The display of claim 1, comprising two or more electrical interconnect substrates, wherein each display element is electrically connected to a separate one of the two or more electrical interconnect substrates. 12. The display of claim 1, wherein the electrical interconnect substrate comprises drive electronics. 13. The display of claim 1, wherein the electrical interconnect substrate comprises electrical contacts capable of forming an electrical connection with a display drive source. 14. The display of claim 1, further comprising a holder physically connected to the display. 15. The display of claim 14, wherein the display is removable from the holder. 16. The display of claim 14, wherein the holder is a writing unit. 17. A signage system comprising: at least one display comprising at least one bi-stable display element, and at least one electrical interconnect substrate, wherein each display is electrically connected to at least one electrical interconnect substrate; at least one writing unit; and at least one holder. 18. The display system of claim 17, wherein the writing unit comprises a power source. 19. The display system of claim 17, wherein the writing unit is connected to a power source. 20. The display system of claim 17, wherein the writing unit comprises a plurality of electrical contacts capable of electrically connecting with the electrical interconnect substrate. 21. The display system of claim 20, wherein the writing unit is electrically connected to the electrical interconnect substrate of the display through the holder. 22. The display system of claim 17, wherein the display is removable from the holder or writing unit. 23. The display system of claim 17, wherein the holder comprises a writing unit. 24. The display system of claim 17, wherein at least one writing unit is physically connected to at least one display. 25. The display system of claim 17, wherein the at least one writing unit is wirelessly addressable. 26. A method of writing a display in the signage system of claim 17, comprising: placing the display in electrical connection with the writing unit; and writing the display. 27. The method of claim 26, wherein the signage system comprises two or more displays, and the displays are written sequentially. 28. The method of claim 26, wherein the signage system comprises two or more displays, and the displays are written simultaneously. 29. A method of writing a display in the signage system of claim 17, wherein the signage system comprises two or more displays in the holder, comprising: removing at least one of the two or more displays from the holder; placing the display in electrical contact with the writing unit; and writing the display. 30. The method of claim 29, wherein each of the two or more displays are written sequentially. 31. The method of claim 29, wherein the two or more displays are written simultaneously 32. A method of writing a display in the signage system of claim 17, wherein the display is in the holder, comprising: placing the display in the holder in electrical contact with the writing unit; and writing the display. 33. The method of claim 32, wherein the signage system comprises two or more displays, and the displays are written simultaneously.	FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a rewritable, electronic display, and signage systems including such displays. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Electronic signs are becoming popular in retail stores in order to keep pricing and sale information as current as possible. For example, prices can be kept up-to-date without having to reprint new price sheets whenever there is a sale or price change. The customer benefits by having the up-to-date information they need about the product pricing, and the retailer benefits by having programmable information that can be readily changed by various electronic means. One example of an electronic sign as discussed above is described in International Publication No. WO 03/083561 A2, which discloses an electronically programmable/controllable sign including multilayer displays for retail signage. The displays are fabricated with bistable material such as cholesteric liquid crystal material, which can maintain its state indefinitely in the absence of power. The sign is permanently connected to a programmer/controller and drivers. Another example of an electronic sign is described in International Publication No. WO 03/083613 A2. It discloses a system including low power electronic signs, a remote location managing system for communicating with the plurality of signs, and means of wireless communication to said signs via a computer network connected to a server computer. The system utilizes the advantage of a bistable display by using a power source only when necessary to change the state of the display. One problem with the signage systems described in the above publications is the cost involved in fitting a complete retail store with multiple, fully integrated signs, wherein each sign includes electronics, a power source, and encasements or frames. Most retail stores have hundreds of pricing signs throughout the store. Most of these signs need price changes once a week or less. It may not be economical to purchase a system such as those described above when many of the signs do not require frequent updates. Another problem with the above described systems is that the signs include the electronics and power source, and are a costly substitute for paper signs, which is what they are often replacing. The signs can be difficult to mount on item racks and in holders pre-existing in stores for paper signs due to the added thickness of the electronic signs caused by the electronics and power source. These systems fail to offer a simple, cost effective way to stock a retail store with affordable, rewritable signs, which fit more closely with a retailer's pricing scheme. There is a need for a bistable retail signage system which has a flexible design, including fully integrated electronic signage and cheaper, non-integrated or removable signage, that can be combined in numerous ways. The more flexible system would allow retail consumers to choose only those components they need to complement their existing signage, and to match their needs for frequent or infrequent signage changes, thereby reducing system costs. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION A signage system is disclosed, wherein the signage system includes at least one display having at least one bi-stable display element, and an electrical interconnect substrate capable of an electrical connection to the display element, wherein the display element and the electrical interconnect substrate also have a physical connection; at least one writing unit; and at least one holder, wherein the display can be physically connected to the writing unit or the holder. Methods of writing the display element are also disclosed. ADVANTAGES The rewritable electronic display, and the system including at least one display, a writing unit, and a holder, provide thin, inexpensive signage that can be used to display messages. The system enables the displays to be written, then placed in holders where needed in the store, or placed permanently in a writing unit when the display is frequently changed. Any combination of writing units, holders, and displays can be purchased by retailers, depending on their needs and budget. The system is less expensive than other electronic signage systems, is easy to operate, and uses minimal power. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The invention as described herein can be understood with reference to the accompanying drawings as described below: FIG. 1 is a cross sectional view of a display element; FIG. 2 is a front view of a electrical interconnect substrate and display element; FIG. 3 is a front view of an assembled display; FIG. 4a is a section view of the assembled display of FIG. 3, showing a possible frame configuration; FIG. 4b is a section view of the assembled display of FIG. 3, showing a possible frame configuration; FIG. 4c is a section view of the assembled display of FIG. 3, showing a possible frame configuration; FIG. 4d is a section view of the assembled display of FIG. 3, wherein a frame has provisions for attaching additional signage; FIG. 5 is a front view showing the display and optional bases; FIG. 6 is a section view of an interconnect area of the display of FIG. 5 along lines 6-6 with a display, where the base of FIG. 5 has a display drive source; FIG. 7a is an illustration of a three-dimensional display system having a square configuration; FIG. 7b is an illustration of a three-dimensional display system having a curved configuration; FIG. 8 is a schematic of a writing system where the display drivers are included in the display drive source, and the power source is external to the display drive source; FIG. 9 is a schematic of a writing system where the power source is included in the display drive source; and FIG. 10 is a schematic of a writing system where the display drive source is included in the display. The drawings are exemplary only, and depict various embodiments of the invention. Other embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art upon review of the accompanying text. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION An electronic, rewritable display can be used in a signage system. The display can have one or more display element, for example, two, three, or more display elements. Each display element can be flexible. The display element can be made in any shape, for example round, rectangular, parallelogram, square, or irregular. According to certain embodiments, the display can be flexible. The display can have any three dimensional shape, for example, flat, curved, round, polygonal, square, cubed, or irregular. The display, when flexible, can follow the shape of a surface to which it is attached, for example, turning a corner of a wall. The display can be double-sided, having at least one display element on each side. Where the display is polygonal, each face of the polygon can be at least one display element. Each viewing surface of the display, regardless of display shape, can include one or more display elements. If multiple display elements are used, they can be arranged in a pattern, form a grid covering at least a portion of the surface of the display element, or each display element can abut at least one other display element. The display element can be a rewritable, electronic display element. According to various embodiments, the display element can maintain a desired written message without power. Such display elements can include a bistable material, for example, electrochemical materials; electrophoretic materials, including those manufactured by Gyricon, LLC of Ann Arbor, Mich., and E-ink Corporation of Cambridge, Mass.; electrochromic materials; magnetic materials; and liquid crystal materials. The liquid crystal materials can be twisted nematic (TN), super-twisted nematic (STN), ferroelectric, magnetic, or chiral nematic liquid crystal materials. Chiral nematic liquid crystals can be polymer dispersed liquid crystals (PDLC). Suitable chiral nematic liquid crystal materials include a cholesteric liquid crystal disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,695,682, and Merck BL112, BL118 or BL126, available from EM Industries of Hawthorne, N.Y. The display element including a bistable material can be formed by methods known in that art of display making. Wherein the bistable material is liquid crystal material, a support having a first patterned conductive layer can be coated with the bistable material or a pre-formed layer of the bistable material can be placed over the first conductive layer. A second conductive layer can be formed over the bistable material to provide for application of electric fields of various intensity and duration to the bistable material to change its state from a reflective state to a transmissive state, or vice versa. The bistable materials can maintain a given state indefinitely after the electric field is removed. The second conductive layer can be patterned non-parallel to the patterning of the first conductive layer. The intersection of the first conductive layer and the second conductive layer forms a pixel. The bistable material in the pixel changes state when an electric field is applied between the first and second conductive layers. The second conductive layer can be electrically conductive character segments formed over the bistable material layer by thick film printing, sputter coating, or other printing or coating means. The conductive character segments can be any known aqueous conductive material, for example, carbon, graphite, or silver. An exemplary material is Electrodag 423SS screen printable electrical conductive material from Acheson Corporation. The conductive character segments can be arranged to form numbers 0-9, a slash, a decimal point, a dollar sign, a cent sign, or any other alpha-numeric character or symbol. A dielectric layer such as deionized gelatin can be formed over the conductive character segments by standard printing or coating techniques. Via holes can be formed over each conductive character segment by the absence of the dielectric layer over at least a portion of each conductive character segment, or by removing a portion of the dielectric layer over each conductive character segment, for example, by ablation or chemical etching. Electrically conductive traces can be formed over the dielectric layer by printing or coating techniques. One or more electrically conductive trace can flow through a via hole on formation, making electrical contact with the conductive character segment. The conductive traces can extend from the character segment to an exposed area along a side of the display, where the conductive trace forms a contact pad in the exposed area. The exposed area is an area of the substrate coated with the first conductive layer. The contact pads can be any conductive material, for example, silver or carbon. The contact pads can be formed with the conductive traces, or separately therefrom. Contact pads that are not formed with the conductive traces can be coated or printed on the dielectric layer. A via hole can extend from the conductive pad through the dielectric layer to the first conductive layer. The exposed area and the contact pads thereon can be formed along one side of the display, along multiple sides of the display, or in one or more locations on the display not including the conductive character segment. According to various embodiments, the contact pads can be formed in the exposed area along one edge of the display. The contact pads can be placed linearly or grouped, such as in a pattern, for example, a square or rectangle, in the exposed area. The optical state of the bistable material between the conductive character segment and the first conductive layer can be changed by selectively applying drive voltages to the corresponding contact pad that is electrically connected to the conductive character segment through a conductive trace, and to the first conductive layer by direct or indirect contact. Once the optical state of the bistable material has been changed, it can remain in that state indefinitely without further power being applied to the conductive layers. Methods of forming the display element are known to practitioners in the art, and are described, for example, in U.S. Ser. No. 10/134,185, filed Apr. 29, 2002 by Stephenson et al., and in co-filed U.S. Ser. No. 10/______ to Burberry et al. [Docket 88229]. One or more display element can be attached to an electrical interconnect substrate. The electrical interconnect substrate can include alignment features for aligning the display element on the electrical interconnect substrate, one or more contact pads for making an electrical connection to a display element, and one or more contact pads for making electrical connection to the display drive source. One or more electrical interconnect substrate can be attached to each display element. One or more display element can be connected to each electrical interconnect substrate. The electrical interconnect substrate can have one or more display element attached to one surface, or to both surfaces of the electrical interconnect substrate. The attachment can be physical, wherein the display element and electrical interconnect substrate are held together by compression, friction, adhesive bonding, or by other mechanical means, such as tabs, clips, or pins. The electrical interconnect substrate can be electrically connected to one or more physically attached display element. The electrical interconnect substrate can be electrically connected to one or more display elements directly or by secondary connections, such as wires. A display drive source can be a circuit board for writing or rewriting the display. According to certain embodiments, the circuit board can include a power source, such as a battery. According to other embodiments, the circuit board is capable of connection to an external power source, for example, a battery or an electrical circuit. The display drive source can be connected to the electrical interconnect substrate physically. The display drive source can be electrically connected to the electrical interconnect substrate directly or through some secondary connections, such as wires. A display including at least one display element and at least one electrical interconnect substrate can be made. For use in a signage system, the display can be written by a writing unit. If the display does not require frequent rewriting, it can be written by the writing unit and moved to a holder. The holder can be a conventional signage holder. The holder can hold one or more display. If the display requires frequent rewriting, it can be left in the writing unit, which itself can act as a holder for the display. According to certain embodiments, the display holder can enable electrical connection of the display to a writing unit without removing the display from the display holder. For example, the display holder can have an opening through which a writing unit can engage the electrical interconnect substrate. The frame can provide a mechanical connection between the one or more display elements and the one or more electrical interconnect substrates in the display, or between multiple display elements. For example, the frame can hold one or more display elements and one or more electrical interconnect substrate together physically, for example, by friction, compression force, or the use of tabs, pins, or clips extending from the frame to or through each display element and electrical interconnect substrate. The frame can include a compression mechanism, for example, a spring, to provide tension to keep the electrical interconnect substrate and display element in physical connection. The frame can function as a holder. A signage system can include one or more displays, at least one writing unit, and optionally one or more holder. Each display in the system can be written by placing the display in electrical contact with the writer unit, and supplying data and power to the writer unit to write the display. The data can be provided by a computer in wired or wireless communication with the writing unit. The display and signage system can be understood with reference to certain embodiments including a cholesteric liquid crystal display element, as depicted in the Figures and described below. FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a display element 10. The display element 10 has a substrate 5, a first patterned conductive layer 8, and a bistable liquid crystal layer 9. Printed over the liquid crystal layer is a second conductive layer in the form of display electrodes 15. The display electrodes 15 can be formed in any known manner, for example, by thick film printing or sputter coating. By separating the first conductive layer 8 into multiple, separate conductive traces, forming segments, and printing separate display electrodes 15 across first conductive layer segments 8, a pixilated matrix is formed which can be used to electrically address any segment of the display element. The display electrodes 15 are not parallel to the first conductive layer segments 8. According to certain embodiments, the display electrodes 15 can be orthogonal to the first conductive layer segments 8. FIG. 2 shows a display element 10 aligned with a circuit board 20 to form a display 27. The display element 10 can be aligned with the electrical interconnect substrate 20 by way of alignment pins 12. Electrical interconnect substrate 20 can include display contact pads 52. At least a portion of display contact pads 52 can be aligned with the display electrodes 15. Other contact pads 52 can be aligned with the first conductive layer segments 8. The electrical interconnect substrate 20 can include electrical interconnect substrate contact pads 50. Although alignment pins 12 are shown connecting the display element 10 and electrical interconnect substrate 20, other connection means are possible, including friction, adhesive, tabs, clips, or a combination thereof. The orientation of display element 10 with regard to electrical interconnect substrate 20 can be parallel, orthogonal, or any angle in between. The display element 10 can be electrically connected by wires to electrical interconnect substrate 20 without any direct physical connection therebetween. FIG. 3 shows a display 27 including electrical interconnect substrate 20 and one or more display elements 10 aligned and assembled by way of a frame 25. The frame 25 can provide rigidity and edge protection, and can maintain mechanical contact of the display electrodes 15 and first conductive layer segments 8 to the electrical interconnect substrate display contacts 52 by compression, friction, or other mechanical means. The frame 25 can ensure mechanical and electrical connection between the electrical interconnect substrate 20 and the display element 10 so that electrical signals can be transmitted to the display element to locally change the state of the liquid crystal layer 9. The frame can include a power source or a connection to a power source. The frame can be a holder or can be removably connected to a holder for display. FIGS. 4a-4d are section views along line 4-4 of FIG. 3 of the frame 25 holding display 27. Each of FIGS. 4a-4d depicts a different possible frame configuration. Each configuration provides rigidity and edge protection for the display, and mechanical compression that provides electrical contact between first conductive layer segments 8 and display electrodes 15, and electrical interconnect substrate display contact pads 52. FIG. 4c shows an optional layer of conductive adhesive 22, for example, an anisotropic adhesive, which can be between the display element 10 and electrical interconnect substrate 20 to ensure complete electrical conduction which can be between first conductive layer segments 8 and display electrodes 15, and electrical interconnect substrate display contact pads 52. FIG. 4d shows another version of frame 25, wherein the frame includes attachments for additional signage 28. Such attachments for additional signage can include a slot 26, a pin system, a clip system, or any other removable or permanent attachment system. The additional signage can be traditional signage, including paper, plastic, or cardboard; electronic signage, for example, liquid crystal display, light emitting diodes, organic light emitting diodes, bistable display, or rewritable display; or a combination thereof. If signage is electronic, it can be inclusive of a power supply or display drive source, or connected to a power supply and/or display drive source. Retailers can use the additional signage 28 to portray sales or other information. The additional signage 28 can be added to one or more of the top, side, or bottom of frame 25. Any frame profile can be used with the display so long as the frame provides the desired qualities, which can include edge protection, rigidity, and connection, both mechanical and electrical, between the display element and the electrical interconnect substrate, or between multiple display elements. FIG. 5 shows an exploded view of a signage system including a display 27 in optional frame 25, a holder 30, and a writing unit 35. The holder 30 can be designed to hold the display 27 in a position suitable for viewing. The holder 30 can provide a stable means of holding the display 27 for mounting on a surface, for example, a shelf, rack, stand, wall, or ceiling. The writing unit 35 is a holder that not only provides a stable means of holding the display 27, but can include a display drive source 32. The display 27 mounted into the writing unit 35 can be electrically written and then either removed from writing unit 35, or left in writing unit 35 for display. Writing unit 35 can function as a writing unit or a holder. The writing unit 35 can include a power source, or can be connected to an external power source. The writing unit 35 and holder 30 can be any configuration capable of holding display 27 in a stable, viewable position. For example, they each independently can be a parallelogram, rectangle, square, rounded, triangular, or other regular or irregular shapes. The holder 30 or writing unit 55 can include a stand, can be connected to a stand, or can receive a stand. The stand can include a power source or be connected to a power source. The writing unit 35 can connect to the display 27 through a holder 30. FIG. 6 is a section view along line 6-6 of FIG. 5, showing the display 27 inserted into writing unit 35 including a display drive source 32. The display drive source 32 in writing unit 35 has electrical contacts 45 which contact the electrical interconnect substrate electrical contact pads 50 of the electrical interconnect substrate 20 upon insertion of the display 27 into the writing unit 35, enabling writing of the display elements 10 in display 27 through electrical interconnect substrate 20. FIG. 7a is a figure of a three-dimensional display system in the configuration of a parallelogram. Display 27 as shown includes four display elements 10 connected by a frame 25 and mounted on a holder 30. The holder 30 can be a writing unit 35. FIG. 7b is a figure of a curved three-dimensional display system including two display elements 10 that have a curved shape, and a holder 30 that can be a writing unit 35. Although the frame 25 in FIGS. 7a and 7b is shown with an opening, the frame can enclose, or cover, the area between display elements 10. In both FIGS. 7a and 7b, the display 27 can include an electrical interconnect substrate 20 between the display element 10 and the holder 30, or multiple electrical interconnect substrates 20, each one attached to a display element 10. The electrical interconnect substrate 20 is electrically connected to one or more display element 10 and optionally the holder when the holder is a writing unit, and can be physically connected to one or more display element, the holder, or both. Where the display includes two or more display elements, each display element can be written separately, or two or more display elements can be written simultaneously. FIG. 8 is a block diagram of an electrical schematic for a signage system where the power source 40 is located external to the writing unit 35 including a display drive source 32. A database 90 can contain information about what the display element 10 should depict after being written. The database 90 can be accessed by a computer 80. The computer 80 can retrieve the necessary data from database 90 and provide appropriate signals to the display drive source 32 to cause a display change. Data from the computer 80 can be received by the display drive source 32 by means of a data interface 60. This data can be transferred between computer 80 and data interface 60 by wired means or wireless means. Data received by data interface 60 can be read by a controller 70, which can interpret the data and generate the necessary signal to the display driver 65. The display driver 65 can generate the necessary signal to change the contents of the display element 10. The signal generated by the display driver 65 can be transported to the display element 10 via one or more display drive source electrical contacts 45, which can be electrically connected to one or more electrical interconnect substrate electrical contact pad 50 or electrical interconnect substrate 20. The power source 40 can supply power for the voltage generator/regulator 77. The voltage generator/regulator 77 can generate the voltage necessary to run the display driver 65. The data interface 60, the display driver 65, the controller 70, and voltage generator/regulator 77 can all be located on circuit board 55. FIG. 9 is a block diagram of another electrical schematic for a signage system, and is identical to FIG. 8 except that the power source 40 is part of the display drive source 32. The power source 40 can be a battery, an integrated solar cell, or any other suitable power source. As shown in FIG. 9, the power source 40 can be located on circuit board 55, or can be separate therefrom (see FIG. 10). FIG. 10 is a block diagram of an electrical schematic for a signage system as described with respect to FIGS. 8 and 9, but wherein the display driver 65 can be integrated into the electrical interconnect substrate 20 of display 27. The inclusion of the display driver 65 in the electrical interconnect substrate 20 can reduce the number of connections between the display drive source 32 and the electrical interconnect substrate 20. For example, the number of display drive source electrical contacts 45 and electrical interconnect substrate electrical contacts 50 can be reduced. Display drivers utilize forms of data conversion, such as serial to parallel conversion. The electrical contacts between the display and the display drive source can be reduced from the total number of contacts in the electrical interconnect substrate 20 to the number of contacts required by the data conversion protocol. As described herein, a signage system can include at least one display comprising at least one bi-stable display element, and at least one electrical interconnect substrate, wherein each display is electrically connected to at least one electrical interconnect substrate; at least one writing unit; and at least one holder. Each display can be written initially by a writing unit before being placed in a holder for display. A display can be left in a writing unit for display. For example, displays requiring frequent changes can be displayed in a writing unit. Other displays that do not require frequent changes can be displayed in a holder, and written by removing them from the holder and inserting them in a writing unit, or by placing the display in contact with the holder on a writing unit. Once written, the display can remain in the writing unit, or be removed to a holder for display. The holder can support one or more displays. Each display can be written separately, or the holder with the displays can be moved to a writing unit for simultaneous writing of all displays in the holder. A writing unit also can support more than one display, and can be designed to write more than one display at a time. The invention has been described in detail with particular reference to certain preferred embodiments thereof, but it will be understood that variations and modifications can be effected within the spirit and scope of the invention. PARTS LIST 5 substrate 8 first conductive layer segments 9 liquid crystal layer 10 display element 12 alignment pin 15 display electrodes 20 electrical interconnect substrate 22 conductive adhesive 25 frame 27 display 26 slot 28 additional signage 30 holder 32 display drive source 35 writing unit 40 power source 45 display drive source electrical contacts 50 electrical interconnect substrate electrical contact pads 52 electrical interconnect substrate display contact pads 55 display drive source circuit board 60 data interface 65 display driver 70 controller 76 voltage generator/regulator 80 computer 90 database	<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>Electronic signs are becoming popular in retail stores in order to keep pricing and sale information as current as possible. For example, prices can be kept up-to-date without having to reprint new price sheets whenever there is a sale or price change. The customer benefits by having the up-to-date information they need about the product pricing, and the retailer benefits by having programmable information that can be readily changed by various electronic means. One example of an electronic sign as discussed above is described in International Publication No. WO 03/083561 A2, which discloses an electronically programmable/controllable sign including multilayer displays for retail signage. The displays are fabricated with bistable material such as cholesteric liquid crystal material, which can maintain its state indefinitely in the absence of power. The sign is permanently connected to a programmer/controller and drivers. Another example of an electronic sign is described in International Publication No. WO 03/083613 A2. It discloses a system including low power electronic signs, a remote location managing system for communicating with the plurality of signs, and means of wireless communication to said signs via a computer network connected to a server computer. The system utilizes the advantage of a bistable display by using a power source only when necessary to change the state of the display. One problem with the signage systems described in the above publications is the cost involved in fitting a complete retail store with multiple, fully integrated signs, wherein each sign includes electronics, a power source, and encasements or frames. Most retail stores have hundreds of pricing signs throughout the store. Most of these signs need price changes once a week or less. It may not be economical to purchase a system such as those described above when many of the signs do not require frequent updates. Another problem with the above described systems is that the signs include the electronics and power source, and are a costly substitute for paper signs, which is what they are often replacing. The signs can be difficult to mount on item racks and in holders pre-existing in stores for paper signs due to the added thickness of the electronic signs caused by the electronics and power source. These systems fail to offer a simple, cost effective way to stock a retail store with affordable, rewritable signs, which fit more closely with a retailer's pricing scheme. There is a need for a bistable retail signage system which has a flexible design, including fully integrated electronic signage and cheaper, non-integrated or removable signage, that can be combined in numerous ways. The more flexible system would allow retail consumers to choose only those components they need to complement their existing signage, and to match their needs for frequent or infrequent signage changes, thereby reducing system costs.	<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>A signage system is disclosed, wherein the signage system includes at least one display having at least one bi-stable display element, and an electrical interconnect substrate capable of an electrical connection to the display element, wherein the display element and the electrical interconnect substrate also have a physical connection; at least one writing unit; and at least one holder, wherein the display can be physically connected to the writing unit or the holder. Methods of writing the display element are also disclosed.	20040521	20100323	20070927	63595.0	G09F937	0	SHAPIRO, LEONID	ELECTRONIC SIGNAGE	UNDISCOUNTED	0	ACCEPTED	G09F	2,004
10,851,919	ACCEPTED	Deformation of thin walled bodies	A thin walled body such as a container is gripped at a holding station and tooling is engaged to deform the wall of the body at a predetermined zone. The predetermined wall zone is co-aligned with the tooling by means of co-ordinated movement of the tooling (typically by means of rotation about a tooling axis) prior to engagement with the wall zone.	1. A method of deforming a thin walled body, the method comprising: i) holding the body gripped securely at a holding station; ii) engaging tooling to deform the wall of the body at a predetermined wall zone, the tooling being provided at a tooling station which is adjacent the holding station during deformation; wherein the predetermined wall zone is co-aligned with the tooling by means of co-ordinated movement of the tooling prior to deforming engagement with the wall of the body. 2. A method according to claim 1, wherein co-alignment of the tooling with the predetermined wall zone is achieved by means of rotation of the tooling about a tooling rotational axis. 3. A method according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the thin walled body comprises a cylindrical thin walled body, the predetermined wall zone comprising a predetermined wall zone on the circumference of the body. 4. A method according to any preceding claim, wherein co-alignment of the tooling with the body is achieved substantially entirely by coordinated movement of the tooling, the body remaining securely gripped and in a fixed orientation. 5. A method according to any preceding claim, wherein the deforming tooling does not act to retain or secure the body during the deforming process. 6. A method according to any preceding claim, wherein the tooling is moved in a direction transverse to the centreline of axis of the body in order to engage with and effect deformation of the predetermined wall zone. 7. A method according to any preceding claim, wherein the is tooling is advanced in the axial direction of the cylindrical body, to a position in which a tooling part lies adjacent the circumferential wall of the cylindrical body. 8. A method according to any preceding claim, wherein the tooling comprises an internal tooling part, configured to be positioned internally of the body, and an external tooling part arranged to be positioned externally of the body. 9. A method according to claim 8, wherein the wall zone is clamped between the internal and external tooling parts to deform the wall zone, the internal tooling expanding from collapsed insertion/retraction position. 10. A method according to claim 8 or claim 9, wherein the internal and external tooling parts are movable independently in a direction transverse to the body wall. 11. A method according to any of claims 8 to 10, wherein wall deforming force is applied to the tooling internal and external tools at force application zones spaced in the axial direction of the body on opposed sides of the zone of the wall to be deformed. 12. A method according to any of claims 8 to 11, wherein the internal and external tooling parts are supported at proximal zones relative to the tooling station, the distal ends of the respective tooling parts carrying the deforming elements, the deforming force being applied intermediate the distal and proximal ends of the respective tooling parts. 13. A method according to any preceding claim wherein the deforming tooling does not effect deformation by rolling engagement with the wall. 14. A method according to any preceding claim, wherein the tooling carries a predetermined relief or contoured profile for imparting a predetermined profiled deformation to the wall zone. 15. A method according to any preceding claim, wherein the tooling comprises an internal tooling part, configured to be positioned internally of the body, and an external tooling part arranged to be positioned externally of the body, the tooling parts being correspondingly matingly profiled to ensure the desired deformation configuration pattern is produced in the wall zone. 16. A method according to any preceding claims wherein the tooling is guided to move translationally into and out of register with the wall of the body to effect deformation of the wall zone. 17. A method according to any preceding claim, wherein the tooling includes support substrate or surface curved correspondingly to lie contiguous with the body wall when the relief profile of the tooling is effecting deformation. 18. A method according to any preceding claim, wherein the position of one or more predisposed marks on the surface of the body is determined whilst the body is secured in the holding station, the tooling being reorientated at the tooling station. 19. A method according to claim 18, wherein an optical alignment system is utilised to determine the position of pre-positioned marking on the surface of the body. 20. A method according to claim 19, wherein the optical alignment system comprises panoramic recognition arrangement. 21. A method according to any of claims 18 to 20, wherein the position of the pre-positioned marking is compared with a datum situation and an appropriate adjustment made to the tooling to conform to the datum situation. 22. A method according to any preceding claim, wherein the tooling is re-orientatable rotationally, the tooling being rotatable in both clockwise and anticlockwise rotational senses. 23. A method according to claim 20, wherein the position of one or more predisposed marks on the surface of the body is determined whilst the body is secured in the holding station, the position of the pre-positioned marking is compared with a datum situation and an appropriate rotational adjustment made to the tooling to conform to the datum situation, a determination being made concerning whether clockwise or anti-clockwise rotation to the datum is shortest route, and rotation of the tooling in the shortest route sense effected. 24. A method according to any preceding claim, wherein the tooling station comprises a station in a multi-station forming method, other stations performing one or more of necking, drawing, ironing, extruding, varnishing, surface printing, drawing in, and/or cutting to length of the cylindrical body. 25. A method according to any preceding claim, wherein the body, securely held in the holding station, is transferred (preferably by indexing of an array of secured containers) between a plurality of forming stations arranged to deform the body wall to different deformed configurations and/or carry out different respective operations on the body. 26. Apparatus for deforming a thin walled body, the apparatus including: i) a holding station for holding the body gripped securely; ii) a tooling station including tooling to deform the body at a predetermined wall zone on the circumferential wall, the tooling station being positioned at a location adjacent the holding station during deformation; iii) determination means for determining the orientation of the cylindrical body relative to a reference (datum) situation; iv) means for coordinated movement to reconfigure the tooling to co-align with the predetermined wall zone prior to deforming engagement of the tooling with the body. 27. Apparatus according to claim 26, wherein the holding station is arranged to: i) grip the body so as to prevent rotation of the body whilst held at the holding station; and/or ii) grip a cylindrical thin walled body; and/or, iii) maintain the secure grip on the container during deforming engagement of the tooling. 28. Apparatus according to claim 26 or claim 27, wherein the tooling is rotatable about a tooling rotational axis to be reconfigured into co-alignment with the predetermined wall zone. 29. Apparatus according to any of claims 26 to 28, wherein the determination means determines the position of one or more predisposed marks on the body. 30. Apparatus according to claim 29, wherein the determination means includes means for comparing the position of the predisposed mark or marks with a datum reference situation and an appropriate adjustment is made to the orientation of the tooling to conform to the datum situation. 31. Apparatus according to claim 29 or claim 30, wherein the determination means determines whether clockwise or anticlockwise rotation of the tooling is shortest route to datum situation. 32. Apparatus according to any of claims 26 to 31, wherein the tooling station is provided in a multi-stage forming apparatus. 33. Apparatus according to any of claims 26 to 32, wherein a multi-position tooling station is provided, including a plurality of different tooling stations for performing different operations on the or each body. 34. Apparatus according to any of claims 26 to 33, wherein: i) the apparatus is indexed to deliver up the cylindrical body (or bodies) successively to respective tooling stations; and/or ii) the apparatus is operated to configure the tooling and holding stations in an advanced orientation for the deforming operation and a retracted orientation before and after deforming. 35. Apparatus for use in deforming a wall zone of a thin walled container, the apparatus comprising internal tooling to be positioned internally of the container, and external tooling to be positioned externally of the container, the external and internal tooling co-operating in a forming operation to deform the wall zone of the container, the internal tooling being moveable relative to the container wall (preferably toward or away from the centreline or axis of the container) between a retraction/insertion tooling configuration in which the internal tool can be inserted or retracted from the interior of the container, to a wall engaging configuration for effecting deforming of the wall zone. 36. Apparatus according to claim 35, wherein the internal tooling is expandible between the retraction/insertion and wall engaging configurations. 37. A method of deforming a thin walled container, the method comprising: inserting internal tooling into the interior of the container, the internal tooling being in a first, insertion configuration for insertion; reconfiguring the tooling to a second, (preferably expanded) position or configuration closely adjacent or engaging the internal container wall so as to facilitate deformation of a wall zone of the container; returning the tooling from the second position toward the first tooling configuration thereby to permit retraction of the internal tooling from the container. 38. A method according to claim 37, wherein the internal tooling cooperates with external tooling to effect deformation of the wall zone. 39. A method according to claim 37 or claim 38, wherein the container is supported in a holding station during the deforming of the wall zone, the tooling being provided at a separate tooling station. 40. Apparatus for use in deforming the cylindrical wall of a thin walled cylindrical container, the apparatus comprising an internal tooling part to be positioned internally of the container, and an external tooling part to be positioned externally of the container, the external and internal tools co-operating in a forming operation to deform a portion of the cylindrical container wall therebetween; wherein tooling actuation means is provided such that: (a) the external and internal tools are movable independently of one another to deform the container wall; and/or (b) deforming force applied to the external and internal tools is positioned at force action zones spaced at opposed sides of the zone of the container wall to be deformed; and/or (c) rolling or rocking of the tools on the container wall is substantially inhibited. 41. Apparatus according to claim 40, wherein the actuation means comprises wedge or cam actuators arranged to effect movement of the tooling parts toward or away from the container wall. 42. An embossed container or tube-form product, the product comprising a product side-wall having a thickness substantially in the range 0.25 mm to 0.8 mm and an embossed wall zone, the embossed deformation having an emboss-form depth/height dimension substantially in the range 0.3 mm to 1.2 mm or above. 43. An embossed container or tube-form product according to claim 42, wherein the emboss-form depth/height dimension is substantially in the range 0.5 mm to 1.2 mm or above. 44. An embossed container or tube-form product according to claim 42 or 43 wherein the product side-wall thickness is substantially in the range 0.35 mm to 0.6 mm. 45. An embossed container or tube-form product according to any of claims 42 to 44, comprising an aerosol container and dispenser product for a pressurized aerosol product. 46. An embossed container or tube-form product according to any of claims 42 to 45, comprising a seamless monobloc aluminium material container body. 47. An embossed container or tube-form product according to any of claims 42 to 46 including an internal corrosion resistant coating or surface provided on the interior of the product side-wall. 48. An embossed container or tube-form product according to claim 42, comprising a seamless monobloc aluminium container body, the container body for containing and dispensing a pressurised aerosol consumable product, the container body having an internal surface coating or layer of a corrosion resistant material with respect to the consumable product. 49. A method of deforming a thin walled body, the method comprising: (i) holding the body gripped securely (non-rotatably) in a holding station; (ii) whilst gripped in the holding station engaging tooling to deform the circumferential wall of the body at a predetermined wall zone, the tooling being provided at a tooling station which is adjacent the holding station during deformation; wherein the predetermined wall zone is co-aligned with the tooling by rotation of the body about an axis prior to securing at the holding station.	The present invention relates to deformation of generally thin walled bodies, particularly thin walled containers or tube-form bodies which may be of cylindrical or other form. The invention is particularly suited to embossing of thin walled metallic bodies (particularly aluminium containers) by embossing or the like. More specifically the invention may be used in processes such as registered embossing of thin walled bodies, particularly registered embossing of containers having pre-applied (pre-printed) surface decoration. It is known to be desirable to deform by embossing or the like the external cylindrical walls of metallic containers such as aluminium containers. In particular attempts have been made to emboss the walls of containers at predetermined locations to complement a printed design on the external surface of such a container. In such techniques it is important to coordinate the embossing tooling with the preprinted design on the container wall. Prior art proposals disclose the use of a scanning system to identify the position of the container relative to a datum position and reorientation of the container to conform to the datum position. Prior art embossing techniques and apparatus are disclosed in, for example, WO-A-9803280, WO-A-9803279, WO-A-9721505 and WO-A-9515227. Commonly in such techniques the container is loaded into an internal tool which acts to support the container and also co-operate with an external tool in order to effect embossing. Such systems have disadvantages, as will become apparent from the following. An improved technique has now been devised. According to a first aspect, the present invention provides a method of deforming a thin walled body, the method comprising: i) holding the body gripped securely at a holding station; ii) engaging tooling to deform the wall of the body at a predetermined wall zone, the tooling being provided at a tooling station which is adjacent the holding station during deformation; wherein the predetermined wall zone is co-aligned with the tooling by means of co-ordinated movement of the tooling prior to deforming engagement with the wall of the body. According to a further aspect, the invention provides apparatus for deforming a thin walled body, the apparatus including: i) a holding station for holding the body gripped securely; ii) a tooling station including tooling to deform the body at a predetermined wall zone of the body, the tooling station being positioned at a location adjacent the holding station during deformation; iii). determination means for determining the orientation of the cylindrical body relative to a reference (datum) situation; iv) means for co-ordinated movement to reconfigure the tooling to co-align with the predetermined wall zone prior to deforming engagement of the tooling with the body. Co-alignment of the tooling and the wall zone of the body is typically required in order to ensure that embossing deformation accurately lines up with pre-printed decoration on the body. In the technique of the present invention, the body is not passed from being supported at a holding station to being supported by the tooling but, by contrast, remains supported at the holding station throughout the deforming process. Re-configuration of the tooling avoids the requirement for the or each holding or clamping station to have the facility to re-orientate a respective body. The technique is particularly suited to embossing containers having wall thicknesses(t) in the range 0.25 mm to 0.8 mm (particularly in the range 0.35 mm to 0.6 mm). The technique is applicable to containers of aluminium including alloys, steel, tinplate steel, internally polymer laminated or lacquered metallic containers, or containers of other materials. Typically the containers will be cylindrical and the deformed embossed zone will be co-ordinated with a pre-printed/pre-applied design on the circumferential walls. Typical diameters of containers with which the invention is concerned will be in the range 35 mm to 74 mm although containers of diameters outside this range are also susceptible to the invention. Beneficially the tooling will be re-configurable by rotation of the tooling about a rotational tooling axis to co-align with the predetermined wall zone. The determination means preferably dictates the operation of the tooling rotation means to move/rotate the tooling to the datum position. The determination means preferably determines a shortest rotational path (clockwise or anti-clockwise) to the datum position and triggers rotation of the tooling in the appropriate sense. The length of time available to perform the steps of re-orientation and deformation is relatively short for typical production runs which may process bodies at speeds of up to 200 containers per minute. Re-orientation of the tooling (particularly by rotation of the tooling about an axis) enables the desired re-orientation to be achieved in the limited time available. The facility to re-orientate clockwise or anti-clockwise following sensing of the container orientation and shortest route to the datum position is particularly advantageous in achieving the process duration times required. According to a further aspect, the invention provides apparatus for use in deforming a wall zone of a thin walled container, the apparatus comprising internal tooling to be positioned internally of the container, and external tooling to be positioned externally of the container, the external and internal tooling co-operating in a forming operation to deform the wall zone of the container, the internal tooling being moveable toward and away from the centreline or axis of the container between a retraction/insertion tooling configuration in which the internal tool can be inserted or retracted from the interior of the container, to a wall engaging configuration for effecting deforming of the wall zone. Correspondingly a further aspect of the invention provides a method of deforming a thin walled container, the method comprising: inserting internal tooling into the interior of the container, the internal tooling being in a first, insertion configuration for insertion; moving the tooling to a second, (preferably expanded) position or configuration closely adjacent or engaging the internal container wall so as to facilitate deformation of a wall zone of the container; returning the tooling from the second position toward the first tooling configuration thereby to permit retraction of the internal tooling from the container. Because the internal tooling is movable toward and away from the container wall (preferably toward and away from the axis/centreline of the container), embossed relief features of greater depth/height can be produced. This is because prior art techniques generally use an internal tool which also serves to hold the container during deformation (embossing) and therefore typically only slight clearance between the internal tool diameter and the internal diameter of the container has been the standard practice. In accordance with the broadest aspect of the invention, the relief pattern for embossing may be carried on cam portions of internal and/or external tools, the eccentric rotation causing the cam portions to matingly emboss the relevant portion of the container wall. A particular benefit of the present invention is that it enables a greater area of the container wall (greater dimension in the circumferential direction) to be embossed than is possible with prior art techniques where the emboss design would need to be present on a smaller area of the tool. Rotating/cam-form tooling, for example, has the disadvantage of having only a small potential area for design embossing. Re-configurable, particularly collapsible/expandable internal tooling provides that greater depth/height embossing formations can be provided, the internal tooling being collapsed from engagement with the embossed zone and subsequently retracted axially from the interior of the container. Embossed feature depth/height dimensions in the range 0.5 mm and above (even 0.6 mm to 1.2 mm and above) are possible which have not been achievable with prior art techniques. According to a further aspect, the invention provides apparatus for use in deforming the cylindrical wall of a thin walled cylindrical container, the apparatus comprising an internal tooling part to be positioned internally of the container, and an external tooling part to be positioned externally of the container, the external and internal tools co-operating in a forming operation to deform a portion of the cylindrical container wall therebetween; wherein tooling actuation means is provided such that: (a) the external and internal tools are movable independently of one another to deform the container wall; and/or (b) deforming force applied to the external and internal tools is positioned at force action zones spaced at opposed sides of the zone of the container wall to be deformed. As described above, the technique of the invention is particularly suited to embossing containers having relatively thick wall thickness dimensions (for example in the range 0.35 mm to 0.8 mm). Such thick walled cans are suitable for containing pressurised aerosol consumable products stored at relatively high pressures. Prior art techniques have not been found to be suitable to successfully emboss such thicker containers, nor to produce the aesthetically pleasing larger dimensioned emboss features as is capable with the present invention (typically in the range 0.3 mm to 1.2 mm depth/height). The technique has also made it possible to emboss containers (such as seamless monobloc aluminium containers) provided with protective/anti-corrosive internal coatings or layers without damage to the internal coating or layer. According to a further aspect, the invention therefore provides an embossed container or tube-form product, the product comprising a product side-wall having a thickness substantially in the range 0.25 mm to 0.8 mm and a registered embossed wall zone, the embossed deformation having an emboss form depth/height dimension substantially in the range 0.3 mm to 1.2 mm or above. Preferred features of the invention are defined in the appended claims and readily apparent from the following description. The various features identified and defined as separate aspects herein are also mutually beneficial and may be beneficially included in combination with one another. The invention will now be further described in a specific embodiment, by way of example only, and with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: FIG. 1 is a flow diagram of a process according to the invention; FIG. 2 is a view of a container to be operated upon in accordance with the invention; FIG. 3 is a side view of the container of FIG. 2 in a finish formed state; FIG. 4 is a 360 degree view of a positional code in accordance with the invention; FIG. 5 is a schematic side view of apparatus in accordance with the invention; FIGS. 6 and 7 are half plan views of apparatus components of FIG. 5; FIGS. 8, 9 and 10 correspond to the views of FIGS. 5, 6 and 7 with components in a different operational orientation; FIG. 11 is a schematic close up sectional view of the apparatus of the preceding figures in a first stage of the forming process; FIG. 11a is a detail view of the forming tools and the container wall in the stage of operation of FIG. 11; FIGS. 12, 12a to 16, 16a correspond to the views of FIGS. 11 and 11a; and FIG. 17 is a schematic sectional view of an embossed zone of a container wall in accordance with the invention. Referring to the drawings the apparatus and technique is directed to plastically deforming (embossing or debossing) the circumferential wall of an aluminium container 1 at a predetermined position relative to a preprinted decorative design on the external container wall. Where the embossing deformation is intended to coincide with the printed decorative design, this is referred to in the art as Registered Embossing. In the embodiment shown in the drawings, a design 50 comprising a series of three axially spaced arc grooves is to be embossed at 180 degree opposed locations on the container wall (see FIG. 16a). For aesthetic reasons it is important that the location at which the design 50 is embossed is coordinated with the printed design on the container 1 wall. Coordination of the container 1 axial orientation with the tooling to effect deformation is therefore crucial. Referring to FIGS. 5 to 7 the forming apparatus 2 comprises a vertically orientated rotary table 3 operated to rotate (about a horizontal axis) in an indexed fashion to successively rotationally advanced locations. Spaced around the periphery of table 3 are a series of container holding stations comprising clamping chucks 4. Containers are delivered in sequence to the table in random axial orientations, each being received in a respective chuck 4, securely clamped about the container base 5. A vertically orientated forming table 6 faces the rotary table 3 and carries a series of deformation tools at spaced tooling stations 7. Following successive rotary index movements of rotary table 3, table 6 is advanced from a retracted position (FIG. 5) to an advanced position (FIG. 8). In moving to the advanced position the respective tools at tooling stations 7 perform forming operations on the container circumferential walls proximate their respective open ends 8. Successive tooling stations 7 perform successive degrees of deformation in the process. This process is well known and used in the prior art and is frequently known as necking. Necked designs of various neck/shoulder profiles such as that shown in FIG. 3 can be produced. Necking apparatus typically operates at speeds of up to 200 containers per minute giving a typical working time duration at each forming station in the order of 0.3 seconds. In this time, it is required that the tooling table 6 moves axially to the advanced position, the tooling at a respective station contacts a respective container and deforms one stage in the necking process, and the tooling table 6 is retracted. In accordance with the invention, in addition to the necking/shoulder-forming tooling at stations 7, the tooling table carries embossing toling 10 at an embossing station 9. The embossing tooling (shown most clearly in FIGS. 11 to 16) comprises inner forming tool parts 11a, 11b of respective arms 11 of an expandible internal tool mandrel 15. Tool parts 11a, 11b carry respective female embossing formations 12. The embossing tooling 10 also includes a respective outer tool arrangement including respective arms 13 carrying tooling parts 13a, 13b having complementary male embossing formations 14. In moving to the table 7 advanced position the respective internal tool parts 11a, 11b are positioned internally of the container spaced adjacently the container 1 wall; the respective external tool parts 13a, 13b are positioned externally of the container spaced adjacently the container 1 wall. The internal mandrel 15 is expandible to move the tooling parts 11a, 11b to a relatively spaced apart position in which they abut the internal wall of the container 1 (see FIG. 12) from the collapsed position shown in FIG. 11 (tools 11a, 11b spaced from the internal wall of the container 1). An elongate actuator rod 16 is movable in a longitudinal direction to effect expansion and contraction of the mandrel 15 and consequent movement apart and toward one another of the tool parts 11a, 11b. A the cam head portion 17 of the actuator rod 16 effects expansion of the mandrel 15 as the actuator rod 16 moves in the direction of arrow A. The cam head portion 17 acts against sloping wedge surfaces 65 of the tool parts 11a, 11b to cause expansion (moving apart) of the tool parts 11a, 11b. The resilience of arms 11 biases the mandrel 15 to the closed position as the rod 16 moves in the direction of arrow B. Outer tool arms 13 are movable toward and away from one another under the influence of closing cam arms 20 of actuator 21 acting on a cam shoulder 13c of respective arms 13. Movement of actuator 21 in the direction of arrow D causes the external tooling parts 13a to be drawn toward one another. Movement of actuator 21 in the direction of arrow E causes the external tool parts 13a to relatively separate. Arms 13 and 11 of the outer tool arrangement and the inner mandrel are retained by cam support ring 22. The arms 11, 13 resiliently flex relative to the support ring 22 as the actuators 21, 16 operate. As an alternative to the cam/wedge actuation arrangement, other actuators may be used such as hydraulic/pneumatic, electromagnetic (e.g. solenoid actuators) electrical is (servo/stepping) motors. The operation of the embossing tooling is such that the internal mandrel 15 is operable to expand and contract independently of the operation of the external tool parts 13a. The internal mandrel 15 (comprising arms 11) and the external tooling (comprising arms 13) connected at cam support ring 22, are rotatable relative to table 6, in unison about the axis of mandrel 15. Bearings 25 are provided for this purpose. A servo-motor (or stepping motor) 26 is connected via appropriate gearing to effect controlled rotation of the tooling 10 relative to table 6 in a manner that will be explained in detail later. With the tooling 10 in the position shown in FIG. 11, the mandrel 15 is expanded by moving actuator rod 16 in the direction of arrow A causing the internal tooling parts 11a to lie against the internal circumferential wall of cylinder 1, adopting the configuration shown in FIGS. 12, 12a. Next actuator 21 moves in the direction of arrow D causing cam arms 20 to act on cam shoulder 13c and flexing arms 13 toward one another. In so doing the external tooling parts 13a engage the cylindrical wall of container 1, projections 14 deforming the material of the container 1 wall into respective complementary receiving formations 12 on the internal tooling parts 11a. The deforming tooling parts 11a, 13a, can be hard, tool steel components or formed of other materials. In certain embodiments one or other of the tooling parts may comprise a conformable material such as plastics, polymeric material or the like. An important feature is that the internal tooling parts 11a support the non deforming parts of the container wall during deformation to form the embossed pattern 50. At this stage in the procedure, the situation is as shown in FIGS. 13, 13a. The configuration and arrangement of the cam arms 20, cam shoulders 13c of the external embossing tooling and the sloping (or wedge) cam surface of internal tooling parts 11a (cooperating with the cam head 17 of rod 16) provide that the embossing force characteristics of the arrangement can be controlled to ensure even embossing over the entire area of the embossed pattern 50. The external cam force action on the outer tool parts 13a is rearward of the embossing formations 14; the internal cam force action on the inner tool parts 11a is forward of the embossing formations 12. The forces balance out to provide a final embossed pattern of consistent depth formations over the entire zone of the embossed pattern 50. Next actuator 21 returns to its start position (arrow E) permitting the arms 13 of the external toling to flex outwardly to their normal position. In so doing tooling parts 13a disengage from embossing engagement with the container 1 external surface. At this stage in the procedure, the situation is as shown in FIGS. 14, 14a. The next stage in the procedure is for the internal mandrel to collapse moving tooling parts 11a out of abutment with the internal wall of the cylinder 1. At this stage in the procedure, the situation is as shown in FIGS. 15, 15a. Finally the tooling table 6 is retracted away from the rotatable table 3 withdrawing the tooling 10 from the container. At this stage in the procedure, the situation is as shown in FIGS. 16, 16a. In the embodiment described, the movement of the tools to effect embossing is translational only. It is however feasible to utilise rotational external/internal embossing tooling as is known generally in the prior art. The rotary table is then indexed rotationally moving the embossed container to adjacent with the next tooling station 7, and bringing a fresh container into alignment with the embossing tooling 10 at station 9. The embossing stages described correspond to stages 106 to 112 in the flow diagram of FIG. 1. Prior to the approachment of the embossing tooling 10 to a container 1 clamped at table 3 (FIG. 11 and stage 106 of FIG. 1) it is important that the container 1 and tooling 10 are accurately rotationally oriented to ensure that the embossed pattern 50 is accurately positioned with respect to the printed design on the exterior of the container. According to the present invention this is conveniently achieved by reviewing the position of a respective container 1 whilst already securely clamped in a chuck 4 of the rotary table 3, and rotationally reorientating the embossing tooling 10 to the required position. This technique is particularly convenient and advantageous because a rotational drive of one arrangement (the embossing tooling 10) only is required. Chucks 4 can be fixed relative to the table 3 and receive containers in random axial rotational orientations. Moving parts for the apparatus are therefore minimised in number, and reliability of the apparatus is optimised. The open ends 8 of undeformed containers 1 approaching the apparatus 2 have margins 30 printed with a coded marking band 31 comprising a series of spaced code blocks or strings 32 (shown most clearly in FIG. 4). Each code block/string 32 comprises a column of six data point zones coloured dark or light according to a predetermined sequence. With the container 1 clamped in random orientation in a respective chuck 4 a charge coupled device (CCD) camera 60 views a portion of the code in its field of view. The data corresponding to the viewed code is compared with the data stored in a memory (of controller 70) for the coded band and the position of the can relative to a datum position is ascertained. The degree of rotational realignment required for the embossing tooling 10 to conform to the datum for the respective container is stored in the memory of main apparatus controller 70. When the respective container 10 is indexed to face the embossing tooling 10 the controller instigates rotational repositioning of the tooling 10 to ensure that embossing occurs at the correct zone on the circumferential surface of the container 1. The controller 70 when assessing the angular position of the tooling relative to the angular position to be embossed on the container utilises a decision making routine to decide whether clockwise or counterclockwise rotation of the tooling 10 provides the shortest route to the datum position, and initiates the required sense of rotation of servo-motor 26 accordingly. This is an important feature of the system in enabling rotation of the tooling to be effected in a short enough time-frame to be accommodated within the indexing interval of the rotating table 3. The coding block 32 system is in effect a binary code and provides that the CCD camera device can accurately and clearly read the code and determine the position of the container relative to the tooling 10 datum by viewing a small proportion of the code only (for example two adjacent blocks 32 can have a large number of unique coded configurations). The coding blocks 32 are made up of vertical data point strings (perpendicular to the direction of extent of the coding band 31) in each of which there are dark and light data point zones (squares). Each vertical block 32 contains six data point zones. This arrangement has benefits over a conventional bar code arrangement, particularly in an industrial environment where there may be variation in light intensity, mechanical vibrations and like. As can be seen in FIG. 4, because the tooling 10 in the exemplary embodiment is arranged to emboss the same pattern at 180 degree spacing, the coding band 31 includes a coding block pattern that repeats over 180 degree spans. The position determination system and control of rotation of the tooling 10 are represented in blocks 102 to 105 of the flow diagram of FIG. 1. The coding band 31 can be conveniently printed contemporaneously with the printing of the design on the exterior of the container. Forming of the neck to produce, for example a valve seat 39 (FIG. 3) obscures the coding band from view in the finished product. As an alternative to the optical, panoramic visual sensing of the coding band 31, a less preferred technique could be to use an alternative visual mark, or a physical mark (e.g. a deformation in the container wall) to be physically sensed. Referring to FIG. 17, the technique is particularly switched to forming aesthetically pleasing embossed formations 50 of a greater height/depth dimension(d) (typically in the range 0.3 mm to 1.2 mm) than has been possible with prior art techniques. Additionally, this is possible with containers of greater wall thickness(t) than have been successfully embossed in the past. Prior art techniques have been successful in embossing aluminium material containers of wall thickness 0.075 mm to 0.15 mm. The present technique is capable of embossing aluminium containers of wall thickness above 0.15 mm, for example even in the range 0.25 mm to 0.8 mm. The technique is therefore capable of producing embossed containers for pressurised aerosol dispensed consumer products which has not been possible with prior art techniques. Embossed monobloc seamless aluminium material containers are particularly preferred for such pressurised aerosol dispensed products (typically having a delicate internal anti-corrosive coating or layer protecting the container material from the consumer product). The present invention enables such containers to be embossed (particularly registered embossed). As an alternative to the technique described above in which the embossing tooling is rotated to conform to the datum situation, immediately prior to the container being placed in the chuck 4 and secured, the position of the container may be optically viewed to determine its orientation relative to the datum situation. If the orientation of the container 1 differs from the desired datum pre-set situation programmed into the system, then the container is rotated automatically about its longitudinal axis to bring the container 1 into the pre-set datum position. With the container in the required datum position, the container is inserted automatically into the clamp 4 of the holding station, and clamped securely. In this way the relative circumferential position of the printed design on the container wall, and the position of the tooling is co-ordinated. There is, thereafter, no requirement to adjust the relative position of the container and tooling. This technique is however less preferred than the technique primarily described herein in which the embossing tooling 10 is re-orientated. The invention has primarily been described with respect to embossing aluminium containers of relatively thin wall thicknesses (typically substantially in the range 0.25 mm to 0.8 mm. It will however be readily apparent to those skilled in the art that the essence of the invention will be applicable to embossing thin walled containers/bodies of other material such as steel, steel tinplate, lacquered plasticised metallic container materials an other non-ferrous or non-metallic materials.			20040521	20060411	20050106	62373.0		0	TOLAN, EDWARD THOMAS	DEFORMATION OF THIN WALLED BODIES	UNDISCOUNTED	1	CONT-ACCEPTED		2,004
10,852,033	ACCEPTED	Sample catcher for NMR apparatus and method utilizing thereof	An NMR apparatus, sample contained in a sample holder is ejected from an NMR probe to the top of the magnet region where a sample latching mechanism holds the sample in place without requiring a continuing flow of pressurized gas, electrical power or other outside force. The sample can then be removed and/or exchanged with another sample that is also held in place without the expenditure of gas. When ready the operator depresses a lever arm enabling the exchanged sample to move into the probe.	1. A nuclear magnetic resonance apparatus comprising: a magnet which produces a magnetic field for applying to a nuclear magnetic resonance samples; a nuclear magnetic resonance probe positioned within a bore of said magnet, a sample passageway extended via said probe, said passageway comprising a sample exchange region; a sample holder which holds and loads the sample into said probe; and a sample catcher mounted onto the sample passageway within the exchange region, said sample catcher latching said sample holder being ejected from said probe for sample removal or reloading. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a gas source, which provides a compressed gas flow within said sample passageway for moving said sample holder therein. 3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein said sample catcher comprises: a first cylindrical body with a cylindrical bore therein and a slot extending through a wall of the first cylindrical body, and a latch mechanism disposed within said slot. 4. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein said sample holder comprises a second cylindrical body that is movable within said cylindrical bore of said first cylindrical body. 5. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein said first cylindrical body comprises at least one O-ring disposed on the interior thereof which provides a gas tight seal with said sample passageway. 6. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein said latch mechanism further comprising: an arm, a mechanical pivot for turning said arm within said slot, and a limit pin which limits the rotational range of said arm, said arm is moved towards said sample holder under a force of gravity traversing said slot into the cylindrical passageway when the sample holder is ejected to the exchange region. 7. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein said first cylindrical body and said arm are made from a non-magnetic material. 8. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein said first cylindrical body and said arm are made from different materials. 9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein said first cylindrical body is made from aluminum. 10. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein said second cylindrical body of said sample holder further comprises a cylindrical shoulder, which is formed against said slot for resting thereon an upper edge of said arm of said sample catcher in a latch position. 11. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein said first cylindrical body of said sample holder having a bottom and an upper portions, the diameter of said bottom portion is smaller than the diameter of said upper portion for releasing the compressed gas flow when said sample holder in moved to the exchange region, and said second cylindrical body of said sample holder having a flat bottom portion for resting thereon an upper edge of said arm of said sample catcher in a latch position. 12. A sample catcher of a nuclear magnetic resonance apparatus for retaining a sample holder in a sample exchange region comprising: a hollow cylindrical body forming a chamber for maintaining the sample holder therein in a vertical position; said chamber having a slot intersecting a wall of said chamber; and a latch mechanism disposed within said slot, which latches said sample holder within said chamber after a gas flow ejecting said sample holder into a sample exchange region is terminated. 13. The sample catcher of claim 12, wherein said latch mechanism further comprising: an arm; a mechanical pivot for supporting said arm; and a limit pin, said limit pin constraining the rotation of said arm between a first position with an end of said arm protruding into said chamber and a second position with the end of said arm being cleared of said chamber. 14. The sample catcher of claim 13, wherein said mechanical pivot passes through said arm at the location where the distance from said cylindrical chamber is grater than the center of gravity of said arm. 15. The sample catcher of claim 14, wherein said chamber and said arm are made from non-magnetic materials. 16. A method of retaining a sample holder within a sample catcher of a nuclear magnetic resonance apparatus comprising the steps of: providing the sample catcher having a cylindrical hollow body with a slot within a wall thereof and a latch mechanism disposed within the slot; mounting the sample catcher at a top portion of a sample passageway within an exchange region; moving the sample holder by a compression gas flow into the exchange region; pushing the latch mechanism out of the slot by a body of the sample holder; terminating the compression gas flow via the sample passageway; and latching the sample holder within the cylindrical chamber by resting the body of the sample holder on the latch mechanism. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the latch mechanism is provided with an arm with a mechanical pivot and a limit pin constraining the rotation of the arm. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the step of latching the sample holder further comprising rotating of the arm between a first position with an end of said arm protruding into the cylindrical hollow body and a second position with the end of the arm being cleared of the cylindrical hollow body. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the mechanical pivot passing through the arm at a location where the distance form the cylindrical chamber is greater than the center of gravity of the arm. 20. The method of claim 19, further comprising the step of forming a body of the sample holder with a shoulder against the slot of the sample catcher or with a flat bottom, wherein in a latch position an upper edge of the arm is rested on the shoulder or on the flat bottom.	FIELD OF THE INVENTION This invention in general relates to the field of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and in particular changing the NMR sample in NMR apparatus. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION NMR spectrometers for the generation of spectral data typically employ superconducting solenoid magnets to produce a strong vertically oriented static magnetic field B0. The solenoid coils are mounted in a Dewar that provides a low temperature environment required for superconductivity. The Dewar includes a reentrant central tube section that permits the probe to be at a different temperature, usually at room temperature. During the operation of obtaining data, the NMR sample is situated within a probe that contains one or more radio frequency (RF) coils for generating RF magnetic fields that are perpendicular to the static field, B0. The sample is mounted in a sample holder that often also serves as a spinner to rapidly rotate the sample during the time data is being recorded. The probe is connected electrically to the spectrometer console that contains the electronics for generating the RF signals and detecting and recording the NMR response of the nuclei being studied. Provision may also be provided for spinning the sample. This is normally achieved by making the sample holder also serve as a rotor of a gas driven turbine. When sufficient data has been obtained, the sample holder and sample are ejected from the probe to the top of the Dewar for easy sample exchange. Typically this is achieved by a flow of compressed gas that lifts the sample holder and sample through a cylindrical pipe to the exchange region at the top of the Dewar where it can be easily removed and if desired exchanged with the next sample to be analyzed. The gas flow must be maintained until the operator removes the sample and possibly replaces it by the next sample to be analyzed. When inserting the next sample, the gas flow must be maintained until it is ready to be inserted into the probe. If the gas flow should fail during any of these steps, the sample and sample holder would drop prematurely and in an uncontrolled fashion into the magnet. SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE It is a main advantage of the present invention, which allows to protect the sample with a sample catcher from entering the magnet bore of NMR apparatus in the event of loss of compressed gas. In a nuclear magnetic resonance apparatus, which comprises a magnet producing a magnetic field for applying to the nuclear magnetic resonance sample, a probe positioned within the magnet and a sample holed for holding and loading the sample to the probe, the sample catcher is mounted on the top of the magnet at a sample exchange region. The sample holder with the sample is pushed from the probe to the sample exchange region via a sample passageway by a compressed gas flow and being latched by the sample catcher latch mechanism. The sample catcher has a cylindrical chamber with a slot extending through the wall thereof. A latch mechanism, which is mounted within the slot, consists of an arm fixed on a mechanical pivot, and a limit pin for limiting the rotation of the arm from latched to cleared position within the slot. The mechanical pivot passes through the arm at the location where the distance from the cylindrical chamber is greater than the center of gravity of the arm. The arm is moved towards the sample holder in a latch position under a force of gravity traversing the slot into the sample passageway when the sample holder is ejected into the exchange region. In the latch position an upper end of the arm is rested either on a cylindrical shoulder or a flat bottom of the sample holder. The sample catcher latches the sample holder without requiring a continuing supply of compressed gas. In addition the sample catcher holds a newly inserted sample until the operator is ready for it to be inserted into the probe. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The invention, its advantages and its mode of operation are best understood by reference to the accompanying drawings wherein: FIG. 1 depicts a magnet including a probe, and the sample catcher. FIG. 2 is a more detailed sketch of the sample catcher with a sample and sample holder positioned within it. FIG. 3 is a crossectional view of the sample catcher mechanism and its relationship to the sample holder and the sample. FIG. 4 is a perspective view of the sample catcher. FIG. 5 is a crossectional view of an alternative sample catcher embodiment. In the drawings the elements of the claimed invention are designated with the following labellings. 100 Magnet 102 Dewar 104 Solenoid coils 106 Central Dewar tube 108 Probe 109 Exchange region 110 Upper region of probe 108 112 Sample passageway 114 Gas tube 116 Gas valve 118 Gas source 120 Sample holder 122 Sample tube 123 Sample 124 Cylindrical shoulder of sample holder 120 128 O-rings 130 Sample catcher 132 Latch mechanism 134 Cylinder 136 Slot 138 Arm 140 Mechanical pivot 142 Limit pin 220 Sample holder 230 Sample catcher 234 Cylinder DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DISCLOSURE Typical high performance NMR spectrometers use superconducting magnets to provide a constant magnetic field typically in the range of 7 T to 25 T corresponding to proton frequencies of 300 MHz to 1000 MHz. The magnet comprises one or more superconducting solenoid coils mounted in a Dewar. The axes of the coils are vertical thereby producing a strong vertical magnetic field. A coolant such as liquid helium surrounds the coils to maintain a low temperature as required to maintain a superconducting state. A central tube of the Dewar passes through the coils and extends from the bottom to the top of the Dewar providing room-temperature access to the high magnetic field strength at the center of the solenoid coils. The major elements of a NMR system incorporating the present invention are illustrated in FIG. 1. Magnet, 100, comprises Dewar, 102, containing solenoid coils, 104, with central Dewar tube, 106, passing through the coils and extending from bottom to the top of the dewar. The NMR probe, 108, extends into central Dewar tube 106 from the bottom, and is electrically coupled to the NMR spectrometer, not shown. When taking data the sample holder with the sample fits into the upper region 110 of the probe 108. To eject the sample holder and sample, compressed gas is fed into gas tube 114 from gas source 118. Typically gas source 118 comprises a compressed gas cylinder with a pressure regulator. Electrically activated gas valve 116 is used to switch the gas flow on. When valve 116 is activated gas flows through gas tube 114, which transports the gas through probe 108 and into the lower end of sample passageway 112. The compressed gas pushes any sample holder and sample that may be in the probe up passageway 112 to sample catcher 130 located in the exchange region 109 at the top of magnet 100. Sample catcher 130 latches and maintains the sample holder at the top of the magnet where it is easily removed or exchanged by the operator. The compressed gas need no longer remain flowing once the sample is held in place by sample catcher 130, and by means of gas valve 116 the gas flow may be terminated to conserve gas. FIG. 2 is a more detailed sketch of exchange region 109. The sample 123 is contained in sample tube 122, which is supported by sample holder 120. Sample catcher 130 is fixed to the upper end of sample passageway 112. Sample holder 120 is latched in place and sample catcher 130 maintains sample holder 120 in the exchange region 109 at the top of magnet after the compressed gas flow is interrupted. FIG. 3 is a crossectional view of the preferred embodiment of sample catcher 130 with detail of the latch mechanism 132. Sample catcher 130 consists of cylinder 134 that is fixed to the top of sample passageway 112. Two O-rings, 128, on the interior of cylinder 134 make a gas-tight seal with sample passageway 112. A slot, 136, in the wall of cylinder 134 contains arm 138 that forms part of the latch mechanism 132. Cylinder 134 includes a mechanical pivot 140 and a limit pin 142 that traverse slot 136. Arm 138 is held in place by mechanical pivot 140, but is free to rotate about it. Arm 138 is shaped and weighted causing it to rotate into a position where its upper edge protrudes slightly into the inside surface of cylinder 134. This upper edge provides a ledge for cylindrical shoulder 124 of sample holder 120 to rest on. Typically cylinder 134 and arm 138 are made of different non-magnetic metals, such as aluminum and bronze respectively. When the sample holder 120 is ejected from probe 108 (FIG. 1) by compressed gas, the sample holder 120 rises up through sample passageway 112 past the arm 138 that rotates out of the way. After the sample holder shoulder 124 has cleared the arm, the arm's weight causes it to rotate back to the rest position where it protrudes again into the inside surface of cylinder 134. Once sample holder 120 has risen past arm 138 and the arm has rotated back to its rest position, the sample holder cannot drop back down past the upper edge of arm 138 until the arm is physically moved out of the way by the system operator. The operator does this by depressing the portion of the arm below mechanical pivot 140, causing the arm to rotate about the pivot thereby retracting arm 138 out of the passageway of cylinder 134 thereby releasing sample holder 120. A limit pin, 142, limits the rotational range of metal arm 138 so that in the absence of the sample holder, the arm will not penetrate cylinder 134 any deeper than required to support the sample holder and thereby prevent proper operation. FIG. 4 is a perspective view of sample catcher of FIG. 3. The section of arm 138 protruding out of gap 136 provides a means for the operator to depress and rotate arm 138 thereby releasing sample holder 120, permitting it to return to the probe under the power of gravity. FIG. 5 is an alternative embodiment wherein the sample holder, 220, has a flat bottom without a shoulder. Sample catcher 230 has a lower section configured as described in conjunction with FIG. 3, however cylinder 234 has a section that extends above the arm 138 thereby providing a region to contain sample holder 220. The inside wall of this upper region of cylinder 234 has a larger inside diameter thereby permitting the compressed gas to escape after the sample holder 220 has been pushed up the passageway 112 to a region beyond the top of arm 138. While a specific embodiment of the invention has been described in detail, it will be clear that variations in details of the embodiment specifically illustrated and described may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the true spirit and scope of the invention. For example various metals and plastics may be used for parts of the sample catcher. Variations may be made in the details of the catcher mechanism.	<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>NMR spectrometers for the generation of spectral data typically employ superconducting solenoid magnets to produce a strong vertically oriented static magnetic field B 0 . The solenoid coils are mounted in a Dewar that provides a low temperature environment required for superconductivity. The Dewar includes a reentrant central tube section that permits the probe to be at a different temperature, usually at room temperature. During the operation of obtaining data, the NMR sample is situated within a probe that contains one or more radio frequency (RF) coils for generating RF magnetic fields that are perpendicular to the static field, B 0 . The sample is mounted in a sample holder that often also serves as a spinner to rapidly rotate the sample during the time data is being recorded. The probe is connected electrically to the spectrometer console that contains the electronics for generating the RF signals and detecting and recording the NMR response of the nuclei being studied. Provision may also be provided for spinning the sample. This is normally achieved by making the sample holder also serve as a rotor of a gas driven turbine. When sufficient data has been obtained, the sample holder and sample are ejected from the probe to the top of the Dewar for easy sample exchange. Typically this is achieved by a flow of compressed gas that lifts the sample holder and sample through a cylindrical pipe to the exchange region at the top of the Dewar where it can be easily removed and if desired exchanged with the next sample to be analyzed. The gas flow must be maintained until the operator removes the sample and possibly replaces it by the next sample to be analyzed. When inserting the next sample, the gas flow must be maintained until it is ready to be inserted into the probe. If the gas flow should fail during any of these steps, the sample and sample holder would drop prematurely and in an uncontrolled fashion into the magnet.	<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE <EOH>It is a main advantage of the present invention, which allows to protect the sample with a sample catcher from entering the magnet bore of NMR apparatus in the event of loss of compressed gas. In a nuclear magnetic resonance apparatus, which comprises a magnet producing a magnetic field for applying to the nuclear magnetic resonance sample, a probe positioned within the magnet and a sample holed for holding and loading the sample to the probe, the sample catcher is mounted on the top of the magnet at a sample exchange region. The sample holder with the sample is pushed from the probe to the sample exchange region via a sample passageway by a compressed gas flow and being latched by the sample catcher latch mechanism. The sample catcher has a cylindrical chamber with a slot extending through the wall thereof. A latch mechanism, which is mounted within the slot, consists of an arm fixed on a mechanical pivot, and a limit pin for limiting the rotation of the arm from latched to cleared position within the slot. The mechanical pivot passes through the arm at the location where the distance from the cylindrical chamber is greater than the center of gravity of the arm. The arm is moved towards the sample holder in a latch position under a force of gravity traversing the slot into the sample passageway when the sample holder is ejected into the exchange region. In the latch position an upper end of the arm is rested either on a cylindrical shoulder or a flat bottom of the sample holder. The sample catcher latches the sample holder without requiring a continuing supply of compressed gas. In addition the sample catcher holds a newly inserted sample until the operator is ready for it to be inserted into the probe.	20040524	20060328	20051124	66013.0		0	SHIPMAN, JEREMIAH E	SAMPLE CATCHER FOR NMR APPARATUS AND METHOD UTILIZING THEREOF	UNDISCOUNTED	0	ACCEPTED		2,004
10,852,224	ACCEPTED	Characteristic monitoring method of pumping light source for optical amplification and optical amplifier	The present invention aims at realizing a monitoring method capable of detecting the optical power characteristic of a pumping light source with high accuracy at the operation time of an optical amplifier, and also providing an optical amplifier capable of performing a pumping light control without affecting a signal light in the operation even when the number of signal light wavelengths is abruptly changed. To this end, in the present optical amplifier, a drive signal for the pumping light source is modulated at a frequency higher than a cut-off frequency of an EDF, and the power of a pumping light output from the pumping light source driven by the drive signal is measured so as to correspond to a drive condition of the pumping light source, to calculate a slope of an I-L characteristic of the pumping light source without affecting the signal light to be amplified by the EDF. Then, a proportional factor of an AGC circuit is corrected based on the slope of the I-L characteristic of the pumping light source, to stabilize a high speed operation of the AGC.	1. A characteristic monitoring method of a pumping light source for optical amplification, for monitoring an optical power characteristic of a pumping light source using a semiconductor laser, when a pumping light output from said pumping light source is supplied to a rare earth element doped fiber, to amplify a signal light, comprising: modulating a drive signal for driving said pumping light source at a frequency higher than a cut-off frequency of said rare earth element doped fiber; measuring the power of the pumping light output from said pumping light source driven by said modulated drive signal so as to correspond to a drive condition of said pumping light source; and obtaining a slope of the optical power characteristic relative to a drive current for said pumping light source, based on the measurement result. 2. An optical amplifier for supplying a pumping light output from a pumping light source using a semiconductor laser to a rare earth element doped fiber to amplify a signal light, comprising: a drive signal modulating section that modulates a drive signal for driving said pumping light source at a frequency higher than a cut-off frequency of said rare earth element doped fiber; a pumping light power measuring section that measures the power of the pumping light output from said pumping light source driven by the drive signal modulated by said drive signal modulating section so as to correspond to a drive condition of said pumping light source; and a calculation processing section that obtains a slope of an optical power characteristic relative to a drive current for said pumping light source, based on the measurement result of said pumping light power measuring section. 3. An optical amplifier according to claim 2, further comprising: a pumping light control section that controls the drive condition of said pumping light source so that a gain of the signal light, which is amplified by said rare earth element doped fiber, is fixed; and a correcting section that corrects a proportional factor contained in a circuit constituting said pumping light control section, according to the slope of the optical power characteristic relative to the drive current for said pumping light source obtained by said calculation processing section. 4. An optical amplifier according to claim 3, wherein said pumping light control section includes: an input side monitoring system monitoring the power of the signal light input to said rare earth element doped fiber; an output side monitoring system monitoring the power of the signal light output from said rare earth element doped fiber; and a control circuit comparing between the respective signal light powers monitored by said input side monitoring system and said output side monitoring system, to generate a drive control signal for controlling the drive condition of said pumping light source, and said drive signal modulating section modulates any one of a signal indicating the monitoring result of said input side monitoring system, a signal indicating the monitoring result of said output side monitoring system and said drive control signal at the frequency higher than the cut-off frequency of said rare earth element doped fiber. 5. An optical amplifier according to claim 4, wherein the proportional factor contained in a circuit constituting said pumping light control section, is a gain of an error amplifier to which the signal indicating the monitoring result of said input side monitoring system and the signal indicating the monitoring result of said output side monitoring system are input. 6. An optical amplifier according to claim 5, wherein, when the slope of the optical power characteristic relative to the drive current at a reference temperature in the beginning of life of said pumping light source is η0, the gain of said error amplifier is set so as to correspond to said η0, and when the slope of the optical power characteristic relative to the drive current of said pumping light source obtained by said calculation processing section is η, said correcting section performs a correction so that the gain of said error amplifier reaches η0/η times. 7. An optical amplifier according to claim 2, wherein said drive signal modulating section includes: an oscillator generating an AC signal having a frequency higher than the cut-off frequency of said rare earth element doped fiber; and an adder superimposing the AC signal output from said oscillator on said drive signal.	BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a characteristic monitoring method of a pumping light source for optical amplification for when a pumping light is supplied to a rare earth doped fiber to amplify a signal light, and an optical amplifier. In particular, the present invention relates to a technique for monitoring an optical power characteristic of a pumping light source using a semiconductor laser without affecting the amplification of signal light, to reflect the monitoring result in a pumping light control of an optical amplifier. 2. Description of the Related Art As an optical amplifier for amplifying a wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) light containing a plurality of signal lights having different wavelengths, there has been known an optical amplifier utilizing an optical fiber doped with a rare earth element, for example. This optical amplifier using the rare earth element doped fiber is for supplying a pumping light output from a pumping light source using, for example, a semiconductor laser or the like, to the rare earth element doped fiber, to amplify the WDM light up to a desired level by stimulated emission which occurs when the WDM light is propagated through the rare earth element doped fiber in a pumped state (refer to Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication Nos. 5-55673 and 8-204267). It has been known that the pumping light source used for the above optical amplifier, is given with a drive signal generated by a drive circuit, to output a pumping light of required power, however, an optical power characteristic of the pumping light source relative to the drive signal is changed due to a temperature variation or the deterioration with time. Particularly, in recent years, a so-called cooler-less semiconductor laser in which a temperature adjustment function is omitted, has been utilized as a pumping light source, bringing the reduction of power consumption and the cost reduction into view. In such a case, an influence on the signal light amplification due to a change in the optical power characteristic of the pumping light source becomes large. Accordingly, in order to obtain the WDM light amplified up to the desired level by the optical amplifier, it is needed to control the drive signal according to a change in characteristic of the pumping light source. For the drive control of the pumping light source in the conventional optical amplifier, there has been proposed a technique in which, on the basis of data for outputting a required pumping light according to the ambient temperature, with a pumping light for when the pumping light source is driven in accordance with the data being a reference value, a pumping light at the operation time and the reference value are compared with each other, to thereby perform the temperature compensation and the compensation for deterioration with time of the pumping light source (refer to Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2002-217836). Further, to the optical amplifier using the rare earth element doped fiber as described above, an automatic level control (ALC) controlling a level of output light to be fixed or an automatic gain control (AGC) controlling a gain to be fixed is typically applied (refer to Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 10-209970). FIG. 8 is a block diagram showing one example of a conventional optical amplifier applied with the AGC. In this optical amplifier, for example, a pumping light output from a pumping light source (LD) 102 is supplied to an erbium doped fiber (EDF) 101 via a multiplexer 103, and a part of a WDM light that is to be input to the EDF 101 is demultiplexed by a demultiplexer 104, to be photo-electrically converted by a light receiving element (PD) 105, so that the input light power is monitored. Also, a part of the WDM light output from the EDF 101 is demultiplexed by a demultiplexer 106, to be photo-electrically converted by a light receiving element (PD) 107, so that the output light power is monitored. Then, the respective monitoring results are sent to an AGC circuit 108 in which an amplification degree in the EDF 101 is calculated, and a drive condition of the pumping light source 102 is controlled according to the calculation result, so that a fixed gain can be obtained. By performing the AGC by such a control circuit, it becomes possible to suppress an occurrence of gain deviation between signal lights having respective wavelengths contained in the WDM light. In a WDM optical transmission system to which the conventional optical amplifier as described above is applied, there are, for example, the case where the number of wavelengths of signal lights contained in a WDM light is increased with an increase in transmission data, addition of transmission system or the like, or the case where the number of signal light wavelengths is decreased for maintenance or the like. It is required that the operational wavelength is not affected even when the number of signal light wavelengths is increased or decreased. Especially, for example, in a system with the adding/dropping of signal light as shown in FIG. 9, in the case where a fault, such as breakage of transmission path fiber or the like, occurs, there is a possibility that the number of signal light wavelengths is significantly changed, such as, from a maximum n+1 waves to 1 wave. If the number of signal light wavelengths is abruptly changed as described above, in an optical amplifier 100B located downstream the fault occurring point, since the optical amplification is usually performed in a gain saturation region, there occurs a large level variation in the remaining signal light, in the AGC at a low speed. Here, the description will be made on a transient response phenomenon of an optical amplifier, which occurs due to a change in the number of signal light wavelengths. Note, a transient response means a transient progress exhibited after a response is generated due to an input given to a control system until the response reaches in a new steady state. In an example in which a pumping light control cannot promptly cope with the change in the wavelength number of WDM light input to the optical amplifier (the level change in input signal light), the transient response described above appears as an optical surge to cause a transmission error. For example, when a fault, such as transmission path fiber breakage or the like, occurs in the system shown in FIG. 9, and the transmission of signal lights having wavelengths λ1 to λn is interrupted, it is required that the transmission error does not occur in the signal light having wavelength λn+1 to be added subsequently, even if the signal lights having wavelengths λ1 to λn are not input to the optical amplifier. In order to satisfy this requirement, in the optical amplifier, it is necessary to immediately reduce the power of pumping light from the power corresponding to n+1 waves to the power corresponding to 1 wave, to amplify the signal light having wavelength λn+1 with a pumping light corresponding to 1 wave. However, since the following capability of the conventional AGC at the time when the number of signal light wavelengths is changed, as shown in FIG. 10 for example, although only the signal light of 1 wave is input, a period of time becomes longer during which the pumping light equivalent to n+1 waves is given to the rare earth element doped fiber, resulting in that the gain is abruptly varied, and the remaining light at a high level (optical surge) is generated instantaneously from the output of the optical amplifier. This optical surge is transmitted to cause the transmission error, and in a system in which the optical amplifiers are connected in multi-stages, the optical surges are accumulated and are amplified. Therefore, there is a possibility that the receiver is damaged. In order to solve such a problem, it is required to apply a high speed AGC, which does not substantially change an inside state (population inversion) of the rare earth element doped fiber. Further, for the following capability of the AGC at the time when the number of signal light wavelengths is changed, it becomes important that a proportional factor of the control circuit is optimized according to the optical power characteristic of the pumping light source. Namely, for example, when the cooler-less semiconductor laser is utilized as the pumping light source as described above, the optical power characteristic (I-L characteristic) of the semiconductor laser relative to the drive current is significantly changed due to a variation of ambient temperature. To be specific, as shown in an I-L characteristic exemplified in FIG. 11, a slope (slope efficiency) of the I-L characteristic for when the drive current exceeding an oscillation threshold is given to the semiconductor laser, is changed by 1.5 times due to the temperature variation. The fact that the slope of the I-L characteristic of the semiconductor laser is changed by 1.5 times means that the proportional factor of the AGC circuit is changed by 1.5 times, which affects the following capability of the AGC at the time when the number of signal light wavelengths is abruptly changed as described above. Specifically, FIG. 12 exemplarily shows how the differences show in a level variation of the remaining signal light having 1 wave in the case where the proportional factor of the AGC circuit is changed, when there occurs the change in the number of signal light wavelengths as shown in FIG. 10. A transverse axis of FIG. 12 indicates a period of time during which the total input power to the optical amplifier is reduced from 90% to 10%, namely, a speed of the change in the number of signal light wavelengths. A vertical axis of FIG. 12 indicates a variation amount of the peak power of the remaining signal light having 1 wave. Here, with the proportional factor of a typical AGC circuit being a reference (one time), the proportional factor is reduced to ⅔ times. In other words, the comparison is performed on the level variation for when the slope of the I-L characteristic of the pumping light source is changed by ⅔ times. As shown in FIG. 12, it is understood that, if the proportional factor of the AGC circuit is reduced, the level variation of the remaining signal light becomes larger. The reason why such a difference occurs is that, if the proportional factor is reduced, the speed for reducing the drive current for the pumping light source is dropped when the number of signal light wavelengths is reduced. Accordingly, in order to avoid an influence on the remaining signal light even when the number of signal light wavelengths is abruptly changed, it becomes important that the optical power characteristic of the pumping light source can be monitored with high accuracy at the operation time of the optical amplifier, and the proportional factor of the AGC circuit can be corrected according to the monitoring result. However, in the conventional technique disclosed in each prior art references described above, it has been difficult to solve the above problems. For the technique for monitoring the optical power characteristic of the pumping light source used in the optical amplifier, the present applicant has proposed a technique for changing the drive current for the pumping light source and measuring regularly the pumping light power supplied to an amplification medium, to detect a characteristic change in the pumping light source (refer to Japanese Unpublished Patent Application No. 2003-57951). However, even in this prior application, there still remains a problem as to how the drive current for the pumping light source is changed at the operation time of the optical amplifier. That is, in the case where the drive current for the pumping light source is changed at the operation time of the optical amplifier, there is a possibility that the amplification of the signal light in the operation is affected due to such a change in the drive current. Therefore, it is required to realize a specific monitoring method which avoids such a possibility. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention has been accomplished in view of the above problems and has an object to realize a monitoring method capable of detecting with high accuracy an optical power characteristic of a pumping light source during the operation of an optical amplifier. Further, the invention has an object to provide an optical amplifier capable of controlling, using the monitoring method, a pumping light without substantially affecting a signal light in the operation even when the number of signal light wavelengths is abruptly changed. In order to achieve the above objects, a characteristic monitoring method of a pumping light source for optical amplification according to the present invention, for monitoring an optical power characteristic of a pumping light source using a semiconductor laser, when a pumping light output from the pumping light source is supplied to a rare earth element doped fiber, to amplify a signal light, comprises: (1) modulating a drive signal for driving the pumping light source at a frequency higher than a cut-off frequency of the rare earth element doped fiber; (2) measuring the power of the pumping light output from the pumping light source driven by the modulated drive signal so as to correspond to a drive condition of the pumping light source; and (3) obtaining a slope of the optical power characteristic relative to a drive current for the pumping light source, based on the measurement result. Further, an optical amplifier for supplying a pumping light output from a pumping light source using a semiconductor laser to a rare earth element doped fiber to amplify a signal light, comprises: a drive signal modulating section that modulates a drive signal for driving the pumping light source at a frequency higher than a cut-off frequency of the rare earth element doped fiber; a pumping light power measuring section that measures the power of the pumping light output from the pumping light source driven by the drive signal modulated by the drive signal modulating section, so as to correspond to a drive condition of the pumping light source; and a calculation processing section that obtains a slope of an optical power characteristic relative to a drive current for the pumping light source, based on the measurement result of the pumping light power measuring section. In the optical amplifier of such a configuration as described above, the pumping light source is driven with the drive signal modulated at the frequency higher than the cut-off frequency of the rare earth element doped fiber, so that the power of the pumping light output from the pumping light source is varied according to a frequency modulation component. This variation of the pumping light power is measured so as to correspond to the drive condition of the pumping light source, and based on the measurement result, the slope of the optical power characteristic (I-L characteristic) relative to the drive current for the pumping light source can be obtained with high accuracy without affecting the signal light which is amplified by the rare earth element doped fiber. Further, the optical amplifier described above may comprise; a pumping light control section that controls the drive condition of the pumping light source so that a gain of the signal light, which is amplified by the rare earth element doped fiber, is fixed; and a correcting section that corrects a proportional factor contained in a circuit constituting the pumping light control section, according to the slope of the optical power characteristic relative to the drive current for the pumping light source obtained by the calculation processing section. In the optical amplifier of such a configuration as described above, since the proportional factor contained in the circuit constituting the pumping light control section is corrected according to the slope of the optical power characteristic relative to the drive current for the pumping light source obtained by the calculation processing section, then even in the case where the optical power characteristic of the pumping light source is changed due to a temperature change, the deterioration with time or the like, the drive condition of the pumping light source is controlled accurately by the pumping light control section. The other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from the following description of the embodiments with reference to the accompanying drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing one embodiment of an optical amplifier according to the present invention. FIG. 2 is a circuit diagram showing a specific configuration example of a portion corresponding to a control circuit in FIG. 1. FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram for explaining a method of calculating a slope of an I-L characteristic of a pumping light source in the above embodiment. FIG. 4 is a diagram showing one example of a frequency response of a signal light to a pumping light in an EDF. FIG. 5 is experimental data showing temporary variations of a drive current for the pumping light source and the signal light power in the above embodiment. FIG. 6 is a block diagram showing a modified example related to the above embodiment. FIG. 7 is a block diagram showing another modified example related to the above embodiment. FIG. 8 is a block diagram showing one example of a conventional optical amplifier applied with an AGC. FIG. 9 is a diagram showing one example in which the conventional optical amplifier is applied to a system with adding/dropping of a signal light. FIG. 10 is a diagram for explaining a state where an optical surge occurs for when the number of signal light wavelengths is abruptly changed in the system of FIG. 9. FIG. 11 is a diagram showing a state where a slope of an I-L characteristic of a semiconductor laser is changed depending on a temperature. FIG. 12 is a diagram showing a level variation of a remaining signal light, which occurs for when the number of signal light wavelengths is changed, so as to correspond to a proportional factor of an AGC circuit. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Hereinafter, embodiments for implementing a characteristic monitoring method of a pumping light source for optical amplification and an optical amplifier according to the present invention will be described with reference to drawings. Identical reference numerals denote identical or equivalent parts throughout all of the figures. FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing one embodiment of the optical amplifier according to the present invention. In FIG. 1, the present optical amplifier comprises: for example, an erbium doped fiber (EDF) 1 as a rare earth element doped fiber; a semiconductor laser module 2 consisting of a pumping light source 2A using a semiconductor laser (LD) and a drive circuit (DRV) 2B for driving the pumping light source 2A, and a light receiving element (PD) 2C as a pumping light power measuring section that monitors a backward emission light Lp′ from the pumping light source 2A; and a multiplexer 3 supplying a pumping light Lp emitted from a front side of the pumping light source 2A. Further, the present optical amplifier comprises: a branching device 4 branching a part of a WDM light Lin, which is input from a signal light input end IN to the EDF 1 via the multiplexer 3, as an input monitor light Lm1; a light receiving element (PD) 5 converting the input monitor light Lm1 branched by the branching device 4 into an electric signal; a branching device 6 branching a part of a WDM light Lout, which is output from the EDF1, as an output monitor light Lm2; a light receiving element (PD) 7 converting the output monitor light Lm2 branched by the branching device 6 into an electric signal; an AGC circuit 8 receiving the electric signals from the respective light receiving elements 2C, 5 and 7; and a modulation circuit (MOD) 9 as a drive signal modulating section that modulates a drive control signal output from the AGC circuit 8 to the drive circuit 2B. The configuration of the present optical amplifier differs from that of the conventional optical amplifier shown in FIG. 8 in that the drive control signal for controlling a drive condition of the pumping light source 2A is modulated at a frequency higher than a cut-off frequency of the EDF 1 by the modulation circuit 9, the output light power of the pumping light source 2A driven in accordance with the modulated drive control signal is monitored by the light receiving element 2C, and the monitoring result is fed back to the AGC circuit 8, so that a change in slope of an I-L characteristic of the pumping light source 2A is detected by the AGC circuit 8, and in accordance with the detection result, a proportional factor to be described later of the AGC circuit 8 is corrected. In the present embodiment, as described later, the AGC circuit 8 comprises: a function as a pumping light control section; a function as a calculation processing section that obtains the slope of the I-L characteristic of the pumping light source 2A; and a function as a correcting section that corrects the proportional factor contained in the AGC circuit 8. FIG. 2 is a circuit diagram showing a specific configuration example of a portion corresponding to a control circuit of the optical amplifier shown in FIG. 1. In the circuit configuration of FIG. 2, a photocurrent generated in the light receiving element 5, which received the input monitor light Lm1, is voltage transferred by a resistor R1, and thereafter impedance converted in an amplifier AMP1. Further, a photocurrent generated in the light receiving element 7, which received the output monitor light Lm2, is voltage transferred by a resistor R2, and thereafter impedance converted in an amplifier AMP2. Note, values of the respective resistors R1 and R2 or gains of the respective amplifiers AMP1 and AMP2 are set according to the gain setting of optical amplification in the EDF1, so that voltage levels of the respective amplifiers AMP1 and AMP2 to be input to a latter stage error amplifier AMP 3 are at the equivalent level. The error amplifier AMP3 performs error amplification of respective output voltages from the amplifiers AMP1 and AMP2. A gain (proportional factor) A0 of this error amplifier AMP3 is set so as to correspond to a slope η0 of the I-L characteristic at a reference temperature (for example, 25° C.) in the beginning of life of the pumping light source 2A. An output signal from the error amplifier AMP3 is given to the drive circuit 2B via a multiplier MUL and an adder ADD. The drive circuit 2B is a typical drive circuit, which receives the output signal from the error amplifier AMP3 at a base terminal of a transistor TR thereof via a differential amplifier AMP4, to control the drive current to be supplied to the pumping light source 2A. Note, the drive current If to be supplied to the pumping light source 2A is voltage converted by a resistor 3 connected between an emitter terminal of the transistor TR and an earth terminal, and the converted voltage signal V_If is set to a reference voltage of the differential amplifier AMP4, and at the same time, sent to a micro-controller μ1 via an A/D converter ADC1. A photocurrent generated in the light receiving element 2C, which received the backward emission light Lp′ from the pumping light source 2A, is voltage converted by a resistor 4 into V_LDout, and this voltage signal V_LDout is sent to the micro-controller μ1 via an A/D converter ADC2. Note, it is desirable that a band of the circuit for monitoring the voltage signal V_LDout, and a band of the circuit for monitoring the voltage signal V_lf are set, respectively, to be ten times or above a band of the drive circuit 2B including the differential amplifier AMP4. The micro-controller μ1 takes therein output signals from the A/D converters ADC1 and ADC2, to calculate the slope η of the I-L characteristic of the pumping light source 2A using the least square, based on the relationship of the voltage signal V_LDout to the voltage signal V_If, as shown in a schematic diagram of FIG. 3, for example. The micro-controller μ1 is given with a reference value η0 (the slope of the I-L characteristic at the reference temperature in the beginning of life of the pumping light source 2A), stored in a memory, such as an EEPROM or the like, to operate a D/A converter DAC1 based on the slope q of the I-L characteristic of the pumping light source 2A, which is calculated at the operation time, and the reference value η0, so that a coefficient of the multiplier MUL disposed between the error amplifier AMP3 and the differential amplifier AMP4, reaches η0/η. The micro-controller μ1 also output a signal for controlling an operation of an oscillator OSC. The oscillator OSC generates a minute AC signal with the amplitude ΔV and a frequency f in accordance with the control signal from the micro-controller μ1, to output it to the adder ADD disposed between the error amplifier AMP3 and the differential amplifier AMP4. In the adder ADD, the AC signal from the oscillator OSC is superimposed on the output signal from the error amplifier AMP3. Here, the modulation circuit 9 in FIG. 1 is configured with the oscillator OSC and the adder ADD. Note, the specific setting of the amplitude ΔV and the frequency f of the AC signal will be described later. Next, an operation of the present embodiment will be described. First, a characteristic monitoring method for the pumping light source 2A, which is implemented in the optical amplifier of the above configuration, will be described. In the present optical amplifier, in order to monitor the I-L characteristic of the pumping light source 2A without affecting a signal light to be amplified by the EDF1 at the operation time, the drive control signal output from the AGC circuit 8 to the drive circuit 2B is modulated at the frequency higher than the cut-off frequency of the EDF1, by the modulation circuit 9. To be specific, in the adder ADD, the AC signal with the amplitude ΔV and the frequency f generated in the oscillator OSC is superimposed on the voltage signal which is output from the error amplifier AMP3 to be sent to the differential amplifier AMP4, so that the modulation of the drive current to be supplied to the pumping light source 2A is performed. The frequency f of the AC signal is set to be higher than the cut-off frequency of the EDF1. A frequency response of the signal light to the pumping light in the EDF1 is a first-order lag element as shown in FIG. 4, for example, and largely depends on the optical output power. The cut-off frequency of the signal light is several tens Hz to several kHz. Accordingly, several MHz sufficiently higher than the cut-off frequency of the EDF1 is set as the frequency f of the AC signal, so that an influence on the signal light by modulating the drive current of the pumping light source 2A with an AC signal component, becomes about {fraction (1/1000)} times of the signal light amplitude at the time of cut-off frequency. As a result, even if about ten and several mA, which is enough to calculate the slope η of the I-L characteristic of the pumping light source 2A by the micro-controller μ1, is set as the amplitude ΔV of the AC signal, there does not occur the AC signal component in the signal light to be amplified in the EDF1, as a noise. As one example, in the case where the drive current for the pumping light source 2A is modulated at the center value of about 60 mA, the amplitude of about 50 mA and the frequency of 2 MHz, the AC component does not occur in the signal light as a noise, thereby enabling the calculation of the slope η. FIG. 5 shows experimental data showing temporary variations of the drive current (If) for the pumping light source 2A and the signal light power (Pout) in the case where the pumping light source 2A is modulated as described above, and shows that a variation amount of the signal light power at this time was about 0.07 dB. As described in the above, the pumping light source 2A is driven by the drive current modulated at the frequency higher than the cut-off frequency of the EDF1, so that the powers of the pumping lights Lp and Lp′ emitted from the front and back sides of the pumping light source 2A are varied according to the AC signal component. Therefore, the power variation of the backward emission light Lp′ is monitored by the light receiving element 2C, and using the relationship between the voltage signal V_LDout indicating the monitoring result and the voltage signal V_If obtained by monitoring the variation of the drive current, the slope η of the I-L characteristic of the pumping light source 2A can be calculated by performing approximation processing, such as the least square or the like, without affecting the signal light to be amplified by the EDF1 (refer to FIG. 3). The thus calculated slope η of the I-L characteristic of the pumping light source 2A can be ensured with the higher accuracy compared with the case where the I-L characteristic is predicted based on a certain operating point, since there is no influence of the deterioration or kink of oscillation threshold of the pumping light source 2A. Then, in the present optical amplifier, the proportional factor of the AGC circuit 8 is corrected using the slope η of the I-L characteristic of the pumping light source 2A, which has been monitored at the operation time as described above. Specifically, this correction of the proportional factor is realized by controlling the coefficient of the multiplier MUL to η0/η, using η calculated by the micro-controller μ1 and the reference value η0 stored in the memory. Namely, since the relationship of A=A0×η0/η is established for a proportional coefficient (gain) A of the circuit including the error amplifier AMP3 and the multiplier MUL, even in the case where the slope of the I-L characteristic of the pumping light source 2A is changed due to the temperature change, the deterioration with time or the like, the proportional factor of the entire AGC circuit 8 is always maintained constant. Note, a cycle of the above proportional factor correction may be set, for example, about one time per several hundreds ms, so as not to overlap with a time constant of the AGC. A speed of the temperature change or the deterioration with time of the pumping light source 2A is far slow compared with the above cycle, and therefore, it is possible to perform a sufficiently effective correction in such cycle setting. As a result, for example, even in the case where a cooler-less semiconductor laser is used as the pumping light source 2A, so that the I-L characteristic is significantly changed due to the temperature change, or even in a situation where the number of signal light wavelengths to be amplified by the EDF1 is abruptly changed, following such a change, the power of the pumping light Lp can be switched at a high speed and with accuracy by the AGC circuit 8. Thus, it becomes possible to effectively suppress an occurrence of optical surge as shown in FIG. 10. In the above embodiment, the description has been made on the configuration where the AC signal generated in the oscillator OSC is superimposed on the drive control signal by the adder ADD, which is disposed between the error amplifier AMP3 and the differential amplifier AMP4. However, the arrangement of the adder ADD (a position at which the AC signal is superimposed on the drive control signal) is not limited to the above, and it is possible that the adder ADD is disposed between the amplifier AMP1 in an input side monitoring system and the error amplifier AMP3, or for example as shown in FIG. 7, between the amplifier AMP2 in an output side monitoring system and the error amplifier AMP3, to superimpose the AC signal on the drive control signal. Further, in the case where the signal light to be input to the optical amplifier contains, from the beginning, a frequency component of several MHz (for example, a frequency component generated by information of a header portion of transmission data), since the output of the error amplifier AMP3 contains the above frequency component, it is also possible to omit the oscillator OSC and the adder ADD. In this case, in order to adjust the amplitude of the frequency component of several MHz, in the circuit configuration in FIG. 2, for example, capacities or the like of capacitors C1 and C2 disposed in the respective monitoring systems on the input and output sides may be adjusted, to make a band difference between the respective monitoring systems. By appropriately setting the amplitude of the frequency component of several MHz in such a manner, it becomes possible to monitor the characteristic of the pumping light source 2A and to correct the proportional factor of the AGC circuit 8, similarly to the above embodiment. Further, in the above embodiment, the optical output power of the pumping light source 2A has been monitored utilizing the backward emission light Lp′. However, the present invention is not limited thereto, and the configuration may be such that a part of the pumping light Lp, which is emitted from the front side of the pumping light source 2A to be sent to the EDF1, is branched, and the power of the branched light is monitored. In addition, there has been shown the example in which the AGC circuit 8 is configured using a micro-controller μ1. However, the AGC circuit 8 may be configured using an analog circuit. Moreover, the circuit configuration of the AGC circuit 8 has been of a feedback type in which the pumping light source 2A is driven according to the errors of the input monitor light Lm1 and the output monitor light Lm2 as shown in FIG. 2. However, for example, it is also possible to make the circuit configuration of the AGC circuit 8 to be of a feedforward type in which the pumping light source 2A is driven according to the input monitor light Lm1 only. Also, in this case, the proportional coefficient A of the feedforward may be corrected with A=A0×η0/η. Furthermore, the erbium doped fiber has been adopted as an amplification medium of the optical amplifier, however, it is surely possible to use an optical fiber doped with a rare earth element other than erbium, as the amplification medium.	<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a characteristic monitoring method of a pumping light source for optical amplification for when a pumping light is supplied to a rare earth doped fiber to amplify a signal light, and an optical amplifier. In particular, the present invention relates to a technique for monitoring an optical power characteristic of a pumping light source using a semiconductor laser without affecting the amplification of signal light, to reflect the monitoring result in a pumping light control of an optical amplifier. 2. Description of the Related Art As an optical amplifier for amplifying a wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) light containing a plurality of signal lights having different wavelengths, there has been known an optical amplifier utilizing an optical fiber doped with a rare earth element, for example. This optical amplifier using the rare earth element doped fiber is for supplying a pumping light output from a pumping light source using, for example, a semiconductor laser or the like, to the rare earth element doped fiber, to amplify the WDM light up to a desired level by stimulated emission which occurs when the WDM light is propagated through the rare earth element doped fiber in a pumped state (refer to Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication Nos. 5-55673 and 8-204267). It has been known that the pumping light source used for the above optical amplifier, is given with a drive signal generated by a drive circuit, to output a pumping light of required power, however, an optical power characteristic of the pumping light source relative to the drive signal is changed due to a temperature variation or the deterioration with time. Particularly, in recent years, a so-called cooler-less semiconductor laser in which a temperature adjustment function is omitted, has been utilized as a pumping light source, bringing the reduction of power consumption and the cost reduction into view. In such a case, an influence on the signal light amplification due to a change in the optical power characteristic of the pumping light source becomes large. Accordingly, in order to obtain the WDM light amplified up to the desired level by the optical amplifier, it is needed to control the drive signal according to a change in characteristic of the pumping light source. For the drive control of the pumping light source in the conventional optical amplifier, there has been proposed a technique in which, on the basis of data for outputting a required pumping light according to the ambient temperature, with a pumping light for when the pumping light source is driven in accordance with the data being a reference value, a pumping light at the operation time and the reference value are compared with each other, to thereby perform the temperature compensation and the compensation for deterioration with time of the pumping light source (refer to Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2002-217836). Further, to the optical amplifier using the rare earth element doped fiber as described above, an automatic level control (ALC) controlling a level of output light to be fixed or an automatic gain control (AGC) controlling a gain to be fixed is typically applied (refer to Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 10-209970). FIG. 8 is a block diagram showing one example of a conventional optical amplifier applied with the AGC. In this optical amplifier, for example, a pumping light output from a pumping light source (LD) 102 is supplied to an erbium doped fiber (EDF) 101 via a multiplexer 103 , and a part of a WDM light that is to be input to the EDF 101 is demultiplexed by a demultiplexer 104 , to be photo-electrically converted by a light receiving element (PD) 105 , so that the input light power is monitored. Also, a part of the WDM light output from the EDF 101 is demultiplexed by a demultiplexer 106 , to be photo-electrically converted by a light receiving element (PD) 107 , so that the output light power is monitored. Then, the respective monitoring results are sent to an AGC circuit 108 in which an amplification degree in the EDF 101 is calculated, and a drive condition of the pumping light source 102 is controlled according to the calculation result, so that a fixed gain can be obtained. By performing the AGC by such a control circuit, it becomes possible to suppress an occurrence of gain deviation between signal lights having respective wavelengths contained in the WDM light. In a WDM optical transmission system to which the conventional optical amplifier as described above is applied, there are, for example, the case where the number of wavelengths of signal lights contained in a WDM light is increased with an increase in transmission data, addition of transmission system or the like, or the case where the number of signal light wavelengths is decreased for maintenance or the like. It is required that the operational wavelength is not affected even when the number of signal light wavelengths is increased or decreased. Especially, for example, in a system with the adding/dropping of signal light as shown in FIG. 9 , in the case where a fault, such as breakage of transmission path fiber or the like, occurs, there is a possibility that the number of signal light wavelengths is significantly changed, such as, from a maximum n+1 waves to 1 wave. If the number of signal light wavelengths is abruptly changed as described above, in an optical amplifier 100 B located downstream the fault occurring point, since the optical amplification is usually performed in a gain saturation region, there occurs a large level variation in the remaining signal light, in the AGC at a low speed. Here, the description will be made on a transient response phenomenon of an optical amplifier, which occurs due to a change in the number of signal light wavelengths. Note, a transient response means a transient progress exhibited after a response is generated due to an input given to a control system until the response reaches in a new steady state. In an example in which a pumping light control cannot promptly cope with the change in the wavelength number of WDM light input to the optical amplifier (the level change in input signal light), the transient response described above appears as an optical surge to cause a transmission error. For example, when a fault, such as transmission path fiber breakage or the like, occurs in the system shown in FIG. 9 , and the transmission of signal lights having wavelengths λ 1 to λ n is interrupted, it is required that the transmission error does not occur in the signal light having wavelength λ n+1 to be added subsequently, even if the signal lights having wavelengths λ 1 to λ n are not input to the optical amplifier. In order to satisfy this requirement, in the optical amplifier, it is necessary to immediately reduce the power of pumping light from the power corresponding to n+1 waves to the power corresponding to 1 wave, to amplify the signal light having wavelength λ n+1 with a pumping light corresponding to 1 wave. However, since the following capability of the conventional AGC at the time when the number of signal light wavelengths is changed, as shown in FIG. 10 for example, although only the signal light of 1 wave is input, a period of time becomes longer during which the pumping light equivalent to n+1 waves is given to the rare earth element doped fiber, resulting in that the gain is abruptly varied, and the remaining light at a high level (optical surge) is generated instantaneously from the output of the optical amplifier. This optical surge is transmitted to cause the transmission error, and in a system in which the optical amplifiers are connected in multi-stages, the optical surges are accumulated and are amplified. Therefore, there is a possibility that the receiver is damaged. In order to solve such a problem, it is required to apply a high speed AGC, which does not substantially change an inside state (population inversion) of the rare earth element doped fiber. Further, for the following capability of the AGC at the time when the number of signal light wavelengths is changed, it becomes important that a proportional factor of the control circuit is optimized according to the optical power characteristic of the pumping light source. Namely, for example, when the cooler-less semiconductor laser is utilized as the pumping light source as described above, the optical power characteristic (I-L characteristic) of the semiconductor laser relative to the drive current is significantly changed due to a variation of ambient temperature. To be specific, as shown in an I-L characteristic exemplified in FIG. 11 , a slope (slope efficiency) of the I-L characteristic for when the drive current exceeding an oscillation threshold is given to the semiconductor laser, is changed by 1.5 times due to the temperature variation. The fact that the slope of the I-L characteristic of the semiconductor laser is changed by 1.5 times means that the proportional factor of the AGC circuit is changed by 1.5 times, which affects the following capability of the AGC at the time when the number of signal light wavelengths is abruptly changed as described above. Specifically, FIG. 12 exemplarily shows how the differences show in a level variation of the remaining signal light having 1 wave in the case where the proportional factor of the AGC circuit is changed, when there occurs the change in the number of signal light wavelengths as shown in FIG. 10 . A transverse axis of FIG. 12 indicates a period of time during which the total input power to the optical amplifier is reduced from 90% to 10%, namely, a speed of the change in the number of signal light wavelengths. A vertical axis of FIG. 12 indicates a variation amount of the peak power of the remaining signal light having 1 wave. Here, with the proportional factor of a typical AGC circuit being a reference (one time), the proportional factor is reduced to ⅔ times. In other words, the comparison is performed on the level variation for when the slope of the I-L characteristic of the pumping light source is changed by ⅔ times. As shown in FIG. 12 , it is understood that, if the proportional factor of the AGC circuit is reduced, the level variation of the remaining signal light becomes larger. The reason why such a difference occurs is that, if the proportional factor is reduced, the speed for reducing the drive current for the pumping light source is dropped when the number of signal light wavelengths is reduced. Accordingly, in order to avoid an influence on the remaining signal light even when the number of signal light wavelengths is abruptly changed, it becomes important that the optical power characteristic of the pumping light source can be monitored with high accuracy at the operation time of the optical amplifier, and the proportional factor of the AGC circuit can be corrected according to the monitoring result. However, in the conventional technique disclosed in each prior art references described above, it has been difficult to solve the above problems. For the technique for monitoring the optical power characteristic of the pumping light source used in the optical amplifier, the present applicant has proposed a technique for changing the drive current for the pumping light source and measuring regularly the pumping light power supplied to an amplification medium, to detect a characteristic change in the pumping light source (refer to Japanese Unpublished Patent Application No. 2003-57951). However, even in this prior application, there still remains a problem as to how the drive current for the pumping light source is changed at the operation time of the optical amplifier. That is, in the case where the drive current for the pumping light source is changed at the operation time of the optical amplifier, there is a possibility that the amplification of the signal light in the operation is affected due to such a change in the drive current. Therefore, it is required to realize a specific monitoring method which avoids such a possibility.	<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>The present invention has been accomplished in view of the above problems and has an object to realize a monitoring method capable of detecting with high accuracy an optical power characteristic of a pumping light source during the operation of an optical amplifier. Further, the invention has an object to provide an optical amplifier capable of controlling, using the monitoring method, a pumping light without substantially affecting a signal light in the operation even when the number of signal light wavelengths is abruptly changed. In order to achieve the above objects, a characteristic monitoring method of a pumping light source for optical amplification according to the present invention, for monitoring an optical power characteristic of a pumping light source using a semiconductor laser, when a pumping light output from the pumping light source is supplied to a rare earth element doped fiber, to amplify a signal light, comprises: (1) modulating a drive signal for driving the pumping light source at a frequency higher than a cut-off frequency of the rare earth element doped fiber; (2) measuring the power of the pumping light output from the pumping light source driven by the modulated drive signal so as to correspond to a drive condition of the pumping light source; and (3) obtaining a slope of the optical power characteristic relative to a drive current for the pumping light source, based on the measurement result. Further, an optical amplifier for supplying a pumping light output from a pumping light source using a semiconductor laser to a rare earth element doped fiber to amplify a signal light, comprises: a drive signal modulating section that modulates a drive signal for driving the pumping light source at a frequency higher than a cut-off frequency of the rare earth element doped fiber; a pumping light power measuring section that measures the power of the pumping light output from the pumping light source driven by the drive signal modulated by the drive signal modulating section, so as to correspond to a drive condition of the pumping light source; and a calculation processing section that obtains a slope of an optical power characteristic relative to a drive current for the pumping light source, based on the measurement result of the pumping light power measuring section. In the optical amplifier of such a configuration as described above, the pumping light source is driven with the drive signal modulated at the frequency higher than the cut-off frequency of the rare earth element doped fiber, so that the power of the pumping light output from the pumping light source is varied according to a frequency modulation component. This variation of the pumping light power is measured so as to correspond to the drive condition of the pumping light source, and based on the measurement result, the slope of the optical power characteristic (I-L characteristic) relative to the drive current for the pumping light source can be obtained with high accuracy without affecting the signal light which is amplified by the rare earth element doped fiber. Further, the optical amplifier described above may comprise; a pumping light control section that controls the drive condition of the pumping light source so that a gain of the signal light, which is amplified by the rare earth element doped fiber, is fixed; and a correcting section that corrects a proportional factor contained in a circuit constituting the pumping light control section, according to the slope of the optical power characteristic relative to the drive current for the pumping light source obtained by the calculation processing section. In the optical amplifier of such a configuration as described above, since the proportional factor contained in the circuit constituting the pumping light control section is corrected according to the slope of the optical power characteristic relative to the drive current for the pumping light source obtained by the calculation processing section, then even in the case where the optical power characteristic of the pumping light source is changed due to a temperature change, the deterioration with time or the like, the drive condition of the pumping light source is controlled accurately by the pumping light control section. The other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from the following description of the embodiments with reference to the accompanying drawings.	20040525	20060502	20050616	84356.0		0	NGUYEN, TU T	CHARACTERISTIC MONITORING METHOD OF PUMPING LIGHT SOURCE FOR OPTICAL AMPLIFICATION AND OPTICAL AMPLIFIER	UNDISCOUNTED	0	ACCEPTED		2,004
10,852,269	ACCEPTED	System using label switching techniques to support QoS for mobile ad-hoc networks and its label distributing and switching method	The present invention provides a system using label switching techniques to support QoS for mobile ad-hoc networks and its label distributing and switching method. The system includes plural clusters, each having plural mobile nodes. At least one mobile node in a cluster is selected as a routing agent. One routing agent in a cluster is selected as a core routing agent. Each core routing agent is capable of obtaining an unique seed for generating an label L=f(S, i, j)=S×3i×2j to a new LSP, where S is an unique seed that is an unique prime number, except 2 and 3, obtained by the core routing agent, i represents one of different kinds of LSP, and j represents one of different numbers for the same kind of LSP. Through the interconnecting of core routing agents, the virtual backbones can be constructed for bandwidth sharing.	1. A system using label switching techniques to support QoS in mobile ad-hoc networks, comprising plural clusters, each cluster having plural mobile nodes, at least one of the mobile nodes in a cluster being selected as a routing agent, one of the routing agents in a cluster being selected as a core routing agent, wherein each core routing agent obtains an unique seed, which is a prime number to generate a label for Label Switch Path (LSP). 2. The system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the seed is applied in following equation to generate the label: L=f(S, i, j)=S×3i×2j, where S is the unique seed, which is a prime number except 2 and 3, obtained by the core routing agent, i represents different type of LSP, and j represents different number of the same type of LSP. 3. The system as claimed in claim 2, wherein a Signal LSP (S-LSP) between a core routing agent and a respective routing agent is pre-constructed by a label L=S×31×2j generated by the core routing agent. 4. The system as claimed in claim 2, wherein an S-LSP between two neighboring core routing agents is pre-constructed by labels L=f(S, i, j)=S×32×2j generated by the two core routing agents respectively. 5. The system as claimed in claim 2, wherein an S-LSP between a core routing agent and non-neighboring core routing agent is pre-constructed by labels L=f(S, i, j)=S×33×2j generated by the two core routing agents respectively. 6. The system as claimed in claim 2, wherein a Backbone Data LSP (BD-LSP) between two core routing agents is pre-constructed by labels L=S×34×2j generated by the two core routing agents respectively. 7. The system as claimed in claim 2, wherein when a mobile node sends an on-demand connection request for constructing On-Demand Data LSPs (ODD-LSPs), the connection request is forwarded from a source core routing agent to a destination through the S-LSPs, so that forward and backward LSPs are constructed respectively by a label L=S×30×2x generated by the source core routing agent and a label L=S×30×2x+1 generated by the destination core routing agent. 8. The system as claimed in claim 6, wherein the BD-LSP pre-constructed reserves predetermined bandwidth for being shared by all ODD-LSPs passing therethrough. 9. The system as claimed in claim 8, wherein multiple different-path duplicated BD-LSP tunnels are constructed between two core routing agents. 10. The system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the core routing agent selected from the routing agents in each cluster is a slower or half-fixed station. 11. The system as claimed in claim 1, wherein each core routing agent obtains the unique seed from a router of the Internet. 12. A label distributing and switching method for a mobile ad-hoc network, the mobile ad-hoc network including plural clusters, each cluster having plural mobile nodes, at least one of the mobile nodes in a cluster being selected as a routing agent, one of the routing agents in a cluster being selected as a core routing agent, the method comprising the steps: a seed generating step in which each core routing agent obtains a unique seed which is a prime number; and a label generating step in which each core routing agent generates a label for Label Switch Path (LSP) based on the seed. 13. The method as claimed in claim 12, wherein in the label generating step, each core routing agent uses a following equation to generate the label: L=f(S, i, j)=S×3i×2j, where S is the unique seed, which is a prime number except 2 and 3, obtained by the core routing agent, i represents different type of LSP, and j represents different number of the same type of LSP. 14. The method as claimed in claim 13, wherein an S-LSP between a core routing agent and a respective routing agent is indicated as i=1. 15. The method as claimed in claim 13, wherein an S-LSP between two neighboring core routing agents is indicated as i=2. 16. The method as claimed in claim 13, wherein an S-LSP between a core routing agent and non-neighbor core routing agent is indicated as i=3. 17. The method as claimed in claim 13, wherein a BD-LSP between two core routing agents is indicated as i=4. 18. The method as claimed in claim 13, wherein an ODD-LSP between source and destination core routing agents for a on-demand connection request is indicated as i=0.	BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to the technical field of mobile ad-hoc networks and, more particularly to a system using label switching techniques to support QoS in mobile ad-hoc networks and its label distributing and switching method. 2. Description of Related Art Wireless network architecture can be divided into wireless infrastructure networks and mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs). In the infrastructure network, access points (APs) are implemented in the terminals of wire-line backbones, and a mobile node (MN) can use the APs to link the wire-line backbones for information communication. However, it is disadvantage that the wireless communication can occur only between an AP and an MN but AP deployment is not widespread. By contrast, the mobile ad-hoc network does not use the wire-line backbones, and corresponding NMs use wireless network interface to communication with one another without AP support. Since the range of wireless signaling is limited for a wireless network interface, the communication between NMs may also require other MN as a relay to forward the messages. Although the wireless infrastructure network is the most widely acceptable mode to construct wireless access network until recently, research reports have predicted that mobile ad-hoc networks will be adopted widely in future networks. Further, multimedia transmissions are demanded increasingly and accordingly the requirements of Quality of Service (QoS) control are going to appear in mobile ad-hoc networks, so that the end-to-end QoS guarantee over a mobile ad-hoc network and the Internet must be provided. However, it is not easy to maintain the fixed routing of a mobile ad-hoc network, due to the network topology is changing while the MNs are moving. Also, it is not easy to offer the QoS guarantee in an unstable routing path. Therefore, the MN responsible of forwarding in the mobile ad-hoc network is expected as a low-speed mover or a half-fixed node moving rarely. In the future, QoS supporting for the streaming multimedia services can be obtained by the QoS architecture of Differentiated Services (DiffServ). To achieve QoS of DiffServ, most researches have applied Multi-Protocol Label Switch (MPLS), which adds label switching in data link layer to support QoS-related bandwidth reservation and management by data connection-oriented setup. MPLS provided by IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) is a new generation of IP switching, which combines label swapping and IP routing to effectively increase the performance of IP routing, extensibility of network layer and convenience of new routing services, and provide the support of QoS control services. As shown in FIG. 1, a complete MPLS network is constructed of plural Differentiated Service (DS) domains. Each DS domain is constructed of plural Label Switching Routers (LSRs) and Label Edge Routers (LERs). An LSR performs label switching for packet with labels. An LER can be an ingress or egress node at the entrance or exit of each DS domain of the MPLS network. When an explicit LSP is going to be constructed among LSRs, the MPLS network could apply Label Distribution Protocol (LDP) to distribute routing and label mapping to a respective LSR along the routing path determined by IP routing algorithm. After a Label Switch Path (LSP) is constructed in the DS domain, a respective LER is responsible to the conversion between IP and label. If the respective LER is an ingress node, it is also responsible to data packet classification and monitoring, connection admission control and interaction to the neighboring DS domains. If the respective LER is an egress node, it is also responsible to the remove the label for the data packets that will be forwarded to an IP network. The advantages of MPLS protocol are that fast and simple label switching between adjacent routers instead of slow and complicated IP routing globally, and it is able to easily support various QoS. Currently, many significant methods can support QoS control mechanism of DiffServ on wire-line backbones. However, since the mobile ad-hoc networks belong to the broadcast networks, several NMs may share a single radio channel and thus the LSP cannot be distinguished by physical line. As such, MPLS protocol in a mobile ad-hoc network needs MAC address to map labels for routing and thus causes original label distribution and switching inappropriately used in wire-line networks. Unfortunately, there are still no any significantly label allocation and QoS control mechanism been proposed in the mobile ad-hoc network until recently. Therefore, it is desirable to provide an improved system and switching method to mitigate and/or obviate the aforementioned problems. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION An object of the invention is to provide a system using label switching techniques to support QoS in mobile ad-hoc networks and its label distributing and switching method, which can apply MPLS to mobile ad-hoc networks. Another object of the invention is to provide a system using label switching techniques to support QoS in mobile ad-hoc networks and its label distributing and switching method, which can construct an MPLS tunnel on a predetermined virtual backbone in a mobile ad-hoc network, thereby increasing transmission performance of the mobile ad-hoc network, sharing bandwidth and providing control of connection QoS through the tunnel, as well as solve the problem of connection fault tolerance. According to a feature of the invention, a system using label switching techniques to support QoS in mobile ad-hoc networks is provided. The system includes plural clusters, each having plural mobile nodes (MNs). For each cluster, one or more mobile nodes are selected as routing agents and one of the routing agents is selected as a core routing agent. Each core routing agent can obtain a unique seed to further generate a label from label generating function, L=f(S, i, j)=S×3i×2j, for a new Label Switch Path (LSP), where S is a unique seed that is a prime number, except 2 and 3, obtained by the core routing agent, i represents a different-type LSP, and j represents a same-type, different-number LSP. Namely, an LSP can be assigned a unique label for routing by applying the label generating function with the unique seed as input parameter. According to another feature of the invention, a label distributing and switching method for mobile ad-hoc networks is provided. The method includes a seed generating step and a label generating step. In the seed generating step, each core routing agent obtains a unique seed. In the label generating step, each core routing agent generates a respective label L=f(S, i, j)=S×3i×2j for a new Label Switch Path (LSP), where S is a unique seed that is a prime number, except 2 and 3, obtained by the core routing agent, i represents a different-type LSP, and j represents a same-type, different-number LSP. Other objects, advantages, and novel features of the invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a chart of a Differentiated Service (DS) domain of a typical MPLS network; FIG. 2 is a configuration diagram of a system using label switching techniques to support QoS in mobile ad-hoc networks according to the invention; FIG. 3 is a schematic chart of constructing an S-LSP between a core routing agent and a routing agent according to the invention; and FIG. 4 is a schematic chart of constructing an S-LSP between a core routing agent and a neighbor core routing agent according to the invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT FIG. 2 is a configuration diagram of a system using label switching techniques to support QoS in mobile ad-hoc networks according to the invention. As shown in FIG. 2, all mobile nodes (MNs) of mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) configure a number of clusters 21. A node 20 in each cluster 21 includes one or more routing agents. One of the routing agents in each cluster is selected by a static or dynamic way as the core routing agent 23. In this preferred embodiment, the static way is employed to assign a slower or half-fixed routing agent 22 as the core routing agent 23. In a hierarchical MANET, connection between a core routing agent 23 and an adjacent core routing agent can be regarded as a backbone connection of the MANET. In addition, in a cluster 21, connection between a routing agent 22 and a core routing agent 23 can be regarded as an access network of the MANET. All routing agents 12 in a cluster 11 can feed data into the backbone connection through the core routing agent 23 for forwarding the data to a different cluster 11. In the hierarchical MANET, an LSP is constructed by distributing routing and label mapping. This embodiment uses the core routing agent 23 as a low-level label manager (LL-Manager) and a router 29 of the Internet as a high-level label manger (HL-Manager). Each core routing agent 23 obtains a unique seed from the high-level router 29 first and then generates a label by the following label generating function: Label=f(seed, i, j)=seed×3i×2j, wherein seed represents a unique prime number, except 2 and 3, as the unique seed obtained by the agent 23; i represents different type of LSP, where i=0 represents On-demand data LSP (ODD-LSP), i=1 represents Pre-constructed core to agent signal LSP (S-LSP), i=2 represents Pre-constructed core to core S-LSP for neighboring cores, i=3 represents Pre-constructed core to core S-LSP for non-neighboring, and i=4 represents Pre-constructed backbone data LSP (BD-LSP); and j represents different number of the same type of LSP. After parameters seed, i=2 and j=0 are applied to the label generating function for computation, a label is generated as 53220=45. The output of the label generating function is different as any of the parameters seed, i and j is different. Since the high-level router 29 distributes a unique seed to each core routing agent 23, different core routing agents 23 can generate different label space, so that labels that are generated by the prime number-based label generating function can be guaranteed no repeat. Also, the LSPs generated by different core routing agents 23 can be distinct by seed and i for providing different QoS. Pre-constructed LSP (P-LSP) in MANET can be obtained by the cited label distribution mechanism. Upon the purpose, the P-LSP can, be divided into signal LSP (S-LSP) and backbone data LSP (BD-LSP). The S-LSP is pre-constructed between a core routing agent 23 and a routing agent 22 and between a core routing agent 23 and a core routing agent 23. As such, when a mobile node 20 sends a packet with on-demand connection request to a respective routing agent 22, the routing agent 22 can quickly forward the packet to a respective core routing agent 23 through the S-LSP between the routing agent 22 and the core routing agent 23. When the core routing agent 23 receives the packet with on-demand connection request, the core routing agent 23 can use an S-LSP between the core routing agent 23 and a neighbor core routing agent 23 to thus send a destination search request to the neighbor core routing agent 23 quickly and further construct an on-demand data LSP (ODD-LSP) for subsequent data packet forwarding. BD-LSP is pre-constructed between core routing agents 23, so that all data packets forwarded between the core routing agents 23 use the BD-LSP for tunneling. FIG. 3 is a schematic chart of constructing an S-LSP between a core routing agent C and a routing agent A according to the invention. As shown in FIG. 3, for a forward S-LSP from the agent C to the agent A, the agent C first obtains a seed S=5 and then generates a label L=S×3i×2j=5×31×20=15 by the label generating function. The label L=15 is distributed into a path from the agent C to the agent A (in this case, C→M→A). For a backward S-LSP from the agent A to the agent C, due to the forward S-LSP (j=0), values j for the backward S-LSP and the forward S-LSP are different. It is assumed that j=1 for the backward S-LSP. At this point, the label generating function can determine a label L=S×3i×2j=5×31×21=30 for distributing it into a backward path from the agent A to the agent C (A→M→C). As the cited label distribution, the S-LSP between the agents C and A can be constructed on the MPLS requirement. Namely, a lookup table that indicates the relation of MAC addresses and labels is set up between every two of the core routing agent C, a middle node M and the routing agent A. FIG. 4 is a schematic chart of constructing an S-LSP between a core routing agent C and a neighboring core routing agent D according to the invention. As shown in FIG. 4, for an S-LSP from the agent C to the agent D, the agent C first obtains a seed S=5 and then generates a label L=S×3i×2j=5×32×20=45 by the label generating function. For an S-LSP from the agent D to the agent C, the agent D obtains a seed S=7 and then generates a label L=S×3i×2j=7×32×20=63 by the label generating function. As the cited label distribution, the S-LSP between the agents C and D can be constructed on the MPLS requirement. Namely, a lookup table that indicates the relation of MAC addresses and labels is set up between the agents C and D. An S-LSP between the core routing agent 23 and the non-neighboring core routing agent 23 can be constructed the same as that between the agents C and D, except for i=3. A BD-LSP between the agents 23 can also be constructed the same as the S-LSP between the agents C and D, except for i=4. When the mobile node 20 sends an on-demand connection request to set up an ODD-LSP, due to the constructed S-LSP between the agents 23 and between the agent 23 and the agent 22 as aforementioned, the connection request can be sent from a source core routing agent to a destination core routing agent through the S-LSPs and further forward and backward LSPs can be constructed concurrently. For the forward LSP construction, the source core routing agent obtains a seed S1 to accordingly generate a label L=S1×30×2x by the label generating function. For the backward LSP construction, the destination core routing agent obtains a seed S2 to accordingly generate a label L=S2×30×2x+1 by the label generating function. In this invention, pre-constructed BD-LSP can reserve appropriate bandwidth for being shared by all ODD-LSPs passing therethrough, thereby further ensuring the guarantee of QoS. In addition, due to low reliability in MANET, in order to overcome the problems of searching the QoS routing with appropriate bandwidth and detecting the BD-LSP breakdown, multiple different-path duplicated BD-LSP tunnels can be constructed between two core routing agents and retention mode defined by the MPLS protocol can record all possible paths. Accordingly, a shortest-path BD-LSP tunnel can initially be used and all duplicated BD-LSP tunnels are recorded. Thus, if the MANET network topology is unstable, the shortest-path BD-LSP may be disconnected. At this point, one of the duplicated BD-LSP can be selected to quickly replace the shortest-path BD-LSP, thereby overcoming fault tolerance problem and resulting in fast re-construction for the disconnection. However, if no more duplicated BD-LSP can be used, re-construction of required P-LSPs is a must. In view of the foregoing, it is known that the invention provides a hierarchical routing architecture to support QoS control in a mobile ad-hoc network. The cited core routing agents in a cluster are interconnected to those in its neighboring cluster, thereby forming a virtual backbone. Next, LSP tunnels are constructed upon the label stack principle in MPLS so that end-to-end single level LSP message transfer in the mobile ad-hoc network is changed into a communication form of double level LSP tunnel transmission (FIG. 2). Namely, first level is a transmitting cluster routing agent to a core routing agent (Agent to Core) and a receiving core routing agent to a cluster routing agent (Core to Agent), and second level is an LSP tunnel for core to core routing agents (Core to Core). Therefore, the invention can achieve the purposes of sharing virtual backbone network bandwidth, reducing signal packet number, reducing routing delay as forwarding data packet, and quickly re-constructing path as disconnecting unexpectedly. Although the present invention has been explained in relation to its preferred embodiment, it is to be understood that many other possible modifications and variations can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as hereinafter claimed.	<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to the technical field of mobile ad-hoc networks and, more particularly to a system using label switching techniques to support QoS in mobile ad-hoc networks and its label distributing and switching method. 2. Description of Related Art Wireless network architecture can be divided into wireless infrastructure networks and mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs). In the infrastructure network, access points (APs) are implemented in the terminals of wire-line backbones, and a mobile node (MN) can use the APs to link the wire-line backbones for information communication. However, it is disadvantage that the wireless communication can occur only between an AP and an MN but AP deployment is not widespread. By contrast, the mobile ad-hoc network does not use the wire-line backbones, and corresponding NMs use wireless network interface to communication with one another without AP support. Since the range of wireless signaling is limited for a wireless network interface, the communication between NMs may also require other MN as a relay to forward the messages. Although the wireless infrastructure network is the most widely acceptable mode to construct wireless access network until recently, research reports have predicted that mobile ad-hoc networks will be adopted widely in future networks. Further, multimedia transmissions are demanded increasingly and accordingly the requirements of Quality of Service (QoS) control are going to appear in mobile ad-hoc networks, so that the end-to-end QoS guarantee over a mobile ad-hoc network and the Internet must be provided. However, it is not easy to maintain the fixed routing of a mobile ad-hoc network, due to the network topology is changing while the MNs are moving. Also, it is not easy to offer the QoS guarantee in an unstable routing path. Therefore, the MN responsible of forwarding in the mobile ad-hoc network is expected as a low-speed mover or a half-fixed node moving rarely. In the future, QoS supporting for the streaming multimedia services can be obtained by the QoS architecture of Differentiated Services (DiffServ). To achieve QoS of DiffServ, most researches have applied Multi-Protocol Label Switch (MPLS), which adds label switching in data link layer to support QoS-related bandwidth reservation and management by data connection-oriented setup. MPLS provided by IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) is a new generation of IP switching, which combines label swapping and IP routing to effectively increase the performance of IP routing, extensibility of network layer and convenience of new routing services, and provide the support of QoS control services. As shown in FIG. 1 , a complete MPLS network is constructed of plural Differentiated Service (DS) domains. Each DS domain is constructed of plural Label Switching Routers (LSRs) and Label Edge Routers (LERs). An LSR performs label switching for packet with labels. An LER can be an ingress or egress node at the entrance or exit of each DS domain of the MPLS network. When an explicit LSP is going to be constructed among LSRs, the MPLS network could apply Label Distribution Protocol (LDP) to distribute routing and label mapping to a respective LSR along the routing path determined by IP routing algorithm. After a Label Switch Path (LSP) is constructed in the DS domain, a respective LER is responsible to the conversion between IP and label. If the respective LER is an ingress node, it is also responsible to data packet classification and monitoring, connection admission control and interaction to the neighboring DS domains. If the respective LER is an egress node, it is also responsible to the remove the label for the data packets that will be forwarded to an IP network. The advantages of MPLS protocol are that fast and simple label switching between adjacent routers instead of slow and complicated IP routing globally, and it is able to easily support various QoS. Currently, many significant methods can support QoS control mechanism of DiffServ on wire-line backbones. However, since the mobile ad-hoc networks belong to the broadcast networks, several NMs may share a single radio channel and thus the LSP cannot be distinguished by physical line. As such, MPLS protocol in a mobile ad-hoc network needs MAC address to map labels for routing and thus causes original label distribution and switching inappropriately used in wire-line networks. Unfortunately, there are still no any significantly label allocation and QoS control mechanism been proposed in the mobile ad-hoc network until recently. Therefore, it is desirable to provide an improved system and switching method to mitigate and/or obviate the aforementioned problems.	<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>An object of the invention is to provide a system using label switching techniques to support QoS in mobile ad-hoc networks and its label distributing and switching method, which can apply MPLS to mobile ad-hoc networks. Another object of the invention is to provide a system using label switching techniques to support QoS in mobile ad-hoc networks and its label distributing and switching method, which can construct an MPLS tunnel on a predetermined virtual backbone in a mobile ad-hoc network, thereby increasing transmission performance of the mobile ad-hoc network, sharing bandwidth and providing control of connection QoS through the tunnel, as well as solve the problem of connection fault tolerance. According to a feature of the invention, a system using label switching techniques to support QoS in mobile ad-hoc networks is provided. The system includes plural clusters, each having plural mobile nodes (MNs). For each cluster, one or more mobile nodes are selected as routing agents and one of the routing agents is selected as a core routing agent. Each core routing agent can obtain a unique seed to further generate a label from label generating function, L=f(S, i, j)=S×3 i ×2 j , for a new Label Switch Path (LSP), where S is a unique seed that is a prime number, except 2 and 3, obtained by the core routing agent, i represents a different-type LSP, and j represents a same-type, different-number LSP. Namely, an LSP can be assigned a unique label for routing by applying the label generating function with the unique seed as input parameter. According to another feature of the invention, a label distributing and switching method for mobile ad-hoc networks is provided. The method includes a seed generating step and a label generating step. In the seed generating step, each core routing agent obtains a unique seed. In the label generating step, each core routing agent generates a respective label L=f(S, i, j)=S×3 i ×2 j for a new Label Switch Path (LSP), where S is a unique seed that is a prime number, except 2 and 3, obtained by the core routing agent, i represents a different-type LSP, and j represents a same-type, different-number LSP. Other objects, advantages, and novel features of the invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.	20040525	20100119	20050526	67682.0		0	SABOURI, MAZDA	SYSTEM USING LABEL SWITCHING TECHNIQUES TO SUPPORT QOS FOR MOBILE AD-HOC NETWORKS AND ITS LABEL DISTRIBUTING AND SWITCHING METHOD	UNDISCOUNTED	0	ACCEPTED		2,004
10,852,326	ACCEPTED	Consolidation and densification methods for fibrous monolith processing	Methods for consolidation and densification of fibrous monolith composite structures are provided. Consolidation and densification of two- and three-dimensional fibrous monolith components having complex geometries can be achieved by pressureless sintering. The fibrous monolith composites are formed from filaments having at least a first material composition generally surrounded by a second material composition. The composites are sintered in an inert gas or nitrogen gas at a pressure of no more than about 30 psi to provide consolidated and densified fibrous monolith composites.	1. A process for consolidation and densification of multi-phase fibrous monolith composite materials comprising: placing preformed fibrous monolith composite materials formed of one or more filaments each having a central portion of a first uniformly suspended mixture and an outer portion of a second uniformly suspended mixture essentially surrounding the central portion, wherein the second uniformly suspended mixture forms essentially a separate phase between the central portion of the one or more filaments in the composite materials, in a sintering furnace; and heating the fibrous monolith composite materials at a pressure of between about 1 to about 30 psi at a temperature effective to achieve full density of the first and second uniformly suspended mixtures and provide sintered fibrous monolith composite materials. 2. The process of claim 1 wherein the fibrous monolith composite materials are sintered at a temperature below the lowest melting temperature of the first and second uniformly suspended mixtures. 3. The process of claim 1 wherein the fibrous monolith composite materials are sintered at a temperature below at least one of the melting temperatures of the first and second uniformly suspended mixtures. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein in the step of heating the fibrous monolith composite materials the fibrous monolith composite materials are initially heated to at least one interim temperature and held for a period of time before heating to the temperature effective for achieving full density. 5. A method for manufacture of an article comprised of multi-phase fibrous monolithic composite materials comprising the steps of: a) forming fibrous monolithic composite materials in the form of a filament and including a first material composition generally surrounded by a second material composition; b) compressing the fibrous monolithic composite materials filament to consolidate and densify the first and second material compositions; c) forming the compressed fibrous monolithic composite materials filament into a preform of the fibrous monolithic composite materials article; and d) sintering the preform at generally atmospheric pressure at a temperature effective for providing an essentially fully dense, sintered fibrous monolithic composite materials article. 6. The method of claim 5 wherein the preform is sintered at a temperature below a lowest melting temperatures of the first and second material compositions. 7. The method of claim 5 wherein the preform is sintered at a temperature lower than a melting temperature of at least one of the first and second material compositions. 8. The method of claim 5 wherein during sintering the pressure is between about 1 to about 30 psi. 9. The method of claim 5 wherein in the step of sintering the fibrous monolith composite materials the fibrous monolith composite materials are heated at a controlled rate to at least one interim temperature and held for a period of time.	CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/005,241, filed Dec. 4, 2001, which is based on, and claims the benefit of, U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/251,132, filed on Dec. 4, 2000, and entitled “Consolidation And Densification Methods For Fibrous Monolith Processing.” This invention was made with U.S. Government support under grant Number DE-FC02-96CH10861 awarded by the Department of Energy, under grant Number NAS8-00081 awarded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and under grant number DASG60-01-P-0050 awarded by the U.S. Army Space and Missile Defense. Accordingly, the Government may have certain rights in the invention described herein. FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to processes for consolidation and densification of multiple-phase composite materials, including fibrous monolith composites. BACKGROUND OF INVENTION The process of fabricating high strength materials from powders such as ceramic and metal powders generally involves preparing “green” materials that include the powder and a thermoplastic binder of variable composition. As part of the fabrication process, the binder typically is removed from the material in a binder burnout step and the powder consolidated and densified in order to obtain a final structure having the desired properties, including strength and hardness. Methods of consolidation and densification include sintering processes such as, uniaxial hot pressing, hot isostatic pressing, overpressure sintering and atmospheric (pressureless) sintering. Sintering processes, are critical in the fabrication of materials from ceramic and metal powders. Equipment used in pressure sintering processes including hot isostatic pressing (HIP) and uniaxial hot pressing must be designed to accommodate the high temperatures and high pressures associated with these sintering methods. Purchase, operation and maintenance costs for the HIP and uniaxial hot press equipment may be high as a result of the need to incorporate vessels capable of withstanding high pressures or hydraulic controlled rams into their respective designs. There are also additional costs in addressing safety requirements and designs for the safe and reliable operation of high pressure equipment. Additionally, the capacity of HIP and uniaxial hot press equipment is limited by these requirements. Thus, production volume capabilities are reduced, which further increases production costs. Furthermore, pressing is generally limited and cannot be used effectively with three-dimensional structures having more complex geometries. Pressureless sintering furnaces generally are less expensive to purchase, operate and maintain as compared to equipment for pressure sintering. They also provide larger production volume capabilities and lower overall production costs. However, an important disadvantage associated with pressureless sintering is the potential inability to achieve effective sintering of a material in the absence of pressure. Fibrous monoliths (FMs) are a unique class of structural ceramics. FMs are monolithic ceramics that are manufactured by powder processing techniques using inexpensive raw materials. Methods of preparing FM filaments are known. U.S. Pat. No. 5,645,781 describes methods of preparing FM composites by extrusion of filaments having controlled texture. As a result of the combination of relatively low costs of manufacture and benefits of enhanced materials performance, FMs have been used in a wider range of applications than heretofore typical for ceramics. Fibrous monoliths typically have been formed to various fibrous textures. For example, FM filaments have been woven into thin, planar structures. Alternatively, the filaments have been formed into three-dimensional structures having complex geometries. Generally, the macroarchitecture of an FM composite includes a plurality of filaments each including a primary phase in the form of elongated polycrystalline cells surrounded by at least a thin secondary phase in the form of a cell boundary. The material selected for the cell phase differs from the material selected for the cell boundary phase in type and/or composition. Thus, the various materials comprising a FM composite each have different material properties. This “multi-phase” nature of FM composites, along with the possibility that the composites are formed into complex structures, can increase the difficulties encountered when attempting to sinter such composites. Significantly, when two or more materials are used and are to be maintained essentially separate from each other in a composite component, the ability to effectively sinter the FM composite component can be severely limited or even prevented. Because the material properties of the two phases differ, the range of physical and chemical conditions that lead to effective sintering of the composite can be restricted. The difficulty in identifying an effective sintering regime increases further as additional materials are included in the composite. Moreover, the potential for unfavorable interactions between materials that can limit sinterability increases as additional materials are added to the composite. There remains a need for more efficient, cost-effective sintering processes that can be utilized during fabrication of fibrous monolith composite structures, particularly those having complex geometries. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention overcomes the problems encountered in conventional methods by providing efficient, cost-effective processes for consolidation and densification of composites formed of more than one composition. More specifically, the present invention provides methods of pressureless sintering that are effective for sintering fibrous monolith composite structures, including those having complex geometries. Pressureless sintering of FM composites provides for the consolidation and densification of two- and three-dimensional components in less time and at a lower cost as compared to other sintering processes. Additionally, FM composites with geometries too complicated to be processed by uniaxial hot press techniques can be sintered in accordance with the method of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to methods of consolidating and densifying ceramic composite components by pressureless sintering. Components that can be consolidated and densified in accordance with the invention include those formed of composites that have two or more materials present in essentially separate phases. Such composites include fibrous monolith (FM) composites, which are made up of a plurality of filaments having a core phase that is surrounded by a shell phase. In a pressureless sintering process, composites are heated to high temperatures without high pressure in a large volume, high temperature furnace. In comparison to various pressure sintering processes, pressureless sintering significantly lowers the overall production cost of FM composites, in part due to lower equipment purchase, operation and maintenance costs. Pressureless sintering also provides large production volume capabilities, so that mass production of FM components is possible. The processes of the present invention thus provide increased effectiveness and efficiencies in the overall fabrication of FM composite components. As used herein, “fibrous monolithic composite” and “fibrous monolith” are intended to mean a ceramic composite material that includes a plurality of monolithic fibers, or filaments, each having at least a cell phase surrounded by a boundary phase but may include more than one core and/or shell phase. Fibrous monoliths exhibit the characteristic of non-brittle fracture, such that they provide for non-catastrophic failure. As used herein, “cell phase” is intended to mean a centrally located primary material of the monolithic fiber that is dense, relatively hard and/or strong. The cell phase extends axially through the length of the fiber, and, when the fiber is viewed in cross-section, the cell phase forms the core of the fiber. The “cell phase” also may be referred to as a “cell” or “core”. As used herein, “boundary phase” is intended to mean a more ductile and/or weaker material that surrounds the cell phase of a monolithic fiber in a relatively thin layer. The boundary phase is disposed between the various individual cell phases, forming a separate layer between the cell phase and surrounding cell phases when a plurality of fibers are formed in a fibrous monolithic composite. The “boundary phase” also may be referred to as a “shell,” “cell boundary,” or “boundary”. Fibrous monoliths (“FMs”) are a unique class of structural ceramics that have mechanical properties similar to continuous fiber reinforced ceramic composites (CFCCs). Such properties include relatively high fracture energies, damage tolerance, and graceful failures. In contrast to CFCCs, FMs can be produced at a significantly lower cost. FMs, which are monolithic ceramics, generally are manufactured by powder processing techniques using inexpensive raw materials. As a result of the high performance characteristics of FMs and the low costs associated with manufacture of FMs, FMs are used in a wider range of applications than heretofore typical for ceramic composites. Thus, FMs are used to form structures having a great variety of shapes and sizes ranging from rather simple essentially two-dimensional structures to very complex three-dimensional structures. The macroarchitecture of an FM composite generally includes multiple filaments each comprising at least two distinct materials—a primary phase in the form of elongated polycrystalline cells separated by a thin secondary phase in the form of cell boundaries. The primary or cell phase typically consists of a structural material of a metal, metal alloy, carbide, nitride, boride, oxide, phosphate or silicide and combination thereof. The cells are individually surrounded and separated by cell boundaries of a tailored secondary phase. Powders that may be used in the secondary phase include compounds to create weak interfaces such as fluoromica, and lanthanum phosphate; compounds to create porosity in a layer which function to create a weak interface; graphite powders and graphite-containing powder mixtures; and hexagonal boron nitride powder and boron nitride-containing powder mixtures. If a metallic debond phase is desired, reducible oxides of metals may be used, e.g., nickel and iron oxides, or powders of metals, e.g., nickel, iron, cobalt, tungsten, aluminum, niobium, silver, rhenium, chromium, or their alloys. Advantageously, powders which may be used in the cell and/or boundary phase composition to provide the green matrix filament include diamond, graphite, ceramic oxides, ceramic carbides, ceramic nitrides, ceramic borides, ceramic silicides, metals, and intermetallics. Preferred powders for use in that composition include aluminum oxides, barium oxides, beryllium oxides, calcium oxides, cobalt oxides, chromium oxides, dysprosium oxides and other rare earth oxides, hafnium oxides, lanthanum oxides, magnesium oxides, manganese oxides, niobium oxides, nickel oxides, tin oxides, aluminum phosphate, yttrium phosphate, lead oxides, lead titanate, lead zirconate, silicon oxides and silicates, thorium oxides, titanium oxides and titanates, uranium oxides, yttrium oxides, yttrium aluminate, zirconium oxides and their alloys; boron carbides, iron carbides, hafnium carbides, molybdenum carbides, silicon carbides, tantalum carbides, titanium carbides, uranium carbides, tungsten carbides, zirconium carbides; aluminum nitrides, cubic boron nitrides, hexagonal boron nitrides, hafnium nitride, silicon nitrides, titanium nitrides, uranium nitrides, yttrium nitrides, zirconium nitrides; aluminum boride, hafnium boride, molybdenum boride, titanium boride, zirconium boride; molybdenum disilicide; lithium and other alkali metals and their alloys; magnesium and other alkali earth metals and their alloys; titanium, iron, nickel, chromium, cobalt, molybdenum, tungsten, hafnium, rhenium, rhodium, niobium, tantalum, iridium, platinum, zirconium, palladium and other transition metals and their alloys; cerium, ytterbium and other rare earth metals and their alloys; aluminum; carbon; lead; tin; and silicon. Compositions comprising the cell phase differ from those comprising the boundary phase in order to provide the benefits generally associated with FMs. For example, the compositions may include formulations of different compounds (e.g., HfC for the cell phase and WRe for the boundary phase or WC—Co and W—Ni—Fe) or formulations of the same compounds with differing component amounts (e.g., WC-3% Co for the cell phase and WC-6% Co for the boundary phase) so long as the overall properties of the compositions are not the same. For example, the compositions can be selected so that no excessively strong bonding occurs between the two phases in order to limit crack deflection. The cell boundary phase may be selected to create pressure zones, microcrack zones, ductile-phasezones, or weak debond-type interfaces in order to increase the toughness of the composite. For example, low-shear-strength materials such as graphite and hexagonal boron nitride make excellent week debond-type cell boundaries and are present in Si3N4/BN and SiC/Graphite FM composites. The weak BN and graphite interfaces deflect cracks and determine thereby preventing brittle failure of these composites and increasing their fracture toughness. As a result, FM structures exhibit fracture behavior similar to CFCCs, such as C/C and SiC/SiC composites, including the ability to fail in a non-catastrophic manner. Fibrous monolith composites are fabricated using commercially available ceramic and metal powders using a process for converting ordinary ceramic powder into a “green” fiber that include the powder, a thermoplastic polymer binder and other processing aids. Various methods of preparing fibrous monolithic filaments are known in the art, including the methods disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,645,781, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. Generally, the fibrous monolithic filaments that form the composite structures are prepared by first separately blending powders, polymer binders and possibly one or more processing aids as the starting materials for the different phases of the filaments. The materials of the cell and boundary are selected to provide the final structures with predetermined properties. The starting materials are selected from a thermodynamically compatible set of materials available as sinterable powders. The fiber is compacted into the “green” state to create the fabric of elongated polycrystalline cells that resemble a fiber after sintering or hot pressing. Once the green composite fiber is fabricated it can be formed using any method known to those skilled in the art into the shape of the desired component having, for example, conventional composite architecture (e.g., uniaxial lay-up, biaxial lay-up, woven fabric, etc.). In final, finishing processes, the thermoplastic binder is removed in a binder burnout step. The component is sintered to obtain a fully consolidated and densified final structure. The FM composite component is sintered in a pressureless, or essentially pressureless, furnace. The component is heated at temperatures and for a time effective for obtaining a predetermined degree of sintering. The final resultant FM structure has desired properties such as strength, hardness and fracture toughness. Operating parameters of pressureless sintering are adjusted according to the material characteristics of the particular FM composite being sintered. These parameters are dictated in large part by the melting points of the constituents, their average particle sizes, as well as presence of sintering aids. Gases such as N2 and inert gases such as Ar can be used in the sintering furnace to control the sintering environment. An applied overpressure of these gases (e.g., an overpressure of 6 psi applied in the cold state or an overpressure of 30 psi in a hot state) may be used to improve sintering. Sintering aids may be blended with one or more of the starting materials to enhance the sinterability of the FM composite. Sintering aids are selected to be physically and chemically compatible with the starting materials while possessing material properties such as lower melting points, higher surface energy and/or higher atomic mobility. In an example of liquid phase sintering, aluminum oxide and yttrium oxide are added to silicon nitride and at the sintering temperature of the system, a low viscosity melt is formed that effectively bonds the silicon nitride grains together. Compositions that may be used as sintering aids include aluminum oxide and yttrium oxide with silicon nitride, silicon carbide with zirconium carbide, zirconium metal with zirconium diboride, and hafnium hydride and carbon with hafnium carbide. The sintering aids are blended in amounts effective for enhancing consolidation and densification of the FM composite during sintering to provide a final FM composite structure with the desired FM properties. In other embodiments, alternative methods of preparing FM filaments and composite materials may be utilized. Alternative compositions and methods, including those described in the co-pending U.S. patent applications listed in Table 1, which are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties, are contemplated for use with the present invention. TABLE 1 ATTY FILING DOCKET TITLE INVENTORS DATE NO. ALIGNED COMPOSITE Anthony C. Mulligan Dec. 4, 2001 03248.00038 STRUCTURES FOR MITIGATION Mark J. Rigali OF IMPACT DAMAGE AND Manish P. Sutaria RESISTANCE TO WEAR IN Dragan Popovich DYNAMIC ENVIRONMENTS METHODS AND APPARATUS FOR Anthony C. Mulligan Dec. 4, 2001 03248.00040 PREPARATION OF THREE- Mark J. Rigali DIMENSIONAL BODIES Manish P. Sutaria Gregory J. Artz Felix H. Gafner K. Ranji Vaidayanathan COMPOSITE STRUCTURES FOR Mark J. Rigali Dec. 4, 2001 03248.00043 USE IN HIGH TEMPERATURE Manish P. Sutaria APPLICATIONS Greg E. Hilmas Anthony C. Mulligan Marlene Platero- AllRunner Mark M. Opeka COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS Mark J. Rigali Dec. 4, 2001 03248.00044 FOR PREPARING MULTIPLE- Manish P. Sutaria COMPONENT COMPOSITE Felix Gafner MATERIALS Ron Cipriani Randy Egner Randy C. Cook MULTI-FUNCTIONAL COMPOSITE Anthony C. Mulligan Dec. 4, 2001 03248.00045 STRUCTURES John Halloran Dragan Popovich Mark J. Rigali Manish P. Sutaria K. Ranji Vaidyanathan Michael L. Fulcher Kenneth L. Knittel EXAMPLES The following examples are intended to illustrate the present invention and should not be construed as in any way limiting or restricting the scope of the present invention. Example 1 During hot-pressing of a Si3N4/BN FM composite, the BN cell boundary included glassy phases that were believed to result from the migration of sintering aids from the Si3N4 phase into the BN phase. This migration of glass appeared to aid the consolidation of the FM composite. Sintering aids are blended directly with the BN phase to aid in the consolidation process during pressureless sintering. Equivalent amounts of sintering aids as compared to the amount of glass present in a dense Si3N4/BN FM sample that was hot pressed are blended with the BN and thermoplastics composition during green processing. Sintering aids for use with Si3N4/BN FM composites are listed in Table 2. The sintering aids listed in Table 2 are blended with BN, while standard sintering aids (6 wt % Y2O3 and 4 wt % Al2O3) are blended with Si3N4. TABLE 2 Weight Percentages System BN Al2O3 Y2O3 SiO2 Borosilicate Si3N4 BN/YAS Glass* 86.08 2.72 8.14 3.05 — — BN/YAS 81.78 2.58 7.73 2.90 — 5.00 Glass* + Si3N4 BN/Borosilicate 75.00 — — — 25.00 — Glass *YAS Glass = Ytttria Alumina Silica Glass An amount of Si3N4 (about 5 wt. %) is added with the sintering aids in the second system listed in Table 2, because Si3N4 is easily sintered and may enhance the sintering of BN in the FM system. Si3N4/BN FM test bars with BN containing the glass sintering aids are fabricated. To minimize porosity, the test bars are warm isostatically pressed prior to pressureless sintering. The test bars are placed in a binder burnout furnace to remove polymer binders and pressureless sintered at 1750° C. Example 2 Sintering experiments were conducted with ZrC/WRe FM composites to establish consolidation conditions for more complex three-dimensional components such as bladed discs, nozzles and thrusters. The samples were placed in graphite crucibles and heated to temperature in a graphite furnace in an argon atmosphere. The following sintering schedule was used for the monolithic samples: Room Temperature to 1200° C. at 25° C./min 1200° C. to 2000° C. at 3.3° C./min Hold at 2000° C. for 120 min 2000° C. to 1000° C. at 10° C./min 1000° C. to Room Temperature The ZrC/WRe sample was sintered at 2000° C. for one hour. The results of the sintering experiments are shown in Table 3. TABLE 3 Sintering Temperature Theoretical Density % Sample (° C.) Density (g/cc) Theoretical ZrC(5% HCS SiC) 2000 6.52 5.71 88 ZrC(10% HCS SiC) 2000 6.35 5.57 88 ZrC(15% HCS SiC) 2000 6.18 5.50 89 ZrC(20% HCS SiC) 2000 6.00 5.60 93 ZrC(15% PC SiC) 2000 5.83 5.44 88 ZrC(10% Zr) 2000 6.66 5.00 75 ZrC(5% HCS SiC) 1950 6.52 5.13 79 ZrC(10% HCS SiC) 1950 6.35 5.01 79 ZrC/WRe FM 2000 6.82 8.62 80 ZrC/WRe FM 2100 7.10 8.62 82 These experiments demonstrate that relatively high densities may be achieved by sintering ZrC and ZrC/WRe FM composite samples. The porosity of the samples was essentially closed as evaluated using microscopic and scanning electron microscope (SEM) examinations. Thus, hot isostatic pressing of the samples produces parts at or very close to full theoretical density. Example 3 This example illustrates the preparation of a pressureless sinterable multifilament zirconium carbide/boron nitride/zirconium carbide FM composite. Sinterable zirconium carbide powder with 15 volume percent silicon carbide powder is blended with copolymers and plasticizer to form a fibrous monolith core material according to the formulation of Table 4. TABLE 4 Material Density (g/cc) Volume % Volume (cc) Weight (g) ZrC1-15% SiC2 6.18 55.0% 24.75 152.96 EEA copolymer3 0.93 32.0% 14.4 13.39 EAA copolymer4 0.93 7.0% 3.15 2.92 MPEG-5505 1.100 6.0% 2.7 2.97 1ZrC is zirconium carbide from Cerac, Inc., designated as Z-1034 2SiC is silicon carbide from H.C. Starck Corporation, designated as UF-10 3EEA is ethylene-ethyl acetate copolymers from Union Carbide 4EAA is ethylene-acrylic acid copolymers from Union Carbide 5MPEG-550 is methoxypolyethylene glycol (average molecular weight of 550) (a plasticizer) A “Brabender” mixing machine (from C. W. Brabender of South Hackensack, N.J.) is used to blend the above materials. The MPEG 550 is added to adjust the blending torque of the composition to approximately 200 kg-m2. In a separate process, boron nitride powder is blended with co-polymers and plasticizers to form the intermediate fibrous monolith boundary phase material according to the formulation shown in Table 5. TABLE 5 Material Density (g/cc) Volume % Volume (cc) Weight (g) BN6 2.27 50.0% 42.5 96.48 EEA copolymer7 0.93 49.0% 22.05 20.51 MPEG-5508 1.100 1.0% 0.45 0.63 6BN is boron nitride from Advanced Ceramics Corporation, designated as HCP-BN 7EEA is ethylene-ethyl acetate copolymers from Union Carbide 8MPEG-550 is methoxypolyethylene glycol (average molecular weight of 550) (a plasticizer) A “Brabender” mixing machine (from C. W. Brabender of South Hackensack, N.J.) is used to blend the above materials. The MPEG 550 is added to adjust the blending torque of the composition to approximately 100 kg-m2. In a separate process, sinterable zirconium carbide powder with 15 volume percent silicon carbide powder is blended with co-polymers and plasticizers to form the outermost layer of the fibrous monolith filaments according to the formulation shown in Table 6. TABLE 6 Material Density (g/cc) Volume % Volume (cc) Weight (g) ZrC9-15% SiC10 6.18 50.0% 22.5 139.05 EEA copolymer11 0.93 40.0% 18.0 16.74 MPEG-55012 1.100 10.0% 4.5 4.95 9ZrC is zirconium carbide from Cerac, Inc., designated as Z-1034 10SiC is silicon carbide from H.C. Starck Corporation, designated as UF-10 11EEA is ethylene-ethyl acetate copolymers from Union Carbide 12MPEG-550 is methoxypolyethylene glycol (average molecular weight of 550) (a plasticizer) A “Brabender” mixing machine (from C. W. Brabender of South Hackensack, N.J.) is used to blend the above materials. The MPEG 550 is added to adjust the blending torque of the composition to approximately 100 kg-m2. Example 4 A multifilament zirconium carbide/boron nitride/zirconium carbide controlled geometry feed rod was assembled using the materials of Example 3. A zirconium carbide feed rod was combined with a boron nitride shell. The zirconium carbide/boron nitride feed rod was loaded into an extrusion cylinder and extruded at 105° C. A 2 millimeter diameter zirconium carbide/boron nitride monofilament fiber was obtained and collected on a motor controlled spooler. The zirconium carbide/boron nitride monofilament fiber was cut into 70 segments of about 5.5 inches in length. The outermost zirconium carbide shell was loaded into a molding cylinder along with the 70 zirconium carbide/boron nitride monofilament fiber segments. The assembly was pressed to form a multifilament feed rod of ZrC/BN filaments bundled within a ZrC shell. The feed rod was extruded to form a continuous length of 2 mm zirconium carbide/boron nitride/zirconium carbide multifilament fiber. The multifilament fiber was then cut into 3 inch long segments and then arranged into a 1 inch wide by 3 inch long by 0.25 inch thick coupons and molded to provide a green fibrous monolith ceramic structure. Four green zirconium carbide/boron nitride/zirconium carbide fibrous monolith ceramic coupons were prepared. Three of the four coupons were placed in graphite crucibles and heated in a furnace in a nitrogen atmosphere to remove the binder in preparation for consolidation by pressureless sintering. The fourth coupon was placed in a graphite hot press die and heated in a furnace in a nitrogen atmosphere to remove the binder in preparation for consolidation by uniaxial hot pressing. Two of the three zirconium carbide/boron nitride/zirconium carbide fibrous monolith ceramic coupons were consolidated by pressureless sintering in a nitrogen atmosphere using the following schedule: Room temperature to 2000° C. at 21.39° C./minute Hold at 2000° C. for 120 minutes 2000° C. to Room Temperature at 21.39° C./minute The third zirconium carbide/boron nitride/zirconium carbide fibrous monolith ceramic coupon was consolidated by pressureless sintering in a nitrogen atmosphere using the following schedule: Room temperature to 1200° C. at 25° C./minute 1200° C. to 2100° C. at 10° C./minute Hold at 2100° C. for 60 minutes 2100° C. to Room Temperature at 23.3° C./minute The conditions of consolidation for the four zirconium carbide/boron nitride/zirconium carbide fibrous monolith ceramic samples are presented in Table 7. Measured physical and mechanical properties of the four fibrous monolithic ceramic samples are provided in Table 8. TABLE 7 Molding Consolidation Consolidation Pressure Consolidation Consolidation Temperature Pressure System (psi) Method Atmosphere (° C.) (ksi) ZrC/BN/ZrC 6,000 Pressureless Nitrogen 2000 0.014 Sintering ZrC/BN/ZrC 12,000 Pressureless Nitrogen 2000 0.014 Sintering ZrC/BN/ZrC 12,000 Pressureless Nitrogen 2100 0.014 Sintering ZrC/BN/ZrC 3,000 Hot Uni-axial Nitrogen 2200 4.0 Pressing TABLE 8 Measured % Theoretical Consolidation Fracture Stress Density System Method (MPa) (g/cc) ZrC/BN/ZrC Pressureless 86 87.4 6000 psi Sintering ZrC/BN/ZrC Pressureless 110 86.5 12000 psi Sintering ZrC/BN/ZrC Pressureless 86. 87.8 12000 psi Sintering ZrC/BN/ZrC Hot Uni-axial 254 98.2 3,000 psi Pressing This experiment demonstrates that a ZrC/BN/ZrC fibrous monolith composite structure can be properly consolidated and densified by pressureless sintering. Numerous modifications to the invention are possible to further improve the methods for consolidation and densification. Thus, modifications and variations in the practice of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art upon consideration of the foregoing detailed description of the invention. Although preferred embodiments have been described above and illustrated in the accompanying drawings, there is no intent to limit the scope of the invention to these or other particular embodiments. Consequently, any such modifications and variations are intended to be included within the scope of the following claims.	<SOH> BACKGROUND OF INVENTION <EOH>The process of fabricating high strength materials from powders such as ceramic and metal powders generally involves preparing “green” materials that include the powder and a thermoplastic binder of variable composition. As part of the fabrication process, the binder typically is removed from the material in a binder burnout step and the powder consolidated and densified in order to obtain a final structure having the desired properties, including strength and hardness. Methods of consolidation and densification include sintering processes such as, uniaxial hot pressing, hot isostatic pressing, overpressure sintering and atmospheric (pressureless) sintering. Sintering processes, are critical in the fabrication of materials from ceramic and metal powders. Equipment used in pressure sintering processes including hot isostatic pressing (HIP) and uniaxial hot pressing must be designed to accommodate the high temperatures and high pressures associated with these sintering methods. Purchase, operation and maintenance costs for the HIP and uniaxial hot press equipment may be high as a result of the need to incorporate vessels capable of withstanding high pressures or hydraulic controlled rams into their respective designs. There are also additional costs in addressing safety requirements and designs for the safe and reliable operation of high pressure equipment. Additionally, the capacity of HIP and uniaxial hot press equipment is limited by these requirements. Thus, production volume capabilities are reduced, which further increases production costs. Furthermore, pressing is generally limited and cannot be used effectively with three-dimensional structures having more complex geometries. Pressureless sintering furnaces generally are less expensive to purchase, operate and maintain as compared to equipment for pressure sintering. They also provide larger production volume capabilities and lower overall production costs. However, an important disadvantage associated with pressureless sintering is the potential inability to achieve effective sintering of a material in the absence of pressure. Fibrous monoliths (FMs) are a unique class of structural ceramics. FMs are monolithic ceramics that are manufactured by powder processing techniques using inexpensive raw materials. Methods of preparing FM filaments are known. U.S. Pat. No. 5,645,781 describes methods of preparing FM composites by extrusion of filaments having controlled texture. As a result of the combination of relatively low costs of manufacture and benefits of enhanced materials performance, FMs have been used in a wider range of applications than heretofore typical for ceramics. Fibrous monoliths typically have been formed to various fibrous textures. For example, FM filaments have been woven into thin, planar structures. Alternatively, the filaments have been formed into three-dimensional structures having complex geometries. Generally, the macroarchitecture of an FM composite includes a plurality of filaments each including a primary phase in the form of elongated polycrystalline cells surrounded by at least a thin secondary phase in the form of a cell boundary. The material selected for the cell phase differs from the material selected for the cell boundary phase in type and/or composition. Thus, the various materials comprising a FM composite each have different material properties. This “multi-phase” nature of FM composites, along with the possibility that the composites are formed into complex structures, can increase the difficulties encountered when attempting to sinter such composites. Significantly, when two or more materials are used and are to be maintained essentially separate from each other in a composite component, the ability to effectively sinter the FM composite component can be severely limited or even prevented. Because the material properties of the two phases differ, the range of physical and chemical conditions that lead to effective sintering of the composite can be restricted. The difficulty in identifying an effective sintering regime increases further as additional materials are included in the composite. Moreover, the potential for unfavorable interactions between materials that can limit sinterability increases as additional materials are added to the composite. There remains a need for more efficient, cost-effective sintering processes that can be utilized during fabrication of fibrous monolith composite structures, particularly those having complex geometries.	<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>The present invention overcomes the problems encountered in conventional methods by providing efficient, cost-effective processes for consolidation and densification of composites formed of more than one composition. More specifically, the present invention provides methods of pressureless sintering that are effective for sintering fibrous monolith composite structures, including those having complex geometries. Pressureless sintering of FM composites provides for the consolidation and densification of two- and three-dimensional components in less time and at a lower cost as compared to other sintering processes. Additionally, FM composites with geometries too complicated to be processed by uniaxial hot press techniques can be sintered in accordance with the method of the present invention. detailed-description description="Detailed Description" end="lead"?	20040524	20060620	20050106	91201.0		0	LOPEZ, CARLOS N	CONSOLIDATION AND DENSIFICATION METHODS FOR FIBROUS MONOLITH PROCESSING	SMALL	1	CONT-ACCEPTED		2,004
10,852,482	ACCEPTED	Short cycle methods for sequencing polynucleotides	The invention provides methods for sequencing a polynucleotide comprising stopping an extension cycle in a sequence by synthesis reaction before the reaction has run to near or full completion.	1. A method for sequencing a nucleic acid template, the method comprising the steps of: (a) exposing a nucleic acid template to a primer capable of hybridizing to said template and a polymerase capable of catalyzing nucleotide addition to said primer; (b) adding a labeled nucleotide for a predetermined time, said predetermined time being coordinated with an amount of polymerization inhibition such that on average only 0, 1, or 2 labeled nucleotides are added to said primer; (c) removing excess labeled nucleotide; (d) neutralizing label in any incorporated nucleotide; (e) repeating steps a, b, c, and d at least once; and (f) determining a sequence of said template based upon the order of incorporation of said labeled nucleotides. 2. A method for conducting a nucleic acid sequencing reaction, the method comprising the steps of: providing a nucleic acid template and a primer capable of hybridizing to a portion of said template, thereby to form a primed template; exposing said primed template to a nucleotide for a period of time that is statistically insufficient for incorporation of more nucleotides than are resolvable by a detection system used to detect incorporation of said nucleotide into said primer; detecting incorporation of said nucleotide; neutralizing label in an incorporated nucleotide; repeating said providing, exposing, detecting, and neutralizing steps at least once; and determining a sequence of said template based upon the order of nucleotides incorporated into said primer. 3. A method for identifying a nucleotide incorporated into a primer in template-dependent nucleic acid sequencing, the method comprising the steps of: conducting a plurality of base incorporation cycles, wherein each cycle comprises exposing a template nucleic acid to a labeled nucleotide that is not a chain-terminating nucleotide, wherein said labeled nucleotide is incorporated into a primer hybridized to said template if said nucleotide is capable of hybridizing to a template nucleotide immediately upstream of said primer, and wherein there is about a 99% probability that two or fewer of said nucleotides are incorporated into the same primer strand per cycle; and identifying incorporated nucleotides. 4. A method for template-dependent nucleic acid sequencing, the method comprising the steps of: (a) exposing a template nucleic acid to a labeled nucleotide under conditions that allow incorporation of said nucleotide into a primer attached to said template; (b) removing unhybridized nucleotide from said template at a time after said exposing step that is sufficient for incorporation of no more than about two of said nucleotides per template; (c) determining if a nucleotide is incorporated into said primer; (d) identifying any incorporated nucleotide; (e) repeating steps a, b, c, and d; and (f) compiling a sequence of said template based upon the sequence of nucleotides incorporated into said primer. 5. A method for template-dependent nucleic acid sequencing, the method comprising the steps of: (a) exposing a template nucleic acid to a labeled nucleotide under conditions that allow incorporation of said nucleotide into a primer attached to said template; (b) removing unhybridized nucleotide at a time after said exposing step that is statistically insufficient for incorporation of a greater number of nucleotides than are individually optically resolvable during a predetermined detection period; (c) detecting incorporation of individual labeled nucleotides during said detection period; (d) neutralizing label present in incorporated nucleotides; (e) repeating steps a, b, c, and d at least once; and (f) compiling a sequence of said template based upon an order of incorporated nucleotides. 6. A method for nucleic acid sequencing, the method comprising the steps of: (a) selecting a nucleic acid template to be sequenced; (b) exposing said template to a primer that is capable of hybridizing to a portion of said template to form a primed template; (c) selecting a desired number of nucleotides to be added to said primer; (d) determining a reduction in the rate at which a second nucleotide is added to said primer given that a first labeled nucleotide has already been added to said primer; (e) identifying a tolerable rate of erroneous detection of an incorporated nucleotide; (f) exposing said primed template to a labeled nucleotide (g) removing unincorporated labeled nucleotide at a time after said exposing step that is determined based upon said desired number, said rate reduction, and said tolerable error, such that said time is statistically insufficient for incorporation of more nucleotides than are resolvable by a detection system used to detect incorporation of said nucleotide into said primer; (h) identifying incorporated nucleotide; (i) neutralizing label present in said incorporated nucleotide; (j) repeating steps f, g, and h at least once; and (k) determining a sequence of said template based upon an order of said incorporated nucleotides. 7. A method for sequencing a template nucleic acid, the method comprising the steps of: (a) conducting a cycle of template-dependent nucleic acid primer extension in the presence of a polymerase and a labeled nucleotide; (b) inhibiting polymerase activity such that it is statistically unlikely that more than about 2 nucleotides are incorporated into the same primer strand in said cycle; (c) washing unincorporated labeled nucleotide away from said template; (d) detecting any incorporation of said labeled nucleotide; (e) neutralizing label in any incorporated labeled nucleotide; (f) removing said inhibition; (g) repeating steps a, b, c, d, e, and f; and (h) compiling a sequence of said template based upon the sequence of nucleotides incorporated into said primer. 8. A method for sequencing a target nucleic acid, the method comprising the steps of: conducting a plurality of primer extension cycles, wherein each cycle comprises the steps of exposing a target nucleic acid to a primer capable of hybridizing to said target thereby to form a primed target, exposing said primed target to a labeled nucleotide in the presence of a nucleic acid polymerase, coordinating transient inhibition of said polymerase and time of exposure to said labeled nucleotide such that it is statistically likely that at least one of said labeled nucleotide is incorporated in said primer, but statistically unlikely that more than two of said labeled nucleotide are incorporated in said primer. 9. A method for identifying a nucleotide incorporated into a primer in a template-dependent primer extension reaction, the method comprising the steps of: exposing a template nucleic acid to a primer capable of hybridizing to said template and a polymerase capable of catalyzing template-dependent nucleotide addition to said primer; adding a labeled nucleotide; optically detecting whether said labeled nucleotide is incorporated into said primer, wherein said detecting occurs at a rate sufficient to detect 1, but no more than 2, incorporated nucleotides per detection cycle; and identifying an incorporated nucleotide. 10. A method for determining the sequence of a template nucleic acid, the method comprising the steps of: (a) exposing a nucleic acid template to a primer capable of hybridizing to a portion of said template in order to form a template/primer complex reaction mixture; (b) adding a labeled nucleotide in the presence of a polymerase to said mixture under conditions that promote incorporation of said nucleotide into said primer if said nucleotide is complementary to a nucleotide in said template that is downstream of said primer; (c) coordinating removal of said labeled nucleotide and inhibition of said polymerase so that no more than about 2 nucleotides are incorporated into the same primer; (d) identifying labeled nucleotide that has been incorporated into said primer; (e) repeating steps a, b, c, and d at least once; and (f) determining a sequence of said template based upon the order of said nucleotides incorporated into said primer. 11. A method for identifying a nucleotide present in a template sequence, the method comprising the steps of: exposing a template nucleic acid to a primer capable of hybridizing to a portion of said template upstream of a region of said template to be sequenced; introducing a labeled nucleic acid and a polymerase to said template under conditions wherein said labeled nucleic acid will be incorporated in said primer if said labeled nucleic acid is capable of hybridizing with a base downstream of said primer; and controlling the rate of said incorporation by limiting the time of exposure of said labeled nucleic acid to said template or by inhibiting said polymerase at a predefined time after exposure of said template to said labeled nucleotide; detecting incorporation of said labeled nucleotide into said primer; and identifying said nucleotide in said template as the complement of labeled nucleotide incorporated into said primer. 12. A method for sequencing a target nucleic acid, the method comprising the steps of: hybridizing a nucleic acid primer comprising a donor fluorophore to a target nucleic acid at a primer binding site in said target; exposing said hybridized primer to a first nucleotide comprising an acceptor fluorophore that, when incorporated into said primer, prevents further polymerization of said primer; detecting the presence or absence of fluorescent emission from each of said donor and said acceptor; identifying a nucleotide that has been incorporated into said primer via complementary base pairing with said target as the presence of fluorescent emission from said acceptor; identifying a sequence placeholder as the absence of fluorescent emission from said donor and said acceptor; and repeating said exposing, detecting, and each of said identifying steps, thereby to compile a sequence of said target nucleic acid based upon the sequence of said incorporated nucleotides and said placeholders. 13. A method for identifying a placeholder in a nucleic acid sequence determined by synthesis, the method comprising the steps of: hybridizing a nucleic acid primer comprising a donor fluorophore to a target nucleic acid at a primer binding site in said target; exposing said hybridized primer to a first nucleotide comprising an acceptor fluorophore that, when incorporated into said primer, prevents further polymerization of said primer; determining whether there is fluorescent emission from said donor and said acceptor; and identifying a placeholder in said nucleic acid sequence as the absence of emission in both said donor and said acceptor. 14. A method for sequencing a nucleic acid, the method comprising the steps of: exposing a template-bound nucleic acid primer to a nucleotide comprising a label that impedes progress of polymerase in the addition of a subsequent nucleotide; determining whether said first labeled nucleotide has been incorporated into said primer; exposing said primer to an unlabeled first nucleotide if said first labeled nucleotide has been incorporated into said primer; repeating said exposing and determining steps with a second nucleotide if said first nucleotide did not incorporate into said primer. 15. The method of claim 2, further comprising adding a first labeled nucleotide under conditions that optimize the incorporation of one of said first nucleotide per primer strand; removing unincorporated first labeled nucleotide; detecting any incorporated first labeled nucleotide; neutralizing label in said first labeled nucleotide; and adding a second labeled nucleotide under conditions that optimize the incorporation of one of said second nucleotides per primer strand. 16. The method of claim 1 wherein said method does not utilize a blocking moiety. 17. The method of claim 1 wherein said period of time is concluded by washing said nucleotides not incorporated into said complementary strand. 18. The method of claim 1 wherein said period of time is concluded by washing said polymerization agent. 19. The method of any of claim 1 wherein said period is no more than 5 half-lives of said incorporation reactions. 20. The method of claim 1 wherein said period is no more than 4 half-lives of said incorporation reactions. 21. The method of claim 1 wherein said period is no more than 3 half-lives of said incorporation reactions. 22. The method of claim 1 wherein said period is no more than 2 half-lives of said incorporation reactions. 23. The method of claim 1 wherein said period is no more than 1 half-lives of said incorporation reactions. 24. The method of claim 1 wherein said period is no more than 0.5 half-lives of said incorporation reactions. 25. The method of claim 1 wherein said period permits less than 5% chance of incorporation of more than two of said nucleotides into said complementary strand. 26. The method of claim 1 wherein said period is no more than 1 half-life of said incorporation reactions and said wash cycles is repeated at least 40 times.	RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/546,277, filed on Feb. 19, 2004, Ser. No. 60/547,611, filed on Feb. 24, 2004, and Ser. No. 60/519,862, filed on Nov. 11, 2003. FIELD OF THE INVENTION The invention relates to methods for sequencing a polynucleotide, and more particularly, to methods for high throughput single molecule sequencing of target polynucleotides. BACKGROUND Completion of the human genome has paved the way for important insights into biologic structure and function. Knowledge of the human genome has given rise to inquiry into individual differences, as well as differences within an individual, as the basis for differences in biological function and dysfunction. For example, single nucleotide differences between individuals, called single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), are responsible for dramatic phenotypic differences. Those differences can be outward expressions of phenotype or can involve the likelihood that an individual will get a specific disease or how that individual will respond to treatment. Moreover, subtle genomic changes have been shown to be responsible for the manifestation of genetic diseases, such as cancer. A true understanding of the complexities in either normal or abnormal function will require large amounts of specific sequence information. An understanding of cancer also requires an understanding of genomic sequence complexity. Cancer is a disease that is rooted in heterogeneous genomic instability. Most cancers develop from a series of genomic changes, some subtle and some significant, that occur in a small subpopulation of cells. Knowledge of the sequence variations that lead to cancer will lead to an understanding of the etiology of the disease, as well as ways to treat and prevent it. An essential first step in understanding genomic complexity is the ability to perform high-resolution sequencing. Various approaches to nucleic acid sequencing exist. One conventional way to do bulk sequencing is by chain termination and gel separation, essentially as described by Sanger et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 74(12): 5463-67 (1977). That method relies on the generation of a mixed population of nucleic acid fragments representing terminations at each base in a sequence. The fragments are then run on an electrophoretic gel and the sequence is revealed by the order of fragments in the gel. Another conventional bulk sequencing method relies on chemical degradation of nucleic acid fragments. See, Maxam et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 74: 560-564 (1977). Finally, methods have been developed based upon sequencing by hybridization. See, e.g., Drmanac, et al., Nature Biotech., 16: 54-58 (1998). Bulk techniques, such as those described above, cannot effectively detect single nucleotide differences between samples, and are not useful for comparative whole genome sequencing. Single molecule techniques are necessary for high-resolution detection of sequence differences. There have been several recent reports of sequencing using single molecule techniques. Most conventional techniques have proposed incorporation of fluorescently-labeled nucleotides in a template-dependent manner. A fundamental problem with conventional single molecule techniques is that the sequencing reactions are run to completion. For purposes of single molecule chemistry, this typically means that template is exposed to nucleotides for incorporation for about 10 half lives. This gives rise to problems in the ability to resolve single nucleotides as they incorporate in the growing primer strand. The resolution problem becomes extreme in the situation in which the template comprises a homopolymer region. Such a region is a continuous sequence consisting of the same nucleotide species. When optical signaling is used as the detection means, conventional optics are able to reliably distinguish one from two identical bases, and sometimes two from three, but rarely more than three. Thus, single molecule sequencing using fluorescent labels in a homopolymer region typically results in a signal that does not allow accurate determination of the number of bases in the region. One method that has been developed in order to address the homopolymer issue provides for the use of nucleotide analogues that have a modification at the 3′ carbon of the sugar that reversibly blocks the hydroxyl group at that position. The added nucleotide is detected by virtue of a label that has been incorporated into the 3′ blocking group. Following detection, the blocking group is cleaved, typically, by photochemical means to expose a free hydroxyl group that is available for base addition during the next cycle. However, techniques utilizing 3′ blocking are prone to errors and inefficiencies. For example, those methods require excessive reagents, including numerous primers complementary to at least a portion of the target nucleic acids and differentially-labeled nucleotide analogues. They also require additional steps, such as cleaving the blocking group and differentiating between the various nucleotide analogues incorporated into the primer. As such, those methods have only limited usefulness. Need therefore exists for more effective and efficient methods and devices for single molecule nucleic acid sequencing. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The invention provides methods for high throughput single molecule sequencing. In particular, the invention provides methods for controlling at least one parameter of a nucleotide extension reaction in order to regulate the rate at which nucleotides are added to a primer. The invention provides several ways of controlling nucleic acid sequence-by-synthesis reactions in order to increase the resolution and reliability of single molecule sequencing. Methods of the invention solve the problems that imaging systems have in accurately resolving a sequence at the single-molecule level. In particular, methods of the invention solve the problem of determining the number of nucleotides in a homopolymer stretch. Methods of the invention generally contemplate terminating sequence-by-synthesis reactions prior to completion in order to obtain increased resolution of individual nucleotides in a sequence. Fundamentally, this requires exposing nucleotides to a mixture comprising a template, a primer, and a polymerase under conditions sufficient for only limited primer extension. Reactions are conducted under conditions such that it is statistically unlikely that more than 1 or 2 nucleotides are added to a growing primer strand in any given incorporation cycle. An incorporation cycle comprises exposure of a template/primer to nucleotides directed at the base immediately downstream of the primer (this may be all four conventional nucleotides or analogs if the base is not known) and washing unhybridized nucleotide. Nucleotide addition in a sequence-by-synthesis reaction is a stochastic process. As in any chemical reaction, nucleotide addition obeys the laws of probability. Methods of the invention are concerned with controlling the rate of nucleotide addition on a per-cycle basis. That is, the invention teaches ways to control the rate of nucleotide addition within an extension cycle given the stochastic nature of the extension reaction itself. Methods of the invention are intended to control reaction rates within the variance that is inherent in a reaction that is fundamentally stochastic. Thus, the ability to control, according to the invention, base addition reactions such that, on average, no more than two bases are added in any cycle takes into account the inherent statistics of the reactions. The invention thus teaches polynucleotide sequence analysis using short cycle chemistry. One embodiment of the invention provides methods for slowing or reversibly inhibiting the activity of polymerase during a sequencing-by-synthesis reaction. Other methods teach altering the time of exposure of nucleotides to the template-primer complex. Still other methods teach the use of physical blockers that temporarily halt or slow polymerase activity and/or nucleotide addition. In general, any component of the reaction that permits regulation of the number of labeled nucleotides added to the primer per cycle, or the rate at which the nucleotides are incorporated and detected per cycle is useful in methods of the invention. Additional components include, but are not limited to, the presence or absence of a label on a nucleotide, the type of label and manner of attaching the label; the linker identity and length used to attach the label; the type of nucleotide (including, for example, whether such nucleotide is a dATP, dCTP, dTTP, dGTP or dUTP; a natural or non-natural nucleotide, a nucleotide analogue, or a modified nucleotide); the “half-life” of the extension cycle (where one half-life is the time taken for at least one incorporation to occur in 50% of the complementary strands); the local sequence immediately 3′ to the addition position; whether such base is the first, second, third, etc. base added; the type of polymerase used; the particular batch characteristics of the polymerase; the processivity of the polymerase; the incorporation rate of the polymerase; the number of wash cycles (i.e., the number of times a nucleotide is introduced to the reaction then washed out); the number of target nucleic acids in the reaction; the temperature of the reaction and the reagents used in the reaction. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, a nucleic acid template is exposed to a primer capable of hybridizing to the template and a polymerase capable of catalyzing nucleotide addition to the primer. A labeled nucleotide is introduced for a period of time that is statistically insufficient for incorporation of more than about 2 nucleotides per cycle. Nucleotide exposure may also be coordinated with polymerization inhibition such that, on average, 0, 1, or 2 labeled nucleotides are added to the primer, but that 3 labeled nucleotides are almost never added to the primer in each cycle. Ideally, the exposure time, during which labeled nucleotides are exposed to the template-primer complex, is statistically insufficient for incorporation of more nucleotides than are resolvable by a detection system used to detect incorporation. The invention also contemplates performing a plurality of base incorporation cycles. Each cycle comprises exposing a template nucleic acid to a labeled nucleotide that is not a chain-terminating nucleotide. The labeled nucleotide is incorporated into a primer hybridized to the template nucleic acid if the nucleotide is capable of hybridizing to the template nucleotide immediately upstream of the primer and there is about a 99% probability that two or fewer of said nucleotides are incorporated into the same primer strand per cycle. Incorporated nucleotides are then identified. Methods of the invention also make use of differential base incorporation rates in order to control overall reaction rates. For example, the rate of incorporation is lower for a second nucleotide given incorporation of a prior nucleotide immediately upstream of the second. This effect is magnified if the first nucleotide comprises a label or other group that hinders processivity of the polymerase. By determining an approximate reduction in the rate of incorporation of the second nucleotide, one can regulated the time of exposure of a sample to a second labeled nucleotide such that the time is statistically insufficient for incorporation of more nucleotides than are resolvable by a detection system used to detect incorporation of the nucleotide into the primer. The invention may also be conducted using a plurality of primer extension cycles, wherein each cycle comprises exposing a target nucleic acid to a primer capable of hybridizing to the target, thereby forming a primed target; exposing the primed target to a labeled nucleic acid in the presence of a nucleic acid polymerase, coordinating transient inhibition of the polymerase and time of exposure to the labeled nucleotide such that it is statistically likely that at least one of said labeled nucleic acid is incorporated in the primer, but statistically unlikely that more than two of the labeled nucleotide are incorporated in the primer. According to another embodiment, methods of the invention comprise conducting a cycle of template-dependent nucleic acid primer extension in the presence of a polymerase and a labeled nucleotide; inhibiting polymerase activity such that it is statistically unlikely that more than about 2 nucleotides are incorporated into the same primer strand in the cycle; washing unincorporated labeled nucleotide away from the template; detecting any incorporation of the labeled nucleotide; neutralizing label in any incorporated labeled nucleotide; removing the inhibition; repeating the foregoing steps; and compiling a sequence based upon the sequence of nucleotides incorporated into the primer. In another embodiment, the invention provides a method comprising exposing a nucleic acid template to a primer capable of hybridizing to a portion of the template in order to form a template/primer complex reaction mixture; adding a labeled nucleotide in the presence of a polymerase to the mixture under conditions that promote incorporation of the nucleotide into the primer if the nucleotide is complementary to a nucleotide in the template that is downstream of said primer; coordinating removal of the labeled nucleotide and inhibition of the polymerase so that no more than about 2 nucleotides are incorporated into the same primer; identifying labeled nucleotide that has been incorporated into said primer; repeating the foregoing steps at least once; and determining a sequence of the template based upon the order of the nucleotides incorporated into the primer. According to another embodiment, the method comprises exposing a template nucleic acid to a primer capable of hybridizing to a portion of the template upstream of a region of the template to be sequenced; introducing a labeled nucleic acid and a polymerase to the template under conditions wherein the labeled nucleic acid will be incorporated in the primer if the labeled nucleic acid is capable of hybridizing with a base downstream of the primer; and controlling the rate of the incorporation by limiting the time of exposure of the labeled nucleic acid to the template or by inhibiting the polymerase at a predefined time after exposure of the template to the labeled nucleotide; detecting incorporation of the labeled nucleotide into the primer; and identifying the nucleotide in the template as the complement of labeled nucleotide incorporated into the primer. In yet another embodiment, methods of the invention comprise exposing a target polynucleotide to a primer capable of hybridizing to the polynucleotide, extending the primer in the presence of a polymerizing agent and one or more extendible nucleotides, each comprising a detectable label. The polymerizing agent is exposed to a cofactor (i.e., any agent that decreases or halts polymerase activity), and the incorporation of label is detected. The steps of extending the primer and exposing the polymerizing agent to a cofactor may be performed simultaneously, or may be performed in separate steps. In one embodiment, the method further comprises inactivating the cofactor, thereby reversing its effect on the polymerizing agent. Modes of inactivation depend on the cofactor. For example, where the cofactor is attached to the nucleotide, inactivation can typically be achieved by cleaving the cofactor from the nucleotide. Methods of the invention also address the problem of reduced detection due to a failure of some strands in a given cycle to incorporate labeled nucleotide. In each incorporation cycle, a certain number of strands fail to incorporate a nucleotide that should be incorporated based upon its ability to hybridize to a nucleotide present in the template. The strands that fail to incorporate a nucleotide in a cycle will not be prepared to incorporate a nucleotide in the next cycle (unless it happens to be the same as the unincorporated nucleotide, in which case the strand will still lag behind unless both nucleotides are incorporated in the same cycle). Essentially, this situation results in the strands that failed to incorporate being unavailable for subsequent polymerase-catalyzed additions to the primer. That, in turn, leads to fewer strands available for base addition in each successive cycle (assuming the non-incorporation occurs in all or most cycles). The invention overcomes this problem by exposing a template/primer complex to a labeled nucleotide that is capable of hybridizing to the template nucleotide immediately downstream of the primer. After removing unbound labeled nucleotide, the sample is exposed to unlabeled nucleotide, preferably in excess, of the same species. The unlabeled nucleotide “fills in” the positions in which hybridization of the labeled nucleotide did not occur. That functions to increase the number of strands that are available for participation in the next round. The effect is to increase resolution in subsequent rounds over background. In a preferred embodiment, the labeled nucleotide comprises a label that impedes the ability of polymerase to add a downstream nucleotide, thus temporarily halting the synthesis reaction until unlabeled nucleotide can be added, at which point polymerase inhibition is removed and t he next incorporation cycle is conducted One feature of this embodiment is that a sequence is compiled based upon the incorporation data, while allowing maximum strand participation in each cycle. Thus, methods of the invention are useful for identifying placeholders in some strands in a population of strands being sequenced. As long as there are no more than two consecutive placeholders in any one strand, the invention has a high tolerance for placeholders with little or no effect on the ultimate sequence determination. Methods of the invention are also useful for identifying a single nucleotide in a nucleic acid sequence. The method comprises the steps of sequentially exposing a template-bound primer to a labeled nucleotide and an unlabeled nucleotide of the same type in the presence of a polymerase under conditions that allow template-dependent primer extension; determining whether the first nucleotide is incorporated in the primer at a first position; repeating the sequentially exposing step using subsequent labeled and unlabeled nucleotides until a nucleotide is identified at the first position. Identification of nucleotides in a sequence can be accomplished according to the invention using fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). Single pair FRET (spFRET) is a good mechanism for increasing signal-to-noise in single molecule sequencing. Generally, a FRET donor (e.g., cyanine-3) is placed on the primer, on the polymerase, or on a previously incorporated nucleotide. The primer/template complex then is exposed to a nucleotide comprising a FRET acceptor (e.g., cyanine-5). If the nucleotide is incorporated, the acceptor is activated and emits detectable radiation, while the donor goes dark. That is the indication that a nucleotide has been incorporated. The nucleotide is identified based upon knowledge of which nucleotide species contained the acceptor. The invention also provides methods for identifying a placeholder in a nucleic acid sequence using FRET. A nucleic acid primer is hybridized to a target nucleic acid at a primer binding site in the target. The primer comprises a donor fluorophore. The hybridized primer is exposed to a first nucleotide comprising an acceptor fluorophore that, when incorporated into the primer, prevents further polymerization of the primer. Whether there is fluorescent emission from the donor and the acceptor is determined, and a placeholder in the nucleic acid sequence is identified as the absence of emission in both the donor and the acceptor. In another embodiment, the method comprises hybridizing a nucleic acid primer comprising a donor fluorophore to a target nucleic acid at a primer binding site in the target; exposing the hybridized primer to a first nucleotide comprising an acceptor fluorophore that, when incorporated into the primer, prevents further polymerization of the primer; detecting the presence or absence of fluorescent emission from each of the donor and the acceptor; identifying a nucleotide that has been incorporated into the primer via complementary base pairing with the target as the presence of fluorescent emission from the acceptor; identifying a sequence placeholder as the absence of fluorescent emission from the donor and the acceptor; and repeating the exposing, detecting, and each of the identifying steps, thereby to compile a sequence of the target nucleic acid based upon the sequence of the incorporated nucleotides and the placeholders. The invention is useful in sequencing any form of polynucleotides, such as double-stranded DNA, single-stranded DNA, single-stranded DNA hairpins, DNA/RNA hybrids, RNAs with a recognition site for binding of the polymerizing agent, and RNA hairpins. The invention is particularly useful in high throughput sequencing of single molecule polynucleotides in which a plurality of target polynucleotides are attached to a solid support in a spatial arrangement such that each polynucleotides is individually optically resolvable. According to the invention, each detected incorporated label represents a single polynucleotide. A detailed description of the certain embodiments of the invention is provided below. Other embodiments of the invention are apparent upon review of the detailed description that follows. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The patent or application file contains at least one drawing executed in color. Copies of this patent or patent application publication with color drawings will be provided by the Office upon request and payment of the necessary fee. FIG. 1 shows asynchronous single molecule sequencing. FIG. 2 are screenshots showing data from short cycle sequencing with long homopolymer regions. FIG. 2a shows full cycle sequencing used to analyze 10 target polynucleotides in a simulated synthesis of their complementary strands using cycle periods of 10 half-lives and repeating the wash cycles 12 times. FIG. 2b shows a short cycle sequencing to analyze 10 target polynucleotides by simulating the synthesis of their complementary strands using short cycle periods of 0.8 half-life periods and repeating the wash cycles 60 times. FIG. 3 shows a short cycle embodiment for analyzing 200 target polynucleotides in a simulated synthesis of their complementary strands using short cycle periods of 0.8 half-life periods and repeating the wash cycles 60 times. FIG. 4 shows a statistical analysis of incorporation, showing that polymerizing agent may incorporate repeat labeled nucleotides less readily than the first labeled nucleotide. FIG. 5 shows a simulation showing the effect of decreasing the activity rate of the polymerizing agent and lengthening half-lives on the cycle period. FIG. 6 shows the number of cycles needed with cycle periods of various half-lives taking into account stalling factors of two (squares), five (triangles) and 10 (crosses), in order to obtain over 25 incorporations in over 80% of target homopolymers, with at least a 97% chance of incorporating two or less nucleotides per cycle (or a smaller than 3% chance of incorporating more than 2 nucleotides per cycle). FIG. 7 is a series of screenshots showing the effects of altering reaction conditions on the incorporation of nucleotides in a single molecule sequencing by synthesis reaction. DETAILED DESCRIPTION The invention provides methods for high throughput single molecule sequencing. According to the invention, one or more parameters of a sequencing-by-synthesis reaction are preselected such that the incorporation of, preferably, a single nucleotide on a primed target template is optically detectable. In one embodiment, the preselected parameters regulate the rate at which the nucleotides are incorporated, and the rate at which the incorporated nucleotides are detected. According to this embodiment, the nucleotides are individually detected either as they are incorporated or shortly thereafter, essentially in “real-time. In another embodiment, the preselected parameters permit the regulation of the number of nucleotides incorporated during a single extension cycle. In one aspect, the extension cycle is stopped short at a predetermined point at which, on average, only 0, 1, 2, or 3 nucleotides have been incorporated into the primer, rather than permitting the reaction to run to near or full completion in each cycle. Short cycle methods according to the invention increase the resolution of individual nucleotides incorporated into the primer, but can decrease the yield of target templates successfully incorporating a nucleotide in a single extension cycle. In traditional full cycle sequencing, nucleotides may be allowed to react in the presence of a polymerizing agent until at least one becomes incorporated into at least 99% of the complementary strands. This would produce a yield of (0.99)n×100% for a complementary strand extended by n nucleotides. Obtaining incorporation in 99% of the complementary strands, however, requires a period of several half-lives of the incorporation reaction, where one half-life is the time taken for at least one incorporation to occur in 50% of the complementary strands. Typically, the more strands that complete an incorporation during each cycle, the more n-mers obtained after n cycles. According to the invention, short cycle methods rely on a period of only a limited number of half-lives of exposure to nucleotides, thus resulting in fewer target templates having incorporated a nucleotide in the short extension cycle. However, the short sequencing cycles provided by methods of the invention allow asynchronous analysis of polynucleotides. Thus, if an incorporation reactions fails to occur on a particular target polynucleotide, it can be completed in a later cycle without producing erroneous information, or interfering with data from other target molecules being analyzed in parallel. As demonstrated in FIG. 1, a cytosine (“C”) incorporates into the extension product of one copy of a target polynucleotide, but fails to incorporate into the other copy. During subsequent cycles of incorporation, however, a C can be incorporated, without adversely affection sequencing information. Thus, in asynchronous incorporation, an incorporation that failed to occur on a particular target in one-cycle can “catch up” in later cycles, permitting the use of shorter, even if more numerous, cycles. Because short cycle methods according the invention permit the detection of, for example, one, two or three individual nucleotides incorporated into a primed template, the invention overcomes the difficulty posed by homopolymer regions of a template sequence. While detection techniques may be able to quantify signal intensity from a smaller number of incorporated nucleotides of the same base-type, for example two or three incorporated nucleotides, longer runs of identical bases may not permit quantification due to increasing signal intensity. That is, it may become difficult to distinguish n bases from n+1 bases, where the fractional increase in signal intensity from the (n+1)′h base is small relative to the signal intensity from the already-incorporated n bases. In embodiments using short-cycles, it is possible to limit the number of nucleotides that become incorporated in a given cycle. For example, it can be determined by simulation that using a cycle period of about 0.8 half-lives can result in two or less incorporations in nine out of ten homopolymer complementary strands. (See Example 2b). In another simulation, a 0.8 half-life period was shown to allow no more than two incorporations in about 96.0% of 200 homopolymer complementary strands. As detection means can more readily quantify signal intensity from the smaller number of incorporated nucleotides rather than from larger numbers, the use of short-cycles addresses this issue. For example, imaging systems known in the art can reliably distinguish the difference in signal intensity between one versus two fluorescent labeling moieties on consecutively-incorporated nucleotides. Other imaging systems can reliably distinguish the difference in signal intensity between two versus three fluorescent labeling moieties on consecutively-incorporated nucleotides. In a further embodiment of the invention, an extension cycle comprising a labeled nucleotide is followed by an extension cycle using an unlabeled nucleotide of the same type so that the position in each of the target template in which a labeled nucleotide failed to incorporated becomes occupied by an unlabeled nucleotide. Methods in accordance with this embodiment provide for continued participation of specific template nucleic acids in which no incorporation of the labeled nucleotide occurred and reduced probability of missing nucleotides in the resulting compiled sequence. Further methods of the invention provide for identifying a placeholder in a nucleic acid sequence in the event that an accurate determination of a nucleotide at a particular position is not possible. A placeholder is simply a position of unknown identity. Such a placeholder may be represented in a nucleic acid sequence with, for example, an “X,” a traditional symbol for an unspecified nucleotide. Slotting a placeholder in a nucleic acid sequence avoids frameshift-type errors in sequence determination. Additional aspects of the invention are described in the following sections and illustrated by the Examples. Target Nucleic Acids and Nucleotides The invention is useful in sequencing any form of polynucleotides, including double-stranded DNA, single-stranded DNA, single-stranded DNA hairpins, DNA/RNA hybrids, RNAs with a recognition site for binding of the polymerizing agent, and RNA hairpins. Further, target polynucleotides may be a specific portion of a genome of a cell, such as an intron, regulatory region, allele, variant or mutation; the whole genome; or any portion therebetween. In other embodiments, the target polynucleotides may be mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, ribozymes, antisense RNA or RNAi. The target polynucleotide may be of any length, such as at least 10 bases, at least 25 bases, at least 50 bases, at least 100 bases, at least 500 bases, at least 1000 bases, or at least 2500 bases. The invention is particularly useful in high throughput sequencing of single molecule polynucleotides in which a plurality of target polynucleotides are attached to a solid support in a spatial arrangement such that each polynucleotides is individually optically resolvable. According to the invention, each detected incorporated label represents a single polynucleotide Nucleotides useful in the invention include both naturally-occurring and modified or non-naturally occurring nucleotides, and include nucleotide analogues. A nucleotide according to the invention may be, for example, a ribonucleotide, a deoxyribonucleotide, a modified ribonucleotide, a modified deoxyribonucleotide, a peptide nucleotide, a modified peptide nucleotide or a modified phosphate-sugar backbone nucleotide. Many aspects of nucleotides useful in the methods of the invention are subject to manipulation provide and suitable mechanisms for controlling the reaction. In particular, the species or type of nucleotide (i.e., natural or synthetic dATP, dCTP, dTTP, dGTP or dUTP; a natural or non-natural nucleotide) will affect the rate or efficiency of the reaction and therefore require consideration in preselecting parameters to produce the desire results. In addition, certain modifications to the nucleotides, including attaching a label, will affect the reaction. The size, polarity, hydrophobicity, hydrophilicity, charge, and other chemical attributes should be considered in determining parameters that will produce the desired results in the reaction. Labeled nucleotides of the invention include any nucleotide that has been modified to include a label which is directly or indirectly detectable. Such labels include optically-detectable labels such fluorescent labels, including fluorescein, rhodamine, phosphor, polymethadine dye, fluorescent phosphoramidite, texas red, green fluorescent protein, acridine, cyanine, cyanine 5 dye, cyanine 3 dye, 5-(2′-aminoethyl)-aminonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid (EDANS), BODIPY, ALEXA, or a derivative or modification of any of the foregoing. In one embodiment of the invention, fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) technology is employed to produce a detectable, but quenchable, label. FRET may be used in the invention by, for example, modifying the primer to include a FRET donor moiety and using nucleotides labeled with a FRET acceptor moiety. The fluorescently labeled nucleotides can be obtained commercially (e.g., from NEN DuPont, Amersham, and BDL). Alternatively, fluorescently labeled nucleotides can also be produced by various techniques, such as those described in Kambara et al., Bio/Techol. (1988) 6:816-821; Smith et al., Nucl. Acid Res. (1985) 13: 2399-2412, and Smith et al.., Nature (1986) 321: 674-79. The fluorescent dye is preferably linked to the deoxyribose by a linker arm which is easily cleaved by chemical or enzymatic means. The length of the linker between the dye and the nucleotide can impact the incorporation rate and efficiency (see Zhu et al., Cytometry (1997) 28, 206). There are numerous linkers and methods for attaching labels to nucleotides, as shown in Oligonucleotides and Analogues: A Practical Approach (1991) (IRL Press, Oxford); Zuckerman et al., Polynucleotides Research (1987) 15: 5305-21; Sharma et al., Polynucleotides Research, (1991) 19: 3019; Giusti et al., PCR Methods and Applications (1993) 2: 223-227; Fung et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,757,141; Stabinsky, U.S. Pat. No. 4, 739,044; Agrawal et al., Tetrahedron Letters, (1990) 31: 1543-46; Sproat et al., Polynucleotides Research (1987) 15: 4837; and Nelson et al., Polynucleotides Research, (1989) 17: 7187-94. While the invention is exemplified herein with fluorescent labels, the invention is not so limited and can be practiced using nucleotides labeled with any form of detectable label, including radioactive labels, chemoluminescent labels, luminescent labels, phosphorescent labels, fluorescence polarization labels, and charge labels. Reaction Parameters Any parameter that permits the regulation of the number of labeled nucleotides added to the primer, or the rate at which the nucleotides are incorporated and detected can be controlled or exploited in the practice of the invention. Such parameters include, for example, the presence or absence of a label on a nucleotide, the type of label and manner of label attachment; the linker identity and length used to attach the label; the type of nucleotide (including, for example, whether such nucleotide is a dATP, dCTP, dTTP, dGTP or dUTP; a natural or non-natural nucleotide, a nucleotide analogue, or a modified nucleotide); the local sequence immediately 3′ to the addition position; whether the base is the first, second, third, etc. base added; the type of polymerase used; the particular batch characteristics of the polymerase; the processivity of the polymerase; the incorporation rate of the polymerase, and use of polymerase cofactors. In addition, a variety of the conditions of the reaction provide useful mechanisms for controlling either the number of nucleotides incorporated in a single extension reaction or the rates of nucleotide incorporation and detection. Such conditions include the “half-life” of the extension cycle (where one half-life is the time taken for at least one incorporation to occur in 50% of the complementary strands); the number of wash cycles (i.e., the number of times a nucleotide is introduced to the reaction then washed out); the number of target nucleic acids in the reaction; and the temperature of the reaction and the reagents used in the reaction. Half-Lives and Wash Cycles Based on the methods disclosed herein, those of skill in the art will be able to determine the period of half-lives required to limit the number incorporations per cycle for a given number of target polynucleotides. (See Examples 2 and 3, FIGS. 2 and 3). Statistical simulations can also provide the number of repeated cycles needed to obtain a given number of incorporations, for example, to sequence a 25 base pair sequence. (See Examples 2 and 3, FIGS. 2 and 3). Referring to the simulations above, for example, it can be determined that 60 cycles, each 0.8 half-lives long, would be required for at least 25 incorporations in each of ten complementary strands (Example 2b, FIG. 2b). With 200 complementary strands, 60 cycles each 0.8 half-lives long produce at least 20 incorporations in each strand (Example 3, FIG. 3). Following the methodologies outlined herein, such as the simulated working examples detailed below, those of skill in the art will be able to make similar determinations for other numbers of targets of varying lengths, and use appropriate cycle periods and numbers of cycles to analyze homopolymer without using blocking moieties or reversible chain termination. The cycle period may also be chosen to permit a certain chance of incorporation of a given number of nucleotides in a complementary strand, and the cycle may be repeated a number of times to analyze the sequence of various numbers of target polynucleotides of varying length. In some embodiments, nucleotide half-lives for the incorporation reaction are affected by the fact that polymerizing agent may incorporate labeled nucleotides less readily than unlabeled nucleotides. FIG. 4 illustrates the statistics of incorporation for a certain embodiment using a Klenow exo-minus polymerizing agent and Cy3- or Cy5-labeled nucleotides. The results show that polymerase may incorporate subsequent labeled nucleotides less readily than a prior labeled nucleotide. The graph of FIG. 4 indicates, for example, that it may take five to ten times longer, resulting in a “stalling” of the incorporation reaction. In other embodiments, the stalling may vary with the use of other labeled nucleotides, other polymerizing agents and various reaction conditions. Polymerase stalling is a useful mechanism for controlling incorporation rates in single molecule reactions. As is shown in the Examples below, polymerase stalling is useful to limit incorporation of nucleotides into any given strand in a fairly precise manner. According to the invention, polymerase stalling is useful to limit incorporation to 1 nucleotide per strand per cycle, on average. Given a priori knowledge of the statistics of incorporation, single molecule reactions are controlled to provide a statistical likelihood that 1, sometimes 2, but rarely 3 nucleotides are incorporated in a strand in any given cycle. For example, the rate at which polymerase incorporates labeled nucleotides into a complementary strand may be slowed by a factor of about 2, about 3, about 4, about 5, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, about 10, about 11, about 12, or about 15 times compared to that observed with unlabeled nucleotides or compared to that observed for a prior incorporated labeled nucleotide. Moreover, this inhibition or delaying and longer half-lives can be taken into account when determining appropriate cycle periods and numbers of cycles to analyze homopolymer targets of a given length. FIGS. 3 and 4, for example, illustrate the results of simulations in which various factors affecting incorporation rates are taken into account. The graph of FIG. 4, for example, shows the number of cycles needed with cycle periods of various half-lives, taking into account stalling factors of two (squares), five (triangles), and 10 (crosses), in order to obtain 25 incorporations in over 80% of target strands, with at least a 97% chance of incorporating two or fewer nucleotides per cycle (or a smaller than 3% chance of incorporating three or more nucleotides per cycle). As the graph shows, stalling allows longer half-lives, which, in turn, permits the use of fewer cycles to obtain a “full” sequence with a defined error rate. As FIG. 5 illustrates, if the use of labeled nucleotides slows down the polymerizing agent by a factor of 5, a cycle period of 2.4 half-lives produces over 80% 25-mers in 30 cycles. Based on the teachings of the invention, one of ordinary skill in the art can determine the cycle period required to limit the number incorporations per cycle for a given number of target polynucleotides of a given length. Applying methods disclosed herein, the cycle period may be selected to permit about a 70%, about a 75%, about an 80%, about an 85%, about a 90%, about a 95%, about a 96%, about a 97%, about a 98%, and about a 99% chance of incorporation of two or less nucleotides into the complementary strand. Other cycle periods that may be used in embodiments of the invention include, for example, no more than about 5 half-lives, no more than about 4 half-lives, no more than about 3 half-lives, no more than about 2 half-lives, no more than about 1 half-lives, no more than about 0.9 half-lives, no more than about 0.8 half-lives, no more than about 0.7 half-lives, no more than about 0.6 half-lives, no more than about 0.5 half-lives, no more than about 0.4 half-lives, no more than about 0.3 half-lives, and no more than about 0.2 half-lives of the incorporation reactions. In addition to the Examples provided below, various cycle periods and number of times the cycles are repeated may be used with various numbers of targets in certain embodiments of the invention. These include, for example, using about 200 target polynucleotides, a period of no more than about 0.6 half-lives and repeating at least about 50 times; using about 200 target polynucleotides, a period of no more than about 0.6 half-lives and repeating at least about 60 times; using about 200 target polynucleotides, a period of no more than about 0.6 half-lives and repeating at least about 70 times; using about 200 target polynucleotides, a period of no more than about 0.8 half-lives and repeating at least about 50 times; using about 200 target polynucleotides, a period of no more than about 0.8 half-lives and repeating at least about 60 times; using about 200 target polynucleotides, a period of no more than about 0.8 half-lives and repeating at least about 70 times; using about 200 target polynucleotides, a period of no more than about 1 half-life and repeating at least about 50 times; using about 200 target polynucleotides, a period of no more than about I half-life and repeating at least about 60 times; and using about 200 target polynucleotides, a period of no more than about 1 half-life and repeating at least about 70 times. In any of these embodiments, signal from incorporated nucleotides may be reduced after each or a number of cycles. The number of times the cycles need to be repeated is also determined based on methods described herein. In general, the number of cycles increases with the length of the sequence to be analyzed and the duration of the half life of nucleotide exposure decreases as the length of sequence to be analyzed becomes longer. Also in general, half lives of nucleotide exposure increase and cycle numbers decrease with greater inhibitory or delaying effects on nucleotide incorporation Taking into account various stalling factors, examples of cycle periods and number repeat cycles that may be used in certain embodiments further include a cycle period of no more than about 0.5 half-lives with a stalling factor of about 2, repeated at least about 90 times; a cycle period of no more than about 0.75 half-lives, with a stalling factor of about 2, repeated at least about 75 times; a cycle period of no more than about 1 half-lives, with a stalling factor of about 2, repeated at least about 50 times; a cycle period of no more than about 1.5 half-lives with a stalling factor of about 2 or about 5, repeated at least about 45 times; a cycle period of no more than about 1.75 half-lives, with a stalling factor of about 5, repeated at least about 35 times; a cycle period of no more than about 2 half-lives, with a stalling factor of about 5 or about 10, repeated at least about 35 times; a cycle period of no more than about 2.25 half-lives, with a stalling factor of about 5 or about 10, repeated at least about 30 or at least about 35 times, and a cycle period of about 2.4 half-lives, with a stalling factor of about 5, repeated at least about 30 times. Polymerases and Polymerase Cofactors Polymerizing agents useful in the invention include DNA polymerases (such as Taq polymerase, T7 mutant DNA polymerase, Klenow and Sequenase, 9°N or a variant thereof), RNA polymerases, thermostable polymerases, thermodegradable polymerases, and reverse transcriptases. See e.g., Doublie et al., Nature (1998) 391:251-58; Ollis et al. Nature (1985) 313: 762-66; Beese et al., Science (1993) 260: 352-55; Korolev et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1995) 92: 9264-68; Keifer et al., Structure (1997) 5:95-108; and Kim et al., Nature (1995) 376:612-16. Cofactors of the invention function to inhibit the polymerizing agent, thereby slowing or stopping synthesis activity, permitting the detection of an incorporated labeled nucleotide. Cofactors of the invention include any chemical agent or reaction condition that results in the inhibition of the polymerizing agent. Such inhibition may be in whole or in part and may be permanent, temporary or reversible. For example, a cofactor may be a label, an antibody, an aptamer, an organic or inorganic small molecule, or a polyanion, or it may comprise a chemical modification to a nucleotide (i.e., a nucleotide analogue may comprise a cofactor). A cofactor can be in solution, or it may be attached, either directly or through a linker to a nucleotide, primer, template or polymerase. Examples of useful cofactor agents include, among others, light sensitive groups such as 6-nitoveratryloxycarbonyl (NVOC), 2-nitobenzyloxycarbonyl (NBOC), α, α-dimethyl-dimethoxybenzyloxycarbonyl (DDZ), 5-bromo-7-nitroindolinyl, o-hyrdoxy-2-methyl cinnamoyl, 2-oxymethylene anthraquinone, and t-butyl oxycarbonyl (TBOC). Oligonucleotide Synthesis: A Practical Approach (IRL Press, Oxford). Useful polyanions are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,667,165 (the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein); and useful aptamers are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,020,130 and 6,183,967 (the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein). See U.S. Pat. No. 5,338,671 for useful antibodies. Nucleotides possessing various labels and cofactors can be readily synthesized. Labeling moieties are attached at appropriate sites on the nucleotide using chemistry and conditions as described in Gait (1984). Further, the cofactor may also be the detectable label. Labels useful as combined labels/cofactors include larger or bulky dyes. For example, the detectable label may comprise a dye having a bulky chemical structure that, once the nucleotide is incorporated into the extending primer, causes a steric hindrance of the polymerizing agent, blocking the polymerizing agent from any further synthesis. Examples of labels that may be useful for this purpose are described in the Example, as well as in Zhu et al., Polynucleotides Res. (1994) 22: 3418-22. For example, fluorophore labels that may be used to stall the polymerase include Cy3, Cy5, Cy7, ALEXA647, ALEXA 488, BODIPY 576/589, BODIPY 650/665, BODIPY TR, Nile Blue, Sulfo-IRD700, NN382, R6G, Rho123, tetramethylrhodamine and Rhodamine X. In one embodiment, the labels are as bulky as Cy5, with molecular weights at least about 1.5 kDa. In another embodiment, the labels are bulkier than Cy5, having molecular weights of at least about 1.6 kDa, at least about 1.7 kDa, at least about 1.8 kDa, at least about 1.9 kDa, at least about 2.0 kDa at least bout 2.5 kDa, or at least about 3.0 kDa. Further examples of such larger dyes include the following, with corresponding formula weights (in g/mol) in parentheses: Cy5 (534.6); Pyrene (535.6); 6-Carboxyfluorescein (FAM) (537.5); 6-Carboxyfluorescein-DMT (FAM-X (537.5); 5(6) Carboxyfluorescein (FAM) (537.5); 5-Fluorescein (FITC) (537.6); Cy3B (543.0); WellRED D4-PA (544.8); BODIPY 630/650 (545.5); 3′ 6-Carboxyfluorescein (FAM) (569.5); Cy3.5 (576.7); Cascade Blue (580.0); ALEXA Fluor 430 (586.8); Lucifer Yellow (605.5); ALEXA Fluor 532 (608.8); WellRED D2-PA (611.0); Cy5.5 (634.8); DY-630 (634.8); DY-555 (636.2); WellRED D3-PA (645.0); Rhodamine Red-X (654.0); DY-730 (660.9); DY-782 (660.9); DY-550 (667.8); DY-610 (667.8); DY-700 (668.9); 6-Tetrachlorofluorescein (TET) (675.2) ALEXA Fluor 568 (676.8); DY-650 (686.9); 5(6)- Carboxyeosin (689.0); Texas Red-X (702.0); ALEXA Fluor 594 (704.9); DY-675 (706.9); DY-750 (713.0); DY-681 (736.9); Hexachlorofluorescein (HEX) (744.1); DY-633 (751.9); LightCycler Red 705 (753.0); LightCycler Red 640 (758.0); DY-636 (760.9); DY-701 (770.9); FAR-Fuchsia (5′-Amidite) (776.0); FAR-Fuchsia (SE) (776.0); DY-676 (808.0); Erythrosin (814); FAR-Blue (5′-Amidite) (824.0); FAR-Blue (SE) (824.0); Oyster 556 (850.0); Oyster 656 (900.0); FAR-Green Two (SE) (960.0); ALEXA Fluor 546 (964.4); FAR-Green One (SE), (976.0); ALEXA Fluor 660 (985.0); Oyster 645 (1000.0); ALEXA Fluor 680 (1035.0); ALEXA Fluor 633 (1085.0); ALEXA Fluor 555 (1135.0); ALEXA Fluor 647 (1185.0); ALEXA Fluor 750 (1185.0); ALEXA Fluor 700 (1285.0). These reagents are commercially available from SYNTHEGEN, LLC (Houston, Tex.). There is extensive guidance in the literature for derivatizing fluorophore and quencher molecules for covalent attachment via common reactive groups that can be added to a nucleotide (see Haugland, Handbook of Fluorescent Probes and Research Chemicals (1992). There are also many linking moieties and methods for attaching fluorophore moieties to nucleotides, as described in Oligonucleotides and Analogues, supra; Guisti et al., supra; Agrawal et al, Tetrahedron Letters (1990) 31: 1543-46; and Sproat et al., Polynucleotide Research (1987) 15: 4837. In one embodiment, the method further comprises inactivating the cofactor, thereby reversing its effect on the polymerizing agent. Modes of inactivation depend on the cofactor. For example, where the cofactor is attached to the nucleotide, inactivation can typically be achieved by chemical, enzymatic, photochemical or radiation cleavage of the cofactor from the nucleotide. Cleavage of the cofactor can be achieved if a detachable connection between the nucleotide and the cofactor is used. For example, the use of disulfide bonds enables one to disconnect the dye by applying a reducing agent like dithiothreitol (DTT). In a further alternative, where the cofactor is a fluorescent label, it is possible to neutralize the label by bleaching it with radiation. In the event that temperature-sensitive cofactors are utilized, inactivation may comprise adjusting the reaction temperature. For example, an antibody that binds to thermostable polymerase at lower temperatures and blocks activity, but is denatured at higher temperatures, thus rendering the polymerase active; or single-stranded aptamers that bind to thermophilic polymerase at lower temperatures but are released at higher temperatures, may be inactivated by increasing the reaction temperature such the cofactor is released but polymerase activity is permitted. In one embodiment, transient inhibition of the polymerase and the time of exposure to the labeled nucleotide are coordinated such that it is statistically likely that at least one of the labeled nucleotide is incorporated in the primer, but statistically unlikely that more than two of the labeled nucleotide are incorporated. In another embodiment, the reaction is controlled by inhibiting the polymerase activity such that it is statistically unlikely that more than, for example, one or two nucleotides are incorporated into the same primer strand in the cycle. Temperature and Reagents Other reaction conditions that are useful in the methods of the invention include reaction temperature and reagents. For example, a temperature above or below the temperature required for optimal activity of the polymerizing agent, such as a temperature of about 20-70°, would be expected to result in a modulation of the polymerization rate, C. This form of inhibition is typically reversible with correction of the reaction temperature, provided that the delta in temperature was insufficient to cause a permanent damage to the polymerase. In another embodiment, buffer reagents useful in the methods of the invention include a detergent or surfactant, such as Triton®-X 100, or salt and/or ion concentrations that facilitate or inhibit nucleotide incorporation. Predetermined Points For Stopping a Cycle The predetermined point at which a short cycle is stopped is defined, for example, by the occurrence of an event (such as the incorporation of a nucleotide comprising a blocking moiety that prevents further extension of the primer), the lapse of a certain amount of time (such as a specific number of half-lives), or the achievement of a statistically-significant datapoint (such as a period at which a statistically significant probability of two or less nucleotides have been incorporated). In one embodiment, the predetermined period of time is coordinated with an amount of polymerization inhibition such that, on average, a certain number of labeled nucleotides are added to the primer. In another embodiment, the number of incorporated labeled nucleotides is, on average, 0, 1 or 2, but almost never more than 3. The time period of exposure is defined in terms of statistical significance. For example, the time period may be that which is statistically insufficient for incorporation of more nucleotides than are resolvable by a detection system used to detect incorporation of the nucleotide into the primer. In another example, the time period that is statistically insufficient for incorporation of a greater number of nucleotides that are individually optically resolvable during a predetermined detection period (i.e., a period of time during which the incorporated nucleotides are detected). The reaction may be stopped by washing or flushing out the nucleotides that remain unincorporated and/or washing or flushing out polymerization agent. Further, many aspects of the repeated cycles may be automated, for example, using microfluidics for washing nucleotides to sites of anchored target polynucleotides, and washing out unincorporated nucleotides to halt each cycle. The following exemplifications of the invention are useful in understanding certain aspects of the invention but are not intended to limit the scope of the invention in any way. EXAMPLE 1 Primers are synthesized from nucleoside triphosphates by known automated oligonucleotide synthetic techniques, e.g., via standard phosphoramidite technology utilizing a nucleic acid synthesizer, such as the ABI3700 (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.). The oligonucleotides are prepared as duplexes with a complementary strand, however, only the 5′ terminus of the oligonucleotide proper (and not its complement) is biotinylated. Ligation of Oligonucleotides and Target Polynucleotides Double stranded target nucleic acids are blunt-end ligated to the oligonucleotides in solution using, for example, T4 ligase. The single strand having a 5′ biotinylated terminus of the oligonucleotide duplex permits the blunt-end ligation on only on end of the duplex. In a preferred embodiment, the solution-phase reaction is performed in the presence of an excess amount of oligonucleotide to prohibit the formation of concantamers and circular ligation products of the target nucleic acids. Upon ligation, a plurality of chimeric polynucleotide duplexes result. Chimeric polynucleotides are separated from unbound oligonucleotides based upon size and reduced to single strands by subjecting them to a temperature that destabilizes the hydrogen bonds. Preparation of Solid Support A solid support comprising reaction chambers having a fused silica surface is sonicated in 2% MICRO-90 soap (Cole-Parmer, Vernon Hills, Ill.) for 20 minutes and then cleaned by immersion in boiling RCA solution (6:4:1 high-purity H2O/30% NH4OH/30% H2O2) for 1 hour. It is then immersed alternately in polyallylamine (positively charged) and polyacrylic acid (negatively charged; both from Aldrich) at 2 mg/ml and pH 8 for 10 minutes each and washed intensively with distilled water in between. The slides are incubated with 5 mM biotin-amine reagent (Biotin-EZ-Link, Pierce) for 10 minutes in the presence of 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC, Sigma) in MES buffer, followed by incubation with Streptavidin Plus (Prozyme, San Leandro, Calif.) at 0.1 mg/ml for 15 minutes in Tris buffer. The biotinylated single-stranded chimeric polynucleotides are deposited via ink-jet printing onto the streptavidin-coated chamber surface at 10 pM for 10 minutes in Tris buffer that contain 100 mM MgCl2. Equipment The experiments are performed on an upright microscope (BH-2, Olympus, Melville, N.Y.) equipped with total internal reflection (TIR) illumination, such as the BH-2 microscope from Olympus (Melville, N.Y.). Two laser beams, 635 (Coherent, Santa Clara, Calif.) and 532 nm (Brimrose, Baltimore), with nominal powers of 8 and 10 mW, respectively, are circularly polarized by quarter-wave plates and undergo TIR in a dove prism (Edmund Scientific, Barrington, N.J.). The prism is optically coupled to the fused silica bottom (Esco, Oak Ridge, N.J.) of the reaction chambers so that evanescent waves illuminated up to 150 nm above the surface of the fused silica. An objective (DPlanApo, 100 UV 1.3oil, Olympus) collects the fluorescence signal through the top plastic cover of the chamber, which is deflected by the objective to ≈40 μm from the silica surface. An image splitter (Optical Insights, Santa Fe, N.M.) directs the light through two bandpass filters (630dcxr, HQ585/80, HQ690/60; Chroma Technology, Brattleboro, Vt.) to an intensified charge-coupled device (I-PentaMAX; Roper Scientific, Trenton, N.J.), which records adjacent images of a 120-×60-μm section of the surface in two colors. Experimental Protocols FRET-Based Method Using Nucleotide-Based Donor Fluorophore In a first experiment, universal primer is hybridized to a primer attachment site present in support-bound chimeric polynucleotides. Next, a series of incorporation reactions are conducted in which a first nucleotide comprising a cyanine-3 donor fluorophore is incorporated into the primer as the first extended nucleotide. If all the chimeric sequences are the same, then a minimum of one labeled nucleotide must be added as the initial FRET donor because the template nucleotide immediately 3′ of the primer is the same on all chimeric polynucleotides. If different chimeric polynucleotides are used (i.e., the polynucleotide portion added to the bound oligonucleotides is different at least one location), then all four labeled dNTPs initially are cycled. The result is the addition of at least one donor fluorophore to each chimeric strand. The number of initial incorporations containing the donor fluorophore is limited by either limiting the reaction time (i.e., the time of exposure to donor-labeled nucleotides), by polymerase stalling, or both in combination. The inventors have shown that base-addition reactions are regulated by controlling reaction conditions. For example, incorporations can be limited to 1 or 2 at a time by causing polymerase to stall after the addition of a first base. One way in which this is accomplished is by attaching a dye to the first added base that either chemically or sterically interferes with the efficiency of incorporation of a second base. A computer model was constructed using Visual Basic (v. 6.0, Microsoft Corp.) that replicates the stochastic addition of bases in template-dependent nucleic acid synthesis. The model utilizes several variables that are thought to be the most significant factors affecting the rate of base addition. The number of half-lives until dNTPs are flushed is a measure of the amount of time that a template-dependent system is exposed to dNTPs in solution. The more rapidly dNTPs are removed from the template, the lower will be the incorporation rate. The number of wash cycles does not affect incorporation in any given cycle, but affects the number bases ultimately added to the extending primer. The number of strands to be analyzed is a variable of significance when there is not an excess of dNTPs in the reaction. Finally, the inhibition rate is an approximation of the extent of base addition inhibition, usually due to polymerase stalling. The homopolymer count within any strand can be ignored for purposes of this application. FIG. 2 is a screenshot showing the inputs used in the model. The model demonstrates that, by controlling reaction conditions, one can precisely control the number of bases that are added to an extending primer in any given cycle of incorporation. For example, as shown in FIG. 7, at a constant rate of inhibition of second base incorporation (i.e., the inhibitory effect of incorporation of a second base given the presence of a first base), the amount of time that dNTPs are exposed to template in the presence of polymerase determines the number of bases that are statistically likely to be incorporated in any given cycle (a cycle being defined as one round of exposure of template to dNTPs and washing of unbound dNTP from the reaction mixture). As shown in FIG. 7a, when time of exposure to dNTPs is limited, the statistical likelihood of incorporation of more than two bases is essentially zero, and the likelihood of incorporation of two bases in a row in the same cycle is very low. If the time of exposure is increased, the likelihood of incorporation of multiple bases in any given cycle is much higher. Thus, the model reflects biological reality. At a constant rate of polymerase inhibition (assuming that complete stalling is avoided), the time of exposure of a template to dNTPs for incorporation is a significant factor in determining the number of bases that will be incorporated in succession in any cycle. Similarly, if time of exposure is held constant, the amount of polymerase stalling will have a predominant effect on the number of successive bases that are incorporated in any given cycle (See, FIG. 7b). Thus, it is possible at any point in the sequencing process to add or renew donor fluorophore by simply limiting the statistical likelihood of incorporation of more than one base in a cycle in which the donor fluorophore is added. Upon introduction of a donor fluorophore into the extending primer sequence, further nucleotides comprising acceptor fluorophores (here, cyanine-5) are added in a template-dependent manner. It is known that the Foster radius of Cy-3/Cy5 fluorophore pairs is about 5 nm (or about 15 nucleotides, on average). Thus, donor must be refreshed about every 15 bases. This is accomplished under the parameters outlined above. In general, each cycle preferably is regulated to allow incorporation of 1 or 2, but never 3 bases. So, refreshing the donor means simply the addition of all four possible nucleotides in a mixed-sequence population using the donor fluorophore instead of the acceptor fluorophore every approximately 15 bases (or cycles). FIG. 2 shows schematically the process of FRET-based, template-dependent nucleotide addition as described in this example. The methods described above are alternatively conducted with the FRET donor attached to the polymerase molecule. In that embodiment, donor follows the extending primer as new nucleotides bearing acceptor fluorophores are added. Thus, there typically is no requirement to refresh the donor. In another embodiment, the same methods are carried out using a nucleotide binding protein (e.g., DNA binding protein) as the carrier of a donor fluorophore. In that embodiment, the DNA binding protein is spaced at intervals (e.g., about 5 nm or less) to allow FRET. Thus, there are many alternatives for using FRET to conduct single molecule sequencing using the devices and methods taught in the application. However, it is not required that FRET be used as the detection method. Rather, because of the intensities of the FRET signal with respect to background, FRET is an alternative for use when background radiation is relatively high. Non-FRET Based Methods Methods for detecting single molecule incorporation without FRET are also conducted. In this embodiment, incorporated nucleotides are detected by virtue of their optical emissions after sample washing. Primers are hybridized to the primer attachment site of bound chimeric polynucleotides Reactions are conducted in a solution comprising Klenow fragment Exo-minus polymerase (New England Biolabs) at 10 nM (100 units/ml) and a labeled nucleotide triphosphate in EcoPol reaction buffer (New England Biolabs). Sequencing reactions takes place in a stepwise fashion. First, 0.2 μM dUTP-Cy3 and polymerase are introduced to support-bound chimeric polynucleotides, incubated for 6 to 15 minutes, and washed out. Images of the surface are then analyzed for primer-incorporated U-Cy5. Typically, eight exposures of 0.5 seconds each are taken in each field of view in order to compensate for possible intermittency (e.g., blinking) in fluorophore emission. Software is employed to analyze the locations and intensities of fluorescence objects in the intensified charge-coupled device pictures. Fluorescent images acquired in the WinView32 interface (Roper Scientific, Princeton, N.J.) are analyzed using ImagePro Plus software (Media Cybernetics, Silver Springs, Md.). Essentially, the software is programmed to perform spot-finding in a predefined image field using user-defined size and intensity filters. The program then assigns grid coordinates to each identified spot, and normalizes the intensity of spot fluorescence with respect to background across multiple image frames. From those data, specific incorporated nucleotides are identified. Generally, the type of image analysis software employed to analyze fluorescent images is immaterial as long as it is capable of being programmed to discriminate a desired signal over background. The programming of commercial software packages for specific image analysis tasks is known to those of ordinary skill in the art. If U-Cy5 is not incorporated, the substrate is washed, and the process is repeated with dGTP-Cy5, dATP-Cy5, and dCTP-Cy5 until incorporation is observed. The label attached to any incorporated nucleotide is neutralized, and the process is repeated. To reduce bleaching of the fluorescence dyes, an oxygen scavenging system can be used during all green illumination periods, with the exception of the bleaching of the primer tag. In order to determine a template sequence, the above protocol is performed sequentially in the presence of a single species of labeled dATP, dGTP, dCTP or dUTP. By so doing, a first sequence can be compiled that is based upon the sequential incorporation of the nucleotides into the extended primer. The first compiled sequence is representative of the complement of the template. As such, the sequence of the template can be easily determined by compiling a second sequence that is complementary to the first sequence. Because the sequence of the oligonucleotide is known, those nucleotides can be excluded from the second sequence to produce a resultant sequence that is representative of the target template. EXAMPLE 2 FIG. 2 illustrates the advantage of short-cycle sequencing with respect to avoiding long homopolymer reads. FIG. 2a illustrates a simulated analysis of 10 target polynucleotides using non-short-cycle sequencing (Example 2a), whereas FIG. 2b illustrates a simulated analysis of the same number of target polynucleotides using short-cycle sequencing (Example 2b). The simulations were performed as follows: an Excel spreadsheet was opened and “Customize . . . ” selected from the “Tools” menu of the Excel toolbar. The “Commands” tab was selected and, after scrolling down, “Macros” was clicked. The “smiley face” that appeared in the right panel was dragged to the toolbars on top of the spreadsheet. The “Customize” box was closed and the “smiley face” clicked once. From the list of subroutines that appeared, “ThisWorkbook.Main_Line.” was selected. The program was run by clicking again on the “smiley face.” A copy of the source code for the Excel simulation is provided below. Input values were then entered into the tabbed sheet called “In Out.” There were three input values: The first input value corresponded to the period of time allowed for incorporation reactions of provided nucleotides into the growing complementary strands of the polynucleotides to be analyzed. This period was conveniently measured in half-lives of the incorporation reaction itself. Each cycle of incorporation was simulatedly stalled after a period of time, representing, for example, the time when unincorporated nucleotides would be flushed out or the incorporation reactions otherwise stalled. The second input value corresponds to the number of times each cycle of incorporation was repeated. That is, the number of times the steps of providing nucleotides, allowing incorporation reactions into the complementary strands in the presence of polymerizing agent, and then stopping the incorporations are repeated. The nucleotides were simulatedly provided as a wash of each of dATPs, dGTPs, dTTPs, and dCTPs. The program then recorded which nucleotides were incorporated, corresponding to a detection step of detecting incorporation. The third input value corresponds to number of strands of target polynucleotides to by analyzed in the simulation. The program allowed up to 1100 target polynucleotide molecules to be analyzed in a given simulation. After the program was started, as described above, the program first generated the inputted number of strands composed of random sequences. The program then simulated hybridization and polymerization of the correct base of each incorporation reaction, based on the generated sequence of the target polynucleotide templates. The program continued these simulated reactions for the allowed amount of simulated time, determined by the inputted number of half-lives. Statistics of the simulation were then computed and reported, including the longest strand, the shortest strand, and the average length of all strands, as well as the fraction of strands extended by at least 25 nucleotide incorporations, as discussed in more detail below. In the first part of this simulation, Example 2 a, the input values used were a cycle period of 10 half-lives, 12 repeats of the cycle, and 10 target polynucleotide strands. FIG. 2a illustrates the results obtained. Homopolymers stretches which occurred in the same simulated complementary strand are highlighted in magenta wherever 2 nucleotides of the same base type were incorporated in a row, and in cyan wherever more than two nucleotides of the same base type were incorporated in a row. FIG. 2a illustrates that the output values included the longest extended complementary strand obtained during the simulation (Longest extension in the ensemble of molecules); the shorted extended complementary strand obtained during the simulation (Shortest extension in the ensemble of molecules); and the average extension. These numbers represent the greatest number of incorporations into any of the 10 simulatedly growing complementary strands, the smallest number of incorporations for any of the 10, and the average number of incorporations for the 10. FIG. 2a indicates that the values obtained for Example 2a were 37 incorporations in the longest extension, 25 in the shortest, and 30.00 as the average number of incorporations. The output values also provided information on the number of incorporations that occurred in each of growing complementary strands during each cycle period of the simulation. For example, FIG. 2a indicates that for the input values of Example 2a, the percentage of growing stands extended by two or more nucleotides in a homopolymer stretch was 100.0%; and the percentage of growing strands extended by three or more nucleotides in a homopolymer stretch was 60.0%. That is, using a cycle period of 10 half-lives resulted in only 40% of the complementary strands being extended by two or less nucleotides in a homopolymer stretch per cycle of incorporation. Further, output values also indicated the total number of incorporations for each of the growing strands for the total number of repeated cycles. This represents the length of the sequence of target polynucleotide analyzed. FIG. 2a illustrates that in Example 2 a, 100.0% of the 10 target polynucleotides of the simulation were extended by at least 25 incorporated nucleotides. This illustrates that using a cycle period of 10 half-lives, and repeating the cycles 12 times, allowed analysis of a 25 base sequence of 10 target polynucleotides. In the second part of this simulation, Example 2b, the input values used were a cycle period of 0.8 half-lives, 60 repeats of the cycle, and 10 target polynucleotide strands. FIG. 2b illustrates the results obtained. Homopolymers stretches which occurred in the same simulated complementary strand are highlighted in magenta wherever 2 nucleotides of the same base type were incorporated in a row, and in cyan wherever more than two nucleotides of the same base type were incorporated in a row. FIG. 2b illustrates that the output values included the longest extended complementary strand obtained during the simulation (longest extension in the ensemble of molecules); the shortest extended complementary strand obtained during the simulation (shortest extension in the ensemble of molecules); and the average extension. These numbers represent the greatest number of incorporations into any of the 10 simulatedly growing complementary strands, the smallest number of incorporations for any of the 10, and the average number of incorporations for the 10. FIG. 2b indicates that the values obtained for Example 2b were 37 incorporations in the longest extension, 26 in the shortest, and 32.00 as the average number of incorporations. The output values also provided information on the number of incorporations that occurred in each of growing complementary strands during each cycle period of the simulation. For example, FIG. 2b indicates that for the input values of Example 2b, the percentage of growing stands extended by two or more nucleotides in a homopolymer stretch was 80.0%; and the percentage of growing strands extended by three or more nucleotides in a homopolymer stretch was 10.0%. That is, using a cycle period of 0.8 half-lives resulted in 90% of the complementary strands being extended by two or less nucleotides per cycle of incorporation. Output values also indicated the total number of incorporations for each of the growing strands for the total number of repeated cycles. As in Example 2a, this represents the length of the sequence of target polynucleotide analyzed. FIG. 2b illustrates that in Example 2b, 100.0% of the 10 target polynucleotides of the simulation were again extended by at least 25 incorporated nucleotides. This illustrates that using a cycle period of 0.8 half-lives, and repeating the cycles 60 times, allowed analysis of a 25 base sequence of 10 target polynucleotides. Comparing the two simulations, it will be appreciated by those in the art that the use of short-cycles of sequencing overcame issues of reading long repeats of homopolymer stretches in sequencing by synthesis, without using blocking moieties, as only a few nucleotides were incorporated per cycle. Comparing Examples 2a and 2b, the long cycles in 2a resulted in 40% of the extended complementary strands having two or less homopolymer nucleotide incorporations per cycle. Conversely, the short cycles in 11b resulted in 90% of the extended complementary strands having two or less homopolymer nucleotide incorporations per cycle, facilitating quantification. That is, as explained more thoroughly above, shorter reads can be quantitated to determine the number of nucleotides incorporated, for example, where the nucleotides are of the same Comparing Examples 2a and 2b also indicated that a greater number of repeated cycles were needed to analyze a given length of sequence when using shorter cycles. That is, the 10 half-lives cycle was repeated 12 times to result in 100.0% of the 10 complementary strands being extended by at least 25 nucleotides, whereas the 0.8 half-lives cycle was repeated 60 times to obtain this same result and thereby analyze the 25 nucleotides sequence. Nonetheless, many aspects of the repeated cycles may be automated, for example, using micro fluidics for washing nucleotides to sites of anchored target polynucleotides, and washing out unincorporated nucleotides to halt each cycle. As discussed herein, below is a copy of the source code for the simulation of short-cycle sequencing. Source Code for Simulation of Short Cycle Sequencing Option Explicit ′all variables must be declared Option Base 1 ′array pointers start at ‘1’ not ‘0’ ′-------Constant Declarations----------------------------------- Const NoColor = 0 Const Black = 1 Const White = 2 Const Red = 3 Const Green = 4 Const Blue = 5 Const Yellow = 6 Const Magenta = 7 Const Cyan = 8 Const A = Red Const G = Green Const T = Blue Const C = Yellow Const TENTH_HL = 0.93305 ′-------Variable Declarations----------------------------------- ′Note: HL is short for half-life Dim MaxHalfLives As Integer ′The maximum number of half-lives the experiment will be run X10 for each wash cycle Dim HalfLives ′the Half Life variable is stepped in increments 0.1 half lives during every wash cycle until the max is reached Dim N, I, J, K, L, X, Y, Temp As Integer Dim WashCyclesMax, WashCycles ′A wash cycle is completed after flowing each of AGT&C Dim Molecule, Base, BaseType, Position As Integer Dim TempReal As Single Dim RandomMoleculesMax Dim HomoPolymersMax Dim MoleculesMax As Integer ′------------the following three variables used to slow things down for second base Dim Longer_HL As Single Dim SecondMoleculeFactor As Integer ′------------The array variables---------- Dim TargetStrand(1100, 51) As Integer ′--up 1100 molecules, with max length of 50 Dim SynthesizedStrand(1100, 51) As Integer Dim HL_Tracker(1100, 51) As Integer Dim PolymerasePointer(1100) As Integer ′--contains the next available position on a given strand Dim StartPointer(1100) As Integer ′pointers for determining run-lengths Dim StopPointer(1100) As Integer Dim Extension(1100) ′records how far each molecule has been extended Dim TargetStrandFrequencyDist(15) As Integer ′--for storing frequency distribution of n-mers of target strand Dim SyntheticStrandFrequencyDist(15) As Integer ′--for storing frequency distribution of n-mers of target strand Dim SecondMolecule(1100) As Boolean ′--------Code---------------------------------------------------- Sub Initialize( ) Dim XX As Integer ′-----clear the array which notes if a molecule is a second molecule For Molecule = 1 To 1100 SecondMolecule(Molecule) = False Next Molecule ′Clear the arrays For Base = 1 To 51 For Molecule = 1 To 1100 TargetStrand(Molecule, Base) = 0 SynthesizedStrand(Molecule, Base) = 0 HL_Tracker(Molecule, Base) = 0 PolymerasePointer(Molecule) = 1 Next Molecule Next Base For XX = 1 To 15 ′--clear the frequency distribution list TargetStrandFrequencyDist(XX) = 0 SyntheticStrandFrequencyDist(XX) = 0 Next XX For XX = 1 To 9 Worksheets(“In Out”).Cells(5 + XX, 10).Value = “” Next XX With Worksheets(“In Out”) ′Get the “front panel” input values TempReal = .Range(“D4”).Value MaxHalfLives = Int(TempReal * 10) WashCyclesMax = .Range(“D7”).Value RandomMoleculesMax = .Range(“D9”).Value If RandomMoleculesMax > 1000 Then RandomMoleculesMax = 1000 HomoPolymersMax = .Range(“D11”).Value If HomoPolymersMax > 100 Then HomoPolymersMax = 100 MoleculesMax = RandomMoleculesMax + HomoPolymersMax SecondMoleculeFactor = .Range(“D14”).Value Longer_HL = Exp(−0.0693 / SecondMoleculeFactor) ′----Clear the output values .Range(“D20”).Value = “” .Range(“D21”).Value = “” .Range(“D22”).Value = “” .Range(“E24”).Value = “” .Range(“E25”).Value = “” .Range(“E26”).Value = “” End With ′Worksheets(“In Out”).Range(“E2”).Value = Longer_HL ′Display the Longer_HL value ′Clear the output area & Fill Row headings With Worksheets(“Molecules”) .Range(“B2:AY4006”).ClearContents .Range(“B2:AY4006”).Interior.ColorIndex = NoColor For XX = 1 To 1100 .Cells(3 + XX * 4, 1).Value = XX ′Add the row headings as running numbers Next XX .Range(“B3”).Value = “Current Wash Cycle is:” .Range(“L3”).Value = “Current ‘Half-Life’ is:” .Range(“U3”).Value = “Current Base in the reaction is:” End With Randomize ′---Seed the Random Number Generator End Sub Sub DrawSynthesizedStrands( ) Dim TempMolecule, TempBase As Integer With Worksheets(“molecules”) For TempBase = 1 To 50 For TempMolecule = 1 To MoleculesMax If SynthesizedStrand(TempMolecule, TempBase) = Blue Then .Cells(TempMolecule * 4 + 2, TempBase + 1).Font.ColorIndex = 2 Else .Cells(TempMolecule * 4 + 2, TempBase + 1).Font.ColorIndex = 0 End If .Cells(TempMolecule * 4 + 2, TempBase + 1).Interior.ColorIndex = SynthesizedStrand(TempMolecule, TempBase) If HL_Tracker(TempMolecule, TempBase) > 0 Then .Cells(TempMolecule * 4 + 2, TempBase + 1).Value = HL_Tracker(TempMolecule, TempBase) End If Next TempMolecule Next TempBase End With End Sub Sub CreateTargetStrands( ) Dim TempRand As Integer For Base = 1 To 50 For Molecule = 1 To RandomMoleculesMax TempRand = Int(4 * Rnd + 3) ′random number of value 3,4,5 or 6 ′If TempRand = Blue Then TempRand = Cyan ′turn blue into cyan TargetStrand(Molecule, Base) = TempRand Worksheets(“Molecules”).Cells(Molecule * 4 + 3, Base + 1).Interior.ColorIndex = TargetStrand(Molecule, Base) Next Molecule Next Base ′--now draw molecules with long stretches of homopolymers For Base = 1 To 50 For Molecule = RandomMoleculesMax + 1 To MoleculesMax TargetStrand(Molecule, Base) = A Worksheets(“Molecules”).Cells(Molecule * 4 + 3, Base + 1).Interior.ColorIndex = TargetStrand(Molecule, Base) Next Molecule Next Base End Sub Sub Synthesize( ) Dim MoleculeSynthesized As Integer Dim TempPointer As Integer Dim Parameter As Single For Molecule = 1 To 1100 ′clear array which shows if molecule is a second molecule SecondMolecule(Molecule) = False Next Molecule For BaseType = A To C ′Cover each of AGT&C If BaseType = A Then Worksheets(“Molecules”).Range(“AD3”).Value = “A” If BaseType = G Then Worksheets(“Molecules”).Range(“AD3”).Value = “G” If BaseType = T Then Worksheets(“Molecules”).Range(“AD3”).Value = “T” If BaseType = C Then Worksheets(“Molecules”).Range(“AD3”).Value = “C” For HalfLives = 1 To MaxHalfLives Worksheets(“Molecules”).Range(“R3”).Value = HalfLives / 10 For Molecule = 1 To MoleculesMax If SecondMolecule(Molecule) = False Then Parameter = TENTH_HL Else Parameter = Longer_HL ′-------------If we're flowing in A's, we attempt to polymerize only to T's If BaseType = A And TargetStrand(Molecule, PolymerasePointer(Molecule)) = T Then If Rnd > Parameter Then MoleculeSynthesized = 1 Else MoleculeSynthesized = 0 ′did molecule go? If MoleculeSynthesized = 1 Then SecondMolecule(Molecule) = True SynthesizedStrand(Molecule, PolymerasePointer(Molecule)) = A HL_Tracker(Molecule, PolymerasePointer(Molecule)) = WashCycles PolymerasePointer(Molecule) = PolymerasePointer(Molecule) + 1 If PolymerasePointer(Molecule) > 50 Then PolymerasePointer(Molecule) = 50 End If End If ′-------------If we're flowing in T's, we attempt to polymerize only to A's If BaseType = T And TargetStrand(Molecule, PolymerasePointer(Molecule)) = A Then If Rnd > Parameter Then MoleculeSynthesized = 1 Else MoleculeSynthesized = 0 ′did molecule go? If MoleculeSynthesized = 1 Then SecondMolecule(Molecule) = True SynthesizedStrand(Molecule, PolymerasePointer(Molecule)) = T HL_Tracker(Molecule, PolymerasePointer(Molecule)) = WashCycles PolymerasePointer(Molecule) = PolymerasePointer(Molecule) + 1 If PolymerasePointer(Molecule) > 50 Then PolymerasePointer(Molecule) = 50 End If End If ′-------------If we're flowing in G's, we attempt to polymerize only to C's If BaseType = G And TargetStrand(Molecule, PolymerasePointer(Molecule)) = C Then If Rnd > Parameter Then MoleculeSynthesized = 1 Else MoleculeSynthesized = 0 ′did molecule go? If MoleculeSynthesized = 1 Then SecondMolecule(Molecule) = True SynthesizedStrand(Molecule, PolymerasePointer(Molecule)) = G HL_Tracker(Molecule, PolymerasePointer(Molecule)) = WashCycles PolymerasePointer(Molecule) = PolymerasePointer(Molecule) + 1 If PolymerasePointer(Molecule) > 50 Then PolymerasePointer(Molecule) = 50 End If End If ′-------------If we're flowing in C's, we attempt to polymerize only to G's If BaseType = C And TargetStrand(Molecule, PolymerasePointer(Molecule)) = G Then If Rnd > Parameter Then MoleculeSynthesized = 1 Else MoleculeSynthesized = 0 ′did molecule go? If MoleculeSynthesized = 1 Then SecondMolecule(Molecule) = True SynthesizedStrand(Molecule, PolymerasePointer(Molecule)) = C HL_Tracker(Molecule, PolymerasePointer(Molecule)) = WashCycles PolymerasePointer(Molecule) = PolymerasePointer(Molecule) + 1 If PolymerasePointer(Molecule) > 50 Then PolymerasePointer(Molecule) = 50 End If End If Next Molecule ′DrawSynthesizedStrands ′--for now, display is refreshed after each increment of half life for a given base Next HalfLives Next BaseType End Sub ′---Develop an analysis of the distribution of homopolymers in the full-length targets, report as a frequency ′---distribution of n-mers Sub AnalyzeTargetStrands( ) Dim CurrentBase As Integer Dim BasesAhead As Integer Dim N As Integer Dim NumberedBases(50) As Integer Dim RunLengths(50) As Integer For N = 1 To 15 ′--clear the frequency distribution list TargetStrandFrequencyDist(N) = 0 SyntheticStrandFrequencyDist(N) = 0 Next N For Molecule = 1 To MoleculesMax ′Identify Changes among bases NumberedBases(1) = 1 ′Worksheets(“Molecules”).Cells(4 + Molecule * 4, 2).Value = NumberedBases(1) ′take this out. For display only For Base = 2 To 50 If TargetStrand(Molecule, Base − 1) < > TargetStrand(Molecule, Base) Then NumberedBases(Base) = 1 Else NumberedBases(Base) = 0 End If ′Worksheets(“Molecules”).Cells(4 + Molecule * 4, Base + 1).Value = NumberedBases(Base) ′take this out. For display only Next Base ′---------------compute run lengths ′′′′′But first we've got a boundary condition problem for the first base--we solve it here!! RunLengths(1) = 1 ′Worksheets(“Molecules”).Cells(5 + Molecule * 4, 2).Value = RunLengths(1) For Base = 2 To 50 If NumberedBases(Base) = 1 Then RunLengths(Base) = 1 Else RunLengths(Base) = RunLengths(Base - 1) + 1 End If ′Worksheets(“Molecules”).Cells(5 + Molecule * 4, Base + 1).Value = RunLengths(Base) Next Base ′----save only the terminal value of a run length For Base = 1 To 49 If RunLengths(Base + 1) > RunLengths(Base) Then RunLengths(Base) = 0 ′Worksheets(“Molecules”).Cells(6 + Molecule * 4, Base + 1).Value = RunLengths(Base) Next Base ′Worksheets(“Molecules”).Cells(6 + Molecule * 4, 50 + 1).Value = RunLengths(50) ′boundary condition ′-----Now determine the frequency distribution of each N-mer For Base = 1 To 50 If RunLengths(Base) = 1 Then TargetStrandFrequencyDist(1) = TargetStrandFrequencyDist(1) + 1 If RunLengths(Base) = 2 Then TargetStrandFrequencyDist(2) = TargetStrandFrequencyDist(2) + 1 If RunLengths(Base) = 3 Then TargetStrandFrequencyDist(3) = TargetStrandFrequencyDist(3) + 1 If RunLengths(Base) = 4 Then TargetStrandFrequencyDist(4) = TargetStrandFrequencyDist(4) + 1 If RunLengths(Base) = 5 Then TargetStrandFrequencyDist(5) = TargetStrandFrequencyDist(5) + 1 If RunLengths(Base) = 6 Then TargetStrandFrequencyDist(6) = TargetStrandFrequencyDist(6) + 1 If RunLengths(Base) = 7 Then TargetStrandFrequencyDist(7) = TargetStrandFrequencyDist(7) + 1 If RunLengths(Base) = 8 Then TargetStrandFrequencyDist(8) = TargetStrandFrequencyDist(8) + 1 If RunLengths(Base) >= 9 Then TargetStrandFrequencyDist(9) = TargetStrandFrequencyDist(9) + 1 Next Base Next Molecule For I = 1 To 9 Worksheets(“In Out”).Cells(5 + I, 10).Value = TargetStrandFrequencyDist(I) ′copy to the spreadsheet Next I End Sub Sub AnalyzeResults( ) Dim N As Integer Dim TwentyFiveMer, TwentyFiveMerAccumulator As Integer Dim LongestLength, ShortestLength As Integer Dim TempSum, Min, Max As Integer Dim AverageLength As Single ′----First we analyze the data about the degree of extension For N = 1 To 1100 ″clear the extension array. Extension(N) = 0 Next N For Molecule = 1 To MoleculesMax N = 0 For Base = 1 To 50 If SynthesizedStrand(Molecule, Base) < > 0 Then N = Base ′N = 1 ′debug statement Next Base Extension(Molecule) = N ′Worksheets(“In Out”).Range(“C13”).Value = Extension(N) ′debug statement Next Molecule ″---we now have an array of maximum lengths of each strand in Extension. We can now compute... ′First we do the average: TempSum = 0 For N = 1 To 1100 TempSum = Extension(N) + TempSum ′--grand total Next N AverageLength = TempSum / MoleculesMax Worksheets(“In Out”).Range(“D22”).Value = AverageLength ′Now we find the Min and Max Max = 0 Min = 50 For N = 1 To MoleculesMax If Max > Extension(N) Then Max = Max Else Max = Extension(N) If Min < Extension(N) Then Min = Min Else Min = Extension(N) Next N Worksheets(“In Out”).Range(“D20”).Value = Max Worksheets(“In Out”).Range(“D21”).Value = Min ′Determine what fraction of molecules are more than 25 bases long TwentyFiveMerAccumulator = 0 For N = 1 To MoleculesMax If Extension(N) > 24 Then TwentyFiveMerAccumulator = TwentyFiveMerAccumulator + 1 NextN Worksheets(“In Out”).Range(“E26”).Value = TwentyFiveMerAccumulator / MoleculesMax End Sub Sub AnalyzeSynthesizedStrands( ) Dim CurrentBase As Integer Dim BasesAhead As Integer Dim N As Integer Dim NumberedBases(51) As Integer Dim RunLengths(51) As Integer Dim TwoHitAccumulator, ThreePlusHitAccumulator, TwoHit, ThreeHit As Integer TwoHitAccumulator = 0 ThreePlusHitAccumulator = 0 For I = 1 To 50 NumberedBases(I) = 3 Next I For Molecule = 1 To MoleculesMax ′Identify Changes among bases NumberedBases(1) = 1 ′Worksheets(“Molecules”).Cells(1 + Molecule * 4, 2).Value = NumberedBases(1) ′take this out. For display only For Base = 2 To Extension(Molecule) If SynthesizedStrand(Molecule, Base − 1) < > SynthesizedStrand(Molecule, Base) Or HL_Tracker(Molecule, Base − 1) < > HL_Tracker(Molecule, Base) Then NumberedBases(Base) = 1 Else NumberedBases(Base) = 0 End If ′Worksheets(“Molecules”).Cells(1 + Molecule * 4, Base + 1).Value = NumberedBases(Base) ′take this out. For display only Next Base ′---------------compute run lengths ′′′′′But first we've got a boundary condition problem for the first base--we solve it here!! RunLengths(1) = 1 ′Worksheets(“Molecules”).Cells(1 + Molecule * 4, 2).Value = RunLengths(1) For Base = 2 To Extension(Molecule) If NumberedBases(Base) = 1 Then RunLengths(Base) = 1 Else RunLengths(Base) = RunLengths(Base − 1) + 1 End If ′Worksheets(“Molecules”).Cells(1 + Molecule * 4, Base + 1).Value = RunLengths(Base) Next Base ′----save only the terminal value of a run length For Base = 1 To Extension(Molecule) If RunLengths(Base + 1) > RunLengths(Base) Then RunLengths(Base) = 0 ′Worksheets(“Molecules”).Cells(1 + Molecule * 4, Base + 1).Value = RunLengths(Base) Next Base ′Worksheets(“Molecules”).Cells(1 + Molecule * 4, 50 + 1).Value = RunLengths(Molecule) ′boundary condition TwoHit = 0 ThreeHit = 0 For Base = 1 To Extension(Molecule) If RunLengths(Base) = 2 Then Worksheets(“Molecules”).Cells(1 + Molecule * 4, Base + 1).Interior.ColorIndex = Magenta TwoHit = 1 End If If RunLengths(Base) > 2 Then Worksheets(“Molecules”).Cells(1 + Molecule * 4, Base + 1).Interior.ColorIndex = Cyan ThreeHit = 1 End If Next Base ′--Now determine what fraction of molecules have either 2 bases or 3+ base hits and report results TwoHitAccumulator = TwoHitAccumulator + TwoHit ThreePlusHitAccumulator = ThreePlusHitAccumulator + ThreeHit Next Molecule Worksheets(“In Out”).Range(“E24”).Value = TwoHitAccumulator / MoleculesMax Worksheets(“In Out”).Range(“E25”).Value = ThreePlusHitAccumulator / MoleculesMax End Sub Public Sub Main_Line( ) Initialize ′---Creates the new strands based on number of washes for varying degrees of completion per cycle If MoleculesMax > 0 And WashCyclesMax > 0 Then CreateTargetStrands AnalyzeTargetStrands For WashCycles = 1 To WashCyclesMax ′Do the desired number of wash cycles Worksheets(“Molecules”).Range(“I3”).Value = WashCycles Synthesize Next WashCycles DrawSynthesizedStrands AnalyzeResults AnalyzeSynthesizedStrands End If End Sub EXAMPLE 3 FIG. 2 illustrates yet another simulated analysis of a number of target polynucleotides using short-cycle sequencing. The simulation was run using the program described in Examples 2a and 2b but using a larger number of target polynucleotides. That is, in this simulation, the input values used were a cycle period of 0.8 half-lives, 60 repeats of the cycle, and 200 target polynucleotide strands. FIG. 2 illustrates the results obtained. Homopolymers stretches which occurred in the same simulated complementary strand are highlighted in magenta wherever nucleotides of the same base type were incorporated in a row, and in cyan wherever more than two nucleotides of the same base type were incorporated in a row. The output values obtained were 48 incorporations in the longest extended complementary strand, 20 in the shortest, and 32.00 as the average number of incorporations for the 200 simulatedly extended complementary strands. Further, the percentage of growing stands extended by two or more nucleotides in a homopolymer stretch was 78.5%; and the percentage of growing strands extended by three or more nucleotides in a homopolymer stretch was 4.0%. That is, using a cycle period of 0.8 half-lives resulted in 96.0% of the complementary strands being extended by two or less nucleotides in a homopolymer stretch per cycle of incorporation. Moreover, 95.5% of the 200 target polynucleotides of the simulation were extended by at least 25 incorporated nucleotides, while 100% were extended by at least 20 nucleotides. This illustrated that using a cycle period of 0.8 half-lives, and repeating the cycles 60 times, allows analysis of a 20 base sequence of 200 target polynucleotides. EXAMPLE 4 This example demonstrates a method according to the invention in which a single nucleotide in a position in a nucleic acid sequence is identified. A template-bound primer is sequentially exposed first to a labeled nucleotide and then to an unlabeled nucleotide of the same type under conditions and in the presence of reagents that allow template-dependent primer extension. The template is analyzed in order to determine whether the first nucleotide is incorporated in the primer at the first position or not. If not, then the sequential exposure to labeled and unlabeled nucleotides is repeated using another type of nucleotide until one such nucleotide is determined to have incorporated at the first position. Once an incorporated nucleotide is determined, the identity of the nucleotide in the position in the nucleic acid sequence is identified as the complementary nucleotide. EXAMPLE 5 In this example, a series of reactions are performed as described above in Example 1. A nucleic acid primer is hybridized to a target nucleic acid at a primer binding site in the target. The primer comprises a donor fluorophore. The hybridized primer is exposed to a first nucleotide comprising an acceptor fluorophore comprising a blocking moiety that, when incorporated into the primer, prevents further polymerization of the primer. The presence or absence of fluorescent emission from each of the donor and the acceptor is determined. A nucleotide that has been incorporated into the primer via complementary base pairing with the target is identified by the presence of fluorescent emission from the acceptor, and a sequence placeholder is identified as the absence of fluorescent emission from the donor and the acceptor. A sequence of the target nucleic acid is complied based upon the sequence of the incorporated nucleotides and the placeholders.	<SOH> BACKGROUND <EOH>Completion of the human genome has paved the way for important insights into biologic structure and function. Knowledge of the human genome has given rise to inquiry into individual differences, as well as differences within an individual, as the basis for differences in biological function and dysfunction. For example, single nucleotide differences between individuals, called single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), are responsible for dramatic phenotypic differences. Those differences can be outward expressions of phenotype or can involve the likelihood that an individual will get a specific disease or how that individual will respond to treatment. Moreover, subtle genomic changes have been shown to be responsible for the manifestation of genetic diseases, such as cancer. A true understanding of the complexities in either normal or abnormal function will require large amounts of specific sequence information. An understanding of cancer also requires an understanding of genomic sequence complexity. Cancer is a disease that is rooted in heterogeneous genomic instability. Most cancers develop from a series of genomic changes, some subtle and some significant, that occur in a small subpopulation of cells. Knowledge of the sequence variations that lead to cancer will lead to an understanding of the etiology of the disease, as well as ways to treat and prevent it. An essential first step in understanding genomic complexity is the ability to perform high-resolution sequencing. Various approaches to nucleic acid sequencing exist. One conventional way to do bulk sequencing is by chain termination and gel separation, essentially as described by Sanger et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 74(12): 5463-67 (1977). That method relies on the generation of a mixed population of nucleic acid fragments representing terminations at each base in a sequence. The fragments are then run on an electrophoretic gel and the sequence is revealed by the order of fragments in the gel. Another conventional bulk sequencing method relies on chemical degradation of nucleic acid fragments. See, Maxam et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 74: 560-564 (1977). Finally, methods have been developed based upon sequencing by hybridization. See, e.g., Drmanac, et al., Nature Biotech., 16: 54-58 (1998). Bulk techniques, such as those described above, cannot effectively detect single nucleotide differences between samples, and are not useful for comparative whole genome sequencing. Single molecule techniques are necessary for high-resolution detection of sequence differences. There have been several recent reports of sequencing using single molecule techniques. Most conventional techniques have proposed incorporation of fluorescently-labeled nucleotides in a template-dependent manner. A fundamental problem with conventional single molecule techniques is that the sequencing reactions are run to completion. For purposes of single molecule chemistry, this typically means that template is exposed to nucleotides for incorporation for about 10 half lives. This gives rise to problems in the ability to resolve single nucleotides as they incorporate in the growing primer strand. The resolution problem becomes extreme in the situation in which the template comprises a homopolymer region. Such a region is a continuous sequence consisting of the same nucleotide species. When optical signaling is used as the detection means, conventional optics are able to reliably distinguish one from two identical bases, and sometimes two from three, but rarely more than three. Thus, single molecule sequencing using fluorescent labels in a homopolymer region typically results in a signal that does not allow accurate determination of the number of bases in the region. One method that has been developed in order to address the homopolymer issue provides for the use of nucleotide analogues that have a modification at the 3′ carbon of the sugar that reversibly blocks the hydroxyl group at that position. The added nucleotide is detected by virtue of a label that has been incorporated into the 3′ blocking group. Following detection, the blocking group is cleaved, typically, by photochemical means to expose a free hydroxyl group that is available for base addition during the next cycle. However, techniques utilizing 3′ blocking are prone to errors and inefficiencies. For example, those methods require excessive reagents, including numerous primers complementary to at least a portion of the target nucleic acids and differentially-labeled nucleotide analogues. They also require additional steps, such as cleaving the blocking group and differentiating between the various nucleotide analogues incorporated into the primer. As such, those methods have only limited usefulness. Need therefore exists for more effective and efficient methods and devices for single molecule nucleic acid sequencing.	<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>The invention provides methods for high throughput single molecule sequencing. In particular, the invention provides methods for controlling at least one parameter of a nucleotide extension reaction in order to regulate the rate at which nucleotides are added to a primer. The invention provides several ways of controlling nucleic acid sequence-by-synthesis reactions in order to increase the resolution and reliability of single molecule sequencing. Methods of the invention solve the problems that imaging systems have in accurately resolving a sequence at the single-molecule level. In particular, methods of the invention solve the problem of determining the number of nucleotides in a homopolymer stretch. Methods of the invention generally contemplate terminating sequence-by-synthesis reactions prior to completion in order to obtain increased resolution of individual nucleotides in a sequence. Fundamentally, this requires exposing nucleotides to a mixture comprising a template, a primer, and a polymerase under conditions sufficient for only limited primer extension. Reactions are conducted under conditions such that it is statistically unlikely that more than 1 or 2 nucleotides are added to a growing primer strand in any given incorporation cycle. An incorporation cycle comprises exposure of a template/primer to nucleotides directed at the base immediately downstream of the primer (this may be all four conventional nucleotides or analogs if the base is not known) and washing unhybridized nucleotide. Nucleotide addition in a sequence-by-synthesis reaction is a stochastic process. As in any chemical reaction, nucleotide addition obeys the laws of probability. Methods of the invention are concerned with controlling the rate of nucleotide addition on a per-cycle basis. That is, the invention teaches ways to control the rate of nucleotide addition within an extension cycle given the stochastic nature of the extension reaction itself. Methods of the invention are intended to control reaction rates within the variance that is inherent in a reaction that is fundamentally stochastic. Thus, the ability to control, according to the invention, base addition reactions such that, on average, no more than two bases are added in any cycle takes into account the inherent statistics of the reactions. The invention thus teaches polynucleotide sequence analysis using short cycle chemistry. One embodiment of the invention provides methods for slowing or reversibly inhibiting the activity of polymerase during a sequencing-by-synthesis reaction. Other methods teach altering the time of exposure of nucleotides to the template-primer complex. Still other methods teach the use of physical blockers that temporarily halt or slow polymerase activity and/or nucleotide addition. In general, any component of the reaction that permits regulation of the number of labeled nucleotides added to the primer per cycle, or the rate at which the nucleotides are incorporated and detected per cycle is useful in methods of the invention. Additional components include, but are not limited to, the presence or absence of a label on a nucleotide, the type of label and manner of attaching the label; the linker identity and length used to attach the label; the type of nucleotide (including, for example, whether such nucleotide is a dATP, dCTP, dTTP, dGTP or dUTP; a natural or non-natural nucleotide, a nucleotide analogue, or a modified nucleotide); the “half-life” of the extension cycle (where one half-life is the time taken for at least one incorporation to occur in 50% of the complementary strands); the local sequence immediately 3′ to the addition position; whether such base is the first, second, third, etc. base added; the type of polymerase used; the particular batch characteristics of the polymerase; the processivity of the polymerase; the incorporation rate of the polymerase; the number of wash cycles (i.e., the number of times a nucleotide is introduced to the reaction then washed out); the number of target nucleic acids in the reaction; the temperature of the reaction and the reagents used in the reaction. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, a nucleic acid template is exposed to a primer capable of hybridizing to the template and a polymerase capable of catalyzing nucleotide addition to the primer. A labeled nucleotide is introduced for a period of time that is statistically insufficient for incorporation of more than about 2 nucleotides per cycle. Nucleotide exposure may also be coordinated with polymerization inhibition such that, on average, 0, 1, or 2 labeled nucleotides are added to the primer, but that 3 labeled nucleotides are almost never added to the primer in each cycle. Ideally, the exposure time, during which labeled nucleotides are exposed to the template-primer complex, is statistically insufficient for incorporation of more nucleotides than are resolvable by a detection system used to detect incorporation. The invention also contemplates performing a plurality of base incorporation cycles. Each cycle comprises exposing a template nucleic acid to a labeled nucleotide that is not a chain-terminating nucleotide. The labeled nucleotide is incorporated into a primer hybridized to the template nucleic acid if the nucleotide is capable of hybridizing to the template nucleotide immediately upstream of the primer and there is about a 99% probability that two or fewer of said nucleotides are incorporated into the same primer strand per cycle. Incorporated nucleotides are then identified. Methods of the invention also make use of differential base incorporation rates in order to control overall reaction rates. For example, the rate of incorporation is lower for a second nucleotide given incorporation of a prior nucleotide immediately upstream of the second. This effect is magnified if the first nucleotide comprises a label or other group that hinders processivity of the polymerase. By determining an approximate reduction in the rate of incorporation of the second nucleotide, one can regulated the time of exposure of a sample to a second labeled nucleotide such that the time is statistically insufficient for incorporation of more nucleotides than are resolvable by a detection system used to detect incorporation of the nucleotide into the primer. The invention may also be conducted using a plurality of primer extension cycles, wherein each cycle comprises exposing a target nucleic acid to a primer capable of hybridizing to the target, thereby forming a primed target; exposing the primed target to a labeled nucleic acid in the presence of a nucleic acid polymerase, coordinating transient inhibition of the polymerase and time of exposure to the labeled nucleotide such that it is statistically likely that at least one of said labeled nucleic acid is incorporated in the primer, but statistically unlikely that more than two of the labeled nucleotide are incorporated in the primer. According to another embodiment, methods of the invention comprise conducting a cycle of template-dependent nucleic acid primer extension in the presence of a polymerase and a labeled nucleotide; inhibiting polymerase activity such that it is statistically unlikely that more than about 2 nucleotides are incorporated into the same primer strand in the cycle; washing unincorporated labeled nucleotide away from the template; detecting any incorporation of the labeled nucleotide; neutralizing label in any incorporated labeled nucleotide; removing the inhibition; repeating the foregoing steps; and compiling a sequence based upon the sequence of nucleotides incorporated into the primer. In another embodiment, the invention provides a method comprising exposing a nucleic acid template to a primer capable of hybridizing to a portion of the template in order to form a template/primer complex reaction mixture; adding a labeled nucleotide in the presence of a polymerase to the mixture under conditions that promote incorporation of the nucleotide into the primer if the nucleotide is complementary to a nucleotide in the template that is downstream of said primer; coordinating removal of the labeled nucleotide and inhibition of the polymerase so that no more than about 2 nucleotides are incorporated into the same primer; identifying labeled nucleotide that has been incorporated into said primer; repeating the foregoing steps at least once; and determining a sequence of the template based upon the order of the nucleotides incorporated into the primer. According to another embodiment, the method comprises exposing a template nucleic acid to a primer capable of hybridizing to a portion of the template upstream of a region of the template to be sequenced; introducing a labeled nucleic acid and a polymerase to the template under conditions wherein the labeled nucleic acid will be incorporated in the primer if the labeled nucleic acid is capable of hybridizing with a base downstream of the primer; and controlling the rate of the incorporation by limiting the time of exposure of the labeled nucleic acid to the template or by inhibiting the polymerase at a predefined time after exposure of the template to the labeled nucleotide; detecting incorporation of the labeled nucleotide into the primer; and identifying the nucleotide in the template as the complement of labeled nucleotide incorporated into the primer. In yet another embodiment, methods of the invention comprise exposing a target polynucleotide to a primer capable of hybridizing to the polynucleotide, extending the primer in the presence of a polymerizing agent and one or more extendible nucleotides, each comprising a detectable label. The polymerizing agent is exposed to a cofactor (i.e., any agent that decreases or halts polymerase activity), and the incorporation of label is detected. The steps of extending the primer and exposing the polymerizing agent to a cofactor may be performed simultaneously, or may be performed in separate steps. In one embodiment, the method further comprises inactivating the cofactor, thereby reversing its effect on the polymerizing agent. Modes of inactivation depend on the cofactor. For example, where the cofactor is attached to the nucleotide, inactivation can typically be achieved by cleaving the cofactor from the nucleotide. Methods of the invention also address the problem of reduced detection due to a failure of some strands in a given cycle to incorporate labeled nucleotide. In each incorporation cycle, a certain number of strands fail to incorporate a nucleotide that should be incorporated based upon its ability to hybridize to a nucleotide present in the template. The strands that fail to incorporate a nucleotide in a cycle will not be prepared to incorporate a nucleotide in the next cycle (unless it happens to be the same as the unincorporated nucleotide, in which case the strand will still lag behind unless both nucleotides are incorporated in the same cycle). Essentially, this situation results in the strands that failed to incorporate being unavailable for subsequent polymerase-catalyzed additions to the primer. That, in turn, leads to fewer strands available for base addition in each successive cycle (assuming the non-incorporation occurs in all or most cycles). The invention overcomes this problem by exposing a template/primer complex to a labeled nucleotide that is capable of hybridizing to the template nucleotide immediately downstream of the primer. After removing unbound labeled nucleotide, the sample is exposed to unlabeled nucleotide, preferably in excess, of the same species. The unlabeled nucleotide “fills in” the positions in which hybridization of the labeled nucleotide did not occur. That functions to increase the number of strands that are available for participation in the next round. The effect is to increase resolution in subsequent rounds over background. In a preferred embodiment, the labeled nucleotide comprises a label that impedes the ability of polymerase to add a downstream nucleotide, thus temporarily halting the synthesis reaction until unlabeled nucleotide can be added, at which point polymerase inhibition is removed and t he next incorporation cycle is conducted One feature of this embodiment is that a sequence is compiled based upon the incorporation data, while allowing maximum strand participation in each cycle. Thus, methods of the invention are useful for identifying placeholders in some strands in a population of strands being sequenced. As long as there are no more than two consecutive placeholders in any one strand, the invention has a high tolerance for placeholders with little or no effect on the ultimate sequence determination. Methods of the invention are also useful for identifying a single nucleotide in a nucleic acid sequence. The method comprises the steps of sequentially exposing a template-bound primer to a labeled nucleotide and an unlabeled nucleotide of the same type in the presence of a polymerase under conditions that allow template-dependent primer extension; determining whether the first nucleotide is incorporated in the primer at a first position; repeating the sequentially exposing step using subsequent labeled and unlabeled nucleotides until a nucleotide is identified at the first position. Identification of nucleotides in a sequence can be accomplished according to the invention using fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). Single pair FRET (spFRET) is a good mechanism for increasing signal-to-noise in single molecule sequencing. Generally, a FRET donor (e.g., cyanine-3) is placed on the primer, on the polymerase, or on a previously incorporated nucleotide. The primer/template complex then is exposed to a nucleotide comprising a FRET acceptor (e.g., cyanine-5). If the nucleotide is incorporated, the acceptor is activated and emits detectable radiation, while the donor goes dark. That is the indication that a nucleotide has been incorporated. The nucleotide is identified based upon knowledge of which nucleotide species contained the acceptor. The invention also provides methods for identifying a placeholder in a nucleic acid sequence using FRET. A nucleic acid primer is hybridized to a target nucleic acid at a primer binding site in the target. The primer comprises a donor fluorophore. The hybridized primer is exposed to a first nucleotide comprising an acceptor fluorophore that, when incorporated into the primer, prevents further polymerization of the primer. Whether there is fluorescent emission from the donor and the acceptor is determined, and a placeholder in the nucleic acid sequence is identified as the absence of emission in both the donor and the acceptor. In another embodiment, the method comprises hybridizing a nucleic acid primer comprising a donor fluorophore to a target nucleic acid at a primer binding site in the target; exposing the hybridized primer to a first nucleotide comprising an acceptor fluorophore that, when incorporated into the primer, prevents further polymerization of the primer; detecting the presence or absence of fluorescent emission from each of the donor and the acceptor; identifying a nucleotide that has been incorporated into the primer via complementary base pairing with the target as the presence of fluorescent emission from the acceptor; identifying a sequence placeholder as the absence of fluorescent emission from the donor and the acceptor; and repeating the exposing, detecting, and each of the identifying steps, thereby to compile a sequence of the target nucleic acid based upon the sequence of the incorporated nucleotides and the placeholders. The invention is useful in sequencing any form of polynucleotides, such as double-stranded DNA, single-stranded DNA, single-stranded DNA hairpins, DNA/RNA hybrids, RNAs with a recognition site for binding of the polymerizing agent, and RNA hairpins. The invention is particularly useful in high throughput sequencing of single molecule polynucleotides in which a plurality of target polynucleotides are attached to a solid support in a spatial arrangement such that each polynucleotides is individually optically resolvable. According to the invention, each detected incorporated label represents a single polynucleotide. A detailed description of the certain embodiments of the invention is provided below. Other embodiments of the invention are apparent upon review of the detailed description that follows.	20040524	20070130	20050512	92424.0		1	WHISENANT, ETHAN C	SHORT CYCLE METHODS FOR SEQUENCING POLYNUCLEOTIDES	UNDISCOUNTED	0	ACCEPTED		2,004
10,852,535	ACCEPTED	Rotating display device and electrical apparatus employing the same	A rotating display device displays a value in a variable viewing orientation. The value is received from an electrical apparatus, such as a circuit breaker, having a first port. The rotating display device includes a housing having a first side and a second side, a display disposed on the first side of the housing, a rotating assembly disposed on the second side, and a second port for receiving the value from the first port of the electrical apparatus. The second port communicates with the display and is coupled to the rotating assembly in order to permit the display to rotate. The rotating assembly permits the rotating display device to rotate in the plane of the surface of the circuit breaker on which it is mounted, thereby permitting the display to be quickly and accurately viewed and interpreted regardless of the orientation of the surface to which it is coupled.	1. A rotating display device for displaying a value in a variable viewing orientation, said value being received from an electrical apparatus having a first port, said rotating display device comprising: a housing including a first side and a second side; a display disposed on the first side of said housing; a rotating assembly disposed on the second side of said housing; and a second port structured to receive said value from said first port of said electrical apparatus, said second port communicating with said display and being coupled to said rotating assembly, in order to permit said display to rotate. 2. The rotating display device of claim 1 wherein said first and second ports are first and second connectors, respectively. 3. The rotating display device of claim 2 wherein said housing includes a first half and a second half, the first half including a display opening for receiving said display; wherein said display is coupled to a printed circuit board which is securely disposed between the first and second halves of said housing; and wherein said printed circuit board is electrically connected to said second connector, said printed circuit board receiving said value from said second connector. 4. The rotating display device of claim 2 wherein said electrical apparatus is a circuit breaker; wherein said rotating display device is a rotating ammeter; and wherein said value represents an electrical current received from said first connector of said circuit breaker by said second connector of said rotating ammeter and displayed on said display thereof. 5. The rotating display device of claim 4 wherein said circuit breaker includes an exposed surface; wherein said rotating ammeter is coupled to said exposed surface; and wherein said rotating assembly is structured to permit said rotating ammeter to rotate with respect to the plane of said exposed surface independent of rotation of the plane of said exposed surface. 6. The rotating display device of claim 5 wherein said circuit breaker includes a first end and a second end; wherein a removable trip unit is disposed at the first end of said circuit breaker; wherein said first connector is a test port disposed on said removable trip unit; and wherein said second connector of said rotating ammeter is structured to plug into said test port of said removable trip unit. 7. The rotating display device of claim 4 wherein said circuit breaker is a low voltage circuit breaker. 8. The rotating display device of claim 2 wherein the second side of said housing includes a generally circular aperture; wherein said rotating assembly includes a generally circular member rotatably engaged within said generally circular aperture; and wherein said second connector is disposed on said generally circular member. 9. The rotating display device of claim 8 wherein said rotating assembly further includes an elevated collar projecting from the second side of said housing; wherein said generally circular aperture is formed through the center of said elevated collar; and wherein said elevated collar is structured to receive said generally circular member within said generally circular aperture and permit it to rotate therein. 10. The rotating display device of claim 9 wherein said elevated collar further includes a generally circular recessed portion structured to receive said generally circular member, said generally circular aperture being formed through the center of said generally circular recessed portion; and wherein said generally circular member includes first and second tabs structured to rotatably secure said generally circular member within said generally circular recessed portion of said elevated collar. 11. The rotating display device of claim 10 wherein said generally circular recessed portion of said elevated collar further includes an arcuate channel and a plurality of holes disposed around said generally circular aperture; wherein said generally circular member further includes a projection and at least one knub; wherein said arcuate channel is structured to receive said projection, in order to permit it to slide therein; and wherein said at least one knub is structured to engage at least one of said holes surrounding said generally circular aperture, in order to temporarily resist further rotation and maintain the position of said generally circular member with respect to said rotating display device housing and said display disposed on the first side thereof. 12. The rotating display device of claim 11 wherein said arcuate channel extends about three-fourths of the way around said generally circular recessed portion, in order to limit travel of said projection therein, thereby limiting rotation of said generally circular member to about 270°. 13. The rotating display device of claim 1 wherein said display is a digital display. 14. An electrical apparatus comprising: an enclosure; a first port disposed on said enclosure for outputting a value, said value representing a parameter of said electrical apparatus; and a rotating display device coupled to said first port for receiving said value and displaying it in a variable viewing orientation, said rotating display device comprising: a housing including a first side and a second side; a display disposed on the first side of said housing; a rotating assembly disposed on the second side of said housing; and a second port receiving said value from said first port of said electrical apparatus, said second port communicating with said display and being coupled to said rotating assembly, in order to permit said display to rotate. 15. The electrical apparatus of claim 14 wherein said first and second ports are first and second connectors, respectively. 16. The electrical apparatus of claim 15 wherein said housing includes a first half and a second half, the first half including a display opening receiving said display therein; wherein said display is coupled to a printed circuit board which is securely disposed between the first and second halves of said housing; and wherein said printed circuit board is electrically connected to said second connector, said printed circuit board receiving said value from said second connector. 17. The electrical apparatus of claim 15 wherein said electrical apparatus is a circuit breaker; wherein said rotating display device is a rotating ammeter; and wherein said value represents an electrical current received from said first connector of said circuit breaker by said second connector of said rotating ammeter and displayed on said display thereof. 18. The electrical apparatus of claim 17 wherein said enclosure includes an exposed surface; wherein said rotating ammeter is coupled to said exposed surface; and wherein said rotating assembly permits said rotating ammeter to rotate with respect to the plane of said exposed surface independent of rotation of the plane of said exposed surface. 19. The electrical apparatus of claim 18 wherein said circuit breaker includes a first end and a second end; wherein said circuit breaker further includes a removable trip unit disposed at the first end of said circuit breaker; wherein said first connector is a test port disposed on said trip unit; and wherein said second connector of said rotating ammeter plugs into said test port of said trip unit. 20. The electrical apparatus of claim 17 wherein said circuit breaker is a low voltage circuit breaker. 21. The electrical apparatus of claim 15 wherein the second side of said housing includes a generally circular aperture; wherein said rotating assembly includes a generally circular member rotatably engaged within said generally circular aperture; and wherein said second connector is disposed on said generally circular member. 22. The electrical apparatus of claim 21 wherein said rotating assembly further includes an elevated collar projecting from the second side of said housing and having a generally circular recessed portion, which rotatably receives said generally circular member; wherein said generally circular aperture is formed through the center of said generally circular recessed portion; and wherein said generally circular member includes first and second tabs which are inserted through said generally circular aperture, in order to secure said generally circular member within said generally circular recessed portion while permitting it to rotate therein. 23. The electrical apparatus of claim 22 wherein said generally circular recessed portion of said elevated collar further includes an arcuate channel that extends about three-fourths of the way around said generally circular aperture therein, and a plurality of holes disposed around said generally circular aperture; wherein said generally circular member further includes at least one knub and a projection which engages said arcuate channel and slides therein, in order to permit the remainder of said housing of said rotating display device and said display thereon to rotate about 270° with respect to said generally circular member; and wherein said at least one knub on said generally circular member engages at least one of said holes disposed within said generally circular recessed portion, thereby temporarily resisting further rotation and maintaining the position of said housing and said display on the first side thereof in one of a plurality of rotated positions predeterminately established by the location of said holes in said generally circular recessed portion. 24. The electrical apparatus of claim 14 wherein said display is a digital display.	BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates generally to electrical apparatus and, more particularly, to a display device for receiving and displaying a value from an electrical apparatus. The invention also relates to an electrical apparatus including a display device. 2. Background Information Displaying operating parameters (e.g., without limitation, voltage; electrical current; frequency) provides one way for a user to ensure that an electrical apparatus is operating properly. Accordingly, electrical apparatus including electrical switching apparatus, such as circuit switching devices and circuit interrupters (e.g., without limitation, circuit breakers, contactors, motor starters, motor controllers and other load controllers), often include a connector for outputting a value. The value outputted on the connector is typically indicative of one or more operating parameters. Circuit breakers, such as the low voltage circuit breaker 2, shown in FIG. 1, exemplify one type of electrical apparatus that may include such a connector 4. Circuit breakers are used to protect electrical circuitry from damage due to an over current condition, such as an overload condition or a relatively high level short circuit or fault condition. As shown in FIG. 1, the low voltage circuit breaker 2, for example, includes a housing 6 enclosing at least one pair of separable contacts (not shown) which are operated either manually, by way of an operating handle 8 disposed on the outside of the housing 6, or automatically by way of a trip unit 10 in response to an over current condition. In this example, the circuit breaker trip unit 10 is a modular component that can be interchanged (as best shown in FIG. 2), in order to change the trip characteristics of the circuit breaker 2. As shown, the connector 4, in this case a trip unit testing port, may be located on the trip unit 10. The connector 4 outputs the value, such as, for example, the amount of load current flowing through the circuit breaker 2, to a display device, such as, for example, an ammeter 12 (FIG. 2), in order to display the value on a display 20 thereon. However, electrical apparatus, including circuit breakers, are often mounted or disposed in a wide variety of orientations with the position of the display device display being dictated by such orientation and the corresponding orientation of the connector on the electrical apparatus. This has made it difficult to read the value displayed on the display when the electrical apparatus is disposed in any orientation other than a vertical one. For example, the circuit breaker discussed above could be mounted sideways in an inverted orientation, thereby requiring the ammeter to be oriented in a corresponding sideways or inverted orientation. This would result in the electrical current value being displayed in an improper orientation making it difficult to be accurately read or interpreted by a user. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION There is, therefore, a need for a rotating display device that can be rotated to permit viewing of the display in a proper viewing orientation regardless of the position of the electrical apparatus to which it is connected. These needs and others are satisfied by the present invention, which provides a rotating display device for receiving a value from the connector of an electrical apparatus and displaying it in the proper viewing orientation, regardless of the position in which the surface of the electrical apparatus to which it is mounted, is disposed. As one aspect of the invention, a rotating display device displays a value in a variable viewing orientation, with the value being received from an electrical apparatus having a first port. The rotating display device comprises: a housing including a first side and a second side; a display disposed on the first side of the housing; a rotating assembly disposed on the second side of the housing; and a second port structured to receive the value from the first port of the electrical apparatus, the second port communicating with the display and being coupled to the rotating assembly, in order to permit the display to rotate. As another aspect of the invention, an electrical apparatus comprises: an enclosure; a first port disposed on the enclosure for outputting a value, the value representing a parameter of the electrical apparatus; and a rotating display device coupled to the first port for receiving the value and displaying it in a variable viewing orientation, the rotating display device comprising: a housing including a first side and a second side; a display disposed on the first side of the housing; a rotating assembly disposed on the second side of the housing; and a second port receiving the value from the first port of the electrical apparatus, the second port communicating with the display and being coupled to the rotating assembly, in order to permit the display to rotate. The enclosure of the electrical apparatus may include an exposed surface. The rotating display device may be mounted to the exposed surface with the rotating assembly being structured to permit the rotating display device to rotate with respect to the plane of the exposed surface, independent of rotation of the plane of the exposed surface. The first and second ports may be first and second connectors, respectively. The electrical apparatus may be a circuit breaker, for example, with the rotating display device being a rotating ammeter wherein the value represents an electrical current received from the first connector of the circuit breaker by the second connector of the rotating ammeter and displayed on the display thereof. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS A full understanding of the invention can be gained from the following description of the preferred embodiments when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which: FIG. 1 is a vertical elevational view of a low voltage circuit breaker. FIG. 2 is an exploded isometric view of an electrical apparatus assembly including the circuit breaker of FIG. 1 and a display device. FIG. 3 is an isometric view of the display side of a rotating display device in accordance with the present invention. FIG. 4 is an isometric view of the connector side of the rotating display device of FIG. 3. FIG. 5 is an exploded isometric view of the rotating display device of FIG. 4. FIG. 6 is an isometric view of the interior of the second half of the housing for the rotating display device of FIG. 5, showing internal structures of the rotating assembly. FIG. 7 is a vertical elevational view of the low voltage circuit breaker of FIG. 1 employing the rotating display device of FIG. 3. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS For purposes of illustration, the invention will be described as applied to rotating display devices for displaying a value received from the test port of a low voltage circuit breaker trip unit, although it will become apparent that it could also be applied to other types of circuit breakers (e.g., without limitation, residential circuit breakers; power circuit breakers; molded case circuit breakers), which output a value on a port (e.g., a connector), as well as to other electrical apparatus such as, for example, circuit switching devices and other circuit interrupters such as contactors, motor starters, motor controllers and other load controllers, which output a value on a port (e.g., a connector). As employed herein, the statement that two or more parts are “coupled” together shall mean that the parts are joined together either directly or joined through one or more intermediate parts. As employed herein, the term “fastener” refers to any suitable fastening, connecting or tightening mechanism expressly including, but not limited to, screws, bolts and the combination of bolts and nuts. As employed herein, the term “display device” refers to an apparatus which is structured to receive and display a value that is outputted by the connector of an electrical apparatus. For example, the exemplary rotating display device of the present invention is a rotating ammeter that plugs into, for example, the connector of a circuit breaker, and receives and displays, for example, a load current value. As employed herein, the term “low voltage circuit breaker” refers to a circuit breaker that generally operates at a voltage rating of less than about 600 volts. As employed herein, the term “variable viewing orientation” refers to the ability of the display for a rotating display device to be rotated, for example, to a variety of viewing orientations, in order to permit a user to accurately view and interpret the value displayed thereon even when the connector of the electrical apparatus to which it is coupled is disposed in a different or non-standard orientation. FIG. 2 illustrates a display device, such as the ammeter 12 shown, for use in receiving and displaying a parameter value from the connector 4 of an electrical apparatus, such as the exemplary low voltage circuit breaker 2. The basic components of the low voltage circuit breaker 2 include the housing 6, the operating handle 8 protruding from an opening in the top of the housing 6 and first and second ends 14, 16, respectively. The exemplary low voltage circuit breaker 2 includes the removable trip unit 10 structured for removable insertion proximate the first end 14 of the housing 6. The exemplary connector is a test port 4 coupled to the top, exposed surface of the trip unit 1 0. The test port 4 is structured to output the value of one or more circuit breaker parameters. The ammeter 12 includes a second connector (not shown) adapted to electrically connect to the test port 4. Once connected, the ammeter 12 receives a value such as, for example, the amount of load current flowing through the circuit breaker 2, and displays such value on the ammeter display 20. However, because the ammeter 12 cannot be rotated with respect to the position in which it is mounted on the test port 4, the orientation in which a user may view the display 20 is dictated by the orientation of the surface 18 of the low voltage circuit breaker 2 to which it is mounted. FIG. 3 shows a rotating display device in accordance with the present invention, which overcomes this disadvantage. The exemplary rotating display device is a rotating ammeter 52 for displaying the load current value in a variable viewing orientation. As shown, the rotating ammeter 52 includes a housing 54 having a first side 56 and a second side 58. The exemplary housing 54 further includes a first half 60 and a second half 62. A display 100 is disposed in a display opening 64 in the first side 56 of the housing 54. The exemplary display is a digital display 100 for displaying circuit breaker parameters such as, for example, the amount of load current flowing through the low voltage circuit breaker 2, in a digital format which can be quickly and easily read and interpreted by a user. However, it will be appreciated that any suitable alternative display format (not shown) expressly including, but not limited to, an analog display (not shown) or an electromechanical display (not shown) could be employed. Continuing to refer to FIG. 3, the exemplary rotating ammeter 52 also includes a number of control buttons 104 (two are shown in FIG. 3) protruding through openings 66 in the first half 60 of the housing 54. The control buttons 104 are an optional feature designed to permit the user to control the display 100. For example, the control buttons 104 may permit the user to switch the parameter being displayed (e.g., current; voltage) or to change the units in which the parameter is displayed (e.g., amps; milliamps). Additionally, an indicator, such as the exemplary light emitting diode (LED) 106, shown in FIG. 3, may optionally be included for indicating, for example, when the rotating ammeter 52 is electrically connected to the connector 4 (FIG. 1) of the low voltage circuit breaker 2 (FIG. 1). As will be discussed hereinbelow, the exemplary digital display 100 and optional control buttons 104 and LED 106 are electrically connected to a printed circuit board (PCB) 102 (shown in FIG. 5). The PCB 102 (FIG. 5) is electrically connected to a port (e.g., connector 72 (FIGS. 4-6)) of the rotating ammeter 52 by electrical wiring 108 (FIG. 5) or any other suitable alternative communication mechanism, such as another electrical port (e.g., connector)(not shown), an optical port (e.g., connector; output; input)(not shown), or a wireless (e.g., radio frequency (RF); infrared) port (e.g. antenna; output; input)(not shown). Referring now to FIG. 4, the rotating ammeter 52 includes a rotating assembly 70 disposed on the second side 58 of the second half 62 of housing 54. The connector 72, which is structured to receive the value from the connector 4 (as best shown in FIG. 2) on the circuit breaker 2 (FIG. 2), is coupled to the rotating assembly 70 in order to permit the digital display 100 (FIG. 3) to rotate with respect to the circuit breaker 2 (best shown in FIG. 7). As shown, the second side 58 of the housing 54 includes a generally circular aperture 74. A generally circular member 76 is rotatably engaged within the generally circular aperture 74. The exemplary rotating assembly 70 further includes an elevated collar 78 projecting from the second side of the second half 62 of housing 54. The exemplary generally circular aperture 74 is formed through the center of the elevated collar 78 (as best shown in FIG. 5). As will be discussed in detail hereinbelow, the generally circular member 76 is rotatably disposed within the elevated collar 78. FIG. 5 shows an exploded view of the components of the exemplary rotating ammeter 52, including the exemplary rotating assembly 70. As shown, the first and second halves 60,62 of the rotating ammeter housing 54 enclose the printed circuit board 102 therebetween. The printed circuit board 102 is secured within the housing 54 by being sandwiched between the first and second halves 60, 62, respectively. Any suitable fastener, such as a plurality of screws (not shown), may be employed to secure the first and second halves 60, 62 of the housing 54 together. The exemplary digital display 100 (FIG. 7) and control buttons 104 are inserted through the display opening 64 and control button openings 66 (FIG. 3), respectively, in the first side 56 of the first half 60 of housing 54. As shown, the exemplary digital display 100 (not shown in FIG. 5) and control buttons 104 are disposed on the printed circuit board 102. As employed, the circuitry (not shown) of the printed circuit board 102 receives the value from the connector 72 and displays it on the digital display 100. The exemplary printed circuit board 102 is electrically connected to the connector 72 on the generally circular member 76 by electrical wires 108. The exemplary wires 108 have a suitable amount of slack to permit the remainder of the housing 54 to rotate with respect to the generally circular member 76 without damaging the wires 108. However, the exact arrangement and number of electrical wires 108 (two electrical wires 108 are shown in FIG. 5) providing the electrical port are not meant to be limiting aspects of the present invention. Moreover, it will be appreciated that, as alternatives to the electrical port, any suitable communication mechanism (not shown) other than the exemplary wires 108, such as another electrical connection or port (not shown), an optical port (not shown), or a wireless (e.g., radio frequency (RF); infrared) port (not shown), may be employed. As shown, the exemplary circular member 76 is rotatably disposed within a generally circular recessed portion 80 formed in the elevated collar 78 on the second side 58 of the second half 62 of housing 54. The generally circular recessed portion 80 includes an arcuate channel 82, which extends about three-fourths of the way around the generally circular aperture 74. A plurality of holes 84 (e.g., eight holes 84 are shown in FIG. 5) are symmetrically disposed around the periphery of the generally circular aperture 74. A projection 88 on the backside of the generally circular member 76 engages the arcuate channel 82 and slides therein. In this manner, the remainder of the housing 54 and the digital display 100 (FIG. 7) thereon, may rotate with respect to the generally circular member 76, about 270°, which corresponds to the amount the projection 88 may slide within the arcuate channel 82. By limiting the degrees of rotation, the rotating ammeter 52 is capable of rotating sufficiently enough for the user to view the digital display 100 (FIG. 7) in a wide range of orientations, while preventing the wires 108 or other suitable communication mechanism (not shown), which electrically connects the printed circuit board 102 to the back of the connector 72, from getting entangled or damaged. However, it will be appreciated that the arcuate channel 82 could alternatively extend beyond the exemplary distance of three-fourths of the way around the generally circular aperture 74, thereby permitting the remainder of the housing 54 and the digital display 100 ( FIG. 7) thereon, to rotate greater than the exemplary 270°. For example, if the arcuate recess 82 were to extend almost the entire way around (not shown) the generally circular aperture 74, the housing 54 would be able to rotate up to about 360° with respect to the generally circular member 76 while still preventing the exemplary wires 108 from getting entangled or damaged. FIG. 6 illustrates the interior of the second half 62 of the housing 54 (FIG. 3) and the interior of the rotating assembly 70. As previously discussed, the elevated collar 78 projects from the second side 58 and includes a generally circular recessed portion 80 (as best shown in FIG. 5). The plurality of holes 84 are disposed on the generally circular recessed portion 80, as shown. The back or opposite side of the arcuate channel 82, previously discussed in connection with FIG. 5, appears as an arcuate projection 82 on the generally circular recessed portion 80, which extends about three-fourths of the way around the generally circular aperture 74, as shown. Continuing to refer to FIG. 6, the generally circular member 76 includes first and second tabs 90, 92 which are inserted through the generally circular aperture 74 and engage the backside of the generally circular recessed portion 80, in order to hold the generally circular member 76 within the elevated collar 78 while permitting it to rotate therein. Specifically, the tabs 90, 92 extend through the generally circular aperture 74 and overlap a portion of the interior side of the generally circular recessed portion 80, as shown. The generally circular member 76 further includes at least one molded knub 86 (two molded knubs 86 are shown in two holes 84 in FIG. 6). As shown, the two molded knubs 86 are structured for insertion into two of the holes 84 disposed around the generally circular aperture 74 in the generally circular recessed portion 80. In this manner, the molded knubs 86 provide some resistance to rotation and temporarily maintain the position of the digital display 100 (FIG. 7) in one of a plurality of predetermined rotated positions corresponding to the locations of the holes 84. It will be appreciated that any suitable alternative rotating assembly (not shown) could be employed in a wide variety of orientations (not shown) with respect to the housing 54 of the rotating display device 52, in order to permit the rotating display device 52 and the display 100 (FIG. 3) thereon to rotate with respect to the circuit breaker 2 (FIG. 7) to which it is mounted. FIG. 7 illustrates the exemplary rotating ammeter 52 coupled to the test port 4 (FIG. 2) of the trip unit 10 for the exemplary low voltage circuit breaker 2. As shown, the rotating ammeter 52 is mounted on the exposed surface 18 of the circuit breaker enclosure 6. In this example, the connector 72 (as best shown in FIG. 4) of the rotating assembly 70 (as best shown in FIGS. 5 and 6) is plugged into the test port 4 (FIG. 2), in order to receive a value indicative of the amount of load current flowing through the circuit breaker 2, and display it on the exemplary digital display 100. The exemplary low voltage circuit breaker 2 shown in FIG. 7 is disposed in a vertical orientation, thus not requiring the rotating ammeter 52 to be rotated in order to view the digital display 100 in the correct orientation (i.e., a substantially vertical orientation). However, as previously discussed, it is well known that electrical apparatus, such as the exemplary circuit breaker 2, may be employed in a variety of applications in which they are required to be disposed in an orientation other than a vertical one. For example, as previously discussed, the exemplary low voltage circuit breaker 2 could alternatively be mounted in a sideways (not shown) or inverted orientation (not shown). Unlike the prior art ammeter 12 discussed above in connection with FIG. 2, which cannot be rotated and would therefore display the value in an undesirable sideways or inverted orientation, the exemplary rotating assembly 70 (FIGS. 5, 6 and 7) permits the rotating ammeter 52 to be rotated, in order for the user to easily and quickly view and interpret the digital display 100 in the correct or substantially vertical orientation, despite the non-vertical or non-standard orientation (not shown) of the exposed circuit breaker surface 18 on which it is mounted. Accordingly, the present invention provides a simple and effective rotating display device as contrasted with the known prior art. By permitting the display to rotate in the plane of the surface 18 of the electrical apparatus on which it is mounted, the user can easily and quickly view and interpret the display regardless of the orientation of the electrical apparatus surface 18 (e.g., as the surface 18 is rotated clockwise or counterclockwise with respect to FIG. 7) to which it is coupled. It will also be appreciated that, while for clarity of disclosure, reference has been made herein to the rotating display device as being a rotating ammeter 52 for displaying electrical current values, it could alternatively be another type of rotating display device for displaying a wide variety of parameters other than, or in addition to, electrical current. It will further be appreciated that the rotating display device could employ more than one display (not shown) for displaying a number of such parameters. It will still further be appreciated that the rotating display device may be coupled to an electrical apparatus connector disposed on any surface of the electrical apparatus, in addition to the exposed surface, which has been described herein. Therefore, while specific embodiments of the invention have been described in detail, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that various modifications and alternatives to those details could be developed in light of the overall teachings of the disclosure. Accordingly, the particular arrangements disclosed are meant to be illustrative only and not limiting as to the scope of invention which is to be given the full breadth of the claims appended and any and all equivalents thereof.	<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates generally to electrical apparatus and, more particularly, to a display device for receiving and displaying a value from an electrical apparatus. The invention also relates to an electrical apparatus including a display device. 2. Background Information Displaying operating parameters (e.g., without limitation, voltage; electrical current; frequency) provides one way for a user to ensure that an electrical apparatus is operating properly. Accordingly, electrical apparatus including electrical switching apparatus, such as circuit switching devices and circuit interrupters (e.g., without limitation, circuit breakers, contactors, motor starters, motor controllers and other load controllers), often include a connector for outputting a value. The value outputted on the connector is typically indicative of one or more operating parameters. Circuit breakers, such as the low voltage circuit breaker 2 , shown in FIG. 1 , exemplify one type of electrical apparatus that may include such a connector 4 . Circuit breakers are used to protect electrical circuitry from damage due to an over current condition, such as an overload condition or a relatively high level short circuit or fault condition. As shown in FIG. 1 , the low voltage circuit breaker 2 , for example, includes a housing 6 enclosing at least one pair of separable contacts (not shown) which are operated either manually, by way of an operating handle 8 disposed on the outside of the housing 6 , or automatically by way of a trip unit 10 in response to an over current condition. In this example, the circuit breaker trip unit 10 is a modular component that can be interchanged (as best shown in FIG. 2 ), in order to change the trip characteristics of the circuit breaker 2 . As shown, the connector 4 , in this case a trip unit testing port, may be located on the trip unit 10 . The connector 4 outputs the value, such as, for example, the amount of load current flowing through the circuit breaker 2 , to a display device, such as, for example, an ammeter 12 ( FIG. 2 ), in order to display the value on a display 20 thereon. However, electrical apparatus, including circuit breakers, are often mounted or disposed in a wide variety of orientations with the position of the display device display being dictated by such orientation and the corresponding orientation of the connector on the electrical apparatus. This has made it difficult to read the value displayed on the display when the electrical apparatus is disposed in any orientation other than a vertical one. For example, the circuit breaker discussed above could be mounted sideways in an inverted orientation, thereby requiring the ammeter to be oriented in a corresponding sideways or inverted orientation. This would result in the electrical current value being displayed in an improper orientation making it difficult to be accurately read or interpreted by a user.	<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>There is, therefore, a need for a rotating display device that can be rotated to permit viewing of the display in a proper viewing orientation regardless of the position of the electrical apparatus to which it is connected. These needs and others are satisfied by the present invention, which provides a rotating display device for receiving a value from the connector of an electrical apparatus and displaying it in the proper viewing orientation, regardless of the position in which the surface of the electrical apparatus to which it is mounted, is disposed. As one aspect of the invention, a rotating display device displays a value in a variable viewing orientation, with the value being received from an electrical apparatus having a first port. The rotating display device comprises: a housing including a first side and a second side; a display disposed on the first side of the housing; a rotating assembly disposed on the second side of the housing; and a second port structured to receive the value from the first port of the electrical apparatus, the second port communicating with the display and being coupled to the rotating assembly, in order to permit the display to rotate. As another aspect of the invention, an electrical apparatus comprises: an enclosure; a first port disposed on the enclosure for outputting a value, the value representing a parameter of the electrical apparatus; and a rotating display device coupled to the first port for receiving the value and displaying it in a variable viewing orientation, the rotating display device comprising: a housing including a first side and a second side; a display disposed on the first side of the housing; a rotating assembly disposed on the second side of the housing; and a second port receiving the value from the first port of the electrical apparatus, the second port communicating with the display and being coupled to the rotating assembly, in order to permit the display to rotate. The enclosure of the electrical apparatus may include an exposed surface. The rotating display device may be mounted to the exposed surface with the rotating assembly being structured to permit the rotating display device to rotate with respect to the plane of the exposed surface, independent of rotation of the plane of the exposed surface. The first and second ports may be first and second connectors, respectively. The electrical apparatus may be a circuit breaker, for example, with the rotating display device being a rotating ammeter wherein the value represents an electrical current received from the first connector of the circuit breaker by the second connector of the rotating ammeter and displayed on the display thereof.	20040524	20060822	20051124	58074.0		0	DONOVAN, LINCOLN D	ROTATING DISPLAY DEVICE AND ELECTRICAL APPARATUS EMPLOYING THE SAME	UNDISCOUNTED	0	ACCEPTED		2,004
10,852,544	ACCEPTED	Method and system for programmable mobile vehicle hotspots	The present invention provides a method of operating a telematics device within a mobile vehicle communication system. The method includes generating at least one personal route profile, comparing predetermined GPS hotspots to the personal route profiles, detecting real-time traffic updates associated with the predetermined GPS hotspots, identifying GPS hotspots corresponding to the personal route profile and based on the real-time traffic updates, and providing information relating to selected identified GPS hotspots based on the real-time traffic updates. The personal route profile may be generated from a user interface. The predetermined GPS hotspots may be created based on user interface input. The selected GPS hotspots may include all identified GPS hotspots within a predetermined geographic area of the personal route profile. The selected GPS hotspots may include GPS hotspots in the forward path of a vehicle including the telematics device.	1. A method of operating a telematics device within a mobile vehicle communication system, comprising: generating at least one personal route profile; comparing predetermined GPS hotspots to the personal route profiles; detecting real-time traffic updates associated with the predetermined GPS hotspots; identifying GPS hotspots corresponding to the personal route profile and based on the real-time traffic updates; and providing information relating to selected identified GPS hotspots based on the real-time traffic updates. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the personal route profile is generated based on user input from a user interface. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the personal route profile is generated in response to user behavior. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein generating the at least one personal route profile comprises: monitoring GPS data associated with user driving habits; and producing at least one personal route profile based on the GPS data associated with user driving habits. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein generating the at least one personal route profile comprises: monitoring input to a user interface; monitoring GPS data associated with the telematics device location at the time of the input to the user interface; and producing at least one personal route profile based input to the user interface and the GPS data associated with the input to the user interface. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein detecting real-time traffic updates associated with the predetermined GPS hotspots comprises: monitoring at least one satellite broadcast for real-time traffic updates; receiving the real-time traffic updates; and storing selected real-time traffic updates. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the predetermined GPS hotspots are created based on user interface input. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the selected identified GPS hotspots include all identified GPS hotspots within a predetermined geographic area of the personal route profile. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the selected identified GPS hotspots include GPS hotspots in the forward path of a vehicle including the telematics device. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein providing selected identified GPS hotspots includes playing the real-time traffic updates associated with the predetermined GPS hotspots at selected times. 11. A computer readable medium storing a computer program comprising: computer readable code for generating at least one personal route profile; computer readable code for comparing predetermined GPS hotspots to the personal route profiles; computer readable code for detecting real-time traffic updates associated with the predetermined GPS hotspots; computer readable code for identifying GPS hotspots corresponding to the personal route profile and based on the real-time traffic updates; and computer readable code for providing information relating to selected identified GPS hotspots based on the real-time traffic updates. 12. The computer readable medium of claim 11, wherein the personal route profile is generated based on user input from a user interface. 13. The computer readable medium of claim 11, wherein the computer readable code for generating the at least one personal route profile comprises: computer readable code for monitoring GPS data associated with user driving habits; and computer readable code for producing at least one personal route profile based on the GPS data associated with user driving habits. 14. The computer readable medium of claim 11, wherein the computer readable code for generating the at least one personal route profile comprises: computer readable code for monitoring input to a user interface; computer readable code for monitoring GPS data associated with the telematics device location at the time of the input to the user interface; and computer readable code for producing at least one personal route profile based input to the user interface and the GPS data associated with the input to the user interface. 15. The computer readable medium of claim 11, wherein the computer readable code for detecting real-time traffic updates associated with the predetermined GPS hotspots comprises: computer readable code for monitoring at least one satellite broadcast for real-time traffic updates; computer readable code for directing the reception of the real-time traffic updates; and computer readable code for storing selected real-time traffic updates. 16. The computer readable medium of claim 11, wherein the predetermined GPS hotspots are created based on user interface input. 17. The computer readable medium of claim 11, wherein the selected identified GPS hotspots include all identified GPS hotspots within a predetermined geographic area of the personal route profile. 18. The computer readable medium of claim 11, wherein the selected identified GPS hotspots include GPS hotspots in the forward path of a vehicle including the telematics device. 19. The computer readable medium of claim 11, wherein the computer readable code for providing selected identified GPS hotspots includes computer readable code for playing the real-time traffic updates associated with the predetermined GPS hotspots at selected times. 20. A system for providing information relating to selected GPS hotspots to a telematics device within a mobile vehicle communication system, comprising: means for generating at least one personal route profile means for comparing predetermined GPS hotspots to the personal route profiles; means for detecting real-time traffic updates associated with the predetermined GPS hotspots; means for identifying GPS hotspots corresponding to the personal route profile and based on the real-time traffic updates; and means for providing information relating to selected identified GPS hotspots based on the real-time traffic updates.	FIELD OF THE INVENTION This invention relates generally to wireless communications. More specifically, the invention relates to a method and system for providing programmable mobile vehicle hotspots. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The opportunity to utilize wireless features is ever increasing as cellular transceivers are being transformed into entertainment as well as communication platforms. One such cellular transceiver is a wireless feature included within wireless vehicle communication and networking services for a mobile vehicle. Another such cellular transceiver includes capabilities to receive satellite broadcasts, such as, for example Global Positioning System (GPS) signals and satellite radio signals. Typically, wireless systems within mobile vehicles (e.g., telematics units) provide voice communication. These wireless systems have also been utilized to update systems within telematics units such as, for example, radio station presets. Recently, additions have included the ability to provide positioning information and extra entertainment via the use of satellite reception capabilities. Cellular transceivers operate within communication systems such as, for example, a telematics unit within a mobile vehicle operating within a mobile vehicle communication system (MVCS). Cellular transceivers operating within communication systems can receive large amounts of electromagnetic traffic including, but not limited to, wireless communications, GPS signals, satellite signals, and the like. Unfortunately, while telematics units within mobile vehicles are beneficial to the user, there is a need to organize and present important information to the user in a timely manner. The present invention advances the state of the art in cellular transceivers. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION One aspect of the invention includes a method of operating a telematics device within a mobile vehicle communication system. The method includes generating at least one personal route profile, comparing predetermined GPS hotspots to the personal route profiles, detecting real-time traffic updates associated with the predetermined GPS hotspots, identifying GPS hotspots corresponding to the personal route profile and based on the real-time traffic updates, and providing information relating to selected identified GPS hotspots based on the real-time traffic updates. In accordance with another aspect of the invention, a computer readable medium storing a computer program includes: computer readable code for generating at least one personal route profile; computer readable code for comparing predetermined GPS hotspots to the personal route profiles; computer readable code for detecting real-time traffic updates associated with the predetermined GPS hotspots; computer readable code for identifying GPS hotspots corresponding to the personal route profile and based on the real-time traffic updates; and computer readable code for providing information relating to selected identified GPS hotspots based on the real-time traffic updates. In accordance with yet another aspect of the invention, a system for providing information relating to selected GPS hotspots to a telematics device within a mobile vehicle communication system is provided. The system includes means for generating at least one personal route profile. Means for comparing predetermined GPS hotspots to the personal route profiles and means for detecting real-time traffic updates associated with the predetermined GPS hotspots are provided. Means for identifying GPS hotspots corresponding to the personal route profile and based on the real-time traffic updates and means for providing information relating to selected identified GPS hotspots based on the real-time traffic updates are also provided. The aforementioned, and other features and advantages of the invention will become further apparent from the following detailed description of the presently preferred embodiments, read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. The detailed description and drawings are merely illustrative of the invention rather than limiting, the scope of the invention being defined by the appended claims and equivalents thereof. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 illustrates an operating environment for implementing wireless communication within a mobile vehicle communication system; FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a telematics based system in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; and FIG. 3 illustrates an operating environment for providing programmable mobile vehicle hotspots in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; and FIG. 4 is a flow diagram of one embodiment of a method of operating a vehicle telematics device to provide programmable mobile vehicle hotspots, in accordance with the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 illustrates one embodiment of a system for data transmission over a wireless communication system, in accordance with the present invention at 100. Mobile vehicle communication system (MVCS) 100 includes a mobile vehicle communication unit (MVCU) 110, a vehicle communication network 112, a telematics unit 120, one or more wireless carrier systems 140, one or more communication networks 142, one or more land networks 144, one or more satellite broadcast systems 146, one or more client, personal, or user computers 150, one or more web-hosting portals 160, and one or more call centers 170. In one embodiment, MVCU 110 is implemented as a mobile vehicle equipped with suitable hardware and software for transmitting and receiving voice and data communications. MVCS 100 may include additional components not relevant to the present discussion. Mobile vehicle communication systems and telematics units are known in the art. MVCU 110 is also referred to as a mobile vehicle in the discussion below. In operation, MVCU 110 may be implemented as a motor vehicle, a marine vehicle, or as an aircraft. MVCU 110 may include additional components not relevant to the present discussion. MVCU 110, via a vehicle communication network 112, sends signals to various units of equipment and systems (detailed below) within MVCU 110 to perform various functions such as unlocking a door, opening the trunk, setting personal comfort settings, and calling from telematics unit 120. In facilitating interactions among the various communication and electronic modules, vehicle communication network 112 utilizes network interfaces such as controller-area network (CAN), International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Standard 9141, ISO Standard 11898 for high-speed applications, ISO Standard 11519 for lower speed applications, and Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) Standard J1850 for high-speed and lower speed applications. MVCU 110, via telematics unit 120, sends to and receives radio transmissions from wireless carrier system 140. Wireless carrier system 140 is implemented as any suitable system for transmitting a signal from MVCU 110 to communication network 142. Telematics unit 120 includes a processor 122 connected to a wireless modem 124, a global positioning system (GPS) unit 126, an in-vehicle memory 128, a microphone 130, one or more speakers 132, and an embedded or in-vehicle mobile phone 134. In other embodiments, telematics unit 120 may be implemented without one or more of the above listed components such as, for example, speakers 132. Telematics unit 120 may include additional components not relevant to the present discussion. In one embodiment, processor 122 is implemented as a microcontroller, controller, host processor, or vehicle communications processor. In an example, processor 122 is implemented as an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC). In another embodiment, processor 122 is implemented as a processor working in conjunction with a central processing unit (CPU) performing the function of a general purpose processor. GPS unit 126 provides longitude and latitude coordinates of the vehicle responsive to a GPS broadcast signal received from one or more GPS satellite broadcast systems (not shown). In-vehicle mobile phone 134 is a cellular-type phone such as, for example, a digital, dual-mode (e.g., analog and digital), dual-band, multi-mode or multi-band cellular phone. Processor 122 executes various computer programs that control programming and operational modes of electronic and mechanical systems within MVCU 110. Processor 122 controls communications (e.g., call signals) between telematics unit 120, wireless carrier system 140, and call center 170. Additionally, processor 122 controls reception of communications from satellite broadcast system 146. In one embodiment, a voice-recognition application is installed in processor 122 that can translate human voice input through microphone 130 to digital signals. Processor 122 generates and accepts digital signals transmitted between telematics unit 120 and a vehicle communication network 112 that is connected to various electronic modules in the vehicle. In one embodiment, these digital signals activate the programming mode and operation modes, as well as provide for data transfers such as, for example, data over voice channel communication. In this embodiment, signals from processor 122 are translated into voice messages and sent out through speaker 132. Wireless carrier system 140 is a wireless communications carrier or a mobile telephone system and transmits to and receives signals from one or more MVCU 110. Wireless carrier system 140 incorporates any type of telecommunications in which electromagnetic waves carry signal over part of or the entire communication path. In one embodiment, wireless carrier system 140 is implemented as any type of broadcast communication in addition to satellite broadcast system 146. In another embodiment, wireless carrier system 140 provides broadcast communication to satellite broadcast system 146 for download to MVCU 110. In an example, wireless carrier system 140 connects communication network 142 to land network 144 directly. In another example, wireless carrier system 140 connects communication network 142 to land network 144 indirectly via satellite broadcast system 146. Satellite broadcast system 146 transmits radio signals to telematics unit 120 within MVCU 110. In one embodiment, satellite broadcast system 146 may broadcast over a spectrum in the “S” band (2.3 GHz) that has been allocated by the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) for nationwide broadcasting of satellite-based Digital Audio Radio Service (DARS). In operation, broadcast services provided by satellite broadcast system 146 are received by telematics unit 120 located within MVCU 110. In one embodiment, broadcast services include various formatted programs based on a package subscription obtained by the user and managed by telematics unit 120. In another embodiment, broadcast services include various formatted data packets based on a package subscription obtained by the user and managed by call center 170. In an example, data packets, such as, for example real-time traffic updates (described below) received by telematics unit 120 are implemented by processor 122. In this example, real-time traffic updates received by telematics unit 120 are provided to a user based on predetermined criteria. Communication network 142 includes services from one or more mobile telephone switching offices and wireless networks. Communication network 142 connects wireless carrier system 140 to land network 144. Communication network 142 is implemented as any suitable system or collection of systems for connecting wireless carrier system 140 to MVCU 110 and land network 144. Land network 144 connects communication network 142 to client computer 150, web-hosting portal 160, and call center 170. In one embodiment, land network 144 is a public-switched telephone network (PSTN). In another embodiment, land network 144 is implemented as an Internet protocol (IP) network. In other embodiments, land network 144 is implemented as a wired network, an optical network, a fiber network, other wireless networks, or any combination thereof. Land network 144 is connected to one or more landline telephones. Communication network 142 and land network 144 connect wireless carrier system 140 to web-hosting portal 160 and call center 170. Client, personal, or user computer 150 includes a computer usable medium to execute Internet browser and Internet-access computer programs for sending and receiving data over land network 144 and, optionally, wired or wireless communication networks 142 to web-hosting portal 160. Personal or client computer 150 sends user preferences to web-hosting portal 160 through a web-page interface using communication standards such as hypertext transport protocol (HTTP), and transport-control protocol and Internet protocol (TCP/IP). In one embodiment, the data includes directives to change certain programming and operational modes of electronic and mechanical systems within MVCU 110. In another embodiment, the data includes directives to generate a personal route profile (described below) for use within MVCU 110. In operation, a client utilizes computer 150 to initiate setting or re-setting of user preferences for MVCU 110. In on embodiment, a client utilizes computer 150 to provide radio station presets as user preferences for MVCU 110. In an example, user-preference data from client-side software is transmitted to server-side software of web-hosting portal 160. In this example, user-preference data is stored at web-hosting portal 160. In another embodiment, a client utilizes computer 150 to provide a personal route profile as user preferences for MVCU 110. In an example, user-preference data from client-side software is transmitted to server-side software of web-hosting portal 160. In this example, user-preference data is stored at web-hosting portal 160 and later transmitted to MVCU 110 via wireless carrier system 140 or satellite broadcast system 146. In another example, user-preference data is transmitted directly to MVCU 110 via wireless carrier system 140 or satellite broadcast system 146. Web-hosting portal 160 includes one or more data modems 162, one or more web servers 164, one or more databases 166, and a network system 168. Web-hosting portal 160 is connected directly by wire to call center 170, or connected by phone lines to land network 144, which is connected to call center 170. In an example, web-hosting portal 160 is connected to call center 170 utilizing an IP network. In this example, both components, web-hosting portal 160 and call center 170, are connected to land network 144 utilizing the IP network. In another example, web-hosting portal 160 is connected to land network 144 by one or more data modems 162. Land network 144 sends digital data to and receives digital data from modem 162, data that is then transferred to web server 164. Modem 162 may reside inside web server 164. Land network 144 transmits data communications between web-hosting portal 160 and call center 170. Web server 164 receives user-preference data from user computer 150 via land network 144. In alternative embodiments, computer 150 includes a wireless modem to send data to web-hosting portal 160 through a wireless communication network 142 and a land network 144. Data is received by land network 144 and sent to one or more web servers 164. In one embodiment, web server 164 is implemented as any suitable hardware and software capable of providing web services to help change and transmit personal preference settings from a client at computer 150 to telematics unit 120 in MVCU 110. Web server 164 sends to or receives from one or more databases 166 data transmissions via network system 168. Web server 164 includes computer applications and files for managing and storing personalization settings supplied by the client, such as door lock/unlock behavior, radio station preset selections, climate controls, custom button configurations and theft alarm settings. For each client, the web server potentially stores hundreds of preferences for wireless vehicle communication, networking, maintenance and diagnostic services for a mobile vehicle. In one embodiment, one or more web servers 164 are networked via network system 168 to distribute user-preference data among its network components such as database 166. In an example, database 166 is a part of or a separate computer from web server 164. Web server 164 sends data transmissions with user preferences to call center 170 through land network 144. Call center 170 is a location where many calls are received and serviced at the same time, or where many calls are sent at the same time. In one embodiment, the call center is a telematics call center, facilitating communications to and from telematics unit 120 in MVCU 110. In an example, the call center is a voice call center, providing verbal communications between an advisor in the call center and a subscriber in a mobile vehicle. In another example, the call center contains each of these functions. In other embodiments, call center 170 and web-hosting portal 160 are located in the same or different facilities. Call center 170 contains one or more voice and data switches 172, one or more communication services managers 174, one or more communication services databases 176, one or more communication services advisors 178, and one or more network systems 180. Switch 172 of call center 170 connects to land network 144. Switch 172 transmits voice or data transmissions from call center 170, and receives voice or data transmissions from telematics unit 120 in MVCU 110 through wireless carrier system 140, communication network 142, and land network 144. Switch 172 receives data transmissions from and sends data transmissions to one or more web-hosting portals 160. Switch 172 receives data transmissions from or sends data transmissions to one or more communication services managers 174 via one or more network systems 180. Communication services manager 174 is any suitable hardware and software capable of providing requested communication services to telematics unit 120 in MVCU 110. Communication services manager 174 sends to or receives from one or more communication services databases 176 data transmissions via network system 180. Communication services manager 174 sends to or receives from one or more communication services advisors 178 data transmissions via network system 180. Communication services database 176 sends to or receives from communication services advisor 178 data transmissions via network system 180. Communication services advisor 178 receives from or sends to switch 172 voice or data transmissions. Communication services manager 174 provides one or more of a variety of services including initiating data over voice channel wireless communication, enrollment services, navigation assistance, directory assistance, roadside assistance, business or residential assistance, information services assistance, emergency assistance, communications assistance, and real-time traffic updates. Communication services manager 174 receives service-preference requests for a variety of services from the client via computer 150, web-hosting portal 160, and land network 144. Communication services manager 174 transmits user-preference and other data such as, for example real-time traffic updates, primary diagnostic script, and the like to telematics unit 120 in MVCU 110 through wireless carrier system 140, communication network 142, land network 144, satellite broadcast system 146, voice and data switch 172, and network system 180. Communication services manager 174 stores or retrieves data and information from communication services database 176. Communication services manager 174 may provide requested information to communication services advisor 178. In one embodiment, communication services advisor 178 is implemented as a real advisor. In an example, a real advisor is a human being in verbal communication with a user or subscriber (e.g., a client) in MVCU 110 via telematics unit 120. In another embodiment, communication services advisor 178 is implemented as a virtual advisor. In an example, a virtual advisor is implemented as a synthesized voice interface responding to requests from telematics unit 120 in MVCU 110. Communication services advisor 178 provides services to telematics unit 120 in MVCU 110. Services provided by communication services advisor 178 include enrollment services, navigation assistance, real-time traffic updates, directory assistance, roadside assistance, business or residential assistance, information services assistance, emergency assistance, automated vehicle diagnostic function, and communications assistance. Communication services advisor 178 communicates with telematics unit 120 in MVCU 110 through wireless carrier system 140, communication network 142, and land network 144 using voice transmissions, or through satellite broadcast system 146, communication services manager 174 and switch 172 using data transmissions. Switch 172 selects between voice transmissions and data transmissions. In operation, an incoming call is routed to telematics unit 120 within mobile vehicle 110 from call center 170. In one embodiment, the call is routed to telematics unit 120 from call center 170 via land network 144, communication network 142, and wireless carrier system 140. In another embodiment, an outbound communication is routed to telematics unit 120 from call center 170 via land network 144, communication network 142, wireless carrier system 140 and satellite broadcast system 146. In this embodiment, an inbound communication is routed to call center 170 from telematics unit 120 via wireless carrier system 140, communication network 142, and land network 144. FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a telematics based system in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 2 shows a telematics based system 200 for operating a vehicle telematics device as a satellite signal receiver. In FIG. 2, the system includes a primary mobile vehicle 210, satellite broadcast system 246, and a service provider 270 such as, for example, a call center, a service center, and the like. Primary mobile vehicle 210 includes a telematics unit 220 coupled to one or more vehicle system modules 290 via a vehicle communication network 212. Primary mobile vehicle 210 additionally includes a primary antenna 211 and a satellite antenna 251. Primary antenna 211 is coupled (not shown) to telematics unit 220 to communicate with a wireless carrier system. Satellite antenna 251 is coupled (not shown) to telematics unit 220 to receive communications from satellite broadcast system 246. In another embodiment, a single antenna, such as, for example primary antenna 211 performs the functions of primary antenna 211 and a satellite antenna 251 as described above. Telematics unit 220 further includes a database 228 that contains programs 231, program data 232, data storage 233 and triggers 234. A vehicle system module (VSM) 290 is included within primary mobile vehicle 210 and further includes a program 291 and data 292. In one embodiment, VSM 290 within primary mobile vehicle 210 is located within telematics unit 220. Service provider 270 further includes a database 276 that contains programs 271, data storage 273, and triggers 274. In FIG. 2, the elements are presented for illustrative purposes and are not intended to be limiting. Telematics-based system 200 may include additional components not relevant to the present discussion. Telematics unit 220 is any telematics device enabled for operation with a telematics service provider such as, for example, telematics unit 120 as described with reference to FIG. 1. Telematics unit 220 in vehicle 210 is in communication with service provider 270 (e.g., a “service center”). Telematics unit 220 includes volatile and non-volatile memory components for storing data and programs. In one embodiment, memory components in telematics unit 220 contain database 228. Database 228 includes one or more programs 231 for operating telematics unit 220, for example, for operating a vehicle telematics device as a satellite signal receiver. In operation, program 231 receives instructions and data in the form of a data stream from service provider 270 or commands from a user interface (not shown) at data storage 233. Program 231 executes the instructions such as, for example, by parsing the data stream/user interface instructions for additional instructions as well as data and triggers. In one embodiment, program 231 parses the data stream/user interface instructions and stores triggers at triggers 234. In this embodiment, program 231 transfers data to and receives data from VSM 290 for execution. In an example, program 231 parses the data stream/user interface instructions including a generated personal route profile (described below). Vehicle system module (VSM) 290 is any vehicle system control module having software and hardware components for operating, controlling. or monitoring one or more vehicle systems. In one embodiment, VSM 290 is a satellite radio receiver and provides real-time traffic updates (described below) received from satellite broadcast system 246. In another embodiment, VSM 290 is a sensor and provides diagnostic data collected from primary mobile vehicle 210. In yet another embodiment, VSM 290 is a global positioning system (GPS) module such as, for example, GPS unit 126 of FIG. 1, and provides location information to complement diagnostic data collected from primary mobile vehicle 210 as well as user interface instructions received from a user interface. Vehicle system module 290 contains one or more processors, one or more memory devices, and one or more connection ports. In one embodiment, VSM 290 includes a software switch for scanning received information such as, for example, real-time traffic updates and location information to identify that data has been received. VSM 290 is coupled to a vehicle communication network 212, and therefore to any other device that is also coupled to vehicle communication network 212. In one embodiment, VSM 290 is directly coupled to telematics unit 220 in primary mobile vehicle 210, for example, vehicle communication network 212 coupling telematics unit 220 to vehicle system module 290. In an example, vehicle communication network 212 is a vehicle communication network 112 as described in FIG. 1, above. In another embodiment, VSM 290 is indirectly coupled to telematics unit 220. Service provider 270 is any service center providing telematics services, such as service center 170 described with reference to FIG. 1. In one embodiment, service provider 270 includes hardware and software for managing database 276. In another embodiment, service center 270 is configured to access a database that is in another location but coupled to service center 270 such as, for example, database 166 in web server 160 as described in FIG. 1. Service provider 270 manages the configuring and delivery of a data stream to primary mobile vehicle 210 via wireless communications and satellite broadcasts. Database 276 contains data stored at data storage 273 and trigger data stored at triggers 274. In one embodiment, database 276 includes one or more programs 271 for managing operation of a mobile vehicle communication system (MVCS) such as, for example, MVCS 100 in FIG. 1, above. In this embodiment, database 276 includes one or more programs 271 for managing a MVCS. In operation, telematics unit 220 generates at least one user route profile (detailed below). Telematics unit 220 then compares the personal route profiles to predetermined GPS hotspots (described below). Real-time traffic updates associated with the predetermined GPS hotspots are then detected, such as, for example by vehicle system modules 290 implemented as a satellite radio receiver or by a satellite radio receiver within telematics unit 220. GPS hotspots corresponding to the personal route profile and based on the real-time traffic updates are then identified and information relating to the identified selected GPS hotspots based on the real-time traffic updates is provided, such as, for example to a user interface. In this way, real-time traffic updates associated with the predetermined GPS hotspots and based on personal route profiles can be provided to a user interface. FIG. 3 illustrates an operating environment for providing programmable mobile vehicle hotspots in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 3 shows an illustrative operating environment 300 for providing programmable mobile vehicle hotspots. In FIG. 3, the system includes geographic regions (301-320), transportation conduits (321-327), a personal route profile 330, GPS hotspots (340, 350, 360), hotspot zones (341, 351, 361), and incidents (342, 352, 362). Illustrative operating environment 300 may include additional components not relevant to the present discussion. Illustrative operating environment 300 is presented in a city block format to more easily describe the present invention. The layout of geographic regions (301-320) for explanatory purposes should not be taken as limiting the scope of the present invention. Geographic regions (301-320) represent geographic areas of any size or dimension, such as, for example city blocks, tracts of land, and the like. Transportation conduits (321-327) are transportation paths that provide transportation routes, such as, for example a telematics equipped vehicle. In one embodiment, transportation conduits (321-327) define geographic regions (301-320). Personal route profile 330 is user identified route profile that physically defines a geographic route from a starting point to a destination. In one embodiment, personal route profile 330 is generated based on user input from a user interface, such as, for example a telematics device user interface. In another embodiment, personal route profile 330 is generated based on GPS data associated with user driving habits. GPS hotspots (340, 350, 360) are geographic locations along a personal route profile that identify a user's desire to determine real-time traffic information associated with a physical area proximate to a specified GPS hotspot. Hotspot zones (341, 351, 361) are the physical areas proximate to an associated specified GPS hotspot. In one embodiment, each GPS hotspot (340, 350, 360) has an associated hotspot zone (341, 351, 361). In another embodiment, each GPS hotspot (340, 350, 360) has multiple associated hotspot zones (not shown). Incidents (342, 352, 362) are geographic locations of potential interest to a user based on real-time traffic updates and a relevant personal route profile. In one embodiment, incidents (342, 352, 362) represent traffic hindrances located along a specified personal route profile at user determined geographic locations. In operation, a telematics equipped mobile vehicle (not shown) traveling a previously generated personal route profile 330 receives satellite broadcasts including real-time traffic updates. The real-time traffic updates include traffic information defining incidents (342, 352, 362) and having GPS data embedded within the information. The telematics device compares predetermined GPS hotspots to the personal route profile 330 to identify relevant GPS hotspots (340, 350, 360). The telematics device also detects received incidents (342, 352, 362) within the real-time traffic updates that are associated with relevant GPS hotspots (340, 350, 360) and within associated hotspot zones (341, 351, 361). The traffic information based on the real-time traffic updates and relating to the identified selected GPS hotspots is then provided to the user. In an example, incident 342 is provided to the user as incident 342 is within hotspot zone 341 that is associated with GPS hotspot 340. Further, hotspot 340 is a predetermined hotspot located between geographic regions (312 and 317) on transportation conduit 325 and within personal route profile 330. Providing incident 342 allows the user to decide whether to continue on personal route profile 330 or determine an alternative course of action, such as, for example to turn onto transportation conduit 322 from transportation conduit 325. In another example, incident 352 is provided to the user as incident 352 is within hotspot zone 351 that is associated with GPS hotspot 350. Further, hotspot 350 is a predetermined hotspot located between geographic regions (313 and 314) on transportation conduit 323 and within personal route profile 330. Providing incident 352 allows the user to decide whether to continue on personal route profile 330 or determine an alternative course of action, such as, for example to turn onto transportation conduit 326 from transportation conduit 323. In yet another example, incident 362 is provided to the user as incident 362 is within hotspot zone 361 that is associated with GPS hotspot 360. Further, hotspot 360 is a predetermined hotspot located between geographic regions (304 and 309) on transportation conduit 327 and within personal route profile 330. Providing incident 362 allows the user to decide whether to continue on personal route profile 330 or determine an alternative course of action, such as, for example to turn onto transportation conduit 324 from transportation conduit 327. FIG. 4 is a flow diagram of one embodiment of a method of operating a vehicle telematics device to provide programmable mobile vehicle hotspots. In FIG. 4, method 400 may utilize one or more systems and concepts detailed in FIGS. 1-3, above. The present invention can also take the form of a computer usable medium including a program for configuring an electronic module within a vehicle. The program stored in the computer usable medium includes computer program code for executing the method steps described in FIG. 4. In FIG. 4, method 400 begins at step 410. At step 420, at least one personal route profile is generated. In one embodiment, the personal route profile is generated based on user input from a user interface. In another embodiment, the personal route profile is generated in response to user behavior. For example, in embodiments wherein the personal route profile generates in response to user behavior, a learning agent, as known in the art, in communication with the GPS system monitors routes traveled by the user and determines a personal route profile is response to the routes traveled. In an example and referring to FIG. 1 above, at least one personal route profile is generated utilizing computer 150 and provided to telematics unit 120 as described. In another embodiment, generating at least one personal route profile includes monitoring GPS data associated with user driving habits and producing at least one personal route profile based on the GPS data associated with user driving habits. In yet another embodiment, generating at least one personal route profile includes monitoring input to a user interface, monitoring GPS data associated with the telematics device location at the time of the input to the user interface, and producing at least one personal route profile based input to the user interface and the GPS data associated with the input to the user interface. In an example, a user interacts with a user interface while operating a telematics equipped vehicle to generate at least one personal route profile based. In another example, a user interacts with a user interface when not operating a telematics equipped vehicle to generate at least one personal route profile based. At step 430, predetermined GPS hotspots are compared to the personal route profiles. In one embodiment, the predetermined GPS hotspots are created based on user interface input, such as, for example when a user regularly checks real-time traffic updates. In an example and referring to FIG. 3 above, GPS hotspots (340, 350, 360) are created by a user's interaction with a user interface when utilizing personal route profile 330. In this example the user identifies GPS hotspots (340, 350, 360) utilizing the user interface. In another example, GPS hotspots (340, 350, 360) are learned by the telematics device based on user inaction with the telematics device. At step 440, real-time traffic updates associated with the predetermined GPS hotspots are detected. In one embodiment, detecting real-time traffic updates associated with the predetermined GPS hotspots includes monitoring at least one satellite broadcast for real-time traffic updates, receiving the real-time traffic updates, and storing selected real-time traffic updates. In an example and referring to FIG. 2 above, telematics unit 220 monitors vehicle system module 290 implemented as a satellite radio receiver for real-time traffic updates. In this example, telematics unit 220 receives real-time traffic updates from satellite broadcast system 246 via vehicle system module 290. Telematics unit 220 stores the received real-time traffic updates in data storage 233 within database 228. In this example, telematics unit 220 stores all received real-time traffic updates in data storage 233 within database 228. In another example, telematics unit 220 stores relevant received real-time traffic updates in data storage 233 within database 228 based on triggering criteria, such as, for example attached GPS identifies. In this example, triggers are additionally generated and stored in triggers 234. At step 450, GPS hotspots are identified that correspond to the personal route profile and are based on the real-time traffic updates. In an example and referring to FIG. 3 above, a telematics device detects received incidents (342, 352, 362) within the real-time traffic updates that are associated with relevant GPS hotspots (340, 350, 360) and within associated hotspot zones (341, 351, 361). At step 460, information is provided that relates to selected identified GPS hotspots based on the real-time traffic updates. In one embodiment, selected identified GPS hotspots include all identified GPS hotspots within a predetermined geographic area of the personal route profile. In another embodiment, the selected identified GPS hotspots include GPS hotspots in the forward path of a vehicle including the telematics device. In yet another embodiment, providing selected identified GPS hotspots includes playing the real-time traffic updates associated with the predetermined GPS hotspots at selected times. In an example, the selected time to play the real-time traffic updates associated with the predetermined GPS hotspots is immediately upon reception of the real-time traffic updates associated with the predetermined GPS hotspots. In another example, the selected time to play the real-time traffic updates associated with the predetermined GPS hotspots is user determined, such as, for example at the end of song, within a specified or default distance of the identified hotspot, prior to the opportunity to utilize an alternate route, and the like. At step 470, the method is terminated. The above-described methods and implementation for operating a vehicle telematics device to provide programmable mobile vehicle hotspots are example methods and implementations. These methods and implementations illustrate one possible approach for operating a vehicle telematics device to provide programmable mobile vehicle hotspots. The actual implementation may vary from the method discussed. Moreover, various other improvements and modifications to this invention may occur to those skilled in the art, and those improvements and modifications will fall within the scope of this invention as set forth in the claims below. The present invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from its spirit or essential characteristics. The described embodiments are to be considered in all respects only as illustrative and not restrictive.	<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>The opportunity to utilize wireless features is ever increasing as cellular transceivers are being transformed into entertainment as well as communication platforms. One such cellular transceiver is a wireless feature included within wireless vehicle communication and networking services for a mobile vehicle. Another such cellular transceiver includes capabilities to receive satellite broadcasts, such as, for example Global Positioning System (GPS) signals and satellite radio signals. Typically, wireless systems within mobile vehicles (e.g., telematics units) provide voice communication. These wireless systems have also been utilized to update systems within telematics units such as, for example, radio station presets. Recently, additions have included the ability to provide positioning information and extra entertainment via the use of satellite reception capabilities. Cellular transceivers operate within communication systems such as, for example, a telematics unit within a mobile vehicle operating within a mobile vehicle communication system (MVCS). Cellular transceivers operating within communication systems can receive large amounts of electromagnetic traffic including, but not limited to, wireless communications, GPS signals, satellite signals, and the like. Unfortunately, while telematics units within mobile vehicles are beneficial to the user, there is a need to organize and present important information to the user in a timely manner. The present invention advances the state of the art in cellular transceivers.	<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>One aspect of the invention includes a method of operating a telematics device within a mobile vehicle communication system. The method includes generating at least one personal route profile, comparing predetermined GPS hotspots to the personal route profiles, detecting real-time traffic updates associated with the predetermined GPS hotspots, identifying GPS hotspots corresponding to the personal route profile and based on the real-time traffic updates, and providing information relating to selected identified GPS hotspots based on the real-time traffic updates. In accordance with another aspect of the invention, a computer readable medium storing a computer program includes: computer readable code for generating at least one personal route profile; computer readable code for comparing predetermined GPS hotspots to the personal route profiles; computer readable code for detecting real-time traffic updates associated with the predetermined GPS hotspots; computer readable code for identifying GPS hotspots corresponding to the personal route profile and based on the real-time traffic updates; and computer readable code for providing information relating to selected identified GPS hotspots based on the real-time traffic updates. In accordance with yet another aspect of the invention, a system for providing information relating to selected GPS hotspots to a telematics device within a mobile vehicle communication system is provided. The system includes means for generating at least one personal route profile. Means for comparing predetermined GPS hotspots to the personal route profiles and means for detecting real-time traffic updates associated with the predetermined GPS hotspots are provided. Means for identifying GPS hotspots corresponding to the personal route profile and based on the real-time traffic updates and means for providing information relating to selected identified GPS hotspots based on the real-time traffic updates are also provided. The aforementioned, and other features and advantages of the invention will become further apparent from the following detailed description of the presently preferred embodiments, read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. The detailed description and drawings are merely illustrative of the invention rather than limiting, the scope of the invention being defined by the appended claims and equivalents thereof.	20040524	20090616	20051208	75340.0		0	NGUYEN, CUONG H	METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR PROGRAMMABLE MOBILE VEHICLE HOTSPOTS	UNDISCOUNTED	0	ACCEPTED		2,004
10,852,969	ACCEPTED	Model of documents and method for automatically classifying a document	A method for automatically creating a model of documents representing a class of documents, the method comprising the steps of: a) providing a plurality of documents separated into different classes; b) determining at least one potential identifying tag within one document belonging to one class, said identifying tag being defined by at least its graphical content, size and location within the document; c) checking whether said potential identifying tag is included within at least a document of said one class; d) if said step c) is positive, selecting said identifying tag; d′) if step c) is negative, rejecting said potential identifying tag and repeating steps b) and c); e) creating a model of documents related to said one class including said selected identifying tag.	1. A model of documents including at least one identifying tag, each identifying tag being defined by at least its graphical content (D), size (S) and location (x, y) within the document. 2. The model of documents according to claim 1, wherein the object to surface ratio of the graphical content of the identifying tag is substantially equal to 0.5. 3. The model of documents according to claim 1, wherein the size of the identifying tag is less or equal to 5% of the document size. 4. A method for automatically creating a model of documents representing a class of documents, the method comprising the steps of: a) providing a plurality of documents separated into different classes; b) determining at least one potential identifying tag within one document belonging to one class, said identifying tag being defined by at least its graphical content, size and location within the document; c) checking whether said potential identifying tag is included within at least a document of said one class; d) if said step c) is positive, selecting said identifying tag; d′) if step c) is negative, rejecting said potential identifying tag and repeating steps b) and c); e) creating a model of documents related to said one class including said selected identifying tag. 5. The method according to claim 4, further comprising the steps of: f) checking whether said potential identifying tag is included within at least a document of another class; g) if step f) is negative, selecting said identifying tag; g′) if step f) is positive, rejecting said potential identifying tag and repeating steps b) and c). 6. Method according to claim 5, wherein steps b) to g) are repeated for each class of documents provided in step a). 7. Method according to claim 6, wherein step b) comprises the steps of: b1) selecting a working window in said one document; b2) calculating an object to surface ratio for said working window; b3) if said ratio lies within predetermined values, selecting the region of said working window as a potential identifying tag. 8. The method according to claim 7, wherein steps b1) to b3) are repeated by shifting the working window to scan the document. 9. The method according to claim 5, wherein steps c) and f) comprise the step of calculating a correlation function between the potential identifying tag and a region of said document corresponding to the size and location of said identifying tag. 10. The method according to claim 4, wherein a given portion of the document is excluded from the searching of an identifying tag. 11. A computer system for creating a model of documents representing a class of documents comprising: computer-implemented software means for accessing a plurality of documents separated into different classes; computer-implemented software means for determining at least one potential identifying tag within one document belonging to one class, said identifying tag being defined at least by its graphical content, size and location within the document; computer-implemented software means for checking whether said potential identifying tag is included within at least another document of said one class; computer-implemented software for selecting said identifying tag, if previous checking is positive; computer-implemented software for rejecting said potential identifying tag, if previous checking is negative; and computer-implemented software means for creating a model of documents related to said one class including said selected identifying tag. 12. The computer system according to claim 11, further comprising: computer-implemented software means for checking whether said potential identifying tag is included within at least a document of another class; computer-implemented software means for selecting said identifying tag, if previous checking is negative; and computer-implemented software for rejecting said preselected identifying tag, if previous checking is positive. 13. The method according to claim 4 for automatically classifying a document comprising the steps of: a′) providing a plurality of models of documents, each model of documents being related to a given class; b′) comparing a document to be classified with at least one model of documents; c′) if said document to be classified matches with said one model of documents, assigning said document into said corresponding class; and d′) if said document to be classified doesn't match with any model of documents, rejecting said document. 14. The method according to claim 13, wherein step b′) includes the step of calculating a correlation function between at least one identifying tag of the model of documents and a region of the document to be classified corresponding to the size and location of said identifying tag. 15. The method according to claim 14, wherein step c′) includes the steps of: comparing the correlation function results for each model of documents provided at step a); and assigning the document to be classified to the class corresponding to the model of documents providing the correlation result closest to a predetermined value. 16. A computer system for classifying a document comprising: a computer system according to claim 12 for providing a plurality of models of documents according to any of claim 1, each model of documents being related to a given class; computer-implemented software means for comparing a document to be classified with at least one model of documents; computer-implemented software means for assigning said document to a given class, if said document to be classified matches with the corresponding one model of documents; and computer-implemented software means for rejecting said document to be classified, if said document to be classified doesn't match with any model of documents.	FIELD OF THE INVENTION The invention relates to the field of document image processing, and more specifically to document image classification. We refer to document image as a document that has been digitalized by any means. In various applications, it is desirable to classify documents by their type, e.g., business letters, invoice, fax cover sheet, and by their origin, e.g., customer, subscriber, etc. Obviously, documents can be classified as belonging to one identifiable class. We define a class as being a set of documents of a given type, each document including a structure and/or contents similar to the other documents of the class and different from the documents of any other class. Any pair of documents taken from the same class should have at least some regions similar to each other and any pair of documents taken from two different classes should have at least some regions dissimilar to each other. U.S. Pat. No. 6,542,635 discloses a method wherein a document to be classified is segmented into blocks of data, for instance by using a pattern or optical character recognition (ORC) applied to part or the entire document. A vector of characteristics is created, representing a segment or the entire imaged document. A classification algorithm is then applied to the vector of characteristics to determine to which class the document belongs. Various classification algorithms are known, such as the K-mean method, the fuzzy C-mean method, and neuronal network based approaches. However, automatic classification of document images requires high processing capacity. Some known methods perform document classification further to a learning step. Models are created to define different classes of documents. Documents to be classified are then assigned to a class by comparing the document to be classified with the different models. Such models of documents are commonly created by an operator and such supervised operation is time consuming and expensive. SUMMARY According to the invention a new method of classification is provided that can increase the rate of document processing and suppress classification system operator intervention. Moreover, the method according to the invention remains reliable and efficient when the number of classes increases. According to the invention, models of documents are created starting from a sample of classified documents. Such models are representative of the contents of all the documents of a given class while including less data to be processed. When such models of documents are created, an incoming document to be classified is compared to the models and assigned to a class or rejected. Therefore, the invention provides a specific way to model a class of documents and a method for automatically creating such models of documents. Furthermore, the invention provides a method for assigning a class to a document using models of documents according to the invention. The methods of the present invention are preferably computer-implemented. In particular, the invention concerns a model of documents including at least one identifying tag, each identifying tag being defined by at least its graphical content, size and location within the document. According to a feature, the object to surface ratio of the graphical content of the identifying tag is substantially equal to 0,5. According to another feature, the size of the identifying tag is less or equal to 5% of the document size. The invention also concerns a method for automatically creating a model of documents representing a class of documents, the method comprising the steps of: a) providing a plurality of documents separated into different classes; b) determining at least one potential identifying tag within one document belonging to one class, said identifying tag being defined by at least its graphical content, size and location within the document; c) checking whether said potential identifying tag is included within at least a document of said one class; d) if said step c) is positive, selecting said identifying tag; d′) if step c) is negative, rejecting said potential identifying tag and repeating steps b) and c); e) creating a model of documents related to said one class including said selected identifying tag. The method according to the invention may further comprise the steps of: f) checking whether said potential identifying tag is included within at least a document of another class; g) if step f) is negative, selecting said identifying tag; g′) if step f) is positive, rejecting said potential identifying tag and repeating steps b) and c). The method is repeated for each class of documents provided. According to one feature, step b) comprises the steps of: b1) selecting a working window in said one document; b2) calculating an object to surface ratio for said working window; b3) if said ratio lies within predetermined values, selecting the region of said working window as a potential identifying tag. According to one feature, steps b1) to b3) are repeated by shifting the working window to scan the document. A given portion of the document may be excluded from the searching of an identifying tag. According to one feature, steps c) and f) comprise the step of calculating a correlation function between the potential identifying tag and a region of said document corresponding to the size and location of said identifying tag. The invention also concerns a computer system for creating a model of documents according to the method of the invention. The invention also concerns a method for automatically classifying a document comprising the steps of: a′) providing a plurality of models of documents according to the invention, each model of documents being related to a given class; b′) comparing a document to be classified with at least one model of documents; c′) if said document to be classified matches with said one model of documents, assigning said document into said corresponding class; d′) if said document to be classified doesn't match with any model of documents, rejecting said document. According to one feature, step b′) includes the step of calculating a correlation function between at least one identifying tag of the model of documents and a region of the document to be classified corresponding to the size and location of said identifying tag. According to one feature, step c′) includes the steps of: comparing the correlation function results for each model of documents provided at step a′); assigning the document to be classified to the class corresponding to the model of documents providing the correlation result closest to a predetermined value The invention also concerns a computer system for classifying a document according to the method of the invention. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Other characteristics and advantages of the invention will appear on reading the following detailed description of the embodiments of the invention, given solely as an example, and with reference to the drawings which show: FIG. 1a is a schematic view of a document to be classified; FIG. 1b is a schematic view of a model representing the class of the document of FIG. 1a; FIG. 2 is a flowchart of the method for automatically creating a model of documents according to the invention; and FIG. 3 is a flowchart of the method for automatically classifying a document according to the invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION The invention proposes creating models of documents to represent classes of documents and that can be further used for document classification. According to the invention, a model of documents includes at least one identifying tag or marker. We refer to an identifying tag as being a region of document representing said document. An identifying tag is defined by at least its graphical content, its size and location within the document. FIGS. 1a and 1b show respectively a document 8 and the corresponding model of documents 10 according to the invention. As shown on FIG. 1b, the model 10 includes a plurality of identifying tags 1, 2. However, one identifying tag may be enough to define a model of documents and up to several dozens identifying tags associated to one model can be handled without too much slowing down processing. Preferably, an average of 5 to 10 identifying tags is compliant to define most models of documents. In the example of FIG. 1, the identifying tags 1, 2 respectively represent the originating company of the document 8, with its name, address and possibly with a logo, and the type of document 8 as being an invoice. The model 10 should therefore be representative of any document having the same originating company and being an invoice. An identifying tag has a predetermined size, preferably limited to up to 5% of the document size, and preferably less than 1% of the document size. An identifying tag is located in a specific region of the document, e.g., at the top left, on a bottom line, etc. Defining several small sized tags spread over a given portion of document is preferred to a single bigger tag located on the same portion of document. The identifying tag is also defined by its graphical contents. A region of the document selected as an identifying tag preferably has an object-to-surface ratio substantially equal to 0,5. This ratio ensures that the identifying tag includes representative data that can be computed to further compare documents. As each document is digitalized, an identifying tag is therefore a set of pixels that can be processed independently from the whole document. Each identifying tag 1, 2 has a given graphical content D1, D2, which is data related to the values of the pixels in the specific region of the tag. Each tag 1, 2 also has a given size, S1, S2, which is the number of lines and columns of pixels in the specific region of the tag. Each tag also has a given location within the document, for instance defined by the upper left coordinates, (x1, y1), (x2, y2) of the specific region of the tag. A model of documents according to the invention is defined by one or more identifying tags as just described. FIG. 2 illustrates a flow chart of the method for automatically creating a model of documents according to the invention. The creation of models of documents is conducted starting from a plurality of classified documents. The object of the method according to the invention is to define a model for each class of the classification, such model being suitable for later use to classify subsequent documents. The plurality of classified documents are organised in a set of different classes, each class being representative of a given type of document, according to the definitions given previously. The classified documents may come from any classifier using any known method of classification. The classified documents may be composed of a sample of at least one document, but preferably at least 2 documents per class to initiate the method for automatically creating a model according to the invention. The more documents we use to create a model of documents, the better the identifying tags will be representative of the class of these documents. Referring to FIG. 2, the first step 100 of the method according to the invention is to provide a plurality of classified documents belonging to different classes. A second series of steps 200 is to determine at least one potential identifying tag within one document belonging to one class. One document is picked up (step 210) from one class A. A working window is selected (step 220) in said one document. The working window can be set with a predetermined size S1, for instance 10*10 pixels, which may possibly correspond to some relevant part of a company logo, name or address. The size of the working window should be big enough to contain relevant information and small enough to avoid slowing down processing. The working window is first located on a predetermined portion of document, for instance, upper left corner. A ratio is then calculated (step 230) over said working window, representing the object surface divided by the window surface. For instance, pixels of the background (possibly white) are assigned a 0 value and the pixels representing patterns, letters or any other sign appearing on the background, for instance black letters and colour signs, are assigned the value 1. When the calculated ratio is substantially equal to 0,5; or when the value ratio—0,5 is minimized, this constitutes an indication that some information is located within the region where the working window is located. Such a region is then selected to be a potential identifying tag (step 240) with specific content data D, size S and position (x, y). The working window is shifted to scan (step 250) the document to search for different identifying tags, by repeating the step of ratio computation on different portions of the document. A portion of the document may be excluded from the scan to prevent the selection of a tag that is known to be of no interest in the classification. For instance, a bottom line to prevent selection of useless information of an endpaper page, or a region contiguous to an already selected potential tag. A subsequent scan can be eventually conducted with another working window having a different size S2. Therefore, a plurality of potential identifying tags 1, 2 can be selected for one document, each tag having a specific content, i.e. data D1, D2, a specific size, S1, S2 and a specific position within the document (x1, y1), (x2, y2). After potential identifying tags have been selected in a first document according to the series of steps 200, a further series of steps 300 is performed to check whether each said potential identifying tag is representative of most documents of the class A. Another document, from the same class A as said first document, is picked up (step 310). The region corresponding to the position and size of a potential identifying tag is selected on said other document and a correlation function is computed (step 320) between the potential identifying tag data D and the data of said other document region. The correlation computation can be expressed for each tag of a model of documents as: Ctag=1−(Pij−P′ij/nm); With n: number of x coordinates pixels m: number of y coordinates pixels i: incrementation up to value n j: incrementation up to value m Pij: pixel data of the potential identifying tag P′ij: pixel data of the corresponding region in the other document The correlation function therefore expresses the similarity between the potential identifying tag and the corresponding region in another document of the same class. If Ctag is substantially equal to 1, the similarity is high and the potential tag can be considered as being representative of the class A and preselected (step 330). If not, the potential identifying tag must be rejected (step 340) as not being representative of the class. The correlation may be refined by computing the function with slight shifts of pixels p′ in both coordinate directions x, y and retaining the maximum value. A potential identifying tag may be present on another document with a small shift and must be detected anyway. Such correlation can be conducted for some or each potential tag selected in the first document of the first class and for some or each other document of the same class A. It will be understood that the routine can be stopped as soon as one match misses. In other words, as soon as one potential identifying tag selected in the first document does not match with one other document of the same class A, said potential identifying tag is rejected (step 340). In one embodiment, the routine can also be stopped as soon as one potential tag is included in one other document of the same class. If the potential identifying tag matches with at least one other document of class A, said tag can be preselected (step 330). According to embodiments, the check of the potential identifying tag matching with other documents of class A can be conducted on some documents or on all documents of said class A. If class A only contains one document, all potential tags identified at step 240 will be preselected (step 330). When an identifying tag is preselected after the series of steps 300, a further series of steps 400 can be conducted to check whether said preselected tag does not match with the documents of other classes, that is, to verify that said preselected tag is discriminant vis-à-vis other classes. A document of a different class B is picked up (step 410) and a correlation function is computed (step 420) based on the same mathematical expression as set before. If Ctag is then substantially equal to 0, the similarity between the preselected identifying tag and a corresponding region of the document of class B is low and said identifying tag can be considered as being discriminant over class B. Such discrimination control can be conducted over all other classes of documents or stopped as soon as one class B is not represented by said preselected tag. At least one preselected identifying tags that has not been found in another document of another class is then selected (step 430) as being an identifying tag representing class A otherwise the preselected identifying tag is rejected (step 440). A model of documents 10 can further be created including said at least one selected identifying tags (1, 2) to represent class A. It must be understood that the steps of selecting potential identifying tags 200 can be mixed with the steps of preselection 300 and selection 400 of an identifying tag. That is to say, when a potential identifying tag is found in one document 8 of one class A, the steps of searching for said identifying tag in other documents of the same class A and checking that said identifying tag does not match with another document of another class B, can be conducted before another potential identifying tag is found in first document 8. All the steps of the method for automatically creating a model of documents, as shown in FIG. 2, can be software implemented. The invention therefore refers to a computer system for creating a model of documents representing a class of documents comprising computer-implemented means for accessing a plurality of documents separated into different classes; for determining at least one potential identifying tag within one document belonging to one class; for checking whether said potential identifying tag is included within at least a document of said one class; for selecting said identifying tag as representing said one class if previous checking is positive; for rejecting said potential identifying tag if previous checking is negative; for creating a model of documents related to said one class including said selected identifying tag. The computer system may also include computer-implemented means for checking whether said identifying tag is included within at least a document of another class; for selecting said identifying tag as representing said one class if previous checking is negative; for rejecting said preselected identifying tag if previous checking is positive. The models of documents according to the invention are automatically created with no need for an operator to intervene in the process. Applicant has run a software according to the method of the invention to create 223 classes starting from an image database of 5 000 digitalized invoices. Each class includes about 20 documents. This software was run with a Pentium 4 to 2 Giga Hertz and took about 1 h 30 to create the models. According to the invention, a set of models of documents is created respectively representing different classes. Subsequently, when a document to be classified comes in, the models of documents can be used to classify said document, which means to assign a class to said document or to reject said document if not belonging to any known classes. The invention concerns therefore also a method for automatically classifying a document. FIG. 3 is a flow chart illustrating the classification method according to the invention. There is provided a plurality of models of documents according to the invention (step 500), each model of documents being related to a class. The document to be classified is compared with a first model of documents referring to a first class A. At least one region of the document to be classified is selected, said region corresponding to the size and location of at least one identifying tag of said first model of documents. A correlation function is computed (step 510) between said at least one identifying tag and said region of the document to be classified. The correlation function between the document to be classified and the model of a given class is based on the following expression: Cclass=(Ctag)/Ntag With Ctag: the correlation between a tag of the model of documents and a corresponding region of the document to be classified based on the expression set before, and Ntag: the number of tags of the model of documents. Ntag can be equal or set to 1 according to one embodiment. If Cclass is substantially equal to 1, said document matches with said model of documents and can be assigned to the corresponding class (step 520). If Cclass is substantially equal to 0, said document does not match with said model of documents. A subsequent model of documents of another class is picked up (step 530) and the correlation Cclass is calculated (step 540) for said other class. According to embodiments, the correlation Cclass can be computed for all defined classes and the document to be classified will be assigned to the class for which Cclass has the closest value to 1; or the routine will be stopped as soon as one computed value of Cclass exceeds a threshold value. If said document to be classified does not match with any model of documents, that is to say if Cclass is smaller than a threshold value substantially close to 0 for all models of documents, said document must be rejected (step 550) as not being suitable for classification according to the method. All the steps of the method for automatically classifying a document, as shown in FIG. 3, can be software implemented. The invention therefore refers to a computer system for classifying a document comprising computer-implemented software means for providing a plurality of models of documents, each model of documents being related to a class; for comparing a document to be classified with one model of documents; for assigning said document to a given class, when said document matches with the corresponding one model of documents; for rejecting said document to be classified, if said document to be classified does not match with any model of documents. The classification method according to the invention increases the rate of automatic document image processing. The document to be classified is solely compared with models of documents by computing data over specific regions of document images corresponding to tags location. Applicant has run a software according to the method of the invention to classify a document using 223 models created according to the method of the invention. This software was run using a Pentium 4 to 2 Giga Hertz and it took about 66,6 ms to assign a document to a given class (classification rate is about 15 image documents per second). Specific Embodiments Of A Model of Documents And Method For Automatically Classifying A Document according to the present invention have been described for the purpose of illustrating the manner in which the invention may be made and used. It should be understood that implementation of other variations and modifications of the invention is not limited by the specific embodiments described. It is therefore contemplated to cover by the present invention any and all modifications, variations, or equivalents that fall within the true sprit and scope of the basic underlying principles disclosed and claimed herein.	<SOH> FIELD OF THE INVENTION <EOH>The invention relates to the field of document image processing, and more specifically to document image classification. We refer to document image as a document that has been digitalized by any means. In various applications, it is desirable to classify documents by their type, e.g., business letters, invoice, fax cover sheet, and by their origin, e.g., customer, subscriber, etc. Obviously, documents can be classified as belonging to one identifiable class. We define a class as being a set of documents of a given type, each document including a structure and/or contents similar to the other documents of the class and different from the documents of any other class. Any pair of documents taken from the same class should have at least some regions similar to each other and any pair of documents taken from two different classes should have at least some regions dissimilar to each other. U.S. Pat. No. 6,542,635 discloses a method wherein a document to be classified is segmented into blocks of data, for instance by using a pattern or optical character recognition (ORC) applied to part or the entire document. A vector of characteristics is created, representing a segment or the entire imaged document. A classification algorithm is then applied to the vector of characteristics to determine to which class the document belongs. Various classification algorithms are known, such as the K-mean method, the fuzzy C-mean method, and neuronal network based approaches. However, automatic classification of document images requires high processing capacity. Some known methods perform document classification further to a learning step. Models are created to define different classes of documents. Documents to be classified are then assigned to a class by comparing the document to be classified with the different models. Such models of documents are commonly created by an operator and such supervised operation is time consuming and expensive.	<SOH> SUMMARY <EOH>According to the invention a new method of classification is provided that can increase the rate of document processing and suppress classification system operator intervention. Moreover, the method according to the invention remains reliable and efficient when the number of classes increases. According to the invention, models of documents are created starting from a sample of classified documents. Such models are representative of the contents of all the documents of a given class while including less data to be processed. When such models of documents are created, an incoming document to be classified is compared to the models and assigned to a class or rejected. Therefore, the invention provides a specific way to model a class of documents and a method for automatically creating such models of documents. Furthermore, the invention provides a method for assigning a class to a document using models of documents according to the invention. The methods of the present invention are preferably computer-implemented. In particular, the invention concerns a model of documents including at least one identifying tag, each identifying tag being defined by at least its graphical content, size and location within the document. According to a feature, the object to surface ratio of the graphical content of the identifying tag is substantially equal to 0,5. According to another feature, the size of the identifying tag is less or equal to 5% of the document size. The invention also concerns a method for automatically creating a model of documents representing a class of documents, the method comprising the steps of: a) providing a plurality of documents separated into different classes; b) determining at least one potential identifying tag within one document belonging to one class, said identifying tag being defined by at least its graphical content, size and location within the document; c) checking whether said potential identifying tag is included within at least a document of said one class; d) if said step c) is positive, selecting said identifying tag; d′) if step c) is negative, rejecting said potential identifying tag and repeating steps b) and c); e) creating a model of documents related to said one class including said selected identifying tag. The method according to the invention may further comprise the steps of: f) checking whether said potential identifying tag is included within at least a document of another class; g) if step f) is negative, selecting said identifying tag; g′) if step f) is positive, rejecting said potential identifying tag and repeating steps b) and c). The method is repeated for each class of documents provided. According to one feature, step b) comprises the steps of: b 1 ) selecting a working window in said one document; b 2 ) calculating an object to surface ratio for said working window; b 3 ) if said ratio lies within predetermined values, selecting the region of said working window as a potential identifying tag. According to one feature, steps b 1 ) to b 3 ) are repeated by shifting the working window to scan the document. A given portion of the document may be excluded from the searching of an identifying tag. According to one feature, steps c) and f) comprise the step of calculating a correlation function between the potential identifying tag and a region of said document corresponding to the size and location of said identifying tag. The invention also concerns a computer system for creating a model of documents according to the method of the invention. The invention also concerns a method for automatically classifying a document comprising the steps of: a′) providing a plurality of models of documents according to the invention, each model of documents being related to a given class; b′) comparing a document to be classified with at least one model of documents; c′) if said document to be classified matches with said one model of documents, assigning said document into said corresponding class; d′) if said document to be classified doesn't match with any model of documents, rejecting said document. According to one feature, step b′) includes the step of calculating a correlation function between at least one identifying tag of the model of documents and a region of the document to be classified corresponding to the size and location of said identifying tag. According to one feature, step c′) includes the steps of: comparing the correlation function results for each model of documents provided at step a′); assigning the document to be classified to the class corresponding to the model of documents providing the correlation result closest to a predetermined value The invention also concerns a computer system for classifying a document according to the method of the invention.	20040525	20080506	20051006	62415.0		1	SHECHTMAN, CHERYL MARIA	MODEL OF DOCUMENTS AND METHOD FOR AUTOMATICALLY CLASSIFYING A DOCUMENT	UNDISCOUNTED	0	ACCEPTED		2,004
10,853,211	ACCEPTED	Main steam system around nuclear reactor	A main steam system around a nuclear reactor which comprises two main steam nozzles in a reactor pressure vessel, each of the main nozzles being disposed at a symmetrical position with respect to a plane parallel to steam outlet faces of steam dryers provided inside the reactor pressure vessel and passing through a center of the reactor pressure vessel; and main steam pipes each connected to the main steam nozzles.	1-2. (canceled) 3. A main steam system provided around a nuclear reactor comprising: two main steam nozzles in a reactor pressure vessel, each of said main nozzles being disposed at a symmetrical position with respect to a plane parallel to steam outlet faces of steam dryers provided inside said reactor pressure vessel and passing through a center of said reactor pressure vessel; main steam pipes each connected to said main steam nozzles; main steam headers connected to said reactor pressure vessel so as to receive steam inside said reactor pressure vessel; and main team safety relief valves for relieving said steam from said header to the outside when steam pressure reaches a preset pressure. 4. A main steam system around a nuclear reactor according to claim 3, wherein said plurality of main steam safety relief valves are distributively disposed in the main steam pipes and the main steam headers. 5. A main steam system around a nuclear reactor according to claim 4, wherein connecting positions of said main steam headers to said reactor pressure vessel are symmetrical to disposing positions of said main steam nozzle in said reactor pressure vessel with respect to a vertical plane passing through the center of said reactor pressure vessel and intersecting said steam outlet faces at a right angle. 6. A main steam system provided around a nuclear reactor comprising: steam dryers arranged in a reactor pressure vessel, steam outlet faces of said individual steam dryers being oriented in an equal direction; two main steam nozzles each located at positions in a half-circumferential portion in said equal direction of said reactor pressure vessel, each of said positions being symmetrical with respect to a vertical plane passing through the center of said reactor pressure vessel and intersecting said steam outlet faces at right angle; and main steam pipes, each of said main steam pipes being connected to said main steam nozzles. 7. A main steam system around a nuclear reactor according to claim 6, which further comprises main steam headers connected to said reactor pressure vessel so as to receive steam inside said reactor pressure vessel; and main steam safety relief valves for relieving said steam from said header to the outside when steam pressure reaches a preset pressure. 8. main steam system around a nuclear reactor according to claim 7, wherein said plurality of main steam safety relief valves are distributively disposed in the main steam pipes and the main steam headers. 9. A main steam system around a nuclear reactor according to claim 8, wherein connecting positions of said main steam headers to said reactor pressure vessel are symmetrical to disposing positions of said main steam nozzle in said reactor pressure vessel with respect to a	BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a main steam system around a nuclear reactor. 2. Prior Art A conventional main steam system around a nuclear reactor in a nuclear power plant is shown in FIG. 5 to FIG. 8. In the conventional main steam system around the nuclear reactor, steam separators 3 and steam dryers 2 are arranged inside a reactor pressure vessel 1 in order to separate a steam-water mixed flow flowing out of a reactor core 4 into steam to be fed to a steam turbine and water to be recirculated into the reactor core 4, as shown in FIG. 5 and FIG. 6. Among these core internals, the steam dryer 2 includes a plurality of corrugated plates 9 which are aligned parallel to each other to form steam passages between the corrugated plates 9, as shown in FIG. 7. Since the steam flows along the corrugated plate to change the flow direction may times while passing through the gap between the corrugated plates 9, moisture contained in the steam is removed every flow direction change. After that, dry steam obtained by removing moisture from the steam is flows out of a steam outlet face 11 of the steam dryer 2 to an upper dome of the reactor pressure vessel 1, and then, the dry steam flows out of the reactor pressure vessel 1 to be conducted to a steam turbine through four main steam nozzles 5 and main steam pipes 6. The flow of the steam inside the steam dryer 2 at that time is shown by hollow arrows in FIG. 8. On the other hand, the four main steam nozzles 5 are arranged at positions symmetrical with respect to a plane which is parallel to the steam outlet faces of the steam dryers 2 and passes the center of the reactor pressure vessel 1. Further, each of the steam outlet faces 11 of the steam dryers 2 is arranged so as to face the side of the center of the reactor pressure vessel 1, as shown in FIG. 5. Furthermore, a plurality of main steam safety relief valves 7 for moderating abnormal pressure rise in the reactor pressure vessel 1 are distributively arranged along each of the four main steam pipes 6. The main steam safety relief valve 7 is closed during normal operation of the reactor. However, when pressure in the reactor pressure vessel increases and reaches a set pressure of the main steam safety relief valves 7, the main steam safety relief valves 7 are opened in order to secure safety by relieving steam inside the reactor pressure vessel to the outside of the reactor pressure vessel. In order to secure the safety in a short time, a plurality of main steam safety relief valves such as those disclosed, for example, in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 11-14787 are arranged in each of four main steam pipes connected to a reactor pressure vessel, as disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2001-4788. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In a conventional main steam system around a nuclear reactor comprising four main steam pipes 6 as shown in FIG. 6, dry steam inside the reactor pressure vessel bilaterally symmetrically flows, and evenly flows into the four main pipes 6 through the main steam nozzles 5, as shown by hollow arrows in FIG. 12. In a nuclear power plant having a smaller thermal power (thermal power: below approximately 1800 MW) compared to the conventional nuclear power plant, there are prospects that number of main steam pipes 6 can be reduced from the conventional number of four to two pipes without substantial changes in diameter of the main steam pipe 6 because of smaller amount of steam generated in the reactor pressure vessel. In a case where number of the main steam pipes 6 (and accordingly, number of the main steam nozzles 5) can be reduced smaller comparing to the case of the conventional plant, and the number of the main steam pipes can be reduced to two, there is a possibility that unstable flow portions of steam flowing out of the steam dryers 2 may appear because of loss of the symmetry in the steam flow pattern if the main steam pipes are inappropriately arranged, for example, as shown by hollow arrows expressing steam flow in FIG. 10. Therefore, steam does not flow smoothly compared to steam flow in the conventional nuclear reactor vessel to increase pressure drop caused in the total main steam system, which may deteriorate the performance of the nuclear power plant compared to that of the conventional nuclear power plant. In addition, although it is also preferable that steam evenly flows through all the steam dryers 2, steam flowing through the steam dryers 2 becomes uneven if the steam after flowing out of the steam dryers 2 does not smoothly flows, which may deteriorate the performance of the nuclear plant. An object of the present invention is to suppress deterioration of performance of a main steam system when number of main steam pipes connected to a reactor pressure vessel is reduced. A first means to solve the problems is a main steam system around a nuclear reactor which comprises two main steam nozzles in a reactor pressure vessel, each of the main nozzles being disposed at a symmetrical position with respect to a plane parallel to steam outlet faces of steam dryers provided inside the reactor pressure vessel and passing through a center of the reactor pressure vessel; and main steam pipes each connected to the main steam nozzles. Similarly, a second means is that in the first means, the main steam pipes, preferably, two main steam pipes, are individually connected to the reactor pressure vessel through the main steam nozzles in 180°-symmetrical positional relation. Similarly, a third means is a main steam system around a nuclear reactor, which comprises steam dryers arranged in a reactor pressure vessel, steam outlet faces of the individual steam dryers being oriented in an equal direction; two main steam nozzles each located at positions in a half-circumferential portion in the equal direction of the reactor pressure vessel, each of the positions being symmetrical with respect to a vertical plane passing through the center of the reactor pressure vessel and intersecting the steam outlet faces at right angle; and main steam pipes, each of the main steam pipes being connected to the main steam nozzle. Similarly, a fourth means is that in any one of the first means to the third means, the fourth means further comprises main steam headers connected to the reactor pressure vessel so as to receive steam inside the reactor pressure vessel; and main steam safety relief valves for relieving the steam from the header to the outside when steam pressure reaches a preset pressure. Similarly, a fifth means is that in the fourth means, the plurality of main steam safety relief valves are distributively disposed in the main steam pipes and the main steam headers. Similarly, a sixth means is that in the fifth means, connecting positions of the main steam headers to the reactor pressure vessel are symmetrical to disposing positions of the main steam nozzle in the reactor pressure vessel with respect to a vertical plane passing through the center of the reactor pressure vessel and intersecting the steam outlet faces at right angle. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional plan view of a reactor pressure vessel which shows the construction of a first embodiment of a main steam system around a nuclear reactor in accordance with the present invention. FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional plan view of a reactor pressure vessel which shows the construction of a second embodiment of a main steam system around a nuclear reactor in accordance with the present invention. FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional plan view of a reactor pressure vessel which shows the construction of a third embodiment of a main steam system around a nuclear reactor in accordance with the present invention. FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional plan view of a reactor pressure vessel which shows the construction of a fourth embodiment of a main steam system around a nuclear reactor in accordance with the present invention. FIG. 5 is a vertical cross-sectional view of a reactor pressure vessel which shows the construction of a conventional main steam system around nuclear reactor. FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional plan view of the reactor pressure vessel which shows the construction of the conventional main steam system around nuclear reactor. FIG. 7 is a partially cutaway perspective view showing a steam dryer. FIG. 8 is a perspective view showing steam flow in steam dryers. FIG. 9 is a view showing steam flow on a vertical cross-sectional plane inside the reactor pressure vessel in the second embodiment in accordance with the present invention. FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional plan view of a reactor pressure vessel which shows uneven steam flow inside the reactor pressure vessel. FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional plan view which shows steam flow inside the reactor pressure vessel in the fourth embodiment in accordance with the present invention. FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional plan view of a reactor pressure vessel which shows steam flow inside the reactor pressure vessel in a conventional example. FIG. 13 is a cross-sectional plan view of the reactor pressure vessel which shows steam flow inside the reactor pressure vessel in the first embodiment in accordance with the present invention. FIG. 13 is a cross-sectional plan view of the reactor pressure vessel which shows steam flow inside the reactor pressure vessel in the second embodiment in accordance with the present invention. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Each embodiment in accordance with the present invention will be described below, referring to the accompanied drawings. The first embodiment shown in FIG. 1 comprises steam separators 3 above a reactor core 4 in a reactor pressure vessel 1 containing the reactor core 4; and steam dryers 2 above the steam separators. Two main steam nozzles 5 are individually connected to the reactor pressure vessel 1 at bilaterally symmetrical positions in a lower half-circumferential portion of the reactor pressure vessel. Main steam pipes 6 are individually connected to the main steam nozzle 5. A plurality of main steam safety relief valves are provided in each of the main steam pipes 6. The steam dryer 2 has a construction similar to that of the steam dryer 2 shown in FIG. 7 and FIG. 8, and has a function of removing moisture from steam while the steam is flowing inside a hood 10 of the steam dryer 2 from the bottom to the top, and then passing through the gaps between the corrugated plates 9. The steam losing moisture becomes dry steam, and flows out of a steam outlet face 11 of the steam dryer 2. The steam outlet faces 11 of the individual steam dryers 2 are oriented toward the central direction of the reactor pressure vessel 1. Therefore, a set of the main steam nozzle 5 and the main steam pipe 6 is disposed at each symmetrical position with respect to a plane parallel to the steam outlet face 11 of the steam dryer 2 and passing through the center of the reactor pressure vessel 1, that is, with respect to a vertical plane including a dash-and-dot line A passing through the center of the reactor pressure vessel. Similarly, each of the steam dryers 2 is also symmetrically arranged. In such a main steam system around nuclear reactor described above, coolant in the reactor pressure vessel 1 is heated by the reactor core 4 to be changed to steam-water two-phase flow, and flows out into the upper portion of the reactor core 4. The steam-water two-phase flow flows into the steam separators 3 to be excluded the liquid phase portion, and only the steam is fed into the steam dryers 2 to be changed to dry steam by removing the moisture by the steam dryers 2. The dry steam bilaterally symmetrically flows from the steam outlet faces 11 of the steam dryers 2 as shown by the hollow arrows in FIG. 13, and equally flows into the main steam pipes 6 through the main steam nozzles 5, and then is fed to a turbine apparatus for driving a generator. Dry steam used as energy for rotationally driving the turbine of the turbine apparatus is returned to liquid to be fed to the reactor pressure vessel 1 as the coolant again. In a case of disposing a plurality of main steam pipes 6, it is preferable that steam equally flows through the individual main steam pipes 6. However, if the main steam pipes 6 are inappropriately arranged, for example, as shown by hollow arrows expressing steam flow in FIG. 10, there is a possibility that unstable or non-uniform flow portions of steam flowing out of the steam dryers 2 may appear because of loss of the symmetry in the steam flow pattern. Therefore, steam does not flow smoothly compared to steam flow in the conventional nuclear reactor vessel to increase pressure drop caused in the total main steam system, which may deteriorate the performance of the nuclear power plant compared to that of the conventional nuclear power plant. According to the present embodiment, in a case of disposing, particularly, two main steam pipes 6, steam flow in the reactor pressure vessel 1 becomes symmetrical flow as shown by hollow arrows in FIG. 13, and accordingly the steam equally flows in the two main steam pipes 6. Thereby, symmetrical main steam flow equivalent to that in the conventional plant having four main steam pipes 6 can be formed in the plant having two main steam pipes 6, and accordingly, deterioration in performance of the main steam system can be prevented. When pressure in the reactor pressure vessel 1 reaches a set pressure of the main steam safety relief valves 7, the main steam safety relief valves 7 open. As the main steam safety relief valves 7 open, the steam inside the reactor pressure vessel 1 is discharged from the main steam safety relief valves 7 into cooling water in a pressure suppression chamber from through the main steam nozzles 5 and the main steam pipes 6. Thereby, the reactor pressure vessel 1 can avoid various events caused by excessive pressure rise. As described above, the discharged steam is condensed in the cooling water in the pressure suppression chamber. The second embodiment, to be described below, is a main steam system around a nuclear reactor which is obtained by partially modifying the first embodiment, as shown in FIG. 2. A modified portion is as follows. That is, the disposing positions of the main steam pipes 6 and the main steam nozzles 5 are 180°-symmetrica1 in angle, as shown in FIG. 2. The other constructions are the same as those of the first embodiment. Accordingly, description on the other constructions will be omitted. By employing such a construction, it is possible to form symmetrical steam flow not only with respect to the plane parallel to the steam outlet faces 11 and passing through the center of the reactor pressure vessel 1 but also with respect to the vertical plane perpendicular to the steam outlet faces 11 and passing through the center of the reactor pressure vessel 1, as shown by hollow arrows in FIG. 14. Therefore, the steam flow shown by the follow arrows in FIG. 14 becomes stable, and accordingly, the second embodiment can suppress deterioration in performance of the main steam system more effectively than the first embodiment. When the dry steam flow from the steam dryers 2 to the main steam nozzles 5 in this case is displayed on a vertical sectional plane, the steam flow can be expressed as shown by arrows in FIG. 9. The other matters are the same as those of the first embodiment. In the present embodiment, each set of the main steam nozzle 5 and the main steam pipe 6 is also disposed at a symmetrical position with respect to the plane parallel to the steam outlet faces 11 of the steam dryers 2 and passing through the center of the reactor pressure vessel 1, that is, with respect to the vertical plane including the dash-and-dot line A passing through the center of the reactor pressure vessel. The third embodiment shown in FIG. 3 is a main steam system around a nuclear reactor which is obtained by adding additional structures to the first embodiment. The additional structures are two main steam headers 8 and two main steam nozzles 5 for connecting the two main steam headers to the reactor pressure vessel 1. The added two main steam nozzles 5 are disposed vertically symmetrically to the two main nozzles 5 for connecting the two main steam pipes 6 to the reactor pressure vessel 1, as shown in FIG. 3. In other words, the added two main steam nozzles 5 and the two main steam nozzles 5 for connecting the two main steam pipes 6 to the reactor pressure vessel 1 are symmetrically disposed with respect to the vertical plane perpendicular to the steam outlet faces 11 of the steam dryers 2 and passing through the center of the reactor pressure vessel 1. The added two main steam nozzles 5 are connected to the reactor pressure vessel 1, and a main steam header 8 is connected to each of the added two main steam nozzles 5 through a pipe. Two main steam safety relief valves 7 are provided in each of the main steam headers 8. These main steam safety relief valves also open when the pressure in the reactor pressure vessel reaches the-set pressure. In the construction described above, since the main steam safety relief valves 7 provided in the main steam pipes 6 and the main steam headers 8 do not open during the normal operation period that the pressure in the reactor pressure vessel 1 does not reach the set pressure, steam in the reactor pressure vessel 1 is dried by the steam dryers 2 to be introduced into the main steam pipes 6 similarly to the case of the first embodiment, and steam flow entering into the main steam headers 8 does not occur. Therefore, steam flow after dried in the reactor pressure vessel 1 can keep the flow symmetry similarly to that of the first embodiment, and accordingly deterioration in performance of the main steam system can be suppressed. However, once pressure in the reactor pressure vessel 1 reaches the set pressure of the main steam safety relief valves 7, the main steam safety relief valves 7 provided in the main steam pipes 6 and the main steam headers 8 open to discharge the steam inside the reactor pressure vessel 1 into cooling water in the pressure suppression chamber. Thereby, the pressure in the reactor pressure vessel 1 can be suppressed below the set pressure to secure the safety. The other contents are the same as those of the first embodiment. Up to now, all the main steam safety relief valves 7 have been mounted on the main steam lines. However, in a nuclear power plant having a smaller output power capacity, number of the main steam safety relief valves 7 necessary to be mounted on one line of the main steam pipe 6 may be possibly increased because number of main steam pipes decreases though necessary number of the main steam safety relief valves 7 decreases corresponding to decrease in the output power capacity. In a nuclear power plant having a smaller output power capacity, the amount of materials is reduced by decreasing the size of the reactor containment containing the main steam system. However, the size of the reactor containment must be possibly increased in order to secure routing spaces for the main steam pipes 6 when length of the main steam pipes 6 is increased due to mounting the main steam safety relief valves 7. In order to avoid this problem, it is necessary to reduce the number of the main steam safety relief valves 7 to be mounted on the lines of the main steam pipes 6. In the third embodiment, as a means of reducing the number, the main steam headers 8 are provided, and the main steam safety relief valves 7 are disposed on the main steam headers 8. By employing the above construction, the number of the main steam safety relief valves 7 to be mounted on the lines of the main steam pipes 6 is reduced, and the main steam nozzles 5 for connecting the main steam pipes 6 and the main steam nozzle 5 for connecting the main steam headers 8 are disposed at symmetrical positions in the reactor pressure vessel 1 with equal angular spacing, as shown in FIG. 3. Thereby, steam flow inside the reactor pressure vessel 1 is kept stable even during operating condition of the main steam safety relief valves 7, and a nearly equal amount of steam flow can be discharged through each of the main steam pipes 6 and the main steam headers 8. In the present embodiment, each of the main steam nozzle 5 is also disposed at a symmetrical position with respect to the plane parallel to the steam outlet faces 11 of the steam dryers 2 and passing through the center of the reactor pressure vessel 1, that is, with respect to the vertical plane including the dash-and-dot line A passing through the center of the reactor pressure vessel, and the main steam pipes 6 are individually connected to the main steam nozzles 5 in the lower half-circular portion in the horizontal section of the reactor pressure vessel in FIG. 3, and the main steam headers 8 are individually connected to the main steam nozzles 5 in the upper half-circular portion in the horizontal section of the reactor pressure vessel in FIG. 3. As described above, the size of the reactor containment can be made compact without excessively routing the main steam pipes 6, and at the same time, deterioration in the performance of the main steam system can be suppressed. Similarly to the first embodiment, the fourth embodiment shown in FIG. 4 comprises steam separators 3 above a reactor core 4 in a reactor pressure vessel 1 containing the reactor core 4; and steam dryers 2 above the steam separators. Two main steam nozzles 5 are connected to the right-hand side half-circular portion of the reactor pressure vessel 1 in FIG. 4. Two main steam pipes 6 are individually connected to the main steam nozzle 5. A plurality of safety relief valves are disposed in each of the main steam pipes 6. The steam dryer 2 has a construction similar to that of the steam dryer 2 shown in FIG. 7 and FIG. 8, and has a function of removing moisture from steam while the steam is flowing inside the hood 10 of the steam dryer 2 from the bottom to the top, and then passing through the gaps between the corrugated plates 9. The steam losing moisture becomes dry steam, and flows out of a steam outlet face 11 of the steam dryer 2. The steam outlet faces 11 of the individual steam dryers 2 are oriented toward the right-hand half-circular side of the reactor pressure vessel 1 in FIG. 4, that is, toward the right-hand side direction in FIG. 4. Therefore, a set of the main steam nozzle 5 and the main steam pipe 6 is disposed at each symmetrical position with respect to a vertical plane perpendicular to the steam outlet-face 11 of the steam dryer 2 and passing through the center of the reactor pressure vessel 1. In such a main steam system around nuclear reactor described above, coolant in the reactor pressure vessel 1 is heated by the reactor core 4 to be changed to steam-water two-phase flow, and flows out into the upper portion of the reactor core 4. The steam-water two-phase flow flows into the steam separators 3 to be excluded the liquid phase portion, and only the steam is fed into the steam dryers 2 to be changed to dry steam by removing the moisture by the steam dryers 2. The dry steam flows vertically in FIG. 11 and symmetrically out of the steam outlet faces 11 of the steam dryers 2 as shown by the hollow arrows in FIG. 11, and equally flows into the main steam pipes 6 through the main steam nozzles 5, and then is fed to a turbine apparatus for driving a generator. Dry steam used as energy for rotationally driving the turbine of the turbine apparatus is returned to liquid to be fed to the reactor pressure vessel 1 as the coolant again. According to the present embodiment, in a case of disposing, particularly, two main steam pipes 6, steam flow in the reactor pressure vessel 1 becomes symmetrical flow with respect to the vertical plane perpendicular to the steam outlet faces 11 of the steam dryers 2 and passing through the center of the reactor pressure vessel 1, as shown by hollow arrows in FIG. 11, and accordingly the steam equally flows in the two main steam pipes 6. Thereby, deterioration in performance of the main steam system can be prevented. When pressure in the reactor pressure vessel 1 reaches a set pressure of the main steam safety relief valves 7, the main steam safety relief valves 7 open. As the main steam safety relief valves 7 open, the steam inside the reactor pressure vessel 1 is discharged from the main steam safety relief valves 7 into cooling water in a pressure suppression chamber from through the main steam nozzles 5 and the main steam pipes 6. Thereby, the reactor pressure vessel 1 can avoid various events caused by excessive pressure rise. As described above, the discharged steam is condensed in the cooling water in the pressure suppression chamber. In any of the first to the fourth embodiment, in the main steam system around the nuclear reactor composed of the reactor pressure vessel 1 having the reactor core 4; the steam dryers 2 contained in the reactor pressure vessel 1; and the main steam pipes 6 connected to the reactor pressure vessel 1, steam equally flows in the two main steam pipes 6, and accordingly deterioration in performance of the main steam system can be suppressed, as described above. According to the present invention, it is possible to provide a main steam system around a nuclear reactor which can suppress deterioration in performance of the main steam system.	<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a main steam system around a nuclear reactor. 2. Prior Art A conventional main steam system around a nuclear reactor in a nuclear power plant is shown in FIG. 5 to FIG. 8 . In the conventional main steam system around the nuclear reactor, steam separators 3 and steam dryers 2 are arranged inside a reactor pressure vessel 1 in order to separate a steam-water mixed flow flowing out of a reactor core 4 into steam to be fed to a steam turbine and water to be recirculated into the reactor core 4 , as shown in FIG. 5 and FIG. 6 . Among these core internals, the steam dryer 2 includes a plurality of corrugated plates 9 which are aligned parallel to each other to form steam passages between the corrugated plates 9 , as shown in FIG. 7 . Since the steam flows along the corrugated plate to change the flow direction may times while passing through the gap between the corrugated plates 9 , moisture contained in the steam is removed every flow direction change. After that, dry steam obtained by removing moisture from the steam is flows out of a steam outlet face 11 of the steam dryer 2 to an upper dome of the reactor pressure vessel 1 , and then, the dry steam flows out of the reactor pressure vessel 1 to be conducted to a steam turbine through four main steam nozzles 5 and main steam pipes 6 . The flow of the steam inside the steam dryer 2 at that time is shown by hollow arrows in FIG. 8 . On the other hand, the four main steam nozzles 5 are arranged at positions symmetrical with respect to a plane which is parallel to the steam outlet faces of the steam dryers 2 and passes the center of the reactor pressure vessel 1 . Further, each of the steam outlet faces 11 of the steam dryers 2 is arranged so as to face the side of the center of the reactor pressure vessel 1 , as shown in FIG. 5 . Furthermore, a plurality of main steam safety relief valves 7 for moderating abnormal pressure rise in the reactor pressure vessel 1 are distributively arranged along each of the four main steam pipes 6 . The main steam safety relief valve 7 is closed during normal operation of the reactor. However, when pressure in the reactor pressure vessel increases and reaches a set pressure of the main steam safety relief valves 7 , the main steam safety relief valves 7 are opened in order to secure safety by relieving steam inside the reactor pressure vessel to the outside of the reactor pressure vessel. In order to secure the safety in a short time, a plurality of main steam safety relief valves such as those disclosed, for example, in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 11-14787 are arranged in each of four main steam pipes connected to a reactor pressure vessel, as disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2001-4788.	<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>In a conventional main steam system around a nuclear reactor comprising four main steam pipes 6 as shown in FIG. 6 , dry steam inside the reactor pressure vessel bilaterally symmetrically flows, and evenly flows into the four main pipes 6 through the main steam nozzles 5 , as shown by hollow arrows in FIG. 12 . In a nuclear power plant having a smaller thermal power (thermal power: below approximately 1800 MW) compared to the conventional nuclear power plant, there are prospects that number of main steam pipes 6 can be reduced from the conventional number of four to two pipes without substantial changes in diameter of the main steam pipe 6 because of smaller amount of steam generated in the reactor pressure vessel. In a case where number of the main steam pipes 6 (and accordingly, number of the main steam nozzles 5 ) can be reduced smaller comparing to the case of the conventional plant, and the number of the main steam pipes can be reduced to two, there is a possibility that unstable flow portions of steam flowing out of the steam dryers 2 may appear because of loss of the symmetry in the steam flow pattern if the main steam pipes are inappropriately arranged, for example, as shown by hollow arrows expressing steam flow in FIG. 10 . Therefore, steam does not flow smoothly compared to steam flow in the conventional nuclear reactor vessel to increase pressure drop caused in the total main steam system, which may deteriorate the performance of the nuclear power plant compared to that of the conventional nuclear power plant. In addition, although it is also preferable that steam evenly flows through all the steam dryers 2 , steam flowing through the steam dryers 2 becomes uneven if the steam after flowing out of the steam dryers 2 does not smoothly flows, which may deteriorate the performance of the nuclear plant. An object of the present invention is to suppress deterioration of performance of a main steam system when number of main steam pipes connected to a reactor pressure vessel is reduced. A first means to solve the problems is a main steam system around a nuclear reactor which comprises two main steam nozzles in a reactor pressure vessel, each of the main nozzles being disposed at a symmetrical position with respect to a plane parallel to steam outlet faces of steam dryers provided inside the reactor pressure vessel and passing through a center of the reactor pressure vessel; and main steam pipes each connected to the main steam nozzles. Similarly, a second means is that in the first means, the main steam pipes, preferably, two main steam pipes, are individually connected to the reactor pressure vessel through the main steam nozzles in 180°-symmetrical positional relation. Similarly, a third means is a main steam system around a nuclear reactor, which comprises steam dryers arranged in a reactor pressure vessel, steam outlet faces of the individual steam dryers being oriented in an equal direction; two main steam nozzles each located at positions in a half-circumferential portion in the equal direction of the reactor pressure vessel, each of the positions being symmetrical with respect to a vertical plane passing through the center of the reactor pressure vessel and intersecting the steam outlet faces at right angle; and main steam pipes, each of the main steam pipes being connected to the main steam nozzle. Similarly, a fourth means is that in any one of the first means to the third means, the fourth means further comprises main steam headers connected to the reactor pressure vessel so as to receive steam inside the reactor pressure vessel; and main steam safety relief valves for relieving the steam from the header to the outside when steam pressure reaches a preset pressure. Similarly, a fifth means is that in the fourth means, the plurality of main steam safety relief valves are distributively disposed in the main steam pipes and the main steam headers. Similarly, a sixth means is that in the fifth means, connecting positions of the main steam headers to the reactor pressure vessel are symmetrical to disposing positions of the main steam nozzle in the reactor pressure vessel with respect to a vertical plane passing through the center of the reactor pressure vessel and intersecting the steam outlet faces at right angle.	20040526	20051227	20050623	63489.0		0	PALABRICA, RICARDO J	MAIN STEAM SYSTEM AROUND NUCLEAR REACTOR	UNDISCOUNTED	1	CONT-ACCEPTED		2,004
10,853,236	ACCEPTED	Nitride semiconductor light emitting device	Disclosed is a nitride semiconductor LED having a light emitting structure. In the light emitting structure, an n-doped semiconductor layer has a first region and a second region surrounding the first region on a top thereof, an active layer is formed on the second region of the n-doped semiconductor layer, and a p-doped nitride semiconductor layer is formed on the active layer. A p-electrode is formed on the p-doped semiconductor layer. An n-electrode is formed on the first region of the n-doped nitride semiconductor layer.	1. A nitride semiconductor LED comprising: a light emitting structure including an n-doped semiconductor layer having a first region and a second region surrounding the first region on a top thereof, an active layer formed on the second region of the n-doped semiconductor layer and a p-doped nitride semiconductor layer formed on the active layer; a p-electrode formed on the p-doped semiconductor layer; and an n-electrode formed on the first region of the n-doped nitride semiconductor layer. 2. The nitride semiconductor LED according to claim 1, wherein the first region on the top of the n-doped nitride semiconductor layer corresponds to a substantially central area of the n-doped nitride semiconductor layer. 3. The nitride semiconductor LED according to claim 1, further comprising a transparent electrode layer for reducing the contact resistance between the p-doped nitride semiconductor layer and the p-electrode. 4. The nitride semiconductor LED according to claim 1, wherein the p-electrode has at least one contact pad and at least one extension extended from the contact pad along an outer periphery of the p-doped nitride semiconductor layer. 5. The nitride semiconductor LED according to claim 4, wherein the p-electrode is formed to surround the n-electrode. 6. The nitride semiconductor LED according to claim 5, wherein the light emitting structure has four corners and four sides each for connecting adjacent corners on the top thereof, and wherein the p-electrode has at least one contact pad placed adjacent to at least one of the four corners and an extension extended from the contact pad along the four sides. 7. The nitride semiconductor LED according to claim 6, wherein the p-electrode further has at least one p-electrode finger extended from the contact pad and/or the extension toward the n-electrode. 8. The nitride semiconductor LED according to claim 7, wherein the at least one p-electrode finger comprises four p-electrode fingers which are extended from central regions of the four sides, respectively. 9. The nitride semiconductor LED according to claim 7, wherein the p-electrode finger comprises four p-electrode fingers which are extended from the four corners, respectively. 10. The nitride semiconductor LED according to claim 7, wherein the p-electrode further has an electrode bar extended in a lateral direction from a terminal of at least one of the p-electrode finger to a predetermined length. 11. The nitride semiconductor LED according to claim 1, wherein the n-electrode includes a contact pad formed on a substantially central area of the n-doped nitride semiconductor layer and at least one n-electrode finger extended outward from the contact pad on the n-doped nitride semiconductor layer. 12. The nitride semiconductor LED according to claim 11, wherein the p-electrode includes at least one contact pad and at least one extension extended from the contact pad along an outer periphery on the p-doped nitride semiconductor layer. 13. The nitride semiconductor LED according to claim 12, wherein the p-electrode is formed to surround the n-electrode. 14. The nitride semiconductor LED according to claim 13, wherein the p-electrode further includes at least one p-electrode finger extended from the contact pad and/or the extension toward the n-electrode. 15. The nitride semiconductor LED according to claim 11, wherein the light emitting structure has four corners and four sides each for connecting adjacent corners on the top thereof, and wherein the n-electrode finger comprises four electrode fingers extended toward four corners, respectively. 16. The nitride semiconductor LED according to claim 15, wherein the p-electrode includes at least one contact pad, at least one extension extended from the contact pad along adjacent to the upper outer periphery of the p-doped nitride semiconductor layer to surround the n-electrode and four p-electrode fingers extended from central portions of four sides of the p-electrode toward the n-electrode contact pad. 17. The nitride semiconductor LED according to claim 11, wherein the light emitting structure has four corners and four sides each for connecting adjacent corners on the top thereof, and the at least one n-electrode finger comprises four electrode fingers which are extended toward central portions of the four sides, respectively. 18. The nitride semiconductor LED according to claim 17, wherein the p-electrode includes at least one contact pad, at least one extension extended from the contact pad along adjacent to an upper outer periphery of the p-doped nitride semiconductor layer to surround the n-electrode and four p-electrode fingers extended from four corners of the p-electrode toward the n-electrode contact pad. 19. The nitride semiconductor LED according to claim 11, wherein the n-electrode further has an electrode bar formed in a lateral direction at a terminal of at least one of the n-electrode finger at a predetermined length. 20. A nitride semiconductor LED comprising: a light emitting structure including an n-doped nitride semiconductor layer, an active layer and a p-doped semiconductor layer which are laid one atop another in their order; a p-electrode including at least one contact pad formed in a predetermined area on the p-doped nitride semiconductor layer and an extension extended from the contact pad along the outer periphery on the n-doped nitride semiconductor layer; and an n-electrode including at least one contact pad formed in a predetermined area on the n-doped nitride semiconductor layer surrounded by the p-electrode. 21. The nitride semiconductor LED according to claim 20, wherein the area on the n-doped nitride semiconductor layer surrounded by the p-electrode is divided into a plurality of equal-sized sub-areas, and the contact pad of the n-electrode comprises a plurality of contact pads which are arranged in substantially central portions of the plurality of sub-areas, respectively. 22. The nitride semiconductor LED according to claim 21, wherein the n-electrode further includes an extension extended between the contact pads and/or from the contact pads toward the p-electrode. 23. The nitride semiconductor LED according to claim 22, wherein the n-electrode extension connects at least some of the n-electrode contact pads together.	BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a nitride semiconductor light emitting diode, and more particularly, a large-sized high efficiency nitride semiconductor light emitting diode which can be used suitably in a high power lighting system. 2. Description of the Related Art As well known in the art, nitride semiconductors in the form of III-V group semiconductor crystals such as GaN, InN and AlN are widely used in Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) for emitting single wavelength light (e.g., ultraviolet ray and green light), in particular, blue light. Because a nitride semiconductor LED is fabricated on an insulation substrate such as a sapphire substrate and a SiC substrate satisfying lattice matching conditions for crystal growth, it necessarily has a planar structure in which two electrodes connected to p- and n-doped nitride semiconductor layers are arranged substantially horizontally on the top of a light emitting structure. A planar LED has drawbacks that an effective light emitting area is not sufficient and luminous efficiency per light emitting area is low because the flow of electric current is not uniformly distributed across the light emitting area unlike a vertical LED in which both electrodes are arranged on the top and the bottom of its light emitting structure. An example of the planar LED and the restricted luminous efficiency will be described with reference to FIGS. 1a and 1b. FIGS. 1a and 1b illustrate an example of a conventional nitride semiconductor LED 10. The nitride semiconductor LED 10 shown in FIG. 1a has p- and n-electrodes 19 and 18 both of which are arranged in diagonal corners on the top of a substantially rectangular LED body. Then, the conventional nitride semiconductor LED 10 has a planar structure with the p- and n-electrodes 19 and 18 being horizontally arranged side by side. Describing it in more detail with reference to FIG. 1b illustrating a longitudinal section taken across a line A-A′ in FIG. 1a, the nitride semiconductor LED 10 has an n-doped nitride semiconductor layer 12, an active layer 14 and a p-doped nitride semiconductor layer 16 formed on the substrate 11 one atop another in their order on a sapphire substrate 11. As in this illustration, the p-doped nitride semiconductor layer 16 may be covered with a transparent electrode layer 17 such as tin-doped indium oxide or Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) in order to improve contact resistance. Because the sapphire substrate 11 in use for the formation or growth of the nitride semiconductor layers is electrically insulated as described above, both the p-doped nitride semiconductor layer 16 and the active layer 14 are partially removed to form the n-electrode 18 that is to be connected to the n-doped nitride semiconductor layer 12. Owing to the electrical insulation of the substrate for growing the nitride semiconductor, the nitride semiconductor LED 10 has the planar structure with the p- and n-electrodes 19 and 18 being arranged on the same side. In the planar semiconductor LED 10 shown in FIGS. 1a and 1b, current flow is concentrated on the shortest path between the both electrodes to narrow the current path which current density is concentrated on unlike the vertical LED allowing vertical current flow. Also, the current flow is directed laterally to increase drive voltage owing to large series resistance, resultantly reducing actual light emitting area. That is, the nitride semiconductor LED has drawbacks of low current density per unit area originated from limitations of the planar structure as well as low area efficiency owing to small light emitting area. As a result, it has been regarded very difficult to obtain a high power LED in use for lighting systems by a large-size (e.g., 1000×1000 μm). In order to alleviate these problems, various forms of conventional approaches such as p- and n-electrode configurations and arrangements for raising current density and area efficiency have been developed as shown in FIGS. 2 to 3b. FIG. 2 is a plan view of an LED having an n-doped nitride semiconductor 22, an active layer and a p-doped nitride semiconductor layer (not shown) which are laid on a substrate one atop another in their order. On the top of the LED, p- and n-electrodes 29 and 28 are formed, connected to the p-doped nitride semiconductor layer (or a transparent electrode layer 27 if any) and the n-doped nitride semiconductor layer 22. The n-electrode 28 includes two contact pads 28a and a number of electrode fingers 28b extended from the contact pads 28a, respectively, and the p-electrode 29 includes two contact pads 29a and a number of electrode fingers 29b extended from the contact pads 29a, respectively, in which the n-electrode fingers 28b alternate with the p-electrode fingers 29b. This electrode structure can provide separate current paths through the electrode fingers 28b and 29b to reduce the lateral mean distance between the electrodes. This as a result can reduce series resistance, improve the uniformity of electric density across the whole area as well as ensure a sufficient light emitting area to the entire top surface even in case of a large-sized LED. However, there is a problem that distal ends of the respective electrode fingers 28b and 29b show a lower optical power than other proximal portions thereof because they are placed substantially away from the contact pads 28a and 29a through which electric current is introduced. FIGS. 3a and 3b illustrate a nitride semiconductor LED 30 having another conventional electrode structure. Referring to FIG. 3a, a p-electrode 39 includes a contact pad 39a formed in a substantially central area on the top of the LED 30 and four electrode fingers 39b extended from the contact pad 39a in diagonal directions. An n-electrode 38 includes a contact pad 38a formed adjacent to a corner on the top of the LED 30, an extension 38b extended from the contact pad 38a along adjacent to the outer periphery to surround the p-electrode 39 and four electrode fingers 38c extended from the extension 38b toward the p-electrode contact pad 39a. As shown in FIG. 3b, the nitride semiconductor LED 30 has a light emitting structure which includes an n-doped nitride semiconductor layer 32, an active layer 34 and a p-doped nitride semiconductor layer 36 formed on a substrate 31 one atop another in their order. On the top of the light emitting structure, a transparent electrode 37 may be formed on the p-doped nitride semiconductor 36 to improve the contact resistance with the p-electrode 38. Herein, both the n-electrode contact pad 38a and the n-electrode extension and 38b are formed on the n-doped nitride semiconductor layer 32 exposed along the outer periphery of the LED 30, and both the p-electrode contact pad 39a and the p-electrode fingers 39b are formed on the transparent electrode 37 and electrically connected to a p-doped nitride cladding layer 37. In the nitride semiconductor LED 30 shown in FIGS. 3a and 3b, because the contact pads and terminals of other electrode regions are formed shorter than in the structure shown in FIG. 2 and the both electrodes are distributed at a uniform gap across the entire area, series resistance can be reduced to improve luminous efficiency and current density can be distributed uniformly. However, because the active layer is removed by a considerable amount in order to form the n-electrode, this electrode structure also has drawbacks in that actual light emitting area is remarkably reduced with respect to the whole size of the originally grown light emitting structure and luminous efficiency per unit area is degraded on the contrary according to the size growth of the LED. As a consequence, novel electrode structures and arrangements for ensuring higher power to large-sized nitride semiconductor LEDs have been incessantly searched in the art. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Therefore the present invention has been made to solve the foregoing problems of the prior art. It is an object of the present invention to provide a nitride semiconductor LED which has an n-electrode arranged in an inner area on the top of the LED and a p-electrode arranged surrounding the n-electrode in order to realize a geometry capable of ensuring larger effective light emitting area while ensuring more effective current distribution. According to an aspect of the invention for realizing the object, there is provided a nitride semiconductor LED comprising: a light emitting structure including an n-doped semiconductor layer having a first region and a second region surrounding the first region on a top thereof, an active layer formed on the second region of the n-doped semiconductor layer and a p-doped nitride semiconductor layer formed on the active layer; a p-electrode formed on the p-doped semiconductor layer; and an n-electrode formed on the first region of the n-doped nitride semiconductor layer. Preferably, the first region on the top of the n-doped nitride semiconductor layer may correspond to a substantially central area of the n-doped nitride semiconductor layer, and the n-electrode may be formed in the central area. The nitride semiconductor LED may further comprise a transparent electrode layer for reducing the contact resistance between the p-doped nitride semiconductor layer and the p-electrode. Preferably, the p-electrode may have at least one contact pad and at least one extension extended from the contact pad along an outer periphery of the p-doped nitride semiconductor layer, and the p-electrode may be formed to surround the n-electrode. According to a more preferred embodiment, the light emitting structure may have four corners and four sides each for connecting adjacent corners on the top thereof, and the p-electrode may have at least one contact pad placed adjacent to at least one of the four corners and an extension extended from the contact pad along the four sides. In this embodiment, the p-electrode can be modified into various forms. That is, the p-electrode may further comprise at least one p-electrode finger extended from the contact pad and/or the extension toward the n-electrode. Also, the p-electrode further may have an electrode bar extended in a lateral direction from a terminal of at least one of the p-electrode finger to a predetermined length. Similarly, the n-electrode of the invention can be modified into various forms. Preferably, the n-electrode may include a contact pad formed on a substantially central area of the n-doped nitride semiconductor layer and at least one n-electrode finger extended outward from the contact pad on the n-doped nitride semiconductor layer. In an embodiment that the light emitting structure has four corners and four sides each for connecting adjacent corners on the top thereof, the n-electrode finger may comprise four electrode fingers extended toward four corners, respectively. Also, the n-electrode may further have an electrode bar formed in a lateral direction at a terminal of at least one of the n-electrode finger at a predetermined length. According to another aspect of the invention for realizing the object, there is provided a nitride semiconductor LED comprising: a light emitting structure including an n-doped nitride semiconductor layer, an active layer and a p-doped semiconductor layer which are laid one atop another in their order; a p-electrode including at least one contact pad formed in a predetermined area on the p-doped nitride semiconductor layer and an extension extended from the contact pad along the outer periphery on the n-doped nitride semiconductor layer; and an n-electrode including at least one contact pad formed in a predetermined area on the n-doped nitride semiconductor layer surrounded by the p-electrode. In this embodiment, the area on the n-doped nitride semiconductor layer surrounded by the p-electrode may be divided into a plurality of equal-sized sub-areas, and the contact pad of the n-electrode may comprise a plurality of contact pads which are arranged in substantially central portions of the plurality of sub-areas, respectively. Then, the n-electrode may further include an extension extended between the contact pads and/or from the contact pads toward the p-electrode. Also, the n-electrode extension may connect at least some of the n-electrode contact pads together. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIGS. 1a and 1b are plan and side sectional views illustrating an example of a conventional nitride semiconductor LED; FIG. 2 is a plan view illustrating an example of a conventional nitride semiconductor LED; FIGS. 3a and 3b are plan and side sectional views illustrating another example of a conventional nitride semiconductor LED; FIGS. 4a and 4b are plan and side sectional views illustrating a nitride semiconductor LED according to an embodiment of the invention; FIGS. 5a to 5c are plan and side sectional views illustrating a nitride semiconductor LED according to an alternate embodiment of the invention; FIGS. 6a to 6c are plan views illustrating various modifications of n-electrode structures used in a nitride semiconductor LED according to the invention; FIGS. 7a and 7b are plan views illustrating various modifications of p-electrode structures used in a nitride semiconductor LED according to the invention; FIGS. 8a and 8b are plan views illustrating various modifications of p- and n-electrode structures in a nitride semiconductor LED according to the invention; FIGS. 9a to 9c are photographs illustrating conventional nitride semiconductor LEDs together with a nitride semiconductor LED of the invention, respectively; FIGS. 10a and 10b are graphs illustrating forward voltage characteristics and current-brightness characteristics of the nitride semiconductor LEDs in FIGS. 9a to 9c; FIGS. 11a to 11c are photographs illustrating the brightness of the nitride semiconductor LEDs in FIGS. 9a to 9c, respectively, at a current of 100 mA; FIGS. 12a to 12c are photographs illustrating the brightness of the nitride semiconductor LEDs in FIGS. 9a to 9c, respectively, at a current of 300 mA; and FIGS. 13a to 13c are plan views illustrating nitride semiconductor LEDs having n-electrode structures of a plurality of contact pads, respectively. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT Preferred embodiments of the present invention will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. FIGS. 4a and 4b are plan and side sectional views illustrating a nitride semiconductor LED according to an embodiment of the invention. Referring to FIG. 4a, it is depicted an LED 40 having an e-electrode 48 and a p-electrode 49 formed on the top thereof. The n-electrode 48 is formed on a predetermined area of an n-doped nitride semiconductor layer 42. The predetermined area for the n-electrode 48 is defined to an inner area of the n-doped semiconductor layer 42 surrounded by the active layer 44 and the p-doped nitride semiconductor layer 46. The n-electrode 48 may preferably be of a contact pad formed on a central area of the n-doped nitride semiconductor layer 42 as in this embodiment. The p-electrode 49 is formed on the p-doped nitride semiconductor layer 46, and includes a contact pad 49a formed at a corner of the p-doped nitride semiconductor layer 46 and an extension 49b extended from the contact pad 49a along adjacent to the outer periphery of the top. In particular, the extension 49b of the p-electrode 49 may be so formed to completely surround the n-electrode 48 as shown in FIG. 4a. While this embodiment illustrates that the p-electrode 49 is in direct contact on the p-doped nitride semiconductor layer 46, a transparent electrode layer for reducing contact resistance may be formed between the p-electrode 49 and the p-doped nitride semiconductor layer 46 in a number of actual applications. The p-electrode 49 is also called a p-bonding electrode. Like this, the nitride semiconductor LED 40 of the invention provides a novel electrode arrangement of the n-electrode 48 formed in the inner area on the n-doped nitride semiconductor layer 42 and the p-electrode 49 formed on the nitride semiconductor layer 46 surrounding the n-electrode 48. The inventors found that the n- and p-electrodes 48 and 49 arranged reversely to the electrode structure shown in FIG. 3a can reduce the removal of the active area, which is induced from the geometry of the electrode structure in FIG. 3a, to increase actual light emitting area as well as improve current distribution effect and forward voltage characteristics thereby raising actual luminous efficiency. Describing it in more detail, the light emitting area of the invention can be increased based upon a novel geometric arrangement structure obtained by placing the n-electrode in an inner area to reduce the removal of the active layer, which is necessary for the formation of the n-electrode, and the p-electrode around the n-electrode. That is, in the nitride semiconductor LED, both the p-doped nitride semiconductor layer and the active layer are to be selectively removed from predetermined areas, in which the n-electrode will be formed, by smaller amounts if the n-electrode is placed inside rather than outside in view of the geometric structure, thereby reducing the area of the active layer to be removed. Improved forwarding voltage characteristics and entire luminous efficiency enhanced thereby as another effects of the invention will be described later in more detail with reference to FIGS. 9a to 12c. The LED structure of this embodiment shown in FIG. 4a may adopt various electrode structure modifications within the scope of the invention as set forth above in order to distribute current more uniformly between the both electrodes. FIGS. 5a to 5c are plan and side sectional views illustrating a nitride semiconductor LED according to an alternate embodiment of the invention, in which an n-electrode is modified to realize more effective current distribution. Referring to FIG. 5a, it is depicted an LED 50 having an n-electrode 58 and a p-electrode 59 formed on the top thereof. The n-electrode 58 includes a contact pad 58a formed on a central area of an n-doped nitride semiconductor layer 52 and four electrode fingers 58b extended from the contact pad 58a. The p-electrode 59 includes two contact pad 59a formed at two opposed corners and extensions 59b formed along adjacent to the outer periphery of the top. As shown in FIGS. 5b and 5c, the n-electrode 58 is formed in the central area of the n-doped nitride semiconductor layer 52, and the p-electrode 59 is formed along adjacent to the outer periphery of the p-doped nitride semiconductor 56. In the LED 50 of this embodiment, although the both contact pads 59a may be connected to an external circuit via wire bonding or flip chip bonding, one of the contact pads 59a may be selectively connected to the external circuit. The extensions 59b of the p-electrodes 59 may be formed to surround the n-electrode 58 completely as shown in FIG. 5a. In this embodiment shown in FIG. 5a, the n-electrode fingers 58b are extended from the n-electrode contact pad 58a toward central portions of four sides of the extensions 58b of the p-electrode 59. The n-electrode fingers 58b are used as means for shortening the current path between the p-electrode 59 and the n-electrode 58 to decrease series resistance while ensuring more uniform current distribution across the whole light emitting area. Because the n-electrode 58 is arranged on the central portion of the n-doped nitride semiconductor layer 52, the p-electrode 59 is arranged to surround the n-electrode 58, and the n-electrode fingers 58b are further formed in the n-electrode 59 to extend toward the sides of the light emitting structure, the current distribution effect can be further enhanced. The n-electrode can be modified into various forms in order to enhance the current distribution effect. FIGS. 6a to 6c are plan views illustrating various examples of n-electrode structures. FIG. 6a illustrates an n-electrode structure similar to that shown in FIG. 5a except that electrode bars 68c are extended in lateral directions from terminals of n-electrode fingers 68b, respectively, to a predetermined length. As shown in FIG. 6a, a nitride semiconductor LED 60 of this embodiment has an n-electrode 68 connected to an n-doped nitride semiconductor layer 62 and a p-electrode 69 connected to a p-doped nitride semiconductor layer 66 on the top thereof. The p-electrode 69 has two contact pad 69a formed at two opposed corners, respectively, and extensions 69b extended from the contact pads 69a along adjacent to the outer periphery of the top. The n-electrode 68 includes a contact pad 68a formed in a central area of the n-doped nitride semiconductor layer 62, four electrode fingers 68b extended from the contact pad 68a and electrode bars 68c extended in lateral directions from terminals of the electrode fingers 68b, respectively, to a predetermined length. The n-electrode bars 68c can be used as means for realizing uniform current distribution across the entire light emitting area while shortening the current path between then- and p-electrodes 68 and 69 as the electrode fingers 68b. FIG. 6b illustrates an n-electrode structure having four n-electrode fingers 78b similar to those shown in FIG. 5a except that the electrode fingers 78b have different orientations. A nitride semiconductor LED 70 shown in FIG. 6b has an n-electrode 78 connected to an n-doped nitride semiconductor layer 72 and a p-electrode 79 connected to a p-doped nitride semiconductor layer 76 on the top thereof. The p-electrode 79 includes two contact pads 79a formed at two opposed corners, respectively, and extensions 79b extended from the contact pads 79a along adjacent to the outer periphery on the top. The n-electrode 78 includes a contact pad 78a formed in a central area of the n-doped nitride semiconductor layer 72 and four electrode fingers 78b extended from the contact pad 78a toward the corners. The n-electrode fingers 78b extended toward the corners on the p-doped nitride semiconductor layer 76 can be adopted as means for realizing uniform current distribution across the entire light emitting area while shortening the current path as the p-electrode fingers 59b shown in FIG. 5b. As in this embodiment, the n-electrode fingers 78b extended toward the corners of p-nitride semiconductor layer 76 may be of different lengths. In view of more uniform current distribution, one pair of the n-electrode fingers 78b directed toward the p-electrode contact pads 79a are preferably formed shorter than the other pair of the n-electrode fingers 78b. FIG. 6c illustrates an n-electrode structure modified from that shown in FIG. 6b, in which electrode bars 88c are formed in lateral directions at terminals of n-electrode fingers 88b at a predetermined length. A nitride semiconductor LED 80 shown in FIG. 6c has an n-electrode 88 connected to an n-doped nitride semiconductor layer 82 and a p-electrode 89 connected to a p-doped nitride semiconductor layer 86 on the top thereof. The p-electrode 89 includes two contact pads 89a formed at two opposed corners, respectively, and extensions 89b extended from the contact pads 89a along adjacent to the upper outer periphery of the p-doped nitride semiconductor layer 86. The n-electrode 88 includes a contact pad 88a formed in a central area of the n-doped nitride semiconductor layer 82, four electrode fingers 88b extended from the contact pad 88a and the electrode bars 88c formed in lateral directions at terminals of the electrode fingers 88b, respectively, at a predetermined length. Alternatively, the present invention can modify the p-electrode structure in replacement of the n-electrode structure. FIGS. 7a and 7b illustrate another alternative embodiment of the invention with a modified p-electrode structure. FIG. 7a illustrates an LED structure having four p-electrode fingers 98b extended toward an n-electrode 98 placed in the center. A nitride semiconductor LED 90 shown in FIG. 7a has an n-electrode 98 connected to an n-doped nitride semiconductor layer 92 and a p-electrode 99 connected to a p-doped nitride semiconductor layer 96 on the top thereof. The n-electrode 98 is constituted of only a contact pad formed in a central area of the n-doped nitride semiconductor layer 92, whereas the p-electrode includes two contact pads 99a formed at two opposed corners, respectively, extensions 99b extended from the contact pads 99a along adjacent to the upper outer periphery of the p-doped nitride semiconductor layer 96 and four electrode fingers 99c extended from the corners toward the n-electrode 98, respectively. In this embodiment, the p-electrode fingers 99c are used as means for more uniformly distributing electric current across the entire light emitting area while shortening the current path as the afore-described n-electrode fingers. FIG. 7b illustrates another LED structure having p-electrode fingers 109c different from that in FIG. 7a. A nitride semiconductor LED 100 shown in FIG. 7b has an n-electrode 108 connected to an n-doped nitride semiconductor layer 102 and a p-electrode 109 connected to the p-doped nitride semiconductor layer 106 on the top thereof. The n-electrode 108 is constituted of only a contact pad formed in a central area of the n-doped nitride semiconductor layer 102, whereas the p-electrode 109 includes two contact pads 109a formed in two opposed corners, extensions 109b extended from the contact pads 109 along adjacent to the upper outer periphery of the p-doped nitride semiconductor layer 106 and four electrode fingers 109c extended from central portions of four sides of the extensions 109b toward the n-electrode 108. The p-electrode fingers 109c also have p-electrode bars 109d formed in lateral directions at terminals thereof, respectively, at a predetermined length. The electrode bars 109d can increase the current density between the n- and p-electrodes 108 and 109 at the terminals of the p-electrode fingers 109c to further enhance the overall luminous efficiency. The present invention may provide additional embodiments by combining the two afore-described structures, that is, the n-electrode structure and the p-electrode structure. FIGS. 8a and 8b are plan views illustrating further another alternate embodiments with improved p- and n-electrode structures. In a nitride semiconductor LED 110 shown in FIG. 8a, an n-electrode 118 includes a contact pad 118a formed in a central area of an n-doped nitride semiconductor layer 112, four electrode fingers 118b directed from the contact pad 118a toward central portions of sides, respectively, and electrode bars 118c formed in lateral directions at terminals of the electrode fingers 118, respectively. Also, a p-electrode 119 connected to a p-doped nitride semiconductor layer 116 includes two contact pads 119a formed in two opposed corners, extensions 119b extended from the contact pads 119a along adjacent to the upper outer periphery of the p-doped nitride semiconductor layer 116 and four electrode fingers 119c extended from the corners, respectively, toward the n-electrode contact pad 118a. Describing the electrode structure of this embodiment in top view of a substantially rectangular light emitting structure, the p-electrode 119 has the electrode fingers 119c arranged in diagonal directions, and the n-electrode 118 has the electrode fingers 118b crossed into separate areas defined between the p-electrode fingers 119c. The n-electrode 118 also has electrode bars 118c formed in lateral directions at terminals of the electrode fingers 118, respectively, to shorten the current path to the p-electrode 119. In a nitride semiconductor LED 120 shown in FIG. 8b, the n-electrode 128 includes a contact pad 128a formed in a central area of an n-doped nitride semiconductor layer 122, four electrode fingers 128b arranged from the contact pad 128a toward corners, respectively, and electrode bars 128c formed in lateral directions at terminals of the electrode fingers 128b. Further, a p-electrode 129 connected to a p-doped nitride semiconductor layer 126 includes two contact pads 129a formed at two opposed corners, respectively, extensions 129b extended from the contact pads 129a along adjacent to the outer periphery of the p-doped nitride semiconductor layer 126 and four electrode fingers 129c extended from the central portions of sides toward the n-electrode contact pads 128a, respectively. Describing the electrode structure of this embodiment in top view of a substantially rectangular light emitting structure, the p-electrode 129 has the electrode fingers 129c, which are arranged in the form of a cross, and the n-electrode 128 includes the electrode fingers 128b, which are arranged in diagonal directions in separate areas defined between the p-electrode fingers 129c. Further, the n-electrode 128 also has the electrode bars 128c formed in lateral directions at the terminals of the electrode fingers 128b, respectively, to shorten the current path to the p-electrode 129. EXAMPLE In order to examine those improved characteristics of the nitride semiconductor LED of the invention, three nitride semiconductor LED structures were fabricated with same component and thickness on rectangular sapphire substrates of approximately 1000×1000 μm size. First two of the LED structures were fabricated into the nitride semiconductor LEDs of the electrode structures illustrated in FIGS. 2 and 3a, respectively. The conventional nitride semiconductor LEDs fabricated like this are illustrated in FIGS. 9a and 9b, respectively. The rest of the LED structures was fabricated to have the same electrode structure as in FIG. 8a. The nitride semiconductor LED of the invention fabricated like this is illustrated in FIG. 9c. Although the LED of the invention shown in FIG. 9c has electrode patterns similar to those of the conventional LED shown in FIG. 9b, it has an n-electrode formed on a central area and a p-electrode formed on the upper outer periphery to surround the n-electrode to the contrary of that shown in FIG. 9b. A predetermined value of voltage was applied to the LEDs shown in FIGS. 9a to 9c through wire bonding on any one of the p- and n-electrode contact pads. Then, the respective LEDs were measured of current to determine their forward voltage characteristics, and then observed of brightness. Resultant forward voltage characteristics and current-brightness characteristics are drawn as graphs in FIGS. 10a and 10b. For reference, characteristics of a conventional nitride semiconductor LED (of 350×350 μm size) are indicated with the reference symbol s together with the high power LEDs for illumination. First, referring to FIG. 10a, the forward voltage characteristics of the LEDs shown in FIGS. 9a to 9c are indicated with the reference symbols a to c, respectively. From FIG. 10a, it can be understood that the LED in FIG. 9c has more excellent forward voltage characteristics over the conventional LEDs in FIGS. 9a and 9b. In particular, the LED in FIG. 9c has the electrode structure of substantially same size and similar configuration as the LED in FIG. 9b, but the p- and n-electrodes of the LED in FIG. 9c exchanged their positions with each other from those of the LED in FIG. 9b. According to the result in FIG. 10a, it can be understood that the forward voltage characteristics can be improved by placing the n-electrode inside but the p-electrode around the n-electrode as in the LED in FIG. 9c. Next, FIG. 10b illustrates optical power variations according to current in the LEDs shown in FIGS. 9a to 9c. As shown in FIG. 10b, it can be understood that the LED in FIG. 9c shows the highest brightness and thus has the most excellent optical power. In order to compare different optical powers of the nitride semiconductor LEDs in FIGS. 9a to 9c with the naked eye, FIGS. 11a to 11c and FIGS. 12a to 12c illustrate photographs of the nitride semiconductor LEDs operating at currents of 100 mA and 300 mA, respectively. As shown in FIGS. 11a to 11c and FIGS. 12a to 12c, it can be observed that the LEDs in FIGS. 11c and 12c according to the invention show most excellent optical power at the input currents as above. In particular, the LEDs in FIGS. 9b and 9c show more different optical power characteristics than expectable from different forward voltage characteristics. The improvement in the optical power characteristics was made since the LED in FIG. 9c has a more advantageous geometric configuration for achieving a larger light emitting area than the LED in FIG. 9b. That is, because the LED as shown in FIG. 9c with the n-electrode being arranged inside can more decrease the area necessary for forming the n-electrode than the LED as shown in FIG. 9b with the n-electrode being arranged along the outer periphery, the LED in FIG. 9c is more advantageous for ensuring a larger light emitting area. The LED of the invention can be advantageously applied to high power LEDs generally in use for illumination. Although the high power LEDs for illumination can be provided through combination of several small-sized LEDs, they are generally provided as large sized LEDs of at least 1000×1000 μm. The present invention can be more advantageously applied to this type of large-sized high power LEDs. In particular, in case that the LED size is increased in order to ensure higher optical power, contact pads connected to an external power source via connection means such as wires can be further provided to realize uniform current distribution. For example, as shown in FIGS. 6a to 8b, the p-electrode may have two contact pads placed at two opposed corners, or four contact pads at corners. Positions of the plurality of contact pads are not limited to the corners, but the contact pads may be preferably arranged at a uniform spacing. Similarly, the n-electrode structure can be provided as a plurality of contact pads also in order to realize uniform current distribution in a larger area. FIGS. 13a to 13c are plan views illustrating nitride semiconductor LEDs having n-electrode structures of a plurality of contact pads, respectively. In a nitride semiconductor LED 130 shown in FIG. 13a, a p-electrode 139 includes a contact pad 139a formed at a corner and an extension 139b formed along the outer periphery of a p-doped nitride semiconductor layer 136. An n-electrode 132 has four n-electrode contact pads 138a connected to an n-doped nitride semiconductor layer 132. The n-electrode contact pads 138a are formed at central portions of four quarters of the whole light emitting area, respectively, in order to realize uniform current distribution across a large area. In a nitride semiconductor LED 140 shown in FIG. 13b, an electrode has four n-electrode contact pads 148a connected to an n-nitride semiconductor layer 142 similar to that in FIG. 13a, whereas a p-electrode 149 may have a contact pad 149a formed at a corner, an extension formed along the outer periphery of a p-doped nitride semiconductor layer 146 and four electrode fingers 149c extended from central portions of four sides of the extension into between the n-electrode contact pads. In a nitride semiconductor LED 150 shown in FIG. 13c, a p-electrode 159 includes a contact pad 159a formed at a corner, an extension 159b formed along the outer periphery of a p-doped nitride semiconductor layer 156 and four electrode fingers 159c extended from central portions of four sides of the extension 159b into between n-electrode contact pads 158a. An n-electrode 158 may include the four n-electrode contact pads 158a and a crossed extension 158b connecting the n-electrode contact pads 158a without interference with the p-electrode 159. The LED of the invention may be modified or varied in forms so that contact pads of each electrode can be suitably increased in number in order to realize sufficient uniform current distribution effect even in large-sized LEDs. In addition to the above modifications obtained by increasing the number of the contact pads, other embodiments may be modified variously while maintaining the basic structure of the invention having an n-electrode arranged inside on the top of a light emitting structure, surrounded by a p-doped nitride semiconductor layer of the light emitting structure, and a p-electrode formed along the upper outer periphery of the p-doped nitride semiconductor layer to surround the n-electrode. While the present invention has been described with reference to the particular illustrative embodiments and the accompanying drawings, it is not to be limited thereto but will be defined by the appended claims. It is to be appreciated that those skilled in the art can substitute, change or modify the embodiments into various forms without departing from the scope and spirit of the present invention. As set forth above, the present invention can embody a novel electrode arrangement of an n-electrode formed in an inner area and a p-electrode arranged around the n-electrode to minimize the reduction of an active region from the formation of the n-electrode as well as improve forward voltage characteristics thereby remarkably raising overall luminous efficiency.	<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a nitride semiconductor light emitting diode, and more particularly, a large-sized high efficiency nitride semiconductor light emitting diode which can be used suitably in a high power lighting system. 2. Description of the Related Art As well known in the art, nitride semiconductors in the form of III-V group semiconductor crystals such as GaN, InN and AlN are widely used in Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) for emitting single wavelength light (e.g., ultraviolet ray and green light), in particular, blue light. Because a nitride semiconductor LED is fabricated on an insulation substrate such as a sapphire substrate and a SiC substrate satisfying lattice matching conditions for crystal growth, it necessarily has a planar structure in which two electrodes connected to p- and n-doped nitride semiconductor layers are arranged substantially horizontally on the top of a light emitting structure. A planar LED has drawbacks that an effective light emitting area is not sufficient and luminous efficiency per light emitting area is low because the flow of electric current is not uniformly distributed across the light emitting area unlike a vertical LED in which both electrodes are arranged on the top and the bottom of its light emitting structure. An example of the planar LED and the restricted luminous efficiency will be described with reference to FIGS. 1 a and 1 b. FIGS. 1 a and 1 b illustrate an example of a conventional nitride semiconductor LED 10 . The nitride semiconductor LED 10 shown in FIG. 1 a has p- and n-electrodes 19 and 18 both of which are arranged in diagonal corners on the top of a substantially rectangular LED body. Then, the conventional nitride semiconductor LED 10 has a planar structure with the p- and n-electrodes 19 and 18 being horizontally arranged side by side. Describing it in more detail with reference to FIG. 1 b illustrating a longitudinal section taken across a line A-A′ in FIG. 1 a , the nitride semiconductor LED 10 has an n-doped nitride semiconductor layer 12 , an active layer 14 and a p-doped nitride semiconductor layer 16 formed on the substrate 11 one atop another in their order on a sapphire substrate 11 . As in this illustration, the p-doped nitride semiconductor layer 16 may be covered with a transparent electrode layer 17 such as tin-doped indium oxide or Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) in order to improve contact resistance. Because the sapphire substrate 11 in use for the formation or growth of the nitride semiconductor layers is electrically insulated as described above, both the p-doped nitride semiconductor layer 16 and the active layer 14 are partially removed to form the n-electrode 18 that is to be connected to the n-doped nitride semiconductor layer 12 . Owing to the electrical insulation of the substrate for growing the nitride semiconductor, the nitride semiconductor LED 10 has the planar structure with the p- and n-electrodes 19 and 18 being arranged on the same side. In the planar semiconductor LED 10 shown in FIGS. 1 a and 1 b , current flow is concentrated on the shortest path between the both electrodes to narrow the current path which current density is concentrated on unlike the vertical LED allowing vertical current flow. Also, the current flow is directed laterally to increase drive voltage owing to large series resistance, resultantly reducing actual light emitting area. That is, the nitride semiconductor LED has drawbacks of low current density per unit area originated from limitations of the planar structure as well as low area efficiency owing to small light emitting area. As a result, it has been regarded very difficult to obtain a high power LED in use for lighting systems by a large-size (e.g., 1000×1000 μm). In order to alleviate these problems, various forms of conventional approaches such as p- and n-electrode configurations and arrangements for raising current density and area efficiency have been developed as shown in FIGS. 2 to 3 b. FIG. 2 is a plan view of an LED having an n-doped nitride semiconductor 22 , an active layer and a p-doped nitride semiconductor layer (not shown) which are laid on a substrate one atop another in their order. On the top of the LED, p- and n-electrodes 29 and 28 are formed, connected to the p-doped nitride semiconductor layer (or a transparent electrode layer 27 if any) and the n-doped nitride semiconductor layer 22 . The n-electrode 28 includes two contact pads 28 a and a number of electrode fingers 28 b extended from the contact pads 28 a , respectively, and the p-electrode 29 includes two contact pads 29 a and a number of electrode fingers 29 b extended from the contact pads 29 a , respectively, in which the n-electrode fingers 28 b alternate with the p-electrode fingers 29 b . This electrode structure can provide separate current paths through the electrode fingers 28 b and 29 b to reduce the lateral mean distance between the electrodes. This as a result can reduce series resistance, improve the uniformity of electric density across the whole area as well as ensure a sufficient light emitting area to the entire top surface even in case of a large-sized LED. However, there is a problem that distal ends of the respective electrode fingers 28 b and 29 b show a lower optical power than other proximal portions thereof because they are placed substantially away from the contact pads 28 a and 29 a through which electric current is introduced. FIGS. 3 a and 3 b illustrate a nitride semiconductor LED 30 having another conventional electrode structure. Referring to FIG. 3 a , a p-electrode 39 includes a contact pad 39 a formed in a substantially central area on the top of the LED 30 and four electrode fingers 39 b extended from the contact pad 39 a in diagonal directions. An n-electrode 38 includes a contact pad 38 a formed adjacent to a corner on the top of the LED 30 , an extension 38 b extended from the contact pad 38 a along adjacent to the outer periphery to surround the p-electrode 39 and four electrode fingers 38 c extended from the extension 38 b toward the p-electrode contact pad 39 a. As shown in FIG. 3 b , the nitride semiconductor LED 30 has a light emitting structure which includes an n-doped nitride semiconductor layer 32 , an active layer 34 and a p-doped nitride semiconductor layer 36 formed on a substrate 31 one atop another in their order. On the top of the light emitting structure, a transparent electrode 37 may be formed on the p-doped nitride semiconductor 36 to improve the contact resistance with the p-electrode 38 . Herein, both the n-electrode contact pad 38 a and the n-electrode extension and 38 b are formed on the n-doped nitride semiconductor layer 32 exposed along the outer periphery of the LED 30 , and both the p-electrode contact pad 39 a and the p-electrode fingers 39 b are formed on the transparent electrode 37 and electrically connected to a p-doped nitride cladding layer 37 . In the nitride semiconductor LED 30 shown in FIGS. 3 a and 3 b , because the contact pads and terminals of other electrode regions are formed shorter than in the structure shown in FIG. 2 and the both electrodes are distributed at a uniform gap across the entire area, series resistance can be reduced to improve luminous efficiency and current density can be distributed uniformly. However, because the active layer is removed by a considerable amount in order to form the n-electrode, this electrode structure also has drawbacks in that actual light emitting area is remarkably reduced with respect to the whole size of the originally grown light emitting structure and luminous efficiency per unit area is degraded on the contrary according to the size growth of the LED. As a consequence, novel electrode structures and arrangements for ensuring higher power to large-sized nitride semiconductor LEDs have been incessantly searched in the art.	<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>Therefore the present invention has been made to solve the foregoing problems of the prior art. It is an object of the present invention to provide a nitride semiconductor LED which has an n-electrode arranged in an inner area on the top of the LED and a p-electrode arranged surrounding the n-electrode in order to realize a geometry capable of ensuring larger effective light emitting area while ensuring more effective current distribution. According to an aspect of the invention for realizing the object, there is provided a nitride semiconductor LED comprising: a light emitting structure including an n-doped semiconductor layer having a first region and a second region surrounding the first region on a top thereof, an active layer formed on the second region of the n-doped semiconductor layer and a p-doped nitride semiconductor layer formed on the active layer; a p-electrode formed on the p-doped semiconductor layer; and an n-electrode formed on the first region of the n-doped nitride semiconductor layer. Preferably, the first region on the top of the n-doped nitride semiconductor layer may correspond to a substantially central area of the n-doped nitride semiconductor layer, and the n-electrode may be formed in the central area. The nitride semiconductor LED may further comprise a transparent electrode layer for reducing the contact resistance between the p-doped nitride semiconductor layer and the p-electrode. Preferably, the p-electrode may have at least one contact pad and at least one extension extended from the contact pad along an outer periphery of the p-doped nitride semiconductor layer, and the p-electrode may be formed to surround the n-electrode. According to a more preferred embodiment, the light emitting structure may have four corners and four sides each for connecting adjacent corners on the top thereof, and the p-electrode may have at least one contact pad placed adjacent to at least one of the four corners and an extension extended from the contact pad along the four sides. In this embodiment, the p-electrode can be modified into various forms. That is, the p-electrode may further comprise at least one p-electrode finger extended from the contact pad and/or the extension toward the n-electrode. Also, the p-electrode further may have an electrode bar extended in a lateral direction from a terminal of at least one of the p-electrode finger to a predetermined length. Similarly, the n-electrode of the invention can be modified into various forms. Preferably, the n-electrode may include a contact pad formed on a substantially central area of the n-doped nitride semiconductor layer and at least one n-electrode finger extended outward from the contact pad on the n-doped nitride semiconductor layer. In an embodiment that the light emitting structure has four corners and four sides each for connecting adjacent corners on the top thereof, the n-electrode finger may comprise four electrode fingers extended toward four corners, respectively. Also, the n-electrode may further have an electrode bar formed in a lateral direction at a terminal of at least one of the n-electrode finger at a predetermined length. According to another aspect of the invention for realizing the object, there is provided a nitride semiconductor LED comprising: a light emitting structure including an n-doped nitride semiconductor layer, an active layer and a p-doped semiconductor layer which are laid one atop another in their order; a p-electrode including at least one contact pad formed in a predetermined area on the p-doped nitride semiconductor layer and an extension extended from the contact pad along the outer periphery on the n-doped nitride semiconductor layer; and an n-electrode including at least one contact pad formed in a predetermined area on the n-doped nitride semiconductor layer surrounded by the p-electrode. In this embodiment, the area on the n-doped nitride semiconductor layer surrounded by the p-electrode may be divided into a plurality of equal-sized sub-areas, and the contact pad of the n-electrode may comprise a plurality of contact pads which are arranged in substantially central portions of the plurality of sub-areas, respectively. Then, the n-electrode may further include an extension extended between the contact pads and/or from the contact pads toward the p-electrode. Also, the n-electrode extension may connect at least some of the n-electrode contact pads together.	20040526	20060808	20050623	58267.0		0	OWENS, DOUGLAS W	NITRIDE SEMICONDUCTOR LIGHT EMITTING DEVICE	UNDISCOUNTED	0	ACCEPTED		2,004
10,853,353	ACCEPTED	Memory module	In the memory module, a buffer is disposed on one of at least two circuit boards in the memory module. The buffer is for buffering signals for memory chips on at least two circuit boards in the memory module.	1. A memory module, comprising: at least first and second circuit boards opposing one another such that the first and second circuit boards have inner faces facing each other and outer faces facing away from each other, the first circuit board including a connecting portion for connecting the memory module to a mother board; at least one of the inner and outer faces of the first circuit board supporting a first plurality of memory chips; at least one of the inner and outer faces of the second circuit board supporting a second plurality of memory chips; an electrical connector electrically connecting the first and second circuit boards; and a buffer disposed on the first circuit board, the buffer for buffering signals for the first and second plurality of memory chips. 2. The memory module of claim 1, wherein the buffered signals include command and address signals. 3. The memory module of claim 2, wherein the buffered signals further include data signals. 4. The memory module of claim 2, wherein the electrical connector supports at least one register that buffers command and address signals output from the buffer for the second plurality of memory chips. 5. The memory module of claim 1, wherein the outer face of the first circuit board supports the buffer. 6. The memory module of claim 1, wherein the electrical connecter is attached to the inner face of the first circuit board and the inner face of the second circuit board. 7. The memory module of claim 6, wherein at least one register is electrically connected to an end portion of the electrical connector. 8. The memory module of claim 7, the register buffers command and address signals output from the buffer for the second plurality of memory chips. 9. The memory module of claim 1, further comprising: a register electrically connected with the buffer for buffering command and address signals for the second plurality of memory chips, and the register and the buffer positioned on opposite faces of the first circuit board. 10. A memory module, comprising: a first circuit board; a second circuit board; a first plurality of memory chips disposed on the first circuit board; a second plurality of memory chips disposed on the second circuit board; an electrical connector electrically connecting the first and second circuit boards; and a buffer disposed on one of the first and second circuit boards, electrically connected to the electrical connector and buffering signals for the first and second plurality of memory chips. 11. A memory structure, comprising: a stacked memory module having more than one circuit board supporting memory chips, the circuit boards being electrically connected; and a buffer disposed on one of the circuit boards for buffering signals for the memory chips on more than one of the circuit boards. 12. A stacked memory module, comprising: a buffer disposed on one of at least two circuit boards in the memory module, the buffer for buffering signals for memory chips on at least two circuit boards in the memory module.	CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This U.S. nonprovisional patent application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119 of Korean Patent Application 2003-0056012 filed on Aug. 13, 2003, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Computer systems often contain one or more integrated circuit (IC) chipsets that are coupled to memory modules using a memory interface. The memory interface provides communication between the IC chipset such as a central processing unit (CPU) and the memory modules. The memory interface may include address bus-lines, command signal lines and data bus lines. Initially, each memory module was made up of a single substrate with memory chips on one or both sides. However, increasing demand for high computer performance and capacity resulted in a demand for a larger and faster memory. To meet this demand single memory modules having two or more electrically connected substrates mounted substantially parallel to each other were developed. U.S. Pat. No. 5,949,657 discloses an example of this type of memory module. Besides multiple substrate memory modules, memory density was increased by stacking memory chips on the same substrate. U.S. Pat. No. 6,487,102 discloses an example of this chip stacking technique. However, as the operating speed and number of memory modules and/or memory chips connected to the chipset increase, the increase in capacitive load may place a substantial limit on the amount and speed of the memory. To relieve these capacitive load effects, memory modules having a buffer or register to buffer the command and address lines were developed. Here, each substrate of the module includes such a buffer for relieving capacitive load effects. Again U.S. Pat. No. 6,487,102 provides an example of what is commonly referred to as a registered memory module. More recent advances in memory modules have provided fully buffered memory modules. In a fully buffered memory module, the command and address lines associated with the memory chips of each substrate are buffered as in the registered memory modules, and another buffer on each substrate of the module buffers the data lines. Fully buffered memory modules are said to electrically isolate the memory module from the chipset. U.S. Pat. No. 6,553,450 discloses an example of a fully buffered memory module. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The memory module according to an example embodiment of the present invention includes at least first and second circuit boards opposing one another such that the first and second circuit boards have inner faces facing each other and outer faces facing away from each other. At least one of the inner and outer faces of the first circuit board supports a first plurality of memory chips, and at least one of the inner and outer faces of the second circuit board supports a second plurality of memory chips. An electrical connector electrically connects the second plurality of memory chips with the first circuit board. A buffer is disposed on one of the inner and outer faces of the first circuit board, and serves the first and second plurality of memory chips. For example, in one embodiment, a fully buffered memory module is provided where the buffer buffers both the data and the command and address signals for the first and second plurality of memory chips. Accordingly, in one embodiment of the present invention, a fully buffered memory module is provided using a single buffer for the entire module; thus reducing the need for multiple buffers and connections thereto. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The present invention will become more fully understood from the detailed description given herein below and the accompanying drawings, wherein like elements are represented by like reference numerals, which are given by way of illustration only and thus are not limiting of the present invention and wherein: FIG. 1 illustrates an example of an embodiment of a memory module according to the present invention; FIGS. 2 and 3 illustrate perspective views of the memory module in FIG. 1. FIG. 4 illustrates the physical structure of a connection of a buffer to a first circuit board as well as the connection of a connector between the first circuit board and a second circuit board in the memory module of FIG. 1; FIG. 5 illustrates a relational view of an inner surface of the first circuit board and the inner surface of the second circuit board in the memory module of FIG. 1; and FIG. 6 illustrates the electrical connections between the components of the memory module in FIG. 1. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS FIG. 1 illustrates an example of an embodiment of a memory module according to the present invention. As shown, a circuit board 10 includes a central processing unit (CPU) 12 and a number of slots 14. Each slot is capable of receiving a memory module 20. The circuit board 10 and slots 14 provide for electrically connecting the CPU 12 to memory modules 20 disposed in the slots 14. As shown in FIG. 1, each slot 14 provides a female connector for receiving the male connecting portion of the memory module 20. Each memory module 20 includes a first circuit board 30 and a second circuit board 50 spaced apart from one another, but electrically and mechanically connected. The first circuit board 30 has an outer face 32 and an inner face 34. The outer face 32 supports at least one set of memory chips 36 forming a first rank and a buffer 38. The inner face 34 of the first circuit board 30 supports at least one set of memory chips 40 forming a second rank. A flexible connector 60 is electrically and mechanically attached to the inner face 34 of the first circuit board 30. Namely, a portion of the outer face 64 of the connector 60 is mechanically and electrically connected to the first circuit board 30. An inner face 66 of the connector 60 supports one or more registers 70 electrically connected thereto. The second circuit board 50 has an outer face 52 and an inner face 54. The outer face supports a set of memory chips 56 forming a third rank and the inner face 54 also supports a set of memory chips 58 forming a fourth rank. A portion of the connector 60 is electrically and physically connected to the inner face 54 of the second circuit board 50. A pair of fasteners 80 also provides a mechanical connection between the first and second circuit boards 30 and 50. For example, the fasteners 80 may be posts mounted in vias of the first and second circuit boards 30 and 50. As explained above, FIG. 1 provides a side view of the mechanical structure of the memory module according to the present invention. FIG. 2 illustrates a perspective view of the memory module 20 from the outer surface 32 of the first circuit board 30. FIG. 3 illustrates another perspective view of the memory module 20 from the outer surface 52 of the second circuit board 50. Next, the physical structure of the memory module will be described in more detail with respect to FIGS. 4-5. FIG. 4 illustrates a relational view of the inner surface 34 of the first circuit board 30 and the inner surface 54 of the second circuit board 50. As shown, the connector 60 attached to the inner surface 34 of the first circuit board 30 includes a tabbed portion 110 on which the registers 70 are connected. Furthermore, the non-tabbed portion of the connector 60 is physically attached to the inner surface 34 of the first circuit board 30 by adhesive 112. FIG. 4 also shows the end of the connector 60 physically attached to the inner surface 54 of the second circuit board 50. The terminals 76 of the connector 60 provides for the mechanical connection as well as the electrical connection to the sets of memory chips 56 and 58. These electrical connections will be described in greater detail below with respect to FIG. 6. FIG. 5 illustrates the physical structure of the connection of the buffer 38 to the first circuit board 30 as well as the connection of the connector 60 to the first and second circuit boards 30 and 50. Specifically, FIG. 5 provides an enlarged cross-sectional view, not to scale, of the memory module 20 along the cross-section line V-V′ shown in FIG. 4. As shown, the buffer 38 is electrically and physically connected to the first circuit board 30. The buffer 38 includes a ball grid array 90 that is soldered to corresponding connection pads 94 on the outer surface 32 of the first circuit board 30. The first circuit board 30 includes conductive lines (not shown) that electrically connect appropriate ones of the connection pads 94 with the sets of memory chips 36 and 40. While not shown in FIG. 5, some of the conducting lines (not shown) are disposed in vias (not shown) in order to connect with the set of memory chips 40. Others of the connecting pads 94 are electrically connected to the terminals of the terminal end 100 of the first circuit board 30. The terminal end 100 provides electrical connection to a slot 14 when the memory module 20 is inserted in a slot 14. As further shown in FIG. 5, still other connection pads 94 on the outer surface 32 are electrically connected to connection pads 96 on the inner surface 34 of the first circuit board 30. Specifically, conductors 98 formed in vias in the first circuit board 30 make this electrical connection. The connection pads 96 on the inner surface 34 are electrically connected to connection pads 62 of the flexible connector 60. The connection pads 96 and the connection pads 62 are soldered together to form an electrical and mechanical connection between the first circuit board 30 and the flexible connector 60. As shown in FIG. 5, some of the connection pads 62 on the outer surface of the connector 60 are electrically connected with connection pads 68 on the inner surface 66 of the connector 60. Conductors 72 formed in vias through the connector 60 provide the electrical connection between the connection pad 62 and the connection pads 68. The registers 70 are electrically and mechanically connected to the connector 60. The registers 70 include a ball grid array 74 that is soldered to respective ones of the connection pad 68. Accordingly, the registers 70 are in electrical connection with the buffer 38 via the connector 60. The flexible connector 60 provides an electrically conductive path between others of the connection pads 62 and terminals 76 at the end of the connector 60 with respect to the first circuit board 30. The terminals 76 are electrically connected with the sets of memory chips 56 and 58 by conductive lines (not shown) and provide the mechanical attachment between the connector 60 and the second circuit board 50 by the electrical contact 114. While not shown in FIG. 5, the conductive lines are formed on the inner surface 54 of the second circuit board 50, but also are disposed in vias (not shown) of the second circuit board 50 to provide an electrical connection with the set of memory chips 56. Accordingly, the physical structure of the memory module discussed above with respect to FIG. 5 provides the electrical connections as depicted in detail in FIG. 6. FIG. 6 illustrates the electrical connections between the components described above with respect to FIG. 1. As shown, the first circuit board 30 has first and second ranks RC1 and RC2 of memory chips. The second circuit board 50 has third and fourth ranks RC3 and RC4 of memory chips. The first rank RC1 includes the set of memory chips 36 divided into first and second halves 36a and 36b. The second rank RC2 includes the set of memory chips 40 divided into first and second halves 40a and 40b. The third rank RC3 includes the set of memory chips 58 divided into first and second halves 58a and 58b. The fourth rank RC4 includes the set of memory chips 56 divided into first and second halves 56a and 56b. The ranks RC1-RC4 receive command and address (CA) signals from the CPU 12, and share a data (DQ) bus 55 with one another and the CPU 12. One of the four ranks RC1-RC4 is activated by respective rank control signals RCs, and the activated rank communicates data DQ over the DQ bus 55 with the CPU 12 based on the CA signals. The signals from the CPU 12 may be grouped into two kinds of signals, the CA signals and the rank control signals RCs. The CA signals are commonly provided to the ranks RC1-RC4, and the rank control signals RCs are signals to control each of the ranks separately. The CA signals include RAS, CAS, address signals, etc., and the rank control signals RCs include, for example, chip select signals CSs. The CA signals, rank control signals RCs, and the data signals DQs are buffered by the buffer 38 and provided to the ranks RC1-RC4. Specifically, in FIG. 6, the CA signals CA1a, CA1b, CA2a and CA2b are buffered signals supplied to the respective halves 36a and 40a, 36b and 40b, 58a and 56a, and 58b and 56b of the sets of memory chips, and the rank control signals RC1, RC2, RC3 and RC4 are buffered signals supplied to each of the ranks RC1-RC4, respectively. FIG. 6 additionally shows that the register 70 buffers the third and fourth command and address signals CA2a and CA2b and also buffers the third and fourth rank control signals RC3 and RC4. Also shown in FIG. 6 is that each half 56a, 58a, 56b and 58b of the sets of memory chips 56 and 58 includes a check bit chip 86a, 88a, 86b, 88b associated with each half 56a, 58b, 56b, 58b of the sets of memory chips 56 and 58. The check bit chips 86a, 88a, 86b and 88b each receive the same command and address signals CA of the associated half of the sets of memory chips 56 and 58 as well as inputting or outputting check bit data. For example, the check bit chips 86a and 88a receive check bit data CB0-CB7, while the check bit chips 86b and 88b receive the check bit data CB8-CB15. This check bit data is received as part of the data signals DQ. As demonstrated by FIG. 2, the memory module 20 provides a fully buffered memory module. In this embodiment the single buffer 38 provides for buffering of the data signals and the command and address signals for the sets of memory chips on both the first and second circuit boards 30 and 50. The invention being thus described, it will be obvious that the same may be varied in many ways. Such variations are not to be regarded as a departure from the spirit and scope of the invention, and all such modifications as would be obvious to one skilled in the art are intended to be included within the scope of the present invention.	<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>Computer systems often contain one or more integrated circuit (IC) chipsets that are coupled to memory modules using a memory interface. The memory interface provides communication between the IC chipset such as a central processing unit (CPU) and the memory modules. The memory interface may include address bus-lines, command signal lines and data bus lines. Initially, each memory module was made up of a single substrate with memory chips on one or both sides. However, increasing demand for high computer performance and capacity resulted in a demand for a larger and faster memory. To meet this demand single memory modules having two or more electrically connected substrates mounted substantially parallel to each other were developed. U.S. Pat. No. 5,949,657 discloses an example of this type of memory module. Besides multiple substrate memory modules, memory density was increased by stacking memory chips on the same substrate. U.S. Pat. No. 6,487,102 discloses an example of this chip stacking technique. However, as the operating speed and number of memory modules and/or memory chips connected to the chipset increase, the increase in capacitive load may place a substantial limit on the amount and speed of the memory. To relieve these capacitive load effects, memory modules having a buffer or register to buffer the command and address lines were developed. Here, each substrate of the module includes such a buffer for relieving capacitive load effects. Again U.S. Pat. No. 6,487,102 provides an example of what is commonly referred to as a registered memory module. More recent advances in memory modules have provided fully buffered memory modules. In a fully buffered memory module, the command and address lines associated with the memory chips of each substrate are buffered as in the registered memory modules, and another buffer on each substrate of the module buffers the data lines. Fully buffered memory modules are said to electrically isolate the memory module from the chipset. U.S. Pat. No. 6,553,450 discloses an example of a fully buffered memory module.	<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>The memory module according to an example embodiment of the present invention includes at least first and second circuit boards opposing one another such that the first and second circuit boards have inner faces facing each other and outer faces facing away from each other. At least one of the inner and outer faces of the first circuit board supports a first plurality of memory chips, and at least one of the inner and outer faces of the second circuit board supports a second plurality of memory chips. An electrical connector electrically connects the second plurality of memory chips with the first circuit board. A buffer is disposed on one of the inner and outer faces of the first circuit board, and serves the first and second plurality of memory chips. For example, in one embodiment, a fully buffered memory module is provided where the buffer buffers both the data and the command and address signals for the first and second plurality of memory chips. Accordingly, in one embodiment of the present invention, a fully buffered memory module is provided using a single buffer for the entire module; thus reducing the need for multiple buffers and connections thereto.	20040526	20060704	20050217	73113.0		0	NGUYEN, DANG T	MEMORY MODULE	UNDISCOUNTED	0	ACCEPTED		2,004
10,853,355	ACCEPTED	Confocal microscope apparatus	A confocal microscope apparatus has a confocal scanner for scanning a sample with shifting a focal position of a light beam in a direction perpendicular to an optical axis, a moving mechanism for moving the focal position of the light beam in an optical axis direction, a camera for picking up an image of the sample with the light beam, and a movement control unit for controlling the moving mechanism to move the focal position of the light beam by a predetermined distance in the optical axis direction for every vertical synchronizing signal of the camera in synchronization with the vertical synchronizing signal. A high-speed three-dimensional image can be displayed in such that while measuring the sample, two or more slice images in such an arrangement on a common screen that their positions relative to the sample enables to be grasped.	1. A confocal microscope apparatus comprising: a confocal scanner for scanning a sample with shifting a focal position of a light beam in a direction perpendicular to an optical axis; a moving mechanism for moving the focal position of the light beam in an optical axis direction; a camera for picking up an image of the sample with the light beam; and a movement control unit for controlling the moving mechanism to move the focal position of the light beam by a predetermined distance in the optical axis direction for every vertical synchronizing signal of the camera in synchronization with the vertical synchronizing signal. 2. The confocal microscope apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the movement control unit controls the moving mechanism to keep the focal position of the light beam constant during at least a vertical synchronizing signal period of the camera, and controls the moving mechanism to move the focal position of the light beam by the predetermined distance in the optical axis direction during a period excluding at least the vertical synchronizing signal period of the camera. 3. The confocal microscope apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the movement control unit controls the moving mechanism to keep the focal position of the light beam constant during at least a pixel pickup period of the camera, and controls the moving mechanism to move the focal position of the light beam by the predetermined distance in the optical axis direction during a period excluding at least the pixel pickup period of the camera. 4. The confocal microscope apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the movement control unit controls the moving mechanism to move the focal position of the light beam by the predetermined distance in the optical axis direction during a vertical synchronizing signal period of the camera. 5. The confocal microscope apparatus according to claim 1, 2, 3 or 4, further comprising: a display portion for reconstructing an image of the sample in a three-dimensional expression from the image picked up by the camera, in parallel with picking up an image by the camera, to display a reconstructed image and for updating the reconstructed image in the three-dimensional expression based on an image newly picked up by the camera. 6. A confocal microscope display device for displaying a plurality of slice images of a sample picked up at different positions in an optical axis direction by using an optical microscope and a confocal scanner, comprising: a moving portion for moving an objective lens of the optical microscope in the optical axis direction; and a processing portion for reading the slice images of the sample obtained from the confocal scanner, to display the slice images on a screen, wherein while measuring the sample, the processing portion displays two or more slice images in such an arrangement on a common screen that their positions relative to the sample enables to be grasped. 7. A confocal microscope display device comprising: a confocal scanner for scanning a sample with shifting a focal position of a light beam in a direction perpendicular to an optical axis; a moving mechanism for moving the focal position of the light beam in an optical axis direction; a camera for picking up an image of the sample with the light beam; a movement control unit for controlling the moving mechanism to move the focal position of the light beam by a predetermined distance in the optical axis direction for every vertical synchronizing signal of the camera in synchronization with the vertical synchronizing signal; and a processing portion for reading the slice images of the sample obtained from the confocal scanner, to display the slice images on a screen, wherein while measuring the sample, the processing portion displays two or more slice images in such an arrangement on a common screen that their positions relative to the sample enables to be grasped. 8. The confocal microscope display device according to claim 6 or 7, wherein the processing portion displays the slice images one-dimensionally or two-dimensionally in such an arrangement that their positions relative to the sample enables to be grasped. 9. The confocal microscope display device according to claim 6 or 7, wherein the display number of the slice images enables to be changed while measuring the sample. 10. The confocal microscope display device according to claim 6 or 7, wherein the slice images are presented in a perspective view so that the processing portion displays the sample and each of the slice images at coincident relative positions in the optical axis direction. 11. The confocal microscope display device according to claim 6 or 7, wherein the display angle of the perspective view of the slice images enables to be changed while measuring the sample. 12. The confocal microscope display device according to claim 6 or 7, wherein the processing portion displays sizes, axes, frames or marker images over the slice images. 13. The confocal microscope display device according to claim 6, wherein the moving portion includes a piezo-element, stage drive portion or a magnet actuator. 14. The confocal microscope display device according to claim 6 or 7, wherein the processing portion includes a personal computer.	BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a confocal microscope, which is enabled to measure a stereoscopic shape of a sample by combining an optical microscope and a confocal optical scanner. 2. Description of the Related Art For example, a Nipkow's disc type confocal microscope apparatus, as shown in FIG. 1A, is well known in the related art. This confocal microscope apparatus is provided with: a microlens array 101, a pinhole array 102 (i.e., Nipkow's disc) and an objective lens 103 for condensing a laser light onto a sample 20; an actuator 104 for moving the objective lens 103 in an optical axis direction (or in a Z-direction, as shown); a camera 106 having a condensing lens 105; and a beam splitter 107 for changing the path of the reflected light coming from the sample through the objective lens 103 and the pinhole array 102, in the direction to the camera 106. In the configuration, the Z-coordinate of the focused point of the laser light is controlled depending on the position of the objective lens 103 in the Z-direction, and the XY-coordinates of the focused point of the laser light is controlled by turning the microlens array 101 and the pinhole array 102. In other words, the scanning point in the sample 20 to be picked up by the camera 106 can be three-dimensionally controlled depending on the Z-direction position of the objective lens 103 and the turning angles of the microlens array 101 and the pinhole array 102. In the such a scanning technique of the confocal microscope apparatus, the operations to move the objective lens 103 uniformly in a Z-coordinate increasing direction for a longer period than a plurality of frame periods are started in synchronization with a vertical synchronizing signal of the camera, as produced just after the input of a trigger signal, while turning the microlens array 101 and the pinhole array 102 in synchronization with the vertical synchronizing signal of the camera 106. This scanning technique is described, for example, in JP-A-2002-72102. In the scanning technique, however, the timing for starting the movement of the objective lens 103 is synchronized with the vertical synchronizing signal, but the movement after the start is performed asynchronously of the vertical synchronizing signal. As a result, it is difficult to control the Z-direction position of the scanning point highly precisely for the individual video frames to be picked up by the camera 106. In the case of the repeated capturing with the movement of the Z-direction position, more specifically, the discrepancy of the Z-direction position is so cumulatively enlarged that the discrepancy can be neither confirmed nor corrected. In the related art described above, moreover, the individual scanning points are captured by scanning in the XY-directions while changing the Z-coordinate at all times. According to the capturing method by thus changing the Z-coordinate at all times, moreover, the Z-coordinate point can be prevented from being unscanned for all the XY-coordinates so that even a micro structure in the Z-direction can enhance the probability of its appearance at least in the captured images. In the related art, the coordinates of the objective lens 103 change uniformly, too, even for the time period of the synchronizing signal such as the vertical synchronizing signal, when the capturing is not done in the camera 106. However, that Z-coordinate range in the sample 20, which corresponds to the range for the objective lens 103 to have moved for the synchronizing signal period, is not captured in the least. According to the related art, therefore, a micro structure in the Z-direction may drop out. Depending on the application of the confocal microscope apparatus, on the other hand, the video frames having picked up the XY-plane of the sample with the Z-coordinate being fixed may be desirably produced individually for the different Z-coordinates. For example, a set of video frames thus produced become as they are the voxels having the XYZ-coordinate system so that they are suited for the processing such as the three-dimensional analysis of the sample 20. According to the related art thus far described, however, the Z-coordinate always changes, too, for the video pickup period of the camera 106 so that the video frames having picked up the XY-plane of the sample with the Z-coordinate being fixed cannot be produced. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION An object of the invention is to provide a confocal microscope apparatus that improves the precision of the scanning position control of a sample in the optical axis direction. Another object of the invention is to provide a confocal microscope apparatus that enhances the probability of grasping a micro structure in an image picked up. A further object of the invention is to provide a confocal microscope apparatus that creates video frames captured by picking up a plane normal to the optical axis of a sample with the coordinate in the optical axis direction being fixed, individually for the coordinates in the different optical axis directions. A further object of the invention is to provide a confocal microscope apparatus that creates video frames captured by picking up a plane normal to the optical axis of the sample with the coordinate in the optical axis direction being fixed, individually for the coordinates in the different optical axis directions, and to display a three-dimensional image at a high speed, thereby to grasp the whole image while measuring a sample. A further object of the invention is to provide a confocal microscope apparatus that grasps slice images in each section and their stereoscopic relations precisely. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIGS. 1A and 1B are diagrams showing a configuration and a scanning sequence of a confocal microscope apparatus of the related art; FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing a configuration of a confocal microscope apparatus according to an embodiment of the invention; FIGS. 3A to 3G are diagrams showing a scanning sequence according to the embodiment of the invention; FIGS. 4A and 4B are block diagrams showing examples of the configurations of a Z-axis scan control device and an actuator according to the embodiment of the invention; FIGS. 5A to 5G are diagrams showing another scanning sequence according to the embodiment of the invention; FIG. 6 shows a display example of a three-dimensional image according to the confocal microscope of the related art; FIGS. 7A to 7D show map display examples of measured images; FIG. 8 is a configuration diagram showing another example of the confocal microscope apparatus according to the invention; FIG. 9 is a diagram showing a three-dimensional display example having a plurality of slice images; and FIGS. 10A and 10B are contrast diagrams of the map display and a perspective display. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS The invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. FIG. 2 is a configuration diagram showing one embodiment of a confocal microscope apparatus according to the invention. As shown in FIG. 2, the confocal microscope apparatus is provided with: a body portion 1; a stage 2 for mounting a sample 20; a laser light source 3; a confocal scanner unit 4; a high-speed camera 5 such as a double-speed camera of 66 frames/second adopting IEEE 1394 as the communication standards; an image intensifier 6 for adding an image intensifying function, a high-speed shutter function and so on to that camera 5; an objective lens 7; an actuator 8 for moving the objective lens 7 in the direction of an optical axis; a Z-axis scan control device 9; an image processing device 10 constructed of a computer or the like having a video capture interface; and a display device 11. In the confocal scanner unit 4, moreover, there are housed the microlens array, the pinhole array, the beam splitter, as has been described hereinbefore, and the rotation control unit for rotationally driving the microlens array and the pinhole array. The present confocal microscope apparatus is further provided with an illuminating light source 12 so that it also functions as an optical microscope apparatus with the illuminating light source 12 and the optical system housed in the body portion 1. The scan control in the present confocal microscope apparatus will be described below. FIGS. 3A to 3G show a scanning sequence of the confocal microscope apparatus. The scanning sequence is started with a TRIGER signal outputted from the Z-axis scan control device 9. In response to the TRIGER signal as an external trigger signal, the camera 5 synchronizes a vertical synchronizing signal with the TRIGER signal, as shown in FIG. 3B, to start the capturing. On the other hand, the vertical synchronizing signal VSYNC of the camera 5 is outputted to the confocal scanner unit 4 and the Z-axis scan control device 9. In synchronization with the vertical synchronizing signal VSYNC inputted, the (not-shown) rotation control unit of the confocal scanner unit 4 drives the microlens array and the pinhole array so rotationally as to scan the whole XY-area once for every image pickup periods of the individual video frames. Here, the image pickup period portion such a period in one video frame period as excludes at least the vertical synchronizing signal period. Moreover, the image pickup period may exclude a horizontal synchronizing signal period and the period, for which the pixels before and after the horizontal synchronizing signal period and the vertical synchronizing signal period. In synchronization with the vertical synchronizing signal VSYNC inputted, as shown in FIG. 3C, the Z-axis scan control device 9 outputs a predetermined number of pulses of a predetermined period in the image pickup period of each video frame, as a movement control signal CNT to the actuator 8. Moreover, the Z-axis scan control device 9 counts the vertical synchronizing signals VSYNC inputted, and stops the pulse output when a predetermined count is reached. The Z-axis scan control device 9 executes a stage, at which it outputs a reset signal RST to the actuator 8, as shown in FIG. 3D. When the next vertical synchronizing signal VSYNC is inputted, the Z-axis scan control device 9 repeats such a sequence like before for the period of a predetermined number of video frames as is composed of the stage, at which it outputs the pulses of a predetermined number of predetermined periods as the movement control signal CNT to the actuator 8, and the stage, at which it stops the pulse output for one video frame period and at which it outputs the reset signal RST to the actuator 8. On the other hand, the actuator 8 integrates the pulses of the movement control signal CNT inputted from the Z-axis scan control device 9, to produce the drive signals which keep constant values for the periods of the vertical synchronizing signals VSYNC but uniformly increase for the image pickup periods of the video frames, as shown in FIGS. 3E and 3F. The objective lens 7 is moved in the Z-direction with those drive signals. Here, the movement of the objective lens 7 is made proportional to the magnitudes of the drive signals. If the movement of the objective lens 7 is not linearly proportional to the magnitudes of the drive signals, the drive signals are produced to have such a waveform as to move the objective lens 7 not for the periods of the vertical synchronizing signals VSYNC but uniformly for the image pickup periods of the video frames. Here, the mechanism for moving the objective lens 7 can be exemplified by one using a piezo-element. In response to the reset signal RST from the Z-axis scan control device 9, moreover, the actuator 8 returns the drive signals to the initial value. By the operations thus far described, the scanning points in the sample 20 and the individual video frames are given such relations as are shown in FIG. 3G. For the individual video frame periods (as indicated by T1 to T8), the images in the different Z-axis ranges are picked up for every video frame periods. In this embodiment, the objective lens 7 is moved in the Z-direction only for the image pickup periods of the video frames. For any of the XY-coordinates, therefore, there hardly occurs a Z-coordinate range of no capturing. Reverting to FIG. 2, the image processing device 10 repeats the operations to fetch and store the individual video frames VIDEO outputted from the camera 5 and to synthesize and display them in the display device 11. Here, the image processing device 10 is fed with timing signals indicating the timings of the TRIGER signals, from the Z-axis scan control device 9. In accordance with these timing signals, the image processing device 10 repeats the operations: to recognize the correspondences between the individual video frames and the orders of the samples 20 picked up in the video frames, in the Z-direction of the scanning face; to synthesize and arrange the individual video frames in accordance with the recognized orders thereby to reconstruct the three-dimensional images (or voxels) of the samples 20; and to display such a three-dimensionally expressed image in the display device 11 that the three-dimensional image is projected on a virtual two-dimensional screen by a suitable rendering algorithm (e.g., a volume rendering). In short, the image processing device 10 makes a real time display of the three-dimensionally expressed image of the sample 20. One configuration example of the Z-axis scan control device 9 will be described in the following. FIGS. 4A and 4B shows the configuration example of the Z-axis scan control device 9. The following description is made by assuming that the Z-axis scan control device 9 repeats such a sequence in the scanning sequence shown in FIGS. 3A to 3G as is composed of the stage, at which the Z-axis scan control device 9 outputs a predetermined number M of pulses of a predetermined period T as the movement control signal CNT to the actuator for the image pickup period of each vide frame in a predetermined number N of video frame periods, and the stage, at which the Z-axis scan control device 9 stops the pulse output for one video frame period and outputs the reset signal RST to the actuator 8. In FIGS. 4A and 4B, a sequence control unit 91 generates the aforementioned TRIGER signal in response to a demand from the image processing device 10, the user's operation or the like. A first counter 92 is reset with the TRIGER signal to count the vertical synchronizing signals VSYNC from 0. A first decoder 93 decodes the counted value of the first counter 92. When this counted value reaches the predetermined value N, the first decoder 93 outputs a reset enable signal to a reset output circuit 94 and a mask circuit 95, and outputs a counter reset signal to the first counter 92. The reset output circuit 94 produces, when fed with the reset enable signal, the reset signal RST of a predetermined pulse length, and outputs the reset signal RST to the actuator 8. When the first counter 92 is fed with a counter reset signal, on the other hand, it is reset to 0 in synchronization with the input of the next vertical synchronizing signal VSYNC. A second counter 96 counts clock signals of the predetermined period T outputted by an oscillator 97, from 0. A second decoder 98 decodes the counted value. When this counted value becomes M, the second decoder 98 outputs a pulse mask signal to the mask circuit 95 and outputs a stop signal to the second counter 96. Only for the time period while the reset enable signal is not outputted from the first decoder 93 and while the pulse mask signal is not outputted from the second decoder 98, the mask circuit 95 outputs the clock signal of the predetermined period T outputted from the oscillator 97, as the pulse of the movement control signal CNT to the actuator 8. Here, the second counter 96 stops the counting operation, when fed with the stop signal, until the vertical synchronizing signal VSYNC is inputted. When the vertical synchronizing signal VSYNC is inputted, the second counter 96 resets the count value to 0, and starts the counting operation. The foregoing configuration of the Z-axis scan control device 9 is just one example, and can adopt another. In a configuration, for example, a PLL can be used to produce a pulse signal of a 1/M period having an image pickup period synchronized with the vertical synchronizing signal, and this pulse signal can be outputted as the movement control signal CNT only for the image pickup period. Alternatively, the Z-axis scan control device 9 may also be constructed as a CPU circuit so that the foregoing operations of the Z-axis scan control device 9 may be executed in the software manner. Next, the drive signal is produced in the actuator 8 by integrating the pulses of the movement control signal CNT inputted from the Z-axis scan control device 9, as has been described hereinbefore. This integration may be made by the well-known analog integration circuit. Another analog integration circuit can be constructed, as shown in FIG. 4B, to include: a counter 81 for counting the pulses of the movement control signal CNT; a D/A converter 82 for D/A converting the counted value of the counter 81; and a driver circuit for amplifying the output of the D/A converter 82. Here, the counter 81 is reset with the reset signal RST inputted from the Z-axis scan control device 9. Now, the confocal microscope apparatus of the embodiment thus far described may further execute the following scanning sequence. As shown in FIGS. 5A to 5G, the scanning sequence is started with the TRIGER signal, as shown in FIG. 5A, which is outputted by the Z-axis scan control device 9. The camera 5 receives the TRIGER signal as the external trigger signal, and synchronizes the vertical synchronizing signal with the TRIGER signal, as shown in FIG. 5B, to start the capturing. The vertical synchronizing signal VSYNC of the camera 5 is outputted to the confocal scanner unit 4 and the Z-axis scan control device 9. In synchronization with the vertical synchronizing signal VSYNC inputted, the rotation control unit of the confocal scanner unit 4 drives the microlens array and the pinhole array so rotationally as to scan the whole XY-area once for every image pickup periods of the individual video frames. In synchronization with the vertical synchronizing signal VSYNC inputted, as shown in FIG. 5C, the Z-axis scan control device 9 executes the stage, at which it outputs pulses for the vertical synchronizing signal period, as the movement control signal CNT to the actuator 8. Moreover, the Z-axis scan control device 9 counts the vertical synchronizing signals VSYNC inputted, and stops the pulse output of the movement control signal CNT when a predetermined count is reached. The Z-axis scan control device 9 executes a stage, at which it outputs the reset signal RST to the actuator 8, as shown in FIG. 5D. When the next vertical synchronizing signal VSYNC is inputted, the Z-axis scan control device 9 repeats such a sequence like before for the period of a predetermined number of video frames as is composed of the stage, at which it outputs the pulses for the vertical synchronizing signal period for a predetermined number of video frame periods as the movement control signal CNT to the actuator 8, and the stage, at which it stops the pulse output of the movement control signal CNT for one video frame period and at which it outputs the reset signal RST to the actuator 8. The actuator 8 integrates the pulses of the movement control signal CNT inputted from the Z-axis scan control device 9, to produce the drive signals which increase for the vertical synchronizing signal period but keep constant values for the image pickup periods of the video frames, as shown in FIGS. 5E and 5F. The objective lens 7 is moved in the Z-direction with those drive signals. Here, the movement of the objective lens 7 is made proportional to the magnitudes of the drive signals. In response to the reset signal RST from the Z-axis scan control device 9, moreover, the actuator 8 returns the drive signals to the initial value. By the operations thus far described, the scanning points in the sample 20 and the individual video frames are given such relations as are shown in FIG. 5G. For the individual video frame periods (as indicated by T1 to T8), the images in the XY-plane having a specific Z-coordinate spaced for every video frames are picked up for every video frame periods. According to the scanning sequence thus far described, the objective lens 7 is moved in the Z-direction only for the image pickup period of the video frames. Therefore, the video frames having picked up the XY-plane of the sample 20 with the fixed Z-coordinate can be created individually for the different Z-coordinates. As described hereinbefore, the confocal microscope apparatus is enabled to improve the precision of the scanning position control of the sample better in the optical axis direction. Moreover, the confocal microscope apparatus is enabled to enhance the probability of grasping a micro structure in the image picked up. Still moreover, the confocal microscope apparatus is enabled to create the video frames, which are picked up by picking up a plane normal to the optical axis of the sample with the coordinate in the optical axis direction being fixed, individually for the coordinates in the different optical axis directions. Another embodiment of the invention will be described in the following. In the case a stereoscopic image of the sample is to be attained with the confocal microscope apparatus using the confocal scanner, a number of slice images are obtained at different positions in the optical axis direction, as described above, and are made stereoscopic by the CG (Computer Graphics) technique. FIG. 6 is a display example of the three-dimensional image of a Californian purple sea urchin measured by that method. By this display, the whole image of the sample can be grasped. However, this case has the following problems. (1) The CG processing takes time at least several minutes to several hours. This image processing after the CG has to be performed after the measurement. It is difficult to grasp the whole image during the measurement, to decide the propriety of the sample and to select the best portion of measurement. (2) The shapes in the individual sections cannot be precisely grasped with perspective views. The shapes of the individual sections can be precisely grasped neither too much nor too less by using the two-dimensional images (or the slice images), as shown in FIG. 7. It is, however, difficult to grasp the stereoscopic relations as a whole with those slice images. Here, the slice images of FIGS. 7A, 7B, 7C and 7D correspond to the individual slice images from up to down in the case a cell is placed at the position of the sample. These views are binarized for the convenience of display. FIG. 8 is a diagram of another embodiment of the invention, which has solved those problems. The confocal microscope apparatus of this embodiment is enabled to display a three-dimensional image at a high speed thereby to grasp the whole image while the sample is being measured and to grasp the slice images in the individual sections and their stereoscopic relations precisely in real time. In FIG. 8: reference numeral 100 designates an optical microscope (as will be called merely the “microscope”); numeral 200 designates a confocal optical scanner disposed at the light receiving portion of the microscope 100; numeral 300 designates an image pickup camera (as will be called merely the “camera”) for picking up that image of the sample face, which is obtained through the confocal optical scanner 200; and numeral 400 designates a processing portion. The processing portion 400 is provided with a display screen 410 and is enabled to read the image data outputted from the camera 300 and subject them to a predetermined processing and to display the image on the display screen 410. A personal computer is usually used as that processing portion 400. Numeral 500 designates a drive portion for moving an objective lens 110 of the microscope 100 in the optical axis direction. For example, a piezo-element (PZT) is used as the drive portion 500. Numeral 600 designates a stage controller for controlling the drive portion 500 on the basis of an instruction coming from the processing portion 400. Here, the components of FIG. 8 and the components of FIG. 2 correspond in the following manners. The optical microscope 100 corresponds to the body portion 1 of FIG. 2; the objective lens 110 corresponds to the objective lens 7 of FIG. 2; the confocal optical scanner 200 corresponds to the confocal scanner unit 4 of FIG. 2; the image pickup camera 300 corresponds to the camera 5 of FIG. 2; the sample 20 corresponds to the sample 20 of FIG. 2; the processing portion 400 corresponds to the image processing device 10 of FIG. 2; the screen 410 corresponds to the display device 11 of FIG. 2; the drive portion 500 corresponds to the actuator of FIG. 2; the stage controller 600 corresponds to the Z-axis scan control device 9 of FIG. 2. In this configuration, the operations to obtain the slice images of the sample 20 placed on the microscope 100 are identical to those of the confocal microscope apparatus of the related art, and their description is omitted. While the objective lens 110 is moved in the optical axis direction by activating the drive portion 500, the confocal slice images are picked up at the individual optical axis heights by the camera 300. The processing portion 400 transforms the images (in the top plan view) obtained from the camera 300 into the perspective images (or the corresponding images) picked up obliquely downward, and display them on the screen 410. These transformations into the perspective views may be made merely by drawing pixels of coordinates Xi and Yi at the plane coordinates Xj and Yj of a predetermined perspective view, so that the transformations can be processed at a high speed. For images of an inclination of 30 degrees, the coordinates Xj and Yj are determined, for example, on the basis of the following Formulas: Xi=Xj cos θ−Yj sin θ; Yi=Xj sin θ−Yj cos θ, wherein θ=30°. The coordinates Xj and Yj can be determined merely by the product/sum operations, if the processing portion 400 has the cos 30° as the table of constants. The product/sum operations can be processed at high speeds. In the case a plurality of slice images are to be displayed, they are drawn as they are at a spacing in the optical axis direction while being held at their relative positions in the optical axis direction, as shown in FIG. 9. FIG. 9 is an example of the image display of the case, in which the measurement and the display are actually performed in real time. FIG. 9 shows the motions of calcium ions in the muscle of heart, in which a white bright spot moves from the left depth of the screen to this side. With these four images, it can be intuitively grasped at a glance that the calcium ions spread earlier in the cell of the uppermost slice image than the lowermost slice image. This makes it possible not only to analyze the data after acquired but also either to decide the propriety of what sample is to be actually measured, or to select the best portion of measurement. Thus, the confocal microscope apparatus of this embodiment can grasp the precise slice images of the sample at the individual optical axis heights and the stereoscopic relations of the samples as a whole. The invention may be exemplified by the changes/modifications, as will be enumerated in the following. (1) In the case a plurality of slice images are to be obtained, the XY-plane of the sample may be captured by the aforementioned scanning sequence with the Z-coordinate being fixed. (2) The number of display sheets should not be limited to four but can be any from two to several tens. (3) The display angle can be 0 to 360° individually in the longitudinal and latitudinal directions. (4) For the image display, all the images need not be displayed, but some may be thinned out. For example, the confocal optical scanner can raise the speed up to 1,000 sheets/second, but the display cannot be recognized by the human eyes even if it is made at a speed exceeding a human-recognizable video rate (about 30 sheets/second) In this case, the display of one sheet per 1,000/30=33 (sheets) is sufficient. (5) Alternatively, the image display need not display all the slice images being measured but may display only a representative image, as shown in FIG. 9. This display method is more advantageous in the high speed and the recognition than the aforementioned display method (3). FIGS. 10A and 10B present contrast diagrams of the cases, in which the slice images of Ca ions in the cells of the muscle of heart are displayed in different formats. FIG. 10A presents the map displays shown in FIGS. 7A to 7D, and FIG. 10B presents the display example of the perspective view formats according to the invention. Here, the displays (1) to (4) of FIG. 10A correspond to the displays (1) to (4) of FIG. 10B. As shown in FIG. 10B, the arrangement is devised to display the slice images on the common screen so that the positions of the slice images relative to the sample can be grasped. Then, it is found that FIG. 10B presents a stereoscopically more recognizable image display than FIG. 10A. (6) The display image should not be limited to a monochromatic display but may be a multicolor display. (7) The measurement of sizes and the grasp of shapes are facilitated if known markers such as graduations or circles or known scales are displayed together with the slice images. (8) Even the map display format shown in FIGS. 7A to 7D can be utilized for deciding the propriety of the sample to some extent although its stereoscopic grasp is difficult, if the display can be made in real time. (9) The drive of the objective lens 110 should not be limited to that of the piezo-element but may be exemplified by a stage drive or that of a magnetic actuator. (10) The sample 20 should not be limited to a living organism with a fluorescent light but may be a semiconductor surface or a mechanical part with a reflecting mirror. (11) A more proper display can be obtained if the angle or number of displays can be changed during the measurement/display. (12) The image display may be updated for each slice image at any time when the slice image is measured, or the slice images displayed in the display screen may be updated all at once when their measurement was ended. According to the confocal microscope apparatus of the embodiment shown in the configuration diagram of FIG. 8, as described hereinbefore, the following effects can be obtained. (1) The three-dimensional display at a high speed can be easily realized to grasp the whole image easily while the sample is being measured. (2) It is possible to grasp the slice images of the individual sections and their stereoscopic relations precisely.	<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a confocal microscope, which is enabled to measure a stereoscopic shape of a sample by combining an optical microscope and a confocal optical scanner. 2. Description of the Related Art For example, a Nipkow's disc type confocal microscope apparatus, as shown in FIG. 1A , is well known in the related art. This confocal microscope apparatus is provided with: a microlens array 101 , a pinhole array 102 (i.e., Nipkow's disc) and an objective lens 103 for condensing a laser light onto a sample 20 ; an actuator 104 for moving the objective lens 103 in an optical axis direction (or in a Z-direction, as shown); a camera 106 having a condensing lens 105 ; and a beam splitter 107 for changing the path of the reflected light coming from the sample through the objective lens 103 and the pinhole array 102 , in the direction to the camera 106 . In the configuration, the Z-coordinate of the focused point of the laser light is controlled depending on the position of the objective lens 103 in the Z-direction, and the XY-coordinates of the focused point of the laser light is controlled by turning the microlens array 101 and the pinhole array 102 . In other words, the scanning point in the sample 20 to be picked up by the camera 106 can be three-dimensionally controlled depending on the Z-direction position of the objective lens 103 and the turning angles of the microlens array 101 and the pinhole array 102 . In the such a scanning technique of the confocal microscope apparatus, the operations to move the objective lens 103 uniformly in a Z-coordinate increasing direction for a longer period than a plurality of frame periods are started in synchronization with a vertical synchronizing signal of the camera, as produced just after the input of a trigger signal, while turning the microlens array 101 and the pinhole array 102 in synchronization with the vertical synchronizing signal of the camera 106 . This scanning technique is described, for example, in JP-A-2002-72102. In the scanning technique, however, the timing for starting the movement of the objective lens 103 is synchronized with the vertical synchronizing signal, but the movement after the start is performed asynchronously of the vertical synchronizing signal. As a result, it is difficult to control the Z-direction position of the scanning point highly precisely for the individual video frames to be picked up by the camera 106 . In the case of the repeated capturing with the movement of the Z-direction position, more specifically, the discrepancy of the Z-direction position is so cumulatively enlarged that the discrepancy can be neither confirmed nor corrected. In the related art described above, moreover, the individual scanning points are captured by scanning in the XY-directions while changing the Z-coordinate at all times. According to the capturing method by thus changing the Z-coordinate at all times, moreover, the Z-coordinate point can be prevented from being unscanned for all the XY-coordinates so that even a micro structure in the Z-direction can enhance the probability of its appearance at least in the captured images. In the related art, the coordinates of the objective lens 103 change uniformly, too, even for the time period of the synchronizing signal such as the vertical synchronizing signal, when the capturing is not done in the camera 106 . However, that Z-coordinate range in the sample 20 , which corresponds to the range for the objective lens 103 to have moved for the synchronizing signal period, is not captured in the least. According to the related art, therefore, a micro structure in the Z-direction may drop out. Depending on the application of the confocal microscope apparatus, on the other hand, the video frames having picked up the XY-plane of the sample with the Z-coordinate being fixed may be desirably produced individually for the different Z-coordinates. For example, a set of video frames thus produced become as they are the voxels having the XYZ-coordinate system so that they are suited for the processing such as the three-dimensional analysis of the sample 20 . According to the related art thus far described, however, the Z-coordinate always changes, too, for the video pickup period of the camera 106 so that the video frames having picked up the XY-plane of the sample with the Z-coordinate being fixed cannot be produced.	<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>An object of the invention is to provide a confocal microscope apparatus that improves the precision of the scanning position control of a sample in the optical axis direction. Another object of the invention is to provide a confocal microscope apparatus that enhances the probability of grasping a micro structure in an image picked up. A further object of the invention is to provide a confocal microscope apparatus that creates video frames captured by picking up a plane normal to the optical axis of a sample with the coordinate in the optical axis direction being fixed, individually for the coordinates in the different optical axis directions. A further object of the invention is to provide a confocal microscope apparatus that creates video frames captured by picking up a plane normal to the optical axis of the sample with the coordinate in the optical axis direction being fixed, individually for the coordinates in the different optical axis directions, and to display a three-dimensional image at a high speed, thereby to grasp the whole image while measuring a sample. A further object of the invention is to provide a confocal microscope apparatus that grasps slice images in each section and their stereoscopic relations precisely.	20040526	20070501	20050106	88906.0		0	LIVEDALEN, BRIAN J	A CONFOCAL MICROSCOPE APPARATUS TO MEASURE A STEREOSCOPIC SHAPE OF A SAMPLE	UNDISCOUNTED	0	ACCEPTED		2,004
10,853,423	ACCEPTED	Fixed latency data computation and chip crossing circuits and methods for synchronous input to output protocol translator supporting multiple reference oscillator frequencies	A synchronous input to output protocol translator supporting multiple reference oscillator frequencies and fixed latency data computation and chip crossing circuits enables implementation of a method for delaying osc2 relative to osc1 in a configurable way to provide a constant, minimal Tptcc over a range of refosc frequencies between circuits for data transferred. It requires that the data transferred from a register R1 be sent over multiple wires via configurable delay circuitry for osc2, capture circuitry at the input to R2, and a circuit to transfer a synchronizing signal from a non-delayed clock domain to a delayed clock domain. Relative to osc1, osc2 is a delayed, synchronous clock.	1. A synchronous input to output protocol translator system for use in chip crossing and protocol translation, comprising: a first register coupled to a first circuit for data being transferred from a first circuit to a second circuit, a second register for said second circuit for receiving data being transferred from said first circuit to said second circuit, configurable delay circuitry including providing a coupling with a plurality of connecting wires forming part of said configurable delay circuitry and capture circuits at said second register, and a transfer circuit coupling a synchronizing signal from a non-delayed clock domain to a delayed clock domain, for configurably delaying a second clock (osc2) relative to a first clock (osc1). 2. The synchronous input to output protocol translator system according to claim 1 wherein said plurality of connecting wires are provided per data bit of said input. 3. The synchronous input to output protocol translator system according to claim 2 wherein said second clock (osc2) and first clock (osc1) are clocks derived from a reference oscillator, and each of said data bits of said input are stretched for a plurality of reference oscillator (refosc) periods, out of phase with each other by one reference oscillator period. 4. The synchronous input to output protocol translator system according to claim 3 wherein two oscillators representing said first clock, (osc1ev and osc1od) and derived from said reference oscillator are provided which are not delayed relative to said reference oscillator, but have periods twice that of said reference oscillator, and are out of phase with each other by one reference oscillator period. 5. The synchronous input to output protocol translator system according to claim 3 wherein said second clock is configurably delayed relative to said reference oscillator. 6. The synchronous input to output protocol translator system according to claim 5 wherein said second clock is configurably delayed relative to said reference oscillator for a plurality of reference oscillator (refosc) cycles. 7. The synchronous input to output protocol translator system according to claim 6 wherein the amount of said delay is selected via configuration registers. 8. The synchronous input to output protocol translator system according to claim 3 wherein a capture multiplexer is provided for chip crossing and protocol translation logic to select which of said plurality of connecting wires is coupled to gate into said second register. 9. The synchronous input to output protocol translator system according to claim 8 wherein a multiplexor select signal is transferred from the domain of said first clock to the domain of said second clock to select which of said plurality of connecting wires is coupled to gate into said second register. 10. The synchronous input to output protocol translator system according to claim 7 wherein a capture multiplexer is provided for chip crossing and protocol translation logic to select which of said plurality of connecting wires is coupled to gate into said second register, and a multiplexor select signal is transferred from the domain of said first clock to the domain of said second clock to select which of said plurality of connecting wires is coupled to gate into said second register. 11. A method of operating a synchronous input to output protocol translator system for use in chip crossing and protocol translation, comprising the steps of: transfering data sent from a first input register (R1) over multiple wires to configurable delay circuitry for a receiving chip, receiving with configurable delay circuitry for a second clock domain (osc2) capture circuitry said transferred data at the input to a receiving register R2, and transfering a signal from a synchronizing circuit to transfer a synchronizing signal from a non-delayed clock domain to a delayed clock domain. 12. The synchronous input to output protocol translator system according to claim 11 wherein said plurality of connecting wires are provided per data bit of said input, and selecting a delay appropriate for said synchronous input to output protocol translator to support an applicable one of multiple reference oscillator frequencies and fixed latency data computation for chip crossing and protocol translation circuits between said circuits to transfer a synchronizing signal from a non-delayed clock domain to a delayed clock domain. 13. The synchronous input to output protocol translator system according to claim 12 wherein said second clock (osc2) and first clock (osc2) are clocks derived from a reference oscillator, and each of said data bits of said input are stretched for a plurality of reference oscillator (refosc) periods, out of phase with each other by one reference oscillator period. 14. The synchronous input to output protocol translator system according to claim 13 wherein two oscillators representing said first clock, (osc1ev and osc1od)) and derived from said reference oscillator are provided which are not delayed relative to said reference oscillator, but have periods twice that of said reference oscillator, and are out of phase with each other by one reference oscillator period. 15. The synchronous input to output protocol translator system according to claim 13 wherein said second clock is configurably delayed relative to said reference oscillator. 16. The synchronous input to output protocol translator system according to claim 15 wherein said second clock is configurably delayed relative to said reference oscillator for a plurality of reference oscillator (refosc) cycles. 17. The synchronous input to output protocol translator system according to claim 16 wherein the amount of said delay is selected via configuration registers. 18. The synchronous input to output protocol translator system according to claim 13 wherein a capture multiplexer is provided for chip crossing and protocol translation logic to select which of said plurality of connecting wires is coupled to gate into said second register. 19. The synchronous input to output protocol translator system according to claim 18 wherein a multiplexor select signal is transferred from the domain of said first clock to the domain of said second clock to select which of said plurality of connecting wires is coupled to gate into said second register. 20. The synchronous input to output protocol translator system according to claim 17 wherein a capture multiplexer is provided for chip crossing and protocol translation logic to select which of said plurality of connecting wires is coupled to gate into said second register, and a multiplexor select signal is transferred from the domain of said first clock to the domain of said second clock to select which of said plurality of connecting wires is coupled to gate into said second register.	BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention This invention relates to computer processing systems, and particularly to a synchronous input to output protocol translator supporting multiple reference oscillator frequencies and fixed latency data computation and chip crossing circuits. 2. Description of Background Definitions: register: a clocked data storage device of one or more data bits. ASIC: Application Specific Integrated Circuit. A computer chip. In today's technologies, these chips are rectangular, and their xy dimensions are measured in millimeters in single or double digits. At typical frequencies, the time of flight of an electrical pulse from one point on the ASIC to another can be significant relative to the period of the reference oscillator. synchronous oscillators: oscillators derived from the same reference oscillator. They are in phase with each other, with the same period. delayed synchronous oscillator: an oscillator derived from the same reference oscillator as another, but delayed relative to the other. The two derived oscillators are not in phase with each other. combinatorial logic: circuits which perform a Boolean operation, or a sequence of them, but do not store data. Combinatorial logic contains no registers. It would be desirable to perform protocol translation and chip crossing in a minimal amount of time for all systems operating over a range of frequencies. Furthermore a solution would be useful in ASIC designs even if they will operate at only a single frequency. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In accordance with the preferred embodiment of our invention a synchronous input to output protocol translator supporting multiple reference oscillator frequencies and fixed latency data computation and chip crossing circuits enables implementation of a method for delaying osc2 relative to osc1 in a configurable way to provide a constant, minimal Tptcc (ptcc: protocol translation and chip crossing) over a range of refosc frequencies between circuits for data transferred. It requires that the data transferred from a register R1 be sent over multiple wires, configurable delay circuitry for osc2, capture circuitry at the input to R2, and a circuit to transfer a synchronizing signal from a non-delayed clock domain to a delayed clock domain. Relative to osc1, osc2 is a delayed, synchronous clock. Additional features and advantages are realized through the techniques of the present invention. Other embodiments and aspects of the invention are described in detail herein and are considered a part of the claimed invention. For a better understanding of the invention with advantages and features, refer to the description and to the drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The subject matter which is regarded as the invention is particularly pointed out and distinctly claimed in the claims at the conclusion of the specification. The foregoing and other objects, features, and advantages of the invention are apparent from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which: FIG. 1 illustrates the PTCC Example System FIG. 2 illustrates the Pipeline Solution for Example System FIG. 3 illustrates a High Level Drawing of the preferred embodiment of the invention. FIG. 4 illustrates the osc2 Delay Circuit. FIG. 5 illustrates the Non-delayed to Delayed Clock Domain Crossing Circuit. FIG. 6 illustrates the Timing Diagram of System With Tptcc=5/4Trefosc The detailed description explains the preferred embodiments of the invention, together with advantages and features, by way of example with reference to the drawings and the Table 1 hereinbelow. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The base task is to compute and transmit an input protocol P1 from one register R1 on a synchronous ASIC to an output protocol P2 at another register R2 on the same ASIC in a clocked system, on an ASIC which may be installed in multiple systems, all operating at different reference oscillator frequencies. Let such an ASIC be called ASICptcc (Application Specific Integrated Circuit: Protocol Translation and Chip Crossing). The problem solved by this invention is that it is desirable to complete this protocol translation and chip crossing in a minimal amount of time for all systems operating over a range of frequencies. This invention could also offer a performance advantage for some ASIC designs even if they will operate at only a single frequency. Basic Solutions: FIG. 1 provides an illustration of a specific case of protocol translation and chip crossing (PTCC), but it can be used to generalize to any case of PTCC. ASICptcc is in a system with devices D1 and D2. Device D1 issues protocol 1, P1, to ASICptcc over the P1 bus. ASICptcc translates P1 to protocol 2, P2, and issues P2 over the P2 bus to device D2. P1 arrives on the P1 bus and is clocked into register R1 with clock osc1. ASICptcc must perform the translation from P1 to P2, and capture P2 in register R2 which is clocked by osc2. osc1 and osc2 are synchronous; their phases may differ due to skew in the clock distribution tree, but ideally they are in phase. The protocol translation logic is a distinct collection of combinatorial logic, restricted to a physical region of ASICptcc. (The protocol translation logic is in this example lumped together and restricted to a specific physical area to simplify the example. In general, the protocol translation logic can be distributed throughout the chip, so that the logical operation time is mingled with the times of flight, and they are no longer distinct. This delay would still constitute Tptcc.) The cloud labeled “translator P1->P2” represents combinatorial logic which calculates an output protocol, P2, from input protocol P1. The amount of time to perform the translation from P1 to P2 is Tlogic. FIG. 1 is intended to be both physically and logically descriptive; the times of flight of electrical pulses from R1 to the command translation logic, Tf1, and from the command translation logic to R2, Tf2, are non-negligible. They can be as large or larger than the computation time Tlogic. To simplify the discussion that follows, the clock-to-Q time for R1, and the setup time for R2, are lumped into Tf1 and Tf2 respectively. (For any particular ASIC, Tptcc could be dominated by either time-of-flight, or time for protocol translation. It would still be Tptcc. At the extremes, Tptcc could be either purely a time-of-flight, or purely a logic delay.) The maximum frequency, frefoscmax, of any system of D1, ASICptcc, and D2 can be limited by the maximum supported frequency of any of D1, ASICptcc, or D2. In two different systems, for example, ASICptcc could be attached to different generations of devices D2. A device D2 from a later generation could support a higher frequency than a device D2 from an earlier generation. The data rate on bus P2 is proportional to the frequency frefosc. The clocks for registers R1 and R2, clock osc1 and clock osc2, are derived from the same reference oscillator, refosc. Tptcc is the time required, beginning with the rising edge of osc1, to launch data from R1, perform all logical computation and signal propagation, and capture P2 in R2 on the rising edge of osc2. A fast system is defined as a system in which both ASICptcc and D2 can operate at frefoscmax. A slow system is one in which ASICptcc can operate at frefoscmax, but D2's maximum supported frequency is less than frefoscmax. In FIG. 1, assume that Tf1 is 1.0 ns, Tlogic is 1.4 ns, Tf2 is 1.3 ns, and that frefoscmax is 533 MHz, so that a maximum data rate on bus P2 supported by the fastest available device D2 can be achieved. Assume that for the slow system, the maximum frequency supported by device D2 is frefosc=200 MHz. FIG. 1. PTCC Example System Basic solution 1: Have no registers to store information between R1 and R2. osc1 and osc2 are synchronous. The time to translate the protocol and cross the chip is Tptcc=Tf1+Tlogic+Tf2=3.7 ns. frefosc is limited by Tptcc. Assuming no frequency division or multiplication in the clock distribution, frefosc=1/Tptcc. Drawback to basic solution 1: Since Tptcc>1/frefoscmax, the data rate of the fast system is penalized. The data rate on the P2 bus will be less than that supported by D2. Table 1 shows that a solution 1 fast system suffers no latency penalty, but does suffer a bandwidth penalty. The solution 1 slow system suffers no bandwidth penalty, but it suffers a latency penalty 1.35 times that of an ideal solution. Basic solution 2: Implement pipelining stages between R1 and R2 to store partial computations. With n pipelining stages, frefosc is limited by 1/Timax, where 1<=i<=n, Ti is the time to compute and propagate signals between any two adjacent pipeline registers, and Timax=max(T1, T2, . . . , Tn). The example of FIG. 1 is modified in FIG. 2 to illustrate such a solution. Pipeline registers have been added to capture the data after Tf1 into Rpipe1, and after the translation into Rpipe2. FIG. 2. Pipeline Solution for Example System Drawbacks to basic solution 2: An advantage of solution 2 over solution 1 is that the data rate on the P2 bus can be higher than solution 1, because Timax of solution 2 is less than Tptccsolution1. In the ideal case, Tptccsolution2=nTimax, and Tptccsolution2=Tptccsolution1. But this ideal case requires that each Ti be identical, and that the number of pipelining registers is such that 1/Timax=frefoscmax, which will almost never happen in practice. An ideal pipelining solution for FIG. 1 would have been a single pipelining register, but this was impractical in this example because the translation logic-could not be reasonably divided into two nearly balanced sections. The delay of Tlogic limits frefosc to 714 Mhz, but frefosc is already limited to 533 Mhz by bus P2. The pipeline solution has enabled solution 2 to run at maximum frequency, but not at the frequency of the slowest pipeline stage. For a fast system, the latency of solution 2 is therefore 31.875 ns=5.625 ns, which is 1.5 times the ideal. Solution 2 has an even worse latency disadvantage for the slow system. In FIG. 2, Tptcc=3Trefosc. Since the slow system is operating at frefosc=200 MHz. The latency would then be 15 ns, which is four times the optimal latency. This is shown in table 1. Basic solution 3: Implement multiple pipelining solutions within ASICptcc, and select a pipelining solution based on configuration data in ASICptcc, based upon the Trefosc of the system. As an example, let FIG. 2 be the pipelined design for the fast system. At the slow system's frequency of 200 MHz, neither pipeline register is necessary. Add muxes to the design so that the pipeline registers can be bypassed, based on a mode select signal. The fast system of solution 3 would then perform as solution 2, and the slow system of solution 3 would perform as solution 1. This is shown in table 1. TABLE 1 Comparison of data rate and latency for various solutions frefosc, MHz data rate relative Tptcc, ns to maximum of Tptcc/ Solution device D2, % Ideal Tptcc ideal solution fast 533 100 3.7 1 ideal solution slow 200 100 3.7 1 solution 1 fast 270 51 3.7 1 solution 1 slow 200 100 5 1.35 solution 2 fast 533 100 5.63 1.52 solution 2 slow 200 100 15 4.05 solution 3 fast 533 100 5.63 1.52 solution 3 slow 200 100 5 1.35 invention fast 533 100 3.7 1 invention slow 200 100 3.7 1 Drawbacks to basic solution 3: Solution 3 has multiple disadvantages. Although it reduces the latency penalty of solution 2 for the slow system, it causes a large increase in design complexity and design verification. In the example, only two system frequencies are used, but ASICptcc might be required to support a large range of frequencies, and solution 3 might require multiple pipelining solutions. Solution 3 requires more circuits, will consume more power than the other basic solutions, and will have a longer design and verification phase. The preferred embodiment of our invention illustrated by FIGS. 3, 4, 5 and 6 employs a method which can be implemented by our circuits for delaying osc2 relative to osc1 in a configurable way to provide a constant, minimal Tptcc over a range of refosc frequencies. It requires that the data transferred from register R1 be sent over multiple wires, configurable delay circuitry for osc2, capture circuitry at the input to R2, and a circuit to transfer a synchronizing signal from a non-delayed clock domain to a delayed clock domain. Relative to osc1, osc2 is a delayed, synchronous clock. Comparison to basic solution 1. The preferred embodiment of our invention provides the same fixed latency Tptcc as basic solution 1, but does not penalize the fast system even if the latency time Tptcc is greater than Trefosc. Minimal latency at maximum frequency is achieved by delaying osc2 relative to osc1 by Tptcc over a range of Trefosc. It does not require an oscillator in addition to refosc, but additional circuits are required as described in the paragraph above. Comparison to basic solution 2. The invention is superior to basic solution 2 for all systems. It provides the minimal possible latency for slow systems, which the pipelined solution would not. The preferred embodiment of our invention is superior because it has fewer circuits and consumes less power. It is also less complex, which reduces the design and verification effort required to bring the system to market. Comparison to basic solution 3. The same arguments relative to basic solution 2 apply. Basic solution 3 has more circuits and is more complex than solution 2, so the invention has even greater advantages relative to number of circuits, power consumption, and design complexity. Since the invention provides an optimal Tptcc, it has no latency disadvantage relative to basic solution 3. In the invention, both the slow and fast systems are verified in the same logical verification run, since the same logic is exercised for both systems. This is not true for solution 3. For solution 3 the slow and the fast systems require separate verification efforts. Table 1 above shows that the preferred embodiment of our invention will enable both the fast and slow systems to operate at maximum bandwidth with minimal latency. FIG. 3 shows a high-level drawing of the preferred embodiment of our invention, which is similar in structure to basic solution 1 with four major differences. One difference is that a plurality of (in this example two) wires per data bit of P1 are required, each of them stretched for a plurality (here two) of reference oscillator refosc periods, out of phase with each other by one refosc period. Two oscillators, osc1ev and osc1od, replace osc1. They are not delayed relative to refosc, but have periods twice that of refosc, and are out of phase with each other by one refosc period. The second difference is that osc2 can be delayed, relative to refosc, up to two refosc cycles. The amount of delay is selected via configuration registers in ASICptcc. For a fast system, osc2 would be delayed a full two cycles, and Tptcc must be less than two refosc periods. The circuit to delay osc2 is shown in FIG. 4. The third difference is that a capture mux must be added to the chip crossing capture logic, to select which of the two wires is gated into register R2. This mux is shown in FIG. 3 immediately preceding R2. The fourth difference is that a mux select signal must be transferred from the osc1 domain into the osc2 domain. The non-delayed to delayed clock domain crossing (NDDCDC) circuit is shown in FIG. 5. FIG. 6 shows a timing diagram illustrating how the invention would work for a system operating at a frequency, frefosc, less than frefoscmax, such that Tptcc is slightly less then 5/4Trefosc. refosc is shown, and Tptcc is indicated above it. Four data shots arrive on the P1 bus and are captured in the R1 registers. Data is launched from the even and odd R1 registers, shown as R1Qev and R1Qod, and the data from each register is stretched two refosc periods. The signals propagate through the protocol translation logic, arrive at the input to the capture mux, and are shown as Capture Mux even in and Capture Mux odd in. osc2, an output of the delayed clock distribution block shown in FIG. 3, is shown in FIG. 6 delayed by 5/4 refosc cycles relative to refosc. The signal select_even is launched by a latch from the NDDCDC, which is also clocked by osc2, and is shown in FIG. 6 after some propagation delay, when it arrives at the input to the capture mux. R2 is modeled as a rising edge triggered flip-flop in this example. It captures the output of the mux on the rising edge of osc2, and launches it after some clock-to-Q propagation time onto the P2 bus. The time between the rising edge of osc1 which launches P1d0, and P2d0 launched from R2Q onto bus P2, is 5/4 refosc periods plus the clock-to-Q time of R2 and the propagation delay of the signals onto the bus. The data out of R2 is the data launched onto bus P2. The invention shown in FIG. 3 shows a method of providing minimal Tptcc over a range of frequencies when Tptcc is <2Trefosc. This requires deserialization of an incoming protocol onto two wires. For 2Trefosc<=Tptcc<4Trefosc, deserialization onto four wires would be required. Such solutions can continue to be applied as Tptcc increases relative to Trefosc. In principle, Tptcc can be significantly larger than Trefosc and a minimal latency can be maintained, as long as the design can tolerate the number of additional wires for deserializing the incoming protocol. Note: an alternate method of implementing the invention would be to provide two reference oscillators, with the second delayed relative to the first by Tptcc. This would require an additional pin (or pins if differential signaling is used) on the ASICptcc module, and an extra clock distribution tree within ASICptcc. It moves the task of the “delayed clock distribution” block of FIG. 3 from ASICptcc into the system. While the preferred embodiment to the invention has been described, it will be understood that those skilled in the art, both now and in the future, may make various improvements and enhancements which fall within the scope of the claims which follow. These claims should be construed to maintain the proper protection for the invention first described.	<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>1. Field of the Invention This invention relates to computer processing systems, and particularly to a synchronous input to output protocol translator supporting multiple reference oscillator frequencies and fixed latency data computation and chip crossing circuits. 2. Description of Background Definitions: register: a clocked data storage device of one or more data bits. ASIC: Application Specific Integrated Circuit. A computer chip. In today's technologies, these chips are rectangular, and their xy dimensions are measured in millimeters in single or double digits. At typical frequencies, the time of flight of an electrical pulse from one point on the ASIC to another can be significant relative to the period of the reference oscillator. synchronous oscillators: oscillators derived from the same reference oscillator. They are in phase with each other, with the same period. delayed synchronous oscillator: an oscillator derived from the same reference oscillator as another, but delayed relative to the other. The two derived oscillators are not in phase with each other. combinatorial logic: circuits which perform a Boolean operation, or a sequence of them, but do not store data. Combinatorial logic contains no registers. It would be desirable to perform protocol translation and chip crossing in a minimal amount of time for all systems operating over a range of frequencies. Furthermore a solution would be useful in ASIC designs even if they will operate at only a single frequency.	<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>In accordance with the preferred embodiment of our invention a synchronous input to output protocol translator supporting multiple reference oscillator frequencies and fixed latency data computation and chip crossing circuits enables implementation of a method for delaying osc 2 relative to osc 1 in a configurable way to provide a constant, minimal T ptcc (ptcc: protocol translation and chip crossing) over a range of refosc frequencies between circuits for data transferred. It requires that the data transferred from a register R 1 be sent over multiple wires, configurable delay circuitry for osc 2 , capture circuitry at the input to R 2 , and a circuit to transfer a synchronizing signal from a non-delayed clock domain to a delayed clock domain. Relative to osc 1 , osc 2 is a delayed, synchronous clock. Additional features and advantages are realized through the techniques of the present invention. Other embodiments and aspects of the invention are described in detail herein and are considered a part of the claimed invention. For a better understanding of the invention with advantages and features, refer to the description and to the drawings.	20040525	20071030	20051201	65323.0		0	BROWN, MICHAEL J	FIXED LATENCY DATA COMPUTATION AND CHIP CROSSING CIRCUITS AND METHODS FOR SYNCHRONOUS INPUT TO OUTPUT PROTOCOL TRANSLATOR SUPPORTING MULTIPLE REFERENCE OSCILLATOR FREQUENCIES	UNDISCOUNTED	0	ACCEPTED		2,004
10,853,465	ACCEPTED	Wall plate with one opening for one of more wiring devices	There is disclosed a wall plate with a single opening for receiving one or a gang of wiring devices within the single opening. The wall plate has along its vertical axis, a surface of positive first differential and zero second differential, comprised of a combination of splines drawn between points of varying distance from a datum plane. The surface has zero second differential when the rate of height increase of individual splines is constant. The wall plate, when composed of non-conducting material, has a conductive coating on its front surface, on its back surface or on both its front and back surfaces. When the wiring device is a switch, the surface of the switch face follows that of the wall plate. When the wiring device is a receptacle, the surface along the receptacle face is flat in one plane to allow for the proper seating of an inserted plug.	1. A wall plate for covering a wall box mountable wiring device comprising: a frame having a vertical axis along its length and a horizontal axis along its width and a single opening for a plurality of wiring devices. 2. The wall plate of claim 1 wherein the single opening for a plurality of wiring devices is centrally located. 3. The wall plate of claim 2 wherein the single centrally located opening is sized for less than three wiring devices. 4. The wall plate of claim 1 wherein the plurality of wiring devices are positioned in side by side relationship. 5. The wall plate of claim 1 wherein the wiring devices are positioned in side be side relationship without a separating member on the cover for separating the devices. 6. The wall plate of claim 5 wherein the thickness of the frame changes at a rate that is not constant. 7. The wall plate of claim 6 wherein a section along the vertical axis of the wall plate has a surface of positive first differential comprised of a combination of splines drawn between points of varying distance from a datum plane. 8. The wall plate of claim 7 wherein the section along the vertical axis of the wall plate has a surface with a contour of zero second differential comprised of splines drawn between points of varying distance from a datum plane when the rate of height increase of the individual splines is constant. 9. The wall plate of claim 6 wherein a section along the horizontal axis from the outer edge of the wall plate to the edge of the opening has a surface of a positive first differential and negative second differential, comprised of a combination of splines drawn between points of varying distance from the datum plane. 10. The wall plate of claim 6 wherein a section along the vertical axis of the wall plate has a surface of positive first differential, comprised of splines drawn between points of varying distance from a datum plane, and a section along the horizontal axis from the outer edge of the wall plate to the edge of the opening has a surface of a positive first differential, comprised of a combination of splines drawn between points of varying distance from the datum plane. 11. The wall plate of claim 10 wherein the section along the horizontal axis from the outer edge of the cover plate to the edge of the opening has a surface of negative second differential, comprised of a combination of splines drawn between points of varying distance from the datum plane. 12. The wall plate of claim 11 wherein the section along the vertical axis of the wall plate has a surface with a contour of zero second differential comprised of splines drawn between points of varying distance from a datum plane when the rate of height increase of the individual splines is constant.	This application is a continuation in part of application Ser. No. 10/236,406, filed Sep. 6, 2002, which is a continuation in part of application Ser. No. 10/163,488 filed Jun. 6, 2002. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates generally to the field of electrical wiring devices such as, by way of example, electrical switches and/or receptacles and accessories for said switches and/or receptacles of the type installed in building walls. 2. Description of the Related Art When modifying the wiring in an existing building, whether public, commercial or residential by adding a wiring device such as a switch, a receptacle or a combination of switches and receptacles, it is necessary to cut a hole in a wall of the building, install a box within the hole, attach the box to a vertical stud and install the wiring device(s) into the box. In new construction, the box is attached to a stud of an open wall and, thereafter, the wall, which may be sheet rock having an opening for access to the box, is placed over the studs. The conventional wall box has pairs of mounting ears for mounting the wiring devices to the box. After the wiring devices are connected to the various conductors which they will service, each is fastened with threaded fasteners such as screws to a pair of ears on the box. The process of connecting a wiring device to various conductors and then attaching the wiring device with the attached wires to the box is done for each wiring device located within the box. Then, after all of the wiring devices are finally positioned relative to each other, a wall plate having suitable openings, typically a separate opening in the wall plate for each wiring device, is installed over the wiring devices and the box. Typical installations can include one or multiple wiring devices positioned side by side in a common box. In installations where there are multiple wiring devices in a common box, the installation of the wall plate can be time consuming. The wiring devices must be aligned with each other, must be positioned parallel to each other and must be spaced from each other by a distance dictated by the spacing between the openings or windows in the wall plate. Misalignment and positioning problems are often caused by wall boxes that are skewed relative to the wall or by walls which may not be flat. It is only after all of the wiring devices are accurately positioned relative to each other that a wall plate can be installed around the wiring devices. A common type of electrical wiring device in use today is the rocker type Decora-branded electrical switch whose activating member pivots about a centrally located horizontal axis and is flat in its horizontal plane. The trademark “Decora” is owned by the assignee of the present invention. To operate, the rocker switch actuating member is pushed in at the top to supply electricity to a load such as a light, and is pushed in at the bottom to disconnect the source of electricity from the load. Thus, with two or more rocker type switches positioned side by side in a box, the actuating members or paddles of the switches can be in opposite positions at any one time. For example, with two or more rocker type switches positioned side-by-side in a box, the top edges of the paddles of the switches will not be in alignment when they are not all in their “on” or “off” position. The in-out positioning of adjacent switches can also occur when all the switches are in their on or off state if one of the switches is a 3-way or 4-way switch. The irregular in-out positioning of adjacent switches, particularly with 3-way and 4-way switches, can cause operational uncertainty in the mind of the user as to which switch is on and which switch is off when subsequent activation or deactivation of less than all of the rocker switches is desired by a user. Another type of wiring device in use today is a receptacle having a flat face. In normal use, it is not uncommon to gang a receptacle with a switch. A receptacle with a flat face, when ganged with a switch which is also flat in one plane, typically presents a discontinuous array of wiring devices which homeowners seem to find objectionable. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a wall plate with a single opening for receiving one or a gang of two or more wiring devices. The wall plate has one opening with no dividing or separating members for receiving the one or a gang wiring devices and, along its vertical axis, has a surface of positive first differential and zero second differential, comprised of a combination of reference “splines” which extend between points of varying distance from a datum plane. The surface has zero second differential when the rate of height increase of individual splines is constant. The wall plate, when composed of non-conducting material, can have a conductive coating on its front surface, on its back surface or on both its front and back surfaces. When the wiring device is a switch, the surface of the switch face follows the contour of the wall plate. When the wiring device is a receptacle, the surface of the receptacle face is flat in one plane to allow for the proper seating of an inserted plug. The foregoing has outlined, rather broadly, a preferred blending feature, for example, of the present invention so that those skilled in the art may better understand the detailed description of the invention that follows. Additional features of the invention will be described hereinafter that form the subject of the claims of the invention. Those skilled in the art should appreciate that they can readily use the disclosed conception and specific embodiment as a basis for designing or modifying other structures for carrying out the same purposes of the present invention and that such other structures do not depart from the spirit and scope of the invention in its broadest form. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Other aspects, features, and advantages of the present invention will become more fully apparent from the following detailed description, the appended claim, and the accompanying drawings in which similar elements are given similar reference numerals. FIG. 1 is a front perspective view of a prior art switch and wall plate; FIG. 2 is a perspective exploded view of a prior art switch, attachment plate and wall plate, and a box for receiving said prior art device; FIG. 3 is a front perspective view of a switch and wall plate in accordance with the principles of the invention; FIG. 4 is a front perspective view of the switch shown in FIG. 3 showing the ground/mounting strap and multi-function clips; FIG. 5 is an exploded view of attachment plate, switch and wall plate according to the principles of the invention; FIG. 6 is a front view of a receptacle and wall plate according to the principles of the invention; FIG. 7 is a front perspective view of a receptacle shown in FIG. 6 showing the ground/mounting strap and multi-function clips; FIG. 8 is an exploded view of the attachment plate, receptacle and wall plate according to the principles of the invention; FIG. 9 is a front perspective view of alignment plate for a single wiring device; FIG. 10 is a perspective view of ground/mounting strap for a wiring device; FIGS. 11 and 11A are bottom perspective views showing ground/mounting strap attached to a switch (FIG. 11) and a receptacle (FIG. 11A); FIG. 12 is a plan view of multi-function clip normally attached to the bottom end of the ground/mounting strap; FIG. 12A is a side view of the multi-function clip of FIG. 12; FIG. 13 is a plan view of multi-function clip normally attached to the top end of the ground/mounting strap; FIG. 13A is a sectional view of the multi-function clip along line A-A of FIG. 13; FIG. 14 is an exploded view of a switch in accordance with the principles of the invention; FIG. 15 is a perspective view of the base assembly of the switch of FIG. 14; FIG. 16 is an exploded view of the base assembly of FIG. 15; FIG. 17 is another exploded view of the switch; FIG. 18 is still another exploded view of the switch; FIG. 19 is a partial sectional exploded view of the cam driver of the switch; FIG. 20 is a perspective exploded view of the switch showing the light assembly board; FIG. 21A is a plan view of the light assembly board; FIG. 21B is a bottom perspective view of the light assembly board; FIG. 22 is a perspective exploded view showing the light pipe in the paddle of the switch; FIG. 23 is a perspective view of the light pipe; FIG. 24 is a sectional view along the line 24-24 of FIG. 3; FIGS. 25A-25C are sectional views along the line 25A-25A, 25B-25B, 25C-25C of the paddle of FIG. 14; FIG. 26 is a perspective exploded view of the switch with another cam driver; FIG. 27 is a sectional view along the line 24-24 of FIG. 3 where the cam driver is that of FIG. 26; FIG. 28 is a perspective exploded view of the switch with still another cam driver; FIG. 29 is a sectional view along the line 24-24 of FIG. 3 where the cam driver is that of FIG. 28; FIG. 30 is a front perspective view of a wall plate for a single wiring device; FIG. 31A-31C are sectional views along the lines 31A-31A to 31C-31C of the wall plate of FIG. 30; FIG. 32 is a sectional view of the bottom edge of the wall plate along the line 32A-32A of FIG. 30; FIG. 33 is a sectional view of the top edge of the wall plate along the line 33A-33A of FIG. 30; FIGS. 34, 34A are views of the top edge of the wall plate of FIG. 30 showing the channel and identifying structure; FIG. 35 is a fragmentary, enlarged perspective of the latching pawl of the multi-function clip engaging the tooth rack of the wall plate; FIG. 36 is a fragmentary, enlarged sectional side view of the wall plate and tab of the alignment plate to indicate how the two components can be separated following latching; FIG. 37 is an exploded perspective view of a box, alignment plate and wall plate for two wiring devices; FIG. 38 is an exploded view of alignment plate and wall plate for three wiring devices; FIG. 39 is an exploded view of alignment plate and wall plate for four wiring devices; FIG. 40 is an exploded view of alignment plate and wall plate for five wiring devices; and FIG. 41 is an exploded view of alignment plate and wall plate for six wiring devices. DESCRIPTION OF A PREFERRED EMBODIMENT Referring to FIG. 1, there is illustrated a front perspective view of a “Decora” type electrical wall-type switch 18 and wall plate 16, as part of an assembly 10 of the prior art. Referring to FIG. 2, there is shown a perspective exploded view of the prior art device of FIG. 1 of wall box 13, electrical wiring device such as switch 18, attachment plate 30 and wall plate 16. A suitable aperture is cut into a wall to provide access for the box 13 for mounting to a stud 15, or to permit installation of a suitable box to an adjacent stud or directly to the material of the wall (such as plasterboard). The box 13 is chosen to be large enough to accept as many wiring devices as are to be mounted therein. The box 13 is made of metal or plastic, depending upon local Code requirements, and has one or more openings in its sides or back to permit the introduction of electrical wiring or cables into the interior of the box 13. Box 13 has mounting means 19 to permit the box to be anchored to the adjacent stud 15. The box supports a pair of mounting ears 21 for each wiring device that is to be mounted within the box. Each mounting ear contains a threaded aperture 23 to which is fastened a mounting screw of the wiring device such as, for example, rocker switch 18 or a receptacle. In the normal order of assembly, electrical cables are passed through knock out openings 17, for example, to the interior of the box. The ends of the electrical cables are stripped of insulation and attached to terminals (contacts) on the side or rear of the body 20 of the switch 18 or a receptacle. After the electrical cables are attached to terminals on the side or rear of the body of the switch, the switch is pushed into the box and held in position by screws (not shown) that are passed through clearance openings such as elongated mounting slots 25 and threaded into openings 23 of ears 21 to mount switch 18 within and to the box 13. Thereafter, attachment plate 30 is positioned around the front of the switch and secured to the switch with mounting screws 26 which pass through clearance openings 32 in the attachment plate and are threaded into openings 24 formed in the mounting/ground strap of the wiring device. Attachment plate 30 also contains a main aperture 34 of a shape complimentary with the profile of the front of the switch 18 which extends through it. Aperture 34 in FIG. 1 is rectangular to accept the front of the switch 18 or a receptacle. The head of the screw which passes through aperture 25 of switch 18 and engages threaded opening 23 of mounting ears 21 is larger than the aperture 25 and, therefore, holds switch 18 or a receptacle captive to the box 13 and to the wall surface (not shown). In a similar manner, the head of the screw which passes through aperture 32 of the attachment plate 30 and engages threaded opening 24 of the ground strap of the switch is larger than the aperture 32 and, therefore, holds attachment plate 30 captive to the switch 18. At each of the ends 36, 38 respectively, of attachment plate 30 are two latching pawls 40, 42 which are formed as extensions of attachment plate 30 but are thinner in cross-section. One end 36 also terminates in an angled leg 48 which extends at about a 45 degree angle with respect to the horizontal edge of end 38 of wall plate 30 and is used to help release an attached wall plate. Wall plate 16 is proportioned to fit over attachment plate 30 and box 13 into which the single wiring device, such as rocker switch 18, or a receptacle is placed and to which it is fastened. To attach wall plate 16 to attachment plate 30, pawls 40, 42 of attachment plate 30 are made to engage saw-tooth shaped racks 81 on the inner surfaces of end walls 70 and 72 of wall plate 16 as the wall plate is pushed in. FIG. 3 is a front perspective view of a wiring device such as switch 110 and wall plate 138 in accordance with the principles of the present invention; FIG. 4 is a front perspective view of the switch 110 of FIG. 3 showing ground/mounting strap and multi-function clips; and FIG. 5 is an exploded view of FIG. 3 showing attachment plate, switch and wall plate. Referring to FIGS. 4 and 5, the switch 110 has an actuating paddle 111 which pivots about an axis at its upper end and is biased by an internally located spring member to assume the same at-rest position when in its “on” and “off” position. Repeated pressing and releasing on the face of the paddle 111 of the switch alternately closes and opens a set of contacts within the switch body to alternately connect and disconnect a load such as a light with a source of electricity each time the paddle is pressed and released. Thus, regardless of whether ganged switches are on-off switches, 3-way switches or 4-way switches, the top and bottom edges of each switch will always be aligned with the top and bottom edges of all the other switches of the gang. An on-off indicator such as a light 112 is provided in the paddle to indicate to a user when the switch is in its on position or off position. For example, when the light 112 is on, the switch will be in its off position, and when the light is off, the switch will be in its on position. The paddle 111 of the switch is not located within a frame and functionally complements the wall plate 138. The paddle of the switch has a length-width ratio dimension and surface configuration which provides a contact surface of increased size which is more easy to identify and use. The switch 110 is attached to a ground/mounting strap 123 having ends 122 which provide increased surface area for contact with the surface of a wall and provides support for multi-function clips 130, 151 attached to the ends 122 by fastener means such as screws, rivets, spot welds, pressure bonding, TOX process or the like. Referring to FIG. 10, there is shown a perspective view of the ground/mounting strap 123 for a wiring device such as switch 110. Strap 123 has a base support member 150 located between two intermediate support members 152 bent at right angles to the base member 150 and which terminate with an outward projecting end 122. The two intermediate support members 152 and the base support member cradles and are securely attached to the wiring device, such as switch 110, with rivets, screws or the like 155 (see FIG. 11 which is a bottom perspective view showing ground/mounting strap attached to a switch) which pass through openings 154 in the base support member. A ground terminal 163 which projects out from the ground/mounting strap and having a threaded opening for receiving a screw 125 is provided for connection to a ground wire. Each end 122 of the strap 123 is rectangular in shape and has two openings 126 and 128. Opening 126 can be circular, oval, square or rectangular and is a clearance opening for mounting screws 108 which can be provided by the manufacturer of the wiring device for attaching the wiring device to a box. The distance between centers of openings 126 in ends 122 of the ground/mounting strap is equal to the distance between the centers of openings 23 in ears 21 of box 13 (see FIG. 2) to allow mounting screws 108 to engage and be held captive by threaded openings 23. Opening 128 in each end 122 of the strap is a clearance opening for an alignment pin which is a part of and is located on an alignment plate. Additional openings can be provided in the ends 122 for attaching and/or aligning a clip to the end of the ground/mounting strap. The ends 122 are flat rectangular members which provide an increased area for increased contact with a wall surface. See FIG. 2 which shows the relatively small ends of a prior art ground/mounting strap where, if the scored washers 31 are removed from the strap, the only surface left for contact with a wall surface is the material around the opening of the mounting ear 21. The end 122 of ground/mounting strap 122 has a width “X” of about 1.563 inches and a depth “Y” of about 0.318 inches. These dimensions are not critical. However, the distance between the edges 129 of the ends 122 of the strap should not be greater than 4.6 inches to allow a wall plate to fit over and cover the ground/mounting strap. The ground/mounting strap 123 can be of sheet metal and is secured to the switch with screws, rivets or any convenient fastening means 155. Screw terminals 126 located on either side of the body of the switch are provided to receive phase and neutral wire conductors, not shown. Multi-function clips 130, 151 are attached to the ends 122 of the ground/mounting strap. The multi-function clips can be composed of phosphor bronze, spring brass, spring steel or the like. Referring to FIG. 12, there is shown a plan view of multi-function clip 130 normally attached to the bottom end of the ground/mounting strap, and FIG. 12A is a side view of the multi-function clip 130 of FIG. 12. Clip 130 is the clip that is attached to the bottom end 122 of ground/mounting strap 123 and has openings 132 and 134. When clip 130 is attached to the end of ground/mounting strap, opening 132 is aligned with opening 126 of the ground/mounting strap, and opening 134 is aligned with opening 128 in the strap end 122. Opening 132 is a clearance opening for a threaded fastener such as screw 108 used to couple the wiring device to a box. Opening 132 can be round, square, oval or rectangular to allow the threaded fastener to be moved up, down and sideways so the fastener can be aligned with the threaded opening in the box when connecting the wiring device to the box. Opening 134 in clip 130 is substantially circular and has three inwardly projecting members 133 bent upward at an angle of between 10 degrees and 30 degrees toward the face of the wiring device. An angle of 20 degrees was found to be preferred. The ends of the three projecting members 133 form an opening slightly smaller than the outer diameter of an alignment pin 118 on an alignment plate (see FIG. 9) and flex or bend upward as the alignment pin enters the opening 134 from the rear. The ends of the projecting members 133 frictionally engage and hold captive the alignment pin to inhibit its easy removal from the multi function clip. Located at the end 147 of clip 130 are latching pawls 140 each slightly more than one-half of an inch in length. The end 149 of each latching pawl 140 is bent upward at an angle of between 20 degrees and 60 degrees and is used to engage tooth shaped racks on the inside surface of the ends of a wall plate to hold the wall plate captive (see FIG. 35). The ends 149 of the latching pawls 140 capture and securely hold the wall plate when the upward bend of the latching pawl 140 is between 20 degrees and 60 degrees, where a bend of about 40 degrees was found to be preferable. The multi-function clip 130 is just that, a clip which performs a plurality of functions not disclosed in the prior art. The opening 143 in the multi-function clips can be provided for attaching the clip to the end of the ground/mounting strap with, for example, rivets, screws, the TOX process etc. Openings 145 can be provided for alignment purposes when attaching the clip to the end of the strap. The distance between the side edges 154 of the clip should not exceed 1.533 inches to allow the clip to be attached to the end of the mounting/ground strap without extending over the side edges of the strap 123. The clip shown in FIGS. 12 and 12A is the clip that is attached to the bottom end of the ground/mounting strap. Referring to FIG. 13, there is shown a plan view of the multi-function clip normally attached to the top end of the ground/mounting strap and FIG. 13A is a sectional side view of the multi-function clip along line AA of FIG. 13. The clip shown in FIGS. 13 and 13A is similar to the clip shown in FIGS. 12 and 12A except that end 157 of clip 151 is bent upward and opening 153 for the threaded fastener has a tab 155 which extends into opening 153, and is bent at a slight downward angle toward the back of the switch. Tab 155 is provided to engage and hold captive the threaded body of fastener 108 and, in addition, helps to provide a ground connection between the strap and the threaded fastener to insure that the switch is connected to ground. As with clip 130, openings 153 in clip 151 and opening 126 in the strap are aligned with each other during assembly to permit the fastening means to be aligned with the threaded opening in the box as the switch is being attached to the box. The distance between the edges 147 of the clips should not exceed 1.533 inches to allow the clip to be attached to the end of the ground/mounting strap without extending over the side edges of the ends 122 of the strap 123. Referring to FIG. 6, there is shown a front view of a receptacle and wall plate according to the principles of the invention; FIG. 7 is a front perspective view of the receptacle 520 of FIG. 7 showing ground/mounting strap and multi-function clips; and FIG. 8 is an exploded view of FIG. 6 showing attachment plate, receptacle plate, receptacle and wall plate. Referring to FIGS. 7 and 8, the receptacle 520 is intended for 15 Amp. 125 VAC to 20 Amp. 125 VAC (not illustrated) where, according to NEMA specification 5-15R, each individual receptacle has two slot openings 524 and 526 for receiving the flat blades of a suitable plug and a semi-circular ground blade opening 528. Opening 526 is larger than the opening 524 to allow a two blade plug to be inserted in only one way to maintain correct electrical polarization. The contact in the larger slot is connected to the neutral conductor and, by maintaining the correct polarization, the external metal parts of appliances such as toasters, TV's etc. can be grounded through the neutral conductor. The semi-circular ground blade prevents a plug from making a reverse polarity connection with the receptacle. Receptacle 520 is attached to a ground/mounting strap 123 having ends 122 which provide increased surface area for contact with the surface of a wall and provides support for multi-function clips 130, 151 attached to the ends 122 by fastening mean such as screws, rivets, spot welds, pressure bonding, TOX process or the like. Referring to FIG. 10, there is shown a perspective view of the ground/mounting strap 123 for a wiring device such as receptacle 520. Strap 123 has a base support member 150 located between two intermediate support members 152 bent at right angles to the base member 150 and which terminates with an outward projecting end 122. The two intermediate support members 152 and the base support member cradles and are securely attached to the receptacle 520 with rivets, screws or the like (see FIG. 11A which is a bottom perspective view showing ground/mounting strap attached to a receptacle) which pass through openings 154 in the base support member. A ground terminal 163 which projects out from the ground/mounting strap and having a threaded opening for receiving a screw 125 is provided for connection to a ground wire. Each end 122 of the strap 123 is rectangular in shape and has two openings 126 and 128. Opening 126 can be circular, oval, square or rectangular and is a clearance opening for mounting screws 108 which can be provided by the manufacturer of the wiring device for attaching the wiring device to a box. The distance between centers of openings 126 in ends 122 of the ground/mounting strap is equal to the distance between the centers of openings 23 in ears 21 of box 13 (see FIG. 2) to allow mounting screws 108 to engage and be held captive by threaded openings 23. Openings 128 in each end 122 of the strap is a clearance opening for an alignment pin which is a part of and is located on an alignment plate. Additional openings can be provided in the ends 122 for attaching and/or aligning a clip to the end of the ground/mounting strap. The ends 122 are flat rectangular members which provide an increased area for increased contact with a wall surface. See FIG. 2 which shows the relatively small ends of a prior art ground/mounting strap where, if the scored washers 31 are removed from the strap, the only surface left for contact with a wall surface is the material around the opening of the mounting ear 21. The end 122 of ground/mounting strap 122 has a width “X” of about 1.563 inches and a depth “Y” of about 0.318 inches. These dimensions are not critical. However, the distance between the edges 129 of the ends 122 of the strap should not be greater than 4.6 inches to allow a wall plate to fit over and cover the ground/mounting strap. The ground/mounting strap 123 can be of sheet metal and is secured to the receptacle with screws, rivets or any convenient fastening means 155. Screw terminals 126 located on either side of the body of the receptacle are provided to receive phase and neutral wire conductors, not shown. Multi-function clips 130, 151 are attached to the ends 122 of the ground/mounting strap. The multi-function clips can be composed of phosphor bronze, spring brass, spring steel or the like. Referring to FIG. 12, there is shown a plan view of multi-function clip 130 normally attached to the bottom end of the ground/mounting strap, and FIG. 12A is a side view of the multi-function clip 130 of FIG. 12. Clip 130 is the clip that is attached to the bottom end 122 of ground/mounting strap 123 and has openings 132 and 134. When clip 130 is attached to the end of the ground/mounting strap, opening 132 is aligned with opening 126 of the ground/mounting strap, and opening 134 is aligned with opening 128 in the strap end 122. Opening 132 is a clearance opening for a threaded fastener such as screw 108 used to couple the wiring device to a box. Opening 132 can be round, square, oval or rectangular to allow the threaded fastener to be moved up, down and sideways so the fastener can be aligned with the threaded opening in the box when connecting the wiring device to the box. Opening 134 in clip 130 is substantially circular and has three inwardly projecting members 133 bent upward at an angle of between 10 degrees and 30 degrees toward the face of the wiring device. An angle of 20 degrees was found to be preferred. The ends of the three projecting members 133 form an opening slightly smaller than the outer diameter of an alignment pin 118 on an alignment plate (see FIG. 9) and flex or bend upward as the alignment pin enters the opening 134 from the rear. The ends of the projecting members 133 frictionally engage and hold captive the alignment pin to inhibit its easy removal from the multi function clip. Located at the end 147 of clip 130 are latching pawls 140 each slightly more than one-half of an inch in length. The end 149 of each latching pawl 140 is bent upward at an angle of between 20 degrees and 60 degrees and is used to engage tooth shaped racks on the inside surface of the ends of a wall plate to hold the wall plate captive (see FIG. 35). The ends 149 of the latching pawls 140 capture and securely hold the wall plate when the upward bend of the latching pawl 140 is between 20 degrees and 60 degrees, where a bend of about 40 degrees was found to be preferable. Multi-function clip 130 is just that, a clip which performs a plurality of functions not disclosed in the prior art. The opening 143 in the multi-function clips can be provided for attaching the clip to the end of the ground/mounting strap with, for example, rivets, screws, the TOX process etc. Openings 145 can be provided for alignment purposes when attaching the clip to the end of the strap. The distance between the side edges 154 of the clip should not exceed 1.533 inches to allow the clip to be attached to the end of the mounting/ground strap without extending over the side edges of the strap 123. The clip shown in FIGS. 12 and 12A is the clip that is attached to the bottom end of the ground/mounting strap. Referring to FIG. 13, there is shown a plan view of multi-function clip normally attached to the top end of the ground/mounting strap and FIG. 13A is a sectional side view of the multi-function clip along line A-A of FIG. 13. The clip of FIGS. 13, 13A is attached to the top of the ground/mounting strap. The clip shown in FIGS. 13 and 13A is similar to the clip shown in FIGS. 12 and 12A except that end 157 of the clip 151 is bent upward and opening 153 for the threaded fastener has a tab 155 which extends into opening 153 and is bent at a slight downward angle toward the back of the receptacle. Tab 155 is provided to engage and hold captive the threaded body of fastener 108 and, in addition, helps to provide a ground connection between the strap and the threaded fastener to insure that the receptacle is connected to ground. As with clip 130, openings 153 in clip 151 and opening 126 in the strap are aligned with each other during assembly to permit the fastening means to be aligned with the threaded opening in the box as the receptacle is being attached to the box. The distance between the edges 147 of the clips should not exceed 1.522 inches to allow the clip to be attached to the end of the ground/mounting strap without extending over the side edges of the ends 122 of the strap 123. Referring to FIG. 9, there is shown a front perspective view of alignment plate 114 of FIG. 5 for a single wiring device such as a switch or a receptacle. Alignment plate 114, which can be composed of any suitable material such as brass, aluminum, cold rolled steel, plastic, a plastic coated with a conducting material, etc., has a centrally located opening 116 sized to accept the body of a wiring device. Centrally located at opposite top and bottom ends of opening 116 and either opening into or separated from opening 116 are two clearance openings 117 for mounting screws 108 used to secure the wiring device, a switch or a receptacle, and alignment plate 114 to box 13. Located between the outer edge of each clearance opening 117 and the end 121 of plate 114 is an alignment pin 118. Clearance openings 117 in alignment plate 114 which can have an open end as shown in FIG. 9 or be an opening fully encircled by material. When the alignment plate is attached to the ground/mounting strap, openings 128 in the ends 122 of the ground/mounting strap are clearance openings for alignment pins 118 and are aligned with openings 134 in the multi-function clips 130,151. Thus, the alignment pins are positioned to enter openings 134 in multi-function clips 130, 151 attached to the lower and upper ends of the ground/mounting strap 123 of the wiring device as the wiring device is being attached to the alignment plate. Alignment plate 114 can have two ribs 119 and has a downwardly extending tab 120 which extends from the bottom edge and is used to facilitate removal of a wall plate from around the face of the wiring device. The alignment plate 114, when attached to the wiring device, covers the box in which the wiring device is installed. The alignment plate 114 shown in FIG. 9 is for a single wiring device. The alignment plate 114 helps to overcome difficulties encountered with respect to mounting and positioning wiring devices such as one or more switches, a switch and/or a receptacle, or one or more receptacles to a box prior to placing a wall plate around the wiring devices. Prior to mounting a wall plate, various difficulties can be encountered such as aligning the wiring devices with each other, positioning the wiring devices to be parallel to each other, adjusting the spacing between the wiring devices to be equal and uniform and fixing all of the wiring devices to be flat against the wall. These difficulties are overcome with alignment plate 114 which has a single opening and a pair of alignment pins in combination with multi-function clips. The opening in the alignment plate is sized to receive one or more wiring devices which are to be positioned side by side in a box and the alignment plate has a pair of alignment pins 118 which hold and accurately position each of the wiring device relative to each other and along a flat plane. Each set of alignment pins on the alignment plate is located on a vertical axis which defines the center for a wiring device and each wiring device has a multi-function clip at each end of the ground/mounting strap for frictionally receiving and holding captive the alignment pins on the alignment plate. When being assembled, the wiring devices are first attached to the alignment plate and the alignment plate, which now holds captive the wiring devices, is attached to a wall box by means of mounting screws. Thereafter, a wall plate is positioned around the wiring devices without requiring any further adjustments by simply pressing the wall plate in toward the wall to allow the ends 149 of the latching pawls 140 of the multi-function clips to engage teeth on the inside ends of the wall plate. The multi function clips, in addition to clamping the wall plate to the ground/mounting strap, helps to overcome various difficulties encountered with respect to mounting and positioning one or more electrical wiring devices to a box to allow a wall plate to be quickly and easily positioned around the wiring devices and to also be flat against the wall. Each wiring device according to the present invention has at each end of the ground/mounting strap a multi-function clip that has locating openings 134 for receiving and engaging alignment pins 118 on the alignment plate 114. The pins on the alignment plate, when engaged by the close clearance locating openings 134 in the multi-function clips, accurately positions each wiring device in all directions, sideways, up, down, and the plate itself positions the wiring device along a flat plane to allow a wall plate to be positioned around a single wiring device or a gang of wiring devices without any initial or subsequent adjustment being required. Each pair of alignment pins on the alignment plate is located on a substantially vertical axis which accurately defines the center of a wiring device, although it is within the scope of the present invention to provide other alignments, as well. The opening 134 in each multi-function clip receives and holds captive an alignment pin 118. The multi-function clips, in cooperation with the alignment pins, accurately positions and aligns all wiring devices mounted on the alignment plate. As is disclosed below, the alignment plate can be made to receive one or more wiring devices. After the wiring device(s) are attached to the alignment plate, the wiring device(s), together with an alignment plate are attached to a wall box by means of threaded fasteners such as screws which pass through openings 132 of the multi-function clips, openings 127 in the ground/mounting strap and openings 117 of the alignment plate. The alignment plate provides a substantially flat rigid support for the wiring devices and insures that all the wiring devices are accurately positioned to allow a wall plate to be placed around the wiring devices without requiring any further adjustment. During assembly, the electrical cables in the box are stripped of insulation and are attached to terminals on the side or back of a wiring device such as a switch or receptacle. After the wires are attached to the wiring device, the alignment plate is positioned behind the wiring device by threading the wiring device through the opening in the alignment plate. The front face of the alignment plate is now moved toward the back face of the ends of the ground/mounting strap. As the alignment plate moves toward the wiring device, the alignment pins 118 on the alignment plate enter openings 128 in the strap and openings 134 in clips 130. As the alignment pins enter the openings 134, they force the upwardly bent projections 133 to resiliently move upward and spread slightly apart to allow the alignment pins to fully enter openings 134. The ends of the upwardly bent projections engage and hold captive alignment pins 118 and strongly resist backward movement and withdrawal of the pins from the openings 134. The switch or receptacle which is now attached to the alignment plate and is connected to the electrical wires, is inserted into the box. As the wiring device is inserted into the box, screws 108 located in openings 132 in the multi-function clips and clearance openings 117 in alignment plate are aligned with and threaded into openings 23 to hold both the alignment plate and wiring device(s) to the box and wall surface. The head of the screw which passes through opening 126 of the end of the ground/mounting strap of the wiring device and opening 132 in the clip is larger than either opening and, therefore, holds the wiring device and alignment plate 114. The wall plate is now placed over the installed wiring devices. It is to be noted (see FIGS. 3, 4 and 5) when the wiring device is the switch here disclosed, the paddle of switch 110 is frameless. It is not located within a frame. Thus, the switch must be accurately positioned within the wall plate to insure that the paddle is free to move without touching any surface of the wall plate or a side surface of an adjacently positioned wiring device. Each multi-function clip 130, 151 contains two side-by-side latching pawls 140. See FIGS. 12-13A. Each latching pawl 140 is bent downward toward the back of the wiring device by about 40 degrees. After the wiring device is attached to the alignment plate, the two latching pawls 140 of the multi-function clip at the bottom end of the wiring device straddles tab 120 on the alignment plate. Tab 120 (see FIG. 36) functions as a tool pivot point to allow the wall plate 138, when attached to the alignment plate, to be easily removed from around the switch or receptacle. A slot 74 in the lower edge of the wall plate 138 provides access for the insertion of a small flat tool such as a screw driver to facilitate removal of the wall plate from the wiring device. Wall plate 138 is proportioned to fit over alignment plate 114, the ends 122 of the ground/mounting strap 123 and the box within which the wiring device is located. The wall plate 138 is located around the wiring device and locked in position by pushing the wall plate toward the wiring device until the ends of the latching pawls 140 engage teeth on the inside wall of the top and bottom edges of the wall plate. Referring to FIGS. 14-24, there is shown in detail multiple views of the switch and components of the switch of FIGS. 3-5. More specifically, FIG. 14 is an exploded view of a switch in accordance with the principles of the invention; FIG. 15 is a perspective view of the base assembly of the switch of FIG. 14; FIG. 16 is an exploded view of the base assembly of FIG. 15; FIG. 17 is another exploded view of the switch; FIG. 18 is still another exploded view of the switch; FIG. 19 is a partial sectional exploded view of the cam driver of the switch; FIG. 20 is a perspective exploded view of the switch showing the light assembly board; FIG. 21A is a plan view of the light assembly board; FIG. 21B is a bottom perspective view of the light assembly board; FIG. 22 is a perspective exploded view showing the light pipe in the paddle of the switch; FIG. 23 is a perspective view of the light pipe; and, FIG. 24 is a sectional view along the line 24-24 of FIG. 3. Referring to FIG. 14, there is shown an exploded view of base assembly 300 and frame assembly 400 which, when joined together and coupled to paddle 112 forms a single pole switch, and FIG. 15 which shows a perspective view of the base assembly 300. Base assembly 300 includes shell member 302 composed of electrically insulating material and having a longitudinal channel 304 which extends along the length of shell member 302 and is centrally located between the side walls 306, 308 of member 302. Channel 304 is sized to receive a slider 320 (see FIG. 16) which slides back and forth in channel 304. Located in shell member 302 and beyond each end of channel 304 are clearance openings 310 for receiving fastening means 124 such as rivets, screws or the like to lock the ground/mounting strap 123, the base assembly 300 and the frame assembly 400 together. Side wall 308 of the shell member has an opening 309 adapted to receive a stationary terminal assembly 312 and side wall 306 has an opening 336 for receiving brush terminal assembly 346, each more fully shown in FIG. 16. Referring to FIG. 16, stationary terminal 312 consists of a rectangular plate 313 and a substantially non-yielding contact bearing arm 314 bent at a right angle to the plate and having a contact 316. Stationary terminal 312 is of conducting material such as brass, etc. An inverted U shaped slot 318 located in rectangular plate 313 is a clearance opening for terminal screw 320 which threads into pressure plate 323 located behind plate 313. In operation, as terminal screw 320 is tightened, the bottom surface of the head of screw 320 and pressure plate 323 move toward each other to clamp the rectangular plate 313. Stationary terminal assembly 312 is adapted to be connected to an electrical conductor by either placing a turn of electrical conductor such as a wire under the head of the screw 320 or by inserting a straight end of the conductor between the pressure plate 323 and the rectangular plate 313, and then tightening screw 320 to lock the conductor between either plates 313 and 323, or the plate 313 and the head of the screw 320. Looking at side wall 308 of shell member 302, each of the two side edges 311 of opening 309 contain a vertical slot or rail 315 provided to receive and hold the side edges of rectangular plate 313. Sliding the rectangular plate 313 of the stationary terminal assembly 312 down into the slots or rails 315 in the edges of the opening 309 positions and holds the stationary terminal assembly 312 in position within the opening 309 of side wall 308 of shell member 302. Brush terminal assembly 346 includes a rectangular plate 380 composed of electrical conducting material such as brass etc., which supports a yieldable contact bearing arm 344 having a contact 317. An inverted U shaped slot 381 located in rectangular plate 380 is a clearance opening for terminal screw 386. Terminal screw 386 freely passes thru clearance opening 381 and threads into pressure plate 388. Tightening terminal screw 386 clamps the rectangular plate 380 between the bottom surface of the head of the screw 386 and the pressure plate 388. Brush terminal assembly 346 is adapted to be connected to an electrical conductor by either placing a turn of the conductor under the head of the screw or inserting a straight end of the conductor between the pressure plate 388 and the rectangular plate 380. Tightening the screw 386 locks the conductor between the screw head and plate 380, or between plate 380 and pressure plate 388. Looking at side wall 306 of shell member 302, the two edges 303 of opening 384 each has a narrow vertical slot or rail 317 for receiving and holding the side edges of rectangular plate 380. Sliding rectangular plate 380 of brush terminal assembly 346 down into slots or rails 317 in the edges of opening 384 positions and holds the brush terminal assembly in opening 384 of the side wall 306 of the shell member 302. The stationary terminal assembly 312 and the brush terminal assembly 346 are made of conductive material so that a circuit can be completed between the conductive wires connected to screw terminals 320, 386. Preferably, the conductive components are all of substantial grade, good quality electrical materials so that substantial currents, for example 10 or 20 amperes, can repeatedly be carried for extended periods of time without significant heat generation, electrical losses or excessive arcing. Such materials can include silver alloys for the contacts, beryllium copper alloy for the brush arm and brass for the remaining conductive components. Referring to FIGS. 15 and 16, slider 320, when positioned within channel 304 can freely slide back and forth between the side walls 319, 321 from one end of the channel to the other end of the channel. Slider 320 has, at one end, a rectangular funnel shaped slot opening 322 which extends completely through the slider and is provided to receive cam follower 370 of cam 366. It is understood that the rectangular funnel shaped slot opening 322 in not restricted to an end of the slider, but can be located anywhere along the slider to a place where it is convenient to do so. Projecting downward from the bottom surface of slider 320 and about mid-way between the ends of the slider is a triangular shaped cam follower 324. Projecting upward from the top surface of the slider 320 and about mid-way between the slider ends is a hold down projection 326. Also projecting upward from the top surface of the slider is a brush terminal control projection 327. The space 329 between hold down projection 326 and brush terminal control projection 327 is provided to receive spring contact arm 344 of brush terminal assembly 346. Movement of the slider 320 in direction “A” causes projection 327 to urge contact arm 344 to bend downward and move away from stationary contact 316. Movement of the slider 326 in direction “B” causes projection 327 to move up which allows contact arm 344 to spring back and allow contact 317 to make electrical contact with contact 316. A bumper support member 328 which projects outward from the side of the slider 320 provides support for a rubber O ring 330. With the slider located in slider receiving channel 304, O ring 330 moves back and forth between stops 332, 334 of opening 336 in side wall 321 (see FIG. 15) as the slider is driven from one end of channel 304 to the other. The O ring is used to cushion the stopping of the slider 320 by contacting stops 332, 334 located at the ends of opening 336 in wall 321. Contact 317 of brush terminal assembly 346 (see FIG. 16) is biased by spring arm 344 to move upward toward stationary contact 316. To help offset some of the upward force exerted by arm 344 which moves contact 317 toward contact 316 as the slider is moved down, a helper spring 338 is provided. Helper spring 338 also helps to balance the feel of the rocker paddle as the switch is operated. Movable spring contact arm 344 of brush terminal assembly 346 is spring biased to move contact 317 up toward stationary contact 316. Therefore, more force is needed by the slider 320 to move contact 317 on spring contact arm 344 out of engagement with stationary contact 316 than is needed to close the contacts. Referring to FIG. 16, helper spring 338 is used to help overcome this force. Helper spring 338 is a strip of flat spring metal folded about its center with a generous radius to have two legs 337, 339 which forms an inverted V. The inverted V shaped helper spring 338 fits in chamber 340 located at the top end of channel 304 (see FIG. 16) with the apex of the V being at the top of the channel. As slider 320 is moved up, the spring bias of spring contact arm 344 assists in closing contacts 316, 317. As the slider moves up and the contacts close, the end 342 of slider 320 contacts leg 339 of helper spring 338 and urges it to move toward leg 337. At this time, helper spring 338 is compressed and now biases slider 320 to move down. When the contacts 316, 317 are being opened, helper spring 338 urges slider to move down against the force of the spring contact arm 344. Thus, spring 338 helps to overcome the force exerted by the spring contact arm 344 of the brush terminal 344 on the slider when the spring contact arm 344 is being moved down to open the contacts 316, 317. Wall 348 at the end of chamber 340 contains a slot opening 350 which allows the end 342 of slider 320 to enter chamber 340 to engage and move leg 339 toward leg 337 of helper spring 338. Wall 348 helps to keep helper spring 338 within the chamber 340. As seen in FIG. 24, located directly beneath slider receiving channel 304 and opening into channel 304 is spring chamber 354. Spring chamber 354 is elongated, has a rectangular cross-section and contains a flat cam shaped leaf spring 352. The spring chamber 354 can be centrally and symmetrically disposed in the switch base 300 and has support bars 356 at each end for supporting flat cam shaped leaf spring 352. Located beyond each support bar 356 is an end pocket 365. The overall length of chamber 354 is determined by the length of the flat cam shaped leaf spring 352. Cam shaped leaf spring 352 is formed from a flat resilient steel strip, preferably spring steel, and has a profile substantially similar to that shown in FIG. 22. The flat cam shaped leaf spring 352 has a profile that is symmetrical about a center apex 358. Moving along the spring 352 from the apex to the ends, the spring has a short down sloping cam portion 359 on each side of the apex 358 which, together with support sections 357 forms a depression 360, 362 at each side of the apex. The support sections 357 rest on support bars 356 and terminate in U shaped outer end portions 364 which resides in end pockets 365. The apex 358, the centrally located rise of the spring and the flat short cam portions 359 on each side of the apex and joined by support sections 357 provide a surface discontinuity rather than a smooth transition for the cam 324 as it travels over the apex. Referring to FIGS. 16 and 24, cam 366 is used to move the slider back and forth between its left and right hand positions which corresponds to the off and on position of the switch. Cam 366 has two cylindrical shaped projections 368 which are aligned with each other and extend out from the sides to form an axel support shaft rotatably received by support bearing openings 378 located in side walls 319, 321 of the slider receiving channel 304. In operation, cam 366 can rock back and forth in a clockwise and counterclockwise direction about the axel defined by the projections 368. Extending downward and below projections 368 is cam follower 370 which fits in the rectangular funnel shaped slot opening 322 in slider 320 with minimum clearance. Extending upward from projections 368 is cam control surface 430 having a first pocket 374 located at the left of the cam, and a second pocket 372 located at the right of the cam. Looking at the profile of the cam 366 as shown in FIG. 24, pocket 372 is at the right side of the axes of rotation of the cam, and pocket 374 is at the left side of the axes of rotation of the cam. Thus, when the slider is at its right hand position, application of a downward force on pocket 372 will cause the cam follower 370 to rotate in a clockwise direction to cause slider 320 to move to the left. In a similar way, application of a downward force on pocket 374, when the slider is at its left hand position, will cause the cam follower 370 to rotate in a counterclockwise direction to cause the slider to move to the right. Thus, pressing down on pocket 372 causes the cam to rotate clockwise which causes the cam follower 370 to move the slider to the left. Thereafter, pressing down on pocket 374 will now cause the cam to rotate counterclockwise to cause the cam follower to move the slider to the right. Alternately pressing on pockets 372 and 374 will cause the slider to move back and forth, first in one direction and then in the other direction. Projecting upward from the bottom member 401 of frame assembly 400, and of the same material as the bottom member, are two hook members 396 (see FIGS. 16 and 18) which engage and pivotly hold cooperating hook members 418 (see FIG. 17) which project down from subplate 412 of the rocker assembly 398. Frame assembly 400 includes a rectangular clearance opening 402 located in bottom member 401 which is aligned with the top of cam 366 and through which an actuator 405 (see FIGS. 18 and 19) of cam driver 431 projects to engage and operate cam 366. The cam 366 is operated by cam driver 431(FIG. 19) which consists of a cylindrical shaped member 409, a plunger 403, an actuator 405, and a conical shaped coil spring 407. The cam driver 431 engages and drives cam 366, first in a clockwise direction, then in a counter-clockwise direction each time plunger 403 is moved down. The open ended cylindrical shaped member 409 supports two ears 411, each having a threaded opening for receiving a holding member such as a screw to secure the member 409 to frame assembly 400. Member 409 contains a first opening 413 at its lower end and a second opening 415 at its upper end. The first opening 413 at the lower end of the cylindrical shaped member 409 is sufficiently large to avoid obstructing or interfering with the rectangular clearance opening 402 when the member 409 is mounted to bottom member 401 of the frame assembly 400 and is positioned over opening 402. The cylindrical shaped member 409 supports an internal, inwardly projecting ridge 417 located between the first 413 and second 415 openings. Plunger 403 slidably fits within member 409. The outside diameter of plunger 403 is slightly smaller than the diameter of the second opening 415 in the upper end of cylindrical shaped member 409 which allows the plunger to move up and down in opening 415 without binding. Plunger 403 has a skirt 429 which has, at its end, an external, outwardly projecting ridge 433. Shoulder 417 in cylindrical shaped member 409 and ridge 433 on the plunger 403 engage each other to keep plunger 403 captive within member 409. Actuator 405, which can be composed of cold rolled steel or a plastic having suitable characteristics supports an elongated shaft 421 having a generous radius at one end and first 423 and second 425 collars at the other end. Collar 423 is smaller in diameter than collar 425 and is adapted to be frictionally connected to the smaller diameter end of conical spring 407. The end of the second collar 425 is located within opening 428 of plunger 403 and contacts internal projection 427. Coil spring 407 has a conical shape, the apex of which is wrapped around and frictionally engages collar 423 and the base of spring 407 is sufficiently large in diameter to extend beyond the rectangular clearance opening 402 to avoid interfering with shaft 421 as it pivots back and forth in the rectangular clearance opening 402. Opening 402 has a long dimension along the length of the switch and a small dimension along the width of the switch. The small dimension of opening 402 is slightly larger than the diameter of shaft 421 to permit the shaft 421 to move in opening 402 without binding and the long dimension of opening 402 allows shaft 421 to engage and operate cam 366 without binding. A small projection 406 which extends upward from the bottom 401 of frame assembly 400 and of the same material as the bottom member can be used to engage the lower end of a helper helical spring 408 which is provided to urge the rocker paddle 112 to its out position. In normal use, the spring 407 will provide sufficient force to urge the paddle 112 away from frame assembly 400. However, in those instances where additional force may be desired, helper spring 408 can be present. The outside diameter of the projection 406 is slightly less than the inside diameter of helical helper spring 408 and fits within an end of the helical helper spring. The upper end of helical helper spring 408 is located within and held captive in a pocket 410 (see FIG. 17) located in subplate 412. Subplate 412 is secured to the underside of the rocker paddle 112 by adhesive, by plastic projections which extend from the underside of the rocker paddle and, after passing through openings in the subplate are staked over, or the like. Referring to FIG. 17, there is shown a perspective exploded view of the bottom of base assembly 300, frame assembly 400 and rocker assembly 398 of a single pole switch. Referring to the frame assembly 400 which can be a unitary member formed of a suitable plastic, two projections 414 project out from the bottom surface and are positioned to contact the top surface of the axel support shaft formed by aligned cylindrical projections 368 of the cam 366. Projections 414 prevent the cylindrical projections 368 from moving out of their bearing surfaces in the side walls of the slider receiving channel. Also projecting downward from the bottom surface of the frame assembly 400 is a slider hold down projection 416 which slidably contacts projection 326 on the slider 320. Projection 416, by contacting projection 326 on slider 330, prevents slider 320 from being pushed up and out of channel 304 by the upward force of cam profile leaf spring 352 pushing up on triangular shaped cam follower 324. The subplate 412 is attached to the underside of paddle 112 and is a unitary member of a plastic material having two hook shaped members 418 formed thereon which project down from the bottom surface. The hook shaped members 418 are positioned to engage hooks 396 on the frame assembly 400. Hooks 418, when engaged by hooks 396, allow the rocker assembly to move toward and away from the frame assembly 400 and, at the same time, prevent the subplate and attached rocker paddle from being separated from the frame assembly 400. A downward extending ring 410 on the subplate 412 is aligned with projection 406 on the frame assembly to provide an anchor for the top end of helper spring 408 when a helper spring is used. The inside diameter of ring 410 is slightly larger than the outside diameter of the helper spring to permit the end of the helper spring to be placed within ring 410. Two arms 422 which project beyond the rear end of the subplate 412 each supports a circular stud 420, one on the outside end of each arm, are axially aligned with each other to form a common axel. The studs snap into openings 424 in the frame assembly 400 to form a hinge about which the subplate and the rocker paddle 112 to pivot relative to the frame and base assemblies. The subplate 412 is secured to the bottom surface of the rocker paddle 112 to form a unitary assembly with an adhesive, by heat staking or the like. The switch here disclosed can have an on-off indicating means such as a light to indicate when the switch is in its conducting state and when in its non-conducting state. The on-off indicating light can be of a color or white. In practice, a blue light was found to be preferred. Referring to FIGS. 21A and 21B, there is shown the top and bottom of a Printed Circuit Board (PCB) which fits within the frame assembly 400. Located on the top surface of the board 430 is a resistor 432, a diode 434 and an LED 436 connected together and to spring terminals 390. Referring to FIG. 14, frame assembly 400 fits on top of base assembly 300 and provides support for the PCB and has openings for the spring contacts 390 to project through the frame assembly and make contact with plate 313 of the stationary terminal assembly and plate 380 of the brush terminal assembly 346. LED 436 indicates the conductive state of the switch by being “on” or “off”. In operation, lamp 394 will be “on” when the contacts of the switch are open, and the lamp will be “off” when the contacts of the switch are closed. Referring now to FIG. 23, there is shown a light pipe 440 which is connected to the underside of the paddle (see FIG. 22) to optically connect the LED to a window 442 in the lower end of the paddle. The end of the light pipe adjacent to the LED has a spherical face for receiving light from the LED, and the other end of the light pipe has a diffuser texture exit surface which is the window in the edge of the paddle. Referring to FIG. 24, to assemble the switch, the helper spring 338 is inserted into end chamber 340, leaf spring 352 is place into spring chamber 354 and slider 320 is placed into channel 304. The end 342 of the slider faces the helper spring 338 and the triangular shaped cam follower 324 which projects from the bottom of the slider slidably engages the top surface of leaf spring 352. Projecting cylindrical studs 368 of cam 366 are placed within bearing surface openings 378 in side walls 319, 321 of channel 304 with cam follower 370 being positioned within opening 322 of slider 320. Stationary terminal assembly 312 is positioned in the opening 309, and brush terminal assembly 346 is positioned within opening 384. As the brush terminal assembly 346 is being placed in position, the spring contact arm 344 is moved backward against the force of the spring arm and is positioned within slot 329 located between the holding down projection 326 and the spring contact arm control member 327 of slider 320. At this time all the various components have been placed within the switch base 300 and the assemblage resembles that shown in FIG. 24. Referring now to the frame assembly 400 and the cam driver 431, plunger 403 is positioned within the cylindrical shaped member 409 by inserting the plunger 403 through the bottom opening of the cylindrical shaped member 409 until the outwardly extending ridge 421 at the end of the skirt of the plunger engages inwardly projecting ridge 417 of the plunger. Thereafter, actuator 405 is inserted through the bottom opening of the cylindrical shaped member 409 and into the plunger until the top surface of collar 425 contacts internal projection 427 which extends downward from the inside surface of the top of the plunger 403. Conical shaped coil spring 407 is now inserted through the bottom opening of the cylindrical shaped member 409 and placed around the actuator 405 with the apex of the coil spring being positioned around the collar 423. At this time the assembled cam driver 431 is positioned onto the bottom member 401 of the frame 400 with the actuator being positioned to freely move through elongated opening 402 and the clearance openings in the frame being aligned with the threaded openings in the ears of the cylindrical shaped member. The frame assemblage 400, which includes the LED, resistor, diode and contacts 390, is now placed over the switch base, a ground/mounting strap is placed along the bottom and ends of base assembly 300, and screws, drive pins, rivets or the like 124 are used to lock the ground/mounting strap, switch base assemblage and frame assemblage together. In the embodiment shown, the conical shaped coil spring 407 exerts an upward force on the actuator and the plunger to maintain the plunger in its extended most outward position. The subplate has a cutout 433 through which the plunger 403 passes to contact the underside of the rocker paddle 112. Thus, top surface of the plunger contacts the bottom surface of the rocker and it is the upward force of the spring 407 that biases the rocker to its outward position and that a user must overcome when the switch is being operated. In some instances, it may be desirable to have a switch which requires a greater force to operate. If a greater force is desired, it can be obtained with a helical spring 429 where the lower end is placed over projection 406 on the frame and the top is placed within the spring pocket 410 of the subplate. The projections 420 on the legs 422 are snapped into the openings 424 in the frame assembly 400 to form the hinge which allows the rocker assembly 398 and the frame assembly 400 to pivot relative to each other. Thereafter the rocker assembly 398 which includes the subplate, is pressed down toward the frame assembly until hooks 418 engage hooks 396. At this time the bottom or underside of the rocker assembly contacts the top surface of the plunger 403 and the application of finger pressure on the rocker assembly will move it toward the frame assembly against the force of spring 407 to drive the elongated shaft 421 of the actuator 405 down through the opening 402 to engage the cam eccentric surface 372. FIG. 24 is a sectional view of a single pole switch where the contacts of the switch are closed and the switch is in its conducting state. The next time the face of the rocker paddle is pressed, plunger 421, acting against the force of spring 407, is urged to move down to contact the ramp 430 of cam 366 and slide toward the right and enters pocket 372. Continued pressing on the rocker paddle causes the actuator 405 to continue to move down and rotate cam 366 clockwise about cylindrical projections 368. This causes cam follower 370 to rotate in a clockwise direction and move slider 320 to the left. As slider 320 moves toward the left, the triangular shaped cam follower 324 moves out of depression 360 of the spring and across the right support section 359 toward the centrally located apex 358 of the cam shaped leaf spring 352. As the slider continues to move to the left, triangular shaped cam 324 deflects leaf spring 352 downward because projection 326 on slider 320, in cooperation with holding projection 416, prevents the slider 320 from moving upward. As the triangular shaped cam 324 moves over the top of the apex 358 of the spring and toward the left support section 359 of the apex, the leaf spring starts to spring back to its original unstressed position by moving up. This upward movement of the leaf spring acts on the shaped cam follower 324 and helps drive and accelerate the cam follower 324 and the slider 320 to the left until the cam follower 324 comes to rest in depression 362. At this time the contacts of the switch are separated from each other. Thus, the cam shaped leaf spring 352, in combination with the cam follower 324 helps to move the slider to either the left or right depressions 362, 360 to rapidly open and close the contacts. The next time that the rocker is depressed, the actuator 405 will enter pocket 374 of the cam to cause it to rotate in a counterclockwise direction which will cause the slider to depress the leaf spring as it moves to the right. As the cam follower 324 continues to move to the right and as it passes apex 358, the depressed leaf spring starts to spring up to return to its original position. This upward movement of the leaf spring causes the cam follower 324 to move toward the right until it reaches depression 360 at which time the switch contacts are closed. Continued pressing and releasing the rocker paddle of the switch alternately opens and closes the contacts of the switch. The state of conduction of the switch can be displayed to a user by light from an LED, a neon lamp or a pilot light connected across the stationary and brush terminal assemblies. When the contacts of the switch are closed, there is no potential difference across the lamp-resistor combination and the lamp will remain dark. When the contacts of the switch are open, there will be a potential difference across the lamp-resistor combination and the lamp will be lit. Referring to FIGS. 25A, 25B and 25C, there is shown sectional views of paddle 112 of the switch of FIG. 14. FIG. 25A is a section along the line A-A of FIG. 14; FIG. 25B is a section along the line B-B of FIG. 14; and, FIG. 25C is a section along the line C-C of FIG. 14. The width of the paddle is 1.79 inches and the length of the paddle is 2.77 inches. The face of the paddle has a vertical axis along its length and a horizontal axis along its width where the face of the paddle along its vertical axis has a surface of positive first differential comprised of a combination of splines drawn between points of varying distances from a datum plane and zero second differential when the rate of height increase of the individual splines is constant. The horizontal axis has a surface of a positive first differential and negative second differential comprised of a combination of splines drawn between points of varying distance from a datum plane. Referring to FIG. 25A, the surface along line A-A lies between two profile boundaries substantially 0.139 inches apart, perpendicular to datum plane A, equally disposed about the true profile and positioned with respect to a datum plane. The basic dimensions and the profile tolerance establish a tolerance zone to control the shape and size of the surface. The surface is about 2.77 inches in length. Within that length, a surface is defined by the dimensions of about twenty equidistant points which are about 0.139 inches apart. Each dimension indicates that point's distance to a datum plane A, the back, flat surface of the paddle. Moving from left to right in FIG. 25A, the dimensions increase from about 0.277 to about 0.328 inches at the center, and then decreases to about 0.278 inches at the right end. This progression defines a surface of increasing and then decreasing height where the points are connected by individual splines. The points are not connected by a single arc and the rate at which the surface height increases in not constant. The rate of height increase of the individual splines decreases from left to right to the center, and then increases from the center to the right end. Thus, the second differential of the surface is negative from each end toward the center. That is that the difference between some of the points distance dimension from an end toward the center decreases. Thus, from an end to the center, the surface has a shape of positive first differential and negative second differential, comprised of a combination of splices drawn between points of varying distance from a datum plane. This description substantially describes the paddle's face along the lines A-A, B-B and C-C of FIG. 14. The section along line B-B of FIG. 14 which runs along the horizontal center line of the paddle is shown in FIG. 25B and defines a surface having positive first differential and substantially negative second differential from an end to the center line. The second differential is substantially negative because not all successive points have a constant increase. The section along line C-C of FIG. 14 which runs along the diagonal of the paddle is shown in FIG. 25C and defines a surface having a positive first differential and substantially negative second differential from an end to the center line. The second differential is substantially negative because not all successive points have a constant increase. FIGS. 25A-25C discloses, in detail, the dimensions of the paddle and, therefore, in the interest of brevity, the dimensions shown in the FIGS. 25A-25C are not here repeated. Referring to FIG. 26, there is shown an exploded view of the switch with another cam driver; and, FIG. 27 is a sectional view along line 24-24 of FIG. 3 where the cam driver is that of FIG. 26. In this embodiment, the articulated cam driver 431 shown in FIG. 19 is replaced with a flexible cam driver with blunt end 600. Flexible cam driver with blunt end 600 is composed of a flat ribbon of flexible material such as spring steel bent back upon itself at its center with a generous radius to form the blunt end 602 having a diameter which fits within the pockets 372, 374 of cam 366. The ends of the flexible cam driver are bent at 90 degrees and each end has an opening for receiving a holding member for attaching the flexible cam driver to the subplate 412. In this embodiment, subplate 412 does not have a cutout 433, but is continuous to provide support for and allow the flexible cam driver 600 to be attached to the subplate. Cam driver 600 can be attached to the subplate with rivets, plastic projections which protrude from the subplate and pass through the openings in the ends of the cam driver and are deformed with heat to secure the cam driver to the subplate, or by any other method. Except for the substitution of the flexible cam driver with blunt end 600 for the articulated cam driver 431 disclosed in FIG. 19, the construction and operation of the switch of the embodiment disclosed in FIGS. 26 and 27 is the same in all aspects as that of the switch disclosed in FIGS. 14-25C. Referring to FIG. 28, there is shown an exploded view of the switch with still another cam driver, and FIG. 29, is a sectional view along line 24-24 of FIG. 3 where the cam driver is that of FIG. 28. In this embodiment, the articulated cam driver 431 shown in FIG. 19 is replaced with a semiflexible cam driver having a sharp end 700 such as a closely wound coil spring 700 having a conical shaped tip 702. In this embodiment, subplate 412 does not have a cutout 433, but is continuous to provide support for and to allow the semiflexible cam driver 700 to be attached to the subplate. The subplate has a small projection which extends down from the bottom of the subplate and has a diameter the fits snugly within the top end of the closely wound spring. The closely spring 700 is attached to the subplate by being placed over the projection on the subplate. The lower end of the closely wound spring 700 supports a conical shaped tip 702 having a cylindrical back end having a diameter which is substantially equal to that of the inside diameter of the spring 700 and which is inserted into and held securely by the closely wound spring. The very tip of the conical shaped tip 702 has a small diameter which allows it to fit into pockets 372 and 374 of cam 366. Except for the substitution of the semiflexible cam driver with sharp end for the articulated cam driver 431 disclosed in FIG. 19, the construction and operation of the switch of the embodiment disclosed in FIGS. 28 and 29 is the same in all aspects as that of the switch disclosed in FIGS. 14-25C. Referring to FIGS. 30-35, for a single wiring device, the width of the face of the wiring device is approximately 55% of the width of the wall plate along the horizontal axis and approximately 56% of the length of the wall plate along the vertical axis. When the wiring device is a receptacle, the surface along the width of the receptacle face is flat in one plane and is complex along the length of the face of the receptacle with a constant radius that is greater than 10 inches and less than 40 inches, a preferred radius being substantially 30.724 inches. The shape of the receptacle face is different from that of the switch to allow for the proper seating of an inserted plug. When the wiring device is a switch, its face has a vertical axis along its length and a horizontal axis along its width where the face of the paddle along its vertical axis has a surface of positive first differential comprised of a combination of splines drawn between points of varying distances from a datum plane and zero second differential when the rate of height increase of the individual splines is constant. The horizontal axis has a surface of a positive first differential and negative second differential comprised of a combination of splines drawn between points of varying distance from a datum plane. Referring to FIG. 30, there is shown a front perspective view of a wall plate for a single wiring device. The wall plate is substantially 4.92 inches in length by 3.28 inches in width and has a single opening 100 with no dividing members for receiving a wiring device, either a switch which has no frame or a receptacle each of which is slightly less than 2.82 inches in length by 1.83 inches in width to fit within the opening 100. The width of the wall plate varies depending upon how many wiring devices are ganged together and located in side-by-side relationship. The front surface of the wall plate here disclosed has a complex or compound shape such that the surface at the opening for the wiring device is further from the wall than it is at the outer edge of the wall plate. Referring to FIG. 31B, there is shown a view along the line 31B-31B of FIG. 30. FIGS. 31A-31C are sectional views along the lines 31A-31A to 31C-31C of the wall plate of FIG. 30 along the horizontal centerline, between point K, the outer right edge, and point L, the inner edge of the opening for the wiring device. As shown in FIG. 31B, the surface lies between two profile boundaries substantially 0.002 inches apart, perpendicular to datum plane A, equally disposed about the true profile and positioned with respect to a datum plane. The basic dimensions and the profile tolerance establish a tolerance zone to control the shape and size of the surface. The surface is about 0.73 inches in width. Within that width, a shape is defined by the dimensions of about ten equidistant points which are about 0.073 inches apart. Each dimension indicates that point's distance to datum plane A, the back (flat) surface of the wall plate, which begins at point K. Moving from left to right, the dimensions increase from about 0.243 to about 0.302 inches. This progression defines a shape of increasing height, positive first differential, when the points are connected by individual splines. The points are not connected by a single arc and the rate at which the shape height increases is not constant. The rate of height increase of the individual splines decreases from left to right, and the second differential of the shape is negative. That is, the difference between the first point's distance dimension and the second is larger than the difference between the second and the third, etc. Thus, the surface has a shape of positive first differential and negative second differential, comprised of a combination of splines drawn between points of varying distance from a datum plane. FIG. 31A is a sectional view along the line 31A-31A of FIG. 30; FIG. 31B is a sectional view along the line 31B-31B of FIG. 30; and FIG. 31C is a sectional view along the line 31C-31C of FIG. 30. FIGS. 31A-C clearly shows the wall plate's shape for sections along lines 31A-31A, 31B-31B and 31C-31C of FIG. 30. The section along line 31C-31C (see FIG. 31C), which runs along the vertical centerline of the wall plate defines a surface having a positive first differential and zero second differential, comprised of a combination of splines drawn between points of varying distance from a datum plane. This surface has zero second differential because the rate of height increase of the individual splines is constant; the difference between any two sequential point dimensions is substantially 0.0037 inches. The wall plate 138 for a single wiring device shown in FIG. 30 includes, along the inside top edge, and the inside bottom edge, a plurality of teeth for engagement with the ends of latching pawls 140 of the multi-function clips 130, 151. See FIG. 32 which is a sectional view of the bottom edge of the wall plate along the line 32A-32A of FIG. 30; and FIG. 33 which is a sectional view of the top edge of the wall plate along the line 33A-33A of FIG. 30. The top outside edge (see FIG. 33), has a recessed area such as a channel having raised identifying nomenclature structure such as letters of the alphabet, numbers and/or a symbol which can, for example, identify the manufacturer of the device. Referring to FIG. 33, there is also shown a sectional view along the line E-E of FIG. 30 of the top rail of the wall plate 138. FIGS. 34, 34A show views of a portion of the top edge of the wall plate of FIG. 30 showing the channel and identifying nomenclature structure. In FIGS. 34 and 34A, a channel 217 (see FIG. 33) is formed in the top outside edge of the wall plate. The channel is about three-quarters of an inch in length and has a width which is less than the width of the edge of the rail. As shown in FIGS. 33, 34, 34A, channel 217 is a walled rectangular depression defined by four walls which define the channel. Located within the channel or depression is raised identifying structure such as the name of the manufacturer, i.e., “LEVITON”. The height of the raised identifying structure can be 0.010 of an inch where the top surface of the raised identifying structure is substantially flush with the surface of the edge of the wall plate. When the wiring device of the present invention is a switch, the surface of the paddle of the switch is a continuation of contours of the wall plate, so that their surfaces complement each other. When the wiring device is a receptacle, the contour along the width of the receptacle face is flat in one plane and is complex along the length of the face of the receptacle with a constant radius. The shape of the receptacle face is different from that of the switch to allow for the proper seating of an inserted plug. The wall plate has no exposed mounting screws or other visible metal hardware. When the wall plate is placed around the wiring device, the only visible parts are the wall plate 16 and the switch or receptacle. No fastening means such as screws for holding the wall plate in place are visible. To attach the wall plate 138 to the wiring device, the edges of pawls 140 of the bottom and top clips 130, 151 engage tooth shaped racks 80 located on the inner surfaces of the top and bottom end walls 70 of wall plate 138. There are two racks on each end wall 70 of the wall plate 138. Each rack 80 contains a number of tooth shaped teeth 82 each having an inclined front face 84 and an inclined back face 86. Referring to FIG. 35, which is a fragmentary, enlarged perspective of the latching pawl of the multi-function clip engaging the tooth rack of the wall plate as the end of latching pawl 140 engages the inclined front face 84 of a tooth, the pawl deflects and moves past the tip of the first tooth 82. Once pawl 140 is past the tip of tooth 82, it can return to its initial position and take a position between the inclined back face 86 of first tooth 82 and the inclined front face 84 of a second tooth 82. This operation can be repeated as many times as is needed to position the top and bottom ends of wall plate 138 as close to the wall as possible. As racks 80 and pawls 140 are independently operated, it is possible to position the wall plate 138 to closely follow the wall contour, even when the wall is not flat. This ability to follow the wall contour is even more appreciated when the wall plate 138 is large, such as a wall plate positioned around multiple wiring devices. Referring to FIG. 36, there is shown a fragmentary, enlarged sectional side view of the wall plate and tab of the alignment plate to indicate how the two components can be separated following latching. Once the ends of latching pawl 140 is positioned in a valley between two teeth, it becomes difficult to dislodge the wall plate 138 from the pawl 140. To help in the removal of the wall plate a slot 74 is formed in the bottom end 70 of wall plate 138 to provide access to tab 120. A small, flat tool blade such as a screw driver blade 76, or the like, can be moved through slot 74 in end 70 to contact both the outer surface of tab 120 and the back wall of slot 74. By moving the blade 76 using the back wall of slot 74 as a fulcrum, the force applied to tab 120 will separate wall plate 138 from the wiring device. As tool 76 can apply a great deal of force to tab 120, it is possible to separate the pawl 140 from engagement with the teeth and thus the wiring device from the wall plate. Referring to FIG. 37, there is shown an exploded view of alignment plate and a wall plate for two wiring devices. There is no partition or dividing member located in either the wall plate opening or the alignment plate opening to separate the two wiring devices. The two wiring devices can be placed in a double ganged box 160 made up, for example, of two single boxes joined by fasteners 162 extending through the threaded apertures 164 of two joining ears 166. Alignment plate 114 has a single opening 116, four clearance openings 117 and four alignment pins 170 for receiving two wiring devices such as two switches, a receptacle and a switch, or two receptacles. Wall plate 138 can have four racks 80 on the interior of the top and bottom end walls for receiving four pawls where the two center racks receive one pawl from each wiring device. Also, there are two tabs 120, which are accessible via slots 74 in end wall 70 of cover plate 138. Because of the independent operation of the pawls 140 with their respective racks 80, the wall plate 138 can compensate somewhat for lack of flatness of the wall in which the wiring devices are installed. Referring to FIG. 38, there is shown an exploded view of alignment plate 114 having a single opening 116 and a wall plate 138 for three wiring devices mounted in three boxes (not illustrated) ganged together. Wall plate 138 has a single opening 100 with no dividing or separating members for receiving three wiring devices positioned side by side and has four sets of racks 80 where the two end racks each receive a single pawl and the two center racks receive two pawls. Alignment plate 114 has a single opening 116 with no dividing or separating members, three sets of clearance openings 117 and three sets of alignment pins 170 for receiving three wiring devices. Referring to FIG. 39, there is shown an exploded view of alignment plate 114 having a single opening 116 with no dividing or separating members and wall plate 138 for four wiring devices mounted in four boxes (not illustrated) ganged together. Wall plate 138 has a single opening 100 with no dividing or separating members for receiving four wiring devices positioned side by side and the alignment plate 114 has a single opening 116 with no dividing or separating members for receiving four wiring devices positioned side by side. FIG. 40 is an exploded view of alignment plate 114 having a single opening 116 with no dividing or separating members and wall plate 138 having a single opening 100 for five wiring devices mounted in five boxes (not illustrated) ganged together. The single opening 100 in wall plate 138 has no dividing or separating members and the alignment plate 114 has a single opening 116 with no dividing or separating members for receiving five wiring devices positioned side by side. FIG. 41 is an exploded view of alignment plate 114 having a single opening 116 with no dividing or separating members and wall plate 138 having a single opening 100 for six wiring devices mounted in six boxes (not shown) ganged together. The single opening 100 in wall plate 138 has no dividing or separating members and the alignment plate 114 has a single opening 116 with no dividing or separating members for receiving six wiring devices positioned side by side. Each wall plate shown in the FIGS, can be made of conductive material or of non-conductive material. Where the wall plate is made of non-conductive material such as plastic, a conductive coating can be sprayed, plated, etc. to the front, back or both the front and back surfaces of the wall plate to provide a conductive path from the wall plate to ground through the alignment plate. In those instances where the wall plate is coupled to the wiring device by means other than the alignment plate here shown, such as, for example, with screws etc., then the conductive path from the wall plate to ground is via the means that attaches the wall plate to the wiring device and/or box. The present invention contemplates a system wherein multiple electrical wiring devices in numbers not expressly set forth hereinabove may be utilized, without departing from the spirit or lawful scope of the invention. While there have been shown and described and pointed out the fundamental novel features of the invention as applied to the preferred embodiments, it will be understood that various omissions and substitutions and changes of the form and details of the devices illustrated and in their operation may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the invention.	<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates generally to the field of electrical wiring devices such as, by way of example, electrical switches and/or receptacles and accessories for said switches and/or receptacles of the type installed in building walls. 2. Description of the Related Art When modifying the wiring in an existing building, whether public, commercial or residential by adding a wiring device such as a switch, a receptacle or a combination of switches and receptacles, it is necessary to cut a hole in a wall of the building, install a box within the hole, attach the box to a vertical stud and install the wiring device(s) into the box. In new construction, the box is attached to a stud of an open wall and, thereafter, the wall, which may be sheet rock having an opening for access to the box, is placed over the studs. The conventional wall box has pairs of mounting ears for mounting the wiring devices to the box. After the wiring devices are connected to the various conductors which they will service, each is fastened with threaded fasteners such as screws to a pair of ears on the box. The process of connecting a wiring device to various conductors and then attaching the wiring device with the attached wires to the box is done for each wiring device located within the box. Then, after all of the wiring devices are finally positioned relative to each other, a wall plate having suitable openings, typically a separate opening in the wall plate for each wiring device, is installed over the wiring devices and the box. Typical installations can include one or multiple wiring devices positioned side by side in a common box. In installations where there are multiple wiring devices in a common box, the installation of the wall plate can be time consuming. The wiring devices must be aligned with each other, must be positioned parallel to each other and must be spaced from each other by a distance dictated by the spacing between the openings or windows in the wall plate. Misalignment and positioning problems are often caused by wall boxes that are skewed relative to the wall or by walls which may not be flat. It is only after all of the wiring devices are accurately positioned relative to each other that a wall plate can be installed around the wiring devices. A common type of electrical wiring device in use today is the rocker type Decora-branded electrical switch whose activating member pivots about a centrally located horizontal axis and is flat in its horizontal plane. The trademark “Decora” is owned by the assignee of the present invention. To operate, the rocker switch actuating member is pushed in at the top to supply electricity to a load such as a light, and is pushed in at the bottom to disconnect the source of electricity from the load. Thus, with two or more rocker type switches positioned side by side in a box, the actuating members or paddles of the switches can be in opposite positions at any one time. For example, with two or more rocker type switches positioned side-by-side in a box, the top edges of the paddles of the switches will not be in alignment when they are not all in their “on” or “off” position. The in-out positioning of adjacent switches can also occur when all the switches are in their on or off state if one of the switches is a 3-way or 4-way switch. The irregular in-out positioning of adjacent switches, particularly with 3-way and 4-way switches, can cause operational uncertainty in the mind of the user as to which switch is on and which switch is off when subsequent activation or deactivation of less than all of the rocker switches is desired by a user. Another type of wiring device in use today is a receptacle having a flat face. In normal use, it is not uncommon to gang a receptacle with a switch. A receptacle with a flat face, when ganged with a switch which is also flat in one plane, typically presents a discontinuous array of wiring devices which homeowners seem to find objectionable.	<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>The present invention relates to a wall plate with a single opening for receiving one or a gang of two or more wiring devices. The wall plate has one opening with no dividing or separating members for receiving the one or a gang wiring devices and, along its vertical axis, has a surface of positive first differential and zero second differential, comprised of a combination of reference “splines” which extend between points of varying distance from a datum plane. The surface has zero second differential when the rate of height increase of individual splines is constant. The wall plate, when composed of non-conducting material, can have a conductive coating on its front surface, on its back surface or on both its front and back surfaces. When the wiring device is a switch, the surface of the switch face follows the contour of the wall plate. When the wiring device is a receptacle, the surface of the receptacle face is flat in one plane to allow for the proper seating of an inserted plug. The foregoing has outlined, rather broadly, a preferred blending feature, for example, of the present invention so that those skilled in the art may better understand the detailed description of the invention that follows. Additional features of the invention will be described hereinafter that form the subject of the claims of the invention. Those skilled in the art should appreciate that they can readily use the disclosed conception and specific embodiment as a basis for designing or modifying other structures for carrying out the same purposes of the present invention and that such other structures do not depart from the spirit and scope of the invention in its broadest form.	20040525	20070724	20050526	57556.0		0	PATEL, DHIRUBHAI R	WALL PLATE WITH ONE OPENING FOR ONE OR MORE WIRING DEVICES	UNDISCOUNTED	1	CONT-ACCEPTED		2,004
10,853,631	ACCEPTED	Magnetic recording system with three-layer laminated media having improved signal-to-noise ratio	A magnetic recording system uses a magnetic recording medium having a laminated magnetic structure with at least three magnetic layers, wherein the magnetic layers have decreasing intrinsic coercivity H0 with distance from the write head. The write field at the center of each magnetic layer is greater than that layer's H0. The magnetic layers have different compositions and/or thicknesses and thereby different values of H0. The alloys used in the middle and upper magnetic layers are relatively “high-moment” alloys that would not ordinarily be used in magnetic recording media because they have relatively low S0NR, but the overall S0NR of the laminated magnetic structure is improved because of the effect of lamination. The middle and upper magnetic layers can be made substantially thinner, which enables the magnetic layers to be located closer to the write head, thereby exposing each of the magnetic layers to a higher write field.	1. A magnetic recording system comprising: a magnetic recording medium comprising a lower ferromagnetic layer (LL) having an intrinsic coercivity H0LL, a middle ferromagnetic layer (ML) having an intrinsic coercivity H0ML greater than H0LL, an upper ferromagnetic layer (UL) having an intrinsic coercivity H0UL greater than H0ML, a first nonferromagnetic spacer layer between LL and ML, and a second nonferromagnetic spacer layer between ML and UL; and an inductive write head having write poles separated by a write gap and capable of generating a magnetic field HG at the gap to alter the magnetization directions in regions of LL, ML and UL, the magnetization directions of LL, ML and UL in said regions being parallel, the write head being maintained near the medium whereby the field at the middle of LL is greater than H0LL, the field at the middle of ML is greater than H0ML, and the field at the middle of UL is greater than H0UL. 2. The system of claim 1 wherein each of the nonferromagnetic spacer layers is less than approximately 1.5 nm thick. 3. The system of claim 1 wherein H0LL is at least 25 percent less than H0UL. 4. The system of claim 1 wherein H0ML is at least 15 percent less than H0UL. 5. The system of claim 1 wherein H0UL is at least 70 percent of HG. 6. The system of claim 1 wherein each of LL, ML and UL comprises a CoPtCrB alloy. 7. The system of claim 6 wherein the amount of Pt in UL is greater than the amount of Pt in ML and the amount of Pt in ML is greater than the amount of Pt in LL. 8. The system of claim 6 wherein the amount of B in LL is less than the amount of B in each of ML and UL. 9. The system of claim 6 wherein the amount of Cr in LL is greater than the amount of Cr in each of ML and UL. 10. The system of claim 1 wherein LL is the top ferromagnetic layer of an antiferromagnetically coupled (AFC) layer, the AFC layer comprising a bottom ferromagnetic layer, said top ferromagnetic layer and an antiferromagnetically-coupling film located between said bottom and top ferromagnetic layers and having a thickness and composition to provide antiferromagnetic exchange coupling of said bottom and top ferromagnetic layers. 11. The system of claim 10 wherein the antiferromagnetically coupling film of the AFC layer is formed of a material selected from the group consisting of ruthenium (Ru), chromium (Cr), rhodium (Rh), iridium (fr), copper (Cu), and their alloys. 12. The system of claim 1 wherein the medium is a magnetic recording disk having a substrate; LL, ML and UL are on the substrate; and the system is a magnetic recording disk drive. 13. The system of claim 12 further comprising an underlayer located on the substrate between the substrate and LL. 14. The system of claim 12 further comprising a protective overcoat formed over UL. 15. The system of claim 12 further comprising a slider for supporting the write head. 16. A magnetic recording disk drive comprising: a magnetic recording disk comprising: a substrate; an antiferromagnetically coupled (AFC) layer on the substrate comprising a bottom ferromagnetic film, a top ferromagnetic film and an antiferromagnetically-coupling film located between said bottom and top ferromagnetic films providing antiferromagnetic exchange coupling of said bottom and top ferromagnetic films, the top ferromagnetic film of the AFC layer being the lower ferromagnetic layer (LL) on the substrate and having an intrinsic coercivity H0LL; a first nonferromagnetic spacer layer on LL; middle ferromagnetic layer (ML) on the first nonferromagnetic spacer layer and having an intrinsic coercivity H0ML greater than H0LL; a second nonferromagnetic spacer layer on ML; and an upper ferromagnetic layer (UL) on the second nonferromagnetic spacer layer and having an intrinsic coercivity H0UL greater than H0ML; an air-bearing slider maintained near the surface of the disk; and an inductive write head on the trailing end of the slider and having write poles separated by a write gap, the write head being capable of generating a magnetic field HG at the gap to alter the magnetization directions in regions of LL, ML and UL, the magnetization directions of LL, ML and UL in said regions being parallel, whereby the field at the middle of LL is greater than H0LL, the field at the middle of ML is greater than H0ML, and the field at the middle of UL is greater than H0UL. 17. The disk drive of claim 16 wherein each of the nonferromagnetic spacer layers is less than approximately 1.5 nm thick. 18. The disk drive of claim 16 wherein H0LL is at least 25 percent less than H0UL. 19. The disk drive of claim 16 wherein H0ML is at least 15 percent less than H0UL. 20. The disk drive of claim 16 wherein H0UL is at least 70 percent of HG. 21. The disk drive of claim 16 wherein each of LL, ML and UL comprises a CoPtCrB alloy. 22. The disk drive of claim 21 wherein the amount of Pt in UL is greater than the amount of Pt in ML and the amount of Pt in ML is greater than the amount of Pt in LL. 23. The disk drive of claim 21 wherein the amount of B in LL is less than the amount of B in each of ML and UL. 24. The disk drive of claim 21 wherein the amount of Cr in LL is greater than the amount of Cr in each of ML and UL. 25. The disk drive of claim 16 wherein the antiferromagnetically-coupling film of the AFC layer is formed of a material selected from the group consisting of ruthenium (Ru), chromium (Cr), rhodium (Rh), iridium (Ir), copper (Cu), and their alloys. 26. The disk drive of claim 16 further comprising an underlayer located on the substrate between the substrate and the bottom ferromagnetic film of the AFC layer. 27. The disk drive of claim 16 further comprising a protective overcoat formed over UL.	RELATED APPLICATION This application (Attorney Docket HSJ920040015US1) is related to concurrently filed application Ser. No. ______ (Attorney Docket HSJ920040015US2) titled LAMINATED MAGNETIC RECORDING MEDIUM HAVING IMPROVED SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO. Both applications are based on a common specification, with this application having claims directed to a magnetic recording system and Attorney Docket HSJ920040015US2 having claims directed to a magnetic recording medium. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention This invention relates generally to magnetic recording disk drives, and more particularly to a magnetic recording disk drive that uses a “laminated media” magnetic recording disk with improved intrinsic media signal-to-noise ratio (S0NR). 2. Description of the Related Art In magnetic recording disk drives, where the magnetic recording media on the disks is a granular metal alloy, such as a CoPt alloy, the intrinsic media noise increases with increasing linear recording density. Media noise arises from irregularities in the recorded magnetic transitions and results in random shifts of the readback signal peaks. High media noise leads to high bit error rates. Thus to obtain higher areal densities in magnetic recording disk drives, it is necessary to decrease the intrinsic media noise, i.e., increase the signal-to-noise ratio (S0NR), of the recording media. The media S0NR is to first order proportional to 20 log (N1/2), where N is the number of magnetic grains per unit area in the media and S0NR is expressed in units of dB. Accordingly, increases in S0NR can be accomplished by increasing N. However, N is limited by the individual grain area (A) required to maintain the thermal stability of the recorded magnetization. This limitation arises because the energy term protecting against thermal degradation is KUV, where KU is the anisotropy and V is the volume of an individual magnetic grain. KUV must be kept greater than a certain value to assure thermal stability of the recorded magnetizations. Increasing N by merely reducing the grain area A will reduce V since V=At, where t is the grain height (i.e., the thickness of the magnetic recording layer), and this will reduce KUV, leading to thermal instability. One approach to prevent this problem is to proportionally increase the anisotropy KU as V is decreased. However, this approach is limited by the available magnetic write field produced by the recording head. The magnetic field necessary to write the media (i.e., change the recorded magnetizations) is represented by the short-time or intrinsic coercivity H0 of the media, which is proportional to KU/M, where M is the grain magnetization or magnetic moment. Therefore, increasing KU will increase H0 and may prevent the media from being able to be written by a conventional recording head. Thus, to ensure reliable operation of a magnetic recording disk drive, the media must have sufficiently high S0NR, sufficiently low H0 to be writable, and sufficiently high KUV to be thermally stable. Improved media S0NR can be achieved with “laminated” media. In laminated media, the single magnetic layer is replaced with a laminate of two or more separate magnetic layers that are spaced apart and magnetically decoupled by nonmagnetic spacer layers. This discovery was made by S. E. Lambert, et al., “Reduction of Media Noise in Thin Film Metal Media by Lamination”, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 26, No. 5, September 1990, pp. 2706-2709, and patented in U.S. Pat. No. 5,051,288. Published patent application US2002/0098390 describes a laminated media of two or more magnetic layers wherein the lower magnetic layer is an antiferromagnetically-coupled (AFC) layer. Laminated media increases S0NR because N is increased, e.g., essentially doubled when two magnetic layers are used or tripled when three magnetic layers are used. In laminated media the same magnetic alloy composition that was used in the single magnetic layer is used in all magnetic layers, so that it is not necessary to use a higher KU magnetic alloy material. Thus KU remains the same as for the single-layer media. If each magnetic layer in the laminate is also the same thickness as the single magnetic layer, then the grain volume V remains the same because the grains in the two magnetic layers are magnetically decoupled by the nonmagnetic spacer layer. Thus S0NR is increased without a reduction in KUV so that thermal stability is not decreased. However, the laminated media approach to increasing media S0NR requires substantially thicker media, e.g., a doubling of the total magnetic layer thickness if two magnetic layers are used. An increase in the total thickness causes a different problem, namely difficulty in writing. This is because the write field from the recording head decreases with distance from the write head and thus the strength of the write field is less at the bottom magnetic layer than at the top magnetic layer. If H0 of the bottom magnetic layer in the laminated media is greater than the write field, the magnetization of the bottom magnetic layer cannot be switched and thus data cannot written to the laminated media. Thus it has not been possible to fabricate useful laminated media with more than two magnetic layers. What is needed is laminated media with more than two magnetic layers and with good magnetic recording properties. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The invention is a magnetic recording system with a magnetic recording medium having a laminated magnetic structure with at least three magnetic layers, wherein the magnetic layers have decreasing intrinsic coercivity H0 with distance from the write head. The lower magnetic layer in the laminated structure is the top ferromagnetic film of an antiferromagnetically-coupled (AFC) layer, and the middle and upper layers in the laminated structure are individual magnetic layers. The write field at the center of each magnetic layer is greater than that layer's H0, enabling the magnetization of each magnetic layer to be switched by the write field. The magnetic layers have different compositions and/or thicknesses and thereby different values of H0. If the alloy used in the magnetic layers is a CoPtCrB alloy, the intrinsic coercivity is varied primarily be varying the amount of Pt and/or Cr. The alloys used in the middle and upper magnetic layers are relatively “high-moment” alloys that would not ordinarily be used in magnetic recording media because they have relatively low S0NR. The middle and upper magnetic layers can be made substantially thinner, which enables the magnetic layers to be located closer to the write head, thereby exposing each of the magnetic layers to a higher write field. Even though the middle and upper magnetic layers have relatively low S0NR, the overall S0NR of the laminated magnetic structure is improved because of the effect of lamination. For a fuller understanding of the nature and advantages of the present invention, reference should be made to the following detailed description taken together with the accompanying figures. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a schematic top view of a conventional magnetic recording hard disk drive with the cover removed. FIG. 2 is an enlarged end view of the slider and a section of the disk taken in the direction 2-2 in FIG. 1. FIG. 3 is a view in the direction 3-3 of FIG. 2 and shows the ends of the read/write head as viewed from the disk. FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of a proposed prior art magnetic recording disk with a laminated magnetic structure. FIG. 5 is a profile of the normalized magnetic field from the write head as a function of vertical spacing from the head for a proposed prior art laminated magnetic disk with identical magnetic layers showing the field at the center of the lower layer being 0.50 of the write gap field. FIG. 6 is a profile of the normalized magnetic field from the write head as a function of vertical spacing from the head for a laminated magnetic disk with identical magnetic layers, but substantially thinner than the layers in FIG. 5, showing the field at the center of the lower layer being 0.68 of the write gap field. FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of the head and disk according to the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Prior Art FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a conventional magnetic recording hard disk drive. The disk drive includes a magnetic recording disk 12 and a rotary voice coil motor (VCM) actuator 14 supported on a disk drive housing or base 16. The disk 12 has a center of rotation 13 and is rotated in direction 15 by a spindle motor (not shown) mounted to base 16. The actuator 14 pivots about axis 17 and includes a rigid actuator arm 18. A generally flexible suspension 20 includes a flexure element 23 and is attached to the end of arm 18. A head carrier or air-bearing slider 22 is attached to the flexure 23. A magnetic recording read/write head 24 is formed on the trailing surface 25 of slider 22. The flexure 23 and suspension 20 enable the slider to “pitch” and “roll” on an air-bearing generated by the rotating disk 12. Typically, there are multiple disks stacked on a hub that is rotated by the spindle motor, with a separate slider and read/write head associated with each disk surface. FIG. 2 is an enlarged end view of the slider 22 and a section of the disk 12 taken in the direction 2-2 in FIG. 1. The slider 22 is attached to flexure 23 and has an air-bearing surface (ABS) 27 facing the disk 12 and a trailing surface 25 generally perpendicular to the ABS. The ABS 27 causes the airflow from the rotating disk 12 to generate a bearing of air that supports the slider 22 in very close proximity or in near-contact with the surface of disk 12. The read/write head 24 is formed on the trailing surface 25 and is connected to the disk drive read/write electronics by electrical connection to terminal pads 29 on the trailing surface 25. The disk 12 is shown in section to illustrate the magnetic recording layer 50 and protective overcoat 52. FIG. 3 is a view in the direction 3-3 of FIG. 2 and shows the ends of read/write head 24 as viewed from the disk 12. The read/write head 24 is a series of thin films deposited and lithographically patterned on the trailing surface 25 of slider 22. The write head includes magnetic write poles P1/S2 and P2 separated by a write gap 30. The magnetoresistive sensor or read head 70 is located between two insulating gap layers G1, G2 that are typically formed of alumina. Gap layers G1, G2 are located between magnetic shields S1 and P1/S2, with P1/S2 also serving as the first write pole for the write head 24. FIG. 4 is a cross sectional view of a proposed prior art magnetic recording disk 100 having a laminated magnetic structure formed of three magnetic layers with the top layer 114 of an antiferromagnetically-coupled (AFC) layer 110 being the lower layer (LL), middle ferromagnetic layer (ML) 120 and upper ferromagnetic layer (UL) 130, all formed on disk substrate 102. The disk 100 also includes an underlayer structure 104 of one or more seed layers or underlayers, nonferromagnetic spacer layers 115 and 125, and a conventional protective overcoat 140. The AFC layer 110 is made up of two ferromagnetic layers or films (bottom film 112 and top film 114) that are antiferromagnetically coupled by antiferromagnetically-coupling film 113, such that the net MrtLL of AFC layer 110 is given by Mrt114-Mrt112. The antiferromagnetically-coupling film 113 has a thickness and composition to provide antiferromagnetic exchange coupling of films 112, 114, as is well-known in the art, and is typically formed of a material selected from the group consisting of ruthenium (Ru), chromium (Cr), rhodium (Rh), iridium (Ir), copper (Cu), and their alloys. The composite Mrt of the laminated structure is: MrtUL+MrtML+\|(Mrt114−Mrt112)\|. The disk 100 has a structure like the following: Cr50Ti50/Ru50Al50/Cr90Ti10/ Layer 112=Co89Cr11(Mrt112=0.13 memu/cm2)/Ru(0.6 nm)/ Layer 114=Co63Pt12Cr14B11(Mrt114=0.37 memu/cm2)/Ru(1.2 nm)/ ML=Co63Pt12Cr14B11(MrtML=0.37 memu/cm2)/Ru(1.2 nm)/ UL=Co63Pt12Cr14B11(MrtUL=0.37 memu/cm2)Carbon overcoat. The Cr50Ti50/Ru50Al50/Cr90Ti10 is the underlayer structure 104. LL and ML are magnetically decoupled by the 1.2 nm Ru nonferromagnetic spacer layer 115, and ML and UL are magnetically decoupled by the 1.2 nm Ru nonferromagnetic spacer layer 125. The layers 114, 120 and 130 have the same composition and thickness, i.e., a Co63Pt12Cr14B11 , alloy, as suggested in the previously cited published patent application US2002/0098390. This composition is considered to be an alloy with a moderately high intrinsic coercivity (H0˜8 kOe). The magnetic moments of the ferromagnetic layers in FIG. 4 are represented by the arrows. The moments of layers 130, 120 and the net magnetic moment of the AFC layer 110 are oriented parallel in the remanent magnetic states after being saturated in an applied magnetic field. Because Mrt114 is depicted as being greater than Mrt112 (as shown be the relative length of the arrows in these layers), the moment of layer 110 is parallel to the moment of layer 114. FIG. 5 shows the typical profile of a normalized magnetic field (H/HG, where HG is the field at the write gap of the write head) as a function of vertical spacing y from the head pole tips for a recording head with a 100 nm write gap. The field at the center of the magnetic layer is typically used as a measurement of the field available to write that layer. The center of each layer in the proposed three-magnetic-layer laminated structure like that of FIG. 4 is marked on the field profile and assumes each of the three CoPtCrB alloy magnetic layers is 10 nm thick, each of the two nonmagnetic spacer layers is 1 nm thick, and the spacing from the head to the top of UL is 18 nm. From FIG. 5 it can be seen that the fields in the center of the magnetic layers UL, ML and LL are 70%, 59% and 50%, respectively, of the field produced in the write gap (HG). In view of the significant reduction in write field available for LL relative to ML, it is unlikely that a three-magnetic-layer structure like that proposed in the prior art can be written. Because UL, ML and LL (layer 114) are identical in composition and thickness, each of these layers in the prior art would have the same intrinsic coercivity. (When LL is the top ferromagnetic layer 114 in the AFC layer 110 the head only needs to write this layer because the antiferromagnetic exchange field causes the magnetization of the lower layer 112 to be switched. Thus, the composition of layer 112 has a negligible effect on H0 of LL.) If the composition of the layers was selected so that the intrinsic coercivity is close to 0.70 HG then the write head would be able to write UL but not LL. If the composition of the layers was selected so that the intrinsic coercivity is close to 0.50 HG then the write head would be able to write all of the layers but the laminated structure would be unacceptable as a recording medium because the top layer and middle layer would give poor performance and the improvement in S0NR over a single layer with the intrinsic coercivity close to 0.70 HG would be slight. The Invention One solution to the problem of not being able to write LL is to make the layers thinner. For example, if each of the three CoPtCrB alloy magnetic layers is the same alloy composition and is 2 nm thick, and each of the two nonmagnetic spacer layers is 1 nm thick, then from FIG. 6 it can be seen that the fields in the center of the magnetic layers UL, ML and LL (layer 214) are 75%, 72% and 68%, respectively, of the field produced in the write gap (HG). In this case, the CoPtCrB alloy could have a composition to provide an intrinsic coercivity close to 0.68 HG and be able to be written by the head. However, this solution results in unacceptably low values of KUV for each of the layers, such that the layers are thermally unstable and therefore unacceptable for use in a recording medium. In this invention each of LL, ML and UL have different compositions and/or thicknesses so that the intrinsic coercivity of the magnetic layers decreases with distance from the write head. FIG. 7 illustrates the invention. FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of the magnetic recording disk 200 having a substrate 202 with a laminated magnetic structure formed of three magnetic layers: LL is the top layer 214 of an antiferromagnetically-coupled (AFC) layer 210; ML is the middle ferromagnetic layer 220; and UL is the upper ferromagnetic layer 230. The disk 200 also includes an underlayer structure 204 of one or more seed layers or underlayers, nonferromagnetic spacer layers 215 and 225, and a conventional protective overcoat 240. The AFC layer 210 is made up of bottom ferromagnetic layer 212 and top ferromagnetic 214 that are antiferromagnetically coupled by antiferromagnetically-coupling film 213. A write head 250 is maintained above disk 200 and includes write poles P1 and P2 spaced apart by a write gap G. The write head is a conventional thin film head fabricated on the trailing surface of an air-bearing slider, as is well known in the disk drive technology. The write head produces a field HG at the gap G. The magnetic field lines are represented by the dashed lines in FIG. 7, with the strength of the write field decreasing with distance from the tips of poles P1, P2. The arrows represent the magnetization directions in the respective layers, with the vertical lines in UL, ML and LL representing transitions between the magnetized regions in these layers. In the disk 200, ML is formed of an alloy with a lower intrinsic coercivity than the alloy in layer UL, which enables ML to be able to be written by the recording head but without a reduction in MrtUL. Similarly, LL (layer 214) can be made of an alloy with a lower intrinsic coercivity than the alloy in layer ML, which enables LL to be able to be written by the recording head but without a reduction in MrtML. If the alloys used in layer LL, ML and UL are CoPtCrB alloys, then the intrinsic coercivity is reduced primarily by decreasing the amount of Pt. Also, the UL and ML are relatively “high-moment” alloys which allows the layers to be thinner for a given MrtUL and MrtML. The moment is increased primarily by decreasing the amount of Cr. Thus, ML and UL will typically have a lower concentration of Cr than LL. A suitable laminated structure according to the invention would have magnetic layers with the following compositions: UL: Co63Pt(13-15)Cr(10-16)B(8-15) ML: Co63Pt(12-13)Cr(10-16)B(8-15) LL (layer 214): Co63Pt(11-12)Cr(10-22)B(<7) The above compositions for UL and ML are generally unsuitable for conventional magnetic recording because they are generally considered to be high-moment alloys with significant intergranular exchange coupling causing unacceptably low S0NR. Also, the ML and LL alloys are alloys with relatively low intrinsic coercivity which also causes unacceptably low S0NR. Conventional high performance media are “low-moment” alloys with high intrinsic coercivity, with the Pt amount being 14 at. % or less and with relatively high concentrations of Cr (>approximately 18 at. %) and/or B (>approximately 10 at. %). It is necessary to add segregants such as Cr and B to the CoPt alloy so that the grains are magnetically decoupled to achieve good S0NR. The more these segregants are added the more the grains are decoupled, but the lower the moment of the alloy. Also, the high intrinsic coercivity maximizes the S0NR. In this invention, the alloys in ML and UL are high-moment alloys with relatively poor S0NR. This invention solves the problem of not being able to write LL in the laminated structure, without reducing the S0NR. By adjusting the H0 values of the layers, then for a given composite Mrt, the magnetic layers can now be written by the head. This significantly changes the ability of the write head to write LL because the intrinsic coercivity of LL is equal to or less than the field produced by the write head at the center of LL. These high-moment alloys with low intrinsic coercivity would not ordinarily be selected because they exhibit reductions in S0NR. However, in this invention, if on their own the individual high-moment layers are 0.5 dB lower than the conventional alloys, then the advantage obtained by being able to write the three-magnetic-layer structure (+1.8 dB) leads to a significant overall improvement in S0NR. In the preferred embodiment the intrinsic coercivity H0LL of LL is at least 25 percent less than the intrinsic coercivity H0UL of UL, the intrinsic coercivity H0ML of ML is at least 15 percent less than the intrinsic coercivity H0UL of UL, and the intrinsic coercivity H0UL of UL is at least 70 percent of HG. In one example, if a write head with HG=15 kOe is used, then the three-magnetic-layer laminated structure would have UL formed of high-moment Co62Pt15Cr12B11 10 nm thick, ML formed of high-moment Co64Pt13Cr12B1110 nm thick, layer 214 in LL formed of low-moment Co63Pt12Cr18B7 10 nm thick, and the spacer layers formed of 1 nm thick Ru. This would result in intrinsic coercivities of about H0UL=10 kOe, H0ML=8 kOe and H0LL=7 kOe, and write fields at the centers of UL, ML and LL of about 10.5 kOe, 8.8 kOe and 7.5 kOe, respectively. As used herein UL and LL refer to the uppermost and lowermost magnetic layers, respectively, in the laminated structure. If the invention is practiced in a laminated structure with more than three magnetic layers, then such a structure would have more than one middle magnetic layer (ML). While the present invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to the preferred embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and detail may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the disclosed invention is to be considered merely as illustrative and limited in scope only as specified in the appended claims.	<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>1. Field of the Invention This invention relates generally to magnetic recording disk drives, and more particularly to a magnetic recording disk drive that uses a “laminated media” magnetic recording disk with improved intrinsic media signal-to-noise ratio (S 0 NR). 2. Description of the Related Art In magnetic recording disk drives, where the magnetic recording media on the disks is a granular metal alloy, such as a CoPt alloy, the intrinsic media noise increases with increasing linear recording density. Media noise arises from irregularities in the recorded magnetic transitions and results in random shifts of the readback signal peaks. High media noise leads to high bit error rates. Thus to obtain higher areal densities in magnetic recording disk drives, it is necessary to decrease the intrinsic media noise, i.e., increase the signal-to-noise ratio (S 0 NR), of the recording media. The media S 0 NR is to first order proportional to 20 log (N 1/2 ), where N is the number of magnetic grains per unit area in the media and S 0 NR is expressed in units of dB. Accordingly, increases in S 0 NR can be accomplished by increasing N. However, N is limited by the individual grain area (A) required to maintain the thermal stability of the recorded magnetization. This limitation arises because the energy term protecting against thermal degradation is K U V, where K U is the anisotropy and V is the volume of an individual magnetic grain. K U V must be kept greater than a certain value to assure thermal stability of the recorded magnetizations. Increasing N by merely reducing the grain area A will reduce V since V=At, where t is the grain height (i.e., the thickness of the magnetic recording layer), and this will reduce K U V, leading to thermal instability. One approach to prevent this problem is to proportionally increase the anisotropy K U as V is decreased. However, this approach is limited by the available magnetic write field produced by the recording head. The magnetic field necessary to write the media (i.e., change the recorded magnetizations) is represented by the short-time or intrinsic coercivity H 0 of the media, which is proportional to K U /M, where M is the grain magnetization or magnetic moment. Therefore, increasing K U will increase H 0 and may prevent the media from being able to be written by a conventional recording head. Thus, to ensure reliable operation of a magnetic recording disk drive, the media must have sufficiently high S 0 NR, sufficiently low H 0 to be writable, and sufficiently high K U V to be thermally stable. Improved media S 0 NR can be achieved with “laminated” media. In laminated media, the single magnetic layer is replaced with a laminate of two or more separate magnetic layers that are spaced apart and magnetically decoupled by nonmagnetic spacer layers. This discovery was made by S. E. Lambert, et al., “Reduction of Media Noise in Thin Film Metal Media by Lamination”, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 26, No. 5, September 1990, pp. 2706-2709, and patented in U.S. Pat. No. 5,051,288. Published patent application US2002/0098390 describes a laminated media of two or more magnetic layers wherein the lower magnetic layer is an antiferromagnetically-coupled (AFC) layer. Laminated media increases S 0 NR because N is increased, e.g., essentially doubled when two magnetic layers are used or tripled when three magnetic layers are used. In laminated media the same magnetic alloy composition that was used in the single magnetic layer is used in all magnetic layers, so that it is not necessary to use a higher K U magnetic alloy material. Thus K U remains the same as for the single-layer media. If each magnetic layer in the laminate is also the same thickness as the single magnetic layer, then the grain volume V remains the same because the grains in the two magnetic layers are magnetically decoupled by the nonmagnetic spacer layer. Thus S 0 NR is increased without a reduction in K U V so that thermal stability is not decreased. However, the laminated media approach to increasing media S 0 NR requires substantially thicker media, e.g., a doubling of the total magnetic layer thickness if two magnetic layers are used. An increase in the total thickness causes a different problem, namely difficulty in writing. This is because the write field from the recording head decreases with distance from the write head and thus the strength of the write field is less at the bottom magnetic layer than at the top magnetic layer. If H 0 of the bottom magnetic layer in the laminated media is greater than the write field, the magnetization of the bottom magnetic layer cannot be switched and thus data cannot written to the laminated media. Thus it has not been possible to fabricate useful laminated media with more than two magnetic layers. What is needed is laminated media with more than two magnetic layers and with good magnetic recording properties.	<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>The invention is a magnetic recording system with a magnetic recording medium having a laminated magnetic structure with at least three magnetic layers, wherein the magnetic layers have decreasing intrinsic coercivity H 0 with distance from the write head. The lower magnetic layer in the laminated structure is the top ferromagnetic film of an antiferromagnetically-coupled (AFC) layer, and the middle and upper layers in the laminated structure are individual magnetic layers. The write field at the center of each magnetic layer is greater than that layer's H 0 , enabling the magnetization of each magnetic layer to be switched by the write field. The magnetic layers have different compositions and/or thicknesses and thereby different values of H 0 . If the alloy used in the magnetic layers is a CoPtCrB alloy, the intrinsic coercivity is varied primarily be varying the amount of Pt and/or Cr. The alloys used in the middle and upper magnetic layers are relatively “high-moment” alloys that would not ordinarily be used in magnetic recording media because they have relatively low S 0 NR. The middle and upper magnetic layers can be made substantially thinner, which enables the magnetic layers to be located closer to the write head, thereby exposing each of the magnetic layers to a higher write field. Even though the middle and upper magnetic layers have relatively low S 0 NR, the overall S 0 NR of the laminated magnetic structure is improved because of the effect of lamination. For a fuller understanding of the nature and advantages of the present invention, reference should be made to the following detailed description taken together with the accompanying figures.	20040524	20070213	20051124	62237.0		0	EVANS, JEFFERSON A	MAGNETIC RECORDING SYSTEM WITH THREE-LAYER LAMINATED MEDIA HAVING IMPROVED SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO	UNDISCOUNTED	0	ACCEPTED		2,004
10,853,712	ACCEPTED	Privacy panel system for ornamental fence	A privacy panel system for ornamental fences that include a plurality of panel members that are dimensioned to fit within adjacent pickets of the ornamental fence to close off and provide privacy between the pickets. Each panel member comprises a central section with offset attachment wings, the latter of which are affixed to the back planar face of the parallel fence pickets. The central section is offset to extend within and between adjacent pickets, but offset from the front face thereof. To provide privacy between a picket and a post, such as an end post, an elongated trim piece is provided having a first edge defining a slot with a slot gap substantially equal to the thickness of the privacy panel to enable a free edge of a central section of the privacy panel to be tightly retained within the slot. The free edge of the privacy panel is formed by cutting the central section vertically to provide a free end, which is rigidly and securely retained within the slot. Thus, the spacing between a picket and an end post, which is typically not of uniform spacing, can be closed off through the use of the end post trim piece in combination with the cut central section of the privacy panel.	1. A privacy panel system for ornamental fences having a plurality of vertical pickets and posts, said privacy panel system comprising: a set of privacy panels, each panel having a width greater than the spacing between adjacent fence pickets and a length substantially greater than the width, each said panel being opaque and made of a plastics material, each said panel having a central section and a pair of attachment wings, each of which are integral with said central section through a transition section, said attachment wings parallel to said central section and offset therefrom, said central section width not greater than the spacing between adjacent pickets so as to fit therewithin; an elongated trim piece having a length substantially equal to the length of said privacy panels, said trim piece being opaque and made of a plastics material, said trim-piece having a first edge defining a slot having a slot gap substantially equal to the thickness of said privacy panel to enable a free edge of a central section of said privacy panel to be tightly retained within said slot, said trim piece further comprising an integral trim piece attachment flange. 2. The privacy panel system of claim 1 wherein said plastics material is a durable outdoor grade plastic. 3. The privacy panel system of claim 1 further comprising attachment elements for affixing said attachment wings to the ornamental fence pickets and for affixing said trim piece attachment flange to a vertical post. 4. The privacy panel system of claim 1 wherein the attachment wings are offset from the central section at a distance less than the dimension thickness of the vertical pickets. 5. The privacy panel system of claim 1 wherein said trim piece further comprises a privacy face integral with and extending from said first edge and parallel with said slot. 6. The privacy panel system of claim 1 wherein at least one privacy panel is cuttable along the vertical length of said central section to remove one of said attachment wings and form a free edge of said central section. 7. An ornamental fence combined with privacy panels affixed thereto comprising: an ornamental fence comprising a plurality of vertically disposed parallel elongated pickets of rectangular cross-section, at least one vertical post adjacent at least one of said pickets, and at least one horizontally disposed rail intersecting the parallel pickets and post to define vertically elongated rectangular fence openings; a plurality of privacy panels affixed to the ornamental fence and covering said rectangular fence openings, each privacy panel between adjacent pickets comprising an opaque plastic panel having a width no greater than the spacing between adjacent pickets and a length sufficient to cover the rectangular fence opening, said panel being of uniform thickness, said panel having a substantially planar central section and a pair of attachment wings, each integral with said central section through a transition section, said attachment wings parallel to said central section and offset therefrom with each transition section substantially perpendicular to the central section and attachment wings, the central section positionable within, and enclosing, said vertically elongated rectangular fence opening and wherein said attachment wings overlie a rectangular face of the pickets for attachment thereto. 8. The combination of claim 7 wherein the attachment wings of adjacent privacy panels overlap each other and are affixed to a rectangular face of the pickets by screws. 9. The combination of claim 7 wherein the attachment wings are offset from the central section a distance less than the distance between rectangular faces of the picket so that the central section is recessed from the front of the ornamental fence pickets. 10. The combination of claim 7 wherein the privacy panel between a picket and a post includes only a single attachment wing and includes a free edge, and further comprising an elongated trim piece having a length substantially equal to the length of the privacy panel, said trim piece being opaque and made of a plastics material and having a first edge defining a slot having a slot gap substantially equal to the thickness of said privacy panel, the free edge of the privacy panel inserted within and tightly retained within said slot, said trim piece further comprising an integral trim piece attachment flange affixed to the post. 11. The combination of claim 10 wherein said trim piece includes a facing integral with and extending from the first edge and parallel with said slot. 12. A method for closing off an ornamental fence opening located between a fence picket and an adjacent post, where the ornamental fence comprises a plurality of vertically disposed parallel pickets of predetermined spacing therebetween and at least one vertically disposed parallel post where the spacing between the post and adjacent picket is less than the predetermined spacing, the method comprising the steps of: providing a privacy panel having a width and a length substantially greater than the width, the panel being opaque and made of a plastics material of substantially uniform thickness, the panel having a central section and a pair of attachment wings each integral with said central section through a transition section; measuring the distance between the picket and adjacent post; cutting the privacy panel vertically along its length to remove one of the attachment wings wherein the distance from the transition section to the cut edge is just less than the distance between the picket and the post; attaching an elongated trim piece to the cut edge of the panel; and attaching the cut panel and trim piece to the picket and post, respectively.	BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a privacy panel system for ornamental fences. Ornamental fences are formed from a plurality of vertically disposed parallel pickets and posts, including end posts, with horizontal intersecting rails. The privacy system includes a plurality of panel members that are dimensioned to fit within adjacent pickets to close off the opening defined by the pickets and rails, and further includes a specially cut panel fitted with a trim piece to fill the opening between a picket and a post. 2. Description of the Related Art Ornamental fence systems are well known. Such fence systems are formed from a plurality of vertically disposed parallel pickets of aluminum, steel or plastic that are rectangular, preferably square, in cross-section. Horizontal rails or bars near the top and bottom are typically provided and ornamental designs in the areas of the topmost horizontal rails are sometimes utilized. Ornamental fences are often regulated for child safety and may be standardized to provide a maximum 4″ spacing between adjacent pickets. The cross-section of the pickets are generally ⅝″, ¾″ or 1″ square. Ornamental fence products are relatively open and provide no privacy. A need has thus arisen for ornamental fence systems to include some means for ensuring privacy. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is an object of the present invention to provide privacy for ornamental fence systems. It is an object of the present invention to provide privacy through the use of pre-cut opaque panels to fit within ornamental fence pickets having predetermined dimensions in a secure manner while maintaining the unique ornamental design and integrity of the fence. Still further, it is an object of the present invention to provide an easily installed privacy system formed of standardized panels that are placed and secured within adjacent pickets. The panels may be pre-cut, or cut on the job for providing privacy in the space adjacent to an end post, where the spacing between the picket, or intermediate post, and end post might be less than the standard predetermined panel dimension. It is still further an object of the present invention to quickly and easily provide a secure attachment of privacy panels to ornamental fence systems. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS These and other objects, features and many of the attendant advantages of this invention will be better understood by those with ordinary skill in the art in connection with the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments and the accompanying drawings wherein: FIG. 1 is a front view of an ornamental fence section; FIG. 2 is a partial cutaway view showing the drilling of holes through overlapping panels and a picket; FIG. 3 is a front view of an ornamental fence section with privacy panels installed thereon; FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view along line 4-4 of FIG. 3; FIG. 5 is a perspective view of a privacy panel; and FIG. 6 is a perspective view of a cut privacy panel and trim piece attached to an ornamental fence. Like reference characters refer to like parts throughout the several views of the drawings. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS In describing a preferred embodiment of the invention illustrated in the drawings, specific terminology will be resorted to for the sake of clarity. However, the invention is not intended to be limited to the specific terms so selected, and it is to be understood that each specific term includes all technical equivalents which operate in a similar manner to accomplish a similar purpose. Ornamental fences, a section 1 of which is shown in FIG. 1, include a plurality of pickets 3, typically ⅝″, ¾″ or 1″ pickets, square in cross-section, of aluminum, steel or plastic, welded or attachable in components, wherein the pickets 3 are spaced no more than 4″ apart or other dimensions as set by governmental safety standards. Posts 5 of greater size are located at the ends of the fence (end post 50; FIG. 6) or at predetermined locations along the overall fence length. Typically, end post 5, 50 is 2½″ square. The parallel pickets 3 may be intersected by parallel, horizontally-oriented rails 7, 9, which have a cross-sectional size similar to the posts. These horizontal rails 7, 9 (may be positioned below a top rail) and above the bottom 13 of the fence 1, as determined by the fence style required. The standardization of the picket spacing in ornamental fencing assists in providing an economical, cost effective, privacy panel system of the present invention as will be described. The ornamental fence may be formed from a plurality of sections 1 and it is often the case that the distance between adjacent posts 5, or between an end post 50 and adjacent picket 30 may be less than the predetermined spacing. A privacy panel 20 is shown in perspective view in FIG. 5. Privacy panels 20 affixed to pickets 3 are also shown in top view in FIG. 4. The privacy panel 20 is opaque plastic and preferably of a color to match that of the ornamental fence pickets and posts. The privacy panel includes a central section 22 with attachment wings 24, 26 that are offset through transition sections 28, 30. Each of the central section 22 and attachment wings 24, 26 are, preferably, parallel to each other. For use with ornamental fences that are standardized as discussed above; the central section 22 is just under 4″ or just under the width between adjacent pickets 3. The panel length is sized to extend between the top 7 and bottom 9 horizontal rails, which are also standardized. The transition sections 28, 30 are near perpendicular to the attachment wings, but preferably form slightly obtuse angles at 34. The central section 22 and integral transition sections 28, 30 completely close the opening between adjacent pickets 3. The attachment wings 24, 26 are offset from the central section approximately ⅜″ for pickets that are ⅝″, ¾ inch or 1″ square. That is, the offset dimension is less than the distance between front 41 and back 42 faces of the picket, so as to maintain the picket profile being visible and of different dimensions for aesthetic purposes. The overall width from wing tip 43 to wing tip 45 is just over 5″ for 4″ picket spacings to enable the privacy panel to fit within adjacent pickets and to enable the wings to be in facing relationship for attachment to the back face 42 of the picket. As shown, for example, in FIG. 2, the panels 20 are inserted between adjacent pickets and at least two panels are placed in adjacent openings, where the attachment wings overlap and overlie the picket. Self-tapping stainless steel screws are then drilled into the overlapping panels and pickets 50 (although other screws or fasteners can be used) affixing the panels to the pickets. Alternatively, the attachment wings may have holes pre-drilled therethrough 52. The panels 22 are extruded from durable outdoor grade plastic and include UV inhibitors. The material will be impervious to chemicals and environmental conditions and cleaning can be easily accomplished with high-pressure sprays, garden hoses or regular household detergents. The system can be supplied in packages or sets having a fixed number of panels and screws and customers can order the number of sets needed for the particular fence system for which privacy is sought. When installing ornamental fences, the spacing between a post, such as an end post 50 and adjacent picket or post (generically 30 in FIG. 6) will often need to be adjusted and customized for the particular fence application. This spacing could thus be less than the standardized spacing. Accordingly, the privacy panels must be able to accommodate this altered distance between the post 50 and adjacent picket 30. As shown in FIG. 6, an end post trim piece 60 is provided. The end post trim piece forms a right angle bend with respect to a cut-off central section 70 of a privacy panel 200. This right angle bend trim piece 60 defines an attachment flange 62 which is drilled into the side 52 of the end post 50 that faces the adjacent picket 30, as is shown. To install the privacy panel 200 adjacent the post 50, the installer will first measure the spacing between the picket and the adjacent end post and then cut a privacy panel along its vertical length at 80 to remove one of the attachment wings and transition sections to form a free edge 80 so as to accommodate the narrower spacing. Then, a trim piece 60 is attached onto the free edge 80 of the cut panel 200 and this end piece will subsequently be fastened to the sidewall 52 of the end post 50. Accordingly, the distance between the remaining transition section, after cutting, and the free edge 80 of the cut central section, i.e., between 82 and 80, must be such that the panel, after affixing of the trim piece 60, will fit within and enclose the opening. The trim piece 60 includes a first edge 62 defining a slot 64 having a slot gap sized to tightly and rigidly secure the cut central panel section 70 therewithin. As shown by the double arrow 65 in FIG. 6, the cut central section 70 of the panel 200 is inserted into the slot 64 by lateral manual movement by the installer on site after cutting and before installation. The trim piece 60 is elongated with a length substantially equal to the length of the privacy panels. Integrally extending from the first edge 62 is a face 66 that also provides for privacy by closing the gap between the free edge.80 of the cut privacy panel and the end post face 52. The foregoing descriptions and drawings should be considered as illustrative only of the principles of the invention. As noted, the invention may be configured in a variety of shapes and sizes and is not limited by the dimensions of the preferred embodiment. Other similar modifications to the disclosed embodiments can also be made within scope of the instant inventive concepts. Thus, the foregoing descriptions and drawings should be considered as illustrative only of the principles of the invention.	<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a privacy panel system for ornamental fences. Ornamental fences are formed from a plurality of vertically disposed parallel pickets and posts, including end posts, with horizontal intersecting rails. The privacy system includes a plurality of panel members that are dimensioned to fit within adjacent pickets to close off the opening defined by the pickets and rails, and further includes a specially cut panel fitted with a trim piece to fill the opening between a picket and a post. 2. Description of the Related Art Ornamental fence systems are well known. Such fence systems are formed from a plurality of vertically disposed parallel pickets of aluminum, steel or plastic that are rectangular, preferably square, in cross-section. Horizontal rails or bars near the top and bottom are typically provided and ornamental designs in the areas of the topmost horizontal rails are sometimes utilized. Ornamental fences are often regulated for child safety and may be standardized to provide a maximum 4″ spacing between adjacent pickets. The cross-section of the pickets are generally ⅝″, ¾″ or 1″ square. Ornamental fence products are relatively open and provide no privacy. A need has thus arisen for ornamental fence systems to include some means for ensuring privacy.	<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>It is an object of the present invention to provide privacy for ornamental fence systems. It is an object of the present invention to provide privacy through the use of pre-cut opaque panels to fit within ornamental fence pickets having predetermined dimensions in a secure manner while maintaining the unique ornamental design and integrity of the fence. Still further, it is an object of the present invention to provide an easily installed privacy system formed of standardized panels that are placed and secured within adjacent pickets. The panels may be pre-cut, or cut on the job for providing privacy in the space adjacent to an end post, where the spacing between the picket, or intermediate post, and end post might be less than the standard predetermined panel dimension. It is still further an object of the present invention to quickly and easily provide a secure attachment of privacy panels to ornamental fence systems.	20040526	20070424	20051201	59371.0		0	KENNEDY, JOSHUA T	PRIVACY PANEL SYSTEM FOR ORNAMENTAL FENCE	UNDISCOUNTED	0	ACCEPTED		2,004
10,853,773	ACCEPTED	Electrostatic chuck	The electrostatic chuck includes: a conductive base formed of metal or both metal and ceramics, serving as a chucking electrode; and an insulating film formed on one principal plane of the conductive base, the top face of the insulating film serving as a placing surface for placing a wafer; wherein the insulating film is formed of a uniform amorphous ceramics of an oxide and has a thickness in a range of 10 to 100 μm, thereby preventing cracking and insulation breakdown in the insulating film and improving characteristics of releasing the wafer.	1. An electrostatic chuck comprising: a base serving as a chucking electrode; and an insulating film formed on one principal plane of the base, the top face of the insulating film serving as a placing surface for a wafer; wherein the insulating film is formed of an amorphous ceramics of an oxide and has a thickness in a range of 10 to 100 μm. 2. The electrostatic chuck according to claim 1, the base is a conductive base formed of metal or both metal and ceramics. 3. The electrostatic chuck according to claim 1, wherein the insulating film contains 1 to 10 atom % of a rare gas element, with a Vickers hardness of 500 to 1,000 HV0.1. 4. The electrostatic chuck according to claim 1, wherein the insulating film is composed in major component of any one of aluminum oxide, yttrium oxide, yttrium-aluminum oxide, or rare earth oxide. 5. The electrostatic chuck according to claim 2, wherein the conductive base contains a metal component of any one of aluminum or aluminum alloy, and a ceramic component of any one of silicon carbide or aluminum nitride, wherein the content of the ceramic component is 50 to 90 mass %. 6. The electrostatic chuck according to claim 2, wherein the a protective film of either an anodized film of aluminum or a spray coating film of alumina is formed on the remaining surface of the conductive base excluding the surface on which the insulating film is formed.	BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to an electrostatic chuck, specifically, for holding a semiconductor wafer (hereinafter, called wafer) or a liquid crystal glass in an etching step for minutely processing, a depositing step for forming a thin film, or a exposing step for exposing a photoresist film, on the wafer or the liquid crystal glass in a semiconductor or liquid crystal manufacturing process. 2. Description of the Related Art Conventionally, an electrostatic chuck is used for holding a wafer using electrostatic force in an etching step for minutely processing, a depositing step for forming a thin film, or a exposing step for exposing a photoresist film, on the wafer in a semiconductor manufacturing process. This electrostatic chuck, as shown in FIG. 5, includes a pair of chucking electrodes 53 on the top face of a ceramic base 54, and power supply terminals 58, where an insulating film 52 is formed over the chucking electrodes 53. The top surface of the insulating film 52 serves as a placing surface 52a for placing a wafer. The electrostatic chuck 51 is an object holding apparatus utilizing the Coulomb force of static electricity. When the insulating film 52 with a dielectric constant ε and a thickness r is formed and the wafer is placed on the placing surface 52a and then voltage V is applied between the chucking electrodes 53, half V/2 of the voltage is applied between the wafer W and each of the chucking electrodes 24. The half voltage causes the electrostatic force for pulling the wafer W. The chucking force F per unit area of this chucking force is calculated by the following formula: F=(ε/2)(V2/4r2) The chucking force F that is an electrostatic force for holding an object increases as the thickness r of the insulating film 52 becomes smaller and the voltage V becomes higher. The higher the voltage V becomes, the more the chucking force F increases. But if it is too much, insulation of the insulating film 52 might be broke down. In addition, in case a void, such as pinhole, exists in the insulating film 52, the insulation might be broke down. Therefore, the surface of the insulating film 52 for holding an object requires smoothness and lack of pinhole. By the way, a typical electrostatic chuck, as disclosed in the document 1 (JP-A-59-92782 (1984)), includes a metal, such as aluminum, for the electrode and a glass or organic film, such as bakelite, acrylic or epoxy, for the insulating film covering the electrode. However, these insulating film have problems in view of heat resisting properties, wear resistance, chemical resistance, etc., as well as cleanliness because abrasive powder which is generated in operation is likely to stick to a semiconductor wafer with bad influence. Additionally, another electrostatic chuck, as shown in FIG. 3, which includes a ceramic film formed by spray coating for the insulating film 25 is disclosed in the document 2 (JP-A-58-123381 (1983)). This insulating film has a number of pinholes with a problem of withstand voltage. Moreover, the document 3 (JP-A-4-49879 (1992)) discloses a method for forming chucking electrodes on the principal plane of a ceramic base, and then forming an insulating film with a thickness of several micrometers over the principal plane of the ceramic base using sputtering, ion plating or vacuum deposition. For the requirement of an electrostatic chuck used in a etching process, it can be used in a range of −20 to 200 degree-C because the process temperature is changed depending on plasma-resistance in halogen corrosive gas, such as process gas or cleaning gas, and the species of film to be etched. Processes requiring the plasma-resistance are increasingly demanded, since minute processing is increasingly developed for expansion of memory capacity of VLSI. Especially, halogen corrosive gas, such as chlorine gas, fluorine gas, is frequently used for etching gas or cleaning gas. In a cleaning step, wafer-less cleaning method in which cleaning is performed with no dummy wafer on a wafer placing face is studied. The method might strongly require the plasma-resistance of the wafer placing face. The electrostatic chuck might require a wide range of operation temperature and durability, depending on the species of films on a wafer to be etched. Disclosed are an electrostatic chuck which includes a conductive base of aluminum alloy and a spray coating film of alumina on the surface, and another electrostatic chuck which includes a conductive base of aluminum alloy and an anodized film of aluminum for an insulating film, to complete the plasma-resistance. But these have a problem of cracking due to the difference of the thermal expansion between the aluminum base and the insulating film when temperature is rising. For the countermeasure, the document 4 (JP-A-11-265930 (1999)) discloses an electrostatic chuck which includes a spray coating film 25 of alumina for the insulating film in consideration of a coefficient of thermal expansion of the conductive base 23 made of ceramics and metal, to prevent cracking even in a wide range of operation temperature. The document 5 (JP-A-8-288376 (1996)) discloses an electrostatic chuck which includes a conductive base of aluminum alloy, an anodized film of aluminum on the surface, and an amorphous aluminum oxide with a thickness of 0.1 to 10 μm formed thereon having excellent plasma-resistance. The document 6 (JP-A-4-287344 (1992)) discloses an electrostatic chuck which has chucking electrodes inside of ceramics, which is integrated with a conductive base equipped with a cooling function using silicone adhesives. The insulating film in the electrostatic chuck disclosed in the documents 3 and 5 is formed using sputtering or CVD, the thickness of which is limited to a few micrometers or less, therefore, causing a possibility that the insulation of the insulating film is broken down when voltage is applied to the chucking electrodes. In the document 5, as shown in FIG. 4, an anodized film 26 of aluminum is formed on the surface of a base 24 of aluminum alloy and an amorphous aluminum oxide layer 22 having excellent plasma-resistance is formed thereon with a thickness of 0.1 to 10 μm. But in such a protective film with a thickness of about 10 μm, pinholes which are created at a film forming step cannot be filled in, thereby eroding the underlayer. In addition, such a film with a thickness of 0.1 to 10 μm is easily eroded under a hard plasma condition, so lacking for practicality. This film also has a problem of flaking off due to an internal stress when forming the film having a thickness of 10 μm or more. Further, since the base 24 of aluminum alloy is used for the conductive base, the film is cracking at a temperature of 100 degree-C. or higher because of the different coefficients of thermal expansion of the anodized film 26 of aluminum and the amorphous aluminum oxide layer 22 formed thereon. Furthermore, in case the volume resistivity of the upper amorphous aluminum oxide film 22 is larger than that of the lower anodized film of aluminum, the voltage between the conductive base 24 of the electrostatic chuck 21 and the wafer is weighted toward the amorphous aluminum oxide film 22, resulting in breakdown of the insulation of the amorphous aluminum oxide film 22. Since the amorphous aluminum oxide film is different in volume resistivity from the anodized film of aluminum, the chucking force cannot rise up immediately and it takes time to become a certain level when voltage is applied. When the applied voltage is turn off, the chucking force cannot be zero immediately and the residual chucking force take places. Thus these response of chucking and release characteristics is degraded and it takes excessive time to attach or detach the wafer, resulting in disadvantage for the process control. In an electrostatic chuck disclosed in the document 6 (JP-A-4-287344 (1992)), silicone adhesives has a problem that a layer of silicone adhesives is eroded by process gas in an etching equipment. The insulating film 25 which is formed of a spray coating film of alumina, as disclosed in the patent documents 2 and 4, has a number of voids, which are sealed later using organic silicon or inorganic silicon. But the sealed portion of silicon is easy to be etched by plasma, thereby lowering the withstand voltage. The electrostatic chuck would not working in a short period of time. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It an object of the present invention to provide an electrostatic chuck which can prevent an insulating film from cracking and breakdown of insulation with an excellent release characteristics of wafer. An electrostatic chuck according to the present invention includes: a base serving as a chucking electrode; and an insulating film formed on one principal plane of the base, the top face of the insulating film serving as a placing surface for placing a wafer; wherein the insulating film is formed of an amorphous ceramics of an oxide and has a thickness in a range of 10 to 100 μm. It is preferable that the base is formed of metal or both metal and ceramics. It is preferable that the insulating film contains 1 to 10 atom % of a rare gas element, with a Vickers hardness of 500 to 1,000 HV0.1. It is preferable that the insulating film is composed of aluminum oxide, yttrium oxide, yttrium-aluminum oxide, or rare earth oxide. It is preferable that the conductive base contains a metal component of any one of aluminum or aluminum alloy, and a ceramic component of any one of silicon carbide or aluminum nitride, wherein the content of the ceramic component is 50 to 90 mass %. It is preferable that a protective film of either an anodized film of aluminum or a spray coating film of alumina is formed on the remaining surface of the conductive base excluding the surface on which the insulating film is formed. According to the above constitution, no cracking occurs in the insulating film and the insulation breakdown can be prevented. Furthermore, the electrostatic chuck with an excellent characteristics of releasing the wafer W can be obtained. Moreover, formation of a protective film can provide the electrostatic chuck with an excellent durability against plasma. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a sectional structural view of an example of an electrostatic chuck according to the present invention. FIG. 2 is a sectional structural view of another example of an electrostatic chuck according to the present invention. FIG. 3 is a sectional structural view of an example of a conventional electrostatic chuck. FIG. 4 is a sectional structural view of another example of a conventional electrostatic chuck. FIG. 5 is a sectional structural view of yet another example of a conventional electrostatic chuck. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS This application is based on an application No. 2003-147454 filed on May 26, 2003 in Japan, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Hereinafter, preferred embodiments will be described with reference to drawings. FIG. 1 illustrates a schematic structure, showing an example of an electrostatic chuck 1 according to the present invention. An insulating film 2 of amorphous ceramics is formed on the top face of a conductive base 3 of metal or both metal and ceramics. The top face of the insulating film 2 of amorphous ceramics serves as a placing surface 2a for chucking a wafer. In case the conductive base 3 is composed only of metal, the metal material for the conductive base 3 is preferably selected so as to match the thermal expansion of the insulating film 2 of amorphous ceramics. Since most of metal material has a coefficient of thermal expansion larger than that of amorphous ceramics, the conductive base 3 is preferably composed of a metal material, such as W, Mo, Ti or the like, having a lower coefficient of thermal expansion. Further, the conductive base 3 is composed of a composite material made of metal and ceramics, it is preferable to use the composite material with a three-dimensional network structure having a frame of a porous ceramic material and pores which is closely filled with aluminum or aluminum alloy. This structure enables both the coefficients of thermal expansion of the insulating film 2 and the conductive base 3 to approach each other. Furthermore, since the electric resistance of the conductive base 3 becomes about 10−7 Ω·m, the conductive base 3 is preferably usable for a chucking electrode. In addition, since the conductive base 3 can be composed of material with a larger coefficient of thermal conductivity of about 160 W/(m·K), it is preferable that heat transferred from atmosphere, such as plasma, to the wafer W is easily carried away through the conductive base 3. When putting the wafer W on the placing surface 2a and applying a chucking voltage of several hundreds volts between the conductive base 3 and the wafer W via a feeding hole 5, electrostatic force is generated between the conductive base 3 and the wafer W to pull the wafer W toward the placing surface 2a. For approaches for feeding electric power to the wafer, one approach is that a conductor stays direct contact with the wafer W. Another approach is that when using in plasma, electric power can be fed to the wafer W through the plasma, so it is not necessary to directly connect a conductor to the wafer W. The insulating film 2 in the electrostatic chuck 1 according to the present invention, as described above, is formed of a single layer of the insulating film 2 composed of a uniform amorphous ceramics, with a uniform volume resistivity of the insulating film 2 between the conductive base 3 and the placing surface 2a. Therefore, an electric field is uniformly generated inside the insulating film 2 and the electrostatic force rises up quickly to a constant chucking force when the chucking voltage is applied. After the chucking voltage is turned off, the chucking force quickly becomes zero to release the wafer W. Thus the electrostatic chuck 1 with excellent chucking and release characteristics can be obtained. Alternatively, for the conductive base 3, a ceramic base having a chucking electrode thereon may be used, in which an insulating film 2 may be formed so as to cover this chucking electrode. Reasons for using such a insulating film 2 of a uniform amorphous ceramics will be explained as follows. Since crystal lattices in an insulating film composed of a crystalline ceramics are firmly bonded to each other, the lattice constant is hardly changed. In case such a insulating film of the crystalline ceramics is used for the insulating film of the electrostatic chuck, it has little function to relax an internal stress generated in the insulating film from the conductive base 3 and a thermal stress due to difference between coefficients of thermal expansion. However, the insulating film 2 composed of an amorphous ceramics has various lattice constants which can be changed responsively to the stress, unlike the insulating film of the crystalline ceramics, thereby reducing the internal stress much in comparison with the insulating film of the crystalline ceramics. In addition, the insulating film 2 composed of an amorphous ceramics has an aperiodic atomic arrangement, in which spaces in atomic level are easily produced to incorporate an impurity in. Therefore, even if an internal stress is generated due to difference in thermal expansion between the insulating film 2 composed of an amorphous ceramics and the conductive base 3 and a stress during film formation, the stress applied to the insulating film 2 can reduced by slight deformation because the atomic arrangement is irregular and a number of defects in atomic level exist. Furthermore, since the insulating film 2 of an amorphous ceramics has a composition of less oxygen or less nitrogen than the stoichiometric composition of the corresponding crystal having the same composition, defects in atomic level can be easily produced so that the stress between the insulating film 2 and the conductive base 3 can be easily relaxed. The thickness of the insulating film 2 of an amorphous ceramics is preferably 10 to 100 μm. If the thickness of the insulating film 2 of an amorphous ceramics is below 10 μm, a pinhole or a thin portion is likely to be generated in the insulating film 2 of an amorphous ceramics by the influence of voids or particles on the surface of the conductive base 3. The pinhole or the thin portion would become a defect by exposure to plasma, which can pass through the insulating film 2 to erode the conductive base 3. Consequently, abnormal discharge or particles might be generated due to breakdown of the insulation. Therefore, the insulating film requires at least a thickness of 10 μm or more. Further, if the thickness of the insulating film 2 is over 100 μm, it would take time of several hours or more to deposit the insulating film 2 of an amorphous ceramics, resulting in poor mass productivity. The internal stress also would become too large, resulting in a problem that the insulating film 2 might flake off the conductive base 3. The thickness of the insulating film 2 is more preferably 30 to 70 μm. Incidentally, a thickness of 10 μm or more in the present invention means that the minimum thickness of the insulating film 2 on the conductive base 3 is 10 μm or more. A thickness of 100 μm or below means that the maximum thickness of the insulating film 2 on the conductive base 3 is 100 μm or below. In the insulating film 2 of an amorphous ceramics in the electrostatic chuck 1, argon exists as a rare gas element which has not reacted with other elements. Existence of a number of rare gas elements in the film promotes the insulating film 2 of an amorphous ceramics to be deformed, resulting in a significant effect of relaxing the internal stress. Therefore, even though forming the insulating film 2 of an amorphous ceramics with a thickness of 10 μm or more according to the present invention, such a large stress as to peel off the insulating film 2 can be prevented. The amount of argon in the insulating film can be controlled by increasing the gas pressure of argon and a minus bias voltage applied to the conductive base 3 during film formation, thereby incorporating more argon ions ionized in plasma into the insulating film 2. The amount of argon in the insulating film 2 is preferably 1 to 10 atom %, more preferably 3 to 8 atom %. In case the content of the rare gas element is below 1 atom %, the insulating film 2 of an amorphous ceramics cannot be deformed sufficiently with less effect of relaxing the stress, resulting in cracking even at a thickness of about 10 μm. Conversely, it is difficult in manufacture to set the content of the rare gas element at more than 10 atom %. Although sputtering using another rare gas element instead of argon can attain the same effect, argon gas is preferable because it has a higher sputtering efficiency at a lower cost in view of sputtering efficiency and cost. For a quantitative analysis of argon in the insulating film 2, after forming an amorphous ceramic film with a thickness of 20 μm on a sintered compact of aluminum oxide as a comparative sample, and then analyzing the sample using the Rutherford backscattering method, and then measuring the total atomic mass and the atomic mass of argon which has been detected, a value in atom percent is calculated by dividing the atomic mass of argon by the total atomic mass. Further, since the insulating film 2 of an amorphous ceramics contains such a rare gas element as noted above, the hardness thereof becomes smaller than that of a ceramic sintered compact having a similar composition. The more rare gas elements are incorporated in, the smaller the hardness becomes, thereby reducing the internal stress in the film. Although the insulating film 2 of an amorphous ceramics formed by film formation, such as sputtering, has a concave portion on the surface, there is little void inside the insulating film 2. Therefore, the concave portion on the surface can be removed by polishing the surface, so that the surface area to be exposed in plasma can be minimized anytime. Further, since there is no grain boundary like a polycrystal, etching can be uniformly performed without shedding. Consequently, the insulating film 2 is superior in plasma-resistance to a insulating film of the conventional ceramic polycrystal sintered compact. Moreover, the ceramic polycrystal sintered compact with crystal grain boundaries has a surface roughness of about Ra 0.02, while the surface roughness Ra of the amorphous ceramic insulating film 2 can be lowered to about Ra 0.0003, preferably in view of plasma-resistance. Furthermore, the Vickers hardness of the insulating film 2 of an amorphous ceramics containing the above rare gas element is preferably 500 to 1,000 HV0.1. If the Vickers hardness is over 1,000 HV0.1, the internal stress becomes larger and the insulating film might flake off. In case the Vickers hardness of the insulating film 2 is below 500 HV0.1, the internal stress of the insulating film becomes smaller and the insulating film hardly flakes off, but the insulating film easily suffers serious scratches because of the small hardness, thereby lowering the withstand-voltage. This is why hard dusts come in between the wafer W and the placing surface 2a of the electrostatic chuck 1 to scratch the insulating film 2 and the dielectric strength of the scratched area may decrease. Accordingly, the Vickers hardness of the insulating film 2 is preferably 500 to 1,000 HV0.1, more preferably 600 to 900 HV0.1. The insulating film 2 of an amorphous ceramics is preferably composed of aluminum oxide, yttrium oxide, yttrium-aluminum oxide, or rare earth oxide, each of which has an excellent plasma-resistance, and particularly the yttrium oxide is excellent. Further, the conductive base 3 composed of both metal and ceramics according to the present invention has a coefficient of thermal expansion, which depends on the coefficient of thermal expansion of the porous ceramic body constituting the frame, therefore, the ceramics is preferably silicon carbide or aluminum nitride. The thermal conductivity of the conductive base 3 depends on the thermal conductivity of the metal which is filled in the pores. Therefore, both the coefficient of thermal expansion and the thermal conductivity of the conductive base 3 can be appropriately adjusted by changing the mixture ratio of the two materials. In particular, the above metal is preferably aluminum or aluminum alloy, each of which does not contaminate the wafer W. In case the content of the ceramic component of the conductive base 3 is below 50 mass %, the strength of the conductive base 3 is greatly lowered, and the coefficient of thermal expansion of the conductive base 3 becomes larger because it depends on the coefficient of thermal expansion of the aluminum alloy rather than the porous ceramic body. Consequently, the difference of thermal expansion between the conductive base 3 and the amorphous ceramic insulating film 2 becomes too large, so that the insulating film 2 may flake off. Conversely, if the content of the ceramic component of the conductive base 3 is over 90 mass %, the opening porosity of the ceramics becomes smaller and is insufficiently filled with the aluminum alloy, so that the thermal conductivity and the electric conductivity are extremely lowered to spoil the function of the conductive base 3 3. For the above ceramics, used is porous ceramics, such as silicon nitride, silicon carbide, aluminum nitride, or alumina, which has a lower thermal expansion and a higher rigidity. In order to closely fill the aluminum alloy into the pores, the porous ceramic body with a pore diameter of 10 to 100 μm is preferably used. Incidentally, for a method for filling the metal into the pores of the porous ceramic body, after inserting the porous ceramic body into a press machine, and then heating up the machine, and then injecting the molten metal, pressing is performed by pressure. When setting the mass ratio of SiC in 50 to 90%, the coefficient of thermal expansion of the conductive base 3 can be varied in 11×10−6 to 5×10−6/degree-C so as to coincide with the coefficient of thermal expansion or the deposition stress of the insulating film 2. Further, when the electrostatic chuck 1 according to the present invention is used in an etching process, a corrosive gas may invade a exposed surface in the side face and the bottom face of the electrostatic chuck 1 which is protected with a cover ring (not shown). Therefore, a protective film 4 is preferably provided so as to improve the corrosion resistance to plasma. On the side face and the bottom face of conductive base 3, which are less corroded than the wafer placing surface 2a, a spray coating of alumina or an anodized film of aluminum is preferably formed for the protective film 4. The thickness of the above spray coating of alumina is preferably 50 to 500 μm. The thickness of the above anodized film of aluminum is preferably 20 to 200 μm. In a case the spray coating of alumina is formed for the protective film 4, surface material of the conductive base 3 is arbitrary. In another case the anodized film of aluminum is formed for the protective film 4, the surface material of the conductive base 3 needs to be aluminum alloy. When the conductive base 3 having the above porous ceramic body impregnated with aluminum alloy is provided with an anodized film, the anodized film grows only on the aluminum area of the surface and the ceramic area is partly exposed, thereby degrading the plasma-resistance and the insulation between the plasma atmosphere and the conductive base 3. Therefore, when impregnating with aluminum alloy, the aluminum alloy is preferably provided on the surface of the conductive base 3. Formation of the anodized film of aluminum can improve the plasma-resistance, and the surface insulation can obtained by oxidizing the aluminum on the surface. Incidentally, the feeding hole 5 is preferably provided on a part of the bottom face of the plasma protective film 4 so as to ensure an electric conduction with the conductive base 3. Next, a method for manufacturing the electrostatic chuck 1 according to the present invention will be described. Herein described is the electrostatic chuck 1 which includes the conductive base 3, the protective film 4 and the insulating film 2, wherein the conductive base 3 contains a porous body of silicon carbide impregnated with aluminum alloy and a surface layer of aluminum alloy, and the plasma-proof protective film 4 is the anodized film formed on the conductive base 3, and the amorphous ceramic insulating film 2 is formed of aluminum oxide by sputtering. After adding a powder of silicon oxide (SiO2), a binder and a solvent to a powder of silicon-carbide with an average particle diameter of about 60 μm, and then kneading them, granules are produced using a spray dryer. Next, after forming the granules into a disk-shaped body using a rubber press molding method, and then baking it in vacuum atmosphere at a temperature of about 1,000 degree-C., which is lower than a regular baking temperature, a porous ceramic body of silicon nitride having a porosity of 20% is produced and then processed into a desired shape. Next, after loading this porous ceramic body into a die of a press machine, and then heating up the die up to 680 degree-C., and then filling the die with a molten aluminum alloy with a purity of 99% or over, they are pressurized up to 98 MPa by dropping a punch. Next, after cooling it in the pressurized state, the porous ceramic body having aluminum alloy as metal filled in the pores is formed. When using the die with a size larger than the size of the porous ceramic body, an aluminum alloy layer is formed on the whole surface of the conductive base 3, resulting in the conductive base 3 with a predetermined shape. Next, the surface of the aluminum alloy layer on the surface of the above conductive base 3 is processed by anodic oxidation coating, obtaining the anodized film of aluminum. The anodic oxidation coating includes dipping an anode of the conductive base 3 and a cathode of carbon or the like in acid, such as oxalic acid or sulfuric acid, and then electrolyzing, so that a coating of γ-Al2O3 is formed on the surface of the aluminum alloy. Since this coating is porous, either dipping the coating in boiling water or reacting it with heated steam makes the protective film 4 of a dense coating of boehmite (AlOOH). In order to form the insulating film on the conductive base 3 with the above protective film 4, after removing by cutting the protective film 4 located on a surface on which the insulating film 2 is to be formed, and then mirror finishing the surface of the conductive base 3, a deposit surface is completed. Moreover, in case the spray coating of alumina is formed on the conductive base 3 for the protective film 2, alumina is sprayed after roughening the surface of the conductive base 3 using blast finishing or the like, thereby enhancing the adhesiveness. Further, a metal film of nickel system is preferably sprayed for surface preparation before alumina-spraying, thereby enhancing the adhesiveness with the protective film 2. The thermal spray coating of alumina is formed by melting and bombarding power from 40 μm to 50 μm in diameter of alumina in atmospheric pressure plasma or reduced pressure plasma. The reduced pressure plasma is preferable in view of higher gastightness. Since opening pores exist in the spray coating as is, the protective film 2 is processed using sealing by impregnating an organic silicon compound or an inorganic silicon compound and heating. The insulating film 2 of an amorphous ceramics is formed by sputtering on the above finished surface of the conductive base 3. In a sputtering equipment of parallel plate type, a target having such a composition as the insulating film 2 is set. Herein an aluminum oxide sintered compact is used for the target, and the conductive base 3 is set in a copper holder as opposite to the target. The bottom face of the conductive base 3 and the top face of the holder are bonded to each other by applying a liquid alloy of In and Ga, thereby enhancing the thermal transfer between the conductive base 3 and the holder and improving the cooling efficiency of the conductive base 3, resulting in the insulating film 2 of an amorphous ceramics with high quality. Thus the conductive base 3 is set in a chamber of the sputtering equipment, and after setting a degree of vacuum to 0.001 Pa, an argon gas flows at 25 to 75 sccm. Next, when applying a RF voltage between the target and the holder, plasma is generated. Next, the target and the conductive base 3 are cleaned up by pre-sputtering the target and etching the ceramic base 2 for several minutes. The insulating film of an amorphous ceramics composed of aluminum oxide is deposited by sputtering with the RF power of 3 to 9 W/cm2. The conductive base 3 is biased at about −100 to −200 V to attract a molecule ionized from the target and an argon ion. In case the conductive base 3 is insulated, the surface of the conductive base 3 is electrically charged by the argon ion, with a state that the subsequent argon ion hardly penetrates. After the argon ion penetrates in the film, the argon ion discharges an electric charge to restore to the argon atom and to remain in the film. In order to entrap more argon into the film, it is necessary to let the electric charge out from the feeding hole of the conductive base 3 via the In-Ga layer to the holder, to keep a constant state that the argon can be easily entrapped into the insulating film 2 of an amorphous ceramics. In addition, in case the conductive base 3 is cooled weakly, a part of the amorphous ceramic insulating film 2 is crystallized from amorphous state, thereby decreasing the dielectric strength in part and the plasma-resistance. In cooling the conductive base 3, supplying a cooling plate with a cooling water enables the inside of the base 3 holder to be sufficiently cooled, preferably keeping the conductive base 3 at a temperature of several dozens degree-C. The insulating film 2 of an amorphous ceramics with a thickness of about 50 μm is produced at a deposit rate of 3 μm/hour for 17 hours. Then, the surface of the amorphous ceramic insulating film 2 is finished by polishing to form the wafer placing surface, completing the electrostatic chuck 1. (Example 1) A porous body of SiC with a diameter of 198 mm and a thickness of 5 mm was impregnated with aluminum alloy to form a layer of aluminum alloy with a thickness of 1 mm on the side face and the top and bottom faces, obtaining the conductive base 3 with a diameter of 200 mm and a thickness of 7 mm, which contained 80 mass % of SiC and 20 mass % of aluminum alloy. Next, an insulating film of a ceramics was formed on the top surface to make samples of No. 1 to 10, which were evaluated on items of insulation breakdown, cracking, flaking, plasma-resistance of the insulating film. The insulation breakdown of the insulating film was evaluated in whether the insulation was broken down or not when a voltage of 3 kV was applied between the wafer and the conductive base 3. Further, regarding the evaluation on the plasma-resistance of the insulating film, the placing surface was exposed for 100 hours in plasma which was generated between the placing surface and an opposite electrode, which was located above the placing surface, by supplying a radio frequency power of 2 kW between the opposite electrode and the conductive base 3 with a halogen gas of Cl2 flowing at 60 sccm and a vacuum degree of 4 Pa, in a state that the side face of the electrostatic chuck was provided with a cover ring to cover the side face and no wafer was placed on the wafer placing surface. Then, after observing conditions of the insulating film, a condition that the conductive base was not exposed even though the insulating film was corroded and that the insulating film showed good properties of no irregularities on the surface was defined as “O”, and another condition was defined as “X”. Moreover, for comparative examples used were the sample No. 10 which had a spray coating film of alumina on the whole surface of the conductive base 3 with the same shape, and the sample No. 11 which included an anodized film formed on an aluminum alloy and an amorphous aluminum oxide film with a thickness of 10 μm formed thereon. The result is shown in Table 1. TABLE 1 insulation breakdown form of material of of chucking residual sample insulating insulating thickness insulating cracking, plasma- force chucking No. film film (μm) film flaking resistance (N/m2) force 1 amorphous aluminum 3 yes no X — — film oxide 2 amorphous aluminum 8 yes no X — — film oxide 3 amorphous aluminum 10 no no ◯ 250,000 0 film oxide 4 amorphous aluminum 50 no no ◯ 10,000 0 film oxide 5 amorphous aluminum 100 no no ◯ 2,500 0 film oxide 6 amorphous aluminum 150 no yes — — — film oxide 7 amorphous yttrium 50 no no ◯ 10,000 0 film oxide 8 amorphous yttrium- 50 no no ◯ 10,000 0 film aluminum oxide 9 amorphous cerium oxide 50 no no ◯ 12,000 0 film 10 spray aluminum 100 no no X — — coating oxide film 11 anodized aluminum 100 + 10 no no ◯ 3,500 600 film + amorphous oxide film Note: Samples marked with “*” are outside the scope of the invention. It can be seen that the samples No. 3 to 5, 7 to 9, which had the amorphous ceramic insulating film 2 with a thickness of 10 to 100 μm according to the present invention, showed excellent properties that no insulation breakdown, no cracking and no flaking occurred in the insulating film with good plasma-resistance. On the other hand, the samples No. 1 and 2, which had the amorphous ceramic insulating film 2 with a smaller thickness, showed no cracking and no flaking, but could not be used in a short time because the conductive base was exposed by corrosion due to plasma. The sample No. 6, which had the amorphous ceramic insulating film 2 with a larger thickness of 150 μm, showed that cracking and flaking occurred in a short time. The comparative examples of both the sample No. 10 with the spray coating film of alumina and the sample No. 11 with the anodized film of aluminum showed that no cracking and no flaking occurred, but a part of the film was ragged by plasma to expose the conductive base and the insulation was degraded between the wafer and the conductive base, with no function of the electrostatic chuck. Meanwhile, the samples having the insulating film 2 with a thickness in a range of 10 to 100 μm according to the present invention showed excellent properties that no cracking and no flaking occurred in the insulating film 2 and no irregularities was formed on the surface even in plasma. In addition, the samples No. 3, 4, 5, 7, 8 and 9, which showed that no insulation breakdown and no flaking occurred in the film with good plasma-resistance, were evaluated on chucking force and release characteristics. For a comparative example used were the sample No. 11 which included an anodized film formed on an aluminum alloy and an amorphous aluminum oxide film formed thereon. The electrostatic chucking force was measured in vacuum at room temperature, where placing a 1-inch square Si wafer on the placing surface, and then applying a voltage of 500 V between the wafer W and the conductive base 3, and then pulling up the Si wafer 1 minute later, a force required for pulling up was measured by a load cell and the measured value divided by the area of the placing surface was defined as the electrostatic chucking force per unit area. The residual chucking force was measured in vacuum, where placing a 1-inch square Si wafer on the placing surface, and then applying a voltage of 500 V for 2 minutes and turning off the voltage, and then pulling up the Si wafer 3 seconds later, a force required for pulling up was measured by the load cell and the measured value divided by the 1-inch square area of the placing surface was defined as the residual chucking force per unit area. The samples No. 3 to 5, 7 to 9, which had the amorphous ceramic insulating film 2 with a thickness of 10 to 100 μm according to the present invention, showed excellent chucking characteristics that the electrostatic chucking force was as large as 1,000 N/m2 or more and the residual chucking force was 0 N/m2. The sample No. 11, which had an insulating film of amorphous alumina on an anodized film of aluminum, showed that the electrostatic chucking force was favorably as large as 3,500 N/m2 but the residual chucking force was as large as 600 N/M2, resulting in no usability. The reason why this residual chucking force was large is imagined to be a cause that the volume resistivity of the anodized film was different from that of the amorphous aluminum oxide film. EXAMPLE 2 Secondly, using the conductive base 3 with a diameter of 200 mm and a thickness of 7 mm as used in Experiment 1, and an insulating film 2 of amorphous aluminum oxide, various films were deposited while changing the amount of argon contained in the amorphous ceramic insulating film 2 under various deposit conditions. Whether flaking and cracking occurred or not was evaluated. TABLE 2 sample amount of cracking, insulation breakdown No. argon (atom %) flaking of insulating film 21 0.5 yes — 22 1 no no 23 3 no no 24 6 no no 25 10 no no The sample No. 21, which had the smaller amount of argon of 0.5 atom %, showed cracking occurred in the insulating film. However, the samples No. 22 to 25, which had the amount of argon of 1 to 10 atom % according to the present invention, showed no cracking and no insulation breakdown occurred in the insulating film. Therefore, it can be seen that the amount of argon is preferably 1 to 10 atom %. Next, using the conductive base 3 with a diameter of 200 mm and a thickness of 7 mm as used in Experiment 1, and an insulating film 2 of amorphous aluminum oxide, various films were deposited while changing Vickers hardness of the insulating film 2 under various deposit conditions. Whether flaking and cracking occurred or not was evaluated. The insulating film 2 composed of amorphous ceramics of aluminum oxide with a thickness of 30 μm, which was formed on the conductive base 3 under various deposit conditions, was evaluated. Incidentally, the Vickers hardness, according to hardness unit, HV0.1, of JIS (Japanese Industrial Standards) R1610, was measured base on a dimension of the indentation which was formed by pressing a load of 0.98 N for 15 seconds. TABLE 3 sample cracking, insulation breakdown No. hardness (HV) flaking of insulating film 31 400 no yes 32 500 no no 33 750 no no 34 1,000 no no 35 1,200 yes — The sample No. 31, which had a small Vickers hardness of 400 HV0.1, showed that no cracking occurred but the insulation was broken down. This is imagined why the film was scratched because of the small hardness, so the insulation breakdown occurred. Further, the sample No. 35, which had a larger Vickers hardness of 1,200 HV0.1, showed that cracking occurred in the insulating film. This is imagined why the film could not relax the internal stress, so cracking occurred. Accordingly, it can be seen that the Vickers hardness is preferably 500 to 1,000 HV0.1, as the samples No. 32 to 34. EXAMPLE 3 Samples No. 41 to 44, in which material of the insulating film of amorphous ceramics was aluminum oxide, yttrium oxide, yttrium-aluminum oxide, or cerium oxide, respectively, and a comparative sample No. 45, in which the insulating film was formed of polycrystal alumina, were exposed in plasma, then each etching rate of the insulating film was compared. In the evaluation way, in a state that the outer circumferential top face and the side face of the electrostatic chuck were provided with a cover ring to cover areas having no insulating film, the surface of the insulating film was exposed in plasma. Regarding the plasma condition, the insulating film was exposed for 2 hours in plasma which was generated between the placing surface and an opposite electrode, which was located above the placing surface, by supplying a radio frequency power of 2 kW between the opposite electrode and the conductive base with a halogen gas of Cl2 flowing at 60 sccm and a vacuum degree of 4 Pa. Then, the etching rate was calculated based on an amount of the decrease of thickness due to etching of the insulating film. The amount of the decrease of thickness of each film divided by the amount of the decrease of thickness of the sintered alumina was defined as the etching rate. The result is shown in Table 4. TABLE 4 sample No. material etching rate 41 aluminum oxide 0.7 42 yttrium oxide 0.2 43 yttrium-aluminum oxide 0.3 44 cerium oxide 0.3 45 sintered compact of 1 aluminum oxide The sample No. 41, having an aluminum oxide film, had a smaller etching rate of 0.7, as compared to the sample No. 45 of polycrystal alumina. Each etching rate of the insulating film 2 of amorphous ceramics, which was yttrium oxide, yttrium-aluminum oxide, or cerium oxide, was as small as 0.2, 0.3, or 0.3, respectively. It can be seen that they had an extremely excellent plasma-resistance. EXAMPLE 4 The content of SiC with a diameter of 198 mm and a thickness of 5 mm was changed to 50 to 90 mass % (the remaining part was aluminum alloy). On the top face of the conductive base 3 with a diameter of 200 mm and a thickness of 7 mm, which was provided with a layer of aluminum alloy with a thickness of 1 mm on the side face and the top and bottom faces, deposited was an aluminum oxide film of amorphous ceramics. This was subject to a heat cycle test with a range of −20 degree-C. to 200 degree-C., but no cracking occurred in the amorphous aluminum oxide film. EXAMPLE 5 A porous body of SiC, containing 80 mass % of SiC and 20 mass % of aluminum alloy, with a diameter of 198 mm and a thickness of 5 mm was impregnated with aluminum alloy to form a layer of aluminum alloy with a thickness of 1 mm on the side face and the top and bottom faces, obtaining the conductive base 3 with a diameter of 200 mm and a thickness of 7 mm. On the top face of the conductive base 3, formed was an amorphous aluminum oxide. On the remaining face formed was either an anodized film of aluminum or a spray coating film of alumina for a plasma-proof protective film. Each of electrostatic chuck 1 obtained in this way was subject to a heat cycle test with a range of −20 degree-C. to 200 degree-C., but no cracking occurred in the protective film. Although the present invention has been fully described in connection with the preferred embodiments thereof and the accompanying drawings, it is to be noted that various changes and modifications are apparent to those skilled in the art. Such changes and modifications are to be understood as included within the scope of the present invention as defined by the appended claims unless they depart therefrom.	<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to an electrostatic chuck, specifically, for holding a semiconductor wafer (hereinafter, called wafer) or a liquid crystal glass in an etching step for minutely processing, a depositing step for forming a thin film, or a exposing step for exposing a photoresist film, on the wafer or the liquid crystal glass in a semiconductor or liquid crystal manufacturing process. 2. Description of the Related Art Conventionally, an electrostatic chuck is used for holding a wafer using electrostatic force in an etching step for minutely processing, a depositing step for forming a thin film, or a exposing step for exposing a photoresist film, on the wafer in a semiconductor manufacturing process. This electrostatic chuck, as shown in FIG. 5 , includes a pair of chucking electrodes 53 on the top face of a ceramic base 54 , and power supply terminals 58 , where an insulating film 52 is formed over the chucking electrodes 53 . The top surface of the insulating film 52 serves as a placing surface 52 a for placing a wafer. The electrostatic chuck 51 is an object holding apparatus utilizing the Coulomb force of static electricity. When the insulating film 52 with a dielectric constant ε and a thickness r is formed and the wafer is placed on the placing surface 52 a and then voltage V is applied between the chucking electrodes 53 , half V/2 of the voltage is applied between the wafer W and each of the chucking electrodes 24 . The half voltage causes the electrostatic force for pulling the wafer W. The chucking force F per unit area of this chucking force is calculated by the following formula: in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="lead"? F =(ε/2)*(V 2 /4r 2 ) in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="tail"? The chucking force F that is an electrostatic force for holding an object increases as the thickness r of the insulating film 52 becomes smaller and the voltage V becomes higher. The higher the voltage V becomes, the more the chucking force F increases. But if it is too much, insulation of the insulating film 52 might be broke down. In addition, in case a void, such as pinhole, exists in the insulating film 52 , the insulation might be broke down. Therefore, the surface of the insulating film 52 for holding an object requires smoothness and lack of pinhole. By the way, a typical electrostatic chuck, as disclosed in the document 1 (JP-A-59-92782 (1984)), includes a metal, such as aluminum, for the electrode and a glass or organic film, such as bakelite, acrylic or epoxy, for the insulating film covering the electrode. However, these insulating film have problems in view of heat resisting properties, wear resistance, chemical resistance, etc., as well as cleanliness because abrasive powder which is generated in operation is likely to stick to a semiconductor wafer with bad influence. Additionally, another electrostatic chuck, as shown in FIG. 3 , which includes a ceramic film formed by spray coating for the insulating film 25 is disclosed in the document 2 (JP-A-58-123381 (1983)). This insulating film has a number of pinholes with a problem of withstand voltage. Moreover, the document 3 (JP-A-4-49879 (1992)) discloses a method for forming chucking electrodes on the principal plane of a ceramic base, and then forming an insulating film with a thickness of several micrometers over the principal plane of the ceramic base using sputtering, ion plating or vacuum deposition. For the requirement of an electrostatic chuck used in a etching process, it can be used in a range of −20 to 200 degree-C because the process temperature is changed depending on plasma-resistance in halogen corrosive gas, such as process gas or cleaning gas, and the species of film to be etched. Processes requiring the plasma-resistance are increasingly demanded, since minute processing is increasingly developed for expansion of memory capacity of VLSI. Especially, halogen corrosive gas, such as chlorine gas, fluorine gas, is frequently used for etching gas or cleaning gas. In a cleaning step, wafer-less cleaning method in which cleaning is performed with no dummy wafer on a wafer placing face is studied. The method might strongly require the plasma-resistance of the wafer placing face. The electrostatic chuck might require a wide range of operation temperature and durability, depending on the species of films on a wafer to be etched. Disclosed are an electrostatic chuck which includes a conductive base of aluminum alloy and a spray coating film of alumina on the surface, and another electrostatic chuck which includes a conductive base of aluminum alloy and an anodized film of aluminum for an insulating film, to complete the plasma-resistance. But these have a problem of cracking due to the difference of the thermal expansion between the aluminum base and the insulating film when temperature is rising. For the countermeasure, the document 4 (JP-A-11-265930 (1999)) discloses an electrostatic chuck which includes a spray coating film 25 of alumina for the insulating film in consideration of a coefficient of thermal expansion of the conductive base 23 made of ceramics and metal, to prevent cracking even in a wide range of operation temperature. The document 5 (JP-A-8-288376 (1996)) discloses an electrostatic chuck which includes a conductive base of aluminum alloy, an anodized film of aluminum on the surface, and an amorphous aluminum oxide with a thickness of 0.1 to 10 μm formed thereon having excellent plasma-resistance. The document 6 (JP-A-4-287344 (1992)) discloses an electrostatic chuck which has chucking electrodes inside of ceramics, which is integrated with a conductive base equipped with a cooling function using silicone adhesives. The insulating film in the electrostatic chuck disclosed in the documents 3 and 5 is formed using sputtering or CVD, the thickness of which is limited to a few micrometers or less, therefore, causing a possibility that the insulation of the insulating film is broken down when voltage is applied to the chucking electrodes. In the document 5, as shown in FIG. 4 , an anodized film 26 of aluminum is formed on the surface of a base 24 of aluminum alloy and an amorphous aluminum oxide layer 22 having excellent plasma-resistance is formed thereon with a thickness of 0.1 to 10 μm. But in such a protective film with a thickness of about 10 μm, pinholes which are created at a film forming step cannot be filled in, thereby eroding the underlayer. In addition, such a film with a thickness of 0.1 to 10 μm is easily eroded under a hard plasma condition, so lacking for practicality. This film also has a problem of flaking off due to an internal stress when forming the film having a thickness of 10 μm or more. Further, since the base 24 of aluminum alloy is used for the conductive base, the film is cracking at a temperature of 100 degree-C. or higher because of the different coefficients of thermal expansion of the anodized film 26 of aluminum and the amorphous aluminum oxide layer 22 formed thereon. Furthermore, in case the volume resistivity of the upper amorphous aluminum oxide film 22 is larger than that of the lower anodized film of aluminum, the voltage between the conductive base 24 of the electrostatic chuck 21 and the wafer is weighted toward the amorphous aluminum oxide film 22 , resulting in breakdown of the insulation of the amorphous aluminum oxide film 22 . Since the amorphous aluminum oxide film is different in volume resistivity from the anodized film of aluminum, the chucking force cannot rise up immediately and it takes time to become a certain level when voltage is applied. When the applied voltage is turn off, the chucking force cannot be zero immediately and the residual chucking force take places. Thus these response of chucking and release characteristics is degraded and it takes excessive time to attach or detach the wafer, resulting in disadvantage for the process control. In an electrostatic chuck disclosed in the document 6 (JP-A-4-287344 (1992)), silicone adhesives has a problem that a layer of silicone adhesives is eroded by process gas in an etching equipment. The insulating film 25 which is formed of a spray coating film of alumina, as disclosed in the patent documents 2 and 4, has a number of voids, which are sealed later using organic silicon or inorganic silicon. But the sealed portion of silicon is easy to be etched by plasma, thereby lowering the withstand voltage. The electrostatic chuck would not working in a short period of time.	<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>It an object of the present invention to provide an electrostatic chuck which can prevent an insulating film from cracking and breakdown of insulation with an excellent release characteristics of wafer. An electrostatic chuck according to the present invention includes: a base serving as a chucking electrode; and an insulating film formed on one principal plane of the base, the top face of the insulating film serving as a placing surface for placing a wafer; wherein the insulating film is formed of an amorphous ceramics of an oxide and has a thickness in a range of 10 to 100 μm. It is preferable that the base is formed of metal or both metal and ceramics. It is preferable that the insulating film contains 1 to 10 atom % of a rare gas element, with a Vickers hardness of 500 to 1,000 HV0.1. It is preferable that the insulating film is composed of aluminum oxide, yttrium oxide, yttrium-aluminum oxide, or rare earth oxide. It is preferable that the conductive base contains a metal component of any one of aluminum or aluminum alloy, and a ceramic component of any one of silicon carbide or aluminum nitride, wherein the content of the ceramic component is 50 to 90 mass %. It is preferable that a protective film of either an anodized film of aluminum or a spray coating film of alumina is formed on the remaining surface of the conductive base excluding the surface on which the insulating film is formed. According to the above constitution, no cracking occurs in the insulating film and the insulation breakdown can be prevented. Furthermore, the electrostatic chuck with an excellent characteristics of releasing the wafer W can be obtained. Moreover, formation of a protective film can provide the electrostatic chuck with an excellent durability against plasma.	20040525	20071225	20050203	59732.0		0	BAUER, SCOTT ALLEN	ELECTROSTATIC CHUCK	UNDISCOUNTED	0	ACCEPTED		2,004
10,853,903	ACCEPTED	Occupant detecting seat assembly with headrest and method of moving headrest	A seat assembly includes a seat and a headrest connected to the seat and movable between a first position and a second position with respect to the seat. The seat assembly also includes a biasing element biasing the headrest toward the second position. A releasable headrest restraining mechanism restrains the headrest in the first position when the seat is unoccupied and releases the headrest to permit movement of the headrest via the biasing element to the second position when the seat is occupied. A method of moving the headrest is also provided.	1. A seat assembly comprising: a seat; a headrest connectable to said seat and movable between a first position and a second position with respect to said seat; a biasing element; wherein said biasing element is operable for biasing said headrest toward said second position; a releasable headrest restraining mechanism; an occupant detection mechanism operable for detecting the presence of an occupant at said seat; wherein said occupant detection mechanism is operatively connectable to said releasable headrest restraining mechanism; and wherein said releasable headrest restraining mechanism is operable for restraining said headrest in said first position when said occupant detection mechanism does not detect the presence of an occupant and for releasing said headrest to permit movement of said headrest to said second position via said biasing element when said occupant detection mechanism detects the presence of an occupant at said seat. 2. The seat assembly of claim 1, wherein said headrest extends further from said seat in said second position than in said first position. 3. The seat assembly of claim 2, wherein said seat forms a cavity; wherein said headrest is substantially within said cavity when said headrest is in said first position. 4. The seat assembly of claim 3, wherein said headrest has an uppermost portion; wherein said seat has a top portion; and wherein said uppermost portion of said headrest does not extend beyond said top portion of said seat when said headrest is in said first position. 5. The seat assembly of claim 1, wherein said occupant detection mechanism is disposable in said seat; wherein said occupant detection mechanism includes a lever; wherein said lever is movable between an undepressed position and a depressed position; wherein said lever moves from said undepressed position to said depressed position in response to the presence of an occupant at said seat; and wherein said releasable headrest restraining mechanism releases said headrest when said lever is moved to said depressed position. 6. The seat assembly of claim 5, further comprising a cable configured for connecting said lever with said releasable headrest restraining mechanism; wherein said lever is operable for pulling said cable when said lever moves from said undepressed position to said depressed position in response to the presence of an occupant at said seat; and wherein said releasable headrest restraining mechanism releases said headrest when said cable is pulled. 7. The seat assembly of claim 5, wherein said seat includes a seat back and a seat bottom; and wherein said lever is disposable in one of said seat back and said seat bottom. 8. The seat assembly of claim 1, wherein said occupant detection mechanism is disposable in said seat; wherein said occupant detection mechanism includes a switch, wherein said switch is operable in response to the presence of an occupant at the seat for sending a communication signal to said releasable headrest restraining mechanism; and wherein said releasable headrest restraining mechanism releases said headrest in response to said communication signal. 9. The seat assembly of claim 1, wherein said occupant detection mechanism includes a sensor; wherein said sensor is operable for signaling communication with said releasable headrest restraining mechanism; wherein said sensor is operable for sending a communication signal to said releasable headrest restraining mechanism when said sensor detects the presence of an occupant at said seat; and wherein said releasable headrest restraining mechanism releases said headrest in response to said communication signal. 10. The seat assembly of claim 1, wherein said releasable headrest restraining mechanism is movable between a restraining position and a release position; wherein said releasable headrest restraining mechanism restrains said headrest when said releasable headrest restraining mechanism is in said restraining position; and wherein said releasable headrest restraining mechanism releases said headrest when said releasable headrest restraining mechanism is in said release position. 11. The seat assembly of claim 10, wherein said releasable headrest restraining mechanism further includes: a solenoid having a movable actuator; wherein said occupant detection mechanism is operable for signaling communication with said solenoid; and wherein said actuator moves from said restraining position to said release position when said solenoid receives a communication signal from said occupant detection mechanism. 12. The seat assembly of claim 1, further comprising: headrest support structure; wherein said headrest support structure is operable for connecting said headrest with said seat; wherein said headrest support structure is movable with said headrest with respect to said seat; wherein said headrest support structure is releasably matable with said releasable headrest restraining mechanism; wherein said releasable headrest restraining mechanism restrains said headrest support structure such that said headrest is restrained in said first position when said releasable headrest restraining mechanism and said headrest support structure are mated; and wherein said releasable headrest restraining mechanism releases from said headrest support structure to permit movement of said headrest to said second position when said occupant detection mechanism detects the presence of an occupant at said seat. 13. The seat assembly of claim 12, wherein said biasing element is a spring operatively connectable with said headrest support structure; and wherein said spring moves from one of a compressed position and an extended position to a substantially relaxed position when said releasable headrest restraining mechanism moves from said restraining position to said release position, said movement of said spring acting to move said headrest from said first position to said second position. 14. The seat of claim 13, wherein said spring is disposable inside of said headrest support structure. 15. A seat assembly comprising: a seat; a headrest connected to said seat and movable between a first position and a second position with respect to said seat; a biasing element biasing said headrest toward said second position; a releasable headrest restraining mechanism movable between a restraining position and a release position; wherein said releasable headrest restraining mechanism restrains said headrest in said first position when said releasable headrest restraining mechanism is in said restraining position; wherein said releasable headrest restraining mechanism releases said headrest to permit movement of said headrest to said second position via said biasing element when said releasable headrest restraining mechanism is in said release position; headrest support structure connecting said headrest with said seat; wherein said headrest support structure and said releasable headrest restraining mechanism are releasably matable; an occupant detection mechanism disposed in said seat and operable for detecting the presence of an occupant at said seat; wherein said occupant detection mechanism includes a lever; wherein said lever is movable between an undepressed position and a depressed position in response to the presence of an occupant at said seat; a cable connecting said occupant detection mechanism with said releasable headrest restraining mechanism; wherein said lever pulls said cable when said lever is moved between said undepressed position and said depressed position; and wherein said releasable headrest restraining mechanism moves from said restraining position to said release position when said cable is pulled, thereby releasing said headrest support structure. 16. A method comprising: restraining a headrest in a first position; detecting the presence of an occupant at a seat, said seat being connected to said headrest; after said detecting, releasing said headrest such that said headrest is movable to a second position; and after said releasing, moving said headrest from said first position to said second position. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein said detecting a presence of an occupant at a seat includes depressing a lever; and further comprising: pulling a cable; said pulling a cable resulting in releasing said headrest. 18. A vehicle comprising: structure forming an interior passenger space; a seat assembly located in said interior passenger space, said seat assembly comprising: a seat; a headrest connected to said seat and movable between a first position and a second position with respect to said seat; a biasing element operable for biasing said headrest toward said second position; a releasable headrest restraining mechanism; an occupant detection mechanism operable for detecting the presence of an occupant at said seat; wherein said occupant detection mechanism is operatively connected to said releasable headrest restraining mechanism; wherein said releasable headrest restraining mechanism releasably restrains said headrest in said first position when said occupant detection mechanism does not detect the presence of an occupant; wherein said releasable headrest restraining mechanism releases said headrest to permit movement of said headrest to said second position via said biasing element when said occupant detection mechanism detects the presence of an occupant at said seat; and wherein said headrest extends higher in said interior passenger space in said second position than in said first position. 19. A seat assembly comprising: a seat; a headrest connectable to said seat and movable between a first position and a second position; a biasing element operable for biasing said headrest toward said second position; a releasable headrest restraining mechanism; and wherein said releasable headrest restraining mechanism is operable for restraining said headrest in a first position when said seat is unoccupied and for releasing said headrest to permit movement of said headrest via said biasing element to said second position when said seat is occupied.	TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to a seat assembly including a headrest. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION A seat assembly, such as a vehicle seat assembly, often includes a headrest connected to the seat. It is desirable to be able to move a vehicle headrest between a variety of positions for occupant comfort and for enhanced driver visibility. The art includes a variety of headrest positioning mechanisms. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION A seat assembly includes a seat and a headrest connectable to the seat. The headrest is movable between a first position (i.e., a non-use position) and a second position. The seat assembly further includes a spring or biasing element operable for biasing the headrest toward the second position. The seat assembly further includes a releasable headrest restraining mechanism. The releasable headrest restraining mechanism is operable for restraining the headrest in the first position when the seat is unoccupied and for releasing the headrest to permit movement of the headrest to the second position via the biasing element when the seat is occupied. Preferably, the headrest extends further from the seat in the second position than in the first position. Thus, the first position may be a lowered, “non-use” position and the second position may be a raised “use” position. Accordingly, if the seat assembly is disposed in a rearward portion of a vehicle, the headrest will be in the lowered position when there is no occupant in the seat assembly, and a driver looking rearward from a frontward portion of the vehicle is provided with a less obstructed rear view. In one aspect of the invention, an occupant detection mechanism operable for detecting the presence of an occupant at the seat is operatively connectable to the releasable headrest restraining mechanism. The releasable headrest restraining mechanism is operable for restraining the headrest in the first position when the occupant detection mechanism does not detect the presence of an occupant, and for releasing the releasable headrest restraining mechanism to the second position when the occupant detection mechanism detects the presence of an occupant at the seat. In another aspect of the invention, the seat forms a cavity. The headrest is substantially within the cavity when the headrest is in the first position. In another aspect of the invention, the headrest has an upper most portion and the seat has a top portion. The cavity is designed such that the upper most portion of the headrest does not extend beyond the top portion of the seat when the headrest is in the first position. In one aspect of the invention, the occupant detection mechanism is disposable in the seat and includes a lever. The lever is movable between undepressed position and depressed position. The lever moves from the undepressed position to the depressed position in response to the presence of an occupant at the seat. The releasable headrest restraining mechanism releases the headrest when the lever is moved to the depressed position. In another aspect of the invention, the seat assembly includes a cable configured for connecting the lever with the releasable headrest restraining mechanism. The lever is operable for pulling the cable when the lever moves from the undepressed position to the depressed position in response to the presence of an occupant at the seat. The releasable headrest restraining mechanism releases the headrest when the cable is pulled. In another aspect of the invention, the seat includes a seatback and a seat bottom. The lever may be disposed in either of the seatback or the seat bottom within the scope of the invention. In another aspect of the invention, the occupant detection mechanism is disposed in the seat. The occupant detection mechanism includes a switch. The switch is operable in response to the presence of an occupant at the seat for sending a communication signal to the releasable headrest restraining mechanism. The releasable headrest restraining mechanism releases the headrest in response to the communication signal. In another aspect of the invention, the occupant detection mechanism includes a sensor. The sensor is operable for signaling communication with the releasable headrest restraining mechanism. The sensor sends a communication signal to the releasable headrest restraining mechanism when the sensor detects the presence of an occupant at the seat. The releasable headrest restraining mechanism releases the headrest in response to the communication signal. In another aspect of the invention, the releasable headrest restraining mechanism is movable between a restraining position and a release position. The releasable headrest restraining mechanism restrains the headrest when it is in the restraining position and releases the headrest when it is in the release position. In another aspect of the invention, the releasable headrest restraining mechanism includes a solenoid having a movable actuator. The occupant detection mechanism is operable for signaling communication with the solenoid. The actuator moves from the restraining position to the release position when the solenoid receives a communication signal from the occupant detection mechanism. In another aspect of the invention, the seat assembly further includes headrest support structure. The headrest support structure is operable for connecting the headrest with the seat. The headrest support structure is movable with the headrest with respect to the seat. The headrest support structure is releasably matable with the releasable headrest restraining mechanism. The releasable headrest restraining mechanism releasably restrains the headrest support structure such that the headrest is restrained in the first position when the releasable headrest restraining mechanism and the headrest support structure are mated. The releasable headrest restraining mechanism releases from the headrest support structure to permit movement of the headrest to the second position when the occupant detection mechanism detects the presence of an occupant at the seat. In another aspect of the invention, the biasing element is a spring operably connectable to the headrest support structure. The spring moves from either a compressed position or an extended position to a substantially relaxed position when the releasable headrest restraining mechanism moves from the restraining position to the release position. The movement of the biasing element acts to move the headrest from the first position to the second position. In another aspect of the invention, the spring is disposable inside of the headrest support structure. For instance, the headrest support structure may be a hollow post with the spring disposed inside of the post. A method includes restraining a headrest in a first position. The method further includes detecting the presence of an occupant at a seat connected to the headrest. The method further includes, after the detecting step, releasing the headrest such that the headrest is movable to a second position. The method further includes, after the releasing step, moving the headrest from the first position to the second position. In another aspect of the invention, detecting the presence of an occupant at the seat includes depressing a lever. In this instance, the method further includes pulling a cable. Pulling the cable acts to release the headrest. A vehicle includes a seat assembly located in an interior passenger space formed by structure of the vehicle. The seat assembly is as described above. The headrest extends higher in the interior passenger space in the second position than in the first position. The above features and advantages and other features and advantages of the present invention are readily apparent from the following detailed description of the best modes for carrying out the invention when taken in connection with the accompanying drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration in side view of a first embodiment of a seat assembly located in a vehicle and having an occupant detection mechanism; FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration in fragmentary front view of a portion of the seat assembly of FIG. 1; FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration in fragmentary plan view of a second embodiment of a seat assembly including an alternative occupant detection mechanism; FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration in front view of a third embodiment of a seat assembly including another alternative occupant detection mechanism; FIG. 5 is a schematic illustration in fragmentary front view of an alternative occupant detection mechanism that may be employed within the seat assembly of FIG. 4 to establish a fourth embodiment of a seat assembly; FIGS. 6A and 6B are schematic side view illustrations in fragmentary view of an alternative shingle-type headrest in a first, lowered position and a second, raised position, respectively; FIGS. 7A and 7B are schematic side view illustrations in fragmentary view of another alternative (dumping style) headrest for use in the seat assembly of FIG. 1, shown in a first, lowered position and a second, raised position; respectively; FIG. 8A is a schematic side view illustration of headrest support structure utilizing internal springs and matable with a releasable headrest restraining mechanism; FIG. 8B is a schematic side view illustration in fragmentary view of alternative headrest support structure employing a telescoping post, shown both in a lowered position and in a raised position (in phantom); and FIG. 9 is a flow diagram illustrating a method of moving a headrest. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Referring to the drawings, wherein like reference numbers refer to like components, FIG. 1 shows a seat assembly 10 disposed in a vehicle 12. The vehicle includes body structure 14 (such as a roof, floor and side panels) which forms an interior passenger space 16. The seat assembly 10 is mounted to the vehicle 12 using mounting attachments 18 such that the seat assembly 10 is disposed in a rearward portion 20 of the interior passenger space 16. The seat assembly 10 includes a headrest 22 which is connected to a seat 24 via headrest support structure 26. The headrest support structure 26 is preferably in the form of a hollow post, as shown, but may include other mechanisms for attaching the headrest 22 to the seat 24. The headrest support structure 26 is anchored to the seat 24 through an anchoring mechanism 28, as will be known to those skilled in the art. Although anchored to the seat 24, the headrest support structure 26 is movable between a lowered position 30 and a raised position 32, as indicated by the bottom end 34 of the headrest support structure 26 moving from lowered position 30 to raised position 32 (shown in phantom). When the headrest support structure 26 moves from the lowered position 30 to the raised position 32, the headrest 22 moves from the first position 36 to a second position 38 (shown in phantom). The seat 24 forms seat bottom 40 as well as seat back 42. The seat bottom 40 and the seat back 42 may be separately formed and joined to one another, or may be formed as a unitary seat. The seat back 42 forms a cavity 44. When the headrest 22 is in the first position 36, an uppermost portion of the headrest 46 does not extend beyond a top portion 48 of the seat 24. Additionally, when the headrest 22 is in the first position 36, the headrest 22 is substantially within the cavity 44. Notably, the headrest 22 extends further from the seat 24 when the headrest is in the second position 38 than when it is in the first position 36. Accordingly, the headrest 22 extends higher in the interior of passenger space 16 when it is in the second position 38 than when it is in the first position 36. Thus, a view of a driver looking rearward in the interior passenger space 16 toward the seat assembly 10 is less obstructed when the headrest is in the first position 36 than when it is in the second position 38. Thus, it is desirable to maintain the headrest 22 in the first position 36 unless the headrest 22 is needed for support of an occupant in the seat assembly 10. Accordingly, the seat assembly 10 includes an occupant detection mechanism 52 operable for detecting the presence of an occupant at the seat assembly 10. In the embodiment of FIG. 1, the occupant detection mechanism is disposed in the seat bottom 40 of the seat 24. Operation of the occupant detection mechanism 52 in relation to the location of the headrest 22 in the first position 36 or in the second position 38 will now be discussed. The occupant detection mechanism 52 is disposed within the seat bottom 40 and is anchored thereto via anchoring structure 54. The occupant detection mechanism 52 includes a lever 56 that is movable about a pivot mechanism 58. The pivot mechanism 58 may be spring-biased by a circular or torsion spring 61 such that the lever 56 is normally maintained (i.e., biased) in an undepressed position 60. The lever 56 is movable to a depressed position 62 (shown in phantom) in accordance with a force such as the weight of an occupant 53 moving a surface 64 of the seat bottom 40 from an undeformed position 66 to a deformed position 68 (shown in phantom). A cable 70 is operatively connected to the lever 56 at a first end 72. When the lever 56 is moved from the undepressed position 60 to the depressed position 62, the first end 72 of the cable moves from an original position 76 to a response position 78. When the first end of the cable 72 moves from the original position 76 to the response position 78, a second end 74 of the cable moves from an inward position 80 to an outward position 82 (see FIG. 2; “inward” and “outward” being in respect to position with respect to the headrest support structure 26.) Referring to FIG. 2, the second end 74 of the cable is rigidly connected to a pin 84 which may also be referred to as a detent. The pin 84 is included within a releasable headrest restraining mechanism 86. The releasable headrest restraining mechanism 86 is connected to the seat back 42 of the seat 24. The releasable headrest restraining mechanism 86 further includes a biasing spring 88. The biasing spring 88 retains the pin 84 within a recess 90 formed in the headrest support structure 26. The recess 90 aligns with the pin 84 when the headrest support structure 26 is in the lowered position 30. When the pin 84 is received in the recess 90, the releasable headrest restraining mechanism 86 is in a restraining position 92 (shown in phantom). A biasing element such as a spring 94 is disposed around the headrest support structure 26. When the headrest support structure 26 is in the lowered position 30 (see FIG. 1), the spring 94 is in a compressed position, creating an upward-biasing upward force. Other biasing elements such as an elastic band or a pneumatic or hydraulic piston may be employed within the scope of the invention. To place the headrest 22 in the first position 36, corresponding with the lowered position 30 of the headrest support structure 26, a manual force is applied to overcome the upward-biasing force of the spring 94. The spring 94 may rest against a support plate 96 mounted to a bottom portion 98 of the headrest 22. When the cable 70 is pulled by the lever 56 such that the second end 74 of the cable moves from the inward position 80 to the outward position 82, the pin 84 likewise moves from the restraining position 92 to a release position 100 (i.e., the pin 84 moves out of the recess 90). (Note that the second end 74 of the cable extends to the inward position 80 when the pin 84 is in the restraining position 92 (shown partially in phantom in FIG. 2)). The movement of the pin 84 releases (i.e., unlatches) the headrest support structure 26, allowing the headrest 22 to move from the first position 36 to the second position 38. Movement of the headrest 22 is due to stored energy in the spring 94 expanding the spring 94 from the compressed position associated with the lowered position 30 of the headrest support structure to a relaxed position (not shown, but extending between the support plate 96′ when shown attached to the headrest 22 in the second position 38 and a bottom end 102 of the spring element, the bottom end 102 being fixed to the adjacent seat back 42). Notably, when the headrest support structure 26 is released, the biasing spring 88 of the releasable headrest restraining mechanism 86 retains the pin 84 against the surface 104 of the headrest support structure 26. Thus, when the headrest 22 is manually moved from the second position 38 to the first position 36, recess 90 will be realigned with the pin 84, which will then slide into the recess 90 due to the biasing spring 88. Accordingly, at that point, the releasable headrest restraining mechanism 86 will once again restrain (i.e., latch) the headrest support structure 26, and thereby the headrest 22. The headrest 22 is equipped with an adjustment pin 106 that permits the headrest to be adjusted to varying heights. The headrest support structure 26 is formed with complementary adjustment recesses 108. The adjustment pin 106 is movable by depression to any of the adjustment recesses 108 to change the overall height of the seat assembly 10 by raising or lowering the headrest, as will be readily understood by those skilled in the art. Preferably, the adjustment pin 106 is disposed in a lower-most adjustment recess 110. Accordingly, when the headrest 22 is moved to the second position 38, the adjustment pin 106 may be moved to any of the other adjustment recesses 108 to adjust the headrest 22 to a higher position in order to accommodate taller occupants. Referring to FIG. 3, a seat assembly 210 includes a seat 224 that has an occupant detection mechanism 252 mounted within a seat back 242. The occupant detection mechanism 252 includes a lever 256 that is biased in an undepressed position 260 by a circular or torsion spring 261 disposed about a pivot mechanism 258. When an occupant 253 leans against the seat back 242, the lever 256 is moved from the undepressed position 260 to a depressed position 262 in correspondence with a surface 263 of the seat back 242 moving from an undeformed position 266 to a deformed position 268 (shown in phantom). Headrest structure 226 is disposed within the seat 224 and is connected to a headrest (not shown) in a manner similar to the connection between the headrest support structure 26 and headrest 22 of FIGS. 1 and 2. The headrest support structure 226 is formed with a recess 290. When the lever 256 is in the undepressed position 260, a retaining end 265 of the lever is captured within the recess 290. However, when the lever 256 is moved to the depressed position 262, the lever 256 pivots via the pivot mechanism 258, moving the retaining end 265 of the lever 256 out of the recess 290. When the retaining end 265 is moved out of the recess 290, the headrest support structure 226 is released from a lowered position to a raised position in the same fashion as the headrest support structure 26 of FIGS. 1 and 2 moves from a lowered position 30 to a raised position 32. Referring to FIG. 4, a seat assembly 310 includes occupant detection mechanism 352 disposed in a seat bottom 340 of the seat 324. The occupant detection mechanism 352 includes circuit closing means 353 such as a mechanical switch. When an occupant (not shown) sits on the seat bottom 340, a surface 364 of the seat bottom 340 moves from an undeformed position 366 to the deformed position 368, thus moving a lever 356 of the circuit closing means 353 from an undepressed position 360 to a depressed position 362. In the depressed position 362, contact is made with a contact element 355, thus closing a circuit between a power source 357 such as a battery (which may be the main battery powering the vehicle) and a solenoid 359. The solenoid 359 moves an actuator 384 between an inward position 380 and an outward position 382 (shown in phantom). The solenoid 359 is powered to move the actuator 384 by a communication signal 385 (i.e., electrical current) sent from the circuit closing means 353 when the circuit closing means 353 is closed as described above. The actuator 384 moves out of a recess 390 formed in headrest support structure 326, thus allowing stored spring energy to move the headrest support structure 326 from a lowered position 330 to a raised position 332 (shown in phantom) corresponding to movement of attached headrest 322 from a first position 336 to a second position 338. A biasing spring 388 may be employed within the solenoid 359 to bias the actuator 384 against the headrest structure 326 such that the actuator 384 will be moved into the recess 390 when the headrest 322 is repositioned such that the headrest structure 326 is in the lowered position 330, the releasable headrest restraining mechanism 386 thus being in a restraining position again. The solenoid 359, the actuator 384 and the biasing spring 388 are included within a releasable headrest restraining mechanism 386 which operates as described to retain the headrest 322 in the first position 336 when the actuator 384 is in the inward (retaining) position or move to a release position (i.e., the outward position 382) to permit the headrest 322 to move to the second position 338. Notably, the headrest support structure 326 may be in the form of a post. An additional post 327 may likewise be operatively connected to the headrest 322 and movable therewith in response to movement of the headrest support structure 326. Referring to FIG. 5, as an alternative to the levers 56 and 256 shown in FIGS. 1 and 3 and the circuit closing means 353 shown in FIG. 4, an occupant detection mechanism may be in the form of a sensor 352′. A variety of sensor types may be used within the scope of the claimed invention. For instance, a weight-sensing sensor (i.e., employing a strain gauge or the like) or a proximity sensor may be employed to detect the presence of an occupant. Like the circuit closing means 353, the sensor 352′ is in signaling communication with the releasable headrest restraining mechanism 386 (see FIG. 4) and is operable to send a communication signal thereto via power from the battery 357 to which it is operatively connected. Referring to FIGS. 6A and 6B, a headrest 422 may be a shingle-type headrest. Thus, when headrest support structure 426 is released by a releasable headrest restraining mechanism (not shown), the shingle-type headrest will move from a first position 436 shown in FIG. 6A to a second position 438 shown in FIG. 6B. Another alternative type of headrest 522 (which may be referred to as a dumping headrest) may be employed within the scope of the invention. As shown in FIG. 7A, the headrest 522 may be maintained in a first position 536 (i.e., a lowered or dumped position). Headrest support structure 526 to which the headrest 522 is operatively connected may then be released by a releasable headrest restraining mechanism (not shown) in a manner similar to that described with respect to FIGS. 1-4 to permit the headrest 522 to move to a second position 538. (Those skilled in the art will readily recognize that a cammed track may be employed to permit the headrest 522 to move from the dumped position to the second (raised) position 538.) Alternatively, interference between the headrest 522 and the seat back 542 may maintain the headrest 522 in the first position 536. When the headrest support structure 526 is released, the interference may be overcome to permit the headrest 522 to pivot to the second position 538. Referring to FIGS. 8A and 8B, it may be seen that a variety of headrest support structures may be used within the scope of the invention. Referring to FIG. 8A, the headrest support structure 626 comprised of an inner post portion 622 connected with an outer post portion 629 via an internal spring 694 is shown. A pin 684 included within a releasable headrest restraining mechanism (not shown) maintains the outer post portion 629 in a lowered position as shown. Movement of the pin 684 (as described with respect to FIGS. 1-3 or as described with respect to the actuator 384 of FIG. 4) allows the outer post portion 629 to be released and the spring 694 to expand thus moving an upper edge 695 of the outer post portion 629 to a raised position (not shown) as will be readily understood by those skilled in the art. The inner post portion 622 is mounted within a seat back 642. Referring to FIG. 8B, headrest support structure 726 having an outer post portion 729, an inner post portion 722 and a mid post portion 727 may be employed within the scope of the invention. When a releasable headrest restraining mechanism (not shown) is removed from a recess 790 formed in the outer post portion 729, compressed spring energy from a spring element (not shown) may allow the headrest support structure 726 to move from the lowered position 730 to a raised position 732 (partially shown in phantom) in a telescoping fashion as will be readily understood by those skilled in the art. Referring to FIG. 9, a method 800 of moving a headrest is illustrated. The method 800 includes restraining a headrest in a first position 802. Restraining a headrest 802 may be accomplished by a releasable headrest restraining mechanism releasably matable with headrest support structure as described with respect to FIGS. 1-5 above. The method 800 further includes detecting 804 the presence of an occupant at a seat. The seat is operably connected to the headrest. The method 800 may further include pulling a cable 806. The method may further include releasing the headrest 808 such that it is movable to a second position. As described above with respect to FIGS. 1-2, pulling the cable 70 results in the release of headrest support structure 26 by the releasable headrest restraining mechanism 86 to permit the headrest 22 to move to the second position 38. The method 800 may further include moving 810 the headrest from the first position to the second position. As described above with respect to FIGS. 1 and 2, when the headrest support structure 26 is released, stored energy in the spring element 94 acts to move the headrest 22 from the first position 36 to the second position 38. Stored spring energy may also be used to move the headrest from the first position to the second position in the embodiments shown in FIGS. 3-5 above. As set forth in the claims, various features shown and described in accordance with the different embodiments of the invention illustrated may be combined. While the best modes for carrying out the invention have been described in detail, those familiar with the art to which this invention relates will recognize various alternative designs and embodiments for practicing the invention within the scope of the appended claims.	<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>A seat assembly, such as a vehicle seat assembly, often includes a headrest connected to the seat. It is desirable to be able to move a vehicle headrest between a variety of positions for occupant comfort and for enhanced driver visibility. The art includes a variety of headrest positioning mechanisms.	<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>A seat assembly includes a seat and a headrest connectable to the seat. The headrest is movable between a first position (i.e., a non-use position) and a second position. The seat assembly further includes a spring or biasing element operable for biasing the headrest toward the second position. The seat assembly further includes a releasable headrest restraining mechanism. The releasable headrest restraining mechanism is operable for restraining the headrest in the first position when the seat is unoccupied and for releasing the headrest to permit movement of the headrest to the second position via the biasing element when the seat is occupied. Preferably, the headrest extends further from the seat in the second position than in the first position. Thus, the first position may be a lowered, “non-use” position and the second position may be a raised “use” position. Accordingly, if the seat assembly is disposed in a rearward portion of a vehicle, the headrest will be in the lowered position when there is no occupant in the seat assembly, and a driver looking rearward from a frontward portion of the vehicle is provided with a less obstructed rear view. In one aspect of the invention, an occupant detection mechanism operable for detecting the presence of an occupant at the seat is operatively connectable to the releasable headrest restraining mechanism. The releasable headrest restraining mechanism is operable for restraining the headrest in the first position when the occupant detection mechanism does not detect the presence of an occupant, and for releasing the releasable headrest restraining mechanism to the second position when the occupant detection mechanism detects the presence of an occupant at the seat. In another aspect of the invention, the seat forms a cavity. The headrest is substantially within the cavity when the headrest is in the first position. In another aspect of the invention, the headrest has an upper most portion and the seat has a top portion. The cavity is designed such that the upper most portion of the headrest does not extend beyond the top portion of the seat when the headrest is in the first position. In one aspect of the invention, the occupant detection mechanism is disposable in the seat and includes a lever. The lever is movable between undepressed position and depressed position. The lever moves from the undepressed position to the depressed position in response to the presence of an occupant at the seat. The releasable headrest restraining mechanism releases the headrest when the lever is moved to the depressed position. In another aspect of the invention, the seat assembly includes a cable configured for connecting the lever with the releasable headrest restraining mechanism. The lever is operable for pulling the cable when the lever moves from the undepressed position to the depressed position in response to the presence of an occupant at the seat. The releasable headrest restraining mechanism releases the headrest when the cable is pulled. In another aspect of the invention, the seat includes a seatback and a seat bottom. The lever may be disposed in either of the seatback or the seat bottom within the scope of the invention. In another aspect of the invention, the occupant detection mechanism is disposed in the seat. The occupant detection mechanism includes a switch. The switch is operable in response to the presence of an occupant at the seat for sending a communication signal to the releasable headrest restraining mechanism. The releasable headrest restraining mechanism releases the headrest in response to the communication signal. In another aspect of the invention, the occupant detection mechanism includes a sensor. The sensor is operable for signaling communication with the releasable headrest restraining mechanism. The sensor sends a communication signal to the releasable headrest restraining mechanism when the sensor detects the presence of an occupant at the seat. The releasable headrest restraining mechanism releases the headrest in response to the communication signal. In another aspect of the invention, the releasable headrest restraining mechanism is movable between a restraining position and a release position. The releasable headrest restraining mechanism restrains the headrest when it is in the restraining position and releases the headrest when it is in the release position. In another aspect of the invention, the releasable headrest restraining mechanism includes a solenoid having a movable actuator. The occupant detection mechanism is operable for signaling communication with the solenoid. The actuator moves from the restraining position to the release position when the solenoid receives a communication signal from the occupant detection mechanism. In another aspect of the invention, the seat assembly further includes headrest support structure. The headrest support structure is operable for connecting the headrest with the seat. The headrest support structure is movable with the headrest with respect to the seat. The headrest support structure is releasably matable with the releasable headrest restraining mechanism. The releasable headrest restraining mechanism releasably restrains the headrest support structure such that the headrest is restrained in the first position when the releasable headrest restraining mechanism and the headrest support structure are mated. The releasable headrest restraining mechanism releases from the headrest support structure to permit movement of the headrest to the second position when the occupant detection mechanism detects the presence of an occupant at the seat. In another aspect of the invention, the biasing element is a spring operably connectable to the headrest support structure. The spring moves from either a compressed position or an extended position to a substantially relaxed position when the releasable headrest restraining mechanism moves from the restraining position to the release position. The movement of the biasing element acts to move the headrest from the first position to the second position. In another aspect of the invention, the spring is disposable inside of the headrest support structure. For instance, the headrest support structure may be a hollow post with the spring disposed inside of the post. A method includes restraining a headrest in a first position. The method further includes detecting the presence of an occupant at a seat connected to the headrest. The method further includes, after the detecting step, releasing the headrest such that the headrest is movable to a second position. The method further includes, after the releasing step, moving the headrest from the first position to the second position. In another aspect of the invention, detecting the presence of an occupant at the seat includes depressing a lever. In this instance, the method further includes pulling a cable. Pulling the cable acts to release the headrest. A vehicle includes a seat assembly located in an interior passenger space formed by structure of the vehicle. The seat assembly is as described above. The headrest extends higher in the interior passenger space in the second position than in the first position. The above features and advantages and other features and advantages of the present invention are readily apparent from the following detailed description of the best modes for carrying out the invention when taken in connection with the accompanying drawings.	20040526	20080506	20051201	94666.0		0	BARFIELD, ANTHONY DERRELL	OCCUPANT DETECTING SEAT ASSEMBLY WITH HEADREST AND METHOD OF MOVING HEADREST	UNDISCOUNTED	0	ACCEPTED		2,004
10,853,912	ACCEPTED	System and method for communication with an interactive voice response system	Described is a system and method for communicating using a telecommunications device which includes an automatic speech recognition (ASR) system. The ASR system which is capable of recognizing at least one prestored command from a voice input to the telecommunication device is activated. The ASR system compares the voice input to the at least one prestored command. When at least a first portion of the voice input matches the prestored command, the ASR system reviews a second portion of the voice input to determine a parameter value. A tone system generates a tone frequency corresponding to the parameter value.	1. A method for communicating using a telecommunications device which includes an automatic speech recognition (ASR) system, comprising the steps of: activating the ASR system which is capable of recognizing at least one prestored command from a voice input to the telecommunication device; comparing, with the ASR system, the voice input to the at least one prestored command, wherein, when at least a first portion of the voice input matches the prestored command, the ASR system reviews a second portion of the voice input to determine a parameter value; and generating a tone frequency corresponding to the parameter value. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the device includes a keypad, and wherein the parameter value corresponding to a character of the keypad. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the tone frequency is generated by a DTMF tone generator of the device. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the activating step is performed when at least one of (a) a predetermined input from a user is received and (b) a predetermined button is pressed. 5. The method according to claim 1, further comprising the steps of: establishing a communication with an interactive voice response (IVR) system; receiving an input request from the IVR system; and transmitting the tone frequency to the IVR system in response to the request. 6. The method according to claim 1, further comprising the step of: after the activating step, loading a vocabulary of the ASR system into a memory of the device, the vocabulary including the at least one prestored command. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the second portion continues until a third portion is received, the third portion matching to at least one of a further prestored command and a further parameter. 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the telecommunication device includes at least one of a telephone, a two-way radio, a mobile scanner, and a two-way alpha-numeric pager. 9. The method according to claim 1, further comprising the step of: receiving the voice input via a hands-free device which is coupled to the telecommunication device. 10. A telecommunication device, comprising: an input arrangement receiving a voice input from a user; an automatic speech recognition (ASR) system capable of recognizing at least one prestored command from the voice input; and a tone system, wherein the user actives the ASR system, the ASR system comparing the voice input to the at least one prestored command, wherein, when at least a first portion of the voice input matches the at least one prestored command, the ASR system reviews a second portion of the voice input to determine a parameter value, the tone system generating a tone frequency corresponding to the parameter value. 11. The device according to claim 10, wherein the device is attached to a hands-free device, the input arrangement receiving the voice input via the hands-free device. 12. The device according to claim 11, wherein the hands-free device is at least one of a speakerphone and a headset. 13. The device according to claim 10, wherein the ASR is activated when at least one of (a) a predetermined input from a user is received and (b) a predetermined button is pressed. 14. The device according to claim 10, wherein a communication with an interactive voice response (IVR) system which transmits a request for input and wherein the tone frequency is transmitted to the IVR system in response to the request. 15. The device according to claim 10, wherein the telecommunication device is at least one of a telephone, a two-way radio, a mobile scanner, and a two-way alpha-numeric pager. 16. The device according to claim 10, further comprising: a keypad, wherein the parameter value corresponding to a character of the keypad. 17. The device according to claim 10, wherein the tone frequency is a DTMF tone generator. 18. A method for communicating with an interactive voice response (IVR) system, comprising the steps of: establishing a communication with the IVR system using a telecommunication device, the device including an automatic speech recognition (ASR) system and a keypad; when the ASR system is activated, loading a vocabulary of the ASR system which includes at least one predetermined voice command; using the ASR system, recognizing a first portion of a voice input as the at least one predetermined voice command and determining at least one character of the keypad in a second portion of the voice input; generating a tone frequency associated with activation of the respective keypad character; and transmitting the tone frequency to the interactive voice response system. 19. A system for communication with an interactive voice response (IVR) system, comprising: a hands-free arrangement; and a telecommunication device receiving a voice input via the hands-free arrangement and capable of establishing a communication with the IVR system, the device including a keypad, an automatic speech recognition (ASR) system and a tone system, wherein when the ASR is activated, a vocabulary including at least one predetermined voice command is loaded, the ASR system recognizing a first portion of a voice input as the at least one predetermined voice command and converts a second portion into at least one character of the keypad, wherein the tone system generates a tone frequency associated with activation of the respective keypad character, the device transmits the tone frequency to the IVR system.	BACKGROUND ART Interactive voice response (IVR) systems are automated phone response devices that communicate with a caller using a plurality of prerecorded messages. These systems store the messages in a directory structure as options and list menu options with corresponding numbers (e.g., “To reach technical support, press 5”). After hearing the menu options, the caller then inputs a corresponding number on the phone's keypad after which the caller is then directed to an operator or generally another menu where the IVR system lists a new set of options. Furthermore, these systems only work with touch tone phones because these phones can emit a frequency that can be easily interpreted by the IVR systems, unlike the pulse phones. Recently, a few of the major IVR systems (e.g., UPS's auto response system) have been updated to include automated speech recognition (ASR) systems which interpret a caller's speech. Therefore, instead of pressing a corresponding number key to access a menu option, a caller may simply say the corresponding number. These IVR-based ASR systems are very complicated as they are required to interpret an enormous amount of pronunciations of corresponding numbers. The complexity of the ASR systems makes them too cost-prohibitive to be widely implemented, thus, most IVR systems still require their callers still to input selections using a keypad. The reliance on keypad input is especially problematic in the context of cellular phones. Many state and municipal governments have introduced laws banning cellular phone usage while driving. Compliance with the law requires the callers to use “hands free devices” (e.g., headsets and speakerphones). Often these modules are also supplemented by internal ASR systems. Some phones allow a caller to dial a stored number by simply stating the name of the person. However, when a caller is communicating with an IVR system, the internal ASR system is of little use as the caller would still have to input responses to IVR options using the keypad. Therefore, there is a need for a local ASR system that would allow a caller to communicate with an IVR system using voice commands. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a system and method for communicating using a telecommunications device which includes an automatic speech recognition (ASR) system. The ASR system which is capable of recognizing at least one prestored command from a voice input to the telecommunication device is activated. The ASR system compares the voice input to the at least one prestored command. When at least a first portion of the voice input matches the prestored command, the ASR system reviews a second portion of the voice input to determine a parameter value. A tone system generates a tone frequency corresponding to the parameter value. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 shows an exemplary embodiment according to the present invention of a telecommunication device communicating with an interactive voice response (IVR) system. FIG. 2 shows an exemplary embodiment of a method employing a local automatic speech recognition (ASR) system to communicate with the IVR system. DETAILED DESCRIPTION FIG. 1 shows an exemplary embodiment of a system 100 which allows a caller to communicate with an interactive voice response (IVR) system 30 using a voice input. The system 100 may include a telecommunication device (TCD) 10 which may be a two-way radio, an alpha-numeric device (e.g., BlackBerry™), a telephone, adapted for either land line or wireless networks. The TCD 10 may include a keypad 12 which may be used by a caller to input data into the TCD 10 (e.g., phone numbers or responses to the menu options listed by the IVR system 30). The TCD 10 may also include a touch tone (TT) system 14 which works in conjunction with the keypad 12. This TT system 14 is responsible for generating touch tone frequencies (e.g., dual-tone multiple frequencies “DTMF”) that are used by the modern telephone networks to dial phone numbers and communicate responses to menu options of the IVR system 30. In addition, the TCD 10 contains an automatic speech recognition (ASR) system 18. The ASR system 18 converts the voice input into a corresponding command and/or a parameter. A hands-free device 16 (e.g., a speakerphone, a headset) may be attached to the TCD 10 for the voice input. When activated, the ASR system 18 monitors the voice input obtained through the HFD 16 or the TCD 10. While the ASR system 18 may always be active, a continuous operation may be problematic because it requires continuous power consumption, as well as use of hardware and software components of the TCD 10 which are very limited. Therefore, it is preferred that the status of the ASR system 18 may be toggled by the caller so that the ASR system 18 is only active when the caller needs it to be. In addition, during the continuous operation, the ASR system 18 may produce false recognition results or interpret regular conversation as commands/parameters, thereby triggering undesired corresponding actions by the TCD 10. In one exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the activation and deactivation of the ASR system 18 may be accomplished by including a switch or a button on the TCD 10 or on the HFD 16. After the ASR system 18 receives the voice input from the caller, the ASR system 18 compares it to prestored commands included in a vocabulary and finds a corresponding command. In particular, the voice input received by the ASR system 10 is analyzed to determine if there is a match to the prestored commands stored in the vocabulary. The vocabulary may be loaded into the TCD 10 when the ASR system 18 is activated. In particular, the vocabulary contains a listing of commands that are associated with specific functions/actions. For instance, if the TCD 10 can store a voice activated phone book the vocabulary may contain a command “phone book.” Thus, if the caller speaks “phone book,” the ASR system 18 recognizes the command and activates the phone book function of the TCD 10. The ASR system 18 may also utilizes a multi-level vocabulary which includes, e.g., a first vocabulary and a second vocabulary. The first vocabulary may store primary commands, while the second vocabulary may store secondary commands associated with a particular primary command of the first vocabulary. Continuing with the phone book example, after the phone book is activated by the TCD 10, the caller may speak secondary commands related to this operation, such as the names of the places the caller wishes to call (e.g., Pizzeria, Parents, etc.). To deactivate the ASR system 18, the caller may speak a word recognized by the limited vocabulary that signals termination (e.g., “end”) or turn off the ASR system 18 or the TCD 10 itself. The vocabulary may include a command “tone”. Upon receiving the voice input which includes the command “tone,” the ASR system 18 extracts parameter value which follow in the voice input the command “tone”. The value of the parameter may describe major keys of the keypad 12 (e.g., one, two, three, four, pound, star, etc.). In exemplary embodiment according to the present invention, other keys, such as an English alphabet instead of only numbers (e.g., if the TCD 10 is a device having an alpha-numeric input) can be included in the keypad 12 and recognized by the ASR system 18. Once the voice input (e.g., “tone five”) is received and recognized by the AST system 18, the TT system 14 generates the corresponding DTMF which is transmitted to the IVR system 30. The TCD 10 may communicate with the IVR system 30 using communication network 40 (e.g., a land lines network, a wireless network, the Internet) depending on the nature of the TCD 10 and the network 40. The IVR system 30 may be any automated voice response system that includes menus and allows the caller to respond using a touch tone keypad (e.g., the keypad 12). FIG. 2 shows an exemplary embodiment according to the present invention of a method employing the ASR system 18 to communicate with the IVR system 30. In step 201, the caller initiates a call which is answered by the IVR 30. In particular, the caller dials the corresponding number using the keypad 10 or using an exemplary “phone book” voice recognition dialing method discussed above. In another exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the call may be initiated by the IVR system 30 or any third party. Once the TCD 10 is connected to the IVR system 30, the IVR system 30 may pose a plurality of inquiries to the caller directing him to enter certain keys corresponding to menu options. Therefore, the ASR system 18 needs to be activated so that it is ready to accept a voice input from the caller. In step 202, a determination is made as to whether the ASR system 18 is activated. If the ASR system 18 is not activated, then the ASR 18 is activated with the intervention of the caller. For example, the caller may activate the ASR system 18 by pressing a specified switch or button located on the HFD 16 or the TCD 10. Upon activation of the ASR system 18, the vocabulary is loaded and the ASR system 18 is ready to recognize any of the prestored commands contained in the vocabulary. Those skilled in the art would understand that there are other methods of activating the ASR system 18. In step 210, the voice input is received by the TCD 10 via the HFD 16. The voice input is analyzed by the ASR system 18 to determine if a first portion of the voice input matches to one of the prestored commands stored in the vocabulary. If it does, then the ASR system 18 reviews a second portion of the voice input to determine one of more parameter values. For instance, upon hearing a prompt from the IVR system 30 to press “5”, the caller says “Tone five.” In this example, the voice input is “Tone 5;” thus, the first portion is “Tone” which matches to the prestored command of the vocabulary and the second portion is “5” which is the parameter value. In an alternative exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the ASR system 18 may accept as an input a continuous parameter values. The caller may use a predetermined voice input to indicate a staring point of the continuous parameter values input (e.g., “tone start”). During the continuous parameter value input, the caller provided any number of parameter values in response the IVR system 30 until a voice input which matched to an ending point is provided (e.g., “tone end”). This exemplary embodiment is particularly useful when the IVR system 30 requires the caller to provide a number of responses (e.g., account number, social security number, etc.). Upon receiving the command and the parameter values from the ASR system 18 (step 212), the TT system 14 generates the corresponding touch tone frequency. For example, upon receiving an voice input “tone five,” the TT system 14 generates a tone frequency which is identical to pressing the button “5.” In step 214, the corresponding tone frequency is transmitted to the IVR system 30, thus, satisfying its query. As discussed earlier, an ability to accept spoken number entry is vital to cell phone users that are preoccupied by other activities, such as driving, using a computer, etc. The present invention allows the callers to concentrate on other tasks, without removing their attention or hands to operate a telephone. In addition, the present invention may also be implemented in devices other than telecommunication devices. It may be useful in other portable electronic devices that rely on conventional input methods, such a keypad. For instance, a voice input system may also be included into a handheld scanner (e.g., barcode scanner).	<SOH> BACKGROUND ART <EOH>Interactive voice response (IVR) systems are automated phone response devices that communicate with a caller using a plurality of prerecorded messages. These systems store the messages in a directory structure as options and list menu options with corresponding numbers (e.g., “To reach technical support, press 5”). After hearing the menu options, the caller then inputs a corresponding number on the phone's keypad after which the caller is then directed to an operator or generally another menu where the IVR system lists a new set of options. Furthermore, these systems only work with touch tone phones because these phones can emit a frequency that can be easily interpreted by the IVR systems, unlike the pulse phones. Recently, a few of the major IVR systems (e.g., UPS's auto response system) have been updated to include automated speech recognition (ASR) systems which interpret a caller's speech. Therefore, instead of pressing a corresponding number key to access a menu option, a caller may simply say the corresponding number. These IVR-based ASR systems are very complicated as they are required to interpret an enormous amount of pronunciations of corresponding numbers. The complexity of the ASR systems makes them too cost-prohibitive to be widely implemented, thus, most IVR systems still require their callers still to input selections using a keypad. The reliance on keypad input is especially problematic in the context of cellular phones. Many state and municipal governments have introduced laws banning cellular phone usage while driving. Compliance with the law requires the callers to use “hands free devices” (e.g., headsets and speakerphones). Often these modules are also supplemented by internal ASR systems. Some phones allow a caller to dial a stored number by simply stating the name of the person. However, when a caller is communicating with an IVR system, the internal ASR system is of little use as the caller would still have to input responses to IVR options using the keypad. Therefore, there is a need for a local ASR system that would allow a caller to communicate with an IVR system using voice commands.	<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>The present invention relates to a system and method for communicating using a telecommunications device which includes an automatic speech recognition (ASR) system. The ASR system which is capable of recognizing at least one prestored command from a voice input to the telecommunication device is activated. The ASR system compares the voice input to the at least one prestored command. When at least a first portion of the voice input matches the prestored command, the ASR system reviews a second portion of the voice input to determine a parameter value. A tone system generates a tone frequency corresponding to the parameter value.	20040526	20081230	20051201	72174.0		0	GAUTHIER, GERALD	SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR COMMUNICATION WITH AN INTERACTIVE VOICE RESPONSE SYSTEM	UNDISCOUNTED	0	ACCEPTED		2,004
10,854,095	ACCEPTED	Spraying head assembly for massaging tub	A spraying head assembly for a massaging tub includes a motor, a housing, a cap, and a cover. Thus, the spraying head assembly is assembled easily and conveniently, thereby facilitating a user mounting the spraying head assembly. In addition, the spraying head assembly can be detached easily by manually rotating and removing the cover and the cap, thereby facilitating maintenance of the spraying head assembly.	1. A spraying head assembly, comprising a motor, a housing, a cap, and a cover, wherein: the motor has an end face formed with a locking plate, a blade rotor is rotatably mounted on the end face of the motor; the housing is mounted on the motor and includes an annular face plate and a socket extended from the face plate for mounting the blade rotor of the motor, the face plate of the housing has a periphery formed with two opposite oblique water outlet recesses, the socket of the housing has an inner wall formed with a flange having a first side formed with two opposite snap recesses and a second side formed with an annular mounting groove mounted on the locking plate of the motor; the cap is mounted on the housing and includes a circular plate and a mounting ring extended from the circular plate and mounted in the socket of the housing, the circular plate has a center formed with a water inlet hole, the mounting ring has a periphery formed with two opposite water outlet openings each aligning with the respective water outlet recess of the face plate, the mounting ring has an end face formed with two opposite snapping blocks each snapped into a respective one of the snap recesses of the socket of the housing; and the cover is mounted on the cap and has an inside formed with a mounting recess mounted on the circular plate of the cap, the cover has a periphery formed with two opposite arcuate concave portions each aligning with the respective water outlet recess of the face plate. 2. The spraying head assembly in accordance with claim 1, wherein the socket of the housing has an end face formed with a plurality of positioning recesses, and the locking plate of the motor is formed with a plurality of protruding positioning blocks each positioned in a respective one of the positioning recesses of the socket. 3. The spraying head assembly in accordance with claim 1, wherein the locking plate of the motor is formed with a plurality of fixing holes, and the socket of the housing has an end face formed with a plurality of screw bores each engaged with a respective one of the fixing holes of the locking plate. 4. The spraying head assembly in accordance with claim 1, wherein the locking plate of the motor is formed with a plurality of air inlet holes, and the socket of the housing has an end face formed with two ventilating holes each communicating with a respective one of the air inlet holes of the locking plate. 5. The spraying head assembly in accordance with claim 4, wherein each of the ventilating holes of the socket communicates with the respective water outlet recess of the face plate. 6. The spraying head assembly in accordance with claim 2, wherein the locking plate of the motor is formed with a plurality of fixing holes each located adjacent to a respective one of the positioning blocks. 7. The spraying head assembly in accordance with claim 1, wherein the periphery of the face plate of the housing is formed with two opposite arcuate convex portions. 8. The spraying head assembly in accordance with claim 1, wherein the face plate has an end face formed with a plurality of locking holes for passage of a plurality of locking screws each screwed into a resting plate. 9. The spraying head assembly in accordance with claim 8, wherein the socket has a periphery formed with a plurality of arcuate catch plates each aligning with a respective one of the locking holes of the face plate. 10. The spraying head assembly in accordance with claim 1, further comprising an O-ring mounted on the locking plate of the motor. 11. The spraying head assembly in accordance with claim 10, wherein the mounting groove of the socket of the housing is rested on the O-ring. 12. The spraying head assembly in accordance with claim 1, wherein each of the snap recesses of the socket of the housing is formed with a positioning notch, and each of the two opposite snapping blocks of the mounting ring of the cap is formed with a positioning boss locked in the positioning notch of the respective snap recess. 13. The spraying head assembly in accordance with claim 1, wherein each of the snapping blocks of the mounting ring is located beside a respective one of the water outlet openings. 14. The spraying head assembly in accordance with claim 1, wherein the circular plate of the cap has an end face formed with two opposite water draining holes each located beside the water inlet hole. 15. The spraying head assembly in accordance with claim 1, wherein the cover has an end face formed with a plurality of elongated water inlet slots each communicating with the mounting recess. 16. The spraying head assembly in accordance with claim 1, wherein the mounting recess of the cover has a periphery formed with two opposite snapping notches, and the circular plate of the cap has a periphery formed with two opposite locking blocks each snapped into a respective one of the two snapping notches of the cover. 17. The spraying head assembly in accordance with claim 1, wherein the locking plate of the motor has a stepped shape. 18. The spraying head assembly in accordance with claim 1, wherein the locking plate of the motor is circular. 19. The spraying head assembly in accordance with claim 1, wherein the cover has a disk shape. 20. The spraying head assembly in accordance with claim 1, wherein the socket of the housing is rested on the locking plate of the motor.	BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a spraying head assembly, and more particularly to a spraying head assembly for a massaging tub. 2. Description of the Related Art A conventional massaging tub shown in FIG. 6 comprises a tub body 1 having an inner wall provided with a circulation head 2, a drain head 3 and a plurality of nozzles 4, and a motor 5 mounted in the inside of the tub body 1. The motor 5 is connected to the circulation head 2 through a circulation pipe 6, and is connected to the nozzles 4 through a water outlet pipe 7. When the motor 5 is started, the water contained in the tub body 1 is drawn through the circulation head 2, the circulation pipe 6 and the water outlet pipe 7 and is then injected outward from the nozzles 4, thereby providing a massaging effect. Each of the nozzles 4 is connected to an air guide pipe 8 which introduces the ambient air into the nozzles 4 by the siphon effect, so that the water injected from the nozzle 4 contains air bubbles. The air guide pipe 8 is connected to an air flow regulating valve 9 to regulate the air inlet rate. The drain head 3 is provided with a control valve 3a to control operation of the drain head 3. However, it is necessary to assemble the circulation pipe 6, the water outlet pipe 7 and the air guide pipe 8 in the tub body 1, thereby complicating the assembly process and increasing costs of assembly. In addition, the motor 5 is operated to draw the water contained in the tub body 1 through the circulation head 2, the circulation pipe 6, the water outlet pipe 7 and the nozzles 4, so that the motor 5 needs a larger power, and the water beam injected from the nozzles 4 is weakened. Further, the circulation head 2 is easily choked by an article, such as the towel or the like, so that the circulation head 2 forms a closed state, thereby wearing the motor 5 due to the idling operation. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In accordance with the present invention, there is provided a spraying head assembly, comprising a motor, a housing, a cap, and a cover, wherein: the motor has an end face formed with a locking plate, a blade rotor is rotatably mounted on the end face of the motor; the housing is mounted on the motor and includes an annular face plate and a socket extended from the face plate for mounting the blade rotor of the motor, the face plate of the housing has a periphery formed with two opposite oblique water outlet recesses, the socket of the housing has an inner wall formed with a flange having a first side formed with two opposite snap recesses and a second side formed with an annular mounting groove mounted on the locking plate of the motor; the cap is mounted on the housing and includes a circular plate and a mounting ring extended from the circular plate and mounted in the socket of the housing, the circular plate has a center formed with a water inlet hole, the mounting ring has a periphery formed with two opposite water outlet openings each aligning with the respective water outlet recess of the face plate, the mounting ring has an end face formed with two opposite snapping blocks each snapped into a respective one of the snap recesses of the socket of the housing; and the cover is mounted on the cap and has an inside formed with a mounting recess mounted on the circular plate of the cap, the cover has a periphery formed with two opposite arcuate concave portions each aligning with the respective water outlet recess of the face plate. The primary objective of the present invention is to provide a spraying head assembly for a massaging tub. Another objective of the present invention is to provide a spraying head assembly that is assembled easily and conveniently, thereby facilitating a user mounting the spraying head assembly. A further objective of the present invention is to provide a spraying head assembly that is detached easily by manually rotating and removing the cover and the cap, thereby facilitating maintenance of the spraying head assembly. A further objective of the present invention is to provide a spraying head assembly, wherein it is unnecessary to provide pipes in the massaging tub, thereby decreasing costs of fabrication. A further objective of the present invention is to provide a spraying head assembly, wherein the blade rotor is rotated to produce a suction force to draw the water contained in the massaging tub to flow through the water inlet slots of the cover and the water inlet hole of the cap into the inside of the housing to form a vortex so as to pressurize the water flow, thereby forming strong water beams which are injected outward from the two oblique water outlet recesses of the housing. Further benefits and advantages of the present invention will become apparent after a careful reading of the detailed description with appropriate reference to the accompanying drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a spraying head assembly in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 2 is an exploded perspective view of the spraying head assembly as shown in FIG. 1; FIG. 3 is an exploded perspective view of the spraying head assembly as shown in FIG. 1; FIG. 4 is a partially cut-away side plan cross-sectional view of the spraying head assembly as shown in FIG. 1; FIG. 5 is a schematic operational view of the spraying head assembly as shown in FIG. 4 in use; and FIG. 6 is a perspective view of a conventional massaging tub in accordance with the prior art. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Referring to the drawings and initially to FIGS. 1-4, a spraying head assembly for a massaging tub in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention comprises a motor 10, a housing 20, a cap 30, and a cover 40. The motor 10 has an end face formed with a circular locking plate 11 protruded outward therefrom. The locking plate 11 of the motor 10 has a stepped shape and is formed with a plurality of protruding positioning blocks 111, a plurality of fixing holes 11 2, and a plurality of air inlet holes 113. Each of the fixing holes 112 of the locking plate 11 of the motor 10 is located adjacent to a respective one of the positioning blocks 111. An O-ring 114 is mounted on the locking plate 11 of the motor 10. A blade rotor 12 is rotatably mounted on the end face of the motor 10. The housing 20 is mounted on the motor 10 and includes an annular face plate 21 and a socket 22 extended from the face plate 21 and rested on the locking plate 11 of the motor 10 for mounting the blade rotor 12 of the motor 10. The face plate 21 of the housing 20 has a periphery formed with two opposite arcuate convex portions 211 and two opposite oblique water outlet recesses 213. The face plate 21 has an end face formed with a plurality of locking holes 212 for passage of a plurality of locking screws 23 each screwed into a resting plate 24. The socket 22 of the housing 20 has a periphery formed with a plurality of arcuate catch plates 221 each aligning with a respective one of the locking holes 212 of the face plate 21. The socket 22 of the housing 20 has an inner wall formed with a radially inward extended flange 222 having a first side formed with two opposite snap recesses 2221 each formed with a positioning notch 22211 and a second side formed with an annular mounting groove 2222 mounted on the locking plate 11 of the motor 10 and rested on the O-ring 114. The socket 22 of the housing 20 has an end face formed with a plurality of positioning recesses 223, a plurality of screw bores 224 and two ventilating holes 225. Each of the positioning blocks 111 of the locking plate 11 of the motor 10 is positioned in a respective one of the positioning recesses 223 of the socket 22 of the housing 20. Each of the screw bores 224 of the socket 22 of the housing 20 is engaged with a respective one of the fixing holes 112 of the locking plate 11 of the motor 10 by a locking screw (not shown), so that the socket 22 of the housing 20 is fixed on the locking plate 11 of the motor 10. Each of the ventilating holes 225 of the socket 22 of the housing 20 communicates with a respective one of the air inlet holes 113 of the locking plate 11 of the motor 10. Each of the ventilating holes 225 of the socket 22 communicates with the respective water outlet recess 213 of the face plate 21. The cap 30 is mounted on the housing 20 and includes a circular plate 31 and a mounting ring 32 extended from the circular plate 31. The circular plate 31 of the cap 30 has a center formed with a water inlet hole 311 and has an end face formed with two opposite water draining holes 312 each located beside the water inlet hole 311. The circular plate 31 of the cap 30 has a periphery formed with two opposite locking blocks 313. The mounting ring 32 of the cap 30 is mounted in the socket 22 of the housing 20. The mounting ring 32 of the cap 30 has an end face formed with two opposite snapping blocks 322 each snapped into a respective one of the snap recesses 2221 of the socket 22 of the housing 20 and each formed with a positioning boss 3221 locked in the positioning notch 22211 of the respective snap recess 2221. The mounting ring 32 of the cap 30 has a periphery formed with two opposite water outlet openings 321 each aligning with the respective water outlet recess 213 of the face plate 21 of the housing 20, and each of the snapping blocks 322 of the mounting ring 32 of the cap 30 is located beside a respective one of the water outlet openings 321. The cover 40 having a disk shape is mounted on the cap 30. The cover 40 has an inside formed with a mounting recess 41 mounted on the circular plate 31 of the cap 30 and has an end face formed with a plurality of elongated water inlet slots 42 each communicating with the mounting recess 41. The mounting recess 41 of the cover 40 has a periphery formed with two opposite snapping notches 411, and each of the two opposite locking blocks 313 of the circular plate 31 of the cap 30 is snapped into a respective one of the snapping notches 411 of the cover 40. The cover 40 has a periphery formed with two opposite arcuate concave portions 43 each aligning with the respective water outlet recess 213 of the face plate 21 of the housing 20. In operation, referring to FIG. 5 with reference to FIGS. 1-4, the spraying head assembly is mounted in a mounting hole “B” of an inner wall “A” of the massaging tub, and the locking screws 23 are rotated to drive the resting plates 24 to press the inner wall “A” of the massaging tub, thereby fixing the spraying head assembly on the inner wall “A” of the massaging tub. When the motor 10 is operated, the blade rotor 12 is rotated by the rotation shaft (not shown) of the motor 10 to produce a suction force to draw the water contained in the massaging tub to flow through the water inlet slots 42 of the cover 40 and the water inlet hole 311 of the cap 30 into the inside of the housing 20 to form a vortex so as to pressurize the water flow, thereby forming multiple strong water beams which are injected outward from the two opposite oblique water outlet recesses 213 of the housing 20. At this time, the ambient air is drawn through the air inlet holes 113 of the locking plate 11 of the motor 10 and the ventilating holes 225 of the socket 22 of the housing 20 into the two opposite oblique water outlet recesses 213 of the housing 20 by the syphon effect, so that the water beams are mixed with the air to form bubbles. In addition, the used water contained in the massaging tub flows through the housing 20 and the water draining holes 312 of the cap 30 and is drained outward from the cover 40, so that the used water is not accumulated in the housing 20. Accordingly, the spraying head assembly is assembled easily and conveniently, thereby facilitating a user mounting the spraying head assembly. In addition, the spraying head assembly is detached easily by manually rotating and removing the cover 40 and the cap 30, thereby facilitating maintenance of the spraying head assembly. Further, it is unnecessary to provide pipes in the massaging tub, thereby decreasing costs of fabrication. Further, the blade rotor 12 is rotated to produce a suction force to draw the water contained in the massaging tub to flow through the water inlet slots 42 of the cover 40 and the water inlet hole 311 of the cap 30 into the inside of the housing 20 to form a vortex so as to pressurize the water flow, thereby forming strong water beams which are injected outward from the two oblique water outlet recesses 213 of the housing 20. Although the invention has been explained in relation to its preferred embodiment(s) as mentioned above, it is to be understood that many other possible modifications and variations can be made without departing from the scope of the present invention. It is, therefore, contemplated that the appended claim or claims will cover such modifications and variations that fall within the true scope of the invention.	<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a spraying head assembly, and more particularly to a spraying head assembly for a massaging tub. 2. Description of the Related Art A conventional massaging tub shown in FIG. 6 comprises a tub body 1 having an inner wall provided with a circulation head 2 , a drain head 3 and a plurality of nozzles 4 , and a motor 5 mounted in the inside of the tub body 1 . The motor 5 is connected to the circulation head 2 through a circulation pipe 6 , and is connected to the nozzles 4 through a water outlet pipe 7 . When the motor 5 is started, the water contained in the tub body 1 is drawn through the circulation head 2 , the circulation pipe 6 and the water outlet pipe 7 and is then injected outward from the nozzles 4 , thereby providing a massaging effect. Each of the nozzles 4 is connected to an air guide pipe 8 which introduces the ambient air into the nozzles 4 by the siphon effect, so that the water injected from the nozzle 4 contains air bubbles. The air guide pipe 8 is connected to an air flow regulating valve 9 to regulate the air inlet rate. The drain head 3 is provided with a control valve 3 a to control operation of the drain head 3 . However, it is necessary to assemble the circulation pipe 6 , the water outlet pipe 7 and the air guide pipe 8 in the tub body 1 , thereby complicating the assembly process and increasing costs of assembly. In addition, the motor 5 is operated to draw the water contained in the tub body 1 through the circulation head 2 , the circulation pipe 6 , the water outlet pipe 7 and the nozzles 4 , so that the motor 5 needs a larger power, and the water beam injected from the nozzles 4 is weakened. Further, the circulation head 2 is easily choked by an article, such as the towel or the like, so that the circulation head 2 forms a closed state, thereby wearing the motor 5 due to the idling operation.	<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>In accordance with the present invention, there is provided a spraying head assembly, comprising a motor, a housing, a cap, and a cover, wherein: the motor has an end face formed with a locking plate, a blade rotor is rotatably mounted on the end face of the motor; the housing is mounted on the motor and includes an annular face plate and a socket extended from the face plate for mounting the blade rotor of the motor, the face plate of the housing has a periphery formed with two opposite oblique water outlet recesses, the socket of the housing has an inner wall formed with a flange having a first side formed with two opposite snap recesses and a second side formed with an annular mounting groove mounted on the locking plate of the motor; the cap is mounted on the housing and includes a circular plate and a mounting ring extended from the circular plate and mounted in the socket of the housing, the circular plate has a center formed with a water inlet hole, the mounting ring has a periphery formed with two opposite water outlet openings each aligning with the respective water outlet recess of the face plate, the mounting ring has an end face formed with two opposite snapping blocks each snapped into a respective one of the snap recesses of the socket of the housing; and the cover is mounted on the cap and has an inside formed with a mounting recess mounted on the circular plate of the cap, the cover has a periphery formed with two opposite arcuate concave portions each aligning with the respective water outlet recess of the face plate. The primary objective of the present invention is to provide a spraying head assembly for a massaging tub. Another objective of the present invention is to provide a spraying head assembly that is assembled easily and conveniently, thereby facilitating a user mounting the spraying head assembly. A further objective of the present invention is to provide a spraying head assembly that is detached easily by manually rotating and removing the cover and the cap, thereby facilitating maintenance of the spraying head assembly. A further objective of the present invention is to provide a spraying head assembly, wherein it is unnecessary to provide pipes in the massaging tub, thereby decreasing costs of fabrication. A further objective of the present invention is to provide a spraying head assembly, wherein the blade rotor is rotated to produce a suction force to draw the water contained in the massaging tub to flow through the water inlet slots of the cover and the water inlet hole of the cap into the inside of the housing to form a vortex so as to pressurize the water flow, thereby forming strong water beams which are injected outward from the two oblique water outlet recesses of the housing. Further benefits and advantages of the present invention will become apparent after a careful reading of the detailed description with appropriate reference to the accompanying drawings.	20040525	20060926	20051201	67720.0		1	FETSUGA, ROBERT M	SPRAYING HEAD ASSEMBLY FOR MASSAGING TUB	SMALL	0	ACCEPTED		2,004
10,854,190	ACCEPTED	Device for ultraviolet radiation treatment of body tissues	The device for ultraviolet radiation treatment of body tissues includes a UV light source, a halogen light source and a viewing mechanism all connected to a trifurcation joint by fiber optic cables. All three fiber optics cables are bundled together and exit the trifurcation joint and form a flexible shaft having a distal tip. The distal tip is polished to radiate collimated light. The device allows a user to illuminate the target area in or on the human body via the halogen light, to view the target area via the viewing mechanism, and to treat the body tissue via the UV light source. For destroying pathogens the UV light is calibrated to 253.7 nanometers, a germicidal UV wavelength, by selection of a specific light bulb. The UV light source may be a mercury light bulb and it is maintained at a constant wavelength using a fan to regulate the temperature within the UV light housing.	1. A device for ultraviolet radiation treatment of body tissue, comprising: a ultraviolet (UV) light source having a housing, a UV light assembly disposed within the housing capable of emitting ultraviolet light, and a first fiber optic cable extending from the housing; a visible light source having a second fiber optic cable extending therefrom; a viewing mechanism having an optical lens assembly and a third fiber optic cable extending from the optical lens assembly; a trifurcation joint, the first, second, and third fiber optic cables forming a bundle of fiber optic cables at the trifurcation joint; and a flexible shaft extending from the trifurcation joint and defining a distal tip, the bundle of fiber optic cables extending through the shaft; whereby the flexible shaft is adapted for endoscopic insertion into a human body, the distal tip being directed to a target tissue area by the visible light source and viewing mechanism, the target area being irradiated by the ultraviolet light source. 2. The device for ultraviolet radiation treatment of body tissue according to claim 1, wherein the housing of said UV light source is made of anodized aluminum. 3. The device for ultraviolet radiation treatment of body tissue according to claim 1, wherein said UV light source comprises a UV light bulb and a threaded reflector disposed behind the UV light bulb, the reflector being elliptical in shape in order to capture UV light generated by the UV light bulb and focus the UV light into the first fiber optic cable. 4. The device for ultraviolet radiation treatment of body tissue according to claim 3, wherein said UV light assembly further comprises a lock ring disposed securing said reflector behind said UV light bulb, the lock ring permitting adjustment of the position of said reflector in order to focus the UV light emitted from the bulb. 5. The device for ultraviolet radiation treatment of body tissue according to claim 1, wherein the UV light source is calibrated to emit radiation at 253.7 nanometers. 6. The device for ultraviolet radiation treatment of body tissue according to claim 1, wherein the UV light assembly comprises an incandescent mercury vapor light bulb. 7. The device for ultraviolet radiation treatment of body tissue according to claim 1, wherein the UV light assembly comprises an incandescent xenon light bulb. 8. The device for ultraviolet radiation treatment of body tissue according to claim 1, wherein said UV light source further comprises a thermostatically controlled fan and temperature sensor connected thereto for cooling the UV light assembly in order to maintain emitted UV light at a calibrated wavelength. 9. The device for ultraviolet radiation treatment of body tissue according to claim 1, wherein said visible light source comprises a halogen light assembly. 10. The device for ultraviolet radiation treatment of body tissue according to claim 1, wherein the said visible light source emits white light in a range between about 600 nm to about 400 nm. 11. The device for ultraviolet radiation treatment of body tissue according to claim 1, wherein said first fiber optic cable comprises a quartz cable. 12. The device for ultraviolet radiation treatment of body tissue according to claim 1, wherein said second fiber optic cable is made of borosilicate. 13. The device for ultraviolet radiation treatment of body tissue according to claim 1, wherein the third fiber optic cable is an imaging fiber optic. 14. The device for ultraviolet radiation treatment of body tissue according to claim 1, wherein said first optic cable comprises a plurality of individual quartz fiber optic strands. 15. A method of destroying pathogens in body tissue using the device according to claim 1, comprising the steps of: (a) endoscopically inserting the shaft of the device into a patient's body; (b) illuminating target tissue with the visible light source; (c) viewing the target tissue through the viewing mechanism;. (d) directing the distal tip towards the target tissue; and (e) irradiating the, target tissue with the ultraviolet light source. 16. The method according to claim 15, further comprising the step of calibrating the ultraviolet light source to emit ultraviolet light at a wavelength of about 253.7 nanometers. 17. A method of treating blood vessels having a buildup of atherosclerotic plaque using the device according to claim 1, comprising the steps of: (a) inserting the shaft of the device into a patient's blood vessel; (b) introducing a monoclonal antibody that selectively attaches to plaque into the blood vessel, the antibody being tagged with a chromophore; (c) illuminating the blood vessel with the visible light source; (d) identifying the chromophore-tagged plaque through the viewing mechanism; (d) directing the distal tip towards the chromophore-tagged plaque; and (e) irradiating the chromophore-tagged plaque with the ultraviolet light source, whereby the plaque is vaporized. 18. A method of treating decaying teeth using the device according to claim 1, comprising the steps of: (a) inserting the shaft of the device into a patient's mouth; (b) illuminating a decaying tooth with the visible light source; (c) viewing the decaying tooth through the viewing mechanism; (d) directing the distal tip towards the decaying tooth; and (e) irradiating the decaying tooth with the ultraviolet light source.	BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to ultraviolet (UV) light devices, more particularly to a UV light device that is used to treat body tissues, such as destroying pathogens within the body, eliminating atherosclerotic plaque tissue, treatment of teeth and gums, etc. 2. Description of the Related Art It is well known that exposing microbes, such as bacteria and viruses, to ultraviolet (UV) light will kill or destroy the entity. The ideal germicidal UV wavelength is 253.7 or 254 nanometers (nm). Microbes are especially sensitive to the effects of ultraviolet light at the 253.7 nm wavelength. Specifically, UV light having a wavelength of 253.7 nm will alter the DNA of the microorganisms, preventing DNA replication and proliferation. Bacteria such as E. coli and rotaviruses are made inactive by UV light at the 253.7 nm wavelength. However, not all microbes are affected by the 253.7 nm wavelength. For example, Cryptosporidium or Giardia requires a different UV intensity and duration of exposure to the particular wavelength. A formula used to describe the UV dosage required to inactivate microbes is: UV dosage=UV intensity×exposure time. Current devices that kill bacteria on a particular area on the body or that sterilize water, containers or appliances use lasers or UV light. Most devices expose the targeted area with some sort of radiation or phototherapeutic treatment without having provisions for controlling the range of output produced. Other devices dispose the source of the UV light within a patient's body, which carries the risk that the light source may break and cause harm within the body. A device is needed that allows the user to determine the wavelength of the UV output, that can be calibrated to a specific UV wavelength and that can be used safely within the body. U.S. patent Publication No. 2002/0183729, published on Dec. 5, 2002 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,423,055, issued to Farr et al. on Jul. 23, 2002, disclose a device for delivering radiation or other phototherapeutic treatment to a targeted site. The energy is transmitted through an optical fiber and is projected as an annular light pattern. U.S. patent Publication No. 2003/0097122, published on May 22, 2003, describes a method and apparatus for treating diseases, such as gum disease and atherosclerotic vascular disease. The apparatus uses visible light, UV light or other light sources, such as lasers, directed through a fiber optic bundle with the light source being located outside the body. The device uses computer logic to control the emission of light in a flashing state. U.S. patent Publication No. 2003/0191459, published on Oct. 9, 2003, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,491,618, issued on Dec. 10, 2002 to Ganz, disclose an apparatus and method for killing microorganisms within the body, specifically the stomach, using a light radiation source. The apparatus comprises a shaft, a distal radiation distribution head, an optional inflatable balloon, and a light source disposed at the distal tip of the shaft, such as an x-ray device or UV radiation. The instrument can be inserted into the body alone or, if desired, through the lumen of an endoscope. The lamp is disposed within the shaft, as are a spray nozzle, illumination ports, and a viewing port. The lamp may be withdrawn and extended outside the shaft and may be surrounded by an optional inflatable balloon, or a tubular quartz enclosure screen. In a second embodiment, the instrument comprises a control head, a shaft, an external light source and a radiation source. The second embodiment may also use filters to control the wavelength emitted from the device. Both embodiments, however, use a computer to control the power supply and to cause the emitted light to flash intermittently. U.S. Pat. No. 5,344,434, issued to Talmore on Sep. 6, 1994, discloses an apparatus for photodynamic therapy treatment comprising a lamp possessing a narrow beam of light, a glass lens, a high-pass filter and a light guide. U.S. Pat. No. 5,855,595, issued to Fujishima et al. on Jan. 5, 1999, discloses an apparatus that emits a continuous light spectrum of UV, visible and infrared radiation to treat tumors. The apparatus includes filters and a system for transmitting a beam of light through the filters onto an affected area. U.S. Pat. No. 5,871,522, issued to Sentilles on Feb. 16, 1999, discloses an apparatus and method for projecting germicidal UV radiation on a target area of the body. The apparatus comprises a reflector having an axis of reflection, a lamp having a wavelength in the UV C range and no radiation in the UV A and B ranges and a collimator made up of a plurality of plates aligned with the axis of reflection for accurate aiming of the condensed radiation beam. U.S. Pat. No. 4,686,986, issued to Fenyo et al. on Aug. 18, 1987, discloses a method and apparatus for promoting healing. The apparatus comprises a light source, having a wavelength exceeding 300 nm, a deflector, and a polarizer. British Patent Number 2,105,195, published on Mar. 23, 1993, describes an apparatus for stimulating biological processes related to cellular activity with light. The apparatus is meant to promote the healing of lesions on the body surface, such as wounds, ulcers and epithelial injuries. The apparatus comprises a light source emitting light having a wavelength of 300 nm, a fan, a deflecting system and a plurality of light filters. U.S. Pat. No. 5,647,840, issued to D'Amelio et al. on Jul. 15, 1997, discloses an endoscope having a distally heated distal lens for performing laparoscopic surgery. The endoscope has a fiber optic bundle and may include a fluid flow channel for directing fluid flow across the distal lens. U.S. Pat. No. 6,403,030, issued on Jun. 11, 2002, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,447,721 issued on Sep. 10, 2002, both to Horton Ill., describe an ultraviolet wastewater disinfection system and method for treating containers. The system positions a UV light source in a number of ways outside a fluid within the container. The system comprises a housing containing at least one light source, a power source for producing a UV light output and at least one optical component disposed between the light source and the UV light output. U.S. Pat. No. 6,524,529, issued to Horton Ill. on Feb. 25, 2003, discloses an ultraviolet disinfection system for treating appliances. The system comprises at least one UV light-ready appliance, at least one light source, a portal for receiving UV light from the light source and a connector disposed at the portal for providing a focused, controlled UV light output. U.S. patent Publication No. 2002/0063954, published on May 30, 2002, describes a portal-based system for ultraviolet sterilization of containers and appliances. None of the above inventions and patents, taken either singly or in combination, is seen to describe the instant invention as claimed. Thus, a device to destroy pathogens solving the aforementioned problems is desired. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The device for ultraviolet radiation treatment of body tissues of the present invention comprises a UV light source, a halogen light source, and a viewing mechanism all connected to a trifurcation joint by fiber optic cables. All three fiber optics cables are bundles and exit the trifurcation joint to form a shaft having a distal tip. The distal tip is polished to radiate collimated light. The device allows a user to illuminate the target area in or on the body via the halogen light, to view the target area via the viewing mechanism, and to destroy pathogens via the UV light source. Ideally the UV light is calibrated to 253.7 nanometers, a germicidal UV wavelength, by selection of a specific light bulb. The UV light source may be a mercury light bulb and is maintained at a constant wavelength using a fan to regulate the temperature of the bulb. These and other features of the present invention will become readily apparent upon consideration of the following specification and drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is an environmental, perspective view of a device to destroy pathogens according to the present invention. FIG. 2 is a perspective view of the UV light source of the device of the present invention, the housing being broken away and partially in section to show details of the light source. FIG. 3 is an exploded, perspective view of the eyepiece of the device of the present invention. Similar reference characters denote corresponding features consistently throughout the attached drawings. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS The present invention is a device to kill pathogens, designated generally as 100 in the drawings. As shown in FIG. 1, the device 100 comprises a UV light source 200, a visible (white or halogen light) source 300, a viewing mechanism 400 and fiber optic cables 620, 630, 640 joined into a bundle of fiber optic cables at trifurcation joint 500. A flexible shaft 600, having a first end and a second end is connected to the trifurcation joint 500. The first end of shaft 600 is connected to the trifurcation joint 500, and the second end of shaft 600 defines a distal tip 670. The shaft 600 retains each of the fiber optic cables 620, 630, 640 in a bundle. The device 100 uses a UV light source 200, preferably the UV being radiated from an incandescent mercury vapor light bulb that is calibrated to emit radiation at a pre-determined wavelength frequency, such as 253.7 nm, or any other wavelength in the UV range of the electromagnetic spectrum. Other bulbs may be used such as an incandescent xenon bulb or similar bulbs. For example, the device 100 may use bulbs generating UV radiation having lower wavelengths for treating sensitive areas in the body, such as the heart, for treating tumors within the body cavity, or for immobilizing microbes that require a different wavelength of radiation than the preferred 253.7 nm, such as Cryptosporidium or Giardia protozoan parasites affecting the gastrointestinal tract. Referring to FIG. 2, the UV light source 200, also referred to as a UV light projector, includes a housing 205, preferably made of one-quarter inch thick aluminum sheet metal, having a base or floor 214, a front case panel 210, a rear case panel 212 a pair of opposing side panels, and a top panel, the panels and floor comprising six separate sheets joined by stainless steel screws to form the housing 205. The entire housing 205 is preferably anodized both internally and externally to prevent corrosion. The housing 205 encloses a UV light bulb 220, a threaded reflector 240, a fan 230, a temperature sensor 232, a ballast transformer 228 and an intermediate socket 226. The bulb 220 is screwed into the intermediate socket 226 that is mounted on the floor 214. The reflector 240 shrouds the bulb 220 and targets the UV light into an external portal 250 disposed on the front case panel 210. The reflector 240 is elliptical in shape, which is a suitable design to capture UV light generated by the bulb 220 and direct it into the external portal 250. The portal 250 possesses a fiber optic connector or coupler to which the fiber optic cable 620 is attached. The coupler joins the fiber optic cable 620 to the housing 205 and focuses light through the cable 620. A lock ring 222 is disposed to the rear of the reflector 240. By unlocking the ring 222 and moving the reflector 240 to or away from the portal 250, UV light may be finely targeted into the fiber optic cable 620 via the coupler disposed within the portal 250. The projector 200 runs on 110 Volts of alternating current (AC), which is provided through a power cable 242. The power is directed to the ballast transformer 228, which provides the proper voltage for the bulb 220. Electrical wires interconnect the elements of the projector 200 and supply power. An on/off switch 244 is provided for selectively applying power to the UV light source 200. Fan 230 and temperature sensor 232 are provided for regulation of the temperature within housing 205 in order to maintain the UV radiation at the desired wavelength. The fan 230 keeps the temperature of the skin of the bulb 220 stable. The fan 230 keeps the bulb 220 between 40 to 50 degrees centigrade, the optimal temperature within which the desired UV wavelength output is reached to destroy pathogens. The fan 230 cooperates with the sensor 232 to detect whether the skin temperature of the bulb is outside the optimal temperature range and therefore maintains the radiation wavelength at a constant frequency. When the bulb 220 is outside the optimal temperature range, i.e., too hot, the sensor 232 actuates the fan 230 to turn on and take in cooler air via an intake vent 234. A second vent 236 disposed on the housing 205 permits air to circulate and push out the warm air. Once the bulb 220 is within the optimal temperature range, the fan 230 automatically turns off. Referring back to FIG. 1, the visible light source 300 houses a halogen light from which white light between about 600 nm to about 400 nm is emitted. The visible light source 300 connects to the fiber optic cable 630 by a coupler 310. The halogen assembly 300, like the projector 200, also operates on AC power. The visible light source 300, as well as the trifurcation joint 500, is commercially purchased from a fiber optic supplier, such as Myriad Fiber Imaging Tech, Inc. of Dudley, Mass. The viewing mechanism 400 is ideally a telescopic eyepiece or endoscope and may also be commercially purchased. As shown in FIG. 3, the viewing mechanism 400 comprises a viewing lens or eyepiece 410, a focus ring 420 to adjust the focus of the eyepiece 410, and a coupler 430 disposed between the eyepiece 410 and a proximal end 440 to which the fiber optic cable 640 is attached. The fiber optic cable 620, which joins the UV light source 200 to the trifurcation joint 500 is made of quartz. Quartz is the optimal type of fiber optic used in the transmittal of UV radiation. Fiber optic cable 620 may comprise a plurality of individual quartz fiber optics. The trifurcation joint 500, which is made of plastic, also receives the two other fiber optic cables 630, 640 from the visible light source 300 and the viewing mechanism 400, respectively. The fiber optic cable 630 between the visible light source 300 and the trifurcation joint 500 is made of borosilicate, while the fiber optic cable 640 between the viewing mechanism 400 and the trifurcation joint 500 is made of an imaging fiber optic. All three fiber optic cable 620, 630, 640 pass through the trifurcation joint 500 and bundled together to extend down the flexible shaft 600, with each end being disposed at the distal tip 670. The shaft 600 is preferably about four feet long and between about 2 mm to about 5 mm thick, but can be shorter or longer and thicker or thinner. The shaft 600 of the device 100 supplies white light through cable 630 to guide the shaft through the human body and illuminate the target area. The shaft 600 also simultaneously permits the user to view the target area using the imaging cable 640, and permits UV light to radiate from the quartz cable 620 to kill pathogens or clear arterial blockage once the distal tip 670 is properly positioned. The distal tip 670 is flat, and specifically is a plano surface which is polished so that light is collimated as it exits the tip 670. If the tip is not polished then little light will come through. Being a medical tool, device 100 can be used either internally or externally as a diagnostic as well as therapeutic device. When the device 100 is used within the body as an endoscope, it should be manipulated by one skilled in the art of using endoscopes. The device 100 can easily be inserted into the internal body cavities for use in the lungs, the heart or any other cavity where tumors or pathogens reside. The device 100 can be calibrated at any wavelength based on the type of bulb being used. A higher or lower wavelength bulb can be inserted during calibration. Calibration of the device 100 is desired in carrying out specific procedures. For instance, a lower wavelength frequency is required when the device 100 is used to treat clogged arteries or destroy tumors within the body. When using the device 100 to clear clogged arteries in the heart, the heart is mapped and then a balloon catheter must be placed in the artery and inflated. Immediately afterwards, the shaft 670 is inserted in the same opening through with the balloon catheter had been inserted, for example through the groin or the arm, and areas identified with plaque are given a dose of UV light, which vaporizes the plaque. Here, the bulb 220 used with the device 100 has a low wavelength frequency. The length of the exposure is dependent on the size of the blockage to be vaporized or the type of pathogen desired to be killed. Furthermore, in order to target the plaque, the cardiologist can use chromophore-tagged monoclonal antibodies that selectively attach to plaque. The plaque is then identified by the operator looking into the eyepiece and the UV radiation is directed at the plaque, whereupon the plaque vaporizes. A specific formula used to determine the particular wavelength used to inactive microbes is: Ultraviolet dosage=Ultraviolet intensity×Exposure time. The dosage units are measured in MJ/CM2. The device 100 also is useful externally when used in the mouth to treat cavities or to clear pathogens during root canal surgery. When treating decaying teeth, the distal tip 670 would first be directed onto the tooth using the viewing mechanism 400 and the white light provided by the halogen light assembly 300. Then UV light would be applied to the target for a pre-determined time to destroy any pathogens, see FIG. 1. By using the device to treat decaying teeth, one forgoes the step of having to drill into the tooth. The cavity can then be filled with enamel or any other suitable filling material, if necessary. The device 100 is designed for repeated use. This is achieved by decoupling the cables 620, 630, 640 from the visible light source 300 and the UV light source 200, and sterilizing the fiber optic cables 620, 630, 640, and the viewing mechanism 400 by bathing in chemicals, such as steris, cidex, sterrad or ethylene-oxide gas. Autoclaving is not suitable as a sterilization method. Thus, the device 100 and its parts are re-usable once it is sterilized. It is to be understood that the present invention is not limited to the embodiments described above, but encompasses any and all embodiments within the scope of the following claims.	<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to ultraviolet (UV) light devices, more particularly to a UV light device that is used to treat body tissues, such as destroying pathogens within the body, eliminating atherosclerotic plaque tissue, treatment of teeth and gums, etc. 2. Description of the Related Art It is well known that exposing microbes, such as bacteria and viruses, to ultraviolet (UV) light will kill or destroy the entity. The ideal germicidal UV wavelength is 253.7 or 254 nanometers (nm). Microbes are especially sensitive to the effects of ultraviolet light at the 253.7 nm wavelength. Specifically, UV light having a wavelength of 253.7 nm will alter the DNA of the microorganisms, preventing DNA replication and proliferation. Bacteria such as E. coli and rotaviruses are made inactive by UV light at the 253.7 nm wavelength. However, not all microbes are affected by the 253.7 nm wavelength. For example, Cryptosporidium or Giardia requires a different UV intensity and duration of exposure to the particular wavelength. A formula used to describe the UV dosage required to inactivate microbes is: in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="lead"? UV dosage= UV intensity×exposure time. in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="tail"? Current devices that kill bacteria on a particular area on the body or that sterilize water, containers or appliances use lasers or UV light. Most devices expose the targeted area with some sort of radiation or phototherapeutic treatment without having provisions for controlling the range of output produced. Other devices dispose the source of the UV light within a patient's body, which carries the risk that the light source may break and cause harm within the body. A device is needed that allows the user to determine the wavelength of the UV output, that can be calibrated to a specific UV wavelength and that can be used safely within the body. U.S. patent Publication No. 2002/0183729, published on Dec. 5, 2002 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,423,055, issued to Farr et al. on Jul. 23, 2002, disclose a device for delivering radiation or other phototherapeutic treatment to a targeted site. The energy is transmitted through an optical fiber and is projected as an annular light pattern. U.S. patent Publication No. 2003/0097122, published on May 22, 2003, describes a method and apparatus for treating diseases, such as gum disease and atherosclerotic vascular disease. The apparatus uses visible light, UV light or other light sources, such as lasers, directed through a fiber optic bundle with the light source being located outside the body. The device uses computer logic to control the emission of light in a flashing state. U.S. patent Publication No. 2003/0191459, published on Oct. 9, 2003, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,491,618, issued on Dec. 10, 2002 to Ganz, disclose an apparatus and method for killing microorganisms within the body, specifically the stomach, using a light radiation source. The apparatus comprises a shaft, a distal radiation distribution head, an optional inflatable balloon, and a light source disposed at the distal tip of the shaft, such as an x-ray device or UV radiation. The instrument can be inserted into the body alone or, if desired, through the lumen of an endoscope. The lamp is disposed within the shaft, as are a spray nozzle, illumination ports, and a viewing port. The lamp may be withdrawn and extended outside the shaft and may be surrounded by an optional inflatable balloon, or a tubular quartz enclosure screen. In a second embodiment, the instrument comprises a control head, a shaft, an external light source and a radiation source. The second embodiment may also use filters to control the wavelength emitted from the device. Both embodiments, however, use a computer to control the power supply and to cause the emitted light to flash intermittently. U.S. Pat. No. 5,344,434, issued to Talmore on Sep. 6, 1994, discloses an apparatus for photodynamic therapy treatment comprising a lamp possessing a narrow beam of light, a glass lens, a high-pass filter and a light guide. U.S. Pat. No. 5,855,595, issued to Fujishima et al. on Jan. 5, 1999, discloses an apparatus that emits a continuous light spectrum of UV, visible and infrared radiation to treat tumors. The apparatus includes filters and a system for transmitting a beam of light through the filters onto an affected area. U.S. Pat. No. 5,871,522, issued to Sentilles on Feb. 16, 1999, discloses an apparatus and method for projecting germicidal UV radiation on a target area of the body. The apparatus comprises a reflector having an axis of reflection, a lamp having a wavelength in the UV C range and no radiation in the UV A and B ranges and a collimator made up of a plurality of plates aligned with the axis of reflection for accurate aiming of the condensed radiation beam. U.S. Pat. No. 4,686,986, issued to Fenyo et al. on Aug. 18, 1987, discloses a method and apparatus for promoting healing. The apparatus comprises a light source, having a wavelength exceeding 300 nm, a deflector, and a polarizer. British Patent Number 2,105,195, published on Mar. 23, 1993, describes an apparatus for stimulating biological processes related to cellular activity with light. The apparatus is meant to promote the healing of lesions on the body surface, such as wounds, ulcers and epithelial injuries. The apparatus comprises a light source emitting light having a wavelength of 300 nm, a fan, a deflecting system and a plurality of light filters. U.S. Pat. No. 5,647,840, issued to D'Amelio et al. on Jul. 15, 1997, discloses an endoscope having a distally heated distal lens for performing laparoscopic surgery. The endoscope has a fiber optic bundle and may include a fluid flow channel for directing fluid flow across the distal lens. U.S. Pat. No. 6,403,030, issued on Jun. 11, 2002, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,447,721 issued on Sep. 10, 2002, both to Horton Ill., describe an ultraviolet wastewater disinfection system and method for treating containers. The system positions a UV light source in a number of ways outside a fluid within the container. The system comprises a housing containing at least one light source, a power source for producing a UV light output and at least one optical component disposed between the light source and the UV light output. U.S. Pat. No. 6,524,529, issued to Horton Ill. on Feb. 25, 2003, discloses an ultraviolet disinfection system for treating appliances. The system comprises at least one UV light-ready appliance, at least one light source, a portal for receiving UV light from the light source and a connector disposed at the portal for providing a focused, controlled UV light output. U.S. patent Publication No. 2002/0063954, published on May 30, 2002, describes a portal-based system for ultraviolet sterilization of containers and appliances. None of the above inventions and patents, taken either singly or in combination, is seen to describe the instant invention as claimed. Thus, a device to destroy pathogens solving the aforementioned problems is desired.	<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>The device for ultraviolet radiation treatment of body tissues of the present invention comprises a UV light source, a halogen light source, and a viewing mechanism all connected to a trifurcation joint by fiber optic cables. All three fiber optics cables are bundles and exit the trifurcation joint to form a shaft having a distal tip. The distal tip is polished to radiate collimated light. The device allows a user to illuminate the target area in or on the body via the halogen light, to view the target area via the viewing mechanism, and to destroy pathogens via the UV light source. Ideally the UV light is calibrated to 253.7 nanometers, a germicidal UV wavelength, by selection of a specific light bulb. The UV light source may be a mercury light bulb and is maintained at a constant wavelength using a fan to regulate the temperature of the bulb. These and other features of the present invention will become readily apparent upon consideration of the following specification and drawings.	20040527	20070410	20051201	65935.0		0	JOHNSON III, HENRY M	DEVICE FOR ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION TREATMENT OF BODY TISSUES	SMALL	0	ACCEPTED		2,004
10,854,208	ACCEPTED	Optical module having a simple mechanism for releasing from a cage	The present invention provides an optical module having a pluggable configuration, which enables to latch with the cage when the optical connector is mated with the receptacle. The optical module of the present invention is secured in the cage by latching the latch of the cage and the projection of the module. The actuator of the module, having a slab protruding into the optical receptacle, is able to slide along the direction the module is inserted into the cage. When the optical connector is in the optical receptacle, the slab of the actuator butts the optical connector and is prohibited to slide, accordingly, the optical module can not released from the cage.	1. An optical module for communicating an optical connector, said optical module plugged in a space formed by a plurality of walls of a cage mounted on a host board, at least one of said walls of said cage including a resilient latch protruding into said space, comprising: an optical sub-assembly including an optical device therein; a housing providing a projection butted to said edge of said latch when said optical module being plugged in said cage; an receptacle body having one end and another end, said one end including a receptacle for mating with said optical connector and said other end installing said optical sub-assembly; and an actuator slidable between a first portion and a second position, said actuator pressing said resilient latch of the cage outward from said space at said second position, wherein said optical module is releasable from said cage by sliding said actuator from said first position to said second position. 2. The optical module according to claim 1, wherein said actuator includes a pair of arms each having an end portion and a center portion connecting said arms, and wherein a span between said end portions of said arms is greater than a length of said center portion. 3. The optical module according to claim 2, wherein said housing has a groove for receiving said arm of said actuator, said arm of said actuator being slidable in said groove. 4. The optical module according to claim 3, wherein said end portion of said actuator is forked and said projection provided in said housing is disposed within said groove, said projection being put between said forked end portion of said actuator in said groove. 5. The optical module according to claim 3, wherein said housing comprises an upper body including a pair of side walls and a lower body including a pair of side walls, said side walls of said upper body disposing said groove and said projection, said side walls of said lower body providing an opening and covering said side walls of said upper body, said latch of said cage being butted against said projection by passing through said opening provided in said side walls of said lower body, and wherein said arm of said actuator is disposed between said side walls of said upper body and said lower body. 6. The optical module according to claim 2, wherein said center portion of said actuator includes a flange and said receptacle body has an opening for passing said flange of said actuator therethrough, and wherein said actuator, when said optical connector is mated with said receptacle body, is unable to slide from first position to second position by butting said flange against said optical connector in said receptacle body. 7. The optical module according to claim 2, further including a bail connected to said actuator for sliding said actuator. 8. The optical module according to claim 7, wherein said bail is set in one of upward and downward position relative to said optical module when said actuator is set in said first position. 9. The optical module according to claim 7, wherein said housing comprises an upper body and a lower body, said bail being coupled to said actuator via said lower body. 10. The optical module according to claim 7, wherein said lower body includes a slot through which said bail passes to couple to said actuator, and wherein said first position of said actuator corresponds to said bail being positioned in one end of said slot, and said second position of said actuator corresponds to said bail being positioned in another end of said slot. 11. The optical module according to claim 7, wherein said actuator further includes a pair of front side walls each extending from said arms, and wherein a span between said front side walls is greater than a length of said center portion, said bail being positioned inside of said front side walls of said actuator. 12. The optical module according to claim 11, wherein said housing provides a projection for pivoting said bail therearound, said bail further includes a hole for mating said projection provided in said housing and a projection, and said actuator further includes a slot for receiving said projection provided in said bail, wherein said actuator slides from said first position to said second position by moving said projection provided in said bail from an end of said slot to a center thereof by pivoting said bail around said projection provided in said housing. 13. The optical module according to claim 12, wherein said bail is set in one of the upward position and the downward position when said actuator is set in said first position. 14. The optical module according to claim 1, wherein said optical module further includes a spring, said housing includes another groove for receiving said spring, and said actuator includes another flange for stopping said spring, said spring normally positioning said actuator in said first position. 15. The optical module according to claim 1, further comprises a substrate, an electronic circuit installed on said substrate, and an electronic connector plug disposed in said substrate, wherein said electronic circuit electrically connected to said optical device installed in said optical sub-assembly. 16. The optical module according to claim 14, wherein said optical module is an electrically pluggable module with said host board.	BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention This invention relates to an optical module, especially, an optical module having a hot-pluggable function. 2. Related Prior Art Optical modules having a hot-pluggable function are plugged in the cage and electrically coupled with the connector disposed on the host board. Various types of pluggable module are well known in the field. One has been disclosed in the U.S. Pat. No. 6,439,918. That is, the module disclosed in the '918 patent includes an optical receptacle for receiving the optical connector, a block having a latching/releasing mechanism, and a bail for leading the releasing action. That is, the block includes a hook in one end thereof and a groove for receiving a portion of the bail therein. The hook latches with the slot in the cage, whereby the optical module is secured and fixed within the cage. When rotating the bail by the portion put in the groove as the center, the hook, linking with the motion of the bail, changes its hooking position with the cage. Accordingly, the optical module may be released from the cage. In the state that the optical connector is mated with the optical receptacle of the module, the bail can not rotate, accordingly, the optical module can not released from the cage. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION One object of the present invention is to provide an optical module, which realizes the pluggable function with a simple and reliable structure. According to one aspect of the present invention, on optical module to be mated with an optical connector, and is plugged in a space of a cage mounted on a host board is claimed. The cage has a resilient latch extending from the cage and protruding into the space. The optical module comprises an optical sub-assembly that includes an optical device, such as semiconductor laser diode or semiconductor photodiode, a housing, an receptacle body, and an actuator. The housing includes a projection butted to the latch when the optical module is plugged in the cage. The receptacle body, one end of which includes a receptacle for mating with the optical connector and the other end of which installs the optical sub-assembly. Accordingly, the optical device in the optical sub-assembly optically couples with the optical connector within the receptacle body. The actuator may be slide between the first position and the second position. At second position, the actuator presses the latch provided in the cage outward from the space. Accordingly, the hooking mechanism between the latch of the cage and the projection provided in the housing may be unfastened at the second position of the actuator, thereby releasing the optical module from the cage. The actuator may include a pair of arms, each has an end portion, and a center portion connecting respective arms. The end portion widens in their span with relative to the length of the center portion. Accordingly, the actuator may press outward the resilient latch provided in the cage. The housing may has a groove for receiving the arm of the actuator. The arm may slide in the groove. Further, the projection provided in the housing may be disposed within the groove and the end portion of the arm may be forked such that the projection of the housing is but between the forked end portion of the arm. The housing may include an upper body and a lower body. Both bodies have a pair of said walls. The side walls of the lower body covers the side walls of the upper body. Moreover, the side wall of the upper body provides the groove and the projection, while the side wall of the lower body provides an opening. The resilient latch of the cage may butt against the projection provided in the upper body by passing through the opening provided in the lower body. The arms of the actuator may be disposed between the side wall of the upper body and the side wall of the lower body. The center portion of the actuator may provide a flange and the receptacle body may provide an opening for passing the flange of the actuator into the receptacle. When the optical connector is mated with the receptacle body, the flange of the actuator may butt against the optical connector, whereby the actuator is prevented to slide from the first position to the second position. The optical module of the present invention may further comprise a bail for sliding the actuator, and the lower body of the housing provides a slot, the bail couples to the actuator therethrough. The first position of the actuator corresponds to that the bail is positioned in one end of the slot, and the second position of the actuator corresponds to that that bail is positioned in the other end of the slot. In another configuration of the actuator and the bail, the actuator may further includes a pair of front side walls, each extending from the arm of the actuator with a span therebetween being greater than the length of the center portion of the actuator. The bail may be positioned inside of the front side walls of the actuator. The housing may include a projection and the bail may include a hole mating with the projection of the housing. The bail may further include a projection and the actuator may include a slot for receiving the projection of the bail. In these configuration of the housing, the bail, and the actuator, the actuator may slide from the first position to the second position by moving the projection of the bail from an end of the slot of the actuator to a center thereof by pivoting the bail around the projection of the housing as the center thereof. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a perspective view showing an optical module plugged in the cage on the host board; FIG. 2 is a partially cut out view of the cage to illustrate the latch; FIG. 3 is a perspective view of the optical module according to the first embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 4 is an exploded view of the optical module according to the first embodiment; FIG. 5 is a cross sectional view taken of the optical module along the line V-V in FIG. 1; FIG. 6 is a perspective view of the optical module cut along the line VI-VI in FIG. 1; FIG. 7 is an exploded view of the optical module according to the second embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 8 is a perspective view of the optical module according to the second embodiment showing the actuator pushed rearward by the spring; FIG. 9 is a perspective view of the optical module according to the second embodiment showing the actuator pulled frontward; FIG. 10 is an exploded view of the optical module according to the third embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 11 is an enlarged view of the front portion of the optical module according to the third embodiment, in which the bail is positioned where the actuator is set in the first position; FIG. 12 is an enlarged view of the front portion of the optical module according to the third embodiment, in which the bail is positioned where the actuator is set in the second position. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS (First Embodiment) An optical module 1 according to the first embodiment of the present invention will be described as referring to accompanying drawings. In the description and the drawings, the same symbols and numerals without overlapping explanations will refer same elements. FIG. 1 a perspective view showing the optical module 1 according to the present invention, a host board 2, and a cage 4 installed on the host board 2. FIG. 2 shows a cage 4a portion of which is broken to clarify the inside of the cage and the structure of the latch for hooking the optical module 1 to the cage 4. In the description, the upper/lower means the state where the cage 4 is assembled from the upper of the host board, namely, the state shown in FIG. 1. The front/rear means the direction to/from which the optical module 1 is inserted/released with respect to the cage 4. The cage 4 has a pair of side walls 4a and an upper wall 4b, these walls forming a space 4c in which the optical module is received. The front end 4d of the cage 4 has an opening through which the optical module 1 is inserted into the space. This opening, as shown in FIG. 1, communicates with an opening formed in the face panel 8 of the host board 2. Respective side walls include a latch 4e extending therefrom and protruding into the space 4c such that the edge thereof points to the rear. Further, the latch 4e may be resilient and bend toward the outside of the space 4c. On the lower side of the cage is provided a plurality of pins 4h along the direction X with a span. By inserting respective pins into the via holes provided in the host board 2, the cage 4 is assembled in and fixed to the host board 4. Into the cage 4 thus assembled, the optical module 1 is inserted from the opening provided in the front end 4d of the cage 4. FIG. 3 is a perspective view, and FIG. 4 is an exploded view of the optical module 1 of the present invention. The optical module includes a primary unit 10, a holder 12, a bracket 14, a receptacle body 16, a housing 18, and actuator 20 and a bail 22. The housing comprises an upper body 26 and a lower body 28 communicating with the upper body and forming a space into which the primary unit 10 is received. The primary unit 10 includes a semiconductor optical device. That is, the primary unit 10 includes a transmitting optical sub-assembly TOSA 10a, a receiving optical sub-assembly ROSA 10b, a substrate 10c, and wiring substrates 10d and 10e for connecting the TOSA 10a to the substrate 10c and the ROSA 10b to the substrate 10c, respectively. The TOSA 10A includes a light-emitting device such as semiconductor laser diode, which emits light to a direction parallel to the axis X by supplying a signal via the wiring substrate 10d. In this embodiment, the wiring substrate is a flexible printed circuit, but another configuration such as lead pins may be applicable. The ROSA 10B installs a light-receiving device such as a photo diode, and outputs an electrical signal, which corresponds to an incident light along to the direction X, via the wiring substrate 10e to the substrate 10c. The wiring substrate 10e of the present embodiment is exemplified by a flexible printed circuit board, lead pins instead of the flexible printed circuit board may be applicable. The substrate 10c extends along the axis X, one end of which is connected by the wiring substrates 10d and 10e. Other end of the wiring substrate 10d provides a edge plug 10f that electrically mates with an electrical connector not shown in FIG. 4 disposed on the mother board. The TOSA 10A and the ROSA 10B are fixed to the OSA holder 12 by the bracket 14. The OSA holder 12 has a front wall 12a, a pair of side wall 12b, and a partition wall 12c which demarcates spaces where the TOSA and the ROSA are installed. The front wall 12a has two openings into which the head portion of the TOSA 10a and the ROSA 10b are inserted. The side wall 12b and the partition wall 12c has a cut 12d, into which the bracket 14 is inserted and thus the TOSA 10a and the ROSA 10b are fixed to the holder 12. The holder 12 is assembled with the receptacle body 16 with the TOSA 10a and the ROSA 10b being fixed thereto. The receptacle body 16 has a pair of side wall 16a, a partition wall 16b, both extending along the axis X, and a bottom 16c supporting the side wall 16a and the partition wall 16b. These side wall, partition wall and the bottom form two receptacle 16d and 16c having two openings for receiving the optical connector 24. On the other end of the receptacle body 16, as previously described, is assembled by the holder 12 with the TOSA 10a and the ROSA 10b. That is, the other end of the receptacle 16d is inserted with the head of the TOSA 10a and that of the ROSA 10b, and thus the TOSA 10a and the ROSA 10b optically couple with the optical fiber secured in the optical connector 24 in the receptacle. The receptacle body is preferably made of resin coated with nickel thereon, whereby the dimensional accuracy and the noise immunity of the receptacle body 16 can be enhanced. Another material, for example, zinc alloy may be applicable to the receptacle body 16. Inner surface of the side wall 16a and the partition wall 16b of the receptacle body provides grooves 16f extending along the axis X. On the top of the receptacle body 16 has opening 16g so as to reach the grooves 16f. These grooves 16f and opening 16g are used for fixing the optical connector 24 within the receptacles 16d and 16e. The optical connector 24 has a latch 24a with a pair of hook on both side of the latch 24. The hook 24g protrudes from the latch 24a to a direction across the axis X. When the optical connector 24 is inserted in the receptacle 16d and 16e, the hook 24b passes along the groove 16f by pushing the latch 24a, and the connector 24 is fixed to the receptacle 16d and 16e by releasing the latch 24a at the position the hook 24b is in the opening 16g. The housing 18 includes an upper body 26 and a lower body 28. The upper body 26 has a pair of side wall 26a and a top wall 26b connecting the side walls 26a. The upper body may be made of aluminum alloy, and may be coupled with the substrate 10c via a thermal sheet made of, for example, silicone. Thus, heat generated by devices mounted on the substrate 10c may effectively dissipate to the upper body and the ambient, accordingly, thermal stability of the optical module 1 can be enhanced. The side wall 26a of the upper body 26 has a cut, and one end of the cut 26c is in contact with the step 10i of the substrate 10. While a projection provided in the other end of the cut fit with the cut 10j formed in the substrate 10c, thus the substrate 10c is fixed to the upper body 26. The upper body also has a groove 26e and a beam 26f, both extending across the axis X, in the inner surface thereof. On the other hand, the outer surface of the side wall 16a of the receptacle body 16 provides another beam 16h and another groove 16i. By coupling the groove 26e of the upper body with the beam 16h and the beam 26f with the groove 16i with respect to each other, the receptacle body 16 is fixed and secured to the upper body 26. The lower body 28 also has a pair of side wall 28a and a bottom wall 28b connecting the side walls 28a. When the lower body is assembled to the upper body 26, the side walls 28a thereof covers the side walls 26a of the upper body, and the substrate 10c is installed and secured in a space formed and sandwiched by upper and lower bodies. The side wall 28a has leaf slabs 28c formed by bending a portion thereof, and other leaf slabs 28d, which is bent and formed from the bottom wall 28b, is formed in the end of the lower body 28. The leaf slabs 28c press the edges 10 g and 10h of the substrate 10 to directions opposite to each other, and the other leaf slabs 28d press the step 10k formed in the substrate 10c to the front direction of the optical module 1. Thus, the substrate 10c is positioned and fixed to the lower body 28. The lower body 28 may be made of metal such as stainless steal and phosphor bronze to mechanically hold and electrically shield the substrate 10c. The side wall 28a of the lower body 28 has holes 28e and 28f on both end portion thereof. A projection 26g provided in the outer surface 26a of the upper body 26 mates with one hole 28e, while the other projection 26h in the upper body 26 mates with the other hole 28f, thus the upper body 26 is fixed to the lower body 28. In the outer surface 26a of the upper body provides a groove 26i extending along the axis X for receiving the actuator 20. The groove 26i has a projection 26j in the rear end thereof. The projection 26j includes a hook surface 26k extending along a direction across the axis X, which faces and is butted against the edge 4f of the latch 4e provided in the side of the cage 4. By butting the edge 4f of the latch 4e against the hook surface 26k, the optical module 1 is fixed within the cage and prevented from releasing therefrom. The side wall 28a of the lower body 28 has openings to make the latch 4e in contact with the projection 26j of the upper body 26. The actuator 20 has a pair of arms 20a and a center portion 20b connecting respective arms 20a. The arm 20a is received in the groove 26i provided in the side wall 26a of the upper body 26. That is, the arm 20a of the actuator is set into the groove 26i of the upper body 26 and the groove 26i, with the arm 20a set therein, covered with the lower body. Therefore, the actuator 20 enables to slide only in the direction along the axis X. The tip portion of the arm 20a is forked and the forked slabs 20c puts the projection 26j in the groove 26i therebetween. The forked slabs 20c is bent toward the outer side of the optical module such that, when sliding the actuator 20 toward the front side, the forked slab 20c is in contact with the latch 4e and presses the latch toward the outer side of the optical module 1. In other words, the span between the forked slab in respective arms 20a is greater than the length of the center portion 20b, accordingly, sliding the actuator with the arms 20a in the groove 26i, the forked slab presses the latch 4e outward and releases the latching between the projection 26j and the latch 4e. FIG. 6A is a cross sectional view taken along the line V-V in FIG. 1, which shows the state when the optical module 1 is fixed in the cage 4. In this state, the forked slabs 20c sandwich the projection 26j in the groove 26i and positions along the edge 26m of the projection 26j. While, FIG. 5B shows a state that the optical module 1 is released from the cage 4. Sliding the actuator 28 frontward to release the optical module 1 from the cage 4, the edge 4f of the latch 4e is pushed out from the position facing to the hook surface 26k of the projection 26i toward the outer side by the forked slab 20c, which enables to release the optical module 1 from the cage 4. In FIG. 5B, the outer side of the optical module 1 corresponds to the downward in FIG. 5A and FIG. 5B. Referring to FIG. 4 again, in the end portion of the center portion 20b of the actuator 20, a flange 20d bent upward therefrom is provided. The flange 20d protrudes in the receptacles 16e and 16d. FIG. 6 shows a cross sectional view, taken along the line VI-VI in FIG. 1 and illustrated in perspective, of the front portion of the optical module 1. In the rear end of the bottom 16c of the receptacle body 16, a guide opening 16k is provided to protrude the flange 20d into the receptacles 16d and 16e. The flange 20d is in contact with the outer surface of the connector 24 in the receptacles 16d and 16e. Therefore, when the connector 24 is inserted into the receptacles 16d and 16e, and is fixed thereto, the flange 20d butts against the optical connector 24, the optical connector is fixed to the receptacle body 16 by hook 24 thereof, thus the actuator 20 can not be pulled out from the optical module 1. The width of the flange 20d is preferably smaller than one third of that of the optical connector, because in the receptacle body 16 thus configured, the side walls 16a, the partition wall 16b and the bottom 16c may not reduce in its holding mechanism for the optical connector therein by the existence of the guide opening 16k. The guide opening 16 has a substantial length along the axis X to guide the flange 20d from a first position to a second position. The first position corresponds to the edge portion of the receptacle body, and the flange, when the optical connector 24 is inserted in the receptacles 16d and 16e, slides to the first position. The flange 20d is prohibited to slide at the first position by the existence of the optical connector 24. Accordingly, the optical module 1 cannot be released from the cage 4 when the optical connector 24 is installed into the optical receptacles 16d and 16e. The second position of the flange 20d corresponds to the front end of the guide opening 16k. When the actuator slides to the front end and the flange 20d moves to the second position, the latch 4e of the cage 4 is pushed outward by the forked slabs 20c provided in the arm 20a of the actuator 20, and the optical module 1 can be released from the cage 4. Moreover, the actuator 20 has another flange 20e bent downward in the front edge of the center portion 20b thereof. This flange 20e is usable to slide the actuator 20 when the bail, described in detail below, is not provided in the optical module 1. The side portion 20a of the actuator 20 has holes 20f. Further, the side wall 28a of the lower body 28 may provide slot 28h extending along the axis X and communicating with the hole 20f of the actuator 20. The shaft 22a of the bail 22 is inserted into the hole 20a of the actuator 20 via the slot 28h of the lower body 28. The bail 20 is usable to pull out the optical module 1 from the cage 4. In the present embodiment shown in FIG. 2, the bail 22 has a grip 22b pivotable in the front of the receptacles 16d and 16e. When the optical connector 24 mates with the receptacles 16d and 16e, the grip 22b of the bail 22 may pivot in upward or downward. In the present embodiment, the slot 28h provided in the lower body 28 continues to another slot 28i extending in a direction perpendicular to the axis X. Pivoting the grip 22b in upward or downward, the corner portion 22c of the bail may mate with the other slot 28i. (Second Embodiment) FIG. 7 is an exploded view of an optical module 1a according to the present embodiment. The optical module 1a, similar to the first embodiment shown in FIG. 4, includes a primary unit 10, a holder 12, a bracket 14, a receptacle body 16, a housing 18, an actuator 20 and a bail 22. In the modified optical module 1a, the upper body 26, the actuator 20, and the bail are different to corresponding elements in the first embodiment. Further, the optical module 1a of the second embodiment includes a spring 30. As shown in FIG. 7, the actuator 20 in the arm 20a thereof provides a projection 20i cut therefrom and bent inward. Between the arm 20a and the center portion 20b of the actuator 20 is cut by a length from the front edge thereof. Further, the front side walls 20h of the actuator 20 is expanded outward with respect to the arm 20a. The bail 22 in the present embodiment also has a grip 22b and a pair of arms 22d bent from the grip 22b, and the hole 22e in the arm 22d. The bail 22, the arm 22d of which passes through the cut provided between the front side wall 20a and the center portion 20b of the actuator 20, is fixed to the actuator 20 by the projection 20i being inserted in the hole 22e in the arm 22d. The actuator 20 further provides another flange 20g in the arm 20a. The other flange 20g is cut from the arm 20a and bent inward such that the surface of the other flange 20g extends along a direction intersecting the axis X. On the other hand, the side wall 26a of the upper body 26 further provides another groove 26p into which the other flange 20g of the actuator is inserted. The other groove 26p has a pair of inner surfaces 26q and 26r, both extending in the direction intersecting the axis X. A spring 30 is inserted between the other flange 20g and one of the inner surface 26q of the groove 26p. FIG. 8 is a cross sectional view of the optical module 1a illustrated in perspective, and shows the state when actuator 20 is pushed therein. The spring 30, in the ordinal position, presses the other flange 20g to touch the other surface 26r of the groove 26p, and the flange 20d, provided in the center portion 20b of the actuator, is set in the first position. That is, the spring 30 normally holds the actuator 20 in the position such that the latch 4e of the cage 4 may not release from the projection in the upper body. FIG. 9 is also a partially cut perspective view showing the state that the actuator 20 is pulled out. The spring is shrank by the flange 20g, and the latch 4e of the cage 4 is released from the projection 26j of the upper body 26. Even when the actuator is pulled out, since the side wall 28a of the lower body 28 covers the groove 26p of the upper body, the spring 30 does not bound out from the groove 26p. Thus, the optical module 1a of the present embodiment, even when the optical connector does not exist in the optical receptacles 16d and 16e, the optical module 1a is fixed to the cage 4, because the spring 30 forces the actuator 20 to the first position not to release the optical module 1a from the cage 4. Therefore, as long as an external force to shrink the spring is not operated, the optical module 1a can not release from the cage 4. In figures from FIG. 7 to FIG. 9, the bail 22 is set inside of the actuator 20, and, when the actuator 20 is in the first position at which the optical module 1a is latched to the cage 4, the bail 22 is set in one of the upward and the downward position relative to the optical module 1a. (Third Embodiment) FIG. 10 is an exploded view showing an optical module 1b according to the third embodiment of the present invention. The optical module 1b, similar to the optical module 1a of the second embodiment, includes a primary unit 10, a holder 12, a bracket 14, a receptacle body 16, a housing 18, an actuator 20, a bail 22, and a spring 30. In the present optical module 1b, the arrangement of the upper body 26, the actuator 20, and the bail are different to those contained in the optical module 1a of the second embodiment. As shown in FIG. 10, the thickness of the side wall 20a in the front end portion of the upper body 20 is formed thin to coincide with the bottom surface of the groove 20i. Further, in the front end portion of the side wall 10a provides a pair of projections 26t extending along another axis Y. The leg portion 22d of the bail 22 provides a hole 22f and a projection 22g, both extending along the axis Y. The bail 22 is able to pivot around the projection 26t, namely around the axis Y, by inserting the projection into the hole 22f of the leg portion 22d. The actuator 20 in the present embodiment provides a slot 20m in the front end portion 20j thereof, the inner surface 20k of which becomes a sliding surface. That is, the projection 22g provided in the bail 22, inserting into the slot 20m, slides on the inner surface of the slot 20m as the bail 22 pivots around the axis Y, and moves the actuator 20 with respect to the upper body 26. FIG. 11 shows a positional relation ship between the actuator 20 and the bail 22 when the optical module 1b is latched with the cage 4, while FIG. 12 shows the relation ship when the optical module 1b is in the released state. In these figures, the lower body 28 is not shown. The flange 20g of the actuator 20 is pressed in backward by the spring 30, accordingly, the forked slab 20c provided in the edge of the arm 20a of the actuator 20 is set in the lock position. In this state, the projection 22g provided in the leg portion of the bail 22 is slid to the top of the slot 20m, and the grip 22b of the bail 22 is set in the upward position relative to the receptacle body 16. On the other hand, pivoting the bail around the axis Y, the projection 22g slides on the inner surface 20k of the slot 20m and moves to the front position as shown in FIG. 12. The stroke length of the bail 22 by pivoting corresponds to the length to slide the forked slab 20c from the position where the latch 4e of the cage 4 faces to the projection 26j, the first position, to the releasing position, namely, the second position. In FIG. 11, although the bail 22 is set in the upward position when the optical module 1b is latched to the cage 4, the bail 22 may be set in the downward position, that is, the projection 22g positions in the bottom of the slot 20m. The projection 26t provided in the side wall 26a of the upper body vertically positions nearly in the middle of the upper body 26, accordingly, the bail 22 may be set in the upward or the downward position when the optical module 1b is in the latched state. Thus, in the optical module 1b, pivoting the bail 22 may slide the forked slab 20s from/to the position where the optical module latches with or release from the cage 4. Further, since the actuator 20 is pressed by the spring, the bail 22 is automatically positioned where the latch 4e of the cage 4 faces to the projection 26c provided in the side wall 26a of the upper body 26. Thus, the bail 22 is provided in the optical module 1, and the bail 22 may be set in upward and downward position when the optical connector mates with the receptacle 16. Therefore, the optical module 1 can be installed in a pile-up configuration. Although the optical module 1b provides the projection 26t in the upper body and the hole in the bail 22, it may be applicable that the hole and the projection are respectively provided in the opposite element, namely, the hole in the upper body and the projection in the leg portion of the bail. While the invention has been particularly shown and described with respect to illustrative and preformed embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the foregoing and other changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention which should be limited only by the scope of the appended claims.	<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>1. Field of the Invention This invention relates to an optical module, especially, an optical module having a hot-pluggable function. 2. Related Prior Art Optical modules having a hot-pluggable function are plugged in the cage and electrically coupled with the connector disposed on the host board. Various types of pluggable module are well known in the field. One has been disclosed in the U.S. Pat. No. 6,439,918. That is, the module disclosed in the '918 patent includes an optical receptacle for receiving the optical connector, a block having a latching/releasing mechanism, and a bail for leading the releasing action. That is, the block includes a hook in one end thereof and a groove for receiving a portion of the bail therein. The hook latches with the slot in the cage, whereby the optical module is secured and fixed within the cage. When rotating the bail by the portion put in the groove as the center, the hook, linking with the motion of the bail, changes its hooking position with the cage. Accordingly, the optical module may be released from the cage. In the state that the optical connector is mated with the optical receptacle of the module, the bail can not rotate, accordingly, the optical module can not released from the cage.	<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>One object of the present invention is to provide an optical module, which realizes the pluggable function with a simple and reliable structure. According to one aspect of the present invention, on optical module to be mated with an optical connector, and is plugged in a space of a cage mounted on a host board is claimed. The cage has a resilient latch extending from the cage and protruding into the space. The optical module comprises an optical sub-assembly that includes an optical device, such as semiconductor laser diode or semiconductor photodiode, a housing, an receptacle body, and an actuator. The housing includes a projection butted to the latch when the optical module is plugged in the cage. The receptacle body, one end of which includes a receptacle for mating with the optical connector and the other end of which installs the optical sub-assembly. Accordingly, the optical device in the optical sub-assembly optically couples with the optical connector within the receptacle body. The actuator may be slide between the first position and the second position. At second position, the actuator presses the latch provided in the cage outward from the space. Accordingly, the hooking mechanism between the latch of the cage and the projection provided in the housing may be unfastened at the second position of the actuator, thereby releasing the optical module from the cage. The actuator may include a pair of arms, each has an end portion, and a center portion connecting respective arms. The end portion widens in their span with relative to the length of the center portion. Accordingly, the actuator may press outward the resilient latch provided in the cage. The housing may has a groove for receiving the arm of the actuator. The arm may slide in the groove. Further, the projection provided in the housing may be disposed within the groove and the end portion of the arm may be forked such that the projection of the housing is but between the forked end portion of the arm. The housing may include an upper body and a lower body. Both bodies have a pair of said walls. The side walls of the lower body covers the side walls of the upper body. Moreover, the side wall of the upper body provides the groove and the projection, while the side wall of the lower body provides an opening. The resilient latch of the cage may butt against the projection provided in the upper body by passing through the opening provided in the lower body. The arms of the actuator may be disposed between the side wall of the upper body and the side wall of the lower body. The center portion of the actuator may provide a flange and the receptacle body may provide an opening for passing the flange of the actuator into the receptacle. When the optical connector is mated with the receptacle body, the flange of the actuator may butt against the optical connector, whereby the actuator is prevented to slide from the first position to the second position. The optical module of the present invention may further comprise a bail for sliding the actuator, and the lower body of the housing provides a slot, the bail couples to the actuator therethrough. The first position of the actuator corresponds to that the bail is positioned in one end of the slot, and the second position of the actuator corresponds to that that bail is positioned in the other end of the slot. In another configuration of the actuator and the bail, the actuator may further includes a pair of front side walls, each extending from the arm of the actuator with a span therebetween being greater than the length of the center portion of the actuator. The bail may be positioned inside of the front side walls of the actuator. The housing may include a projection and the bail may include a hole mating with the projection of the housing. The bail may further include a projection and the actuator may include a slot for receiving the projection of the bail. In these configuration of the housing, the bail, and the actuator, the actuator may slide from the first position to the second position by moving the projection of the bail from an end of the slot of the actuator to a center thereof by pivoting the bail around the projection of the housing as the center thereof.	20040527	20070410	20050127	70536.0		0	KIM, ELLEN E	OPTICAL MODULE HAVING A SIMPLE MECHANISM FOR RELEASING FROM A CAGE	UNDISCOUNTED	0	ACCEPTED		2,004
10,854,338	ACCEPTED	System and method for measuring the permeability of a material	A system for measuring the permeability of a material includes a light source for illuminating the material, and a stray light sensor for detecting stray light traveling through the material from the light source and outputting a stray light signal indicative of the stray light detected. The system further includes a direct light sensor for detecting direct light traveling through holes in the material from the light source and outputting a direct light signal indicative of the direct light detected. Finally, the system includes a digital processing device for receiving the stray light and direct light signals and calculating the permeability of the material.	1. A system for measuring the permeability of a material, the system comprising: a light source for illuminating the material; a stray light sensor for detecting stray light traveling through the material from the light source and outputting a stray light signal indicative of the stray light detected; a direct light sensor for detecting direct light traveling through at least one hole provided in the material from the light source and outputting a direct light signal indicative of the direct light detected; and a digital processing device for receiving the stray light and direct light signals and calculating the permeability of the material. 2. A system for measuring the permeability of a material, as recited in claim 1, wherein the light source comprises a polarized light source, the direct light has the same polarization as the light source, and the stray light has a different polarization than the light source. 3. A system for measuring the permeability of a material, as recited in claim 1, wherein the light source comprises a coherent modulated or non-modulated light source. 4. A system for measuring the permeability of a material, as recited in claim 1, wherein the light source comprises a red laser light source. 5. A system for measuring the permeability of a material, as recited in claim 4, wherein the light source further comprises an ultraviolet light source. 6. A system for measuring the permeability of a material, as recited in claim 5, wherein the ultraviolet light source reduces the detected stray light irregardless of the color of the material. 7. A system for measuring the permeability of a material, as recited in claim 1, wherein the light source produces a narrow line of light. 8. A system for measuring the permeability of a material, as recited in claim 7, wherein the narrow line of light is approximately 0.1 millimeters wide by 10 millimeters long. 9. A system for measuring the permeability of a material, as recited in claim 7, wherein the narrow line of light is capable of detecting a single missing perforation in the material. 10. A system for measuring the permeability of a material, as recited in claim 1, further comprising: a polarization filter, provided between the light source and the direct light sensor, for preventing the stray light from entering the direct light sensor. 11. A system for measuring the permeability of a material, as recited in claim 1, wherein the stray light sensor is provided at an angle to the direction of the direct light. 12. A system for measuring the permeability of a material, as recited in claim 11, further comprising: an optical beam collimating lens provided between the light source and the direct light sensor for re-collimating the direct light onto the surface of the direct light sensor and for re-collimating the stray light beyond the surface of the direct light sensor. 13. A system for measuring the permeability of a material, as recited in claim 11, further comprising: an aperture provided between the light source and the direct light sensor, wherein the aperture and angled position of the stray light sensor prevent the direct light from reaching the stray light sensor. 14. A system for measuring the permeability of a material, as recited in claim 1, wherein the stray light sensor is provided at an angle perpendicular to the direction of the direct light. 15. A system for measuring the permeability of a material, as recited in claim 14, further comprising: a polarized beam splitter provided between the light source and the stray light sensor for separating the stray light from the direct light. 16. A system for measuring the permeability of a material, as recited in claim 15, further comprising: a polarization filter, provided between the polarized beam splitter and the stray light sensor, for preventing the direct light from entering the stray light sensor. 17. A system for measuring the permeability of a material, as recited in claim 14, further comprising: an optical beam collimating lens provided between the light source and the direct light sensor for re-collimating the direct light onto the surface of the direct light sensor and for re-collimating the stray light beyond the surface of the direct light sensor. 18. A system for measuring the permeability of a material, as recited in claim 14, further comprising: an aperture provided between the light source and the direct light sensor, wherein the aperture prevents the direct light from reaching the stray light sensor. 19. A system for measuring the permeability of a material, as recited in claim 1, wherein the light source is dithered to minimize the effect of inherent differential non-linearity of the light intensity. 20. A system for measuring the permeability of a material, as recited in claim 19, wherein the light source is dithered mechanically or electrically. 21. A system for measuring the permeability of a material, as recited in claim 1, wherein the digital processing device comprises an integrated digitizer and digital signal pre-processing device. 22. A system for measuring the permeability of a material, as recited in claim 1, wherein the digital processing device calculates the permeability (P) of the material from the stray light and direct light signals using the following equation: P=∫{Cslope×[(ADdirect−Odirect)−PF×(ADstray−Ostray)]+Cint}, where Cslope is the slope of a calibration curve, Cint is the intercept of a calibration curve, ADdirect is the direct light signal, Odirect is an offset of the direct light sensor, ADstray is the stray light signal, Ostray is an offset of the stray light sensor, and PF is a factor dependant upon the material. 23. A system for measuring the permeability of a material, as recited in claim 22, wherein the material-dependent factor PF is calculated by the digital processing device using the following equation: PF = AD direct AD stray . 24. A system for measuring the permeability of a material, as recited in claim 1, wherein the digital processing device comprises: a computer memory for storing the stray light and direct light signals; and a computer processor for calculating the permeability (P) of the material from the stray light and direct light signals stored in the computer memory, wherein the computer processor is electrically coupled to the computer memory. 25. A system for measuring the permeability of a material, as recited in claim 24, wherein the computer processor calculates the permeability (P) of the material from the stray light and direct light signals using the following equation: P=∫{Cslope×[(ADdirect−Odirect)−PF×(ADstray−Ostray)]+Cint}, where Cslope is the slope of a calibration curve, Cint is the intercept of a calibration curve, ADdirect is the direct light signal, Odirect is an offset of the direct light sensor, ADstray is the stray light signal, Ostray is an offset of the stray light sensor, and PF is a factor dependant upon the material. 26. A system for measuring the permeability of a material, as recited in claim 25, wherein the material-dependent factor PF is calculated by the computer processor using the following equation: PF = AD direct AD stray . 27. A system for measuring the permeability of a material, as recited in claim 1, wherein the material comprises tipping paper. 28. A system for measuring the permeability of a material, as recited in claim 1, wherein the permeability measurement of the material is independent of a velocity of the material. 29. A method for measuring the permeability of a material, the method comprising: illuminating the material with a light source; detecting stray light traveling through the material from the light source and outputting a stray light signal indicative of the stray light detected with a stray light sensor; detecting direct light traveling through at least one hole provided in the material from the light source and outputting a direct light signal indicative of the direct light detected with a direct light sensor; and receiving the stray light and direct light signals and calculating the permeability of the material with a digital processing device. 30. A method for measuring the permeability of a material, as recited in claim 29, wherein the illuminating step comprises producing a narrow line of light with the light source. 31. A method for measuring the permeability of a material, as recited in claim 29, further comprising: preventing the stray light from entering the direct light sensor with a polarization filter provided between the light source and the direct light sensor. 32. A method for measuring the permeability of a material, as recited in claim 29, further comprising: re-collimating the direct light onto the surface of the direct light sensor and re-collimating the stray light beyond the surface of the direct light sensor with an optical beam collimating lens provided between the light source and the direct light sensor. 33. A method for measuring the permeability of a material, as recited in claim 29, further comprising: preventing the direct light from reaching the stray light sensor with an aperture provided between the light source and the direct light sensor, and by positioning the stray light sensor at an angle to the direction of the direct light. 34. A method for measuring the permeability of a material, as recited in claim 29, further comprising: separating the stray light from the direct light with a polarized beam splitter provided between the light source and the stray light sensor. 35. A method for measuring the permeability of a material, as recited in claim 34, further comprising: preventing the direct light from entering the stray light sensor with a polarization filter provided between the polarized beam splitter and the stray light sensor. 36. A method for measuring the permeability of a material, as recited in claim 34, further comprising: re-collimating the direct light onto the surface of the direct light sensor and re-collimating the stray light beyond the surface of the direct light sensor with an optical beam collimating lens provided between the light source and the direct light sensor. 37. A method for measuring the permeability of a material, as recited in claim 34, further comprising: preventing the direct light from reaching the stray light sensor with an aperture provided between the light source and the direct light sensor. 38. A method for measuring the permeability of a material, as recited in claim 29, further comprising: dithering the light source to minimize the effect of inherent differential non-linearity of the light intensity. 39. A method for measuring the permeability of a material, as recited in claim 29, wherein the digital processing device calculates the permeability (P) of the material from the stray light and direct light signals using the following equation: P=∫{Cslope×[(ADdirect−Odirect)−PF×(ADstray−Ostray)]+Cint}, where Cslope is the slope of a calibration curve, Cint is the intercept of a calibration curve, ADdirect is the direct light signal, Odirect is an offset of the direct light sensor, ADstray is the stray light signal, Ostray is an offset of the stray light sensor, and PF is a factor dependant upon the material. 40. A method for measuring the permeability of a material, as recited in claim 39, wherein the material-dependent factor PF is calculated by the digital processing device using the following equation: PF = AD direct AD stray . 41. A method for measuring the permeability of a material, as recited in claim 29, further comprising: storing the stray light and direct light signals with a computer memory; and calculating the permeability (P) of the material from the stray light and direct light signals stored in the computer memory with a computer processor, wherein the computer processor is electrically coupled to the computer memory. 42. A method for measuring the permeability of a material, as recited in claim 41, wherein the computer processor calculates the permeability (P) of the material from the stray light and direct light signals using the following equation: P=∫{Cslope×[(ADdirect−Odirect)−PF×(ADstray−Ostray)]+Cint}, where Cslope is the slope of a calibration curve, Cint is the intercept of a calibration curve, ADdirect is the direct light signal, Odirect is an offset of the direct light sensor, ADstray is the stray light signal, Ostray is an offset of the stray light sensor, and PF is a factor dependant upon the material. 43. A method for measuring the permeability of a material, as recited in claim 42, wherein the material-dependent factor (PF) is calculated by the computer processor using the following equation: PF = AD direct AD stray . 44. A method for measuring the permeability of a material, as recited in claim 29, wherein the material comprises tipping paper. 45. A method for measuring the permeability of a material, as recited in claim 29, wherein the permeability measurement of the material is independent of a velocity of the material. 46. A system for measuring the permeability of a tipping paper, the system comprising: a laser light source for illuminating the material with a narrow line of light; a stray light sensor for detecting stray light traveling through the tipping paper from the laser light source and outputting a stray light signal indicative of the stray light detected; a direct light sensor for detecting direct light traveling through at least one hole provided in the tipping paper from the laser light source and outputting a direct light signal indicative of the direct light detected; and a digital processing device for receiving the stray light and direct light signals and calculating the permeability (P) of the tipping paper from the stray light and direct light signals using the following equation: P=∫{Cslope×[(ADdirect−Odirect)−PF×(ADstray−Ostray)]+Cint}, where Cslope is the slope of a calibration curve, Cint is the intercept of a calibration curve, ADdirect is the direct light signal, Odirect is an offset of the direct light sensor, ADstray is the stray light signal, Ostray is an offset of the stray light sensor, and PF is a paper factor, wherein the paper factor (PF) is calculated by the digital processing device using the following equation: PF = AD direct AD stray .	CLAIM FOR PRIORITY The present application claims priority of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/551,455, filed Mar. 8, 2004, the disclosure of which being incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION A. Field of the Invention The present invention relates generally to instruments for measuring the permeability of a material, and, more particularly to system and method for measuring the permeability of a material. B. Description of the Related Art Many products or materials are provided with holes or perforations. Such products and materials require their permeability to be measured. Examples of such products and materials needing permeability measurements include: wallpaper; filters used for air, chemicals, etc.; materials affording the appropriate degree of liquid (ink, varnish, sizing) absorption in printing; porous bags and materials used in food packaging and agricultural fumigation; insulating materials; paper; textiles; etc. One particular material provided with such holes or perforations are the wrappers of filter cigarettes or similar rod-shaped tobacco products. The perforations allow cool atmospheric air to enter the column of tobacco smoke. Such wrappers are called tipping paper. Running webs of tipping paper making up rod-shaped tobacco products may be perforated mechanically, electrically, or optically. For example, British Patent No. 1,588,980 discloses a perforating unit that employs a set of needles or analogous mechanical perforating tools that puncture selected portions of the running web. U.S. Pat. No. 2,528,158 and British Patent No. 1,604,467 disclose electro-perforating tools that employ heat-generating electrodes that combust selected portions of the running web. An optical perforating tool, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,265,254, uses coherent radiation from a laser to make perforations of a desired size and with a high degree of reproducibility. Conventional filter-tipped tobacco products are perforated in the region of their filter plugs to insure that atmospheric air can enter the column of tobacco smoke irrespective of the length of combusted portion of the tobacco-containing section of the product. It is desirable to regulate the permeability of wrappers of all articles of a given tobacco product in such a way that the permeability is consistent or deviates only negligibly from a predetermined value. It is known to control perforations of tipping paper in response to permeability measurements, as discussed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,569,359, 4,121,595, 4,648,412 and 5,092,350. Known permeability measuring devices include pneumatic systems for measuring the pressure drop through the tipping paper. However, such pneumatic systems are frequently inaccurate and difficult to implement in a high volume production line where the web can travel through the perforator at speeds of 5000 to 6000 feet per minute. Pneumatic measurements are frequently made off-line on a sample basis. In some conventional production lines, quality monitoring and control are accomplished through a combination of sampling and perforator adjustments. Initial setup can be accomplished by iterative trial and error in which the focus and power settings of the laser perforator are adjusted. After making tentative settings, the line is run to generate samples. The resulting samples are then tested in a pneumatic pressure drop instrument gauge. Once the desired operating results are achieved, a manufacturing inspector periodically samples the perforated product, for example, a sample could be taken of five foot sections of paper from the end of every third bobbin (or of every bobbin) to check for correct pressure drop. The paper could also be inspected by visual monitoring by holding the paper up to light to check generally for hole position and size. However, since such measurements are neither continuous nor in real time, defective perforation, if detected at all, would be determined after a large quantity of tipping paper has been perforated. Optical monitoring devices for tipping paper perforation lines are also known, as discussed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,569,359 and 5,341,824. A conventional optical system for monitoring a perforation line is illustrated in FIG. 1 and described below. While such a system permits on-line monitoring of the process, in practice the output signal from this system has been found to correlate poorly with the pressure drops measured directly with pneumatic systems. Moreover, the system is affected by variations in the paper base sheet such as splices, extraneous holes, or thickness changes. As shown in FIG. 1, the conventional optical monitoring system for monitoring perforations 102 in tipping paper 100 (traveling in direction 101) includes a light or optical source or sources 104 that shines a large circular area of light 108 onto the tipping paper 100. Typically, light source 104 is a halogen-based light source. Light 108 emanating through perforations 102 is received by a light or optical detector or detectors 110, and used to monitor and/or control the quality of the perforations 102 in tipping paper 100. The problem with such a conventional arrangement, as best shown in FIG. 3, is that the large circular area of light 108 has a diameter of about ten millimeters (mm) and illuminates an area having a number of perforations 102. Thus, the fine scanning and resolution capabilities of the conventional optical monitoring system are poor, reducing the reliability and accuracy of such a system. Thus, there is a need in the art to provide a system and method for measuring the permeability of a material such as tipping paper that overcomes the problems of the related art. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention solves the problems of the related art by providing a system and method for measuring the permeability of a material such as tipping paper. Further scope of applicability of the present invention will become apparent from the detailed description given hereinafter. However, it should be understood that the detailed description and specific examples, while indicating preferred embodiments of the invention, are given by way of illustration only, since various changes and modifications within the spirit and scope of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from this detailed description. It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of the invention, as claimed. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The present invention will become more fully understood from the detailed description given hereinbelow and the accompanying drawings which are given by way of illustration only, and thus are not limitative of the present invention, and wherein: FIG. 1 is a schematic elevational view showing a conventional light permeability measuring system; FIG. 2A is a schematic elevational view showing a light permeability measuring system in accordance with an aspect of the present invention; FIG. 2B is a schematic elevational view showing a light permeability measuring system in accordance with another aspect of the present invention; FIG. 3 is a top plan view of a tipping paper being scanned with the conventional light permeability measuring system shown in FIG. 1, and with the light permeability measuring system of the present invention as shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B; FIG. 4 is a partial top plan view of a section of the tipping paper shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B and showing the narrow line of light of the system of the present invention; FIG. 5 is a partial top plan view of a section of the tipping paper shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B and showing the narrow line of light of the system of the present invention, wherein the tipping paper is missing one perforation; FIG. 6A is a schematic side view, partially in section, of the system shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B and showing a light detector with an angled stray light sensor and further showing how direct light enters the light detector; FIG. 6B is a schematic side view, partially in section, of the system shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B and showing a light detector with an angled stray light sensor and further showing how stray light enters the light detector; FIG. 7A is a schematic side view, partially in section, of the system shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B and showing a light detector with a beam splitter and a straight stray light sensor and further showing how direct light enters the light detector; FIG. 7B is a schematic side view, partially in section, of the system shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B and showing a light detector with a beam splitter and a straight stray light sensor and further showing how stray light enters the light detector; FIG. 8 is a graph showing how tipping paper absorption changes with the wavelength of the light source scanning the tipping paper; FIG. 9 is a graph showing the light intensity of a light source of the system shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B; FIG. 10 is a graph showing the measurement error due to perforation movement of the tipping paper; FIG. 11 is a graph showing how the system of the present invention, as shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B, reduces the measurement error shown in FIG. 10 with dithering; FIG. 12 is a schematic electrical circuit diagram showing the electrical components of the system shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B; and FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram showing a computing device capable of use with the system of the present invention as shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PRESENT INVENTION The following detailed description of the invention refers to the accompanying drawings. The same reference numbers in different drawings identify the same or similar elements. Also, the following detailed description does not limit the invention. Instead, the scope of the invention is defined by the appended claims and equivalents thereof. A system for measuring the permeability of a material in accordance with an aspect of the present invention is shown generally as reference numeral 10A in FIG. 2A and reference numeral 10B in FIG. 2B. FIG. 2A shows an arrangement where light sources 12 are provided above a tipping paper 100, and light detectors 18 are provided below tipping paper 100. Alternatively, as shown in FIG. 2B, light sources 12 may be provided below tipping paper 100 and light detectors 18 may be provided above tipping paper 100. The alternative arrangement of FIG. 2B adds a supplemental protection of light detectors 18 from the environmental light, which in most cases comes from the ceiling and can generate an error signal. As used herein, the term “material” includes, but is not limited to, products or materials with holes or perforations that require their permeability to be measured. Examples of such products and materials needing permeability measurements include: wallpaper; filters used for air, chemicals, etc.; materials affording the appropriate degree of liquid (ink, varnish, sizing) absorption in printing; porous bags and materials used in food packaging and agricultural fumigation; insulating materials; paper; textiles; wrappers of filter cigarettes or similar rod-shaped tobacco products; etc. A. System Overview System 10A or 10B includes light-based permeability measuring instruments, such as, for example, a light or laser source or sources 12 and an optical or light sensor or sensors (detectors) 18. FIGS. 2A and 2B show two light sources 12 and two light sensors 18 for use with tipping paper 100, because tipping paper 100 typically includes two sets of rows of perforations 100. However, system 10A or 10B is not limited to this number of light sources 12 and light sensors 18, and may include more or less than two light sources 12 and two light sensors 18, depending upon the application of system 10A or 10B. As shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B, light sources 12 produce narrow lines of light 14 that illuminate tipping paper 100 and, a portion of which, extends through and emanates from perforations 102 as light beams 16 which are eventually received by light sensors 18. As discussed more fully below with reference to FIG. 12, light sensors 18 may convert the optical data received from light beams 16 into electrical data that may be used to determine the propriety of the quality of perforations 100. B. Types Of Light Sources Preferably, light source 12 is a polarized light source (such as a laser) instead of the traditional non-polarized light source (usually a high-intensity halogen light) used in conventional optical monitoring systems, as shown in FIG. 1. With a polarized light source 12, light traveling through perforations 102, hereinafter referred to as “direct light”, remains polarized, while the light penetrating through the non-perforated areas of tipping paper 100, hereinafter referred to as “stray light”, changes its polarization characteristics. This makes it possible to distinguish between direct light and stray light, as discussed more fully below with reference to FIGS. 6A, 6B, 7A, and 7B. Use of a laser for light source 12 provides a coherent, modulated or non-modulated light source with which to scan the material (e.g., tipping paper 100). Coherent light properties, such as monochromaticity and low divergence, increase the performance of the optical configuration of system 10A or 10B. Other advantages of using a laser for light source 12 instead of a conventional halogen-based light source include: increased life (a laser has one order of magnitude more life than a halogen light); lower power requirements for the laser; smaller size of the laser; etc. The wavelength of the laser used as light source 12 in system 10A or 10B may be in general in the red light spectrum (e.g., approximately 660 nanometers(nm)). However, a violet or ultra-violet laser light source may be used instead of, or preferably in combination with, the red laser light source. A light with a wavelength as low as 405 nm (violet light), or even as low as 350 nm (ultra-violet light), helps to reduce the stray light component, eliminating the differences between tipping papers having different colors (for example, tipping papers typically come in white, cork, and cork-on-white colors). However, currently, violet and ultra-violet light lasers are not the preferred choice for light source 12 because of their larger size and higher price than red light lasers, but as technology evolves violet and ultra-violet light lasers are expected to decrease in size and price. The utility of using a violet or ultra-violet light laser as light source 12 is best seen in FIG. 8. As shown in FIG. 8, the paper absorption factor of tipping paper 100 is very small, but different for white, cork, and cork-on-white tipping paper. Therefore the stray light component will be different for different color tipping papers. However, decreasing the wavelength towards the ultra-violet, the paper absorption factor increases considerably so that around 350 nm the stray light component is expected to be negligible, leading to more accurate measurement resulting from a high signal-to-noise ratio. The use of violet or ultra-violet light for this purpose is not limited to use with lasers, but rather is applicable to any light source, including conventional halogen-based light sources. FIG. 3 shows the narrow line of light 14 produced by light source 12, as compared to the large illumination area 108 produced by conventional light source 104. The exemplary dimensions of the narrow line of light 14, as shown in FIG. 3, are approximately 0.1 mm (or 100 microns) wide and approximately ten mm long. Although the dimensions of the narrow line of light 14 shown in FIG. 3 are preferred for tipping paper 100 having a low permeability of 50 to 500 Coresta units (smaller holes) and having a high permeability of 500 to 2500 Coresta units (larger holes), the dimensions of narrow line of light 14 are in no way limited to these values. Rather, the dimensions of narrow line of light 14 may vary depending upon the application of system 10A or 10B. Narrow line of light 14 may be produced with special optics inserted in front the laser, rather than by limiting the light field with a physical aperture. As further shown in FIG. 3, the total illuminated area of narrow line of light 14 is approximately two orders of magnitude smaller than the illuminated area of the traditional light source 104 (as represented by circle 106). This permits a very fine scanning of tipping paper 100, which improves the resolution and quality of system 10A or 10B over the conventional light permeability measuring system. C. Skipping Detection As shown in FIGS. 4 and 5, the system 10A or 10B of the present invention may be used to detect skipped (or missing) perforations 102 down to the level of a single missing perforation 102. FIG. 4 shows narrow line of light 14 scanning a tipping paper 100 that is not missing any perforations 102, whereas FIG. 5 shows narrow line of light 14 scanning a tipping paper 100 that is missing one perforation 102, wherein the missing perforation 102 is indicated by reference numeral 112. The signal generated by system 10A or 10B when used to scan the tipping paper 100 shown in FIG. 5 will be one half of the signal generated by system 10A or 10B when used to scan the tipping paper 100 shown in FIG. 4 because the total area of the tipping paper allowing light to pass through (i.e., the perforations 102) has been reduced in half. This approach is particularly efficient for tipping papers with one single row of perforations. The direct digital pre-processing of optical signals allows inspection of very small portions of tipping paper 100, hereinafter referred to as “segments” and “sub-segments”, at speeds up to 1500 meters per minute. The concept and capability of measuring defined length segments and sub-segments combined with fast processing of the data signals is instrumental for detecting skipped perforations (or missing holes) in tipping paper 100. D. Alternative Optical Arrangements As shown in FIGS. 6A, 6B, 7A, and 7B, system 10A or 10B of the present invention may have two different optical arrangements. FIGS. 6A and 6B show a first arrangement with an angled (or tilted) stray light sensor, and FIGS. 7A and 7B show a second arrangement with a polarized beam splitter and a straight stray light sensor. Each optical arrangement will be described in turn. FIG. 6A shows the path of direct light in the first optical arrangement, whereas FIG. 6B shows the path of stray light in the first optical arrangement. As shown in these Figs., the first optical arrangement includes light source 12 that generates light through line forming optics 20 to create narrow line of light 14. Line of light 14 illuminates tipping paper 100, and direct light 22 travels through perforation 102 and enters light detector 18 through an aperture 23. Light detector 18 further includes: a stray light sensor 24 for measuring stray light; an optical beam collimating lens 26 for focusing direct light 22; a polarization filter 28 for filtering out stray light; a stray light filter 30 having an aperture 31 that further filters out stray light; and a direct light sensor 32 for sensing direct light 22. Direct light 22 enters light detector 18 through aperture 23, bypasses stray light sensor 24 due to aperture 23, is focused by optical lens 26, travels through polarization filter 28 and aperture 31, and is sensed by direct light sensor 32. Polarizing filter 28 filters out stray light, but allows direct light 22 to pass through, enhancing the separation between direct light 22 and the stray light by increasing the signal-to-noise ratio. FIG. 6B is identical to FIG. 6A, except that FIG. 6B shows the path of stray light 34 as it travels through tipping paper 100. Although most of the stray light 34 fails to enter light detector 18, some stray light 34 does enter light detector 18 through aperture 23. It is not desirous to have stray light 34 enter direct light sensor 32. As shown in FIG. 6B, the first optical arrangement prevents stray light 34 from being detected by direct light sensor 32. Stray light 34 is prevented from being detected by direct light sensor 32 because first, the polarization filter 28 reduces those components of stray light 34 with different polarization than direct light 22, and then aperture 30 reduces the components with the same polarization as direct light 22. In addition, the different focusing distances for direct light 22 and stray light 34 prevents stray light 34 from being detected by direct light sensor 32. Direct light 22 is generated at a distance g1 from optical lens 26, allowing the re-collimated direct light 22 to focus on direct light sensor 32 at a distance ho. At the same time, the stray light 34 is generated at the tipping paper 100 at a distance g2 (which equals the focal distance f of optical lens 26). This arrangement causes the re-collimated stray light 34 to focus beyond direct light sensor 32, at a distance h2. Calculating mathematically using the following optical equations: 1 f = 1 g 1 + 1 h 1 = 1 g 2 + 1 h 2 , and solving for distance h2 provides: h 2 = g 2 * f g 2 - f . Thus, as distance g2 approaches the focal distance f, then distance h2 approaches infinity. At the same time, aperture 23 and the angled position of stray light sensor 24 prevent direct light 22 from reaching stray light sensor 24. The stray light signal generated by stray light sensor 24 may be used to identify changes in the transmissive property of tipping paper 100 that may be created by variations in tipping paper color intensity or thickness, so as to detect changes in the basis weight and allow these variations to be removed from the signal generated by direct light sensor 32 through software (see the calibration equation discussed below). FIG. 7A shows the path of direct light in the second optical arrangement, whereas FIG. 7B shows the path of stray light in the second optical arrangement. As shown in these Figs., the second optical arrangement is identical to the first optical arrangement shown in FIGS. 6A and 6B, except the angled stray light sensor 24 is not angled in the second optical arrangement shown in FIGS. 7A and 7B. Rather, a polarized beam splitter 36 is provided and stray light sensor 24 is aligned with polarized beam splitter 36. Such a configuration eliminates the need for precise angle mounting of stray light sensor 24, improves the reproducibility of the optical arrangement, and improves the consistency of the sensor performance. Polarized beam splitter 36 directs most of the stray light 34 toward stray light sensor 34, and the residual stray light 34 (having the same polarization as direct light 22) is prevented from reaching direct light sensor 32 by optical lens 26 and aperture 31. Another difference in the second optical arrangement is that polarization filter 28 is not used. Instead, a polarization filter 38 is provided between polarized beam splitter 36 and stray light sensor 24 to help remove residual, reflected components of direct light 22 from the stray light 34 entering stray light sensor 24. Thus, the second optical arrangement separates the direct light from the stray light even more efficiently than the first optical arrangement. E. Dithering Dithering of light source 12 may be used to minimize the effect of inherent differential non-linearity of the light intensity by averaging the intensity values across the narrow line of light 14. The light intensity across the narrow line of light 14 usually has variations. Such variations are called “integral non-linearity” for the entire ten millimeter length of the narrow line of light 14. Variations are called “differential non-linearity” for contiguous small segments of the ten millimeter length. A typical cross profile of a laser light source intensity across the narrow line of light 14 is shown in FIG. 9, with an integral non-linearity of 9% and a differential non-linearity of 2%. If one considers only a six millimeter length of the line of light 14 (it is assumed that that a maximum of six rows of perforations 102 will encompass six millimeters), the differential non-linearity will be 2%. This means that the measuring error for tipping paper 100 having a single row of perforations could be as high as 2% if the position of the holes changes by 0.3 mm, as shown in FIG. 10. In order to reduce this error, laser light source 12 may be moved alternately left to right within ±1 mm from the center position, resulting in an average repeatability error of less than 0.5%, as shown in FIG. 11. The signal component resulting from the oscillating movement may be digitally filtered out. Such dithering may be accomplished in a number of ways, including mechanically with a mechanism using a servo motor, electrically with a piezoelectric crystal attached to light source 12, etc. The dithering principle may be applied to any light source used for measuring tipping paper permeability, and may be extended to measuring other properties of different materials using light scanning. Dithering of light source 12 may be efficient for tipping paper winding systems with very stable lateral movement. For less stable systems in which the paper moves sideways randomly and continuously, the paper movement has the same effect as the light source dithering, so the light source 12 may remain in a fixed position without any dithering movement. F. Calibration Of The System System 10A or 10B of the present invention may be calibrated with the calibration targets (or standards) disclosed in co-pending U.S. patent application Serial No. (unassigned, filed concurrently herewith) (Attorney Docket No. 4981495), assigned to the assignee of the present invention, Philip Morris USA, Inc., the entire disclosure of which being incorporated by reference herein. G. Signal Processing FIG. 12 is an electrical schematic showing the details of direct light sensor 32 and stray light sensor 24, as shown in FIGS. 6A, 6B, 7A, and 7B, and how they interact with a digital processing device such as a control board 62. Control board 62 may be housed within light sensor 18, but may also be external to light sensor 18. In one aspect of the present invention, a smart digital light sensor is used for light sensor 18 for measuring light passing through perforations 102 of tipping paper 100. Such a smart digital light sensor includes an integrated digitizer and digital signal pre-processing (“DSP”) for fast interpretation of signals generated by direct light sensor 32 and stray light sensor 24. A smart digital light sensor does not need any physical adjustment related to brand changes or measuring range, whereas conventional analog sensors require several analog adjustments (e.g., potentiometers). As shown in FIG. 12, the light from light source 12 is received by direct light sensor 32 and stray light sensor 24 and converted into an analog electrical signal with a photo sensor 40. The analog electrical signal is then amplified with amplifiers 42, 44, 46, and converted into a digital electrical signal with an analog-to-digital (“A/D”) converter or integrated digitizer 48. One A/D converter 48 cooperates with a gain control 50. The digital electrical signals are then provided to a digital pre-processor and control FPGA (field programmable gate array) 52 where they are pre-processed and output, via a serial input/output port 60, to a computing device 112 for storage or further processing. Control board 62 further includes a power supply 54 (made up of three regulators/filters), an internal clock 56, and an external clock 58. Computing device 112 represents a combination of hardware and software, and thus may comprise a conventionally programmed computer, a programmed logic controller (“PLC”), a microcontroller embedded with software, or any other intelligent system. Computing device 112 may be used in place or in conjunction with digital pre-processor and control FPGA 52. Further, computing device 112 may not be used at all if digital pre-processor and control FPGA 52 includes at least a memory device. Referring to FIG. 13, if computing device 112 is a conventionally programmed computer, then such a computer may include a bus 200 interconnecting a processor 202, a read-only memory (ROM) 204, a main memory 206, a storage device 208, an input device 210,an output device 212, and a communication interface 214. Bus 200 is a network topology or circuit arrangement in which all devices are attached to a line directly and all signals pass through each of the devices. Each device has a unique identity and can recognize those signals intended for it. Processor 202 includes the logic circuitry that responds to and processes the basic instructions that the drive computer. ROM 204 includes a static memory that stores instructions and data used by processor 202. Computer storage is the holding of data in an electromagnetic form for access by a computer processor. Main memory 206, which may be a RAM or another type of dynamic memory, makes up the primary storage of the computer. Secondary storage of the computer may comprise storage device 208, such as hard disks, tapes, diskettes, Zip drives, RAID systems, holographic storage, optical storage, CD-ROMs, magnetic tapes, and other external devices and their corresponding drives. Main memory 206 and/or storage device 208 may store any of the data retrieved from any of the components of the present invention. Input device 210 may include a keyboard, mouse, pointing device, sound device (e.g. a microphone, etc.), biometric device, or any other device providing input to the computer. Output device 212 may comprise a display, a printer, a sound device (e.g. a speaker, etc.), or other device providing output to the computer. Communication interface 214 may include network connections, modems, or other devices used for communications with other computer systems or devices. Communication links 216 may be wired, wireless, optical or a similar connection mechanisms. “Wireless” refers to a communications, monitoring, or control system in which electromagnetic or acoustic waves carry a signal through atmospheric space rather than along a wire. In most wireless systems, radio-frequency (RF) or infrared (IR) waves are used. Some monitoring devices, such as intrusion alarms, employ acoustic waves at frequencies above the range of human hearing. Computing device 112 consistent with the present invention may perform the tasks of receiving digital signals from control board 62 and storing the signals or producing an output that is the light permeability equivalent of the air permeability of tipping paper 100 from the signals generated by direct light sensor 32 and stray light sensor 24, using the measuring algorithm discussed below. However, control board 62 may perform these tasks on its own as well. Computing device 110 may perform these tasks in response to a processor executing sequences of instructions contained in a computer-readable medium. A computer-readable medium may include one or more memory devices and/or carrier waves. Execution of the sequences of instructions contained in a computer-readable medium causes the processor to perform the processes described below. Alternatively, hardwired circuitry may be used in place of or in combination with software instructions to implement processes consistent with the present invention. Thus, the present invention is not limited to any specific combination of hardware circuitry and software. In order to calculate the equivalent air permeability of tipping paper 100 from the signals generated by direct light sensor 32 and stray light sensor 24, the measuring algorithm uses specific parameters determined during system calibration. The calibration curve slope Cslope and intercept Cint, as described in co-pending U.S. patent application Serial No. (unassigned, filed concurrently herewith), Invention Disclosure No. D1616 (Attorney Docket No. 4981495), are calculated during calibration. The algorithm used during calibration is tailored to the specific configuration of the sensor being calibrated. If the sensor configuration changes, then the algorithm will change as well. For example, a calibration equation which defines the correlation between light permeability and air permeability may be created by measuring two different, previously certified targets with an air-flow measuring instrument and a light measuring instrument. These measurements provide first and second air permeabilities AP1 and AP2 which correlate with first and second light permeabilities LP1 and LP2. These values enable the calibration parameters of the calibration equation to be calculated, namely the slope Cslope and the intercept Cint of the equation. The calibration equation will thus be AP=Cslope×LP+Cint, where: C slope = AP 2 - AP 1 LP 2 - LP 1 , and ⁢ ⁢ C int = LP 2 × AP 1 - LP 1 × AP 2 LP 2 - LP 1 . The calibration equation defines the correlation between light permeability and air permeability, which can be considered linear for a limited range of permeability values. Once the slope Cslope and intercept Cint are calculated, the light permeability of a material may be measured, and based upon the calibration equation the equivalent air permeability (AP) of the material may be calculated. Another parameter used in the calculation is called the paper factor (PF), which is the ratio between the signals generated by stray light sensor 24 and direct light sensor 32 as measured with non-perforated paper. The paper factor (PF) permits correction of the impact that the residual stray light on direct light sensor 32, and helps determine inherent variations of the paper basis weight. The equations used to calculate the paper factor (PF) and permeability (P) are: PF = AD direct AD stray , and P=∫{Cslope×[(ADdirect−Odirect)−PF×(ADstray−Ostray)]+Cint}, where Cslope is the slope of the calibration curve, Cint is the intercept of the calibration curve, ADdirect represents the analog-to-digital (A/D) counts measured by direct light sensor 32, Odirect is the offset of direct light sensor 32, ADstray represents the A/D counts measured by stray light sensor 24, Ostray is the offset of stray light sensor 24, and PF is the paper factor. The offsets (Odirect, Ostray) represent residual currents of sensors 24, 32 with light source 18 turned off. H. Speed Independent Measurement The permeability measurement by system 10A or 10B of the present invention is independent of the tipping paper velocity since the data is collected at sampling intervals determined by pulses generated with a shaft encoder (which is the external clock 58 shown in FIG. 12) installed on the rewinding drum of the tipping paper machine, which moves in synch with the tipping paper. I. Automatic Correction Of Calibration Parameters Accuracy of system 10A or 10B of the present invention may deteriorate over time due to aging of light source 12, light sensor offset variations due to temperature changes, dust accumulation on the optical components, etc. In order to keep system 10A or 10B operating at maximum performance, a measurement of the light transmission through a very fine aperture (inserted in between the light source and light sensor, like a piece of paper, but in a very stable and mechanically repeatable position) may be used to compare the entire light transmission capability of the measuring head. A first measurement may be performed during system 10A or 10B installation, and then performed periodically (e.g., once per shift or before each bobbin run). A deviation larger than a predetermined amount would require application of a correction to the original values of either the slope Cslope or the intercept Cint parameter of the calibration curve, which restores the original transmission characteristics of the measuring channel. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made in the calibration system and target of the present invention and in construction of the system and target without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention. Examples of such modifications have been previously provided. Other embodiments of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification and practice of the invention disclosed herein. It is intended that the specification and examples be considered as exemplary only, with a true scope and spirit of the invention being indicated by the following claims.	<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>A. Field of the Invention The present invention relates generally to instruments for measuring the permeability of a material, and, more particularly to system and method for measuring the permeability of a material. B. Description of the Related Art Many products or materials are provided with holes or perforations. Such products and materials require their permeability to be measured. Examples of such products and materials needing permeability measurements include: wallpaper; filters used for air, chemicals, etc.; materials affording the appropriate degree of liquid (ink, varnish, sizing) absorption in printing; porous bags and materials used in food packaging and agricultural fumigation; insulating materials; paper; textiles; etc. One particular material provided with such holes or perforations are the wrappers of filter cigarettes or similar rod-shaped tobacco products. The perforations allow cool atmospheric air to enter the column of tobacco smoke. Such wrappers are called tipping paper. Running webs of tipping paper making up rod-shaped tobacco products may be perforated mechanically, electrically, or optically. For example, British Patent No. 1,588,980 discloses a perforating unit that employs a set of needles or analogous mechanical perforating tools that puncture selected portions of the running web. U.S. Pat. No. 2,528,158 and British Patent No. 1,604,467 disclose electro-perforating tools that employ heat-generating electrodes that combust selected portions of the running web. An optical perforating tool, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,265,254, uses coherent radiation from a laser to make perforations of a desired size and with a high degree of reproducibility. Conventional filter-tipped tobacco products are perforated in the region of their filter plugs to insure that atmospheric air can enter the column of tobacco smoke irrespective of the length of combusted portion of the tobacco-containing section of the product. It is desirable to regulate the permeability of wrappers of all articles of a given tobacco product in such a way that the permeability is consistent or deviates only negligibly from a predetermined value. It is known to control perforations of tipping paper in response to permeability measurements, as discussed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,569,359, 4,121,595, 4,648,412 and 5,092,350. Known permeability measuring devices include pneumatic systems for measuring the pressure drop through the tipping paper. However, such pneumatic systems are frequently inaccurate and difficult to implement in a high volume production line where the web can travel through the perforator at speeds of 5000 to 6000 feet per minute. Pneumatic measurements are frequently made off-line on a sample basis. In some conventional production lines, quality monitoring and control are accomplished through a combination of sampling and perforator adjustments. Initial setup can be accomplished by iterative trial and error in which the focus and power settings of the laser perforator are adjusted. After making tentative settings, the line is run to generate samples. The resulting samples are then tested in a pneumatic pressure drop instrument gauge. Once the desired operating results are achieved, a manufacturing inspector periodically samples the perforated product, for example, a sample could be taken of five foot sections of paper from the end of every third bobbin (or of every bobbin) to check for correct pressure drop. The paper could also be inspected by visual monitoring by holding the paper up to light to check generally for hole position and size. However, since such measurements are neither continuous nor in real time, defective perforation, if detected at all, would be determined after a large quantity of tipping paper has been perforated. Optical monitoring devices for tipping paper perforation lines are also known, as discussed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,569,359 and 5,341,824. A conventional optical system for monitoring a perforation line is illustrated in FIG. 1 and described below. While such a system permits on-line monitoring of the process, in practice the output signal from this system has been found to correlate poorly with the pressure drops measured directly with pneumatic systems. Moreover, the system is affected by variations in the paper base sheet such as splices, extraneous holes, or thickness changes. As shown in FIG. 1 , the conventional optical monitoring system for monitoring perforations 102 in tipping paper 100 (traveling in direction 101 ) includes a light or optical source or sources 104 that shines a large circular area of light 108 onto the tipping paper 100 . Typically, light source 104 is a halogen-based light source. Light 108 emanating through perforations 102 is received by a light or optical detector or detectors 110 , and used to monitor and/or control the quality of the perforations 102 in tipping paper 100 . The problem with such a conventional arrangement, as best shown in FIG. 3 , is that the large circular area of light 108 has a diameter of about ten millimeters (mm) and illuminates an area having a number of perforations 102 . Thus, the fine scanning and resolution capabilities of the conventional optical monitoring system are poor, reducing the reliability and accuracy of such a system. Thus, there is a need in the art to provide a system and method for measuring the permeability of a material such as tipping paper that overcomes the problems of the related art.	<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>The present invention solves the problems of the related art by providing a system and method for measuring the permeability of a material such as tipping paper. Further scope of applicability of the present invention will become apparent from the detailed description given hereinafter. However, it should be understood that the detailed description and specific examples, while indicating preferred embodiments of the invention, are given by way of illustration only, since various changes and modifications within the spirit and scope of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from this detailed description. It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of the invention, as claimed.	20040526	20070529	20050908	76014.0		0	TON, TRI T	SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR MEASURING THE PERMEABILITY OF A MATERIAL	UNDISCOUNTED	0	ACCEPTED		2,004
10,854,386	ACCEPTED	Housing including strengthening member and electrical switching apparatus employing the same	A circuit breaker includes a molded base and cover, with at least one of the base and cover being a molded member including a pair of end walls, a pair of side walls, and an opening between the side walls. A strengthening member engages the base and cover between the side walls at the opening, engages at least one of the side walls and is an interior wall of the molded member. The base and cover are made of a first material, such as glass polyester or a suitably high strength plastic, and the strengthening member is made of a second dissimilar material, such as aluminum or steel, which has greater strength than the first material. An operating mechanism coupled to separable contacts is structured to move the contacts between open and closed positions. A trip mechanism coupled to the operating mechanism is structured to actuate the operating mechanism.	1. A housing for an electrical switching apparatus, said housing comprising: a first electrical switching apparatus housing portion; a second electrical switching apparatus housing portion, with at least one of said first and second electrical switching apparatus housing portions being a molded member including a first end wall, a second end wall, a pair of side walls, and an opening between said side walls; and a strengthening member engaging said at least one of said first and second electrical switching apparatus housing portions between said side walls at said opening, said strengthening member engaging at least one of said side walls and being an internal wall of said molded member, with said at least one of said first and second electrical switching apparatus housing portions being made of a first material, and with said strengthening member being made of a second dissimilar material, which has greater strength than said first material. 2. The housing of claim 1 wherein said strengthening member is made of steel or aluminum. 3. The housing of claim 1 wherein said molded member is made of glass polyester; and wherein said strengthening member is made of aluminum or steel. 4. The housing of claim 1 wherein said opening is a first opening; wherein said first electrical switching apparatus housing portion is a base including said first opening; wherein said second electrical switching apparatus housing portion is a cover including a second opening; and wherein said strengthening member engages said base at said first opening and said cover at said second opening. 5. The housing of claim 1 wherein said molded member further includes an interior wall adjacent said internal wall. 6. The housing of claim 5 wherein said strengthening member is a conductor; and wherein said interior wall is an insulator. 7. An electrical switching apparatus comprising: a base; a cover, with at least one of said base and said cover being a molded member including a first end wall, a second end wall, a pair of side walls, and an opening between said side walls; a strengthening member engaging said at least one of said base and said cover between said side walls at said opening, said strengthening member engaging at least one of said side walls and being an internal wall of said molded member, with said at least one of said base and said cover being made of a first material, and with said strengthening member being made of a second dissimilar material, which has greater strength than said first material; separable contacts; and an operating mechanism coupled to said separable contacts, said operating mechanism being structured to move said separable contacts between an open position and a closed position. 8. The electrical switching apparatus of claim 7 wherein said strengthening member is made of steel or aluminum. 9. The electrical switching apparatus of claim 7 wherein said at least one of said base and said cover is made of glass polyester; and wherein said strengthening member is made of aluminum or steel. 10. The electrical switching apparatus of claim 7 wherein said opening is a first opening; wherein said base includes said first opening; wherein said cover includes a second opening; and wherein said strengthening member engages said base at said first opening and said cover at said second opening. 11. The electrical switching apparatus of claim 7 wherein said base is a molded base including said opening, said molded base including an interior wall adjacent said internal wall. 12. The electrical switching apparatus of claim 11 wherein said strengthening member is a conductor; and wherein said interior wall is an insulator. 13. A circuit breaker comprising: a base; a cover, with at least one of said base and said cover being a molded member including a first end wall, a second end wall, a pair of side walls, and an opening between said side walls; a strengthening member engaging said at least one of said base and said cover between said side walls at said opening, said strengthening member engaging at least one of said side walls and being an internal wall of said molded member, with said at least one of said base and said cover being made of a first material, and with said strengthening member being made of a second dissimilar material, which has greater strength than said first material; separable contacts; an operating mechanism coupled to said separable contacts, said operating mechanism being structured to move said separable contacts between an open position and a closed position; and a trip mechanism coupled to said operating mechanism, said trip mechanism being structured to actuate said operating mechanism to open said separable contacts. 14. The circuit breaker of claim 13 wherein said at least one of said base and said cover is made of glass polyester; and wherein said strengthening member is made of aluminum or steel. 15. The circuit breaker of claim 13 wherein said opening includes at least one dovetailed recess; and wherein said strengthening member includes at least one dovetailed protrusion, which engages said at least one of said base and said cover at said at least one dovetailed recess. 16. The circuit breaker of claim 13 wherein said opening includes two dovetailed recesses; and wherein said strengthening member includes two dovetailed protrusions, which engage said at least one of said base and said cover at said two dovetailed recesses. 17. The circuit breaker of claim 16 wherein said strengthening member includes a generally I-shaped cross-section. 18. The circuit breaker of claim 13 wherein said first end wall is a line end wall; wherein said second end wall is a load end wall; wherein said opening is proximate said line end wall; and wherein said strengthening member bridges said side walls at said opening proximate said line end wall. 19. The circuit breaker of claim 13 wherein said opening is a first opening; wherein said base includes said first opening; wherein said cover includes a second opening; and wherein said strengthening member engages said base at said first opening and said cover at said second opening. 20. The circuit breaker of claim 13 wherein said base is a molded base including said opening, said molded base including an interior wall adjacent said internal wall. 21. The circuit breaker of claim 20 wherein said strengthening member is a conductor; wherein said interior wall is an insulator; and wherein said separable contacts draw an arc proximate said interior wall.	CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION This application is related to commonly assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/733,145, filed Dec. 11, 2003, entitled “Slot Motor Including Legs Engaging Openings of Circuit Breaker Housing and Electrical Switching Apparatus Employing the Same”. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to electrical switching apparatus, such as, for example, circuit breakers and, more particularly, to circuit breakers including a molded case. The invention also relates to housings for electrical switching apparatus. 2. Background Information Circuit breakers, such as molded case circuit breakers, include at least one pair of separable contacts. For example, a first contact is fixed within the molded case housing and a second movable contact is coupled to an operating mechanism. These separable contacts are in electrical communication with either the line or the load coupled to the circuit breaker. The operating mechanism moves the movable contact between a first, open position wherein the movable contact is spaced from the fixed contact, and a second, closed position wherein the fixed and movable contacts are in contact and electrical communication. The operating mechanism may be operated manually or by a trip mechanism. The exterior case and, in particular, the back line end wall of the case, of molded case circuit breakers has typically been a weak link for case strength and a limiting factor in increasing the interrupting ratings of circuit breakers. Typically, the bases and covers of molded case circuit breaker housings are made of glass polyester or phenolic and are relatively very intricate. Hence, it is believed that it is not possible or practical to employ a relatively high strength and a relatively highly reinforced case material (e.g., epoxy resin glass filled; vinylester) due to the relatively poor flow characteristics and relatively high viscosity of that material. There is room for improvement in electrical switching apparatus, such as circuit breakers, and in housings for such apparatus. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION These needs and others are met by the present invention which includes a strengthening member made of a dissimilar and relatively high strength material within the electrical switching apparatus molded case. This structure greatly increases the structural integrity of the molded case. For example, the molded case may employ two dissimilar materials (e.g., without limitation, glass polyester and steel; glass polyester and aluminum; glass polyester and vinylester or epoxy resin) in order that the molded case has suitably high strength areas, where needed, and in order that the case molds may still contain desired detailed internal features (e.g., without limitation, base and cover features for pivot points, locating features and bearing areas). As one aspect of the invention, a housing for an electrical switching apparatus comprises: a first electrical switching apparatus housing portion; a second electrical switching apparatus housing portion, with at least one of the first and second electrical switching apparatus housing portions being a molded member including a first end wall, a second end wall, a pair of side walls, and an opening between the side walls; and a strengthening member engaging such at least one of the first and second electrical switching apparatus housing portions between the side walls at the opening, the strengthening member engaging at least one of the side walls and being an internal wall of the molded member, with such at least one of the first and second electrical switching apparatus housing portions being made of a first material, and with the strengthening member being made of a second dissimilar material, which has greater strength than the first material. The opening may be a first opening. The first electrical switching apparatus housing portion may be a base including the first opening. The second electrical switching apparatus housing portion may be a cover including a second opening. The strengthening member may engage the base at the first opening and the cover at the second opening. The molded member may further include an interior wall adjacent the internal wall. The strengthening member may be a conductor and the interior wall may be an insulator. As another aspect of the invention, an electrical switching apparatus comprises: a base; a cover, with at least one of the base and the cover being a molded member including a first end wall, a second end wall, a pair of side walls, and an opening between the side walls; a strengthening member engaging such at least one of the base and the cover between the side walls at the opening, the strengthening member engaging at least one of the side walls and being an internal wall of the molded member, with such at least one of the base and the cover being made of a first material, and with the strengthening member being made of a second dissimilar material, which has greater strength than the first material; separable contacts; and an operating mechanism coupled to the separable contacts, the operating mechanism being structured to move the separable contacts between an open position and a closed position. The base may be a molded base including the opening. The molded base may include an interior wall adjacent the internal wall. The strengthening member may be a conductor. The interior wall may be an insulator. As another aspect of the invention, a circuit breaker comprises: a base; a cover, with at least one of the base and the cover being a molded member including a first end wall, a second end wall, a pair of side walls, and an opening between the side walls; a strengthening member engaging such at least one of the base and the cover between the side walls at the opening, the strengthening member engaging at least one of the side walls and being an internal wall of the molded member, with such at least one of the base and the cover being made of a first material, and with the strengthening member being made of a second dissimilar material, which has greater strength than the first material; separable contacts; an operating mechanism coupled to the separable contacts, the operating mechanism being structured to move the separable contacts between an open position and a closed position; and a trip mechanism coupled to the operating mechanism, the trip mechanism being structured to actuate the operating mechanism to open the separable contacts. The opening may include at least one dovetailed recess. The strengthening member may include at least one dovetailed protrusion, which engages such at least one of the base and the cover at such at least one dovetailed recess. The strengthening member may include a generally I-shaped cross-section. The first end wall may be a line end wall. The second end wall may be a load end wall. The opening may be proximate the line end wall. The strengthening member may bridge the side walls at the opening proximate the line end wall. The base may be a molded base including the opening. The molded base may include an interior wall adjacent the internal wall. The strengthening member may be a conductor. The interior wall may be an insulator. The separable contacts may draw an arc proximate the interior wall. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS A full understanding of the invention can be gained from the following description of the preferred embodiments when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which: FIG. 1 is simplified isometric view of a circuit breaker, with the cover removed for convenience of illustration, including a circuit breaker housing having a base with an opening and a strengthening member in accordance with the present invention. FIG. 2 is an isometric view of the strengthening member of FIG. 1. FIG. 3 is an isometric view of a circuit breaker base in accordance with another embodiment of the invention. FIG. 4 is an isometric view of a circuit breaker cover in accordance with another embodiment of the invention. FIG. 5 is an exploded isometric view of a circuit breaker base and cover and another strengthening member in accordance with another embodiment of the invention. FIG. 6 is an isometric view of a portion of a circuit breaker molded base in accordance with another embodiment of the invention. FIG. 7 is an isometric view of a circuit breaker base and strengthening member in accordance with another embodiment of the invention. FIG. 8 is an isometric view of the strengthening member of FIG. 7. FIG. 9 is a longitudinal section of a side elevational view, partially broken away and partially in phantom, of an internal portion of a circuit breaker in accordance with another embodiment of the invention. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS As employed herein, the term “strength” shall expressly include, but not be limited by, tensile strength; shear strength; load-carrying capacity strength; impact resistance; flexural strength; and/or strength to resist explosion. The invention is disclosed in connection with circuit breaker housings, although a wide range of electrical switching apparatus and housings therefor may be employed. Referring to FIG. 1, an electrical switching apparatus, such as a single pole circuit breaker 8, and a molded housing 10 are shown. The molded housing 10 includes a first housing portion, such as molded base 12, with first and second recesses 14, 16 molded therein. Although a single pole circuit breaker 8 is shown, the invention is applicable to a wide range of electrical switching apparatus having a wide range of phase or pole counts. The molded housing 10 further includes a second housing portion, such as a molded cover (not shown). The molded base 12 includes a first end wall 18, a second end wall 20, a pair of side walls 22, 24, and an opening 26 between the side walls 22, 24. A strengthening member 28 engages the molded base 12 between the side walls 22, 24 at the opening 28. In this example, the strengthening member 28 engages both of the side walls 22, 24 and is an internal wall of the molded base 12. The molded base 12 is made of a first material (e.g., without limitation, glass polyester; phenolic). The strengthening member 28 is made of a second dissimilar material (e.g., without limitation, steel; aluminum; thermoset plastic; vinylester epoxy resin; a suitable high strength/yield material), which has relatively greater strength than the first material. The circuit breaker 8 further includes the molded cover (not shown), separable contacts 30, an operating mechanism 32, an arc chamber 34, a trip mechanism 36, and a slot motor assembly 38 disposed about such separable contacts. For example, the three-pole circuit breaker 40 of FIG. 9 includes a cover 42, separable contacts 44, an operating mechanism 46 coupled to the separable contacts 44 and structured to move such contacts between an open position (not shown) and a closed position, a trip mechanism 48 structured to actuate the operating mechanism 46 to trip open the separable contacts 44, a slot motor assembly 50 disposed about the separable contacts 44, and a base 52. The slot motor assembly 50 includes an upper slot motor assembly 54 and a lower slot motor assembly 56. FIG. 2 shows the strengthening member 28 of FIG. 1. The strengthening member 28 has a generally I-shaped cross-section 58 formed by a central planar portion 60 and two dovetailed protrusions 62, 64 at each end of the planar portion 60. As shown in FIG. 1, those protrusions 62, 64 engage the dovetailed recesses 14, 16, respectively, of the molded base 12. Although dovetailed protrusions 62, 64 and dovetailed recesses 14, 16 are shown, a wide range of mating and interlocking protrusions and recesses may be employed. For example, without limitation, one or both of the pairs 14, 62 and 16, 64 of the recesses and protrusions may have a suitable different mating shape. As shown in FIG. 1, the strengthening member 28 interfaces with the circuit breaker molded base 12. This member 28 is disposed into the circuit breaker housing 10 near the line end wall 18. The dovetailed protrusions 62, 64 engage and capture the side walls 22, 24 at the dovetailed recesses 14, 16, respectively. The strengthening member 28 prevents the motion of the exterior walls 18, 22, 24, during extreme pressure “build-up” encountered during circuit interruption and, in turn, prevents the fracturing of the line end wall 18. The dovetail protrusions 62, 64 and dovetailed recesses 14, 16 in the strengthening member 28 and the molded base 12 are, preferably, optimized for maximizing holding strength. For example, these features provide relatively more surface area, are snug fitting and distribute the load evenly. Referring to FIG. 3, another circuit breaker housing 66 is shown. The housing 66 includes a first housing portion, such as molded base 68, with first and second dovetailed recesses 70, 72 molded therein. The molded housing 66 further includes a second housing portion, such as a molded cover (not shown). The molded base 68 includes a first line end wall 74, a second load end wall 76, a pair of side walls 78, 80, and an opening 82 between the side walls 78, 80. The strengthening member 28 of FIG. 2 engages the molded base 68 between the side walls 78, 80 at the opening 82 proximate the first line end wall 74. The first strengthening member 28 engages the side wall 78 and an interior wall 83B of the molded base 68. For example, this bridges the exterior side wall 78 with the relatively thicker interior wall 83B. The second strengthening member 28 engages interior walls 83B, 83C and the third strengthening member 28 engages the interior wall 83C and the side wall 80. The molded base 68 is made of a material that is the same as or similar to the material of the molded base 12 of FIG. 1. As shown in FIG. 3 for the three poles, the three strengthening members 28 (shown in phantom line drawing) bridge the side walls 78, 80 at the openings 82, 82B, 82C proximate the line end wall 74. These strengthening members 28 prevent the motion of the outer wall 74 during extreme pressure “build-up” encountered during circuit interruption and, in turn, prevent the fracturing of that wall 74. Referring to FIG. 4, a molded housing 84 includes a first housing portion, such as molded cover 86, with first and second recesses 88,90 molded therein. The molded housing 84 further includes a second housing portion, such as a molded base (not shown). The molded cover 86 includes a first end wall 92, a second end wall 94, a pair of side walls 96, 98, and an opening 100 between the side walls 96, 98. The strengthening member 28 of FIG. 2 engages the molded cover 86 between the side walls 96, 98 at the opening 100. The molded cover 86 is made of a material that is the same as or similar to the material of the molded base 12 of FIG. 1. FIG. 5 shows a circuit breaker molded base 102 and a circuit breaker molded cover 104 engaging a strengthening member 28′. The molded base 102 is similar to the molded base 12 of FIG. 1, the molded cover 104 is similar to the molded cover 86 of FIG. 4, and the strengthening member 28′ is similar to the strengthening member 28 of FIG. 2, except that the member 28′ is relatively taller, in order to engage both the molded base 102 at opening 106 and the molded cover 104 at opening 108. This structure provides an overall relatively stronger molded housing 110 by extending into both the base 102 and the cover 104, in order to lock the base and cover together. Referring to FIG. 6, a portion of a circuit breaker molded base 112 is shown. The strengthening member 28 (shown in phantom line drawing) engages a side wall 113 and an internal wall 115 of the molded base 112. The molded base 112 includes one or more relatively thin interior walls 114 (only one wall 114 is shown) adjacent the strengthening member 28 (shown in phantom line drawing). This structure adds additional strength to the molded base 112. Since the strengthening member 28 may be a conductor, the interior wall 114 is preferably an insulator and/or possesses dielectric properties. This wall 114, thus, insulates the conductive strengthening member 28 and the conductive internal wall formed thereby from internal circuit breaker structures (not shown). For example, the circuit breaker separable contacts (not shown) may draw an arc 116 proximate the insulated wall 114, which may also serve as an insulating shield for the strengthening member 28. FIGS. 7 and 8 show another circuit breaker molded base 118 and a strengthening member 28″ therefor. The molded base 118 and a molded cover (not shown) form a circuit breaker housing 120. The molded base 118 includes a first end wall 122, a second end wall 124, a pair of side walls 126, 128, and an opening 130 between the side walls 126, 128. The strengthening member 28″ engages the molded base 118 between the side walls 126, 128 at the opening 130. The molded base 118 is made of a material that is the same as or similar to the material of the molded base 12 of FIG. 1. The strengthening member 28″0 is made of a material that is the same as or similar to the material of the strengthening member 28 of FIG. 2. As best shown in FIG. 8, the strengthening member 28″ has a generally I-shaped cross-section 132 formed by a central planar portion 134 and two dovetailed protrusions 136, 138 at each end of the planar portion 134. Those protrusions 136, 138 engage dovetailed recesses 140, 142, respectively, of the molded base 118 of FIG. 7. Referring to FIG. 9, the three-pole circuit breaker 40 including the molded cover 42 and molded base 52 are shown. The cover 42 and the base 52 both include, as shown with the base 52, a first end wall 144, a second end wall 146, a first side wall 148, a second side wall (not shown) and an opening 152 between such side walls. A strengthening member 154 engages the base 52 and the cover 42 between the side walls at the opening 152. In this example, the strengthening member 154 engages the side wall 148 and an interior wall (not shown) parallel to the side wall 148. The molded cover 42 and base 52 are made of a material that is the same as or similar to the material of the molded base 12 of FIG. 1. The strengthening member 154 is made of a material that is the same as or similar to the material of the strengthening member 28 of FIG. 2. The circuit breaker 40 includes a load terminal 156 and a line terminal 158. There is shown a plasma arc acceleration chamber 160 comprising the slot motor assembly 50 and an arc extinguisher assembly 162. Also shown is a contact assembly 164. Although not viewable in FIG. 9, each phase of the three-phase circuit breaker 40 has its own load terminal 156, line terminal 158, plasma arc acceleration chamber 160, slot motor assembly 50, arc extinguisher assembly 162, and contact assembly 164. Each slot motor assembly 50 includes the separate first or upper slot motor portion or assembly 54, which is disposed proximate or above the first or movable contact 166 carried by movable contact arm 167 of operating mechanism 46, and the second or lower slot motor portion or assembly 56, which is disposed proximate or below the second or fixed contact 168. Although various openings 26, 82, 100, 106, 108, 130, 152 are disclosed, a wide range of cross-sectional opening shapes may be employed. Although various molded housings 10, 66, 84, 110, 120 and 42,52 are disclosed, a wide range of housings, bases and covers may be employed. These molded housings and the strengthening members 28, 28′, 28″, 154 cooperate to greatly increase the structural integrity of the molded housings. As a result, the molded housings may have suitably high strength areas, where needed, and may still contain desired detailed internal and/or external features. In addition to increasing the strength of the molded housings, the disclosed strengthening members allow the base line end to be open, thereby helping to eliminate assembly issues with relatively complicated reverse loop configurations (e.g., the typical installation process requires “fishing” the line conductor into the base (due to the shape) at relatively extreme angles) and with molded-in slot motors that require the line conductor to be inserted from the line end (e.g., the “molded in” slot motor sits above the line conductor and makes it impossible to “fish” the line conductor into place; the only way to insert the line conductor, with a “molded in” slot motor, would be to remove the back wall of the base). While specific embodiments of the invention have been described in detail, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that various modifications and alternatives to those details could be developed in light of the overall teachings of the disclosure. Accordingly, the particular arrangements disclosed are meant to be illustrative only and not limiting as to the scope of the invention which is to be given the full breadth of the claims appended and any and all equivalents thereof.	<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to electrical switching apparatus, such as, for example, circuit breakers and, more particularly, to circuit breakers including a molded case. The invention also relates to housings for electrical switching apparatus. 2. Background Information Circuit breakers, such as molded case circuit breakers, include at least one pair of separable contacts. For example, a first contact is fixed within the molded case housing and a second movable contact is coupled to an operating mechanism. These separable contacts are in electrical communication with either the line or the load coupled to the circuit breaker. The operating mechanism moves the movable contact between a first, open position wherein the movable contact is spaced from the fixed contact, and a second, closed position wherein the fixed and movable contacts are in contact and electrical communication. The operating mechanism may be operated manually or by a trip mechanism. The exterior case and, in particular, the back line end wall of the case, of molded case circuit breakers has typically been a weak link for case strength and a limiting factor in increasing the interrupting ratings of circuit breakers. Typically, the bases and covers of molded case circuit breaker housings are made of glass polyester or phenolic and are relatively very intricate. Hence, it is believed that it is not possible or practical to employ a relatively high strength and a relatively highly reinforced case material (e.g., epoxy resin glass filled; vinylester) due to the relatively poor flow characteristics and relatively high viscosity of that material. There is room for improvement in electrical switching apparatus, such as circuit breakers, and in housings for such apparatus.	<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>These needs and others are met by the present invention which includes a strengthening member made of a dissimilar and relatively high strength material within the electrical switching apparatus molded case. This structure greatly increases the structural integrity of the molded case. For example, the molded case may employ two dissimilar materials (e.g., without limitation, glass polyester and steel; glass polyester and aluminum; glass polyester and vinylester or epoxy resin) in order that the molded case has suitably high strength areas, where needed, and in order that the case molds may still contain desired detailed internal features (e.g., without limitation, base and cover features for pivot points, locating features and bearing areas). As one aspect of the invention, a housing for an electrical switching apparatus comprises: a first electrical switching apparatus housing portion; a second electrical switching apparatus housing portion, with at least one of the first and second electrical switching apparatus housing portions being a molded member including a first end wall, a second end wall, a pair of side walls, and an opening between the side walls; and a strengthening member engaging such at least one of the first and second electrical switching apparatus housing portions between the side walls at the opening, the strengthening member engaging at least one of the side walls and being an internal wall of the molded member, with such at least one of the first and second electrical switching apparatus housing portions being made of a first material, and with the strengthening member being made of a second dissimilar material, which has greater strength than the first material. The opening may be a first opening. The first electrical switching apparatus housing portion may be a base including the first opening. The second electrical switching apparatus housing portion may be a cover including a second opening. The strengthening member may engage the base at the first opening and the cover at the second opening. The molded member may further include an interior wall adjacent the internal wall. The strengthening member may be a conductor and the interior wall may be an insulator. As another aspect of the invention, an electrical switching apparatus comprises: a base; a cover, with at least one of the base and the cover being a molded member including a first end wall, a second end wall, a pair of side walls, and an opening between the side walls; a strengthening member engaging such at least one of the base and the cover between the side walls at the opening, the strengthening member engaging at least one of the side walls and being an internal wall of the molded member, with such at least one of the base and the cover being made of a first material, and with the strengthening member being made of a second dissimilar material, which has greater strength than the first material; separable contacts; and an operating mechanism coupled to the separable contacts, the operating mechanism being structured to move the separable contacts between an open position and a closed position. The base may be a molded base including the opening. The molded base may include an interior wall adjacent the internal wall. The strengthening member may be a conductor. The interior wall may be an insulator. As another aspect of the invention, a circuit breaker comprises: a base; a cover, with at least one of the base and the cover being a molded member including a first end wall, a second end wall, a pair of side walls, and an opening between the side walls; a strengthening member engaging such at least one of the base and the cover between the side walls at the opening, the strengthening member engaging at least one of the side walls and being an internal wall of the molded member, with such at least one of the base and the cover being made of a first material, and with the strengthening member being made of a second dissimilar material, which has greater strength than the first material; separable contacts; an operating mechanism coupled to the separable contacts, the operating mechanism being structured to move the separable contacts between an open position and a closed position; and a trip mechanism coupled to the operating mechanism, the trip mechanism being structured to actuate the operating mechanism to open the separable contacts. The opening may include at least one dovetailed recess. The strengthening member may include at least one dovetailed protrusion, which engages such at least one of the base and the cover at such at least one dovetailed recess. The strengthening member may include a generally I-shaped cross-section. The first end wall may be a line end wall. The second end wall may be a load end wall. The opening may be proximate the line end wall. The strengthening member may bridge the side walls at the opening proximate the line end wall. The base may be a molded base including the opening. The molded base may include an interior wall adjacent the internal wall. The strengthening member may be a conductor. The interior wall may be an insulator. The separable contacts may draw an arc proximate the interior wall.	20040526	20071009	20051201	99263.0		0	BARRERA, RAMON M	HOUSING INCLUDING STRENGTHENING MEMBER AND ELECTRICAL SWITCHING APPARATUS EMPLOYING THE SAME	UNDISCOUNTED	0	ACCEPTED		2,004
10,854,447	ACCEPTED	Method for making rotor for permanent magnet electric machine	A method for making a rotor for a permanent magnet electric motor comprising the steps of providing an annular permanent magnet and an annular back-up member. Affixing the magnet to the inner surface of the back-up member in an un-magnetized condition and overmolding both in an injection molding process while controlling the flow of the molten plastic so as to cause the plastic to engage the opposite sides of the magnet at substantially the same time resulting in a knit line intermediate the magnet sides on the inner surface of the magnet. Magnetizing the magnet.	1. A method for making a rotor for a permanent magnet electric machine comprising the steps of providing a permanent magnet in an annular configuration and in an un-magnetized condition, providing an annular back-up member for the permanent magnet adapted to receive the magnet on its inner surface and to serve with the magnet affixed thereto as a rotor in an electric machine, affixing the permanent magnet to the back-up member in the desired position, over-molding the assembled magnet and back-up member in an injection molding operation so that the magnet and back-up member are substantially completely embedded in the plastic, and magnetizing the permanent magnet in one or more sections. 2. A method for making a rotor for a permanent magnet electric machine as set forth in claim 1 wherein the electric machine takes the form of a permanent magnet electric motor. 3. A method for making a rotor for a permanent magnet electric machine as set forth in claim 1 wherein the permanent magnet takes the form of a one-piece flexible magnet formed in an annular configuration. 4. A method for making a rotor for a permanent magnet electric machine as set forth in claim 3 wherein opposite ends of the magnet are inclined to provide for an overlapping inter-engagement of the same. 5. A method for making a rotor for a permanent magnet electric machine as set forth in claim 1 wherein the permanent magnet takes the form of a plurality of permanent magnet segments arranged in slightly spaced end-to-end relationship and in an annular configuration. 6. A method for making a rotor for a permanent magnet electric machine as set forth in claim 1 wherein the back-up member is formed integrally during the molding step with a rotatable member connected with and rotating therewith. 7. A method for making a rotor for a permanent magnet electric machine as set forth in claim 6 wherein the machine is a motor and the rotatable member takes the form of an air-moving device driven thereby. 8. A method for making a rotor for a permanent magnet electric machine as set forth in claim 3 wherein the mold is designed for the flow of molten plastic both along an inner surface of the permanent magnet and an outer surface of the back-up member opposite the permanent magnet, and wherein the mold design provides for relative rates of flow toward the outer surface of the back-up member and the inner surface of the magnet resulting in the molten plastic reaching the opposite side edges of the magnet substantially simultaneously and then joining each other to form a knit line at an intermediate location on the inner surface of the magnet. 9. A method for making a rotor for a permanent magnet electric machine as set forth in claim 8 wherein a dam is provided in the mold to restrict the flow of molten plastic toward the inner surface of said magnet. 10. A method for making a rotor for a permanent magnet electric machine as set forth in claim 1 wherein the back-up member is designed with an annular shoulder which engages and secures the magnet in position along one side edge, and wherein the mold is designed to provide a resulting second annular shoulder at the opposite side of the magnet to engage and secure the magnet in position along its opposite side edge. 11. A method for making a permanent magnet and support member assembly comprising the steps of affixing a flexible permanent magnet to a support member, overmolding the assembled magnet and support member in a plastic injection molding process so that the magnet and support member are substantially completely embedded in the plastic, and magnetizing the magnet. 12. A method for making a permanent magnet and support member assembly as set forth in claim 11 wherein a mold cavity adjacent at least one surface of the magnet is relatively narrow to provide a resulting relatively thin overlay adjacent the surface, and wherein the flow of molten plastic through the mold cavity is controlled to provide for joinder of plastic flows and creation of a knit line adjacent said one surface of the magnet. 13. A method for making a permanent magnet and support assembly as set forth in claim 12 wherein the flow of molten plastic is controlled by means of a dam in the mold cavity.	RELATED APPLICATION Provisional application No. 60/508,413, titled “Over-molded flexible magnet” filed Oct. 2, 2003, inventors Bumsuk Won, Russel H. Marvin, Gary Peresada, incorporated herein by reference. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Various techniques employed in attaching permanent magnets to annular back-up members in rotor assemblies for permanent magnet motors and other permanent magnet machines have been satisfactory in general but not completely without problems. It is the general object of the present invention to provide an improved method of making a rotor of this type wherein the method steps are simple and direct and yet result in a rotor which is exceptional in overall quality, exhibits the highest degree of structural integrity, and provides excellent operating characteristics. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In fulfillment of the aforementioned object and in accordance with the present invention, the method of the invention comprises the steps of providing a permanent magnet, preferably of the flexible type, in an annular configuration and in an un-magnetized condition and providing an annular back-up member adapted to support the magnet on its inner surface and to serve with the magnet affixed thereto as a rotor in a permanent magnet electric machine. The permanent magnet is affixed to the inner surface of the back-up member in the desired position and the entire assembly is then over-molded in an injection molding operation so that the magnet and back-up member are substantially completely embedded in the plastic. The magnet is then magnetized in one or more segments with the desired number of poles. The reason for the preference for a flexible magnet resides in the comparative ease and efficiency with which a one-piece flexible magnet can be assembled with the back-up member and temporarily affixed thereto. Conventional multiple magnet segments of metallic or ceramic construction also benefit substantially from the method of the invention but are considerably more difficult to arrange in the desired annular configuration and affix to the inner surface of the back-up member. This of course results in a loss of time and efficiency in the overall method. A further advantage of the method resides in the ability to mold an electric machine, for example a permanent magnet electric motor, simultaneously and integrally with a rotatable device, for example a moving device such as a fan or impeller. Plastic injection molding is conventionally carried out at high temperatures and at thousands of pounds of pressure per square inch. Thus, the molds should preferably be designed, with dams or otherwise, to provide for control of the flow rates of the molten plastic in two paths respectively toward the outer surface of the back-up member and the inner surface of the magnet such that the plastic reaches the opposite side edges of the magnet substantially simultaneously and the two flows then join each other to form a knit line at an intermediate location on the inner face of the magnet. Inadvertent or accidental dislodgment of the magnet during molding is thus minimized. In addition to the foregoing, the back-up member may be designed with an annular shoulder which engages and secures the magnet in position along one side edge and the mold may have a provision for a second annular shoulder in the resulting plastic configuration opposing the first on the opposite side edge of the magnet. Finally, it should be noted that the method of the invention is readily adaptable to configurations other than the rotor described above. Various stationary or other flat or curved assemblies of permanent magnets and their support members also benefit from the method with proper mold design providing properly timed engagement of molten plastic with side edges of the magnet and intermediate knit lines on relatively thin sections of plastic adjacent the magnet surface. DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a cross sectional view through a rotor constructed in accordance with the method of the present invention, FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a flexible magnet, which may form a part of the rotor of the present method, FIG. 3 is a sectional view through a rotor formed with an annular series of permanent magnet segments, FIG. 4 is a sectional view through a stationary flat permanent magnet and support member assembly produced in accordance with the method of the present invention, FIG. 5 is a sectional view through a stationary curved permanent magnet and support member assembly produced by the method of the invention. DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Referring particularly to FIG. 1, a rotor indicated generally at 10 is formed integrally with an air impeller indicated generally at 12. The rotor 10 forms a part of a permanent magnet electric machine, a permanent magnet electric motor as shown, and cooperates with a stator, not shown, disposed radially therewithin in a conventional inside-out arrangement. An annular back-up member 14, which may be conventional and of metallic construction, forms a part of the rotor 10 and has affixed thereto and on its inner surface an annular permanent magnet 16. The magnet 16 may be of one-piece flexible construction as illustrated in FIG. 2, or a multiple segment metallic or ceramic magnet arrangement as illustrated FIG. 3 may be employed. When the one piece flexible construction is used, opposite ends of the magnet are preferably inclined as shown in FIG. 2 at 18,18 to provide for an overlapping condition which facilitates assembly of the magnet with the back-up member with the magnet end surfaces in engagement. In accordance with the method of the invention, and with either type of permanent magnet, the magnet or magnet segments are preferably temporarily affixed to the inner surface of the back-up member 14 in the desired position with the magnet or magnets in an un-magnetized condition. The magnet and back-up member assemblies are then overmolded in a conventional plastic injection molding process so that the two parts are substantially completely embedded in the plastic. The FIG. 1 structure results with additional portions of the rotor also embedded in plastic 20 and with the air impeller 12 molded simultaneously and integrally with the rotor. The magnet or magnets are then magnetized in one or more segments with the desired number of poles to complete the rotor. As mentioned above, plastic injection molding is conventionally carried out at high temperatures and at thousands of pounds of pressure per square inch. Thus, mold design should provide for control of flow rates of molten plastic in two paths respectively toward the outer surface of the back-up member and the inner surface of the permanent magnet such that the plastic reaches the opposite side edges of the magnet substantially simultaneously with the two flows subsequently joining each other to form a knit line at an intermediate location on the inner surface of the magnet. A conventional means of flow control in the form of a dam as at 22 may be employed to inhibit flow toward the inner surface of the magnet. Additionally, and to insure precise location of the magnet relative to the back-up member, the said member may be designed with an annular shoulder 24 which engages and secures the magnet along one side edge. A similar annular shoulder 26 engaging the magnet along its opposite side edge may also be provided in designing the mold. Finally, the adaptability of the method of the invention to other configurations of magnet and support members should be considered. A first form of magnet-support member assembly in FIG. 4 includes simple flat flexible magnet 28 and a support member 30 of similar configuration. The magnet and support member are embedded in plastic 32 with a dam illustrated at 34 for control of the flow path adjacent the face of the magnet resulting in engagement of the two flows with the opposite side edges at substantially the same time and the desired knit line intermediate the sides of the magnet at 36. In FIG. 5 a curved flexible magnet 38 and similarly shaped support member 40 are efficiently molded with the aid of a dam 42 restricting flow toward the face of the magnet as above.	<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>Various techniques employed in attaching permanent magnets to annular back-up members in rotor assemblies for permanent magnet motors and other permanent magnet machines have been satisfactory in general but not completely without problems. It is the general object of the present invention to provide an improved method of making a rotor of this type wherein the method steps are simple and direct and yet result in a rotor which is exceptional in overall quality, exhibits the highest degree of structural integrity, and provides excellent operating characteristics.	<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>In fulfillment of the aforementioned object and in accordance with the present invention, the method of the invention comprises the steps of providing a permanent magnet, preferably of the flexible type, in an annular configuration and in an un-magnetized condition and providing an annular back-up member adapted to support the magnet on its inner surface and to serve with the magnet affixed thereto as a rotor in a permanent magnet electric machine. The permanent magnet is affixed to the inner surface of the back-up member in the desired position and the entire assembly is then over-molded in an injection molding operation so that the magnet and back-up member are substantially completely embedded in the plastic. The magnet is then magnetized in one or more segments with the desired number of poles. The reason for the preference for a flexible magnet resides in the comparative ease and efficiency with which a one-piece flexible magnet can be assembled with the back-up member and temporarily affixed thereto. Conventional multiple magnet segments of metallic or ceramic construction also benefit substantially from the method of the invention but are considerably more difficult to arrange in the desired annular configuration and affix to the inner surface of the back-up member. This of course results in a loss of time and efficiency in the overall method. A further advantage of the method resides in the ability to mold an electric machine, for example a permanent magnet electric motor, simultaneously and integrally with a rotatable device, for example a moving device such as a fan or impeller. Plastic injection molding is conventionally carried out at high temperatures and at thousands of pounds of pressure per square inch. Thus, the molds should preferably be designed, with dams or otherwise, to provide for control of the flow rates of the molten plastic in two paths respectively toward the outer surface of the back-up member and the inner surface of the magnet such that the plastic reaches the opposite side edges of the magnet substantially simultaneously and the two flows then join each other to form a knit line at an intermediate location on the inner face of the magnet. Inadvertent or accidental dislodgment of the magnet during molding is thus minimized. In addition to the foregoing, the back-up member may be designed with an annular shoulder which engages and secures the magnet in position along one side edge and the mold may have a provision for a second annular shoulder in the resulting plastic configuration opposing the first on the opposite side edge of the magnet. Finally, it should be noted that the method of the invention is readily adaptable to configurations other than the rotor described above. Various stationary or other flat or curved assemblies of permanent magnets and their support members also benefit from the method with proper mold design providing properly timed engagement of molten plastic with side edges of the magnet and intermediate knit lines on relatively thin sections of plastic adjacent the magnet surface.	20040526	20080401	20050407	60147.0		0	PHAN, THIEM D	METHOD FOR MAKING ROTOR FOR PERMANENT MAGNET ELECTRIC MACHINE	UNDISCOUNTED	0	ACCEPTED		2,004
10,854,543	ACCEPTED	Imaging device and its driving method	An imaging device includes: a plurality of light receiving parts for generating electric charge by photoelectric conversion; a shift register for transferring the electric charge generated by the plurality of light receiving parts to the output-side end portion of the shift register; and an electric-charge discharge portion which is provided in a midway-portion of the shift register and includes an electric-charge discharge gate for controlling import of the electric charge from the shift register for discharging the electric charge of the shift register via the electric-charge discharge gate.	1. An imaging device comprising: a plurality of light receiving parts for generating electric charge by photoelectric conversion; a shift register for transferring the electric charge generated by the plurality of light receiving parts to the output-side end portion of the shift register; and an electric-charge discharge portion which is provided in a midway-portion of the shift register and includes an electric-charge discharge gate for controlling import of the electric charge from the shift register for discharging the electric charge of the shift register via the electric-charge discharge gate. 2. An imaging device according to claim 1, wherein the electric-charge discharge portion is provided in a central portion of the shift register. 3. An imaging device according to claim 1, wherein a plurality of electric-charge discharge portions are provided in the midway-portion of the shift register. 4. A method of driving an imaging device including: a plurality of light receiving parts for generating electric charge by photoelectric conversion; a shift register for transferring the electric charge generated by the plurality of light receiving parts to the output-side end portion of the shift register; and an electric-charge discharge portion which is provided in a midway-portion of the shift register and includes an electric-charge discharge gate for controlling import of the electric charge from the shift register for discharging the electric charge of the shift register via the electric-charge discharge gate, the method comprising the steps of: shutting off the electric-charge discharge gate when the electric charge stored in the plurality of light receiving parts is transferred by the shift register within an open-shutter period; and opening the electric-charge discharge gate when the electric charge stored in the plurality of light receiving parts is transferred by the shift register outside the open-shutter period. 5. A method of driving an imaging device a plurality of light receiving parts for generating electric charge by photoelectric conversion; a shift register for transferring the electric charge generated by the plurality of light receiving parts to the output-side end portion of the shift register; and an electric-charge discharge portion which is provided in a midway-portion of the shift register and includes an electric-charge discharge gate for controlling import of the electric charge from the shift register for discharging the electric charge of the shift register via the electric-charge discharge gate, the method comprising the steps of: shutting off the electric-charge discharge gate in such an operating mode that the electric charge generated by substantially all of the plurality of light receiving parts is utilized when the electric charge stored in the plurality of light receiving parts is transferred by the shift register within the open-shutter period; and opening the electric-charge discharge gate in such an operating mode that the electric charge generated by the plurality of light receiving parts is partially utilized when the electric charge stored in the plurality of light receiving parts is transferred by the shift register within the open-shutter period.	BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to an imaging device and its driving method. Heretofore, imaging devices such as CCD image sensors have widely been employed in image scanners, facsimiles, digital cameras and so forth. The imaging device is equipped with a shift register for serially transferring electric charge stored in a plurality of light receiving parts. Before signal charge is stored in the light receiving parts, a gate provided between the light receiving parts and the shift register is opened so that the electric charge is transferred in unison from the light receiving parts to the shift register as an unnecessary electric charge. Thereby, the image reading speed can be increased by efficiently discharging the unnecessary electric charge thus transferred to the shift register (see JP-A-2001-111892, for example). SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION An object of the invention is to provide an imaging device so designed as to discharge the unnecessary electric charge of a shift register in a short time and its driving method. In order to achieve the above object, the present invention is characterized by having the following arrangement. (1) An imaging device comprising: a plurality of light receiving parts for generating electric charge by photoelectric conversion; a shift register for transferring the electric charge generated by the plurality of light receiving parts to the output-side end portion of the shift register; and an electric-charge discharge portion which is provided in a midway-portion of the shift register and includes an electric-charge discharge gate for controlling import of the electric charge from the shift register for discharging the electric charge of the shift register via the electric-charge discharge gate. (2) An imaging device according to (1), wherein the electric-charge discharge portion is provided in a central portion of the shift register. (3) An imaging device according to (1), wherein a plurality of electric-charge discharge portions are provided in the midway-portion of the shift register. (4) A method of driving an imaging device including: a plurality of light receiving parts for generating electric charge by photoelectric conversion; a shift register for transferring the electric charge generated by the plurality of light receiving parts to the output-side end portion of the shift register; and an electric-charge discharge portion which is provided in a midway-portion of the shift register and includes an electric-charge discharge gate for controlling import of the electric charge from the shift register for discharging the electric charge of the shift register via the electric-charge discharge gate, the method comprising the steps of: shutting off the electric-charge discharge gate when the electric charge stored in the plurality of light receiving parts is transferred by the shift register within an open-shutter period; and opening the electric-charge discharge gate when the electric charge stored in the plurality of light receiving parts is transferred by the shift register outside the open-shutter period. (5) A method of driving an imaging device a plurality of light receiving parts for generating electric charge by photoelectric conversion; a shift register for transferring the electric charge generated by the plurality of light receiving parts to the output-side end portion of the shift register; and an electric-charge discharge portion which is provided in a midway-portion of the shift register and includes an electric-charge discharge gate for controlling import of the electric charge from the shift register for discharging the electric charge of the shift register via the electric-charge discharge gate, the method comprising the steps of: shutting off the electric-charge discharge gate in such an operating mode that the electric charge generated by substantially all of the plurality of light receiving parts is utilized when the electric charge. stored in the plurality of light receiving parts is transferred by the shift register within the open-shutter period; and opening the electric-charge discharge gate in such an operating mode that the electric charge generated by the plurality of light receiving parts is partially utilized when the electric charge stored in the plurality of light receiving parts is transferred by the shift register within the open-shutter period. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing the structure of a linear image sensor according to a first embodiment of the invention. FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing the structure of an image scanner according to the first embodiment of the invention. FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing the image scanner according to the first embodiment of the invention. FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram showing how electric charge is discharged by an electric-charge discharge portion. FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram showing how the electric charge is discharged by the electric-charge discharge portion. FIG. 6 is a time chart showing a driving method according to the first embodiment of the invention. FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram showing the structure of a linear image sensor according to a second embodiment of the invention. FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram showing the structure of a linear image sensor according to a third embodiment of the invention. FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram explanatory of a driving method according to a fourth embodiment of the invention. FIG. 10 is a time chart showing driving methods according to the fourth and fifth embodiments of the invention. FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram explanatory of the driving method according to the fifth embodiment of the invention. FIG. 12 is a time chart showing the driving method according to the fifth embodiment of the invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Embodiments according to the invention will be described with reference to the drawings. (First Embodiment) FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing the structure of an image scanner 10 having a linear image sensor 20 as an imaging device according to a first embodiment of the invention. The image scanner 10 is a flat bed type and equipped with an original table 14 set in the upper part of a case 12. The original table 14 is formed with a transparent plate such as a glass plate and a reflective original M such as printing paper or a transmissive original M such as a photographic film is placed and held on the top surface of the original table 14. An optical system 30 is formed with light sources 32 and 33, a mirror 34, a condenser lens 36 and so on. The light source 32 for the reflective original is a tubular illuminator and loaded in a carriage 22 such that it is extended in the main scanning direction perpendicular to the plane of FIG. 2. The light source 33 for the transparent original is an area light source and can be installed above the original table 14. As shown by a chain line in FIG. 2, a reflected light image of the reflective original M irradiated by the light source 32 or a transmitted light image of the transmissive original M irradiated by the light source 33 is formed on the linear image sensor 20 by a mirror 34 and a condenser lens 36. The linear image sensor 20 stores electric charge obtained by subjecting the received light to photoelectric conversion for a predetermined time and outputs an electric signal corresponding to the quantity of light received. Although a lens reduction type linear image sensor is used as the linear image sensor 20, a contact-type linear image sensor may also be usable. The linear image sensor 20 is loaded in the carriage 22 such that a plurality of light receiving parts are linearly arranged in the main scanning direction as will be described later. The carriage 22 is housed in the case 12 so that it can reciprocate in parallel to the surface of the original table 14. The carriage 22 is loaded with the optical system 30 and the linear image sensor 20 and used to carry the linear image sensor 20 and the optical system 30 in a subscanning direction shown by Y in FIG. 2. FIG. 3 is a block diagram of the image scanner 10. A main scanning drive portion 24 generates pulses necessary for driving the linear image sensor 20 and supplies the pulse to the linear image sensor 20. The main scanning drive portion 24 is formed with a synchronous signal generator, a driving timing generator and so on. A subscanning drive portion 26 is formed with a belt latched to the carriage 22, a motor for rotating the belt, with a gear train, a driving circuit and so on. When the subscanning drive portion 26 draws the carriage 22 by means of the belt, a scanning line extending in the main scanning direction moves in the subscanning direction, whereby the scanning of a two-dimensional image is made possible. A signal processing unit 40 is formed with an analog signal processing portion 41, an A/D converter 42, a digital signal processing portion 43 and so on. The analog signal processing portion 41 subjects an analog signal outputted from the linear image sensor 20 to analog signal processing such as amplification and noise reduction processes and supplies the processed signal to the A/D converter 42. The A/D converter 42 quantizes the analog signal outputted from the analog signal processing portion 41 to a digital signal having predetermined gradation and supplies the quantized signal to the digital signal processing portion 43. The digital signal processing portion 43 subjects the image signal outputted from the A/D converter 42 to various kinds of processing such as shading correction, gamma correction and pixel interpolation and generates image data to be transferred to an image processing apparatus 2. A control unit 44 has CPU 45, RAM 46 and ROM 47 and is connected via buses to the driving circuits of the light sources 32 and 33, the main scanning drive portion 24, the subscanning drive portion 26, the signal processing unit 40 and the like. The control unit 44 controls the light sources 32 and 33, the main scanning drive portion 24, the subscanning drive portion 26, the signal processing unit 40 and so on by executing the computer program stored in the ROM 47 in response to the command from the image processing apparatus 2. An interface (I/F) 48 is connected via a bus to the control unit 44. The image processing apparatus 2 of a personal computer or the like is connected to the interface (I/F) 48 and image data generated in the signal processing unit 40 is transferred via the interface (I/F) 48 to the image processing apparatus 2. FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing the structure of the linear image sensor 20. The linear image sensor 20 is equipped with one or a plurality of sensor portions 50. In the case of the linear image sensor 20 for producing a color output, the sensor portion 50 is provided for each filter color. The sensor portion 50 is formed with a plurality of light receiving parts 52, a transfer gate 54, a CCD analog shift register (shift register) 56, an electric-charge discharge portion 60, an output portion 70 and so on. The plurality of light receiving parts 52 in the sensor portion 50 are arranged in a line in the main scanning direction shown by X in FIG. 1. Each of the light receiving parts 52 is a photoelectric conversion element such as a photodiode and generates electric charge in proportion to the quantity of light received within a predetermined time by means of photoelectric conversion. In the case of the linear image sensor 20 for producing the color output, an on-chip filter is formed on the light receiving side of each light receiving part 52, which receives the light passed through the filter. Incidentally, primary color filters of R (Red), G (Green) and B (Blue), three complementary color filters of C (Cyan), M (Magenta) and Y (Yellow) or four complementary color filters of C, M, Y and G (Green) are used as the filters above. With respect to the color output method, a dichroic mirror method, alight source switching method or a filter switching method in addition to the on-chip method may also be usable. The transfer gate 54 is provided along a line of light receiving parts 52. A transfer gate pulse φt is applied by the main scanning drive portion 24 to the transfer gate 54. The transfer gate 54 controls the charge accumulation time in each light receiving part 52 in response to the potential variation of the transfer gate pulse φt applied. In other words, the transfer gate 54 is shut off when the potential level of the transfer gate pulse φt is turned to the low side, whereby the electric charge generated in each light receiving part 52 is stored. Further, the transfer gate 54 is opened when the potential level of the transfer gate pulse φt is turned to the high side and the electric charge stored in each light receiving part 52 is transferred to the shift register. The shift register 56 is provided opposite to the light-receiving-part-side of and along the transfer gate 54. Portions divided off by solid lines arranged at equal intervals in the main scanning direction X of the shift register 56 in FIG. 1 correspond to the light receiving parts by one to one and form potential well forming domains 58 for restraining the electric charge of the corresponding light receiving parts 52 to which a driving pulse φd is applied by the main scanning drive portion 24. Although a two-phase pulse is used as the driving pulse φd, a pulse of three-phase or greater may also be usable. The shift register 56 serially transfers the electric charge to an output portion 70 in response to the phase variation of the driving pulse φd applied to each domain 58 of the shift register 56. The electric-charge discharge portion 60 is provided opposite to the transfer-gate-side of one domain 58 located in the substantially central portion of the shift register 56. The electric-charge discharge portion 60 has an electric-charge discharge gate 62 and a drain 63. A discharge gate pulse φe is applied by the main scanning drive portion 24 to the electric-charge discharge gate 62. The electric-charge discharge gate 62 controls the import of the electric charge from the shift register 56 into the electric-charge discharge portion 60 in response to the potential variation of the discharge gate pulse φe applied. The electric charge thus imported into the electric-charge discharge portion 60 is discharged from the drain 63 into the substrate. The output portion 70 is provided to the end portion of the output of the shift register 56. The output portion 70 has an output gate 72, a floating capacitor 73, an output circuit (not shown), a reset gate 74 and a reset drain 75. A constant voltage is applied by the main scanning drive portion 24 to the output gate 72. The electric charge is transferred from the shift register 56 via the output gate 72 to the floating capacitor 73. The electric charge transferred to the floating capacitor 73 is detected by the output circuit and an electric signal corresponding to the electric charge thus detected is supplied from the output circuit to the signal processing unit 40. A reset gate pulse φr is applied by the main scanning drive portion 24 to the reset gate 74. The reset gate 74 controls the import of the electric charge from the floating capacitor 73 into the reset drain 75 in response to the potential variation of the reset gate pulse φr applied. The electric charge (signal charge) processed in the signal processing unit 40 as an image signal is stored in the light receiving parts 52 within an open-shutter period. The electric charge stored in the light receiving parts 52 outside the open-shutter period (unnecessary electric charge) need not be processed in the signal processing unit 40. Although an electric shutter is used as the shutter, a mechanically-operating shutter may also be usable. FIGS. 4 and 5 are schematic diagrams showing how the electric charge is discharged by the electric-charge discharge portion 60 and the output portion 70. As shown in FIGS. 4 and 5, the electric charge is indicated by a plurality of particles 80. Discharging the electric charge by the electric-charge discharge portion 60 will be described first by reference to FIG. 4. The electric-charge discharge gate 62 is shut off as follows. When the potential level of the discharge gate pulse φe applied to the electric-charge discharge gate 62 is turned to the low side, a potential barrier 82 higher than any base of a potential well 81 formed in the shift register 56 with every phase variation of the driving pulse φd is formed in the electric-charge discharge gate 62 as shown in FIGS. 4(a) and (b). Therefore, the electric charge restrained in the potential well 81 of the shift register 56 is unable to climb over the potential barrier 82 of the electric-charge discharge gate 62, so that no electric charge moves from the potential well 81 to the drain 63 lower in potential than the potential barrier 82. The opening of the electric-charge discharge gate 62 is carried out as follows. When the potential level of the discharge gate pulse φe is turned to the high side, the potential barrier 82 formed at the electric-charge discharge gate 62 becomes lower than any base of the potential well 81 formed in the shift register 56 with every phase variation of the driving pulse φd as shown in FIGS. 4(c) and (d). Consequently, the electric charge restrained in the potential well 81 of the shift register 56 is allowed to go over the potential barrier 82 of the electric-charge discharge gate 62, imported into the electric-charge discharge portion 60 before being discharged from the drain 63. Discharging the electric charge by the output portion 70 will be described then by reference to FIG. 5. When the potential level of the reset gate pulse φr applied to the reset gate 74 is turned to the low side, a potential barrier 84 higher in potential than the floating capacitor 73 is formed at the reset gate 74 as shown in FIGS. 5(a) and (b). Consequently, the electric charge transferred from the shift register 56 to the floating capacitor 73 after going over the potential barrier 85 of the output gate 72 in response to the phase variation of the driving pulse φd as shown in FIGS. 5(a) and (b) is unable to climb over the potential barrier 84 of the reset gate 74, so that the electric charge is retrained by the floating capacitor 73. When the potential level of the reset gate pulse φr is switched to the high side, the potential barrier 84 formed at the reset gate 74 becomes lower in potential than the input of the floating capacitor 73 as shown in FIG. 5(c). Consequently, the electric charge retrained by the floating capacitor 73 goes over the potential barrier 84 of the reset gate 74 and is discharged from the substrate via the reset drain 75. FIG. 6 is a time chart showing a method of driving the linear image sensor 20. The method of driving the linear image sensor 20 will now be described by reference to FIG. 6. In the following, a description will be given of performing a scan of one line of the linear image sensor 20 in each cycle which is defined as a period ranging from time (t)=t0 when the accumulation of the signal charge is completed in each light receiving part 52 up to t=t4 when the accumulation of the signal charge is completed again. At t=t0, the transfer gate 54 is opened by turning the potential level of the transfer gate pulse φt to the high side. The potential level of the transfer gate pulse φt is kept to the high side until t=t1, whereby during a period of t0≦t<t1, the signal charge stored in each light receiving part 52 is transferred to the shift register 56. At t=t0, moreover, the electric-charge discharge gate 62 is shut off by turning the potential level of the discharge gate pulse φe to the low side. The potential level of the discharge gate pulse φe is kept to the low side until t=t2, whereby during a period of t0≦t<t2, any signal charge is transferred by the shift register 56 up to the output portion 70 without being discharged into the electric-charge discharge portion 60. At t=t1, the transfer gate 54 is shut off by turning the potential level of the transfer gate pulse φt to the low side. The potential level of the transfer gate pulse φt is kept to the low side until t=t2, whereby during a period of t1≦t<t2, the unnecessary electric charge is stored in each light receiving part 52. At t=t2, the transfer gate 54 is opened by turning the potential level of the transfer gate pulse φt to the high side. The potential level of the transfer gate pulse φt is kept to the high side until t=t3, whereby during a period of t2≦t<t3, the undesired signal charge stored in each light receiving part 52 is transferred to the shift register 56. At t=t2, moreover, the electric-charge discharge gate 62 is opened by turning the potential level of the discharge gate pulse φe to the high side. The potential level of the discharge gate pulse φe is kept to the high side until t=t4, whereby during a period of t2≦t<t4, the unnecessary electric charge existing from the central portion of the shift register 56 to the non-output-side end portion of the shift register 56 is discharged into the electric-charge discharge portion 60. During the period of t2≦t<t4, the rest of the unnecessary electric charge, that is, the unnecessary electric charge existing from the central portion of the shift register 56 to the non-output-side end portion of the shift register 56 is transferred up to the floating capacitor 73 and discharged via the reset drain 75. At t=t3, the transfer gate 54 is shut off by turning the potential level of the transfer gate pulse φt to the low side. The potential level of the transfer gate pulse φt is kept to the low side until t=t4, whereby during a period of t3≦t<t4, the signal charge is stored in each light receiving part 52. In other words, the period of t3≦t<t4 is equivalent to the open-shutter period. At t=t4, the potential level of the transfer gate pulse φt is turned to the high side, whereas the potential level of the discharge gate pulse φe is turned to the low side. More specifically, the potential level variations of the pulses φt and φe at t=t4 are set as those of the pulses φt and φe at the next t=t0. According to the method of driving the linear image sensor 20 like this, one line of signal charge can totally be transferred up to the output-side end portion of the shift register 56 by shutting off the electric-charge discharge gate 62 during the period of t0≦t<t2 in which the signal charge generated by each light receiving part 52 is transferred by the shift register 56. On the other hand, during the period of t2≦t<t4 in which the unnecessary electric charge generated by each light receiving part 52 is transferred by the shift register 56, the unnecessary electric charge existing from the central portion of the shift register 56 to the non-output-side end portion of the shift register 56 is discharged from the electric-charge discharge portion 60 by opening the electric-charge discharge gate 62. Consequently, what is needed to be transferred up to the reset drain 75 of the output portion 70 before being discharged is the unnecessary electric charge existing from the central portion to the output-side end portion of the shift register 56. Therefore, the time required to discharge the unnecessary electric charge is reduced to substantially one half. (Second Embodiment) FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram showing the structure of a linear image sensor according to a second embodiment of the invention. In the following description, component parts substantially similar to those in the first embodiment of the invention are given like reference characters and the description thereof will be omitted. In the sensor portion 50 of a linear image sensor according to the second embodiment of the invention, a first line of light receiving parts 91 and a second line of light receiving parts 92 are provided, in each of which numerous light receiving parts 52 are arranged in a line. The first line of light receiving parts 91 and the second line of light receiving parts 90 are disposed so that the directions of the first and second lines in which the light receiving parts 52 are arranged shift from each other by half the space of each light receiving part 52. A first transfer gate 54a and a first shift register 56a are provided in a manner adjacent to the first line of light receiving parts 91. A first electric-charge discharge portion 60a is connected to the central portion of the first shift register 56a. A second transfer gate 54b and a second shift register 56b are provided in a manner adjacent to the second line of light receiving parts 90. A second electric-charged is charge portion 60b is connected to the output-side end portion of the second shift register 56b and a third electric-charged is charge portion 60c is connected to the substantially central portion of the second shift register 56b. The first shift register 56a and the second shift register 56b are connected to the one output portion 70. The electric charge transferred by the first shift register 56a and the electric charge transferred by the second shift register 56b are alternately taken in the output portion 70. Consequently, image information of one line can be generated from the electric charge stored in the light receiving parts 52 arranged in two lines because the electric charge stored in the first line of light receiving parts 91 and what is stored in the second line of light receiving parts 90 are alternately detected by the output portion 70. A method of driving the linear image sensor 20 according to the second embodiment of the invention is different from the method thereof according to the first embodiment of the invention in that the discharge gate pulse φe is applied to the first electric-charge discharge portion 60a, the second electric-charge discharge portion 60b and the third electric-charge discharge portion 60c. The rising and falling of the discharge gate pulse φe applied to each of the first, second and third electric-charge discharge portions 60a, 60b and 60c are the same as the case of the first embodiment of the invention. In other words, during the period in which the electric charge stored in the light receiving parts 52 is transferred by the shift register 56 within the open-shutter period, all of the first electric-charge discharge portion 60a, the second electric-charge discharge portion 60b and the third electric-charge discharge portion 60c are shut off and the electric charge stored in the first line of light receiving parts 91 and the electric charge stored in the second line of light receiving parts 90 are alternately detected by the output portion 70. During the time the electric charge stored in the light receiving parts 52 is transferred by the shift register 56 outside the open-shutter period, all of the first electric-charge discharge portion 60a, the second electric-charge discharge portion 60b and the third electric-charge discharge portion 60c are opened. Consequently, the electric charge stored in the light receiving parts 52 near the output portion 70 of the first line of light receiving parts 91 is discharged from the reset drain 75 of the output portion 70, whereas the electric charge stored in the light receiving parts 52 set far from the output portion 70 of the first line of light receiving parts 91 is discharged from the first electric-charge discharge portion 60a. Moreover, the electric charge stored in the light receiving parts 52 near the output portion 70 of the second line of light receiving parts 90 is discharged from the second electric-charge discharge portion 60b, whereas the electric charge stored in the light receiving parts 52 set far from the output portion 70 of the second line of light receiving parts 90 is discharged from the third electric-charge discharge portion 60c. Therefore, according to the second embodiment of the invention, the time required to discharge the unnecessary electric charge stored outside the open-shutter period by means of the first shift register 56a and the second shift register 56b is made reducible. (Third Embodiment) FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram showing the structure of the linear image sensor 20 according to a third embodiment of the invention. In the following description, component parts substantially similar to those in the first embodiment of the invention are given like reference characters and the description thereof will be omitted. The electric-charge discharge portion 60 of the sensor portion 50 of the linear image sensor 20 is provided opposite to the transfer-gate-sides of two domains 58 located separately in the midway-portions of the shift register 56 in the main scanning direction X. In the main scanning direction X, the distance from the output-side end portion of the shift register 56 up to the electric-charge discharge portion 60 on one side, the distance from the one electric-charge discharge portion 60 up to the other electric-charge discharge portion 60 and the distance from the other electric-charge discharge portion 60 up to the non-output-side end portion of the shift register 56 are set almost nearly equal. According to the third embodiment of the invention, the electric-charge discharge gates 62 of the two electric-charge discharge portions 60 are simultaneously opened during the period of t2≦t<t4. Of the whole unnecessary electric charge generated by the light receiving parts 52, the electric charge sent to the non-output-side end portion of the shift register 56 from the electric-charge discharge portion 60 near the non-output-side end portion of the shift register 56 is discharged into the electric-charge discharge portion 60 near the non-output-side end portion of the shift register 56. Further, the electric charge sent in between the two electric-charge discharge portions 60 is discharged into the electric-charge discharge portion 60 near the output-side end portion of the shift register 56. Consequently, the time required to discharge the unnecessary electric charge is reduced to roughly one third. (Fourth Embodiment) FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram explanatory of a method of driving the linear image sensor 20 according to a fourth embodiment of the invention. FIG. 10 is a time chart showing the method of driving the linear image sensor 20 according to the fourth embodiment of the invention. In the fourth embodiment of the invention, a description will be given of a method of reading a film using a linear image sensor similar in structure to what is described in the first embodiment of the invention, wherein component parts substantially similar to those in the first embodiment of the invention are given like reference characters and the description thereof will be omitted. As shown in FIG. 9, an area substantially corresponding to the width of the film placed in the substantial center of the maximum reading area A of the original table 14 is set as a film reading area R according to the fourth embodiment of the invention. An image of the film reading area R is formed in the central portion of the sensor portion 50 by the optical system 30. The driving method according to the fourth embodiment of the invention will now be described in detail. A first operating mode for reading the film reading area R will be described by reference to FIG. 10 first. During the open-shutter period (t3≦t<t4), the electric charge generated by the light receiving parts 52 is initially transferred by the shift register 56 (t0≦t<t2). During this period, the electric-charge discharge gate 62 is initially shut off whereby to transfer the electric charge stored in the light receiving parts 52 corresponding to the film reading area R to the output portion 70 together with the electric charge stored in the light receiving parts 52 corresponding to a non-reading area U1. Then the electric-charge discharge gate 62 is opened immediately after (t=t21) the signal charge stored in the light receiving part 52a set remotest from the output portion 70 out of the light receiving parts 52 corresponding to the film reading area R passes through the domain 58b of the shift register 56 connected to the electric-charge discharge portion 60. Thereupon, the unnecessary electric charge stored in the light receiving parts 52 corresponding to a non-reading area U2 and set far from the output portion 70 is discharged from the electric-charge discharge portion 60 during a period of t21≦t<t2. Thus, the unnecessary electric charge stored in the light receiving parts 52 set far from the output portion 70 is discharged from the electric-charge discharge portion 60 in the central portion of the shift register 56 at t21≦t<t2, so that the time required to discharge the whole electric charge from the shift register 56 is made reducible. At t2≦t<t4, further, as in the first embodiment, the unnecessary electric charge generated by the light receiving parts 52 set far from the output portion 70 is discharged from the electric-charge discharge portion 60 outside the open-shutter period (t1≦t<t2). Therefore, the time required to discharge the unnecessary electric charge stored in the light receiving parts 52 outside the open-shutter period is made reducible. A second operating mode for reading the maximum reading area A will be described next. In the second operating mode, the electric-charge discharge gate 62 is always shut off when the electric charge stored in the light receiving parts 52 within the open-shutter period is transferred by the shift register 56. The whole electric charge stored in the light receiving parts 52 within open-shutter period is thereby transferred up to the output portion 70. Incidentally, part of the unnecessary electric charge stored in the light receiving parts 52 outside the open-shutter period may be discharged from the electric-charge discharge portion 60 as in the case of the first embodiment of the invention or the whole of the unnecessary electric charge may be discharged from the reset drain 75. (Fifth Embodiment) FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram explanatory of a method of driving the linear image sensor 20 according to a fifth embodiment of the invention. FIG. 12 is a time chart showing the method of driving the linear image sensor 20 according to the fifth embodiment of the invention. In the fifth embodiment of the invention, a description will be given of a method of reading the film reading area R described in the fourth embodiment using a linear image sensor similar in structure to what is described in the second embodiment of the invention. The driving method according to the fifth embodiment of the invention will now be described in detail. As shown in FIG. 12, during the period of t0≦t<t2, the electric charge generated by the light receiving parts 52 of the lines of light receiving parts 90 and 91 during the open-shutter period (t3≦t<t4) is transferred by the shift register 56. During the period of t0≦t<t2, the electric-charge discharge gate 62 of the first electric-charge discharge portion 60a is initially shut off. The electric-charge discharge gate 62 of the first electric-charge discharge portion 60a is opened immediately after the signal charge stored in the light receiving part 52a set remotest from the output portion 70 out of the light receiving parts 52 of the first line of light receiving parts 91 corresponding to the film reading area R passes through the domain 58a of the first shift register 56a connected to the first electric-charge discharge portion 60a. Consequently, the electric charge stored in the light receiving parts 52 corresponding to the film reading area R of the first line of light receiving parts 91 together with the electric charge stored in the light receiving parts 52 corresponding to the non-reading area U1 of the second line of light receiving parts 90 is transferred up to the output portion 70. Moreover, the electric charge stored in the light receiving parts 52 corresponding to the non-reading area U2 of the first line of light receiving parts 91 is discharged from the first electric-charge discharge portion 68a. During the period of t0≦t<t2, initially, the electric-charge discharge gate 62 of the second electric-charge discharge portion 60b is opened and the electric-charge discharge gate 62 of the third electric-charge discharge portion 60c is shutoff. Then the electric-charge discharge gate 62 of the second electric-charge discharge portion 60b is shut off immediately after the signal charge stored in the light receiving part 52b set remotest from the output portion 70 out of the light receiving parts 52 of the second line of light receiving parts 90 corresponding to the non-reading area U1 passes through the domain 58f of the second shift register 56b connected to the second electric-charge discharge portion 60b (t=t23). Moreover, the electric-charge discharge gate 62 of the third electric-charge discharge portion 60c is opened immediately after the signal charge stored in the light receiving part 52c set remotest from the output portion 70 out of the light receiving parts 52 of the second line of light receiving parts 90 corresponding to the film reading area R passes through the domain 58d of the second shift register 56b connected to the third electric-charge discharge portion 60c. Consequently, the electric charge stored in the light receiving parts 52 corresponding to the non-reading area U1 of the second line of light receiving parts 90 is discharged from the second electric-charge discharge portion 60b. The signal charge stored in the light receiving parts 52 corresponding to the film reading area R of the second line of light receiving parts 90 is discharged from the reset drain 75 after being transferred up to and detected by the output portion 70. The electric charge stored in the light receiving parts 52 corresponding to the non-reading area U2 of the second line of light receiving parts 90 is discharged from the third electric-charge discharge portion 60c. Thus, during the period of t0≦t<t2, the unnecessary electric charge stored by the light receiving parts 52 set far from the output portion 70 corresponding to the non-reading area U2 is discharged from the first electric-charge discharge portion 60a and the third electric-charge discharge portion 60c, whereby the time required to discharge the whole electric charge stored in the light receiving parts 52 within the open-shutter period is made reducible. At t2≦t<t4, the electric charge stored outside the open-shutter period (t0≦t<t3) is transferred by the shift register as in the case of the second embodiment of the invention. Consequently, the unnecessary electric charge generated by the light receiving parts 52 set far from the output portion 70 outside the open-shutter period is discharged from the first electric-charge discharge portion 60a and the third electric-charge discharge portion 60c. Although the plurality of embodiments of the invention have been described until now, any linear image sensor other than the linear image sensor 20 is applicable to the invention. In the plurality of embodiments of the invention described above, moreover, though the shift register 56 and the electric-charge discharge portion 60 are provided on only one side along the line of light receiving parts 52, the shift register 56 and the electric-charge discharge portion 60 may be provided on both sides of and along the line of light receiving parts 52 so that the reading of the electric charge is carried out on both sides thereof. In the plurality of embodiments of the invention described above, further, though the linear image sensor 20 as an imaging device has been applied to the flat bed type image scanner 10 by way of example, the invention may be applied to the imaging device of an image input apparatus such as a sheet feed type image scanner, a copying machine, a composite machine, a digital camera and so forth.	<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>The present invention relates to an imaging device and its driving method. Heretofore, imaging devices such as CCD image sensors have widely been employed in image scanners, facsimiles, digital cameras and so forth. The imaging device is equipped with a shift register for serially transferring electric charge stored in a plurality of light receiving parts. Before signal charge is stored in the light receiving parts, a gate provided between the light receiving parts and the shift register is opened so that the electric charge is transferred in unison from the light receiving parts to the shift register as an unnecessary electric charge. Thereby, the image reading speed can be increased by efficiently discharging the unnecessary electric charge thus transferred to the shift register (see JP-A-2001-111892, for example).	<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>An object of the invention is to provide an imaging device so designed as to discharge the unnecessary electric charge of a shift register in a short time and its driving method. In order to achieve the above object, the present invention is characterized by having the following arrangement. (1) An imaging device comprising: a plurality of light receiving parts for generating electric charge by photoelectric conversion; a shift register for transferring the electric charge generated by the plurality of light receiving parts to the output-side end portion of the shift register; and an electric-charge discharge portion which is provided in a midway-portion of the shift register and includes an electric-charge discharge gate for controlling import of the electric charge from the shift register for discharging the electric charge of the shift register via the electric-charge discharge gate. (2) An imaging device according to (1), wherein the electric-charge discharge portion is provided in a central portion of the shift register. (3) An imaging device according to (1), wherein a plurality of electric-charge discharge portions are provided in the midway-portion of the shift register. (4) A method of driving an imaging device including: a plurality of light receiving parts for generating electric charge by photoelectric conversion; a shift register for transferring the electric charge generated by the plurality of light receiving parts to the output-side end portion of the shift register; and an electric-charge discharge portion which is provided in a midway-portion of the shift register and includes an electric-charge discharge gate for controlling import of the electric charge from the shift register for discharging the electric charge of the shift register via the electric-charge discharge gate, the method comprising the steps of: shutting off the electric-charge discharge gate when the electric charge stored in the plurality of light receiving parts is transferred by the shift register within an open-shutter period; and opening the electric-charge discharge gate when the electric charge stored in the plurality of light receiving parts is transferred by the shift register outside the open-shutter period. (5) A method of driving an imaging device a plurality of light receiving parts for generating electric charge by photoelectric conversion; a shift register for transferring the electric charge generated by the plurality of light receiving parts to the output-side end portion of the shift register; and an electric-charge discharge portion which is provided in a midway-portion of the shift register and includes an electric-charge discharge gate for controlling import of the electric charge from the shift register for discharging the electric charge of the shift register via the electric-charge discharge gate, the method comprising the steps of: shutting off the electric-charge discharge gate in such an operating mode that the electric charge generated by substantially all of the plurality of light receiving parts is utilized when the electric charge. stored in the plurality of light receiving parts is transferred by the shift register within the open-shutter period; and opening the electric-charge discharge gate in such an operating mode that the electric charge generated by the plurality of light receiving parts is partially utilized when the electric charge stored in the plurality of light receiving parts is transferred by the shift register within the open-shutter period.	20040525	20090519	20050203	95434.0		0	WORKU, NEGUSSIE	IMAGING DEVICE AND ITS DRIVING METHOD	UNDISCOUNTED	0	ACCEPTED		2,004
10,854,548	ACCEPTED	Method and apparatus for reducing risk that a thrown toy will injure an animal	A method and apparatus for reducing the risk that a thrown toy will injure an animal. The apparatus consists of a toy which when thrown bounces erratically, which compressively elastically deforms, which includes a soft fabric outer surface that compresses to absorb blows, and which can withstand being bitten or chewed by a dog.	1. An animal toy, including (a) a compressibly elastically deformable hollow thin-walled elastomer core circumscribing and enclosing a selected compressible gaseous volume and including a center, an outer surface, a wall less than about eight millimeters thick, and, points on said outer surface at varying distances from the center; (b) a fabric cover affixed to said outer surface of said core and having a selected thickness, the ratio of the thickness of said fabric cover to the thickness of said wall being in the range of 1:6 to 1:0.15; (c) at least one elongate strip of material extending over said outer surface as a line of demarcation to separate said fabric cover into at least two areas, one on either side of said strip of material; (d) at least one aperture formed through said core; and, (e) a hollow sound device mounted in said core for producing a sound audible to a dog when air travels through said sound device at a selected rate of flow. 2. A method for producing an animal toy, including the steps of (a) forming the core of the toy; (b) applying a fabric cover to said core; (c) forming an aperture through said core; (d) inserting in said aperture a hollow sound device to produce a sound audible to a dog when air travels through said sound device at a selected rate of flow. 3. An animal toy, including (a) a first compartment; (b) a second compartment; (c) a diaphragm separating said first and second compartments; (d) a compressibly elastically deformable hollow elastomer thin wall less than about eight millimeters thick, having an outer surface, having a center, and (i) circumscribing and enclosing a selected compressible gaseous volume in said first compartment, and (ii) circumscribing and at least partially enclosing said second compartment; (e) at least one aperture formed through said thin wall in a portion of said wall circumscribing said second compartment; (f) a rope having (i) an intermediate portion, (ii) a proximate end positioned outside said first and second compartment, and (iii) a distal end formed as an anchor and positioned in said second compartment such that said intermediate portion of said rope extends from said distal end outwardly through said aperture to said proximate end; (g) a fabric cover affixed to said outer surface of said wall; (h) at least one aperture formed through said thin wall in a portion of said wall circumscribing said first compartment; and, (i) a hollow sound device for producing a sound audible to a dog when air travels through said sound device at a selected rate of flow. 4. A method for producing an animal toy, including the steps of (a) forming the core of the toy; (b) applying with heat and pressure a fabric cover to said core; (c) forming an aperture through said core and said fabric; (d) inserting in said aperture a hollow sound device to produce a sound audible to a dog when air travels through said sound device at a selected rate of flow; and, (e) covering said hollow sound device with fabric material. 5. A animal toy including (a) a compressibly elastically deformable thin-walled polymer core circumscribing and enclosing a selected compressible gaseous volume and including a center, an outer surface, and a wall; (b) a fabric cover affixed to said outer surface of said core and having a selected thickness, the fabric cover including a plurality of fibers formed a soft compressible layer adjacent said outer surface; (c) an aperture formed through said core; (d) a hollow sound device inserted in said aperture to produce a sound audible to a dog when air travels through said sound device at a selected rate of flow; said wall of said core having a thickness in the range of 0.0016 m to 0.0078 m, said core being shaped and dimensioned such that the toy, when thrown, will bounce erratically.	This invention relates to toys. More particularly, the invention relates to a toy for an animal. In a further respect, the invention relates to an animal toy which when thrown can bounce erratically, which minimizes the probability of harm to an animal trying to catch a toy which has been thrown, which is symmetrical but is shaped to include points at varying distances away from the center of the toy to enable the toy to bounce erratically, which is permanently sealed so that the toy repeatedly compressively elastically deforms and bends in the same predictable manner, which includes a soft fabric outer surface that compresses to absorb blows and soften the impact when the toy hits an animal or other surface, and which can withstand being bitten or chewed by a dog and continue to function. A wide variety of animal toys are known. One kind of toy is made of hard rubber and comes in a variety of shapes. For example, a dog bone made of hard, tough rubber has long been sold in retail outlets. A hard, tough rubber is utilized to make it difficult for a dog to chew through the bone. The rubber also adds weight to the toy, permitting the toy to be thrown long distances. Finally, the rubber material used to make the toy also enables the toy bone to bounce into the air. Dogs like chasing bouncing toys. While this type of toy is without question resistant to be damaged or chewed up, the toy is also dangerous. If the toy when thrown bounces into a dog, the toy can, due to its hardness, injure the animal. Worse, if the bone is thrown in the air and hits the dog straight away before the bone hits the ground, the dog can also be injured. Animal toys can be constructed by attaching sections of felt fabric to the outer surface of a rubber shell such that the fabric sections are separated by a seam or strip of rubber or other polymer. In practice, the fabric sections are adhered or otherwise fastened to the rubber shell such that the edge of one piece of fabric is adjacent the edge of a second piece of fabric. The adjacent fabric edges define a rough seam line. A strip of rubber tape is attached to the pieces of fabric such that the tape covers the seam line. After the tape is attached, the entire rubber shell—fabric piece—rubber tape assembly is placed in a mold to melt and cure the rubber tape. A particular problem associated with this procedure is that the edges of the top and bottom portions of the mold tend to engage and stick to the rubber tape, pulling a large portion of the tape off the seam line. One type of retrieval training toy comprises a piece of rope or cord attached to a plastic body or to a body comprises of a small canvas bag filled with a pliable material like sawdust, sand, small pieces of paper, etc. A trainer or other individual utilizes a retrieval toy by grasping the piece of rope and using the rope to throw the toy. The dog or other animal retrieving the toy takes the rope or body and carries the toy back to the trainer. These kinds of retrieval training toys ordinarily are not sealed or do not bounce. Accordingly, it would be highly desirable to provide an improved dog's toy which can be thrown a long distance to bounce in an erratic pattern liked by dogs while producing only a small risk that the toy will injure a dog. It would also be highly desirable to provide an improved method for molding a dog's toy to minimize the quantity of rubber tape pulled off the seam line of the toy during molding of the toy to soften and cure the rubber tape. Therefore, it is a principal object of the instant invention to provide an improved toy. A further object of the invention is to provide an improved animal toy which reduces the risk that the toy will, when thrown, injure an animal chasing the toy. Another object of the invention is to provide an improved animal toy which elastically compresses and bends to minimize the risk of injury to an animal. Still another object of the invention is to provide an improved method of producing an animal toy which reduces the likelihood that polymer seam tape will significantly damaged during molding. Still a further object of the invention is to provide an improved retrieval toy which includes a throw-rope attached to a toy body, which is sealed, and which bounces. Yet another object of the invention is to provide an improved method for manufacturing a pliable retrieval toy of the type including a throw-rope attached to a toy body. These and other, further and more specific objects and advantages of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description thereof, taken in conjunction with the drawings, in which: FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a hollow elastic fabric-covered toy constructed in accordance with the principles of the invention; FIG. 2 is a perspective view of another hollow elastic fabric-covered toy constructed in accordance with the principles of the invention; FIG. 3 is a perspective view of still another hollow, elastic fabric-covered toy constructed in accordance with the principles of the invention; FIG. 4 is a side elevation view of the toy of FIG. 1 bouncing end-over-end in a constant fixed direction after being thrown and landing on the ground; FIG. 5 is a block flow diagram illustrating a method for producing an animal toy in accordance with the invention; FIG. 6 is a top view of the top and bottom halves used in forming a toy in accordance with the method of FIG. 5; FIG. 7 is a side elevation assembly view of the top and bottom halves of FIG. 6 further indicating where adhesive is applied to affix the top and bottom halves to one another to form a seam line; FIG. 8 is a side elevation view illustrating the top and bottom halves of FIGS. 6 and 7 after assembly, and indicating application of polymer tape along the seam line and of felt covers overlapping the polymer tape to produce a moldable member; FIG. 9 is a section view of the moldable member of FIG. 8 taken along section lines 9-9 thereof and illustrating the molding of the moldable member to draw together the edges of the felt covers and to soften and cure the polymer tape; FIG. 10 is a perspective assembly view illustrating another embodiment of the invention utilized in training a dog or other animal or utilized during play with an animal; FIG. 11 is a perspective view illustrating the training toy of FIG. 10 fully assembled; FIG. 12 is a perspective view illustrating a molded rubber component utilized in producing the training toy of FIG. 10; FIG. 13 is a block flow diagram illustrating a method for fabricating the toy of FIGS. 10 to 12; FIG. 14 is a perspective view illustrating an alternate embodiment of the invention; FIG. 15 is a perspective view illustrating a sound device that can be utilized in the animal toy of FIG. 14; FIG. 16 is a perspective view illustrating another sound device that can be utilized in the animal toy of FIG. 14; FIG. 17 is a section view illustrating additional construction details of the sound device of FIG. 16 and taken along section line 17-17 thereof; FIG. 18 is a section view illustrating a method for producing an animal toy comparable to that illustrated in FIG. 14; FIG. 19 is a section view further illustrating the method of FIG. 18 for producing an animal toy; FIG. 20 is a section view further illustrating the method of FIG. 18 for producing an animal toy; FIG. 21 is a section view further illustrating the method of FIG. 18 for producing an animal toy; FIG. 22 is a section view illustrating another method for producing the animal toy of FIG. 14; FIG. 23 is a section view further illustrating the method of FIG. 22 for producing an animal toy; FIG. 24 is a section view further illustrating the method of FIG. 22 for producing an animal toy; FIG. 25 is a section view further illustrating the method of FIG. 22 for producing an animal toy; FIG. 26 is a section view illustrating still another method for producing an animal toy comparably to the toy of FIG. 14; FIG. 27 is a section view further illustrating the method of FIG. 26 for producing an animal toy; and, FIG. 28 is a section view further illustrating the method of FIG. 26 for producing an animal toy. Briefly, in accordance with the invention, an improved animal toy is provided. The toy includes a compressibly elastically deformable hollow thin-walled rubber core sealingly circumscribing and enclosing a selected compressible gaseous volume. The rubber core includes a center, an outer surface, a wall less than about five-sixteenths of an inch thick, and points on the outer surface at varying distances from the center. A felt cover is affixed to the outer surface of the core. At least one elongate strip of material extends over the outer surface as a line of demarcation to separate the felt cover into at a least two areas, one on either side of the strip of material. In another embodiment of the invention, an improved animal toy is provided. The toy includes a compressibly elastically deformable hollow thin-walled rubber core sealingly circumscribing and enclosing a selected compressible gaseous volume. The rubber core includes a center; an outer surface; a wall less than about five-sixteenths of an inch thick; points on the outer surface at varying distances from the center; and, an inner wall portion circumscribing an aperture extending completely through the core. A felt cover is affixed to the outer surface of the core. In a further embodiment of the invention, an improved animal toy is provided. The toy includes a compressibly elastically deformable thin-walled hollow symmetrical rubber core sealingly circumscribing and enclosing a selected compressible gaseous volume. The rubber core includes a center; an outer surface; a wall less than about five-sixteenths of an inch thick; and, points on the outer surface at varying distances from the center. A felt cover is affixed to the outer surface of the core. The symmetrical core is shaped and dimensioned such that the toy can be thrown to bounce along a straight line, and such that the direction of travel of the toy changes from bounce to bounce. In still another embodiment of the invention, an improved animal toy is provided. The toy includes a compressibly, elastically deformable thin-walled hollow rubber core sealingly circumscribing and enclosing a selected compressible gaseous volume. The rubber core includes a center; an outer surface; a wall less than about five-sixteenths of an inch thick; points on the outer surface at varying distances from the center; and, an inner wall portion circumscribing an aperture extending completely through the core. The core is shaped and dimensioned such that the toy when thrown randomly bounces erratically. A felt cover is affixed to the outer surface of the core. A length of rope extends through the aperture such that the rope can be grasped to throw the toy. In yet another embodiment of the invention, an improved animal toy is provided. The toy includes a compressibly, elastically deformable thin-walled hollow rubber core sealingly circumscribing and enclosing a selected compressible gaseous volume. The rubber core includes a center; an outer surface; a wall less than about five-sixteenths of an inch thick; and, points on the outer surface at varying distances from the center. The core is shaped and dimensioned such that the toy when thrown randomly will bounce erratically. A felt cover is affixed to the outer surface of the core and includes a plurality of fibers forming a soft compressible layer adjacent the outer surface. In still yet another embodiment of the invention, an improved animal toy is provided. The toy includes an elongate compressibly, elastically deformable bendable thin-walled hollow rubber core sealingly circumscribing and enclosing a selected compressible gaseous volume. The core includes a center; an outer surface; a wall less than about five-sixteenths of an inch thick; and, points on the outer surface at varying distances from the center. The core is shaped and dimensioned such that the toy when thrown randomly will bounce erratically. A felt cover is affixed to the outer surface of the core and includes a plurality of fibers forming a soft compressible layer adjacent the outer surface. In a further embodiment of the invention, an improved animal toy is provided. The improved animal toy includes a compressibly elastically deformable hollow thin-walled rubber core sealingly circumscribing and enclosing a selected compressible gaseous volume and including a center, an outer surface, a wall less than about eight millimeters thick, and points on the outer surface at varying distances from the center; includes a felt cover affixed to the outer surface of the core and having a selected thickness, the ratio of the thickness of said felt cover to the thickness of said wall being in the range of 1:6 to 1:0.15; and, includes at least one elongate strip of material extending over the outer surface as a line of demarcation to separate the felt cover into at least two areas, one on either side of the strip of material. In another embodiment of the invention, an improved animal toy is provided. The improved toy includes a compressibly elastically deformable hollow thin-walled rubber core sealingly circumscribing and enclosing a selected compressible gaseous volume and including a center; an outer surface, a wall less than about five-sixteenths of an inch thick; points on the outer surface at varying distances from the center; and, at least one arcuate outer edge generally having a radius of at least three-quarters of an inch; and, a felt cover affixed to the outer surface of the core. The felt cover has a thickness greater than about two millimeters. In still a further embodiment of the invention, an improved animal toy is provided. The improved animal toy includes a compressibly elastically deformable thin-walled hollow symmetrical rubber core sealingly circumscribing and enclosing a selected compressible gaseous volume and including a center, an outer surface, a wall less than about five-sixteenths of an inch thick, and points on the outer surface at varying distances from the center. The improved toy also includes at least one arcuate edge including an area of weakness which reduces the force required to deform the edge; and, a felt cover affixed to the outer surface of the core. In yet another embodiment of the invention, an improved method for producing an animal toy is provided. The improved method includes the steps of forming the top half of the toy; forming the bottom half of the toy; fastening together the top half and the bottom half along a seam line to form a unitary member; applying polymer tape along the seam line; applying a felt cover to the top half such that at least a portion of the edge of the cover overlaps the polymer tape; applying a felt cover to the bottom half such that at least a portion of the edge of the cover overlaps the polymer tape, the unitary member, polymer tape and felt covers collectively forming a moldable member; and, molding the moldable member to soften and cure the polymer tape and to draw together the edges of the felt covers. In another embodiment of the invention, an improved animal toy is provided. The toy includes a compressibly elastically deformable hollow thin-walled elastomer core sealingly circumscribing and enclosing a selected compressible gaseous volume and including a center, an outer surface, a wall less than about eight millimeters thick, and points on the outer surface at varying distances from the center; includes a fabric cover affixed to the outer surface of the core and having a selected thickness, the ratio of the thickness of the fabric cover to the thickness of the wall being in the range of 1:6 to 1:0.15; and, includes at least one elongate strip of material extending over the outer surface as a line of demarcation to separate the fabric cover into at least two areas, one on either side of the strip of material. In a further embodiment of the invention, an improved method for producing an animal toy is provided. The improved method includes the steps of forming the top half of the toy; forming the bottom half of the toy; fastening together the top half and the bottom half along a seam line to form a unitary member; applying polymer tape along the seam line; applying a fabric cover to the top half such that at least a portion of the edge of the cover overlaps the polymer tape; applying a fabric cover to the bottom half such that at least a portion of the edge of the cover overlaps the polymer tape, the unitary member, polymer tape and fabric covers collectively forming a moldable member; and, molding the moldable member to soften and cure the polymer tape and to draw together the edges of the fabric covers. In still another embodiment of the invention, an improved animal toy is provided. The toy includes a first compartment; a second compartment; a diaphragm separating the first and second compartments; a compressibly elastically deformable hollow elastomer thin wall less than about eight millimeters thick, having an outer surface, having a center, having points on the outer surface at varying distances from the center, and sealingly circumscribing and enclosing a selected compressible gaseous volume in the first compartment, and circumscribing and at least partially enclosing the second compartment; an aperture formed through the thin wall in the portion of the wall circumscribing the second compartment; a rope having an intermediate portion, a proximate end positioned outside the first and second compartment, and a distal end formed as an anchor and positioned in the second compartment such that the intermediate portion of the rope extends from the distal end outwardly through the aperture to the proximate end; and, a fabric cover affixed to the outer surface of the wall. In still a further embodiment of the invention, an improved method for producing an animal toy is provided. The method includes the steps of forming the top half of the toy, the top half including a first diaphragm portion dividing the top half into two portions; forming the bottom half of the toy, the bottom half including a second diaphragm portion dividing the bottom half into two portions and shaped to join with the first diaphragm portion when the halves are mated; providing a length of rope with a proximate end and a distal end; forming an anchor at the distal end; fastening together the top half and bottom half along a seam line to form a unitary member with the first and second diaphragm portions in registration and joined to divide said unitary member into at least a first sealed compartment and a second unsealed compartment, with the anchor in the unsealed compartment, and with the proximate end positioned outside the first and second compartments and the unitary member; and, applying a fabric cover to the unitary member. In yet another embodiment of the invention, an improved animal toy is provided. The toy includes a compressibly deformable thin wall circumscribing and enclosing a selected volume at least partially filled with a gas, the volume including a center, the wall including an outer surface and being less than about eight millimeters thick, the outer surface including points at varying distances from the center; an aperture formed through the wall; and, a rope having an intermediate portion, a proximate end positioned outside the core, and a distal end formed as an anchor and positioned inside the wall that the intermediate portion of the rope extends from the distal end outwardly through the aperture to the proximate end, the anchor being shaped and dimensioned to prevent the anchor from passing through the aperture. In another embodiment of the invention, an improved method for producing an animal toy is provided. The method includes the steps of forming the top half of the toy; forming the bottom half of the toy; providing a diaphragm portion; providing a length of rope with a proximate end and a distal end; forming an anchor at the distal end; assembling the top half, the bottom half, and the diaphragm to form a unitary member. In the unitary member, the diaphragm divides the unitary member into at least a first sealed compartment and a second unsealed compartment, the anchor is in the unsealed compartment, and, the proximate end is positioned outside the first and second compartments and the unitary member. The method also includes the step of applying a fabric cover to the unitary member. When the diaphragm portion is supplied prior to assembly of the unitary member, the diaphragm portion can be an integral portion of the top half or the bottom half or can be separate from the top half and the bottom half. In a further embodiment of the invention, an improved method for producing an animal toy is provided. The method includes the steps of forming the top half of the toy; forming the bottom half of the toy; fastening together the top half and the bottom half along a seam line to form a unitary member; applying a first fabric cover to the top half, the cover including an edge; applying a second fabric cover to the bottom half, said second cover including an edge; and, molding the top half, bottom half, and fabric covers to draw together the edges of the fabric covers. In still another embodiment of the invention, an improved animal toy is provided. The toy includes a first compartment; a second compartment; a diaphragm separating the first and second compartments; and, a compressibly elastically deformable hollow elastomer thin wall. The wall is less than about eight millimeters thick; has an outer surface; has a center; has points on the outer surface at varying distances from the center; sealingly circumscribes and encloses a selected compressible gaseous volume in the first compartment; and, circumscribes and at least partially encloses the second compartment. The toy also includes at least two apertures formed through the thin wall in the portion of the wall circumscribing the second compartment; and, a rope. The rope has an intermediate portion extending through the apertures; has a first end positioned outside the first and second compartments; and, has a second end positioned outside of the first and second compartments. The toy also includes a fabric cover affixed to the outer surface of the wall. In still a further embodiment of the invention, we provide an improved animal toy. The toy includes a compressibly elastically deformable hollow thin-walled elastomer core circumscribing and enclosing a selected compressible gaseous volume and including a center, an outer surface, a wall less than about eight millimeters thick, and, points on the outer surface at varying distances from the center; includes a fabric cover affixed to the outer surface of the core and having a selected thickness, the ratio of the thickness of the fabric cover to the thickness of the wall being in the range of 1:6 to 1:0.15; includes at least one elongate strip of material extending over the outer surface as a line of demarcation to separate the fabric cover into at least two areas, one on either side of said strip of material; includes at least one aperture formed through the core; and, includes a hollow sound device mounted in the core for producing a sound audible to a dog when air travels through the sound device at a selected rate of flow. In yet a further embodiment of the invention, we provide an improved method for producing an animal toy, including the steps of forming the core of the toy; applying a fabric cover to the core; forming an aperture through the core; inserting in the aperture a hollow sound device to produce a sound audible to a dog when air travels through the sound device at a selected rate of flow. In yet another embodiment of the invention, we provide an improved animal toy. The animal toy includes a first compartment; a second compartment; a diaphragm separating the first and second compartments; and, a compressibly elastically deformable hollow elastomer thin wall less than about eight millimeters thick. The wall has an outer surface, has a center, circumscribes and encloses a selected compressible gaseous volume in the first compartment, and circumscribes and at least partially encloses the second compartment. The toy also includes at least one aperture formed through the thin wall in a portion of the wall circumscribing the second compartment; and, a rope. The rope has an intermediate portion; a proximate end positioned outside the first and second compartments; and, a distal end formed as an anchor and positioned in the second compartment such that the intermediate portion of the rope extends from the distal end outwardly through the aperture to the proximate end. The toy also includes a fabric cover affixed to the outer surface of the wall; at least one aperture formed through the thin wall in a portion of the wall circumscribing the first compartment; and, a hollow sound device for producing a sound audible to a dog when air travels through the sound device at a selected rate of flow. In yet still a further embodiment of the invention, we provide an improved method for producing an animal toy. The method includes the steps of forming the core of the toy; applying with heat and pressure a fabric cover to the core; forming an aperture through the core and the fabric; inserting in the aperture a hollow sound device to produce a sound audible to a dog when air travels through the sound device at a selected rate of flow; and, covering the hollow sound device with fabric material. In yet still another embodiment of the invention, we provide an improved animal toy including a compressibly elastically deformable thin-walled polymer core circumscribing and enclosing a selected compressible gaseous volume and including a center, an outer surface, and a wall; including a fabric cover affixed to the outer surface of the core and having a selected thickness, the fabric cover including a plurality of fibers formed a soft compressible layer adjacent said outer surface; including an aperture formed through the core; and, including a hollow sound device inserted in the aperture to produce a sound audible to a dog when air travels through the sound device at a selected rate of flow. The wall of the core has a thickness in the range of 0.0016 m to 0.0078 m. The core is shaped and dimensioned such that the toy, when thrown, will bounce erratically. The ratio of the thickness of said fabric cover to the thickness of the wall can be in the range of 1:3 to 1.5:1. The ratio of the thickness of the fabric cover to the thickness of the wall can be in the range of 1:2 to 1:1. The felt cover can have a thickness greater than about two millimeters. The toy can include an arcuate edge having a radius of at least 01.0188 m. The fabric cover can have a thickness in the range of 0.002 m to 0.006 m. The core can have a thickness in the range of 0.002 m to 0.006 m. The core can be symmetrical. Turning now to the drawings, which describe the presently preferred embodiments of the invention for the purpose of illustrating the practice thereof and not by way of limitation of the scope of the invention, and in which like characters refer to corresponding elements throughout the several views, FIG. 1 illustrates a toy including a hollow cylindrical rubber core 11. If desired, supporting walls can be formed inside of hollow core 11 much like bulkheads are formed inside the hollow hull of a ship. Pieces 12, 13 of felt or another desired fabric are adhesively secured or otherwise affixed to the outer cylindrical surface 28 of core 11. Fabric pieces 12, 13 are shaped and dimensioned and applied to surface 28 such that a space or groove of substantially constant width between the pieces 12, 13 is formed. This track is filled with an elastic rubber material to form strip 14. Alternatively, one or more fabric pieces can be utilizes to complete cover surface 28, after which a strip 14 of material can be attached on or in the fabric to form a strip 14 dividing the fabric into sections on either side of the strip 14. Strip 14 presently has a width in the range of one-sixteenth to seven-sixteenths (1.5 mm to 10.5 mm) of an inch, preferably one-sixteenth to five-sixteenths (1.5 mm to 7.5 mm) of an inch. Cylindrical end piece 18 includes rubber piece 19 and fabric piece 20 adhesively secured or otherwise secured to piece 19. End piece 18 is secured to circular end surface or lip 22. Cylindrical end piece 15 includes rubber piece 16 and fabric piece 17 adhesively secured or otherwise secured to piece 17. End piece 15 is secured to circular end surface or lip 21. After end pieces 15 and 18 are secured to the ends of core 11, rubber pieces 19 and 16 and core 11 circumscribe and seal closed cylindrical volume 29. The fabric used to cover surface 28 is presently preferably felt because felt provides a soft surface which reduces the strength of a blow to an animal when the toy inadvertently strikes an animal. Felt also resiliently compresses to absorb some of the force of the blow. While any felt can be utilized, the preferred felt comprises a firm woven cloth of wool or cotton heavily napped and shrunk to form a smooth resilient texture. The core 11 of the toy of the invention must be fabricated from rubber because core 11 must be able to be elastically compressed. As used herein, the term rubber includes natural or synthetic rubbers and polymers or other components which produce materials having the properties of a rubber. Since the wall of hollow core 11 must have “give”, it is important in the practice of the invention that the wall be relatively thin. The thickness, indicated by arrows A in FIG. 1, of the wall of core 11 is in the range of about one-sixteenth of an inch to five-sixteenths of an inch, preferably one-sixteenth of an inch to three-sixteenths of an inch. At the same time, the rubber utilized to make core 11 must be relatively tough so that a dog or other animal cannot with its teeth readily puncture core 11. Another important feature of the toy of the invention is that core 11 must sealingly circumscribe a gaseous volume 29. Volume 29 ordinarily is filled with air, but nitrogen or any other desired gas can be utilized. It is acceptable for the gas to have some moisture content; however, filling volume 29 with a fluid is not presently preferred because the fluid can add substantial weight to the toy and because the fluid does not compress as readily as a gas. After core 11 and end pieces 15 and 18 are assembled and sealingly enclose volume 29, additional gas can, if desired, be added to volume 29 to pressurize volume 29. Any desired method can be utilized to pressurize volume 29. For example, a composition can be put into volume 29 during manufacture. After member 11 and pieces 15 and 18 are assembled to sealingly enclose volume 29 and enclose the composition in volume 29, the assembled unit is heated to cause the composition to release gas to pressurize volume 29. Pressurizing volume 29 is preferred because the pressure helps to support the wall of core 11 while still not preventing the wall of core 11 from being elastically compressed. The center point 40 of the toy of FIG. 1 is circumscribed by and spaced apart from the cylindrical wall of core 11. Point 40 is also equidistant from each end piece 15, 18. The center point of a toy constructed in accordance with the invention is generally at an average distance from points, lines, or angle on the exterior of the toy. It is important that each toy include points on its exterior which are not equidistant from the center point of the toy. This construction insures that the toy will have the ability to bounce erratically. A toy with all surface points equidistant from the center of the toy is not utilized in the practice of the invention. As earlier noted, elastic core 11 can be compressed, i.e., the cylindrical wall of core 11 can be elastically pushed inwardly. Another important feature which can be incorporated into toys constructed in accordance with the invention is that they can be bent. In FIG. 1 for example, after the toy is assembled, end piece 18 can be moved in the direction of arrow L simultaneously with the movement of end 15 in the direction of arrow M. When an object is bent, part of the object is subject to tensile forces while another opposed part of the object is subjected to compressive forces. The hollow toy 25 illustrated in FIG. 2 includes a doughnut-shaped rubber core 26 which sealingly encloses gas-filled volume 40. Felt cloth 27 or other fabric substantially completely covers the outer surface of core 26 in the same manner that cloth pieces 12 and 13 cover substantially the entire outer surface 28 of the toy shown in FIG. 1. Cylindrical aperture 44 extends completely through toy 25. Knot 41 formed in rope 42 does not fit through aperture 25, which permits end 43 to be grasped manually so that the rope 42 and toy 25 can be twirled and thrown. The toy 30 illustrated in FIG. 3 includes three hollow cylindrical legs 31, 32, 33 which co-terminate to form a three-legged toy. While the angles between legs can vary and the number of legs in the toy can vary, it is presently preferred that the legs 31 to 33 be normal to each other. As used herein, when a toy is thrown “randomly”, the toy is thrown without any attempt to control the orientation of the toy in the air. When the toys illustrated in FIGS. 1 to 3 are thrown randomly, it is highly likely that they will bounce erratically when they hit the ground. It is possible, however, for each toy to be thrown so it will not bounce erratically. For example, as shown in FIG. 4, the toy in FIG. 1 can be thrown end-over-end toward the ground in the direction of arrow Y, hit the ground, and continue to travel in the direction of arrow D. This does not constitute an erratic bounce because after the toy hits the ground it continues to travel in the same direction D. Similarly, it is possible to throw the toy of FIG. 2 like a frisbee, such that the toy 25 hits or lands on the ground flat on one of its two opposed circular faces and stops dead. This does not constitute an erratic bounce because the toy 25 does not bounce. Throwing the toy to accomplish such a landing is difficult at best. Alternately, toy 25 can be thrown in a vertical orientation which causes it to land on edge on the ground and roll in a straight line. This is difficult to accomplish on a consistent basis, especially if rope 42 is still in the toy 25 when it lands. To insure that rope 42 stays in the toy, a knot can also be formed in end 43 which will not pass through aperture 44. Throwing toy 30 of FIG. 3 so that it will not bounce erratically is difficult. It is possible to throw toy 30 so that it will make a three-point landing with the distal end of each leg 31 to 33 hitting the ground simultaneously or almost simultaneously so that toy 30 hits the ground and stops dead. Such a three point landing is highly unlikely. As used herein, a toy has an erratic bounce when, after it hits the ground, it moves in a direction different from the direction it was traveling just prior to hitting the ground. One important reason why toys with an erratic bounce are critical in the practice of the invention is that when a toy makes an erratic bounce the speed of travel of the toy after the bounce appears less, sometimes significantly less, than if the toy continues in the same direction of travel after the toy bounces. Since a primary object of the invention is to minimize the risk of injury to an animal, it is imperative that a toy not continue going in the same direction like a freight train after it hits the ground, but that some of the inertia of the toy be consumed by insuring that the toy bounce erratically. The ability of the toy to be compressed and to be bent on contacting the ground also consumes some of the toy's inertia. An improved method for producing an animal toy is depicted in FIG. 5. The method includes the step 50 of “mold top half and bottom half of toy”. If desired, methods other than molding can be utilized in step 50 to form the top and bottom halves of a toy. Step 51 comprises “apply glue along seam edge of each half, press halves together along seam edges to form unitary member having a seam line, place halves in mold to heat and cure adhesive”. Fasteners or methods other than gluing can be utilized to fasten together the top and bottom halves along a seam line. Step 52 comprises “apply rubber tape along seam line”. The tape can consist of any polymer or other material which is softened (by heating or any other desired method) and then hardens and cures. Step 53 comprises “apply upper felt cover to top half of unitary member such that edge of felt cover overlaps rubber tape”. Step 54 comprises “apply lower felt cover to bottom half of unitary member such that edge of lower cover overlaps rubber tape and opposes edge of upper felt cover”. Step 55 comprises “place unitary member in mold to soften and cure rubber tape and to draw opposing edges of felt covers together”. Additional features of the invention, along with the method of FIG. 5, are further illustrated in FIGS. 6 to 9. The toy illustrated in FIGS. 6 to 9 has the shape of a dog bone, but the shape and dimension of toys made in accordance with the invention can vary as desired. Symmetrical hollow opposing halves 60 and 61 are illustrated in FIG. 6. Each half 60 and 61 is presently preferably molded from a rubber or polymer compound which, after being molded and cooled to ambient temperature (76 degrees F.) is bendable and resilient. The material and method utilized to manufacture each half can vary as desired. Halve 60 includes generally flat upper area 64, front side 75, back side 74, inner surface 72, and edge 65. Arcuate edge 67 extends around halve 60. Halve 61 includes generally flat lower area 71, front side 76, back side 73, inner surface 63, and edge 62. Arcuate edge 70 extends around halve 61. Edge 62 opposes and has a shape, contour and dimension equivalent to the shape and dimension of edge 65. Line of weakening or groove 85 extends along the inside of arcuate edge 67. Line of weakening or groove 86 extends along the inside of arcuate edge 70. Lines of weakening 85, 86 are important in the practice of one embodiment of the invention because they function to require less pressure be applied to deform edges 67 and 70, respectively, (and the felt covering edges 67 and 70) inwardly or outwardly. When less force or pressure is required to deform edges 67 and 70, it is less likely that edges 67 and 70 will cause injury when a toy constructed in accordance with the invention strikes an animal or human being. The lines of weakening can be formed in any desired manner. For example, instead of grooves 85, 86, perforations can be formed through edges 67 and 70 to remove material from and weaken edges 67 and 70. The lines of weakening can be formed on the inside of arcuate edges 67 and 70, on the outside of arcuate edges 67 and 70, through edges 67 and 70, etc. The radius of curvature 66 of edges 67 and 70 can vary as desired. The radius of curvature of the edges of a toy which are on the outer surface of a toy and can contact the body of an animal or human being is, however, preferably ¾ of an inch or greater. A larger radius of curvature makes it less likely that an edge 67, 70 will penetrate and injure an eye or other part of the body of an animal or human being. FIG. 7 also illustrates the top 60 and bottom 61 halves. In addition, dashed lines 77 in FIG. 7 illustrate adhesive which is placed on edge 62, and if desired on edge 65, to glue together halves 60 and 61 to form the seam line 79 illustrated in FIG. 8. After halves 60 and 61 are glued or otherwise fastened together, a strip of polymer or rubber is wrapped around and covers seam line 79. The polymer strip is indicated by dashed line 78 in FIG. 8. The polymer strip 78 can be sticky and adhere by itself to tops 60 and 61. Or, adhesive can be utilized to adhere strip 78 to tops 60 and 61. Or, some of the adhesive used to adhere the halves 60 and 61 may ooze out from seam line 79 and be used to adhere strip 78 to halves 60 and 61 over seam line 79. If desired, polymer strip 78 can be omitted. Once strip 78 is fastened over seam line 79, a felt cover, indicated by dashed line 80 in FIG. 8 is placed over halve 60 such that edge 82 overlaps strip 78. A felt cover, indicated by dashed line 81 in FIG. 8 is placed over halve 61 such that edge 83 overlaps strip 78. Edges 82 and 83 are spaced apart as shown in FIG. 8. An adhesive (not shown) can be applied to covers 80, 81 or to halves 60, 61 to facilitate the adhering of the covers 80, 81 to the halves 60, 61. Once the strip 78 and covers 80 and 81 are applied, the halves 60 and 61 are placed in a mold 88, 89. One or more mold parts 88 and 89 are moved to compress halves 60, 61 and covers 80, 81 in the directions indicated by arrows 100 and 101. Mold edges 92 to 95 engage edges 82 and 83 to stretch edges 82 and 83 toward one another in the directions indicated by arrows 96 and 97 in FIG. 9. Mold 88, 89 heats, softens, and cures the polymer or rubber in strip 78. Mold edges 92 to 95 also compress edges 82, 83 inwardly against strip 78 to facilitate the adhering of edges 92 and 95 to strip 78 when strip 78 softens. The mold 88, 89 also heats felt covers 80 and 81 to facilitate adherence of the covers 80 and 81 to halves 60 and 61. If strip 78 is omitted, mold edges 88, 89 compress opposing edges 82, 83 toward each other, preferably so the opposing edges abut. Another method for applying rubber or polymer, either in place of or in conjunction with strip 78, is to prepare a stack of felt covers 80 and/or 81. The number of covers in the stack(s) can vary as desired, but presently there are about fifty covers in a stack. The edges of the covers in each stack collectively form the sides of the stack. Latex or another synthetic or natural rubber or polymer mixture is slathered or brushed onto the sides of the stack, i.e. is applied to the edges of the covers in the stack. The viscosity of the latex or other polymer mixture can vary as desired, but the mixture presently has a viscosity similar to that of honey. Covers 80 and 81 are peeled off each stack and applied to halves 60, 61. The mold edges 92 to 95 engage the edges 82 and 83 to stretch edges 82 and 83 toward one another in the directions indicated by arrows 96 and 97 in FIG. 9. Mold 88, 89 heats and cures the polymer or rubber that was applied to the edges of covers 80 and 81 while the covers were in a stack(s). Mold edges 92 to 95 compress edges 82, 83 inwardly toward one another. The polymer or rubber that was slathered on the edges 82, 83 functions to hold and seal edges 82, 83 adjacent one another. The thickness, indicated by arrows T1, of the wall of halves 60 and 61 with respect to the thickness, indicated by arrows T2, of the felt covers 80, 81 is important in one embodiment of the invention. Many dog toys utilize heavy, thick, relatively hard rubber, probably with the intent of making it difficult for a dog to chew up the toy. Such rubber can, however, turn the toy into a dangerous projectile when the toy is thrown. I have discovered that utilizing a felt cover with a thickness in the range of 1.0 millimeters to 8.0 millimeters, preferably to 2.0 mm. To 6.0 mm., in combination with a resilient, pliable rubber or polymer material having a thickness in the range of only 1.0 to 8.0 mm, preferably 2.0 mm to 6.0 mm, produces a laminate having good “chew resistance” and having the additional feature of being quite safe because the thin, resilient polymer material is readily deformed and is not hard and because the thick felt tends to dissipate the forces produced when a dog or other animal bites the toy. Accordingly, the ratio of the thickness of the felt covers 80, 81 to the thickness of polymer material comprising halves 60 and 61 is in the range of 1:6 to 1:0.15, preferably 1:3 to 1:0.5. FIGS. 10 to 12 illustrate another embodiment of the toy of the invention generally indicated by reference character 200 and including a hollow cylindrical core 211 fabricated from pliable elastic rubber, from another elastomer, or from any other desired material. Pieces 212, 213 of felt or another desired material can, if desired, be adhesively secured or otherwise affixed to the outer cylindrical surface 228 of core 211. Fabric pieces 212, 213 are shaped and dimensioned and applied to surface 228 such that a space or groove of substantially constant width between the pieces 212, 213 is formed. This groove is filled with an elastic rubber material to form strip 214. Alternately, one or more fabric pieces can be utilized to completely cover surface 228, after which a strip 214 of material can be attached on or in the fabric to form a strip 214 dividing the fabric into sections on either side of the strip 214. Strip 214 presently has a width in the range of one-sixteenth to seven-sixteenths of an inch, preferably two-sixteenths to five-sixteenths of an inch. The width of strip 214 can vary as desired. Cylindrical end piece 218 includes member 219 made from rubber or another elastomer or other desired material and includes a fabric piece 220 adhesively secured or otherwise secured to piece 219. Piece 218 includes inner circular surface 206. Cylindrical aperture 217 is formed through piece 218. Piece 218 is secured to the end 205 of core 11 and/or to the end 222 of fabric pieces 212, 213. Instead of utilizing piece 218, each half 300 of core 211 can include a semi-circular end 238 comparable to end 237 FIG. 12), except that a semi-circular opening 239 is be formed through end 238 so that when the upper and lower halves of core 211 are glued together to form core 211, an opening comparable to opening 217 is formed through ends 238. Rope 230 includes distal end 234, proximate end 235, and an intermediate portion 236 extending between the distal and proximate ends 234, 235. An anchor 231 is formed at distal end 234. The anchor 231 can be formed by tying end 234 into the knot 231 shown, by tying end 234 around a rod, by affixing a glass ball to end 234, etc. Any method or apparatus can be utilized to form an anchor at distal end 234 as long as the anchor is shaped and dimensioned such that it can not fit or be pulled through aperture 217. FIG. 11 illustrates toy 200 fully assembled. FIG. 12 illustrates the lower semi-cylindrical half 300 of core 211, which includes edge surface 204 and edge surface 233. The upper half of core 211 presently has a shape and dimension equivalent to the lower half of core 211. When the two semi-cylindrical halves of core 211 are glued together along their edge surfaces 204, the hollow cylindrical core 211 illustrated in FIG. 10 results. When the two semi-cylindrical halves of core 11 are glued together along edges 233, circular diaphragm 232 (FIG. 10) results. Diaphragm 232 divides the inner area of toy 200 into two compartments 229 and 229A. Compartment 229A is fully sealed and enclosed by diaphragm 232 and a portion of core 211. Compartment 229 is not sealed because of aperture 217, however, compartment 229 is circumscribed and enclosed by another portion of core 211. Toy 200 can be manufactured in any desired manner, however, it is presently preferred that knot 231 (or some other anchor) be positioned in compartment 229 when the upper and lower halves of core 211 are glued together along edges 204, 233 (or are otherwise affixed to one another) to form hollow cylindrical core 211. After core 211 is formed to produce sealed compartments 229 and 229A, compartment 229A is filled with air or some other desired gas or liquid and compartment 229 is filled with air and anchor 231. The intermediate portion 236 of rope 230 extends from anchor 231, out through aperture 217, and to proximate end 235. Felt or fabric layers 212, 213 are then applied and secured to outer surface 228 in the manner earlier described. Or, if desired, a felt layer 212, 213 need not be applied to core 211. When layers 212, 213 are applied to core 211, the portion of rope 230 extending outwardly from aperture 217 is usually temporarily folded into a compact configuration and secured in that configuration with a rubber band, string, etc. The folding of a portion of rope 230 into a compact configuration facilitates the application of felt layers 212, 213 and facilitates transport of core 211 through the remainder of the manufacturing process. In use of the toy 200 depicted in FIG. 11, the portion of rope 230 extending outwardly from aperture 217 is manually grasped and used to throw the toy away from the user so a dog or other animal can retrieve the toy 200 and bring toy 200 back to the user. Toy 200 can also be utilized as a toy for young or adult human beings. Toy 200 need not be thrown but can be given to a dog to play with, can be used by letting a dog grasp the felt covered body of the toy in its mouth to pull on the body while the train pulls on rope 230, etc. A manufacturing process for toy 200 is set forth in FIG. 13 and includes the step 250 of molding the top half and bottom half of the toy with a diaphragm formed intermediate the ends of each half so that the diaphragm 232 divides the inner hollow area into two compartments, one compartment 229A to be sealed when the top and bottom 300 semi-cylindrical halves are joined, and the other compartment 229 not to be sealed when the bottom halves are joined. In step 251, an anchor is formed at the distal end 234 of rope 230. This is followed by step 252 in which the proximate end 235 is extended through opening 217 (or 239) so that anchor 231 is positioned in the unsealed compartment 229 of toy 200. In step 253, glue is applied along the seam edges 204, 233 of each half, the halves are pressed together along the seam edges to form core 211 having a seam line defined by edges 204 and, to form sealed compartment 229A and unsealed compartment 229 containing anchor 231. The member is then, in step 254, placed in a mold to heat and cure the adhesive that extends along seam edges 204, 233. Felt, another fabric, or another material can then, if desired be applied to outer surface 228 of core 211. In FIG. 10, one end of rope 230 is in compartment 229. If desired, a pair of apertures 242, 243 can be formed through piece 218 and/or in the cylindrical wall circumscribing compartment 229. The apertures are sized are positioned to permit an end of rope 230 to be threaded through aperture 243 into compartment 229, through compartment 229, and through aperture 242 to a location outside of compartment 229 and surface 228. In this fashion, rope 230 extends completely through compartment 229 and both ends of rope 230 are located outside compartment 229. Knots or other anchor means can be formed in the ends of the rope such that the ends of the rope can not be pulled through apertures 242, 243 into compartment 229. As used herein, the term rope refers to a length of pliable material. The pliable material can be woven, extruded (like pliable plastic line), or otherwise formed. Conventional woven cotton or nylon rope is, however, presently preferred in the practice of the invention. Rope 230 can have a conventional cylindrical shape like that shown in the drawings, can be substantially flat (if a leather strap is used), or can take on any desired shape and dimension. Compartment 229 is, as noted, presently preferably filled with air. Sand, rubber, foam, or any other desired material can completely or partially fill compartment 229. Compartment 229 is presently preferably not sealed. If desired, compartment 229 can be sealed and filled with any desired solid, liquid, gas or combination thereof. Compartment 229 can be filled with any desired solid, liquid, gas or combination thereof. As used herein, the term fabric includes material made by weaving, felting, knitting, knotting, bonding, or crocheting natural or synthetic fibers and/or filaments. Examples of natural fibers are, without limitation, cotton, wool, and silver. Examples of synthetic fibers are, without limitation, nylon, rayon and Kevlar (™). Felts are, are earlier noted, presently preferred in the practice of the invention. Another embodiment of the invention is illustrated FIG. 14 and is generally indicated by reference character 301. Cylindrical toy 301 comprises a compressibly elastically deformable hollow thin walled elastomer core 310 (FIG. 25) that circumscribes and encloses a selected compressible gaseous volume 330. Gaseous volume 330 typically comprises air. Toy 301 includes center 321 that is equidistant from the circular top (not visible) and circular bottom 311 of toy 301. The circular top is equivalent in size to bottom 311 and is parallel to and spaced apart from bottom 311. Cylindrical outer wall 312 extends between and interconnects the circular top and bottom 311. Points on the outer and inner surfaces of wall 312 are at varying distances from center 321. Wall 312, the circular top, and circular bottom 311 can have any desired thickness but preferably each are less than about eight millimeters thick. A fabric cover is affixed to the outer surface of core 310 and has a selected thickness. The ratio of the thickness of the fabric cover to the thickness of the wall 312 is in the range of 1:6 to 1:0.15. The ratio of the thickness of the fabric cover to the thickness of the circular top or circular bottom 311 is in the range of 1:6 to 1:0.15. At least one elongate strip of material can, if desired, extend over the outer surface of the core as a line of demarcation to separate the fabric cover into at least two areas, one on either side of the strip of material. This line of demarcation is not shown in FIG. 14 but could, by way of example and not limitation, be comparable to the line of demarcation 14 illustrated in FIG. 1. At least one aperture 308 (FIGS. 24 and 25) is formed in core 310. An aperture 305 can also, if desired, be formed through the fabric cover. The fabric cover includes a circular portion 303 covering the circular top of core 310, includes a circular portion 304 covering the bottom 311 of the core 310, and includes a cylindrical portion or wall 302 covering the cylindrical wall 312 of core 310. Wall 302 extends between and interconnects portions 303 and 304. A hollow sound device 307 is inserted in aperture 308. Device 307 produces a sound audible to an animal. As used herein, a sound audible to an animal is defined as a sound in the range of frequencies that is audible to a dog because a sound in this range of frequencies can in most cases be heard by human beings and many other animals. The sound device 307 illustrated in FIG. 16 is presently preferred in the practice of the invention, but the sound device 330 illustrated in FIG. 15 can be utilized, as can be any other desired sound device. Sound device 307 includes hollow cylindrical leg 338 and upstanding lip or rim 337 that is connected to and extends outwardly from leg 338. Apertures 331 and 332 are formed in the top of and extend downwardly into leg 338. As is illustrated in FIG. 17, a semi-circular, hollow, tapered toe 341 is provided with a reed or a thin piece of plastic 342 that extends downwardly over and slightly spaced apart from the opening in toe 341. When air travels upwardly into toe 341 in the direction of arrow 335, the air also passes by reed 342 and causes reed 342 to vibrate. Reed 342 or the movement of reed 342 in conjunction with the proximity of toe 341 produces sound, typically a sound with a high pitch. The construction of a wide variety of sound devices is well known in the art, as are a variety of sounds that such devices can produce and that have a high, low, or intermediate pitch. Any desired sound device can be utilized in the practice of the invention. Device 307 produces sound only when air flows through device 307 at a selected rate of flow. If the rate of flow of air through device 307 is too slow, device 307 will not produce sound. It is desirable in the practice of the invention that device 307 produce sound when the top and bottom 311 of toy 301 are compressed rapidly by a dog holding toy 301 in its mouth. The rate of flow of air through device 307 required to cause device 307 to produce sound can be varied as desired. Air flowing upwardly in the direction of arrow 335 in FIG. 17 flows past reed 342, into toe 341 in the manner indicated by arrow 340, and out through the apertures 331, 332 formed in the top of device 307. Air flowing out through apertures 331, 332 travels in the directions indicated by arrows 333 and 334. The hollow sound device 330 illustrated in FIG. 15 operates in the same manner as device 307. Air passing upwardly into device 330 travels over a reed (not shown) and into a toe (not shown) and out through aperture 352 in the direction of arrow 351. Device 330 includes conical leg 353 having a top including circular edge 354. Conical leg 353 is sized such that it can be forced downwardly through an aperture 308 to distend the elastic material around aperture 308 to permit leg 353 to be pushed through aperture 308 and into the interior of a toy 301. The diameter of edge 354 is, however, significantly greater than the diameter of opening 308 such that once leg 353 is forced through aperture 308 into the interior of toy 301, leg 353 can not be readily pulled back out through aperture 308. One method for making a toy 301 is illustrated in FIGS. 18 to 21. In FIG. 18 a compressibly elastically deformable hollow thin-walled elastomer core 410 is provided. The core 410 circumscribes a compressible gaseous volume 430, which volume typically is air. The core includes a center 421. Center 421 is equidistant from the circular top (not visible) and circular bottom 411 of core 410. The circular top is equivalent in size to bottom 411 and is parallel to and spaced apart from bottom 411. Cylindrical outer wall 412 extends between and interconnects the circular top and circular bottom 411. Points on the outer and inner surfaces of wall 412 are at varying distances from center 421. Wall 412, the circular top, and the circular bottom 411 can have any desired thickness but preferably are less than about eight millimeters thick. At least one aperture 408 is formed in core 410. As is illustrated in FIG. 19, a removable plug 406 is fixedly inserted in aperture 408. Insertion of the plug is important in the practice of the method of the invention because when a fabric cover is affixed to the outer surface of core 410, pressure and heat are used. If the plug 406 is not utilized and is not permitted to function to maintain air inside core 410 when the pressure is applied, the core 410 can collapse, ruining the attempt to apply the fabric cover. After the plug 406 is inserted, a fabric cover is affixed to the outer surface of core 410 using pressure and a material that causes the fabric cover to adhere to the core 410. The fabric cover has a selected thickness. The ratio of the thickness of the fabric cover to the thickness of the wall 412 is in the range of 1:6 to 1:0.15. The ratio of the thickness of the fabric cover to the thickness of the circular top or circular bottom 311 is in the range of 1:6 to 1:0.15. At least one elongate strip of material can, if desired, also be applied to and extend over the outer surface of the core as a line of demarcation to separate the fabric cover into at least two areas, one on either side of the strip of material. This line of demarcation is not shown in FIG. 14 but could, by way of example and not limitation, be comparable to the line of demarcation 14 illustrated in FIG. 1. Methods for applying the fabric cover and lines of demarcation are described earlier herein. Any desired method can be utilized to apply the fabric cover and lines of demarcation. The material comprising the fabric cover can vary as desired, but presently preferred materials are also described earlier herein. An aperture 405 can also, if desired, be formed through the fabric cover. The fabric cover includes an upper circular portion (not shown) covering the outer surface of the circular top of core 410, includes a lower circular portion (not shown) covering the outer surface of the bottom 411 of the core 410, and includes a cylindrical portion or wall 402 extending around and covering the cylindrical wall 412 of core 410. Wall 402 interconnects the upper and lower circular portions of the fabric cover. After the fabric cover is applied, plug 406 is removed and sound device 307 is inserted in aperture 408 in the manner shown in FIG. 21. Rib 337 of device 307 compresses and indents a portion of the cylindrical side of aperture 408 and functions to anchor device 307 in aperture 408. A shown in FIG. 14, it is preferred that a cylindrical piece of fabric material or “plug” 306 is used to cover the top of sound device 307 such that animal toy 307 appears to be completely covered by fabric material. Piece 306 can also comprise a flap that is partially attached to and folded back onto the fabric cover such that piece 306 can be fold off the fabric cover onto the top of device 307. Piece 306 or some other way of concealing the top of device 307 is important because a dog can attempt to remove the sound device 307 from core 410. If the location of the sound device 307 is covered or disguised, it makes it more difficult for a dog to find and remove or damage device 307. It is preferred that core 410 include an area 413 that is thicker than the top, bottom 411, or wall 412 of core 410. The increased volume or size of area 413 functions to protect sound device 307 and make it more difficult for an animal to remove device 307 from core 410. Another method for making a toy 301 is illustrated in FIGS. 22 to 25. In FIG. 22 a compressibly elastically deformable hollow thin-walled elastomer core 310 is provided. The core 310 completely sealingly circumscribes a compressible gaseous volume 330, which volume typically is air. The core includes a center 321. Center 321 is equidistant from and generally centered with respect to the circular top (not visible) and circular bottom 311 of core 310. The circular top is equivalent in size to bottom 311 and is parallel to and spaced apart from bottom 311. Cylindrical outer wall 312 extends between and interconnects the circular top and circular bottom 311. Points on the outer and inner surfaces of wall 312 are at varying distances from center 321. Wall 312, the circular top, and circular bottom 311 (or wall 412, wall 512, bottom 411, bottom 511, etc.) can have any desired thickness including any of the wall thicknesses previously discussed herein for other embodiments of the invention, but presently preferably are less than about eight millimeters thick. Core 310 includes a portion 313 that is formed in wall 312 and that has greater thickness and mass than the remainder of wall 312. Portion 313 functions, as will be seen, to provide support for a sound device 307 that is subsequently inserted in core 310. Another important function of portion 313 is to made core asymmetric. Such asymmetry promotes the erratic bouncing of toy 301 because a portion of the weight of the toy is not equally distributed about the wall 312. Since toy 301 can take on any desired shape and dimension, the asymmetry caused by portion 313 is important because it causes erratic bouncing of toy 301 even when toy 301 is spherical. If desired, portion 313 can be omitted, i.e., wall 312 can have a constant thickness throughout. Omitting portion 313 reduces the likelihood that toy 301 will bounce erratically, particularly if toy 301 is spherical. In addition, even if portion 313 is not utilized and wall 312 has the same thickness at all points, simply forming hole 308 in wall 312 and inserting device 307 tends to make toy 301 asymmetric because the device 307 ordinarily does not have the same mass as the material in wall 312. An aperture 308 can, if desired, be formed in the top or bottom 311 of core 310 or at any desired location in core 310. Since, as noted, one function of portion 313 is to promote asymmetry due to the increased weight or mass that portion 313 adds to a portion of core 310. As would be appreciated by those of skill in the art, portion 313 can be located at any desired location on or in core 310. The shape and dimension of portion 313 can vary as desired. Two or more portions 313, each having the same or different shape and dimension, can be formed on or in core 310. A portion 313 can, if desired, not be attached to the wall of core 310 in the manner of portion 313, but can be inside core 310 and be free to move around therein. The thickness of the wall of core 310 can be varied as desired to promote either an erratic bounce or a uniform bounce of a toy 301 along a straight line. A fabric cover is affixed to the outer surface of core 310 using pressure and a material that causes the fabric cover to adhere to the core 310. Core 310 can, because core 310 completely sealingly circumscribes the gaseous volume 330, withstand the pressure that ordinarily must be applied in order to affix the fabric cover to the core 310. Consequently, core 310 does not collapse when the pressure is applied. FIG. 23 illustrates the fabric cover applied to core 310. The fabric cover has a selected thickness. The ratio of the thickness of the fabric cover to the thickness of the wall 312 is in the range of 1:6 to 1:0.15. The ratio of the thickness of the fabric cover to the thickness of the circular top or circular bottom 311 is in the range of 1:6 to 1:0.15. At least one elongate strip of material can, if desired, also be applied to and extend over the outer surface of the core as a line of demarcation to separate the fabric cover into at least two areas, one on either side of the strip of material. This line of demarcation is not shown in FIG. 14 but could, by way of example and not limitation, be comparable to the line of demarcation 14 illustrated in FIG. 1. Methods for applying the fabric cover and lines of demarcation are described earlier herein. Any desired method can be utilized to apply the fabric cover and lines of demarcation. The material comprising the fabric cover can vary as desired, but presently preferred materials are also described earlier herein. The fabric cover includes an upper circular portion 303 (FIG. 14) covering the outer surface of the circular top of core 310, includes a lower circular portion 304 (FIG. 14) covering the outer surface of the circular bottom 311 of the core 310, and includes a cylindrical portion or wall 302 extending around and covering the cylindrical wall 312 of core 310. Wall 302 interconnects the upper 303 and lower 304 circular portions of the fabric cover. After the fabric cover is applied, an aperture 308 is drilled or otherwise formed in core 310. Aperture 308 includes a countersunk portion that receives the top or head 400 of device 307 so that the top 400 of device 307 is flush with or inset with respect to the outer surface of core 310. An aperture 305 is also formed through the fabric cover. The aperture 308 can be formed at this point in the process because fabric cover 302 has been applied, and the air inside core 310 is no longer required to function to prevent the collapse of core 310 when pressure is applied to the outside of core 310. FIG. 24 illustrates core 310 and the fabric cover after apertures 308 and 305 are formed. Sound device 307 is inserted in aperture 308 in the manner shown in FIG. 25. Rib 337 of device 307 compresses and indents a portion of the cylindrical side of aperture 308 and functions to anchor device 307 in aperture 308. Any desired method or apparatus can be utilized to fix device 307 in aperture 308 or in core 310. As shown in FIG. 14, it is preferred that a cylindrical piece of fabric material or “plug” is used to cover the top of sound device 307 such that animal toy 301 appears to be completely covered by fabric material. This is important because a dog or other animal can attempt to remove the sound device 307 from core 310. If the location of the sound device 307 is covered or disguised, it makes it more difficult to a dog to find and remove or damage device 307. In use of the toy 301 (or 401 or 501), the toy is given to a dog or other animal, or is thrown so that the dog has to retrieve the toy. When the dog compresses the toy 301 in its mouth, it compresses air in compressible volume 330, forcing air outwardly through device 307 in the manner indicated by arrows 335, 340, 333, and 334 in FIGS. 16 and 17. This causes device 307 to produce a sound that the dog hears. When the dog releases the compressive pressure on toy 301, the toy elastically returns to the normal configuration illustrated in FIG. 14. When the toy elastically returns to the normal configuration illustrated in FIG. 14, air is drawn through device 307 back into volume 330 in directions opposite the directions indicated by arrows 333, 334, 340, and 335. When air is drawn back into volume 330, device 307 also produces sound that the dog can hear. If desired, however, device 307 need only produce sound when air travels through device 307 in one direction-either when air is expelled from volume 330 through device 307 or when is air drawn through device 307 into volume 330. One particular advantage of toy 301 is that device 307 makes the toy safer to use. When it is dusk or dark and it is difficult for an animal to see the toy, sound made by the toy helps the animal locate the toy. Similarly, when the animal is in high grass and has difficulty seeing toy 301, any sound made by the toy 301 helps the animal locate the toy. Since toy 301 is compressible, the toy will typically, although not necessarily, generate noise when the toy strikes the ground or an object and is compressed. When the toy is compressed, air is forced outwardly through device 307, producing sound audible to the animal. Still another method for making a toy 301 is illustrated in FIGS. 26 to 28. In FIG. 26 a compressibly elastically deformable hollow thin-walled elastomer core 510 is provided with a fabric cover affixed to the outer surface of core 510. The core 510 completely sealingly circumscribes a compressible gaseous volume 530, which volume typically is air, but which can consist of any other gas or gasses or fluid or fluids. The core includes a center 521. Center 521 is equidistant from the circular top (not visible) and circular bottom 511 of core 510. The circular top is equivalent in size to bottom 511 and is parallel to and spaced apart from bottom 511. Cylindrical wall 512 extends between and interconnects the circular top and circular bottom 511. Points on the outer and inner surfaces of wall 512 are at varying distances from center 521. Wall 512, the circular top, and the circular bottom 511 can have any desired thickness, but preferably are less than about eight millimeters thick. Toy 501 can take on any desired shape and dimension. The ratio of the thickness of the fabric cover to the thickness of the wall 512 is in the range of 1:6 to 1:0.15. The ratio of the thickness of the fabric cover to the thickness of the circular top or circular bottom 511 is in the range of 1:6 to 1:0.15. At least one elongate strip of material can, if desired, also be applied to and extend over the outer surface of the core as a line of demarcation to separate the fabric cover into at least two areas, one on either side of the strip of material. This line of demarcation is not shown in FIG. 14 but could, by way of example and not limitation, be comparable to the line of demarcation 14 illustrated in FIG. 1. The material comprising the fabric cover can vary as desired, but presently preferred materials are also described earlier herein. The fabric cover includes an upper circular portion (not shown) covering the outer surface of the circular top of core 510, includes a lower circular portion (not shown) covering the outer surface of the bottom 511 of the core 510, and includes a cylindrical portion or wall 502 extending around and covering the cylindrical wall 512 of core 510. Wall 502 interconnects the upper and lower circular portions of the fabric cover. An aperture 508 is drilled or otherwise formed in core 510. An aperture 505 is also formed through the fabric cover. Apertures 505 and 508 are illustrated in FIG. 27. The aperture 508 can be formed at this point in the process because fabric wall 502 has been applied, and the air inside core 510 is no longer required to function to prevent the collapse of core 510 when pressure is applied to the outside of core 510. Sound device 307 is inserted in aperture 508 in the manner shown in FIG. 28. Rib 337 of device 307 compresses and indents a portion of the cylindrical side of aperture 508 and functions to anchor device 307 in aperture 508. Any desired method or apparatus can be utilized to fix device 307 in aperture 508 or in core 510. As shown in FIG. 14, it is preferred that a cylindrical piece of fabric material or “plug” is used to cover the top of sound device 307 such that animal toy 501 appears to be completely covered by fabric material. This is important because a dog or other animal can attempt to remove the sound device 307 from core 510. If the location of the sound device 307 is covered or disguised, it makes it more difficult to a dog to find and remove or damage device 307. Still another embodiment of the toy includes a rib that is formed inside of core 510 and that is indicated in FIG. 27 by dashed lines 520. Sound device 307 is mounted in rib 520 such that compressing toy 501 causing air to move through device 307 from one side of rib 520 to the other side of rib 520 such that device 307 produces a sound that can be heard by a dog or other animal. While it is possible that this embodiment of the invention will function to produce sound even if an aperture 508 is not formed through core 510, it is preferred that an aperture 508 be formed in core 510 to facilitate the ready travel of air through device 307. Installing device 307 in rib 520 makes it much more difficult for a dog to damage device 307. The dog would have to tear open core 510 to access device 307. Rib 520 and device 307 preferably completely divide the inner volume 530 into two separate compartments. In still another embodiment of the invention, the process set forth in FIGS. 18 to 21 is utilized, except that in FIG. 19 device 307 is installed instead of plug 406, and a plug is installed directly in device 307 to prevent air from escaping from volume 430 while the fabric cover is applied. After the fabric cover is applied, the plug blocking device 307 is removed to permit air to flow through device 307 when the toy 401 is compressed. The soft fabric cover described herein on the toys of the invention is, as noted, important because it reduces the risk of injury to an animal. The processes set forth in FIGS. 18 to 25 are central to the invention because they enable application of the fabric cover to be achieved under pressure and still allow a sound device to be installed and concealed in a toy. Another embodiment of the invention comprises molding or otherwise forming an opening 331 (FIG. 22) in the core 310 when core 310, or a portion of core 310, is being produced. The opening 331 is shaped and dimensioned such that when air travels through the opening 331 (either traveling from the inside of core 310 out through opening 331 or vice-versa) at a selected flow rate audible sound is produced that can be heard by a dog or other animal. The advantage of forming opening 331 during the molding of core 310 is that the resulting animal toy 301 does not require the drilling or other formation of an aperture 308 in core 310 and does not require the subsequent insertion of a separate sound device 307 in aperture 308. Sound device 307 and aperture 308 are not required because the opening 331 functions to produce sound when air passes therethrough. In a similar manner, the aperture 508 formed in core 510 in FIG. 27 can be shaped and dimensioned to produce sound when air travels into or out of core 510 at a desired flow rate. When aperture 508 is so formed, it is not necessary to insert device 307 in aperture 508 to produce sound. Aperture 331 and aperture 508 (when aperture 508 is formed to produce sound when air passes therethrough) demonstrate embodiments of the invention in which separate sound devices 307 need not be inserted in a toy 301, 501. One or more bulkheads can be formed inside a core 310, 410, 510 of a toy 301, 401, 501. The bulkheads can extend partially or completely across the volume inside the core. A bulkhead can include an aperture formed therein to produce noise when air passes therethrough, and can include a sound device 307 inserted in the bulkhead to produce noise when air passes through the sound device 307. The outer surface of a sound device 307 can—in addition to or in place of a rib 337 that alters the shape of an opening 308, 408, 508—be made of a material that frictionally engages the material comprising the wall of the opening 308, 408, 508 that contacts the outer surface of device 307. This makes it more difficult for an animal to remove device 307 from an opening 308, 408, 508. In this respect, soft polymers tend to adhere frictionally to one another more effectively that hard smooth polymers. Or, a soft polymer with a high coefficient of friction can function to adhere to the surface of a hard smooth polymer or other material.			20040526	20070410	20051229	69768.0		1	HAYES, BRET C	METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR REDUCING RISK THAT A THROWN TOY WILL INJURE AN ANIMAL	SMALL	0	ACCEPTED		2,004
10,854,576	ACCEPTED	STRUCTURE OF AIR-PACKING DEVICE HAVING IMPROVED SHOCK ABSORBING CAPABILITY	An air-packing device has an improved shock absorbing capability to protect a product in a container box. The air-packing device is configured by first and second plastic films which are bonded at predetermined portions thereby creating a plurality of air containers, each of the air containers having a plurality of series connected air cells; a plurality of check valves established at inputs of the corresponding air containers for allowing compressed air to flow in a forward direction; an air input commonly connected to the plurality of check valves; and heat-seal flanges formed on side edges of the air-packing device. Through a post heat-seal treatment, predetermined points on the air containers and the heat-seal flanges are bonded, thereby creating a container portion having an opening for packing a product therein and a cushion portion for supporting the container portion when the air-packing device is inflated by the compressed air.	1. An air-packing device inflatable by compressed air for protecting a product therein, comprising: first and second thermoplastic films superposed with each other where predetermined portions of the first and second thermoplastic films are bonded, thereby creating a plurality of air containers, each of the air containers having a plurality of series connected air cells; a plurality of check valves established at inputs of the corresponding air containers between the first and second thermoplastic films for allowing the compressed air to flow in a forward direction; an air input commonly connected to the plurality of check valves to supply the compressed air to all of the series connected air cells through the check valves; and heat-seal flanges that are made of thermoplastic film and are formed on side edges close to both ends of the air-packing device; wherein, through a post heat-seal treatment, predetermined points on said air containers are bonded with one another, and said heat-seal flanges are bonded with one another, thereby creating a container portion having an opening for packing a product therein and a cushion portion for supporting the container portion when the air-packing device is inflated by the compressed air. 2. An air-packing device as defined in claim 1, wherein said air input and said plurality of check valves are formed at one end of the air-packing device where the air from the air input is supplied to the series connected air cells in a direction toward another end of the air-packing device through the check valves. 3. An air-packing device as defined in claim 1, wherein said cushion portion has a triangular shape where the container portion is formed on a summit of the triangular shape of the cushion portion. 4. An air-packing device as defined in claim 1, wherein said cushion portion has a pentagon shape where the container portion is formed on a summit of the pentagon shape of the cushion portion. 5. An air-packing device as defined in claim 1, wherein said predetermined portions for bonding the first and second thermoplastic films include heat-seal lands each being formed at about a center of the air container to define said air cells, said heat-seal lands are folding points of the air-packing device when the air-packing device is inflated after the post heat-seal process. 6. An air-packing device as defined in claim 5, wherein, each of said heat-seal lands forms two air flow passages at both sides thereof in said air container thereby allowing the compressed air to flow to the series connected air cells through the two air passages. 7. An air-packing device as defined in claim 1, wherein said predetermined portions for bonding the first and second thermoplastic films include heat-seal lands each being formed on a bonding line which air-tightly separates two adjacent air containers to define said air cells, said heat-seal lands are folding points of the air-packing device when the air-packing device is inflated after the post heat-seal process. 8. An air-packing device as defined in claim 7, wherein, each of said heat-seal lands forms an air flow passage at about a center of the air container thereby allowing the compressed air to flow to the series connected air cells through the air passage. 9. An air-packing device as defined in claim 1, wherein, when packing a product to be protected in a container box, said cushion portion of the air-packing device contacts with an inner wall of the container box while the container portion of the air-packing device floatingly supports the product in the air without contacting with inner walls of the container box. 10. An air-packing device as defined in claim 9, wherein said cushion portion has a triangular shape where the container portion is formed on a summit of the triangular shape of the cushion portion, and the air cell forming a base of the triangular shape contacts with the inner walls of the container box. 11. An air-packing device as defined in claim 9, wherein said cushion portion has a pentagon shape where the container portion is formed on a summit of the pentagon shape of the cushion portion, and the air cells forming a base and sides of the pentagon shape contact with the inner walls of the container box. 12. An air-packing device inflatable by compressed air for protecting a product therein, comprising: first and second thermoplastic films superposed with each other where predetermined portions of the first and second thermoplastic films are bonded, thereby creating a plurality of air containers, each of the air containers having a plurality of series connected air cells; a plurality of check valves established at inputs of the corresponding air containers between the first and second thermoplastic films for allowing compressed air to flow in a forward direction; an air input commonly connected to the plurality of check valves to supply the compressed air to all of the series connected air cells through the check valves; and heat-seal flanges that are made of thermoplastic film and are formed on side edges close to both ends and intermediate positions of the air-packing device; wherein, through a post heat-seal treatment, predetermined points on said air containers are bonded with one another, and said heat-seal flanges are bonded with one another, thereby creating two container portions facing with one another each having an opening for packing a product therein and two cushion portions at opposite ends of the air-packing device for supporting the container portions when the air-packing device is inflated by the compressed air. 13. An air-packing device as defined in claim 12, wherein, when packing a product to be protected in a container box, said two cushion portions of the air-packing device contact with inner walls of the container box while the two container portions of the air-packing device floatingly support the product in the air without contacting with inner walls of the container box. 14. An air-packing device as defined in claim 13, wherein each of said two cushion portions has a triangular shape where the corresponding container portion is formed on a summit of the triangular shape of the cushion portion, and the air cell forming a base of the triangular shape of each of the cushion portion contacts with the corresponding inner wall of the container box. 15. An air-packing device as defined in claim 13, wherein each of said two cushion portions has a pentagon shape where the corresponding container portion is formed on a summit of the pentagon shape of the cushion portion, and the air cells forming a base and sides of the pentagon shape of each of the cushion portion contacts with the corresponding inner walls of the container box. 16. An air-packing device inflatable by compressed air for protecting a product therein, comprising: first and second thermoplastic films superposed with each other where predetermined portions of the first and second thermoplastic films are bonded, thereby creating a plurality of air containers, each of the air containers having a plurality of series connected air cells; a plurality of check valves established at inputs of the corresponding air containers between the first and second thermoplastic films for allowing compressed air to flow in a forward direction; an air input commonly connected to the plurality of check valves to supply the compressed air to all of the series connected air cells through the check valves; and heat-seal flanges that are made of at least one of first and second thermoplastic films and are formed on side edges of the air-packing device; wherein, said air-packing device in a sheet form is folded in a W-shape in cross section, and through a post heat-seal treatment, predetermined points on said air containers are bonded with one another, and said heat-seal flanges are bonded with one another, thereby creating a container portion having an opening for packing a product therein and a double layer cushion portion at an outer periphery of the container portion when the air-packing device is inflated by the compressed air. 17. An air-packing device as defined in claim 16, wherein said predetermined portions for bonding the first and second thermoplastic films include heat-seal lands each being formed on a predetermined location of the air container to define said air cells, said heat-seal lands are folding points of the air-packing device when the air-packing device is inflated after the post heat-seal process. 18. An air-packing device as defined in claim 16, wherein said double layer cushion portion is configured by outer and inner layers air cells without contacting with each other when the air-packing device is inflated, and wherein the air cells in the outer layer are longer than the air cells in the inner layer. 19. An air-packing device as defined in claim 16, wherein said double layer cushion portion is configured by outer and inner layers air cells without contacting with each other when the air-packing device is inflated, and wherein the air cells in the outer layer are larger in diameter than that of the air cells in the inner layer. 20. An air-packing device as defined in claim 16, wherein, said double layer cushion portion is configured by outer and inner layers air cells without contacting with each other when the air-packing device is inflated, and when packing a product to be protected in a container box, said double layer cushion portion of the air-packing device contacts with an inner wall of the container box while the container portion of the air-packing device floatingly supports the product in the air without contacting with inner walls of the container box.	FIELD OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to a structure of an air-packing device for use as packing material, and more particularly, to a structure of an air-packing device having an improved shock absorbing capability for protecting a product from a shock or impact occurred in a channel of distribution by allowing flexible movement of the product packed in the air-packing device where the air packing device maintains the product in a substantially floating state therein while absorbing the shock before being applied to the product. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION In a distribution channel such as product shipping, a styroform packing material has been used for a long time for packing commodity and industrial products. Although the styroform package material has a merit such as a good thermal insulation performance and a light weight, it has also various disadvantages: recycling the styroform is not possible, soot is produced when it burns, a flake or chip comes off when it is snagged because of it's brittleness, an expensive mold is needed for its production, and a relatively large warehouse is necessary to store it. Therefore, to solve such problems noted above, other packing materials and methods have been proposed. One method is a fluid container of sealingly containing a liquid or gas such as air (hereafter “air-packing device”). The air-packing device has excellent characteristics to solve the problems involved in the styroform. First, because the air-packing device is made of only thin sheets of plastic films, it does not need a large warehouse to store it unless the air-packing device is inflated. Second, a mold is not necessary for its production because of its simple structure. Third, the air-packing device does not produce a chip or dust which may have adverse effects on precision products. Also, recyclable materials can be used for the films forming the air-packing device. Further, the air-packing device can be produced with low cost and transported with low cost. FIG. 1 shows an example of structure of an air-packing device in the conventional technology. The air-packing device 10a is composed of first and second thermoplastic films 13-14 and a check valve 11. Typically, each of the thermoplastic films 13-14 is composed of three layers of materials: polyethylene, nylon and polyethylene which are bonded together with appropriate adhesive. The first and second thermoplastic films 13-14 are heat-sealed together around rectangular edges (heat-seal portions) 12a, 12b after the check valve 11 is attached. Thus, one container bag 10a heat-sealed at the heat seal portions 12a, 12b is formed such as shown in FIG. 1. FIGS. 2A-2B show another example of an air-packing device 10b with multiple air containers where each air container is provided with a check valve. A main purpose of having multiple air containers is to increase the reliability, because each air container is independent from the others. Namely, even if one of the air containers suffers from an air leakage for some reason, the air-packing device can still function as a shock absorber for packing the product because other air containers are intact. In FIG. 2A, the air-packing device 10b is made of the first and second thermoplastic films noted above which are bonded together at a rectangular periphery 23a and further bonded together at each boundary 23b between two air containers 22 so that a guide passage 21 and two or more air containers 22 are created. When the first and second thermoplastic container films are bonded together, as shown in FIG. 2A, the check valves 11 are also attached to each inlet port of the air container 22. By attaching the check valves 11, each air container 22 becomes independent from the others. The inlet port 24 of the air-packing device 10b is used for filling an air to each air container 22 by using, for example, an air compressor. FIG. 2B shows an example of the air-packing device 10b with multiple check valves when it is filled with the air. First, each air container 22 is filled with the air from the inlet port 24 through the guide passage 21 and the check valve 11. Typically, to avoid a rupture of the air containers 22 by variations in the environmental temperature, the air supplied to the air-packing device 10b is stopped when the air container 22 is inflated at about 90% of its full expansion rate. Typically, the air compressor has a gauge to monitor the supplied air pressure, and automatically stops supplying the air to the air-packing device 10b when the pressure reaches a predetermined value. After filling the air, the expansion of each air container 22 is maintained because each check-valve 11 prevents the reverse flow of the air. The check valve 11 is typically made of two rectangular thermoplastic valve films which are bonded together to form an air pipe. The air pipe has a tip opening and a valve body to allow the air flowing through the air pipe from the tip opening but the valve body prevents the reverse air flow. Air-packing devices are becoming more and more popular because of the advantages noted above. However, there is an increasing need to store and carry precision products or articles which are sensitive to shocks and impacts often involved in shipment of the products. For example, a personal computer such as a laptop computer includes a hard disc as a main data storage. Since the hard disc is a mechanical device with high precision, it must be protected from a shock, vibration, or other impact involved in the product distribution flow. There are many other types of product, such as wine bottles, DVD drivers, music instruments, glass or ceramic wares, etc. that need special attention so as not to receive a shock, vibration or other mechanical impact. Thus, there is a strong demand for air-packing devices that can minimize the amount of impact to the product when the product in a container box is dropped, collided or bumped against a wall, etc. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is, therefore, an object of the present invention to provide a structure of an air-packing device for packing a product that can minimize a mechanical shock or vibration to the product when a container box carrying the product is dropped or collided. It is another object of the present invention to provide a structure of an air-packing device that can be produced efficiently with low cost and can effectively absorb the impact to the product when the container box carrying the product is dropped or collided. It is a further object of the present invention to provide a structure of an air-packing device that can easily form a cushion portion and a container portion for packing the product by a post heat-sealing treatment. It is a further object of the present invention to provide a structure of an air-packing device that can easily form a double layer cushion portion and an opening for packing the product by a post heat-sealing treatment. In one aspect of the present invention, the air-packing device for protecting a product therein is comprised of first and second thermoplastic films superposed with each other where predetermined portions of the first and second thermoplastic films are bonded, thereby creating a plurality of air containers, each of the air containers having a plurality of series connected air cells; a plurality of check valves established at inputs of the corresponding air containers between the first and second thermoplastic films for allowing the compressed air to flow in a forward direction; an air input commonly connected to the plurality of check valves to supply the compressed air to all of the series connected air cells through the check valves; and heat-seal flanges that are made of thermoplastic film and are formed on side edges close to both ends of the air-packing device. Through a post heat-seal treatment, predetermined points on the air containers are bonded with one another, and the heat-seal flanges are bonded with one another, thereby creating a container portion having an opening for packing a product therein and a cushion portion for supporting the container portion when the air-packing device is inflated by the compressed air. The predetermined portions for bonding the first and second thermoplastic films include heat-seal lands each being formed at about a center of the air container to define the air cells where the heat-seal lands are folding points of the air-packing device when the air-packing device is inflated after the post heat-seal process. Each of the heat-seal lands forms two air flow passages at both sides thereof in the air container thereby allowing the compressed air to flow to the series connected air cells through the two air passages. The predetermined portions for bonding the first and second thermoplastic films include heat-seal lands each being formed on a bonding line which air-tightly separates two adjacent air containers to define said air cells where heat-seal lands are folding points of the air-packing device when the air-packing device is inflated after the post heat-seal process. Each of the heat-seal lands forms an air flow passage at about a center of the air container thereby allowing the compressed air to flow to the series connected air cells through the air passage. When packing a product to be protected in a container box, said cushion portion of the air-packing device contacts with an inner wall of the container box while the container portion of the air-packing device floatingly supports the product in the air without contacting with inner walls of the container box. The cushion portion has a triangular shape where the container portion is formed on a summit of the triangular shape of the cushion portion, and the air cell forming a base of the triangular shape contacts with the inner walls of the container box. Alternatively, the cushion portion has a pentagon shape where the container portion is formed on a summit of the pentagon shape of the cushion portion, and the air cells forming a base and sides of the pentagon shape contact with the inner walls of the container box. In another aspect of the present invention, the air-packing device for protecting a product therein is comprised of first and second thermoplastic films superposed with each other where predetermined portions of the first and second thermoplastic films are bonded, thereby creating a plurality of air containers, each of the air containers having a plurality of series connected air cells; a plurality of check valves established at inputs of the corresponding air containers between the first and second thermoplastic films for allowing compressed air to flow in a forward direction; an air input commonly connected to the plurality of check valves to supply the compressed air to all of the series connected air cells through the check valves; and heat-seal flanges that are made of thermoplastic film and are formed on side edges close to both ends and intermediate positions of the air-packing device. Through a post heat-seal treatment, predetermined points on the air containers are bonded with one another, and the heat-seal flanges are bonded with one another, thereby creating two container portions facing with one another each having an opening for packing a product therein and two cushion portions at opposite ends of the air-packing device for supporting the container portions when the air-packing device is inflated by the compressed air. In a further aspect of the present invention, the air-packing device for protecting a product therein is comprised of first and second thermoplastic films superposed with each other where predetermined portions of the first and second thermoplastic films are bonded, thereby creating a plurality of air containers, each of the air containers having a plurality of series connected air cells; a plurality of check valves established at inputs of the corresponding air containers between the first and second thermoplastic films for allowing compressed air to flow in a forward direction; an air input commonly connected to the plurality of check valves to supply the compressed air to all of the series connected air cells through the check valves; and heat-seal flanges that are made of at least one of first and second thermoplastic films and are formed on side edges of the air-packing device. The air-packing device configured above in a sheet form is folded in a W-shape in cross section, and through a post heat-seal treatment, predetermined points on the air containers are bonded with one another, and the heat-seal flanges are bonded with one another, thereby creating a container portion having an opening for packing a product therein and a double layer cushion portion at an outer periphery of the container portion when the air-packing device is inflated by the compressed air. According to the present invention, the air-packing device can minimize a mechanical shock or vibration to the product when a container box carrying the product is dropped or collided. The sheet form of the air-packing device is folded and the post heat-seal treatment is applied thereto, thereby creating a structure unique to a production to be protected. The air-packing device can easily form a cushion portion and a container portion for packing the product by a post heat-sealing treatment where the container portion floatingly supports the product in a container box to absorb the shock applied to the container box. The air-packing device having the double layer cushion portion has a further improved shock absorbing capability. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing an example of basic structure of an air-packing device in the conventional technology. FIGS. 2A and 2B are schematic diagrams showing an example of structure of an air-packing device having multiple air containers with use of check valves. FIGS. 3A-3C show a basic concept of the air-packing device of the present invention where FIG. 3A is a plan view showing a sheet like air-packing device and FIGS. 3B and 3C are cross sectional side views of the air-packing device which is folded to create a unique shape that wraps around a product to be protected. FIG. 4 is a perspective view showing an example of structure of the air-packing device in the first embodiment of the present invention formed of a cushion portion and a container portion for packing a product. FIG. 5 is a plan view showing a sheet like structure of the air-packing device before folding and applying a post heat-sealing process for creating the shape of FIG. 4. FIGS. 6A and 6B are side views showing a process of forming the air-packing device of FIG. 4 from the sheet like shape of FIG. 5, where FIG. 6A shows the process in which the air-packing device is folded and heat-sealed at the triangle portion and FIG. 6B shows the process in which the air-packing device is heat-sealed at both sides and the air is supplied for inflating the air-packing device. FIG. 7 is a cross sectional view showing an example of a container box in which a pair of air-packing devices of the present invention shown in FIGS. 4-5 and 6A-6B are incorporated for packing a product to prevent damages when dropped or collided. FIG. 8 is a side view showing another example of the air-packing device of the present invention where the cushion portion has a rectangular shape rather than the triangle shape of FIG. 6B and the flows of air introduced to inflate the air-packing device. FIG. 9 is a cross sectional view showing another example of container box in which a pair of air-packing devices of the present invention shown in FIG. 8 are incorporated for packing a product to prevent damages when dropped or collided. FIG. 10 is a side view showing another example of the air-packing device of the present invention where two air-packing devices of FIGS. 4-6B are integrally constructed to form one air-packing device where the cushion portion has a triangular shape. FIG. 11A is a plan view showing a sheet like structure of the air-packing device before folding and applying a post heat-sealing process for creating the shape of FIG. 10, and FIG. 11B is a side view showing the air-packing device which is bonded in the post heat-sealing process to establish the shape of FIG. 10. FIG. 12 is a side view showing another example of the air-packing device of the present invention where two air-packing devices of FIGS. 8 and 9 are integrally constructed to form one air-packing device where the cushion portion has a rectangular shape. FIG. 13 is a perspective view showing an example of structure of the air-packing device in the second embodiment of the present invention formed of a double layer cushion portion and a container portion for packing a product for reducing the shock to the product. FIG. 14A is a plan view of the air-packing device of the present invention shown in FIG. 13, and FIG. 14B is a cross sectional side view of the air-packing device of FIG. 13. FIG. 15A is a plan view of the air-packing device in the second embodiment shown in FIG. 13 before being folded and inflated, FIG. 15B is a side of the air-packing device of FIG. 13 showing a manner of folding before post heat-seal treatment, and FIG. 15C is a plan view of the air-packing device of FIG. 13 after being folded and the post heat-sealing is applied thereto. FIG. 16 is a cross sectional view showing an example of container box in which a pair of air-packing devices in the second embodiment of the present invention shown in FIGS. 13-15C are incorporated for packing a product. FIG. 17 is a plan view showing a detailed structure of the air-packing device of the present invention in the area of the check valve which is designed to easily be produced by an apparatus of FIG. 18. FIG. 18 is a schematic diagram showing an example of apparatus and process for continuously producing the air-packing devices of the present invention. FIGS. 19A-19C are schematic diagrams showing an example of locations of the heat-seal lands on the air-packing device of the present invention where FIG. 19A is a plan view when the air-packing device is in the sheet form, FIG. 19B is a plan view when the air-packing device is inflated, and FIG. 19C is a side view of the air-packing device when inflated. FIGS. 20A-20C are schematic diagrams showing another example of locations of the heat-seal lands on the air-packing device of the present invention where FIG. 20A is a plan view when the air-packing device is in the sheet form, FIG. 20B is a plan view when the air-packing device is inflated, and FIG. 20C is a side view of the air-packing device when inflated. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The air-packing device of the present invention will be described in more detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. It should be noted that although the present invention is described for the case of using an air for inflating the air-packing device for an illustration purpose, other fluids such as other types of gas or liquid can also be used. The air-packing device is typically used in a container box to pack a product during the distribution flow of the product. The air-packing device of the present invention is especially useful for packing a product which is sensitive to shock or vibration such as a personal computer, DVD driver, etc, having high precision mechanical components such as a hard disc driver. Other example includes wine bottles, glassware, ceramic ware, music instruments, paintings, antiques, etc. The air-packing device reliably supports the product in the container box so that the product can flexibly move in a substantially floating state, thereby absorbing the shocks and impacts to the product when, for example, the container box is inadvertently dropped on the floor or collided with other objects. The air-packing device of the present invention includes a plurality of air containers each having a plurality of series connected air cells each. The air container is air-tightly separated from other while the air cells in the same air container are connected by the air passage. Each air cell has a sausage like shape when inflated. More specifically, two or more air cells are series connected through air passages to form a set (air container) of series connected air cells. Each set of series connected air cells has a check valve, typically at an input area to supply the air to all of the series connected air cells while preventing a reverse flow of the compressed air in the air cell. Further, two or more such sets (air containers) having series connected air cells are aligned in parallel with one another so that the air cells are arranged in a matrix manner. FIGS. 3A-3C show an example of the air-packing device of the present invention having plural sets of series connected air cells. FIG. 3A is a plan view showing a sheet like air-packing device before being folded or inflated by the air. FIG. 3B is a side view of the air-packing device which can be freely changed in shape by folding and heat sealing so as to wrap around a product. FIG. 3C is a cross sectional side view of the air-packing device which is inflated by the compressed air after the folding and heat sealing processes. As shown in FIG. 3A, the air-packing device 30 has multiple sets (air containers) each having series connected air cells arranged in parallel with one another. As described with reference to FIG. 1 and as will be described in more detail later, the air-packing device 30 is composed of first and second thermoplastic films and a check valve sheet. Typically, each of the thermoplastic films is composed of three layers of materials: polyethylene, nylon and polyethylene which are bonded together with appropriate adhesive. The first and second thermoplastic films are heat-sealed together at the outer edges 36 and a boundary 37 between the two sets of series connected air cells after the check valve sheet is provided therebetween. Therefore, each set of series air cell is air-tightly separated from the other sets of series air cell where each set has multiple air cells 32a-32d which are series connected through air passages 33. At an input of each set of series connected air cells, a check valve 31 is provided to supply the air to the series of air cells 32a-32d through the air passages 33. The check valves 31 are commonly connected to an air input 34. Thus, when the compressed air is supplied to the air input 34, the air cells 32a-32d in each series set will be inflated. Because of the check valve 31 which prohibits the reverse flow of the air, the air cells remain inflated thereafter. Before or after inflating the air, the air-packing device 30 of the present invention can be freely curved or folded to match the outer shape of the product to be protected. Thus, in the example shown in the side views of FIGS. 3B and 3C, the air-packing device 30 is so formed to wrap around the product (not shown). Typically, the product packed by the air-packing device 30 is further installed in a container box such as a corrugated carton. Thus, the air-packing device in the container box protects the product from the shock, vibration or other impact that may arise during the distribution process of the product. FIG. 4 is a perspective view showing a first embodiment of an air-packing device of the present invention for significantly reducing the shock and impact to the product. The air-packing device of the present invention is made of a plurality of air cells (air containers or air bags) as noted above. A sheet of air-packing device before forming the shape of FIG. 4 is shown in the plan view of FIG. 5. The shape of FIG. 4 is created by folding and heat-sealing (post heat-sealing treatment) the sheet of air-packing device of FIG. 5 before filling the air. As shown in FIGS. 4 and 5, the air-packing device 40 has many sets of air cells each having a check valve 44 and series connected air cells 42a-42g. An air input 41 is commonly connected to all of the check valves 44 so that the air is supplied to each set of air cells 42-42g through the check valve 44. The air-packing device 40 also includes heat-seal flanges 45 for forming the opening (container portion) 50 of FIG. 4 by the post heat-sealing treatment. Similar to the example of FIG. 3, and as will be described in more detail later, the air-packing device 40 is composed of first and second thermoplastic films and a check valve sheet. Typically, each of the thermoplastic films is composed of three layers of materials: polyethylene, nylon and polyethylene which are bonded together with appropriate adhesive. The first and second thermoplastic films are heat-sealed together at the outer edges 46 and each boundary 47 between two sets of series connected air cells after the check valve sheet is inserted therein. The first and second thermoplastic films are also heat-sealed at locations (heat-seal lands) 43a-43f for folding the air-packing device. Thus, the heat-seal lands 43a-43f close the first and second thermoplastic films at the locations but still allow the air to pass toward the next air cells as shown by the arrows at both sides of each heat-seal land 43. Since the portions at the heat-seal lands 43 are closed, each air container 42 is shaped like a sausage when inflated. In other words, the air-packing device 40 can be easily bent or folded at the heat-seal lands to match the shape of the product to be protected. As shown in the side views of FIGS. 6A and 6B, by further applying a post heat-seal treatment to the sheet of FIG. 5, the air-packing device having a unique shape as shown in FIG. 4 is created. As shown in FIGS. 4 and 6B, the air-packing device 40 has a container (pouch) portion 50 having an opening for packing a product therein and a cushion portion 51 having a predetermined cushion shape to absorb the shock and vibration. The container portion 50 is formed at the summit of the cushion portion 51. In the example of FIGS. 4-6B, the cushion portion 51 has a shape of substantially triangle. However, other shapes such as a rectangular shape are also feasible as a cushion portion as will be explained later. The cushion portion 51 mainly serves to reduce the shock and impact to the product when the container box is dropped or collided against other objects, although the container portion 50 also serves to absorb the shock and impact to the product. The cushion portion 51 also serves to fit to inside walls of the container box into which the air-packing device holding the product is installed (FIG. 7). The example of FIGS. 4-6B has an outer appearance that the container portion 50 is formed on the top (heat seal point 48) of the triangle shaped cushion portion 51. In the post heat-seal treatment, the air-packing device 40 is folded to a predetermined shape and heat-sealed at the heat-seal lands 43b and 43e (FIG. 6A) as well as the overlapped areas 46 of the heat-seal flanges 45 (FIG. 6B). It should be noted that the heat-seal between the heat-seal lands 43b and 43e in the post heat-seal process need not be exactly the same lands but can be anywhere close to the heat-seal lands 43b and 43e. After the post heat-seal treatment, the air is supplied to the air input 41 as shown FIG. 6B. The arrows in the sausage like air cells indicate the direction of air flow when the air is introduced to the air-packing device 40. In FIG. 6B, the air introduced from the air input 41 flows into the air cells 42a at the left side, then to the air cells 42b which link the container portion 50 and the cushion portion 51, to the air cells 42c forming triangle arms of the cushion portion 51, then to the air cells 42d forming the cushion bottom members, and similarly to the air cells 42e, 42f and 42g at the right side. Thus, the air-packing device 40 creates the unique shape having the container portion 50 and the cushion portion 51 where the heat-seal lands 43b and 43e are bonded together at the heat-seal point 48. The opening of the container portion 50 is to receive the product to be protected therein. The heat-sealed points 48 work as link points to connect the container portion 50 and the cushion portion 51. Any appropriate means may be used to supply the air or other fluid to the air-packing device of the present invention. For instance, an air compressor with a gauge may be used that sends the air to the air-packing device 40 while monitoring the pressure. The air input 41 functions to introduce the air to all the air cells through the corresponding check valves 44 so that the air-packing device as a whole inflates to form the predetermined shape. In the foregoing example, the air input 41 is located at the top of the air-packing device 40. However, the air input 41 may be located at other locations as long as it can function as a duct to provide the air to the air cells to inflate the air-packing device 40. When the air is supplied to the air-packing device, the air will reach all the air cells series connected to one another. Once all of the air cells 42a-42g are inflated at a predetermined pressure, each check valve 44 provided to each set of air cells prevents the reverse flow of the air. Thus, even if one set of air cells is broken, other sets of air cells are not affected since each set of air cells has its own check valve and thus independent from the others. Because there are multiple sets of air cells, the shock absorbing function of the present invention can be maintained even when one or more air cells are broken. FIG. 7 is a cross sectional view showing an example of container box and the air-packing device of the present invention for installing the product therein. In this example, two air-packing devices 40 are used to pack a product 100, such as a laptop computer or a DVD driver, at the both ends by the container portions 50. The container box 55 has side walls 127-130 to hold the air-packing devices 40 and the product 100 therein. In this example, a parts box 122 is formed at one end of the container box 55 to install various components unique to the product 100 such as a cable, disc, manuals, etc. The cushion portion 51 contacts with the inner walls of the container box 55 while the container part 50 is in the air in a floating manner. Namely, the air cell 42d forming the base of the triangle shape contacts with the inner wall 129 of the container box 55. Thus, when packed in the container box 55, the product 100 is held by the air-packing devices 40 and is floated within the container box 55 without directly contacting with the container box 55. Because each air cell is filled with air to an optimum pressure, the air-packing devices 40 can support the product 100 as though the package 100 floats in the container box 55. The shapes and sizes of the container portion 50 and the cushion portion 51 are designed to match the size, shape and weight of the product 100 and the container box 55. The container box 55 can be of any type, such as a corrugated carton or a wood box commonly used in the industry. Because the pair of air-packing devices 40 support the product 100 at both sides in a substantially floating condition, the product 100 can move in the air depending on the flexibility of the air-packing devices 40 when a shock or impact is applied to the container box 55. In other words, the air-packing devices 40 can absorb the shocks and vibrations when, for example, the container box 55 is dropped to the ground or hit by other objects. The shock absorbing performance of the present invention is especially pronounced when the container box is dropped vertically. FIGS. 8 and 9 show another example of the air-packing device in the first embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 8 is a side view of the air-packing device of the present invention. FIG. 9 is a cross sectional side view showing an example of container box using two air-packing devices of the present invention. The structure of the air-packing device 60 in the example of FIGS. 8-9 is substantially the same as that shown in FIGS. 4-7 except that the shape of the cushion portion. In the example of FIGS. 8-9, the cushion portion 71 has a rectangular or pentagon shape rather than the triangular shape. Thus, the number of air cells is increased to form the sides of the pentagon cushion portion 71 (air cells 62d and 62f). More specifically, the air-packing device 60 has many sets of air cells each having a check valve 64 and series connected air cells 62a-62i. An air input 61 is commonly connected to all of the check valves 64 so that the air is supplied to each set of air cells 62a-62i through the check valve 64. The air-packing device 60 also includes heat-seal flanges 65 for forming the container portion 50 by the post heat-sealing treatment. As shown in the side view of FIG. 8, by further applying a post heat-seal treatment to the sheet of air packing device 60, the container (pouch) portion 50 having an opening for packing a product therein and the cushion portion 71 having a pentagon or rectangular shape to absorb the shock are respectively created. The container portion 50 is formed on the summit of the cushion portion 71. The cushion portion 71 mainly serves to reduce the shocks and impact to the product when the container box is dropped or collided against other objects, although the container portion 50 also serves to reduce the shock and impact to the product. The cushion portion 71 also serves to securely fit to the inside walls of the container box into which the air-packing devices holding the product are installed (FIG. 9) by the rectangular shape thereof. After the post heat-seal treatment, the air is supplied to the air input 61 as shown FIG. 8. The arrows in the sausage like air cells indicate the direction of air flow when the air is introduced to the air-packing device 60. In FIG. 8, the air introduced from the air input 61 and the check valve 64 flows into the air cells 62a at the left side, then to the air cells 62b which link the container portion 50 and the cushion portion 71, to the air cells 62c forming inclined arms of the cushion portion 71, then to the air cells 62d forming the side of the cushion portion which contact the inner wall of the container box (FIG. 9), then to the air cells 62e forming the bottom member of the cushion portion which contacts with the inner wall, and similarly to the air cells 62f, 62g, 62h and 62i at the right side. Thus, the air-packing device 60 creates the unique shape having the container portion 50 and the cushion portion 71 connected at the heat-sealed point 68. Once all of the air cells 62a-62i are inflated at a predetermined pressure, each check valve 64 provided to each set of air cells prevents the reverse flow of the air. Thus, even if one set of sausage like air cells is broken, other sets of air cells are not affected since each set of air cells has its own check valve and thus independent from the others. Because there are multiple sets of air cells, the shock absorbing function of the air-packing device of the present invention can be maintained. FIG. 9 is a cross sectional view showing an example of container box using the air-packing device of the present invention. In this example, two air-packing devices 60 of FIG. 8 are used to pack a product 100, such as a laptop computer or a DVD driver, at both the ends of the product 100 by the container portions 50. The container box 55 has side walls 127-130 to hold the air-packing devices 60 and the product 100 therein. The cushion portion 71 contacts with the side walls of the container box 55 by the air cells 62d, 62e and 62f while the container portion 50 is in the air in a floating manner. Thus, when packed in the container box 55, the product 100 is held by the air-packing devices 60 and is floated within the container box 55 without directly contacting with the container box 55. Because each air cell is filled with air to an optimum pressure, the air-packing devices 60 can support the product 100 as though the package 100 floats in the container box 55. The shapes and sizes of the container portion 50 and the cushion portion 71 are designed to match the size, shape and weight of the product 100 and the container box 55. The container box 55 can be of any type, such as a corrugated carton, a plastic box, or a wood box commonly used in the industry. Because the pair of air-packing devices 60 support the product 100 at both sides in a substantially floating condition, the product 100 can move in the air depending on the flexibility of the air-packing devices 60 when a shock or impact is applied to the container box 55. In other words, the air-packing devices 60 can absorb the shocks and vibrations when, for example, the container box 55 is dropped to the ground or hit by other objects. The shock absorbing performance of the present invention is especially pronounced when the container box 55 is dropped vertically. FIG. 10 is a cross sectional side view showing a further example of air-packing device in the first embodiment of the present invention where two air-packing devices 40 such as shown in FIGS. 4-6B are integrally constructed to form one air-packing device having two container portions (pockets) and two cushion portions. The air-packing device 80 has a plural sets of series connected air cells 82a-82m defined by heat-seal lands 83a-83l as shown in more detail in FIG. 11A. Two separate products 200 and 300 can be installed in the container portions of the air-packing device 80 through an opening 87. Alternatively, one product such as a laptop computer or a DVD driver can be loaded in a manner similar to FIGS. 7 and 9. When loading the products 200 and 300, the air-packing device 80 is bent at a bending point 88 either prior to supplying the compressed air or after filling the air so that the products 200 and 300 can be easily introduced through the opening 87. After the products 200 and 300 are securely placed in the container portions, the air-packing devices 80 are returned to a normal straight condition. Then, the air-packing device 80 and the products therein are placed in a container box in a manner similar to that described above with reference to FIGS. 7 and 9. In the example of FIG. 10, because both ends of the air-packing device are integrally formed, two separate air-packing devices are not required, which makes it easy to stock the air-packing device, Further, since the air-packing device 80 is configured by one sheet, it increases the efficiency of inflating the air-packing device and loading the products in the container parts. Further, since the air-packing device 80 is configured by one sheet, only one check valve can be used for each set of series air cells, thereby reducing the material cost. FIG. 11A is a schematic plan view showing a sheet like structure of the air-packing device 80 of FIG. 10 before folding and applying a post heat-sealing treatment, and also, before supplying the compressed air. FIG. 11B is a side view showing the air-packing device 80 when it is folded and bonded through the post heat-sealing treatment to form the cushion portions and container portions shown in FIG. 11A. As shown in FIG. 11A, the air-packing device 80 has many sets of air cells each having a check valve 84 and series connected air cells 82a-82m which are defined by heat-seal lands 83a-83l. An air input 81 is commonly connected to all of the check valves 84 so that the air is supplied to each set of series connected air cells 82a-82m through the corresponding check valve 84 and air passages at the sides of the heat-seal lands 83a-83l. The air-packing device 80 also includes heat-seal flanges 85 on both sides of the air-packing device 80. As shown in FIG. 11B, the sheet (thermoplastic films) of the air-packing device 80 of FIG. 11A is folded in a predetermined manner and the post heat-sealing treatment is applied to the sheet. Through the post heat-sealing treatment, the heat-seal lands 83b and 83e are bonded together, and the heat-seal lands 83h and 83k are bonded together to form the cushion parts. Also in the post heat-seal treatment, as shown by the hatched areas 86 in FIG. 11B, the pair of heat-seal flanges 85 are overlapped and bonded together to form the container portions. The degree of overlapping of the heat-seal flanges 85 will be determined based on the intended size of the opening of the container portions for loading the product therein. After the post heat-seal treatment, the air-packing device 80 is inflated by the compressed air before or after loading the product therein. When inflated by the compressed air, each air cell 82 is shaped like a sausage, i.e, the air-packing device 80 can be easily folded at each heat-seal land to match the shape of the product to be protected as shown in FIG. 10. FIG. 12 is a side view showing another example of the air-packing device of the present invention where two air-packing devices of FIGS. 8 and 9 are integrally constructed to form one air-packing device where the cushion portion has a rectangular (pentagon) shape. The air-packing device 90 of FIG. 12 has a plural sets of series connected air cells 92a-92q. Similar to the example of FIG. 10, two separate products 200 and 300 can be installed in the container parts of the air-packing device 90 through an opening 97. Alternatively, one product such as a laptop computer can be loaded in a manner similar to FIGS. 7 and 9. When loading the products 200 and 300, the air-packing device 90 is bent at a bending point 98 either prior to supplying the compressed air or after filling the air so that the products 200 and 300 can be easily introduced through the opening 97. After the products are securely placed in the container portions, the air-packing device 90 is returned to a normal straight condition. Then, the air-packing device 90 and the products therein are placed in a container box in a manner similar to that described above with reference to FIGS. 7 and 9. In the example of FIG. 12, because both ends of the air-packing device 90 are integrally formed, two separate air-packing devices are not required, which makes it easy to stock the air-packing device, Further, since the air-packing device 90 is configured by one sheet, it increases the efficiency of inflating the air-packing device and loading the products in the container portions. Further, since the air-packing device 90 is configured by one sheet, only one check valve can be used for each set of series connected air cells, thereby reducing the material cost. The second embodiment of the present invention is described with reference to FIGS. 13, 14A-14B, 15A-15C and 16. The air-packing device in the second embodiment has a further improved capability of absorbing the shock and vibration for protecting the product packed in the container box. An example of outer shape, when inflated by air, of the air-packing device in the second embodiment is illustrated in a perspective view of FIG. 13. The air-packing device 110 is formed of a double layer cushion portion 151 formed of zigzag arranged air cells and a container portion 150 having an opening for packing the product. As shown in FIGS. 13 and 14A-14B, the air-packing device 110 has multiple sets of air cells where each set has a plurality of series connected air cells 112a-112g and a check valve 114. The air cells 112a-112g are defined by heat-seal lands 113a-113f. The plan view of FIG. 14A only shows the air cells 112a and 112b and check valves are not illustrated. As shown in the cross sectional view of FIG. 14B, the cushion portion 151 in the upper position of the air-packing device 110 is formed of the air cells 112a-112c, and the cushion portion 151 in the lower position thereof is formed of the air cells 112e-112g. In other words, each of the cushion portions 151 is configured by two layers of air cells. The container portion 150 having an opening is formed of the air cells 112c-112e for packing the product to be protected. Preferably, as shown in the cross sectional view of FIG. 14B, the air cells 112a and 112c forming the double layer cushion are so designed that will not contact with one another when packing the product. Similarly, it is preferable that the air cells 112a and 112c forming the double layer cushion are so designed that will not contact with one another when packing the product. In other words, there is an air gap between the air cells 112a and 112c in the upper cushion part 151 and an air gap between the air cells 112e and 112g. This can be done by selecting the sizes (lengths) of the air cells 112b and 112d in such a way that, when inflated, the air cells 112a, 112c, 112e and 112g incline in a manner shown in FIG. 14B. Preferably, the air cells 112c and 112e which also form the container portion 150 have a cross sectional size smaller than that of the other air cells. For example, two air-cells 112c are constructed for the width of one other air cell 112b or 112d. Similarly, two air-cells 112e are constructed for the width of one other air cell 112d or 112f. One of the advantages of this construction is that it is able to hold the product tightly therein. Before being folded and inflated, the air-packing device 110 is in a sheet like form as shown in FIG. 15A. As in the foregoing examples, the sheet of the air-packing device 110 is composed of first and second thermoplastic films and a check valve sheet. Typically, each of the thermoplastic films is composed of three layers of materials: polyethylene, nylon and polyethylene which are bonded together with appropriate adhesive. The first and second thermoplastic films are heat-sealed together at the outer edges 116 and each boundary 117 between any two sets of series connected air cells 112a-112g after the check valve sheet is inserted between the first and second thermoplastic films. The first and second thermoplastic films are also heat-sealed at locations (heat-seal lands) 113a-113f for folding the air-packing device 110. Thus, the heat-seal lands 113a-113f close the first and second thermoplastic films at the locations but still allow the air to pass toward the next air cells at both sides of heat-seal lands 113. In this example, each boundary 118 between the two air cells 112c and each boundary 118 between the two air cells 112e is also heat sealed. In other words, the heat seal is continuous throughout the heat-seal land 113b, boundary 118 and heat-seal land 113c, and also throughout the heat-seal land 113d, boundary 118 and heat-seal land 113e. As a result, the width of the air cells 112c and 112e becomes smaller than that of the other air cells, in this example, a half of the width of the other air cells. At the sides of the air-packing device 110, heat-seal flanges 115 are provided for the post heat-seal treatment that is conducted after folding the sheet of the air-packing device 110. Each of the heat-seal flanges 115 has a sufficient width to create the open space of the container part 150 when the air packing device 110 is closed by the post-seal treatment. Since the portions at the heat-seal lands 113 and the boundaries 118 are closed, each air cell 112 has a sausage like shape when inflated as shown in FIGS. 13 and 14A-14B. Further, the air-packing device 110 can be easily folded at each location of the heat-seal land to match the shape of the product to be protected. As shown in the side view of FIG. 15B, the sheet of air-packing device 110 shown in FIG. 15A is folded in a W-shape. Then, as shown in the top view of FIG. 15C, the sides of the air-packing device 110 are heat-sealed through the post heat-sealing treatment by overlapping the heat-seal flanges 115. In FIG. 15C, the overlapped areas (shaded areas 120) of the heat-sealing flanges 115 which are bonded together through the post heat-seal process. Thus, when supplying the compressed air, the air-packing device 110 having a unique shape as shown in FIG. 13 is created. FIG. 16 is a cross sectional view showing an example of container box 55 in which the air-packing devices 110 in the second embodiment of the present invention are incorporated. In this example, two air-packing devices 110 are used to pack a product 400, such as a laptop computer or a DVD driver, at both ends of the product 400 by the container portions 150. The container box 55 has side walls 127-130 to hold the air-packing devices 110 and the product 400 therein. The cushion portions 151 contact with the side walls of the container box 55 while the container portions 150 are in the air in a floating manner. Thus, when packed in the container box 55, the product 400 is held by the air-packing devices 110 and is floated within the container box 55 without directly contacting with the container box 55. Because each air cell is filled with air to an optimum pressure, the air-packing devices 110 can support the product 400 as though the product 400 floats in the container box 55. The shapes and sizes of the container portion-150 and the cushion portion 151 are designed to match the size, shape and weight of the product 400 and the container box 55. The container box 55 can be of any type, such as a corrugated carton or a wood box commonly used in the industry. Because the pair of air-packing devices 110 support the product 400 at both sides in a substantially floating condition, the product 400 can move in the air depending on the flexibility of the air cells 112 when a shock or impact is applied to the container box. In other words, the air-packing devices 110 can absorb the shocks and vibrations when, for example, the box is dropped to the ground or hit by other objects. Especially, because each cushion part 151 of the air-packing device 110 has the structure of double layer air cells such as 112a and 112 (or 112e and 112g), the shock received by the container box 55 is dramatically reduced before reaching the product 400. According to the experiment, the shock absorbing performance of the present invention is especially pronounced when there is the air gap between each of the double layer air cells as described with reference to FIG. 14B. FIG. 17 is a plan view showing an example of detailed structure of the air-packing device of the present invention in the area of the check valve which is produced by a production apparatus of FIG. 18. The following explanation is made for the case of producing the air-packing device 40 shown in FIG. 5. Basically, the air-packing device 40 is made of three thermoplastic films; first and second air-packing films 171a-171b and a check valve film 172. The check valve film 172 in this example is configured by two films 172a and 172b although a single film is also possible to form a check valve. These films are bonded together by the heat-seal process to produce a sheet of air-packing device 40 such as shown in FIG. 5. These films are supplied respectively by rolled film stocks 171a, 171b, 172a and 172b (FIG. 18). The four films are juxtaposed (laminated) in the order of the first air-packing film 171a, first valve film 172a, second valve film 172b and second air-packing film 171b as shown in FIG. 17. Then, through two or more steps of the heat-sealing process, the four films 171a, 171b, 172a and 172b are bonded together to make a plurality of air cells 42a-42g, an air input 41, and check valves 44 to create the sheet of air-packing device 40 shown in FIG. 5. The detailed structure and operation of the check valve 44 in FIG. 17 is described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/610,501 filed Jun. 28, 2003. FIG. 18 is a schematic diagram showing an example of apparatus for continuously producing the air-packing devices of the present invention. The detailed operation process of the manufacturing apparatus of FIG. 18 is described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/610,501. A manufacturing apparatus 270 is comprised of a film feeding means 271, film conveying rollers 272, a valve heat seal device 273, an up-down roller controller 274, a sensor 279 for feeding the elongated plastic films, a right/left heat-seal (bonding) device 275, a belt conveyer 277 for the right/left heat-seal operation, and an upper/lower heat seal (bonding) device 276 for the up-down heat-seal operation. The up-down roller controller 274 is provided to the manufacturing apparatus 270 in order to improve a positioning performance of the check valves. The up-down controller 274 moves rollers 274b in perpendicular (upward or downward) to a production flow direction H in order to precisely adjust the position of the check valve. Also, the belt conveyer 277 is provided to the manufacturing apparatus 270 in order to improve a heat seal performance. In the overall manufacturing process shown in FIG. 18, first, the film feeding means 271 supplies elongated check valve films 172a and 172b which are juxtaposed (superposed) with each other, and the air-packing films 171a and 171b to the following stages of the manufacturing process. The film conveying rollers 272 at various positions in the manufacturing apparatus 270 guide and send the films forward in the production direction H. Every time each elongated film is advanced by a length equal to one air-packing device in the manufacturing flow direction, the heat seal processes are performed at a plurality of stages, such as three stages, in the production process. The first stage of heat-sealing process is conducted by the valve heat-seal device 273. This is the process for forming the structure of the check valves 44 and bonding the check valve films 172a-172b to the first and second air-packing films 171a-171b. The position of the check valves 44 is precisely adjusted by the up-down roller controller 274 having optical sensors 274a. The second stage of the heat-sealing process is done by using the right-left heat-seal device 275 and the belt conveyer 277 for sealing the outer edges 46 of the air-packing device 40 and boundaries 47 between the sets of series air cells. The belt conveyer 277 is used to prevent the heat-sealed portions by the right-left heat-seal device 275 from extending or broken. The belt conveyer 277 has two wheels 277b and a belt 277a on which a high heat resistance film such as a Mylar film is mounted. In the heat-seal process, the heat from the heat-seal device 275 is applied to the first and second air-packing films 171a-171b through the Mylar film on the conveyer belt 277a. The Mylar film may temporarily stick to the air-packing films 171a-171b immediately after the heat-seal process. If the Mylar film is immediately separated from the first and second air-packing films 171a-171b, the heat-sealed portions of the air-packing films 171a-171b may be deformed or even broken. Thus, in the manufacturing apparatus of FIG. 18, unlike immediately separating the Mylar film from the first and second air-packing films 171a-171b, the Mylar film moves at the same feed speed of the air-packing films 171a-171b because of the belt conveyer 277. During this time, the heat seal portions with a high temperature are naturally cured while they are temporarily stuck to the Mylar film on the belt 277a. Thus, the first and second air-packing films 171a-171b can be securely separated from the Mylar film at the end of the belt conveyor 277. The third stage of the sealing process is performed by the upper-lower heat seal device 276. This is the final heat-seal process in the production process to produce the air-packing device 40 by bonding the films at the heat-seal lands 43. The air-packing devices which are produced in the form of one long sheet may be cut to each sheet of air-packing device 40 such as shown in FIG. 5. The air-packing device 40 in FIG. 5 produced through the production process and apparatus shown in FIGS. 17 and 18 is folded as described in the foregoing. Then, the post heat-sealing treatment is applied to the air-packing device 40 to create the final form of air-packing device 40 having the cushion portion and the container portion. The air-packing device 40 is inflated by the compressed air before or after loading the product therein. In the air-packing device described in the foregoing, the heat-seal lands which bond the two layers of plastic films to create folding (bending) locations are formed in a manner shown in FIGS. 5, 11A and 15A. For example, in FIG. 5, the heat-seal lands 43 define the series connected air cells 42 having a sausage like shape, thereby enabling to bend the air-packing device 40 to an appropriate shape for packing the product. The heat-seal lands 43 are created during the process of FIG. 18 which forms the sheet like shape of the air-packing device. The heat-seal lands in the above example are formed at the center of the air cells. This example is shown in more detail in FIGS. 19A-19C which correspond to the air-packing device 40 shown in FIGS. 4-7. FIG. 19A is a plan view of the air-packing device when it is in the sheet form, FIG. 19B is a plan view of the air-packing device when it is inflated, and FIG. 19C is a side view of the air-packing device when it is inflated. The example of FIGS. 19A-19C show the air cells 42c-42d and the heat-seal land 43c between the air cells 42c and 42d. As described with reference to FIG. 5, when the heat-seal land is located at the center of the air cell, the air flows the sides of the air cell toward the next air cell. In this structure, the two air passages of small diameter will be created at both sides of the heat-seal land 43. Since the heat-seal land 43 is closed, when bent as shown in FIG. 19C, the small air passages form a shape of a small bump at the corner C. Thus, the corner C does not have a round shape of sufficient size to contact the inner walls of the container box or absorb an impact from the container box. Thus, the shock absorbing capability at the bending corner C tends to be low because the surface of the corner does not sufficiently contact with the inner walls of the container box. Moreover, it is not aesthetically pleasing because the corner C is not very rounded. FIGS. 20A-20C are schematic diagrams showing another example of locations of the heat-seal lands on the air-packing device of the present invention where FIG. 20A is a plan view when the air-packing device is in the sheet form, FIG. 20B is a plan view when the air-packing device is inflated, and FIG. 20C is a side view thereof. In this example, the heat-seal lands 43c are formed on the boundary 47 which is formed by the bonding the thermoplastic films to separate the series connected air cells. Thus, the air flows through the center of the air cell to the next air cell rather than the side thereof. For each air cell, since a single air passage is formed at the center, and the heat-seal lands 43c are formed on the boundary 47 which is also closed, the air passage has a larger size than that shown in FIGS. 19A-19C. Thus, the corner C of the air-packing device has a smooth and round shape in side view as shown in FIG. 20C. The round corners C tend to more snugly match and contact with the corner and the inner walls of the container box. Thus, this example has a better shock absorbing property that of FIGS. 19A-19C. Further, it creates smooth and round corners that are aesthetically appreciated. As has been described above, according to the present invention, the air-packing device can minimize a mechanical shock or vibration to the product when a container box carrying the product is dropped or collided. The sheet form of the air-packing device is folded and the post heat-seal treatment is applied thereto, thereby creating a structure unique to a production to be protected. The air-packing device can easily form a cushion portion and a container portion for packing the product by a post heat-sealing treatment where the container portion floatingly supports the product in a container box to absorb the shock applied to the container box. The air-packing device having the double layer cushion portion has a further improved shock absorbing capability. Although the invention is described herein with reference to the preferred embodiments, one skilled in the art will readily appreciate that various modifications and variations may be made without departing from the spirit and the scope of the present invention. Such modifications and variations are considered to be within the purview and scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.	<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>In a distribution channel such as product shipping, a styroform packing material has been used for a long time for packing commodity and industrial products. Although the styroform package material has a merit such as a good thermal insulation performance and a light weight, it has also various disadvantages: recycling the styroform is not possible, soot is produced when it burns, a flake or chip comes off when it is snagged because of it's brittleness, an expensive mold is needed for its production, and a relatively large warehouse is necessary to store it. Therefore, to solve such problems noted above, other packing materials and methods have been proposed. One method is a fluid container of sealingly containing a liquid or gas such as air (hereafter “air-packing device”). The air-packing device has excellent characteristics to solve the problems involved in the styroform. First, because the air-packing device is made of only thin sheets of plastic films, it does not need a large warehouse to store it unless the air-packing device is inflated. Second, a mold is not necessary for its production because of its simple structure. Third, the air-packing device does not produce a chip or dust which may have adverse effects on precision products. Also, recyclable materials can be used for the films forming the air-packing device. Further, the air-packing device can be produced with low cost and transported with low cost. FIG. 1 shows an example of structure of an air-packing device in the conventional technology. The air-packing device 10 a is composed of first and second thermoplastic films 13 - 14 and a check valve 11 . Typically, each of the thermoplastic films 13 - 14 is composed of three layers of materials: polyethylene, nylon and polyethylene which are bonded together with appropriate adhesive. The first and second thermoplastic films 13 - 14 are heat-sealed together around rectangular edges (heat-seal portions) 12 a , 12 b after the check valve 11 is attached. Thus, one container bag 10 a heat-sealed at the heat seal portions 12 a , 12 b is formed such as shown in FIG. 1 . FIGS. 2A-2B show another example of an air-packing device 10 b with multiple air containers where each air container is provided with a check valve. A main purpose of having multiple air containers is to increase the reliability, because each air container is independent from the others. Namely, even if one of the air containers suffers from an air leakage for some reason, the air-packing device can still function as a shock absorber for packing the product because other air containers are intact. In FIG. 2A , the air-packing device 10 b is made of the first and second thermoplastic films noted above which are bonded together at a rectangular periphery 23 a and further bonded together at each boundary 23 b between two air containers 22 so that a guide passage 21 and two or more air containers 22 are created. When the first and second thermoplastic container films are bonded together, as shown in FIG. 2A , the check valves 11 are also attached to each inlet port of the air container 22 . By attaching the check valves 11 , each air container 22 becomes independent from the others. The inlet port 24 of the air-packing device 10 b is used for filling an air to each air container 22 by using, for example, an air compressor. FIG. 2B shows an example of the air-packing device 10 b with multiple check valves when it is filled with the air. First, each air container 22 is filled with the air from the inlet port 24 through the guide passage 21 and the check valve 11 . Typically, to avoid a rupture of the air containers 22 by variations in the environmental temperature, the air supplied to the air-packing device 10 b is stopped when the air container 22 is inflated at about 90% of its full expansion rate. Typically, the air compressor has a gauge to monitor the supplied air pressure, and automatically stops supplying the air to the air-packing device 10 b when the pressure reaches a predetermined value. After filling the air, the expansion of each air container 22 is maintained because each check-valve 11 prevents the reverse flow of the air. The check valve 11 is typically made of two rectangular thermoplastic valve films which are bonded together to form an air pipe. The air pipe has a tip opening and a valve body to allow the air flowing through the air pipe from the tip opening but the valve body prevents the reverse air flow. Air-packing devices are becoming more and more popular because of the advantages noted above. However, there is an increasing need to store and carry precision products or articles which are sensitive to shocks and impacts often involved in shipment of the products. For example, a personal computer such as a laptop computer includes a hard disc as a main data storage. Since the hard disc is a mechanical device with high precision, it must be protected from a shock, vibration, or other impact involved in the product distribution flow. There are many other types of product, such as wine bottles, DVD drivers, music instruments, glass or ceramic wares, etc. that need special attention so as not to receive a shock, vibration or other mechanical impact. Thus, there is a strong demand for air-packing devices that can minimize the amount of impact to the product when the product in a container box is dropped, collided or bumped against a wall, etc.	<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>It is, therefore, an object of the present invention to provide a structure of an air-packing device for packing a product that can minimize a mechanical shock or vibration to the product when a container box carrying the product is dropped or collided. It is another object of the present invention to provide a structure of an air-packing device that can be produced efficiently with low cost and can effectively absorb the impact to the product when the container box carrying the product is dropped or collided. It is a further object of the present invention to provide a structure of an air-packing device that can easily form a cushion portion and a container portion for packing the product by a post heat-sealing treatment. It is a further object of the present invention to provide a structure of an air-packing device that can easily form a double layer cushion portion and an opening for packing the product by a post heat-sealing treatment. In one aspect of the present invention, the air-packing device for protecting a product therein is comprised of first and second thermoplastic films superposed with each other where predetermined portions of the first and second thermoplastic films are bonded, thereby creating a plurality of air containers, each of the air containers having a plurality of series connected air cells; a plurality of check valves established at inputs of the corresponding air containers between the first and second thermoplastic films for allowing the compressed air to flow in a forward direction; an air input commonly connected to the plurality of check valves to supply the compressed air to all of the series connected air cells through the check valves; and heat-seal flanges that are made of thermoplastic film and are formed on side edges close to both ends of the air-packing device. Through a post heat-seal treatment, predetermined points on the air containers are bonded with one another, and the heat-seal flanges are bonded with one another, thereby creating a container portion having an opening for packing a product therein and a cushion portion for supporting the container portion when the air-packing device is inflated by the compressed air. The predetermined portions for bonding the first and second thermoplastic films include heat-seal lands each being formed at about a center of the air container to define the air cells where the heat-seal lands are folding points of the air-packing device when the air-packing device is inflated after the post heat-seal process. Each of the heat-seal lands forms two air flow passages at both sides thereof in the air container thereby allowing the compressed air to flow to the series connected air cells through the two air passages. The predetermined portions for bonding the first and second thermoplastic films include heat-seal lands each being formed on a bonding line which air-tightly separates two adjacent air containers to define said air cells where heat-seal lands are folding points of the air-packing device when the air-packing device is inflated after the post heat-seal process. Each of the heat-seal lands forms an air flow passage at about a center of the air container thereby allowing the compressed air to flow to the series connected air cells through the air passage. When packing a product to be protected in a container box, said cushion portion of the air-packing device contacts with an inner wall of the container box while the container portion of the air-packing device floatingly supports the product in the air without contacting with inner walls of the container box. The cushion portion has a triangular shape where the container portion is formed on a summit of the triangular shape of the cushion portion, and the air cell forming a base of the triangular shape contacts with the inner walls of the container box. Alternatively, the cushion portion has a pentagon shape where the container portion is formed on a summit of the pentagon shape of the cushion portion, and the air cells forming a base and sides of the pentagon shape contact with the inner walls of the container box. In another aspect of the present invention, the air-packing device for protecting a product therein is comprised of first and second thermoplastic films superposed with each other where predetermined portions of the first and second thermoplastic films are bonded, thereby creating a plurality of air containers, each of the air containers having a plurality of series connected air cells; a plurality of check valves established at inputs of the corresponding air containers between the first and second thermoplastic films for allowing compressed air to flow in a forward direction; an air input commonly connected to the plurality of check valves to supply the compressed air to all of the series connected air cells through the check valves; and heat-seal flanges that are made of thermoplastic film and are formed on side edges close to both ends and intermediate positions of the air-packing device. Through a post heat-seal treatment, predetermined points on the air containers are bonded with one another, and the heat-seal flanges are bonded with one another, thereby creating two container portions facing with one another each having an opening for packing a product therein and two cushion portions at opposite ends of the air-packing device for supporting the container portions when the air-packing device is inflated by the compressed air. In a further aspect of the present invention, the air-packing device for protecting a product therein is comprised of first and second thermoplastic films superposed with each other where predetermined portions of the first and second thermoplastic films are bonded, thereby creating a plurality of air containers, each of the air containers having a plurality of series connected air cells; a plurality of check valves established at inputs of the corresponding air containers between the first and second thermoplastic films for allowing compressed air to flow in a forward direction; an air input commonly connected to the plurality of check valves to supply the compressed air to all of the series connected air cells through the check valves; and heat-seal flanges that are made of at least one of first and second thermoplastic films and are formed on side edges of the air-packing device. The air-packing device configured above in a sheet form is folded in a W-shape in cross section, and through a post heat-seal treatment, predetermined points on the air containers are bonded with one another, and the heat-seal flanges are bonded with one another, thereby creating a container portion having an opening for packing a product therein and a double layer cushion portion at an outer periphery of the container portion when the air-packing device is inflated by the compressed air. According to the present invention, the air-packing device can minimize a mechanical shock or vibration to the product when a container box carrying the product is dropped or collided. The sheet form of the air-packing device is folded and the post heat-seal treatment is applied thereto, thereby creating a structure unique to a production to be protected. The air-packing device can easily form a cushion portion and a container portion for packing the product by a post heat-sealing treatment where the container portion floatingly supports the product in a container box to absorb the shock applied to the container box. The air-packing device having the double layer cushion portion has a further improved shock absorbing capability.	20040526	20060221	20051201	67465.0		1	BUI, LUAN KIM	STRUCTURE OF AIR-PACKING DEVICE HAVING IMPROVED SHOCK ABSORBING CAPABILITY	SMALL	0	ACCEPTED		2,004
10,854,656	ACCEPTED	Structure of check-valve and production method thereof and inflatable air-packing device using same	A check valve for use in an air-packing device has a simple structure and can easily inflate all of the air cells of the air-packing device with a relatively lower pressure. The check valves can be easily attached to any locations of the air-packing device. The check valves are formed when a check valve film is attached to one of the first and second thermoplastic films. Peeling agents of predetermined pattern are printed on the check valve film which prevents heat-sealing between the first and second thermoplastic films for air tightly separating two adjacent air containers. The check valve is configured by an air flow maze portion having a zig-zag air passage and a common air duct portion which provides the air to the air flow maze portion of a current air container as well as to the air flow maze portion of a next air container.	1. A structure of check valves for use in an air-packing device for protecting a product therein wherein the air-packing device has a plurality of air containers and is made of first and second thermoplastic films, comprising: a check valve film on which peeling agents of predetermined pattern are printed, said check valve film being attached to one of the first and second thermoplastic films; an air input established by one of the peeling agents on the air-packing device for receiving an air from an air source; an air flow maze portion forming an air passage of a zig-zag shape, said air flow maze portion having an exit at an end thereof for supplying the air from the air passage to a corresponding air container having one or more series connected air cells; and a common air duct portion which provides the air from the air input to the air flow maze portion of a current air container as well as to the air flow maze portion of a next air container having one or more series connected air cells; wherein heat-sealing between the first and second thermoplastic films for air tightly separating two adjacent air containers is prevented in a range where said peeling agent is printed, and wherein said air passage in said air flow maze portion is created by heat-sealing the check valve film with one of the first and second thermoplastic films. 2. A structure of check valves as defined in claim 1, wherein an additional film is provided between the check valve film and one of said first and second thermoplastic films. 3. A structure of check valves as defined in claim 1, wherein the check valve film is attached to one of said first and second thermoplastic films at any desired locations of the air-packing device. 4. A structure of check valves as defined in claim 1, wherein at least the air passage in said air flow maze portion is closed by air tightly contacting the check valve film with one of said first and second thermoplastic films by the air pressure within the air cell when the air-packing device is filled with the compressed air to a sufficient degree. 5. A structure of check valves as defined in claim 2, wherein at least the air passage in said air flow maze portion is closed by air tightly contacting the check valve film with said additional film by the air pressure within the air cell when the air-packing device, is filled with the compressed air in a sufficient level. 6. A structure of check valves as defined in claim 1, wherein the pattern of said peeling agent on said check valve film has a narrow end and a broad end, and wherein said air input is an opening between the check valve film and one of said first and second thermoplastic films created by said narrow end of the peeling agent. 7. A structure of check valves as defined in claim 6, wherein the pattern of said peeling agent has an L-shape where said narrow end is on a vertical line of the L-shape and said broad end is on a horizontal line of the L-shape. 8. A structure of check valves as defined in claim 1, wherein the pattern of said peeling agent on said check valve film is a belt like shape extending from one side to another side of the air-packing device. 9. An air-packing device inflatable by compressed air for protecting a product therein, comprising: first and second thermoplastic films superposed with each other where predetermined portions of the first and second thermoplastic films are bonded, thereby creating a plurality of air containers, each of the air containers having a plurality of series connected air cells; a plurality of check valves established between the first and second thermoplastic films for the corresponding air containers, each of the check valves allowing the compressed air to flow in a predetermined direction of the check valve; an air input formed on one of the check valves to supply the compressed air to all of the series connected air cells through the check valves; and heat-seal flanges that are made of thermoplastic film and are formed on side edges close to both ends of the air-packing device; wherein said check valve is configured by an air flow maze portion forming an air passage of a zig-zag shape for supplying the air to a corresponding air container having one or more series connected air cells, and a common air duct portion which provides the air to the air flow maze portion of a current air container as well as to the air flow maze portion of a next air container; and wherein, through a post heat-seal treatment, predetermined points on said air containers are bonded with one another, and said heat-seal flanges are bonded with one another, thereby creating a container portion having an opening for packing a product therein and a cushion portion for supporting the container portion when the air-packing device is inflated by the compressed air. 10. An air-packing device as defined in claim 9, wherein said check valves are formed at any desired position on the air-packing device where the air from the check valve flows in both forward and backward directions in the air container to fill all of the series connected air cells therein. 11. An air-packing device as defined in claim 9, wherein said cushion portion has a triangular shape where the container portion is formed on a summit of the triangular shape of the cushion portion. 12. An air-packing device as defined in claim 9, wherein said cushion portion has a pentagon shape where the container portion is formed on a summit of the pentagon shape of the cushion portion. 13. An air-packing device as defined in claim 9, wherein said predetermined portions for bonding the first and second thermoplastic films include heat-seal lands each being formed at about a center of the air container to define said air cells, said heat-seal lands are folding points of the air-packing device when the air-packing device is inflated after the post heat-seal process. 14. An air-packing device as defined in claim 13, wherein, each of said heat-seal lands forms two air flow passages at both sides thereof in said air container thereby allowing the compressed air to flow to the series connected air cells through the two air passages. 15. An air-packing device as defined in claim 9, wherein said predetermined portions for bonding the first and second thermoplastic films include heat-seal lands each being formed on a bonding line which air-tightly separates two adjacent air containers to define said air cells, said heat-seal lands are folding points of the air-packing device when the air-packing device is inflated after the post heat-seal process. 16. An air-packing device as defined in claim 15, wherein, each of said heat-seal lands forms an air flow passage at about a center of the air container thereby allowing the compressed air to flow to the series connected air cells through the air passage. 17. An air-packing device as defined in claim 9, wherein, when packing a product to be protected in a container box, said cushion portion of the air-packing device contacts with an inner wall of the container box while the container portion of the air-packing device floatingly supports the product in the air without contacting with inner walls of the container box. 18. An air-packing device as defined in claim 17, wherein said cushion portion has a triangular shape where the container portion is formed on a summit of the triangular shape of the cushion portion, and the air cell forming a base of the triangular shape contacts with the inner walls of the container box. 19. An air-packing device as defined in claim 17, wherein said cushion portion has a pentagon shape where the container portion is formed on a summit of the pentagon shape of the cushion portion, and the air cells forming a base and sides of the pentagon shape contact with the inner walls of the container box. 20. An air-packing device inflatable by compressed air for protecting a product therein, comprising: first and second thermoplastic films superposed with each other where predetermined portions of the first and second thermoplastic films are bonded, thereby creating a plurality of air containers, each of the air containers having a plurality of series connected air cells; a plurality of check valves established between the first and second thermoplastic films for the corresponding air containers, each of the check valves allowing the compressed air to flow in a predetermined direction of the check valve; an air input formed on one of the check valves to supply the compressed air to all of the series connected air cells through the check valves; and heat-seal flanges that are made of thermoplastic film and are formed on side edges close to both ends and intermediate positions of the air-packing device; wherein said check valve is configured by an air flow maze portion forming an air passage of a zig-zag shape for supplying the air to a corresponding air container having one or more series connected air cells, and a common air duct portion which provides the air to the air flow maze portion of a current air container as well as to the air flow maze portion of a next air container; and wherein, through a post heat-seal treatment, predetermined points on said air containers are bonded with one another, and said heat-seal flanges are bonded with one another, thereby creating two container portions facing with one another each having an opening for packing a product therein and two cushion portions at opposite ends of the air-packing device for supporting the container portions when the air-packing device is inflated by the compressed air. 21. An air-packing device as defined in claim 20, wherein, when packing a product to be protected in a container box, said two cushion portions of the air-packing device contact with inner walls of the container box while the two container portions of the air-packing device floatingly support the product in the air without contacting with inner walls of the container box. 22. An air-packing device as defined in claim 21, wherein each of said two cushion portions has a triangular shape where the corresponding container portion is formed on a summit of the triangular shape of the cushion portion, and the air cell forming a base of the triangular shape of each of the cushion portion contacts with the corresponding inner wall of the container box. 23. An air-packing device as defined in claim 21, wherein each of said two cushion portions has a pentagon shape where the corresponding container portion is formed on a summit of the pentagon shape of the cushion portion, and the air cells forming a base and sides of the pentagon shape of each of the cushion portion contacts with the corresponding inner walls of the container box. 24. An air-packing device inflatable by compressed air for protecting a product therein, comprising: first and second thermoplastic films superposed with each other where predetermined portions of the first and second thermoplastic films are bonded, thereby creating a plurality of air containers of different length, each of the air containers having a plurality of series connected air cells; a plurality of check valves established between the first and second thermoplastic films for the corresponding air containers, each of the check valves allowing the compressed air to flow in a predetermined direction of the check valve; an air input formed on one of the check valves to supply the compressed air to all of the series connected air cells through the check valves; and heat-seal edges made of thermoplastic film and formed on both ends of the air-packing device; wherein said check valve is configured by an air flow maze portion forming an air passage of a zig-zag shape for supplying the air to a corresponding air container having one or more series connected air cells, and a common air duct portion which provides the air to the air flow maze portion of a current air container as well as to the air flow maze portion of a next air container; and wherein, through a post heat-seal treatment, predetermined points on said air containers are bonded with one another, and said heat-seal-edges are bonded with one another, thereby creating an opening which is larger at a front side than that at a rear side for packing a product therein when the air-packing device is inflated by the compressed air. 25. An air-packing device as defined in claim 24, wherein, when packing a product to be protected in a container box, said opening of the air-packing device packs a corner of the product at each inner corner of the container box thereby securely holding the product in the container box. 26. An air-packing device inflatable by compressed air for protecting a product therein, comprising: first and second thermoplastic films superposed with each other where predetermined portions of the first and second thermoplastic films are bonded, thereby creating a plurality of air containers, each of the air containers having one or more series connected air cells; a plurality of check valves established between the first and second thermoplastic films for the corresponding air containers, each of the check valves allowing the compressed air to flow in a predetermined direction of the check valve; an air input formed on one of the check valves to supply the compressed air to all of the air cells through the check valves; and a pair of strings each being formed on an end of the air-packing device; wherein the product to be protected is wrapped around by the air-packing device and each end of the air-packing device is fastened by the string for securely holding the product therein before or after inflating the air-packing device; and wherein said check valve is configured by an air flow maze portion forming an air passage of a zig-zag shape for supplying the air to a corresponding air container having one or more series connected air cells, and a common air duct portion which provides the air to the air flow maze portion of a current air container as well as to the air flow maze portion of a next air container. 27. A method of producing an air-packing device having a plurality of air containers and a plurality of check valves, comprising the following steps of: providing first and second thermoplastic films for forming the plurality of air containers: attaching a check valve film to one of the first and second thermoplastic films, the check valve film being printed thereon predetermined patterns made of peeling agents; forming an air input by one of the peeling agents on the air-packing device for receiving an air from an air source; forming an air flow maze portion having an air passage of a zig-zag shape for supplying the air to a corresponding air container having one or more series connected air cells; forming a common air duct portion which provides the air from the air input to the air flow maze portion of a current air container as well as to the air flow maze portion of a next air container having one or more series connected air cells; and bonding the first and second thermoplastic films for air tightly separating the air containers from one another. 28. A method of producing an air-packing device as defined in claim 27, further comprising the step of folding the air-packing device in a sheet form and heat-sealing predetermined portions to create a container portion having an opening for packing a product to be protected when inflating the air-packing device. 29. A method of producing an air-packing device as defined in claim 27, wherein said step of bonding the first and second thermoplastic films for separating the air containers includes a step of preventing the bonding between the first and second thermoplastic films at a range where the peeling agent is printed. 30. A method of producing an air-packing device as defined in claim 27, wherein said step of forming the air flow maze portion includes a step of bonding the check valve film and one of said first and second thermoplastic films at two or more lines thereby forming the air passage of zig-zag shape.	FIELD OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to a check valve for an air-packing device which absorbs shocks for protecting a product, and more particularly, to a structure of check valve for use in an air-packing device which has a simple structure and can easily inflate all of the air cells of the air-packing device with a relatively lower pressure of the air, and which can be easily attached to any locations of the air-packing device. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION In a distribution channel such as product shipping, a styroform packing material has been used for packing commodity and industrial products. Although the styroform package material has a merit such as a good thermal insulation performance and a light weight, it has also various disadvantages: recycling the styroform is not possible, soot is produced when it burns, a flake or chip comes off when it is snagged because of it's brittleness, an expensive mold is needed for its production, and a relatively large warehouse is necessary to store it. Therefore, to solve such problems noted above, other packing materials and methods have been proposed. One method is a fluid container of sealingly containing a liquid or gas such as air (hereafter “air-packing device”). The air-packing device has excellent characteristics to solve the problems involved in the styroform. First, because the air-packing device is made of only thin sheets of plastic films, it does not need a large warehouse to store it unless the air-packing device is inflated. Second, a mold is not necessary for its production because of its simple structure. Third, the air-packing device does not produce a chip or dust which may have adverse effects on precision products. Also, recyclable materials can be used for the films forming the air-packing device. Further, the air-packing device can be produced with low cost and transported with low cost. FIG. 1 shows an example of air-packing device in the conventional technology. The air-packing device 10a is composed of first and second thermoplastic films 13 and 14, respectively, and a check valve 11. Typically, each thermoplastic film is composed of three layers of materials: polyethylene, nylon and polyethylene which are bonded together with appropriate adhesive. The first and second thermoplastic films 13 and 14 are heat-sealed together around rectangular seal portions 12a, 12b to air-tightly close after the check valve 11 is attached. Thus, one air-packing device 10a sealed with the heat seal portions 12a, 12b is formed as shown in FIG. 1. FIGS. 2A-2B show another example of an air-packing device 10b with multiple air containers where each air container is provided with a check valve. A main purpose of having multiple air containers is to increase the reliability. Namely, even if one of the air containers suffers from an air leakage for some reason, the air-packing device can still function as a cushion or shock absorber for protecting a product because other air containers are intact. With reference to FIG. 2A, this fluid container 10b is made of the first and second thermoplastic films which are bonded together around a rectangular periphery 23a and further bonded together at each boundary of two air containers 22 so that a guide passage 21 and air containers 22 are created. When the first and second thermoplastic container films are bonded together, as shown in FIG. 2A, the check valves 11 are also attached to each inlet port of the air container 22. By attaching the check valves 11, each air container 22 becomes independent from the other. The inlet port 24 of the air-packing device 10b is used when filling a fluid (typically an air) to each air container 22 by using, for example, an air compressor. FIG. 2B shows the air-packing device 10b of FIG. 2A when inflated with the air. First, each air container 22 is filled with the air from the inlet port 24 through the guide passage 21 and the check valve 11. To avoid a rupture of the air containers by variations in the environmental temperature, the air into the container is typically stopped when the air container 22 is inflated at about 90% of its full expansion rate. After filling the air, the expansion of each air container is maintained because each check-valve 11 prevents the reverse flow of the air. Typically, an air compressor has a gauge to monitor the supplied air pressure, and automatically stops supplying the air to the air-packing device 10b when the pressure reaches a predetermined value. The check valve 11 is typically made of two rectangular thermoplastic valve films which are bonded together to form a fluid pipe. The fluid pipe has a tip opening and a valve body to allow a fluid flowing through the fluid pipe from the tip opening but the valve body prevents the reverse flow. Examples of structure of check-valve are described in more detail in the U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,209,264, 5,927,336 and 6,629,777. This check valve is attached to the thermoplastic films of the air packing device during or after the manufacturing process of the air-packing device. As shown in FIGS. 2C-2E, the conventional check valves have problems. For example, when the air-packing device 10b is inflated, both sides 23a and 23b of the check valve body is pressed inwardly by the expansion of the air container 22. The directions of the pressing force is shown by arrows 25 in FIG. 2C. As a result, the check valves 11 become wavy such as shown in FIG. 2D although the bonded portion was straight before the air-packing device 10b is inflated. As mentioned above, the check valve 11 is typically made of two thermoplastic films. By the pressure noted above, sometimes, a gap is created between the thermoplastic films 11a and the check-valve 11 of the air container 22. Thus, the air is leaked through the gap as shown in FIG. 2E where the leakage in the check valve 11a is shown by an arrow 27. In other words, the reverse flow in the air container by the check valve 11a occurs and the air from the air container 22 flows into the guide passage 21 in this example. When using the check valves describe above, the pressure required to fill the fluid container can be large because when the air container is long and the guide passage 21 is narrow. This is especially true when each air container is configured by a plurality of air cells connected in series because the air has to be supplied from one end to another end of the air-packing device through many air cells. This can be a problem when the air compressor does not have much power to supply air with high pressure, or the part of the air-packing device closer to the air input may be damaged. Still other problem with regard to the air-packing device having the conventional check valves described above lies in the inflexibility in mounting the check valve. As shown in FIGS. 2A-2B, the check valves 11 must be positioned adjacent to the guide passage 21, i.e. the air inlet port 24. Because the guide passage 21 must be positioned at the very end of the air-packing device 10b, freedom of designing the shape of the air-packing devices is severely limited. As described in the foregoing, the air-packing device using the check valves is highly useful for packing commodity products and industrial products instead of the styroform packing. However, the conventional check valves the problems as described above. Thus, there is a strong need for a check valve that can solve the above noted problems and an air-packing device implementing the new check valves. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is, therefore, an object of the present invention to provide a new structure of a check valve for an air-packing device that can be produced with low cost and easily attached to the air-packing device. It is another object of the present invention to provide a new structure of a check valve for an air-packing device that can be attached to any positions of the air-packing device. It is a further object of the present invention is to provide a structure of a check valve which is configured by a single film attached to a thermoplastic film of the air-packing device. It is a further object of the present invention is to provide a structure of a check valve which is configured by two films juxtaposed with one another and attached to a thermoplastic film of the air-packing device. It is a further object of the present invention is to provide a structure of a check valve for use with an air-packing device wherein peeling agents are printed on predetermined locations on the check valve film. It is a further object of the present invention is to provide various forms of air-packing device having the check valves of the invention where the air-packing device of a sheet form is folded and post heat-sealing is applied thereto to form a unique three dimensional shape for packing a product to be protected. One aspect of the present invention is a structure of check valves for use in an air-packing device for protecting a product therein wherein the air-packing device has a plurality of air containers and is made of first and second thermoplastic films. The structure of check valve is configured by: a check valve film on which peeling agents of predetermined pattern are printed, the check valve film being attached to one of the first and second thermoplastic films; an air input established by one of the peeling agents on the air-packing device for receiving an air from an air source; an air flow maze portion forming an air passage of a zig-zag shape, the air flow maze portion having an exit at an end thereof for supplying the air from the air passage to a corresponding air container having one or more series connected air cells; a common air duct portion which provides the air from the air input to the air flow maze portion of a current air container as well as to the air flow maze portion of a next air container having one or more series connected air cells. Heat-sealing between the first and second thermoplastic films for air tightly separating two adjacent air containers is prevented in a range where the peeling agent is printed. The air passage in the air flow maze portion is created by heat-sealing the check valve film with one of the first and second thermoplastic films. Double layered check valves can be formed by using an additional film between the check valve film and one of the first and second thermoplastic films. The check valve film is attached to one of the first and second thermoplastic films at any desired locations of the air-packing device. At least the air passage in the air flow maze portion is closed by air tightly contacting the check valve film with one of the first and second thermoplastic films or the additional film by the air pressure within the air cell when the air-packing device is filled with the compressed air to a sufficient degree. Preferably, the pattern of the peeling agent on the check valve film has a narrow end and a broad end, and wherein the air input is an opening between the check valve film and one of the first and second thermoplastic films created by the narrow end of the peeling agent. This can be done by forming the pattern of the peeling agent in an L-shape where the narrow end is on a vertical line of the L-shape and the broad end is on a horizontal line of the L-shape. The pattern of the peeling agent on the check valve film can be a belt like shape extending across the sides of the air-packing device. Another aspect of the present invention is an air-packing device incorporating the above noted check valves for protecting a product therein. The air-packing device is comprised of: first and second thermoplastic films superposed with each other where predetermined portions of the first and second thermoplastic films are bonded, thereby creating a plurality of air containers, each of the air containers having a plurality of series connected air cells; a plurality of check valves established between the first and second thermoplastic films for the corresponding air containers, each of the check valves allowing the compressed air to flow in a predetermined direction of the check valve; an air input formed on one of the check valves to supply the compressed air to all of the series connected air cells through the check valves; and heat-seal flanges that are made of thermoplastic film and are formed on side edges close to both ends of the air-packing device. In the air-packing device, the check valve is configured by an air flow maze portion forming an air passage of a zig-zag shape for supplying the air to a corresponding air container having one or more series connected air cells, and a common air duct portion which provides the air to the air flow maze portion of a current air container as well as to the air flow maze portion of a next air container. Through a post heat-seal treatment, predetermined points on the air containers are bonded with one another, and the heat-seal flanges are bonded with one another, thereby creating a container portion having an opening for packing a product therein and a cushion portion for supporting the container portion when the air-packing device is inflated by the compressed air. A further aspect of the present invention is an air-packing device inflatable by compressed air for protecting a product therein. The air-packing device is comprised of: first and second thermoplastic films superposed with each other where predetermined portions of the first and second thermoplastic films are bonded, thereby creating a plurality of air containers of different length, each of the air containers having a plurality of series connected air cells; a plurality of check valves established between the first and second thermoplastic films for the corresponding air containers, each of the check valves allowing the compressed air to flow in a predetermined direction of the check valve; an air input formed on one of the check valves to supply the compressed air to all of the series connected air cells through the check valves; and heat-seal edges made of thermoplastic film and formed on both ends of the air-packing device. In the air-packing device noted above, the check valve is configured by an air flow maze portion forming an air passage of a zig-zag shape for supplying the air to a corresponding air container having one or more series connected air cells, and a common air duct portion which provides the air to the air flow maze portion of a current air container as well as to the air flow maze portion of a next air container. Through a post heat-seal treatment, predetermined points on the air containers are bonded with one another, and the heat-seal edges are bonded with one another, thereby creating an opening which is larger at a front side than that at a rear side for packing a product therein when the air-packing device is inflated by the compressed air. Due to this structure, when packing a product to be protected in a container box, the opening of the air-packing device packs a corner of the product at each inner corner of the container box thereby securely holding the product in the container box. A further aspect of the present invention is an air-packing device inflatable by compressed air for protecting a product therein. The air-packing device is comprised of: first and second thermoplastic films superposed with each other where predetermined portions of the first and second thermoplastic films are bonded, thereby creating a plurality of air containers, each of the air containers having one or more series connected air cells; a plurality of check valves established between the first and second thermoplastic films for the corresponding air containers, each of the check valves allowing the compressed air to flow in a predetermined direction of the check valve; an air input formed on one of the check valves to supply the compressed air to all of the air cells through the check valves; and a pair of strings each being formed on an end of the air-packing device. The product to be protected is wrapped around by the air-packing device and each end of the air-packing device is fastened by the string for securely holding the product therein before or after inflating the air-packing device. The check valve is configured by an air flow maze portion forming an air passage of a zig-zag shape for supplying the air to a corresponding air container having one or more series connected air cells, and a common air duct portion which provides the air to the air flow maze portion of a current air container as well as to the air flow maze portion of a next air container. A further aspect of the present invention is a method of producing an air-packing device having a plurality of air containers and a plurality of check valves. The method is comprised of the steps of: providing first and second thermoplastic films for forming the plurality of air containers: attaching a check valve film to one of the first and second thermoplastic films, the check valve film being printed thereon predetermined patterns made of peeling agents; forming an air input by one of the peeling agents on the air-packing device for receiving an air from an air source; forming an air flow maze portion having an air passage of a zig-zag shape for supplying the air to a corresponding air container having one or more series connected air cells; forming a common air duct portion which provides the air from the air input to the air flow maze portion of a current air container as well as to the air flow maze portion of a next air container having one or more series connected air cells; and bonding the first and second thermoplastic films for air tightly separating the air containers from one another. The production method further includes a step of folding the air-packing device in a sheet form and heat-sealing predetermined portions to create a container portion having an opening for packing a product to be protected when inflating the air-packing device. The above noted step of bonding the first and second thermoplastic films for separating the air containers includes a step of preventing the bonding between the first and second thermoplastic films at a range where the peeling agent is printed. Further, the above noted step of forming the air flow maze portion includes a step of bonding the check valve film and one of the first and second thermoplastic films at two or more lines thereby forming the air passage of zig-zag shape. According to the present invention, the check valves for an air-packing device can be produced with low cost and easily attached to any locations of the air-packing device. The check valve of the present invention allows to flow the air in two opposite directions of the air-packing device. Since the check valves can be attached to any locations on the air-packing device and allows the air flows in two opposite directions of the air-packing device, all of the air cells of the air-packing device can be inflated by an air from an air compressor with a lower air pressure. The check valve can be configured by a single check valve film attached to a thermoplastic film of the air-packing device. Alternatively, the check valve can be configured by two films juxtaposed with one another and attached to a thermoplastic film of the air-packing device. Peeling agents are printed on predetermined locations on the check valve film to produce an air input and a common air duct. Because of this simple structure, the check valves can be made easily with low cost. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing an example of structure of an air-packing device with a single air container in the conventional technology. FIGS. 2A-2E are schematic diagrams showing an example of structure of an air-packing device having a plurality of air cells and corresponding check valves in the conventional technology. FIGS. 3A-3D show a basic concept of the check valve of the present invention where FIG. 3A is a plan view showing a structure of a check valve on an air-packing device, FIG. 3B is a plan view showing the check valve including flows of air indicated by dotted arrows when a compressed air is supplied from an air input, FIG. 3C is a plan view showing the heat-seal portions for bonding the check valve sheet to one of plastic films of the air-packing device, and FIG. 3D is a plan view showing the heat-seal portions for bonding the check valve sheet and the two plastic films of the air-packing device. FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram showing an example of apparatus for producing the air-packing device having the check valves of the present invention. FIG. 5 is a cross sectional view showing an example of inner structure of the check valve in the present invention configured by a single layer film and formed on one of the thermoplastic films of the air-packing device. FIG. 6 is a cross sectional view showing another example of the inner structure of the check valve in the present invention configured by double layer films and formed on one of the thermoplastic films of the air-packing device. FIG. 7A is a cross sectional view showing the inner structure of a check valve of the present invention and air flows in the air cells of the air-packing device when inflating the same, and FIG. 7B is a cross section view showing the inner structure of a check valve and the air flows where the air-packing device is fully inflated so that the check valve is closed by the air pressure. FIG. 8A is a cross sectional view showing an example of inner structure of the air-packing device having the check valve of the present invention and the air flows therein when inflating the air-packing device, and FIG. 8B is a cross sectional view showing the inner structure of the air-packing device having the check valve of the present invention and the air flows therein where the air-packing device is fully inflated so that the check valve is closed by the air pressure. FIG. 9 is a perspective view showing an example of three dimensional structure of the air-packing device incorporating the check valve of the present invention and is formed of a cushion portion and a container portion for packing a product. FIG. 10 is a plan view showing a sheet like structure of the air-packing device of FIG. 9 before folding and applying a post heat-sealing process for creating the shape of FIG. 9. FIGS. 11A and 11B are side views showing a process of forming the air-packing device of FIG. 9 from the sheet like shape of FIG. 10, where FIG. 11A shows the process in which the air-packing device is folded and heat-sealed at the triangle portion and FIG. 11B shows the process in which the air-packing device is heat-sealed at both sides and the air is supplied for inflating the air-packing device. FIG. 12 is a cross sectional view showing an example of a container box in which a pair of air-packing devices of the present invention shown in FIGS. 9-10 and 11A-11B are incorporated for packing a product to prevent damages when dropped or collided. FIGS. 13A-13B show another example of the air-packing device of the present invention having a rectangular shaped cushion portion where FIG. 13A is a side view of the air-packing device, and FIG. 13B is a cross sectional side view showing a container box using a pair of air-packing devices of the present invention. FIG. 14 is a side view showing another example of the air-packing device of the present invention where two air-packing devices of FIGS. 9-11B are integrally constructed to form one air-packing device where the cushion portions have a triangular shape. FIG. 15 is a perspective view showing another example of air-packing device incorporating the check valve of the present invention that is preferably used for packing the corner of a product. FIG. 16A is a plan view showing the air-packing device of FIG. 15 in a sheet like form before being folded, FIG. 16B is a front view showing the inflated air-packing device of FIG. 15 after folding and bonding through the post heat-seal treatment, and FIG. 16C is a top view of the air-packing device of FIG. 15. FIG. 17 is a plan view showing the inside of the container box incorporating the air-packing devices of FIG. 15 at each corner thereof for packing the four corners of the product therein. FIGS. 18A-18B show another example of air-packing device implementing the check valve of the present invention for wrapping the product without the post heat-seal process where FIG. 18A is a plan view showing the air-packing device in a sheet form, and FIG. 18B is a front view showing the manner of wrapping the product by the air-packing device. FIGS. 19A-19C are schematic diagrams showing an example of locations of the heat-seal lands on the air-packing device of the present invention where FIG. 19A is a plan view when the air-packing device is in the sheet form, FIG. 19B is a plan view when the air-packing device is inflated, and FIG. 19C is a side view of the air-packing device when inflated. FIGS. 20A-20C are schematic diagrams showing another example of locations of the heat-seal lands on the air-packing device of the present invention where FIG. 20A is a plan view when the air-packing device is in the sheet form, FIG. 20B is a plan view when the air-packing device is inflated, and FIG. 20C is a side view of the air-packing device when inflated. FIGS. 21A-21B are plan views showing further examples of structure of the check valve of the present invention where the patterns of peeling agents different from that of FIGS. 3A-3D are incorporated. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The present invention provides a new structure of check valve for use in an air-packing device that can reliably prevent reverse flows of the air. The check valve has a simple structure and can be attached at any locations of the air-packing device. Further, the check valve in the present invention can be easily manufactured without major changes of an existing manufacturing apparatus. Typically, the air-packing device incorporating the check valves of the present invention is folded and bonded at predetermined locations to create a unique three dimensional shape to effectively pack the product to be protected. It should be noted that although the present invention is described for the case of using an air for inflating the air-packing device for an illustration purpose, other fluids such as other types of gas or liquid can also be used. The air-packing device is typically used in a container box to pack a product during the distribution flow of the product. The present invention is described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. FIGS. 3A-3D are plan views of the check valve for an air-packing device of the present invention. FIG. 3A shows a structure of a check valve 35 and a portion of an air-packing device 30. The air-packing device 30 having the check valves 35 is comprised of two or more rows of air cells 33. Typically, each row of air cells has a plurality of series connected air cells 33 although only one air cell is illustrated in FIG. 3A. Each air cell 33 is substantially cylindrical in shape when inflated as will be explained in more detail with reference to FIGS. 9 and 15. Before supplying the air, the air-packing device 30 has a shape of an elongated rectangular sheet made of a first (upper) thermoplastic film 62 and a second (lower) thermoplastic film 64 (FIGS. 4-6). In a preferred embodiment, a plurality of air cells are formed in a series fashion as shown in FIG. 9. Further, such a set of series connected air cells are aligned in a parallel fashion so that the air cells are arranged in matrix manner on the sheet. To create such a structure, each set of series air cells are formed by bonding the first thermoplastic film 62 and the second thermoplastic film 64 by the separation line (heat-seal line) 32. Consequently, the air cells 33 are created so that each set of series connected air cells can be independently filled with the air. An example of structure of the air-packing device having the air cells in a matrix manner is best shown in FIGS. 9 and 10A. A check valve film 60 having a plurality of check valves 35 is attached to one of the thermoplastic films 62 and 64. When attaching the check valve film 60, peeling agents 37 are applied to the predetermined locations on the sealing lines between the check valve sheet and one of the plastic films 62 and 64. The peeling agent 37 is a type of paint having high thermal resistance so that it prohibits the thermal bonding between the first and second thermoplastic films 62 and 64. Accordingly, even when the heat is applied to bond the first and second films along the heat-seal line 32, the first and second films will not adhere with each other at the location of the peeling agent 37. The peeling agent 37 also allows the air input 31 to open easily when filling the air in the air-packing device 30. When the upper and lower films 62 and 64 made of identical material are layered together, there is a tendency that both films stick with one another. The peeling agent 37 printed on the films prevents such sticking. Thus, it facilitates easy insertion of an air nozzle of the air compressor into the air inlet 31 when inflating the air-packing device. The check valve 35 of the present invention is configured by a common air duct portion 38 and an air flow maze portion 36. The air duct portion 38 acts as a duct to allow the flows of the air from the an air port 31 to each set of air cells 33. The air flow maze portion 36 prevents free flow of air between the air-packing device 30 and the outside, i.e., it works as a brake against the air flows. To achieve this brake function, the air flow maze portion 36 is configured by two or more walls (heat-seals) 36a-36c so that the air from the common air duct portion 38 will not straightly flow into the air cells but have to flow zigzag. At the and of the air flow maze portion 36, an exit 34 is formed. In the air-packing device 30 incorporating the check valve 35 of the present invention, the compressed air supplied to the air input 31 to inflate the air cells 33 flows in a manner as illustrated in FIG. 3B. The plan view shown in FIG. 3B includes the structure of the check valve 35 identical to that of FIG. 3A and further includes dotted arrows 39 showing the flows of the air in the check valve 35 and the air cells 33. As indicated by the arrows 39, the air from the check valve 35 flows both forward directions and backward direction of the air-packing device 30. Namely, when the air is supplied to the air input 31 from the air compressor (not shown), the air flows toward the exit 34 via air duct portion 38 and the air flow maze portion 36 as well as toward the next adjacent air cell 33 via the air duct portion 38. The air exited from the exit 34 inflates the air cell 33 by flowing both forward and backward directions (right and left directions of FIG. 3B) of the air-packing device 30. The air moved to the next air cell flows in the same manner, i.e., toward the exit 34 and toward the next adjacent air cell 33. Such operations continue continuously from the first air cell 33 to the last air cell 33. In other words, the air duct portion 38 allows the air to flow to either the present air cell 33 through the air flow maze portion 36 and to the next air cell 33. FIGS. 3C-3D show an enlarged view of the check valve of the present invention for explaining how the check valves 35 are created on the air-packing device 30. As noted above, the check valve film 60 is attached to either one of the thermoplastic film 62 or 64. The example of FIGS. 3C and 3d show the case where the check valve film 60 is attached to the upper (first) thermoplastic film 62. The thick lines in the drawings indicate the heat-seal (bonding) between the films. The air-packing device of the present invention is manufactured by bonding the second (lower) thermoplastic film 64, the check valve film 60, and the first (upper) thermoplastic film 62 by pressing the films with a heater. Since each film is made of thermoplastic material, they will bond (welded) together when heat is applied. In this example, the check valve film 60 is attached to the upper thermoplastic film 62, and then, the check valve film 60 and the upper thermoplastic film 62 are bonded to the lower thermoplastic film 64. First, as shown in FIG. 3C, the check valve film 60 is attached to the upper thermoplastic film 62 by heat-sealing the two films at the portions indicated by the thick lines. Through this process, the peeling agents 37 applied in advance to the check valve film 60 is attached to the upper film 62 by the bonding lines 29a and 29b to create the air duct portions 38. Further, the air flow maze portions 36 are created by the bonding lines 36a-36c, etc. At the end of the maze portion 36 is opened to establish the air exit 34. Then, as shown in FIG. 3D, the check valve film 60 and the upper thermoplastic film 62 are attached to the lower thermoplastic film 64 by heat-sealing the upper and lower films at the portions indicated by the thick lines 32. Through this process, each air cell 33 is separated from one another because the boundary between the two air cells is closed by the bonding line (separation line) 32. However, the range of the bonding line 32 having the peeling agent 37 is not closed because the peeling agent prohibits the heat-sealing between the films. As a result, the air duct portion 38 is created which allows the air to flow in the manner shown in FIG. 3B. FIG. 4 shows an example of a manufacturing apparatus for producing the air-packing devices incorporating the check valves of the present invention. As noted above with reference to FIGS. 3C-3D, the check valves 35 are constructed during the manufacturing process of the air-packing devices. The structure of the manufacturing apparatus of FIG. 4 is just an example, and an ordinary skilled person in the art appreciates that there are many other ways of forming an apparatus for producing the air-packing devices with use of the concept of the apparatus of FIG. 4. The manufacturing apparatus 70 in FIG. 4 is comprised of a film feeding means 71, film conveying rollers 72, a valve heat-seal device 73, an up-down roller controller 74, a sensor 79 for feeding elongated plastic films, a main film heat-seal device 75, a belt conveyer 77 for the main heat-seal operation, and a supplemental heat-seal device 76. In the case where the main heat-seal device 75 is capable of heat-sealing all of the necessary portions of the upper and lower films 62 and 64, the supplemental heat-seal device 76 will be omitted. The up-down roller controller 74 is provided to the manufacturing apparatus 70 in order to improve a positioning performance of the check valves. The up-down roller controller 74 moves the rollers 74b in perpendicular (upward or downward) to the manufacturing flow direction H in order to precisely adjust a position of the check valve film 60. Also, the belt conveyer 77 having a plastic film with high mechanical strength at high temperature such as a Mylar film on its surface is provided to the manufacturing apparatus 70 in order to improve a heat seal performance. With reference to FIG. 4, an overall manufacturing process is described. First, the film feeding means 71 supplies the upper thermoplastic film 62, the lower thermoplastic film 64, and the check valve film 60. The film conveying rollers 72 at various positions in the manufacturing apparatus 70 guide and send the upper thermoplastic film 62, the lower thermoplastic film 64, and the check valve film 60 forward. The first stage of the heat-sealing process is conducted by the valve heat-seal device 73. This is the process for forming the check valves 35 by attaching the check valve film 60 to the upper thermoplastic film 62. The position of each film is precisely adjusted by the up-down roller controller 74 based on the signals from the sensor 79. During this process, the check valve film 60 is bonded to the upper thermoplastic film 62 with the patterns (bonding lines) illustrated by the thick lines of FIG. 3C. The second stage of the heat-sealing process is conducted by the main heat-seal device 75 and the belt conveyer 77. The main heat-seal device 75 is a heater for bonding the upper and lower thermoplastic films for creating many air cells with the bonding lines 32 illustrated by the thick lines of FIG. 3D. Typically, the main heat-seal device 75 is a large scale heater to create the sheets of air-packing device such as shown in FIG. 10. During this process or by a separate process, heat-seal lands (folding points) are also created by bonding the upper and lower thermoplastic films to define the series connected air cells. The belt conveyer 77 is used to prevent the heat-sealed portions from extending or broken by the main heat-seal device 75. The belt conveyer 77 has two wheels 77b and a belt 77a made of or a coated by a high heat resistance film such as a Mylar film. In the heat-seal process, the heat from the main heat-seal device 75 is applied to the upper and lower films 62 and 64 through the Mylar film on the conveyer belt 77a. The Mylar film may temporarily stick to one of the upper/lower films 62 and 64 immediately after the heat-seal process. If the Mylar film is immediately separated from the upper/lower films 62 and 64, the heat-sealed portions of the upper/lower films may be deformed or even broken. Thus, in the manufacturing apparatus of FIG. 4, without immediately separating the Mylar film from the upper and lower films 62 and 64, the Mylar film moves at the same feed speed of the upper and lower films 62 and 64 because of the belt conveyer 77. During this time, the heat seal portions with a high temperature are naturally cured while they are temporally stuck to the Mylar film on the belt 77a. Thus, the upper and lower films 62 and 64 can be securely separated from the Mylar film at the end of the belt conveyor 77. The third stage of the sealing process is performed by the supplemental seal device 76. This is the final heat-seal process to produce the air-packing device by heat-sealing the remaining heat-seal portions. In the case where the main heat-seal device 75 is able to heat-seal all of the necessary portions, the process by the supplemental seal device 76 is unnecessary. The air-packing device produced in the form of one long film may be cut and folded to create a pocket (container) like form through a post heat-seal treatment (not shown) to match the shape of the product to be protected. Processes of loading the product and inflating the air-packing device may be added. FIG. 5 is a partial cross sectional front view showing an example of inner structure of the check valve of the present invention configured by a single layer film and formed on a thermoplastic film of the air-packing device. As described in the foregoing, the common air duct portion 38 and the air flow maze portion 36 are created between the check valve film 60 and one of the upper and lower thermoplastic films 62 and 64. In this example, the check valve film 60 is attached to the upper thermoplastic film 62 through the heat-sealing in the manner described with reference to FIG. 3C. The air flow maze portion 36 has a maze structure such as a zig-zaged air passage to cause resistance to the air flow such as reverse flow. Such a zig-zaged air passage is created by the bonding (heat-sealed) lines 36a-36c. Unlike the straight forward air passage, the maze portion 36 achieves an easy operation for inflating the air-packing device by the compressed air. Various ways for producing the resistance of the air flow are possible, and the structure of the maze portion 36 shown in FIGS. 3A-3D and 5 is merely one example. In general, the more complex the maze structure, the less area of the maze portion 36 is necessary to adequately produce the resistance against the air flow. FIG. 6 is a cross sectional view showing another example of the inner structure of the check valve in the present invention configured by double layer films and formed on one of the thermoplastic films of the air-packing device. In this example, an addition film 65 is provided between the upper thermoplastic film 62 and the check valve film 60. The additional film 65 and the check valve film 60 forms the check valves 35b. The additional film 65 is so attached to the upper film 62 that the space between the upper thermoplastic film 62 and the additional film 65 will not transmit air. The advantage of this structure is the improved reliability in preventing the reverse flows of air. Namely, in the check valve of FIG. 5, when the air is filled in the air cell 33, the upper film 62 of the air cell having the check valve 35 is curved. Further, when a product is loaded in the air-packing device, the surface projection of the product may contact and deform the outer surface of the air cell having the check valve therein. The sealing effect created by the check valve can be weakened because of the curvature of the air cell. The additional film 65 mitigates this problem since the film 65 itself is independent from the upper film 62. FIG. 7A and 7B are cross section views showing the inside of the air cell having the check valve 35. FIG. 7A shows the condition wherein the compressed air is being introduced into the air-packing device through the check valve 35. FIG. 7B shows the condition where the air-packing device is filled with air to an appropriate degree so that the check valve 35 is effectively sealed by the inside air pressure. The dotted arrows 39 indicate the flow of air in FIGS. 7A and 7B. As shown in FIG. 7A, when the air is pumped in from the air input 31 (FIGS. 3A-3B), the air will flow to toward each air cell. While a part of the air flows toward the next row of air cells, the remaining air goes into the present air cell to inflate the air cell. The air will flow into the air cell due to the pressure applied from the air source such as an air compressor. The air goes through the air flow maze portion 36 and exits from the exit 34 at the end of the maze portion 36. All of the air cells will eventually be filled with the compressed air. As shown in FIG. 7B, when the air cell having the check valve 35 is inflated to a certain extent, the inner pressure of the air will push the check valve film 60 upward so that it touches the upper thermoplastic film 62. FIG. 7B mainly shows the air flow maze portion 36 of the check valve 35 to show how the check valve works. When the inner pressure reaches a sufficient level, the check valve film 60 air-tightly touches the upper thermoplastic film 62, i.e., the check valve 35 is closed, thereby preventing the reverse flows of the air. FIG. 8A and FIG. 8B show an example of one entire air cell having the check valve of the present invention when the compressed air is supplied thereto. FIG. 8A shows the condition where the air is not sufficiently filled in the air cell, thus, the air is continuously supplied to the air cell. When the air is sufficiently filled in the air cell, the check valve 35 is pressed upwardly and firmly contact with the thermoplastic film 62 as shown in FIG. 8B, thereby closing the check valve 35 to prevent reverse flow. Because of the simple structure and small size of the check valve in the present invention, the check valve of the present invention allows a variety of forms for an air-packing device. Examples of air-packing device implementing the check valve of the present invention are shown in FIGS. 9-18B. The air-packing device is especially useful for packing a product which is sensitive to shock or vibration such as a personal computer, DVD driver, etc, having high precision mechanical components such as a hard disc driver. Other example includes wine bottles, glassware, ceramic ware, music instruments, paintings, antiques, etc. The air-packing device reliably supports the product in the container box, thereby absorbing the shocks and impacts to the product when, for example, the container box is dropped on the floor or collided with other objects. The air-packing device of the present invention includes many air cells each having a sausage like shape when inflated and are integrally connected to one another. More specifically, two or more air cells are series connected through air passages. Each set of series connected air cells has a check valve at any location to supply the air to all of the series connected air cells while preventing a reverse flow of the compressed air in the air cells. Further, two or more such sets of series connected air cells are aligned in parallel with one another so that the air cells are arranged in a matrix manner (FIG. 10). FIG. 9 is a perspective view showing an example of air-packing device implementing the check valve of the present invention. The air-packing device 40 of the present invention is made of a plurality of air cells as noted above. The air-packing device 40 before forming the shape of FIG. 9 has a sheet like shape as shown in the plan view of FIG. 10, which is created by a production process such as shown in FIG. 4. The shape of FIG. 9 is created by folding and heat-sealing (post heat-sealing treatment) the sheet of air-packing device of FIG. 10 before filling the air. As shown in FIGS. 9 and 10, the air-packing device 40 has many sets (air containers) of air cells each having the check valve 35 described in the foregoing and series connected air cells 42a-42g (air-container 42). The check valve 35 is configured by the common air duct potion 38 with an air input 31 (not shown) and the air flow maze portion 36. In this example, the check valves 35 are formed on the air cells 42c although the check valve of the present invention can be located anywhere on the air-packing device. The air-packing device 40 also includes heat-seal flanges 45 for forming the opening (container portion) 50 of FIG. 9 by the post heat-sealing treatment. The air-packing device 40 is composed of first and second thermoplastic films and a check valve sheet. Typically, each of the thermoplastic films is composed of three layers of materials: polyethylene, nylon and polyethylene which are bonded together with appropriate adhesive. The first and second thermoplastic films are heat-sealed together at the outer edges 46 and each boundary 47 between two sets of series connected air cells after the check valve sheet is inserted therein. The first and second thermoplastic films are also heat-sealed at locations (heat-seal lands) 43a-43f for folding the air-packing device 40. Thus, the heat-seal lands 43a-43f close the first and second thermoplastic films at the locations on each air container but still allow the air to pass toward the next air cells as shown by the arrows at both sides of each heat-seal land 43. Since the portions on the air container at the heat-seal lands 43a-43f are closed, each of the air cells 42a-42g is shaped like a sausage when inflated as shown in FIG. 9. In other words, the air-packing device 40 can be easily bent or folded at the heat-seal lands to match the shape of the product to be protected. As shown in the side views of FIGS. 11A and 11B, by further applying a post heat-seal treatment to the sheet of FIG. 10, the air-packing device having a unique shape as shown in FIG. 9 is created. As shown in FIGS. 9 and 11B, the air-packing device 40 has a container (pouch) portion 50 having an opening for packing a product therein and a cushion portion 51 having a predetermined cushion shape to absorb the shock and vibration. The container portion 50 is formed at the summit of the cushion portion 51. In the example of FIGS. 9-11B, the cushion portion 51 has a shape of substantially triangle. However, other shapes such as a rectangular shape are also feasible as a cushion portion as will be explained later. The cushion portion 51 mainly serves to reduce the shock and impact to the product when the container box is dropped or collided against other objects, although the container portion 50 also serves to absorb the shock and impact to the product. The cushion portion 51 also serves to fit to inside walls of the container box into which the air-packing device holding the product is installed (FIG. 12). The example of FIGS. 9-11B has an outer appearance that the container portion 50 is formed on the top (heat seal point 48) of the triangularly shaped cushion portion 51. In the post heat-seal treatment, the air-packing device 40 is folded to a predetermined shape and heat-sealed at the heat-seal lands 43b and 43e (FIG. 11A) as well as the overlapped areas 46 of the heat-seal flanges 45 (FIG. 11B). It should be noted that the heat-seal between the heat-seal lands 43b and 43e in the post heat-seal process need not be exactly the same lands but can be anywhere close to the heat-seal lands 43b and 43e. After the post heat-seal treatment, the air is supplied to the air input 41 as shown FIG. 11B. The arrows in the sausage like air cells indicate the direction of air flow when the air is introduced to the air-packing device 40. In FIG. 11B, the air introduced from the air input 31 flows into the air cells 42c, then other air cells in the opposite directions as shown by arrows. Namely, the air flows in one direction to the air cells 42b and 42a while the air flows in another direction to the air cells 42d, 42e, 42f and 42g. Any appropriate means may be used to supply the air or other fluid to the air-packing device of the present invention. For instance, an air compressor with a gauge may be used that sends the air to the air-packing device 40 while monitoring the pressure. Thus, the air-packing device 40 creates the unique shape having the container portion 50 and the cushion portion 51 where the heat-seal lands 43b and 43e are bonded together at the heat-seal point 48. As described with reference to FIGS. 3A-3D, the air input 31 is created on the check valve 35 by applying the peeling agent. The check valves 35 of the present invention can be attached to any position of the air-packing device, thus the air input 31 can be located at any position of the air-packing device 40. Since the check valves 35 and the air input are formed at the intermediate position (air cell 42c) rather than the very end of the air-packing device, the air can be filled in all of the air cells with a lower source pressure than that necessary by other types of check valve. Once all of the air cells 42a-42g are inflated at a predetermined pressure, each check valve 35 provided to each set of air cells prevents the reverse flow of the air. Thus, even if one set of air cells is broken, other sets of air cells are not affected since each set of air cells has its own check valve and thus independent from the others. Because there are multiple sets of air cells, the shock absorbing function of the present invention can be maintained even when one or more air cells are broken. FIG. 12 is a cross sectional view showing an example of container box and the air-packing device of the present invention for installing the product therein. In this example, two air-packing devices 40 are used to pack a product 100, such as a laptop computer or a DVD driver, at the both ends by the container portions 50. The container box 55 has side walls 127-130 to hold the air-packing devices 40 and the product 100 therein. In this example, a parts-box 122 is formed at one end of the container box 55 to install various components unique to the product 100 such as a cable, disc, manuals, etc. The cushion portion 51 contacts with the inner walls of the container box 55 while the container part 50 is in the air in a floating manner. Namely, the air cell 42d forming the base of the triangle shape contacts with the inner wall 129 of the container box 55. Thus, when packed in the container box 55, the product 100 is held by the air-packing devices 40 and is floated within the container box 55 without directly contacting with the container box 55. Because each air cell is filled with air to an optimum pressure, the air-packing devices 40 can support the product 100 as though the package 100 floats in the container box 55. The shapes and sizes of the container portion 50 and the cushion portion 51 are designed to match the size, shape and weight of the product 100 and the container box 55. The container box 55 can be of any type, such as a corrugated carton or a wood box commonly used in the industry. Because the pair of air-packing devices 40 support the product 100 at both sides in a substantially floating condition, the product 100 can move in the air depending on the flexibility of the air-packing devices 40 when a shock or impact is applied to the container box 55. In other words, the air-packing devices 40 can absorb the shocks and vibrations when, for example, the container box 55 is dropped to the ground or hit by other objects. The shock absorbing performance of the present invention is especially pronounced when the container box is dropped vertically. FIGS. 13A-13B show another example of the air-packing device of the present invention. FIG. 13A is a side view of the air-packing device of the present invention. FIG. 13B is a cross sectional side view showing an example of container box using two air-packing devices of the present invention. The structure of the air-packing device 60 in the example of FIGS. 13A-13B is substantially the same as that shown in FIGS. 9-12 except that the shape of the cushion portion. In the example of FIGS. 13A-13B, the cushion portion 71 has a rectangular shape rather than the triangular shape shown in FIGS. 9-12. Thus, the number of air cells is increased to form the sides of the rectangular cushion portion 71 (air cells 62d and 62f). More specifically, the air-packing device 60 has many air containers each having a check valve 35 and series connected air cells 62a-62i. In this example, the check valves 35 are formed on the air cells 62f. An air input 31 is formed on the check valve 35 on one of the check valves 35 (FIG. 10) to introduce the air to all of the check valves 64 so that the air is supplied to each set of air cells 62a-62i through the corresponding check valves 35. The air-packing device 60 also includes heat-seal flanges 65 for forming the container portion 50 by the post heat-sealing treatment. As shown in the side view of FIG. 13A, by further applying a post heat-seal treatment to the sheet of air packing device 60, the container (pouch) portion 50 having an opening for packing a product therein and the cushion portion 71 having a rectangular shape or more precisely, a pentagon shape, to absorb the shock are respectively created. The container portion 50 is formed on the summit of the cushion portion 71. The cushion portion 71 mainly serves to reduce the shocks and impact to the product when the container box is dropped or collided against other objects, although the container portion 50 also serves to reduce the shock and impact to the product. The cushion portion 71 also serves to securely fit to the inside walls of the container box into which the air-packing devices holding the product are installed (FIG. 13B) by the rectangular (pentagon) shape thereof. After the post heat-seal treatment, the air is supplied to the air input of the check valve 35 as shown FIG. 13A. The arrows in the sausage like air cells indicate the directions of air flow when the air is introduced to the air-packing device 60. In FIG. 13A, the air introduced from the air input 31 and the check valve 35 flows in the air cell 62f and also in other air cells in two opposite directions. Namely, the air flows in one direction toward the air cells 62e, 62d, 62c, 62b and 62a while the air flows in another direction toward the air cells 62g, 62h and 62i. Since the check valves 35 and the air input are formed at the intermediate position (air cell 62f) rather than the very end of the air-packing device, the air can be filled in all of the air cells with a lower pressure of air compressor than that necessary by other types of check valve. Once all of the air cells 62a-62i are inflated at a predetermined pressure, the check valve 35 provided to each set of air cells prevents the reverse flow of the air. Thus, even if one set of sausage like air cells is broken, other sets of air cells are not affected since each set of air cells has its own check valve and thus independent from the others. Because there are multiple sets of air cells, the shock absorbing function of the air-packing device of the present invention can be maintained. FIG. 13B is a cross sectional view showing an example of container box using the air-packing device of the present invention. In this example, two air-packing devices 60 of FIG. 13A are used to pack a product 100, such as a laptop computer or a DVD driver, at both the ends of the product 100 by the container portions 50. The container box 55 has side walls 127-130 to hold the air-packing devices 60 and the product 100 therein. The cushion portion 71 contacts with the side walls of the container box 55 by the air cells 62d, 62e and 62f while the container portion 50 is in the air in a floating manner. Thus, when packed in the container box 55, the product 100 is held by the air-packing devices 60 and is floated within the container box 55 without directly contacting with the container box 55. Because each air cell is filled with air to an optimum pressure, the air-packing devices 60 can support the product 100 as though the package 100 floats in the container box 55. The shapes and sizes of the container portion 50 and the cushion portion 71 are designed to match the size, shape and weight of the product 100 and the container box 55. The container box 55 can be of any type, such as a corrugated carton, a plastic box, or a wood box commonly used in the industry. Because the pair of air-packing devices 60 support the product 100 at both sides in a substantially floating condition, the product 100 can move in the air depending on the flexibility of the air-packing devices 60 when a shock or impact is applied to the container box 55. In other words, the air-packing devices 60 can absorb the shocks and vibrations when, for example, the container box 55 is dropped to the ground or hit by other objects. The shock absorbing performance of the present invention is especially pronounced when the container box 55 is dropped vertically. FIG. 14 is a cross sectional side view showing a further example of air-packing device of the present invention where two air-packing devices 40 such as shown in FIGS. 9-11B are integrally constructed to form one air-packing device having two container portions (pockets) and two cushion portions. The air-packing device 80 has a plural sets of series connected air cells 82a-82m defined by heat-seal lands 83a-83l. In this example, the check valves 35 are formed on the air cells 82g. Two separate products 200 and 300 can be installed in the container portions of the air-packing device 80 through an opening 87. Alternatively, one product such as a laptop computer or a DVD driver can be loaded in a manner similar to FIGS. 12 and 13B. When loading the products 200 and 300, the air-packing device 80 is bent at a bending point 88 either prior to supplying the compressed air or after filling the air so that the products 200 and 300 can be easily introduced through the opening 87. After the products 200 and 300 are securely placed in the container portions, the air-packing devices 80 are returned to a normal shape. Then, the air-packing device 80 and the products therein are placed in a container box in a manner similar to that described above with reference to FIGS. 12 and 13B. In the example of FIG. 14, because both ends of the air-packing device are integrally formed, two separate air-packing devices are not required, which makes it easy to stock the air-packing device, Further, since the air-packing device 80 is configured by one sheet, it increases the efficiency of inflating the air-packing device and loading the products in the container parts. Further, since the air-packing device 80 is configured by one sheet, only one check valve can be used for each set of series air cells, thereby reducing the material cost. FIGS. 15-17 show a further example of an air-packing device utilizing the check valve of the present invention. This example is preferably used to hold corners of a product to securely pack the product in a container box, although other applications are also possible. As shown in the perspective view of FIG. 15, the air-packing device 110 has a long air container 101 and a short air container 103. FIG. 16A is a plan view showing the air-packing device 110 in the sheet like form. The long air container 101 is configured by series connected air cells 101a-101e defined by heat seal lands (folding points) 105. The short air container 103 is configured by series connected air cells 103a-103e defined by heat seal lands (folding points) 105. As noted above, the upper and lower thermoplastic films are heat-sealed at the heat-seal lands 105. In this example, the long air container 101 and the short air container 103 are physically connected at the area shown by the dotted line therebetween. The solid lines between the air containers 101 and 103 indicate that the air containers 101 and 103 in that areas are separated from one another. The air-packing device 110 also has heat-seal edges 116 and 117 for the post heat-seal treatment. The post heat-seal treatment is applied to the sheet of air-packing device 110 shown in FIG. 16A to bond the heat-seal edges 16 at the two ends together as well as the heat-seal edges at the two end together to form a ring. Then in FIG. 16B, the air-packing device 110 is inflated by supplying the compressed air through the check valve 35. Since the air container 101 is longer than the air container 103, the opening at the front formed by the air container 101 (air cells 101a-101e) is larger than the opening at the rear formed by the air container 103 (air cells 103a-103e) as shown in FIGS. 15 and, 16B-16C. This construction allows to hold a product securely as shown in the plan view of FIG. 17 at four corners of the product 200. The opening of each of the four air-packing devices 110 supports the corner of the product 200 and installed in a container box 155 in the manner shown in FIG. 17. Because the air-packing device 110 has an outer shape that snugly fits with the inner walls of the container box 155, it can protect the product 200 from the shock or vibrations. FIG. 18A and FIG. 18B show a further example of the air-packing device utilizing the check valve of the present invention. As shown in FIG. 18A, the basic construction of the air-packing device 130 is the same as the basic structure explained with reference to FIG. 3A-3D except that strings 131 are tucked in at both ends of the air cells 133. The procedure to tuck in the strings 131 to the sides of the air-packing device 130 can be performed manually or by a special tool. A product 120 is placed on the air packing device 130 before or after supplying the air and is wrapped around by the air-packing device. The air-packing device 130 securely holds the product 120 by tightening the strings 131 at both ends. Thus, the air-packing device 130 is able to protect the product from the shocks and other impacts that arise in the product distribution stage. In the air-packing device described in the foregoing, the heat-seal lands which bond the two layers of plastic films to create folding (bending) locations are formed in a manner shown in FIGS. 5, 11A and 15A. For example, in FIG. 5, the heat-seal lands 43a-43f define the series connected air cells 42a-42g each having a sausage like shape, thereby enabling to bend the air-packing device 40 to an appropriate shape for packing the product. The heat-seal lands 43 are created during the production process of FIG. 4 described above which forms the sheet like shape of the air-packing device. The heat-seal lands in the above example are formed at the center of the air cells. This example is shown in more detail in FIGS. 19A-19C which correspond to the air-packing device 40 shown in FIGS. 9-12. FIG. 19A is a plan view of the air-packing device when it is in the sheet form, FIG. 19B is a plan view of the air-packing device when it is inflated, and FIG. 19C is a side view of the air-packing device when it is inflated. The example of FIGS. 19A-19C show the air cells 42c-42d and the heat-seal land 43c between the air cells 42c and 42d. As described with reference to FIG. 10, when the heat-seal land is located at the center of the air cell, the air flows the sides of the air cell toward the next air cell. In this structure, two air passages of small diameter will be created at both sides of the heat-seal land 43. Since the heat-seal land 43 is closed, when bent as shown in FIG. 19C, the small air passages form a shape of a small bump at the corner C. Thus, the corner C does not have a round shape of sufficient size to contact the inner walls of the container box or absorb an impact from the container box. Thus, the shock absorbing capability at the bending corner C tends to be low because the surface of the corner does not sufficiently contact with the inner walls of the container box. Moreover, it is not aesthetically pleasing because the corner C is not very rounded. FIGS. 20A-20C are schematic diagrams showing another example of locations of the heat-seal lands on the air-packing device of the present invention where FIG. 20A is a plan view when the air-packing device is in the sheet form, FIG. 20B is a plan view when the air-packing device is inflated, and FIG. 20C is a side view thereof. In this example, the heat-seal lands 43c are formed on the boundary (separation line) 47 which is formed by the bonding the thermoplastic films to separate the series connected air cells. Thus, the air flows through the center of the air cell to the next air cell rather than the side thereof. For each air cell, since a single air passage is formed at the center as shown in FIG. 20B, and the heat-seal lands 43c are formed on the boundary 47 which is also closed, the air passage has a larger size than that shown in FIGS. 19A-19C. Thus, the corner C of the air-packing device has a smooth and round shape in side view as shown in FIG. 20C. The round corners C tend to more snugly match and contact with the corner and the inner walls of the container box. Thus, this example has a better shock absorbing property than that of FIGS. 19A-19C. Further, the structure of FIGS. 20A-20B creates smooth and round corners that are aesthetically appreciated. In the foregoing example, the peeling agent 37 on the check valve film 60 has a shape of letter “L” as shown in FIGS. 3A-3D. The advantage of this shape is that it allows a nozzle of an air source such as an air compressor to easily fit to an air inlet 31 to fill the air in the air-packing device 30. Typically, the sheet of air-packing device 30 is cut at the end of the production process of FIG. 4. For example, the air packing device may be cut in such a way that the vertical line of “L” shaped peeling agent 37 of the check valve 35 at the uppermost position of FIGS. 3A can function as the air input. Thus, the L-shaped peeling agent 37 is suitable for establishing the air input 31 of appropriate size by the vertical line while achieving a sufficient size of the air duct portion 38 by the horizontal line. However, the peeling agent can take various other forms to establish the check valve of the present invention. FIGS. 21A-21B are plan views showing examples of shape of the peeling agents for establishing the check valve of the present invention. FIG. 21A shows a case where a continuous peeling agent 137 of a belt like shape is formed on the check valve sheet. The width of the peeling agent 137 has to be selected so that the width is appropriate for the size of the air input 31 as well as sufficient for the air duct portion 138. The line 129 indicates the heat-sealing between the check valve film and one of the upper and lower films. This example is advantageous because it is unnecessary to accurately position the peeling agent 137 relative to the upper and lower films in the vertical direction of FIG. 21A. FIG. 21B shows a case where a peeling agent 237a for the check valve having the air input 31 has an L-shape while other peeling agents 237b have a horizontal I-shape. The line 229 indicates the heat-sealing between the check valve film and one of the upper and lower films. The check valve film having the peeling agents 237a-237b has to be positioned accurately so that the L-shaped peeling agent 237a has to come to the edge of the upper and lower thermoplastic films. This example is advantageous because the material for the peeling agents can be minimized, which contributes to the reduction of the cost of the air-packing device. As has been described above, according to the present invention, the check valves for an air-packing device can be produced with low cost and easily attached to any locations of the air-packing device. The check valve of the present invention allows to flow the air in two opposite directions of the air-packing device. Since the check valves can be attached to any locations on the air-packing device and allows the air flows in two opposite directions of the air-packing device, all of the air cells of the air-packing device can be inflated by an air from an air compressor with a lower air pressure. The check valve can be configured by a single check valve film attached to a thermoplastic film of the air-packing device. Alternatively, the check valve can be configured by two films juxtaposed with one another and attached to a thermoplastic film of the air-packing device. Peeling agents are printed on predetermined locations on the check valve film to produce an air input and a common air duct. Because of this simple structure, the check valves can be made easily with low cost. Although the invention is described herein with reference to the preferred embodiments, one skilled in the art will readily appreciate that various modifications and variations may be made without departing from the spirit and the scope of the present invention. Such modifications and variations are considered to be within the purview and scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.	<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>In a distribution channel such as product shipping, a styroform packing material has been used for packing commodity and industrial products. Although the styroform package material has a merit such as a good thermal insulation performance and a light weight, it has also various disadvantages: recycling the styroform is not possible, soot is produced when it burns, a flake or chip comes off when it is snagged because of it's brittleness, an expensive mold is needed for its production, and a relatively large warehouse is necessary to store it. Therefore, to solve such problems noted above, other packing materials and methods have been proposed. One method is a fluid container of sealingly containing a liquid or gas such as air (hereafter “air-packing device”). The air-packing device has excellent characteristics to solve the problems involved in the styroform. First, because the air-packing device is made of only thin sheets of plastic films, it does not need a large warehouse to store it unless the air-packing device is inflated. Second, a mold is not necessary for its production because of its simple structure. Third, the air-packing device does not produce a chip or dust which may have adverse effects on precision products. Also, recyclable materials can be used for the films forming the air-packing device. Further, the air-packing device can be produced with low cost and transported with low cost. FIG. 1 shows an example of air-packing device in the conventional technology. The air-packing device 10 a is composed of first and second thermoplastic films 13 and 14 , respectively, and a check valve 11 . Typically, each thermoplastic film is composed of three layers of materials: polyethylene, nylon and polyethylene which are bonded together with appropriate adhesive. The first and second thermoplastic films 13 and 14 are heat-sealed together around rectangular seal portions 12 a, 12 b to air-tightly close after the check valve 11 is attached. Thus, one air-packing device 10 a sealed with the heat seal portions 12 a, 12 b is formed as shown in FIG. 1 . FIGS. 2A-2B show another example of an air-packing device 10 b with multiple air containers where each air container is provided with a check valve. A main purpose of having multiple air containers is to increase the reliability. Namely, even if one of the air containers suffers from an air leakage for some reason, the air-packing device can still function as a cushion or shock absorber for protecting a product because other air containers are intact. With reference to FIG. 2A , this fluid container 10 b is made of the first and second thermoplastic films which are bonded together around a rectangular periphery 23 a and further bonded together at each boundary of two air containers 22 so that a guide passage 21 and air containers 22 are created. When the first and second thermoplastic container films are bonded together, as shown in FIG. 2A , the check valves 11 are also attached to each inlet port of the air container 22 . By attaching the check valves 11 , each air container 22 becomes independent from the other. The inlet port 24 of the air-packing device 10 b is used when filling a fluid (typically an air) to each air container 22 by using, for example, an air compressor. FIG. 2B shows the air-packing device 10 b of FIG. 2A when inflated with the air. First, each air container 22 is filled with the air from the inlet port 24 through the guide passage 21 and the check valve 11 . To avoid a rupture of the air containers by variations in the environmental temperature, the air into the container is typically stopped when the air container 22 is inflated at about 90% of its full expansion rate. After filling the air, the expansion of each air container is maintained because each check-valve 11 prevents the reverse flow of the air. Typically, an air compressor has a gauge to monitor the supplied air pressure, and automatically stops supplying the air to the air-packing device 10 b when the pressure reaches a predetermined value. The check valve 11 is typically made of two rectangular thermoplastic valve films which are bonded together to form a fluid pipe. The fluid pipe has a tip opening and a valve body to allow a fluid flowing through the fluid pipe from the tip opening but the valve body prevents the reverse flow. Examples of structure of check-valve are described in more detail in the U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,209,264, 5,927,336 and 6,629,777. This check valve is attached to the thermoplastic films of the air packing device during or after the manufacturing process of the air-packing device. As shown in FIGS. 2C-2E , the conventional check valves have problems. For example, when the air-packing device 10 b is inflated, both sides 23 a and 23 b of the check valve body is pressed inwardly by the expansion of the air container 22 . The directions of the pressing force is shown by arrows 25 in FIG. 2C . As a result, the check valves 11 become wavy such as shown in FIG. 2D although the bonded portion was straight before the air-packing device 10 b is inflated. As mentioned above, the check valve 11 is typically made of two thermoplastic films. By the pressure noted above, sometimes, a gap is created between the thermoplastic films 11 a and the check-valve 11 of the air container 22 . Thus, the air is leaked through the gap as shown in FIG. 2E where the leakage in the check valve 11 a is shown by an arrow 27 . In other words, the reverse flow in the air container by the check valve 11 a occurs and the air from the air container 22 flows into the guide passage 21 in this example. When using the check valves describe above, the pressure required to fill the fluid container can be large because when the air container is long and the guide passage 21 is narrow. This is especially true when each air container is configured by a plurality of air cells connected in series because the air has to be supplied from one end to another end of the air-packing device through many air cells. This can be a problem when the air compressor does not have much power to supply air with high pressure, or the part of the air-packing device closer to the air input may be damaged. Still other problem with regard to the air-packing device having the conventional check valves described above lies in the inflexibility in mounting the check valve. As shown in FIGS. 2A-2B , the check valves 11 must be positioned adjacent to the guide passage 21 , i.e. the air inlet port 24 . Because the guide passage 21 must be positioned at the very end of the air-packing device 10 b, freedom of designing the shape of the air-packing devices is severely limited. As described in the foregoing, the air-packing device using the check valves is highly useful for packing commodity products and industrial products instead of the styroform packing. However, the conventional check valves the problems as described above. Thus, there is a strong need for a check valve that can solve the above noted problems and an air-packing device implementing the new check valves.	<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>It is, therefore, an object of the present invention to provide a new structure of a check valve for an air-packing device that can be produced with low cost and easily attached to the air-packing device. It is another object of the present invention to provide a new structure of a check valve for an air-packing device that can be attached to any positions of the air-packing device. It is a further object of the present invention is to provide a structure of a check valve which is configured by a single film attached to a thermoplastic film of the air-packing device. It is a further object of the present invention is to provide a structure of a check valve which is configured by two films juxtaposed with one another and attached to a thermoplastic film of the air-packing device. It is a further object of the present invention is to provide a structure of a check valve for use with an air-packing device wherein peeling agents are printed on predetermined locations on the check valve film. It is a further object of the present invention is to provide various forms of air-packing device having the check valves of the invention where the air-packing device of a sheet form is folded and post heat-sealing is applied thereto to form a unique three dimensional shape for packing a product to be protected. One aspect of the present invention is a structure of check valves for use in an air-packing device for protecting a product therein wherein the air-packing device has a plurality of air containers and is made of first and second thermoplastic films. The structure of check valve is configured by: a check valve film on which peeling agents of predetermined pattern are printed, the check valve film being attached to one of the first and second thermoplastic films; an air input established by one of the peeling agents on the air-packing device for receiving an air from an air source; an air flow maze portion forming an air passage of a zig-zag shape, the air flow maze portion having an exit at an end thereof for supplying the air from the air passage to a corresponding air container having one or more series connected air cells; a common air duct portion which provides the air from the air input to the air flow maze portion of a current air container as well as to the air flow maze portion of a next air container having one or more series connected air cells. Heat-sealing between the first and second thermoplastic films for air tightly separating two adjacent air containers is prevented in a range where the peeling agent is printed. The air passage in the air flow maze portion is created by heat-sealing the check valve film with one of the first and second thermoplastic films. Double layered check valves can be formed by using an additional film between the check valve film and one of the first and second thermoplastic films. The check valve film is attached to one of the first and second thermoplastic films at any desired locations of the air-packing device. At least the air passage in the air flow maze portion is closed by air tightly contacting the check valve film with one of the first and second thermoplastic films or the additional film by the air pressure within the air cell when the air-packing device is filled with the compressed air to a sufficient degree. Preferably, the pattern of the peeling agent on the check valve film has a narrow end and a broad end, and wherein the air input is an opening between the check valve film and one of the first and second thermoplastic films created by the narrow end of the peeling agent. This can be done by forming the pattern of the peeling agent in an L-shape where the narrow end is on a vertical line of the L-shape and the broad end is on a horizontal line of the L-shape. The pattern of the peeling agent on the check valve film can be a belt like shape extending across the sides of the air-packing device. Another aspect of the present invention is an air-packing device incorporating the above noted check valves for protecting a product therein. The air-packing device is comprised of: first and second thermoplastic films superposed with each other where predetermined portions of the first and second thermoplastic films are bonded, thereby creating a plurality of air containers, each of the air containers having a plurality of series connected air cells; a plurality of check valves established between the first and second thermoplastic films for the corresponding air containers, each of the check valves allowing the compressed air to flow in a predetermined direction of the check valve; an air input formed on one of the check valves to supply the compressed air to all of the series connected air cells through the check valves; and heat-seal flanges that are made of thermoplastic film and are formed on side edges close to both ends of the air-packing device. In the air-packing device, the check valve is configured by an air flow maze portion forming an air passage of a zig-zag shape for supplying the air to a corresponding air container having one or more series connected air cells, and a common air duct portion which provides the air to the air flow maze portion of a current air container as well as to the air flow maze portion of a next air container. Through a post heat-seal treatment, predetermined points on the air containers are bonded with one another, and the heat-seal flanges are bonded with one another, thereby creating a container portion having an opening for packing a product therein and a cushion portion for supporting the container portion when the air-packing device is inflated by the compressed air. A further aspect of the present invention is an air-packing device inflatable by compressed air for protecting a product therein. The air-packing device is comprised of: first and second thermoplastic films superposed with each other where predetermined portions of the first and second thermoplastic films are bonded, thereby creating a plurality of air containers of different length, each of the air containers having a plurality of series connected air cells; a plurality of check valves established between the first and second thermoplastic films for the corresponding air containers, each of the check valves allowing the compressed air to flow in a predetermined direction of the check valve; an air input formed on one of the check valves to supply the compressed air to all of the series connected air cells through the check valves; and heat-seal edges made of thermoplastic film and formed on both ends of the air-packing device. In the air-packing device noted above, the check valve is configured by an air flow maze portion forming an air passage of a zig-zag shape for supplying the air to a corresponding air container having one or more series connected air cells, and a common air duct portion which provides the air to the air flow maze portion of a current air container as well as to the air flow maze portion of a next air container. Through a post heat-seal treatment, predetermined points on the air containers are bonded with one another, and the heat-seal edges are bonded with one another, thereby creating an opening which is larger at a front side than that at a rear side for packing a product therein when the air-packing device is inflated by the compressed air. Due to this structure, when packing a product to be protected in a container box, the opening of the air-packing device packs a corner of the product at each inner corner of the container box thereby securely holding the product in the container box. A further aspect of the present invention is an air-packing device inflatable by compressed air for protecting a product therein. The air-packing device is comprised of: first and second thermoplastic films superposed with each other where predetermined portions of the first and second thermoplastic films are bonded, thereby creating a plurality of air containers, each of the air containers having one or more series connected air cells; a plurality of check valves established between the first and second thermoplastic films for the corresponding air containers, each of the check valves allowing the compressed air to flow in a predetermined direction of the check valve; an air input formed on one of the check valves to supply the compressed air to all of the air cells through the check valves; and a pair of strings each being formed on an end of the air-packing device. The product to be protected is wrapped around by the air-packing device and each end of the air-packing device is fastened by the string for securely holding the product therein before or after inflating the air-packing device. The check valve is configured by an air flow maze portion forming an air passage of a zig-zag shape for supplying the air to a corresponding air container having one or more series connected air cells, and a common air duct portion which provides the air to the air flow maze portion of a current air container as well as to the air flow maze portion of a next air container. A further aspect of the present invention is a method of producing an air-packing device having a plurality of air containers and a plurality of check valves. The method is comprised of the steps of: providing first and second thermoplastic films for forming the plurality of air containers: attaching a check valve film to one of the first and second thermoplastic films, the check valve film being printed thereon predetermined patterns made of peeling agents; forming an air input by one of the peeling agents on the air-packing device for receiving an air from an air source; forming an air flow maze portion having an air passage of a zig-zag shape for supplying the air to a corresponding air container having one or more series connected air cells; forming a common air duct portion which provides the air from the air input to the air flow maze portion of a current air container as well as to the air flow maze portion of a next air container having one or more series connected air cells; and bonding the first and second thermoplastic films for air tightly separating the air containers from one another. The production method further includes a step of folding the air-packing device in a sheet form and heat-sealing predetermined portions to create a container portion having an opening for packing a product to be protected when inflating the air-packing device. The above noted step of bonding the first and second thermoplastic films for separating the air containers includes a step of preventing the bonding between the first and second thermoplastic films at a range where the peeling agent is printed. Further, the above noted step of forming the air flow maze portion includes a step of bonding the check valve film and one of the first and second thermoplastic films at two or more lines thereby forming the air passage of zig-zag shape. According to the present invention, the check valves for an air-packing device can be produced with low cost and easily attached to any locations of the air-packing device. The check valve of the present invention allows to flow the air in two opposite directions of the air-packing device. Since the check valves can be attached to any locations on the air-packing device and allows the air flows in two opposite directions of the air-packing device, all of the air cells of the air-packing device can be inflated by an air from an air compressor with a lower air pressure. The check valve can be configured by a single check valve film attached to a thermoplastic film of the air-packing device. Alternatively, the check valve can be configured by two films juxtaposed with one another and attached to a thermoplastic film of the air-packing device. Peeling agents are printed on predetermined locations on the check valve film to produce an air input and a common air duct. Because of this simple structure, the check valves can be made easily with low cost.	20040526	20070417	20051201	65183.0		1	MAUST, TIMOTHY LEWIS	STRUCTURE OF CHECK-VALVE AND PRODUCTION METHOD THEREOF AND INFLATABLE AIR-PACKING DEVICE USING SAME	SMALL	0	ACCEPTED		2,004
10,854,779	ACCEPTED	Deposition mask, manufacturing method thereof, display unit, manufacturing method thereof, and electronic apparatus including display unit	To provide a high-precision deposition mask capable of vapor deposition on a large-sized deposition substrate in a vacuum deposition process, a method for readily manufacturing the deposition mask at low cost, an electroluminescent display unit, a method for manufacturing the unit, and an electronic apparatus including the electroluminescent display unit. A deposition mask has a configuration in which one or more mask chips each including a single crystal silicon substrate are joined to a mask support. The one or more mask chips are joined to respective predetermined sections of the mask support, the orientations of the one or more mask chips are arranged in such a manner that the crystal orientation of the single crystal silicon substrate is aligned in a predetermined direction, and the single crystal silicon substrate of each mask chip has openings.	1. A deposition mask comprising: a configuration in which one or more mask chips each including a single crystal silicon substrate are joined to a mask support, wherein the one or more mask chips are joined to respective predetermined sections of the mask support, the orientations of the one or more mask chips are arranged in such a manner that the crystal orientation of the single crystal silicon substrate is aligned in a predetermined direction, and the single crystal silicon substrate of each mask chip has openings. 2. The deposition mask according to claim 1, wherein an etching mask is formed on the single crystal silicon substrate before the one or more mask chips are joined to the respective predetermined sections of the mask support in such a manner that the crystal orientation of the single crystal silicon substrate is aligned in the predetermined direction. 3. The deposition mask according to claim 1, wherein the mask support is made of borosilicate glass and the single crystal silicon substrate is joined to the mask support by anodic coupling. 4. The deposition mask according to claim 1, wherein the surfaces of the one or more mask chips have thin films consisting of carbon and fluorine. 5. A method for manufacturing a deposition mask comprising a configuration in which one or more mask chips each including a single crystal silicon substrate are joined to a mask support, comprising: a step of joining the single crystal silicon substrate of each mask chip to a predetermined section of the mask support in such a manner that the crystal orientation of the single crystal silicon substrate is aligned in a predetermined direction and a step of forming openings in the single crystal silicon substrate joined to the mask support to prepare the one or more mask chips, the forming step being performed after the joining step. 6. The method for manufacturing a deposition mask according to claim 5, wherein the step of joining the single crystal silicon substrate of each mask chip to the predetermined section of the mask support in such a manner that the crystal orientation of the single crystal silicon substrate is aligned in the predetermined direction includes a sub-step of aligning the crystal orientation of the single crystal silicon substrate in the predetermined direction using a reference member having at least one straight side. 7. The method for manufacturing a deposition mask according to claim 5, further comprising a step of forming an deposition mask on the single crystal silicon substrate, the etching mask-forming step being performed before performing the step of joining the single crystal silicon substrate to the predetermined section of the mask support in such a manner that the crystal orientation of the single crystal silicon substrate is aligned in the predetermined direction. 8. The method for manufacturing a deposition mask according to claim 5, wherein the single crystal silicon substrate is joined to the mask support by anodic coupling if the mask support is made of borosilicate glass. 9. The method for manufacturing a deposition mask according to claim 5, wherein the single crystal silicon substrate is prepared by dividing a single crystal silicon wafer using cleavage. 10. The method for manufacturing a deposition mask according to claim 5, wherein thin films consisting of carbon and fluorine are formed on surfaces of the one or more mask chips, in a plasma atmosphere of a mixture of carbon and fluorine. 11. An electroluminescent display unit having a hole-injection layer, a light-emitting layer and an electron-transport layer which are formed using the deposition mask according to claim 1. 12. An electroluminescent display unit having an electron-injection layer, a light-emitting layer and a hole-transport layers which are formed using the deposition mask according to claim 1. 13. A method for manufacturing electroluminescent display units, comprising a step of placing the deposition mask according to claim 1 at a predetermined section of a deposition substrate to be treated by a vapor deposition process, so as to form hole-injection layers, light-emitting layers, and electron-transport layers. 14. A method for manufacturing electroluminescent display units, comprising a step of placing the deposition mask according to claim 1 at a predetermined section of a deposition substrate to be treated by a vapor deposition process, so as to form electron-injection layers, light-emitting layers, and hole-transport layers. 15. An electronic apparatus comprising the electroluminescent display unit according to claim 11. 16. An electronic apparatus comprising the electroluminescent display unit according to claim 12.	BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to deposition masks used for forming hole-transport layers, light-emitting layers and the like for devices such as electroluminescent display units, methods for manufacturing such masks, electroluminescent display units, methods for manufacturing such units, and electronic apparatuses including the electroluminescent display units. The present invention particularly relates to a deposition mask principally used to manufacture an organic electroluminescent display unit (hereinafter referred to as an organic EL display unit) and the like. 2. Description of the Related Arts Known organic EL display units are usually manufactured by vacuum deposition of organic compounds using a vacuum deposition apparatus in a resistance-heating evaporation system. In particular, for full-color organic EL display units, fine light emitting elements for emitting RGB (red, green, and blue) light must be precisely fabricated. Therefore, such units are manufactured by a mask evaporation process in which organic compounds that are different from each other depending on RGB pixels are selectively deposited on desired regions using metal masks and the like. In order to manufacture full-color organic EL display units with high definition, fine deposition masks must be used. Since such deposition masks must be thin and fine, the masks are conventionally prepared by an electroforming process. As the definition of the organic EL display units has been enhanced, misalignment due to heat has become serious because known metal masks have a thermal expansion coefficient that is greatly different from that of a deposition substrate treated by a vapor deposition process, made of glass or the like. Especially in the case of using a large-sized deposition substrate treated by a vapor deposition process in order to increase the number of elements obtained from the deposition substrate, the misalignment due to heat is outstandingly caused. In order to solve that problem, a deposition mask is prepared using a silicon wafer having a thermal expansion coefficient smaller than that of glass. In order to manufacture a plurality of organic EL display units from a single large-sized deposition substrate, there is a known deposition mask having a configuration that a plurality of second substrates (mask chips), each of which is used for manufacturing one organic EL display unit and formed of a silicon substrate, are joined to a first substrate (a mask support) made of borosilicate glass having apertures. The reason to employ such a configuration is as follows: since an available silicon wafer is disk-shaped having a diameter of about 300 mm at the most, a deposition mask fit for a large-sized deposition substrate cannot be manufactured using such an wafer. Since the first substrate is made of borosilicate glass having a thermal expansion coefficient close to that of silicon, the flexure of the deposition mask is reduced. In the known deposition mask, when the second substrates consisting of silicon substrates are joined to the first substrate made of borosilicate glass, each of the second substrates must be aligned with the first substrate one by one after one second substrate is joined to the first substrate, and high processing accuracy is necessary; hence, there is a problem in that an increase in the time taken for the process causes an increase in cost. Since the second substrates have openings according to a pixel pattern, there is a problem in that incorrect pixel pattern is formed if the second substrates are misaligned with the first substrate when they are joined to each other. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is an object of the present invention to provide a high-precision deposition mask useful in treating a large-sized deposition substrate by a vacuum deposition process and a method for readily manufacturing the deposition mask at low cost. Furthermore, it is an object of the present invention to provide an electroluminescent display unit having an electroluminescent layer including a hole-transport layer formed by using the deposition mask, a method for manufacturing the unit, and an electronic apparatus including the electroluminescent display unit. A deposition mask according to the present invention has a configuration in which one or more mask chips each including a single crystal silicon substrate are joined to a mask support, wherein the one or more mask chips are joined to respective predetermined sections of the mask support, the orientations of the one or more mask chips are arranged in such a manner that the crystal orientation of the single crystal silicon substrate is aligned in a predetermined direction, and the single crystal silicon substrate of each mask chip has openings. Since the single crystal silicon substrates of the mask chips are joined to the mask support made of borosilicate glass and the openings according to a pixel pattern are then formed in the resulting single crystal silicon substrates, the positional accuracy need not be high when each of the single crystal silicon substrates is joined to the mask support; hence, the deposition mask can be easily manufactured. Furthermore, since the openings are formed after the single crystal silicon substrates are joined to the mask support, the openings are fit for a fine pixel pattern. If a plurality of the single crystal silicon substrates are joined to the mask support, a large-sized deposition substrate can be treated by a vapor deposition process; hence, a large number of electroluminescent display units can be manufactured at a time. In the deposition mask of the present invention, an etching mask is formed on each single crystal silicon substrate before the substrates of the mask chips are joined to the respective predetermined sections of the mask support in such a manner that the crystal orientation of the single crystal silicon substrate is aligned in the predetermined direction. Since the etching mask is formed on the single crystal silicon substrate before the substrates of one or more mask chips are joined to the respective predetermined sections of the mask support, flexure due to heat oxidation or the like can be prevented from occurring in the mask support made of borosilicate glass or the like. In the deposition mask of the present invention, the mask support is made of the borosilicate glass and the single crystal silicon substrates are joined to the mask support by anodic coupling. Since the single crystal silicon substrates are joined to the mask support made of borosilicate glass by anodic coupling, an adhesive is not necessary and flexure due to such an adhesive can be prevented. In the deposition mask of the present invention, the surfaces of the one or more mask chips have thin films consisting of carbon and fluorine. Since the surfaces of the one or more mask chips have thin films consisting of carbon and fluorine, the deposition mask can be readily detached from a deposition substrate in a deposition step. A method for manufacturing a deposition mask, according to the present invention, having a configuration in which one or more mask chips each including a single crystal silicon substrate are joined to a mask support includes a step of joining the single crystal silicon substrate of each mask chip to a predetermined section of the mask support in such a manner that the crystal orientation of the single crystal silicon substrate is aligned in a predetermined direction, and a step of forming openings in the single crystal silicon substrates joined to the mask support to prepare the one or more mask chips, the forming step being performed after the joining step is performed. Since the single crystal silicon substrate is joined to the mask support made of borosilicate glass and the openings according to a pixel pattern are then formed in the resulting single crystal silicon substrates, the positional accuracy need not be high when each single crystal silicon substrate is joined to the mask support; hence, the deposition mask can be easily manufactured. Furthermore, since the openings are formed after the single crystal silicon substrates are joined to the mask support, the openings are fit for a fine pixel pattern. If a plurality of the single crystal silicon substrates are joined to the mask support, the obtained deposition mask is useful in treating a large-sized deposition substrate by a vapor deposition process; hence, a large number of electroluminescent display units can be manufactured at a time. In the method for manufacturing a deposition mask according to the present invention, the step of joining the single crystal silicon substrate of each mask chip to the predetermined section of the mask support in such a manner that the crystal orientation of the single crystal silicon substrate is aligned in the predetermined direction includes a sub-step of aligning the crystal orientation of the single crystal silicon substrate in the predetermined direction using a reference member having at least one straight side. In the step of joining the single crystal silicon substrate to the mask support, the crystal orientation of the single crystal silicon substrate is aligned in the predetermined direction using the reference member having at least one straight side; hence, the single crystal silicon substrates arranged in a line can be joined to the mask support in one step. The crystal orientations of the single crystal silicon substrates can be precisely aligned with each other by the use of the reference member. The method for manufacturing a deposition mask according to the present invention further includes a step of forming an etching mask on the single crystal silicon substrate, the etching mask-forming step being performed before performing the step of joining the single crystal silicon substrate to the predetermined section of the mask support in such a manner that the crystal orientation of the single crystal silicon substrate is aligned in the predetermined direction. Since the etching mask is formed on the single crystal silicon substrate before the single crystal silicon substrate is joined to the mask support, flexure due to heat oxidation or the like can be prevented from occurring in the mask support made of borosilicate glass or the like. In the method for manufacturing a deposition mask according to the present invention, the single crystal silicon substrate is joined to the mask support by anodic coupling if the mask support is made of borosilicate glass. Since the single crystal silicon substrate is joined to the mask support made of borosilicate glass by anodic coupling, an adhesive is not necessary and flexure due to such an adhesive can be prevented. In the method for manufacturing a deposition mask according to the present invention, the single crystal silicon substrate is prepared by dividing a single crystal silicon wafer using cleavage. Since the single crystal silicon substrate is prepared by dividing the single crystal silicon wafer using cleavage, the crystal orientations of the obtained single crystal silicon substrates are aligned with each other. In the method for manufacturing a deposition mask according to the present invention, thin films consisting of carbon and fluorine are formed on surfaces of the one or more mask chips in a plasma atmosphere of a mixture of carbon and fluorine. Since the thin films consisting carbon and fluorine are formed on the one or more mask chips, the deposition mask obtained by this method can be readily detached from a deposition substrate in a deposition step. An electroluminescent display unit according to the present invention includes a hole-injection layer, a light-emitting layer, and an electron-transport layer formed by using the deposition mask described above. Since the deposition mask has the openings fit for a fine pixel pattern, an electroluminescent layer including the hole-injection layer, light-emitting layer, and electron-transport layer formed by using the deposition mask are fine; hence, an electroluminescent display unit including such an electroluminescent layer has high definition. An electroluminescent display unit according to the present invention has an electron-injection layer, a light-emitting layer, and a hole-transport layer formed using the deposition mask described above. Since the deposition mask has the openings fit for a fine pixel pattern, an electroluminescent layer including the electron-injection layer, light-emitting layer, and hole-transport layer formed using the deposition mask is fine; hence, an electroluminescent display unit including such electroluminescent layer has high definition. A method for manufacturing electroluminescent display units according to the present invention includes a step of placing the deposition mask described above at a predetermined section of a deposition substrate to be treated by a vapor deposition process, so as to form hole-injection layers, light-emitting layers, and electron-transport layers. A large number of electroluminescent display units can be manufactured at a time using the deposition mask and high-definition electroluminescent display units can be obtained. A method for manufacturing electroluminescent display units according to the present invention includes a step of placing the deposition mask described above at a predetermined section of a deposition substrate to be treated by a vapor deposition process, so as to form electron-injection layers, light-emitting layers, and hole-transport layers. A large number of electroluminescent display units can be manufactured at a time using the deposition mask and high-definition electroluminescent display units can be obtained. An electronic apparatus according to the present invention includes an electroluminescent display unit having a hole-transport layer, a light-emitting layer, and the like formed using the deposition mask described above. Since the electroluminescent layer including the hole-injection layer and light-emitting layer formed using the deposition mask is fine, an electroluminescent display unit including such an electroluminescent layer has high definition. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1(A) is a top view showing a deposition mask according to a first embodiment of the present invention, and FIG. 1(B) is a cross sectional view of the deposition mask. FIG. 2 is an illustration showing a mask support included in the deposition mask shown in FIG. 1. FIG. 3 is an illustration showing one of mask chips of the deposition mask shown in FIG. 1. FIG. 4 is an illustration showing a step of preparing single crystal silicon substrates by a cutting process. FIG. 5 is a top view showing a step of joining the single crystal silicon substrates to the mask support. FIG. 6 is an enlarged sectional view showing a step of preparing the deposition mask. FIG. 7 is an enlarged sectional view showing steps of manufacturing a deposition mask according to a second embodiment. FIG. 8 is a vertical sectional view showing one of pixels included in an electroluminescent display unit. FIG. 9 is a fragmentary sectional view showing steps of forming electroluminescent layers. FIGS. 10(A) and (B) are illustrations showing examples of an electronic apparatus according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS First Embodiment FIG. 1 is an illustration showing a deposition mask according to a first embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 1(A) is a top view showing the deposition mask and FIG. 1(B) is a transverse sectional view showing the deposition mask. The deposition mask of the first embodiment has a configuration in which a plurality of mask chips 2 each including a single crystal silicon substrate are arranged on the upper face of a mask support 1 made of borosilicate glass, the number of the mask chips 2 being six in FIG. 1(a). The mask support 1 has a plurality of apertures 3 and the mask chips 2 are joined to the mask support 1 in such a manner that the mask chips 2 respectively cover the corresponding apertures 3. Each of the mask chip 2 has a large number of openings 4 corresponding to pixels. The openings 4 have a size of several ten-μm square and all single-color pixels are formed in one step when a deposition substrate is treated by a vapor deposition process. A method for forming electroluminescent layers by the vapor deposition process is described later in detail. The mask support 1 has convex alignment marks 5 used for aligning the mask support 1 with the deposition substrate (of positions and directions). The alignment marks 5 may be recessions or perforations. In the first embodiment, the mask support 1 is made of borosilicate glass; however, the mask support 1 may be formed of a silicon substrate. Furthermore, a single mask chip may be joined to mask support 1 instead of a plurality of the mask chips 2. FIG. 2 is an illustration showing the mask support 1 of the deposition mask shown in FIG. 1, and FIG. 3 is an illustration showing one of the mask chips 2 of the deposition mask shown in FIG. 1. With reference to FIG. 2, the mask support 1 has a plurality of the apertures 3 and the alignment marks 5 are placed on the upper face thereof. The apertures 3 are formed, for example, by directing a jet of fine abrasive grains toward a borosilicate glass substrate. The alignment marks 5 may be formed according to the following procedure: a gold or chromium layer is formed on the borosilicate glass substrate by a sputtering process and the resulting substrate is patterned by a photolithographic process and then etched. With reference to FIG. 3, the mask chips 2 each have a large number of the openings 4. The mask chips 2 are joined to the mask support 1 such that the openings 4 are positioned above the apertures 3. The mask support 1 is preferably prepared using a material having a thermal expansion coefficient close or equal to that of silicon. This is because heat strain can be prevented from being applied to joints between the mask support 1 and the mask chips 2 when an electroluminescent layer is formed by the vapor deposition process. For example, borosilicate glass Pyrex™ #7744 (manufactured by Corning Inc.) has a thermal expansion coefficient of 3.25×10−6/° C. and silicon has a thermal expansion coefficient of 3.5×10−6/° C., that is, the thermal expansion coefficient of the glass is very close to that of silicon; hence, the glass is fit to prepare the mask support 1. FIG. 4 is an illustration showing a step of dividing a single crystal silicon wafer into single crystal silicon substrates for preparing the mask chips 2. The following wafer is prepared: a single crystal silicon wafer 10 having a surface of, for example, a <100> crystal orientation and having two orientation flats 11 (hereinafter referred to as ori-flas). The single crystal silicon wafer 10 has the <100> crystal orientation and the ori-flas 11 perpendicularly crossing each other in a <100> crystal plane. The single crystal silicon wafer 10 is covered with a silicon dioxide layer, formed by thermal oxidation in advance, for forming an etching mask. The single crystal silicon wafer 10 is cut along lines parallel to the ori-flas 11 with a dicing saw, whereby the single crystal silicon substrates 2a having a rectangular shape are obtained. Alternatively, the single crystal silicon wafer 10 may be cloven into the single crystal silicon substrates 2a without using the dicing saw. In order to cleave the single crystal silicon wafer 10, narrow grooves are preferably formed along dividing lines in advance. The single crystal silicon substrates 2a need not be rectangular if the single crystal silicon substrates 2a each have at least one straight side. Silicon dioxide layers may be formed on the respective single crystal silicon substrates 2a after cutting the wafer, or silicon nitride layers or the like may be formed thereon with a CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition) system. FIG. 5 is a top view showing a step of joining the single crystal silicon substrates 2a made by the process shown in FIG. 4 to the mask support 1. In the step of joining the single crystal silicon substrates 2a, the single crystal silicon substrates 2a do not yet have the openings 4 corresponding to pixels. In the step shown in FIG. 5, the mask chips 2 are joined to the upper face of the mask support 1 provided with the apertures 3 and the alignment marks 5. In this step, the crystal orientations of the single crystal silicon substrates 2a are aligned with each other using a reference member 12 having at least one straight side. In order to align the crystal orientations, the directions of the alignment marks 5 and the reference member 12 are relatively aligned and sides of the single crystal silicon substrates 2a obtained by the process shown in FIG. 4 are aligned by placing them along the reference member (see FIG. 5). According to this operation, the single crystal silicon substrates 2a arranged in a line as shown in FIG. 5 can be joined to the mask support 1 in one step using the reference member 12. The alignment is herein performed for each line using the reference member 12. In the first embodiment, the single crystal silicon substrates 2a are joined to the mask support 1 with a UV-curable adhesive. Since the openings 4 corresponding to pixels are formed after the single crystal silicon substrates 2a are joined to the mask support 1 as described below, the accuracy of the positions of the single crystal silicon substrates 2a need not be so high. FIG. 6 is an enlarged sectional view showing a step of processing the mask support 1 having the single crystal silicon substrates 2a preliminarily joined in the step shown in FIG. 5, to prepare the deposition mask. FIG. 6 shows one of the single crystal silicon substrates 2a and regions of the mask support 1 surrounding the substrate. First of all, the mask support 1 having the single crystal silicon substrates 2a joined in the step shown in FIG. 5 is prepared (FIG. 6(a)). Here, silicon dioxide layers 15 are placed on both surfaces of each single crystal silicon substrate 2a, and the single crystal silicon substrate 2a is joined to the mask support 1 with the UV-curable adhesive 14. Subsequently, a silicon dioxide layer 20 placed on the lower face of the single crystal silicon substrate 2a is removed, and the silicon dioxide layer 15 placed on the upper face of the single crystal silicon substrate 2a is patterned by a photolithographic process, whereby a pattern corresponding to a pixel pattern (the openings 4) is formed. The resulting silicon dioxide layer 15 is then half-etched using hydrofluoric acid, whereby patterned portions 21 are formed (FIG. 6(b)). Here, the silicon dioxide layer 20 placed on the lower face of the single crystal silicon substrate 2a is photolithographically processed and then dry-etched using CF3 gas, whereby the silicon dioxide layer 20 is selectively removed. The mask support 1 having each single crystal silicon substrate 2a is immersed in an aqueous TMAH (tetramethyl hydroxide) solution, whereby the lower faces of the single crystal silicon substrate 2a is isotropically etched, thereby forming a recessed section 22. The resulting mask support 1 having the single crystal silicon substrate 2a is then immersed in an aqueous hydrofluoric acid solution, whereby the silicon dioxide layer 15 placed on the upper face of the single crystal silicon substrate 2a is etched until portions of the silicon dioxide layers 15 under the patterned portions 21 are entirely removed (FIG. 6(c)). Regions under the patterned portions 21 are then irradiated with YAG laser light, whereby the openings 4 are formed (FIG. 6(d)). Here, the silicon dioxide layer 15 functions as a deposition mask; hence, only silicon portions are etched, whereby the openings 4 are formed in the single crystal silicon substrate 2a. The mask support 1 having the single crystal silicon substrates 2a is then immersed in an aqueous potassium hydroxide solution, whereby the single crystal silicon substrates 2a are anisotropically etched (FIG. 6(e)). According to this operation, silicon regions surrounding the openings 4 of the single crystal silicon substrate 2a are etched and therefore tapered off. This is because an evaporated material is allowed to pass through the openings 4 in various directions in a deposition step. Finally, the silicon dioxide layer 15 placed on the upper face of the single crystal silicon substrate 2a is removed by a dry etching process using the CF3 gas, whereby the deposition mask is completed (FIG. 6(f)). Incidentally, the silicon dioxide layers 15 may be removed using a diluted aqueous hydrofluoric acid solution, in the step shown in FIG. 6(f). The deposition mask is completed in the step shown in FIG. 6(f). A thin film consisting of carbon and fluorine may be formed on the upper face of the obtained deposition mask. This film is referred to as a so-called Teflon™ film. The deposition mask having the film can be readily detached from the deposition substrate in the vapor deposition step. In order to form the thin film consisting of carbon and fluorine, the deposition mask is treated in a plasma atmosphere containing a mixture of carbon and fluorine, thereby forming the thin film to cover the deposition mask. In the first embodiment, since the single crystal silicon substrates 2a are joined to the mask support 1 made of borosilicate glass and the openings 4 corresponding to a pixel pattern are then formed, the accuracy of the positions of the single crystal silicon substrates 2a joined to the mask support 1 need not be high; hence, the deposition mask can be easily prepared. Furthermore, since the openings 4 are formed after the single crystal silicon substrates 2a are joined to the mask support 1, the openings are fit to form the fine pixel pattern. Since a plurality of the single crystal silicon substrates are joined to the mask support, a large-sized deposition substrate can be treated by a vapor deposition process; hence, a large number of electroluminescent display units can be manufactured at a time. In the step of joining the single crystal silicon substrates 2a to the mask support 1, the crystal orientations of the single crystal silicon substrates 2a are aligned with each other using the reference member 12 having at least one straight side; hence, the single crystal silicon substrates 2a arranged in a line can be joined to the mask support 1 in one step. Furthermore, the crystal orientations of the single crystal silicon substrates 2a can be precisely aligned with each other by the use of the reference member 12. Second Embodiment FIG. 7 is an enlarged sectional view showing steps of manufacturing a deposition mask according to a second embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 7 shows one of single crystal silicon substrates 2b and regions of a mask support surrounding the substrate. The deposition mask of the second embodiment has substantially the same configuration as that of the deposition mask of the first embodiment shown in FIG. 1 unless otherwise specified, and the same components as those of the deposition mask of the first embodiment shall have the same reference numerals. A gold-chromium layer 15a is formed by a sputtering process on the upper face of a single crystal silicon wafer 10, as shown in FIG. 4, having a <100> crystal orientation. In this operation, a chromium sub-layer having affinity for silicon is preferably formed primarily and a gold sub-layer having high chemical resistance is then formed thereon. The resulting single crystal silicon wafer 10 is cut into single crystal silicon substrates 2b and the single crystal silicon substrates 2b are then joined to the mask support 1 made of borosilicate glass by anodic coupling in the same manner as that described in the first embodiment (FIG. 7(a)). In the anodic coupling, the single crystal silicon substrates 2b and the mask support 1 are first arranged so that the surfaces of the substrates meet the surface of the mask support 1, the crystal orientations of the substrates are subsequently aligned with each other in the same manner as that described in the first embodiment, the resulting single crystal silicon substrates 2b and mask support 1 are heated to 300° C. to 500° C., and a voltage of about 500 V is then applied to them. The gold-chromium layer 15a of each substrate is then patterned, whereby a pattern corresponding to a pixel pattern (openings 4) is formed. The resulting layer is half-etched using an etching solution for gold and chromium, whereby patterned portions 21a are formed (FIG. 7(b)). The lower face of each single crystal silicon substrates 2b is anisotropically etched using an aqueous TMAH solution, whereby recessed sections 22a are formed. The resulting mask support 1 having the single crystal silicon substrate 2b is then immersed in the etching solution for gold and chromium, whereby the gold-chromium layer 15a is etched until the patterned portions 21a of the gold-chromium layer are entirely removed (FIG. 7(c)). The openings 4 are formed in the single crystal silicon substrate 2b by the application of YAG laser light in the same manner as that described in the first embodiment (FIG. 7(d)). Finally, the mask support 1 having the single crystal silicon substrate 2b is etched using an aqueous potassium hydroxide solution, whereby silicon regions surrounding the openings 4 of the single crystal silicon substrate 2b are tapered off, thereby obtaining the deposition mask (FIG. 7(e)). The gold-chromium layer 15a remaining in the step shown in FIG. 7(e) may be removed by an etching process. In the second embodiment, since the single crystal silicon substrates 2b are joined to the mask support 1 made of borosilicate glass by anodic coupling, an adhesive is not necessary and flexure due to such an adhesive can be prevented from occurring. Furthermore, since no adhesive is used, no gases are formed in a vapor deposition step; hence, the deposition mask fit for high-vacuum deposition can be manufactured. Third Embodiment FIG. 8 is a vertical sectional view showing one of pixels included in an electroluminescent display unit according to a third embodiment of the present invention. In the third embodiment, an organic EL display unit is described as an example of the electroluminescent display unit. The organic EL display unit shown in FIG. 8 includes a glass substrate 30 made of alkali-free glass, TFT wiring lines 31, a planarizing insulating layer 32, and an ITO layer 33 disposed in that order. ITO (Indium Tin Oxide) functions as an anode for applying currents to the pixel. Silicon dioxide layer 34 is placed at regions, emitting no light, surrounding the pixel. A hole-transport layer 35, a light-emitting layer 36, and an electron-injection layer 37, which constitute an electroluminescent layer, are made of organic EL materials and formed by a vapor deposition process or the like. ITO layers 38 functioning as cathodes and a transparent sealing film 39 are disposed on these layers. The deposition mask described in the first or second embodiment is principally used for forming the electroluminescent layer, but it may be used as a sputter mask for forming the ITO layer 33 by a sputtering process. Incidentally, the electroluminescent layer may include a hole-injection layer or the like if it is provided in addition to the hole-transport layer 35, the light-emitting layer 36, and the electron-injection layer 37. Alternatively, an electron-transport layer, a light-emitting layer, and hole-injection layer functioning as an electroluminescent layer may be formed instead of the hole-transport layer 35, the light-emitting layer 36, and the electron-injection layer 37. FIG. 9 is a fragmentary sectional view showing steps of forming the electroluminescent layer using the deposition mask described in the first or second embodiment. Openings 4 of a deposition mask 40 (FIG. 9 shows periphery of the openings 4 only) are arranged to meet portions for red pixels on a glass substrate 30 having an ITO layer 33 and the like, and a red electroluminescent layer 51 for the red pixels are formed by a vapor deposition process (FIG. 9(a)). The deposition mask 40 is then moved so that the openings 4 are arranged to meet portions for green pixels on the glass substrate 30, and a green electroluminescent layer 52 for the green pixels are then formed by the vapor deposition process (FIG. 9(b)). According to the same procedure as the above, a blue electroluminescent layer 53 for blue pixels are formed by the vapor deposition process (FIG. 9(c)). In the third embodiment, since the electroluminescent layer is formed using the deposition mask described in the first or second embodiment, a high-definition electroluminescent display unit including the fine electroluminescent layer can be manufactured. Fourth Embodiment FIG. 10 is an illustration showing an example of an electronic apparatus according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 10(A) shows a mobile phone including a display panel, which is an example of an electroluminescent display unit of the present invention. FIG. 10(B) shows a personal computer including the electroluminescent display unit of the present invention. The electroluminescent display unit of the present invention can be used for a display panel for a game machine or a digital camera. The entire disclosure of Japanese patent application No. 2003-200064 filed Jul. 22, 2003 is hereby incorporated by reference.	<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to deposition masks used for forming hole-transport layers, light-emitting layers and the like for devices such as electroluminescent display units, methods for manufacturing such masks, electroluminescent display units, methods for manufacturing such units, and electronic apparatuses including the electroluminescent display units. The present invention particularly relates to a deposition mask principally used to manufacture an organic electroluminescent display unit (hereinafter referred to as an organic EL display unit) and the like. 2. Description of the Related Arts Known organic EL display units are usually manufactured by vacuum deposition of organic compounds using a vacuum deposition apparatus in a resistance-heating evaporation system. In particular, for full-color organic EL display units, fine light emitting elements for emitting RGB (red, green, and blue) light must be precisely fabricated. Therefore, such units are manufactured by a mask evaporation process in which organic compounds that are different from each other depending on RGB pixels are selectively deposited on desired regions using metal masks and the like. In order to manufacture full-color organic EL display units with high definition, fine deposition masks must be used. Since such deposition masks must be thin and fine, the masks are conventionally prepared by an electroforming process. As the definition of the organic EL display units has been enhanced, misalignment due to heat has become serious because known metal masks have a thermal expansion coefficient that is greatly different from that of a deposition substrate treated by a vapor deposition process, made of glass or the like. Especially in the case of using a large-sized deposition substrate treated by a vapor deposition process in order to increase the number of elements obtained from the deposition substrate, the misalignment due to heat is outstandingly caused. In order to solve that problem, a deposition mask is prepared using a silicon wafer having a thermal expansion coefficient smaller than that of glass. In order to manufacture a plurality of organic EL display units from a single large-sized deposition substrate, there is a known deposition mask having a configuration that a plurality of second substrates (mask chips), each of which is used for manufacturing one organic EL display unit and formed of a silicon substrate, are joined to a first substrate (a mask support) made of borosilicate glass having apertures. The reason to employ such a configuration is as follows: since an available silicon wafer is disk-shaped having a diameter of about 300 mm at the most, a deposition mask fit for a large-sized deposition substrate cannot be manufactured using such an wafer. Since the first substrate is made of borosilicate glass having a thermal expansion coefficient close to that of silicon, the flexure of the deposition mask is reduced. In the known deposition mask, when the second substrates consisting of silicon substrates are joined to the first substrate made of borosilicate glass, each of the second substrates must be aligned with the first substrate one by one after one second substrate is joined to the first substrate, and high processing accuracy is necessary; hence, there is a problem in that an increase in the time taken for the process causes an increase in cost. Since the second substrates have openings according to a pixel pattern, there is a problem in that incorrect pixel pattern is formed if the second substrates are misaligned with the first substrate when they are joined to each other.	<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>It is an object of the present invention to provide a high-precision deposition mask useful in treating a large-sized deposition substrate by a vacuum deposition process and a method for readily manufacturing the deposition mask at low cost. Furthermore, it is an object of the present invention to provide an electroluminescent display unit having an electroluminescent layer including a hole-transport layer formed by using the deposition mask, a method for manufacturing the unit, and an electronic apparatus including the electroluminescent display unit. A deposition mask according to the present invention has a configuration in which one or more mask chips each including a single crystal silicon substrate are joined to a mask support, wherein the one or more mask chips are joined to respective predetermined sections of the mask support, the orientations of the one or more mask chips are arranged in such a manner that the crystal orientation of the single crystal silicon substrate is aligned in a predetermined direction, and the single crystal silicon substrate of each mask chip has openings. Since the single crystal silicon substrates of the mask chips are joined to the mask support made of borosilicate glass and the openings according to a pixel pattern are then formed in the resulting single crystal silicon substrates, the positional accuracy need not be high when each of the single crystal silicon substrates is joined to the mask support; hence, the deposition mask can be easily manufactured. Furthermore, since the openings are formed after the single crystal silicon substrates are joined to the mask support, the openings are fit for a fine pixel pattern. If a plurality of the single crystal silicon substrates are joined to the mask support, a large-sized deposition substrate can be treated by a vapor deposition process; hence, a large number of electroluminescent display units can be manufactured at a time. In the deposition mask of the present invention, an etching mask is formed on each single crystal silicon substrate before the substrates of the mask chips are joined to the respective predetermined sections of the mask support in such a manner that the crystal orientation of the single crystal silicon substrate is aligned in the predetermined direction. Since the etching mask is formed on the single crystal silicon substrate before the substrates of one or more mask chips are joined to the respective predetermined sections of the mask support, flexure due to heat oxidation or the like can be prevented from occurring in the mask support made of borosilicate glass or the like. In the deposition mask of the present invention, the mask support is made of the borosilicate glass and the single crystal silicon substrates are joined to the mask support by anodic coupling. Since the single crystal silicon substrates are joined to the mask support made of borosilicate glass by anodic coupling, an adhesive is not necessary and flexure due to such an adhesive can be prevented. In the deposition mask of the present invention, the surfaces of the one or more mask chips have thin films consisting of carbon and fluorine. Since the surfaces of the one or more mask chips have thin films consisting of carbon and fluorine, the deposition mask can be readily detached from a deposition substrate in a deposition step. A method for manufacturing a deposition mask, according to the present invention, having a configuration in which one or more mask chips each including a single crystal silicon substrate are joined to a mask support includes a step of joining the single crystal silicon substrate of each mask chip to a predetermined section of the mask support in such a manner that the crystal orientation of the single crystal silicon substrate is aligned in a predetermined direction, and a step of forming openings in the single crystal silicon substrates joined to the mask support to prepare the one or more mask chips, the forming step being performed after the joining step is performed. Since the single crystal silicon substrate is joined to the mask support made of borosilicate glass and the openings according to a pixel pattern are then formed in the resulting single crystal silicon substrates, the positional accuracy need not be high when each single crystal silicon substrate is joined to the mask support; hence, the deposition mask can be easily manufactured. Furthermore, since the openings are formed after the single crystal silicon substrates are joined to the mask support, the openings are fit for a fine pixel pattern. If a plurality of the single crystal silicon substrates are joined to the mask support, the obtained deposition mask is useful in treating a large-sized deposition substrate by a vapor deposition process; hence, a large number of electroluminescent display units can be manufactured at a time. In the method for manufacturing a deposition mask according to the present invention, the step of joining the single crystal silicon substrate of each mask chip to the predetermined section of the mask support in such a manner that the crystal orientation of the single crystal silicon substrate is aligned in the predetermined direction includes a sub-step of aligning the crystal orientation of the single crystal silicon substrate in the predetermined direction using a reference member having at least one straight side. In the step of joining the single crystal silicon substrate to the mask support, the crystal orientation of the single crystal silicon substrate is aligned in the predetermined direction using the reference member having at least one straight side; hence, the single crystal silicon substrates arranged in a line can be joined to the mask support in one step. The crystal orientations of the single crystal silicon substrates can be precisely aligned with each other by the use of the reference member. The method for manufacturing a deposition mask according to the present invention further includes a step of forming an etching mask on the single crystal silicon substrate, the etching mask-forming step being performed before performing the step of joining the single crystal silicon substrate to the predetermined section of the mask support in such a manner that the crystal orientation of the single crystal silicon substrate is aligned in the predetermined direction. Since the etching mask is formed on the single crystal silicon substrate before the single crystal silicon substrate is joined to the mask support, flexure due to heat oxidation or the like can be prevented from occurring in the mask support made of borosilicate glass or the like. In the method for manufacturing a deposition mask according to the present invention, the single crystal silicon substrate is joined to the mask support by anodic coupling if the mask support is made of borosilicate glass. Since the single crystal silicon substrate is joined to the mask support made of borosilicate glass by anodic coupling, an adhesive is not necessary and flexure due to such an adhesive can be prevented. In the method for manufacturing a deposition mask according to the present invention, the single crystal silicon substrate is prepared by dividing a single crystal silicon wafer using cleavage. Since the single crystal silicon substrate is prepared by dividing the single crystal silicon wafer using cleavage, the crystal orientations of the obtained single crystal silicon substrates are aligned with each other. In the method for manufacturing a deposition mask according to the present invention, thin films consisting of carbon and fluorine are formed on surfaces of the one or more mask chips in a plasma atmosphere of a mixture of carbon and fluorine. Since the thin films consisting carbon and fluorine are formed on the one or more mask chips, the deposition mask obtained by this method can be readily detached from a deposition substrate in a deposition step. An electroluminescent display unit according to the present invention includes a hole-injection layer, a light-emitting layer, and an electron-transport layer formed by using the deposition mask described above. Since the deposition mask has the openings fit for a fine pixel pattern, an electroluminescent layer including the hole-injection layer, light-emitting layer, and electron-transport layer formed by using the deposition mask are fine; hence, an electroluminescent display unit including such an electroluminescent layer has high definition. An electroluminescent display unit according to the present invention has an electron-injection layer, a light-emitting layer, and a hole-transport layer formed using the deposition mask described above. Since the deposition mask has the openings fit for a fine pixel pattern, an electroluminescent layer including the electron-injection layer, light-emitting layer, and hole-transport layer formed using the deposition mask is fine; hence, an electroluminescent display unit including such electroluminescent layer has high definition. A method for manufacturing electroluminescent display units according to the present invention includes a step of placing the deposition mask described above at a predetermined section of a deposition substrate to be treated by a vapor deposition process, so as to form hole-injection layers, light-emitting layers, and electron-transport layers. A large number of electroluminescent display units can be manufactured at a time using the deposition mask and high-definition electroluminescent display units can be obtained. A method for manufacturing electroluminescent display units according to the present invention includes a step of placing the deposition mask described above at a predetermined section of a deposition substrate to be treated by a vapor deposition process, so as to form electron-injection layers, light-emitting layers, and hole-transport layers. A large number of electroluminescent display units can be manufactured at a time using the deposition mask and high-definition electroluminescent display units can be obtained. An electronic apparatus according to the present invention includes an electroluminescent display unit having a hole-transport layer, a light-emitting layer, and the like formed using the deposition mask described above. Since the electroluminescent layer including the hole-injection layer and light-emitting layer formed using the deposition mask is fine, an electroluminescent display unit including such an electroluminescent layer has high definition.	20040526	20060711	20050127	67894.0		0	DANG, PHUC T	DEPOSITION MASK, MANUFACTURING METHOD THEREOF, DISPLAY UNIT, MANUFACTURING METHOD THEREOF, AND ELECTRONIC APPARATUS INCLUDING DISPLAY UNIT	UNDISCOUNTED	0	ACCEPTED		2,004
10,855,057	ACCEPTED	Lifting mechanism for a bed deck	A lifting mechanism is disclosed for a bed deck having a top surface where a user may lie thereon and a bottom surface. The bed deck is rotatably mounted to a bed platform having a recessed storage area. The bed deck can be moved from a horizontal to a non-horizontal position. The lifting mechanism is at least partially disposed in the recessed storage area and includes a torsion bar having a first end and a second end; a cam follower rigidly mounted to the torsion bar proximal to the first end; an anchor arm rigidly mounted to the torsion bar proximal to the second end; a mechanism for mounting the torsion bar with the bed platform; and a cam mounted to the bottom surface of the bed deck.	1. A lifting mechanism for a bed deck having a top surface where a user may lie thereon and a bottom surface, the bed deck being rotatably mounted with a bed platform having a recessed storage area for movement of the bed deck from a horizontal to a non-horizontal position, the lifting mechanism being at least partially disposed in the recessed storage area, and comprising: a torsion bar having a first end and a second end; a cam follower rigidly mounted on the torsional bar proximal to the first end; an anchor arm rigidly mounted on the torsional bar proximal to the second end; means for mounting the torsional bar with the bed platform; a cam mounted to the bottom surface of the bed deck whereby a torsional force in the torsion bar generated by the rotation of the cam follower about an axis of the torsion bar and relative to the position of the anchor arm is transferred by the cam follower to the cam to provide a biasing force to the bed deck in the direction of rotation thereof from the horizontal to the non-horizontal position. 2. The lifting mechanism of claim 1, wherein the cam has an engaging surface that is contacted by the cam follower to transfer the torsional force on the cam follower as a point load to the cam, the engaging surface configured with a profile such that as the bed deck is rotated away from the horizontal position, the point load is reduced a specified amount such that the bed deck may be suspended in force equilibrium at a range of non-horizontal positions. 3. The lifting mechanism of claim 1, further comprising a force adjusting screw threadingly mounted with the bed platform, wherein the anchor arm is positioned to abut the screw and transfer a reactive torque opposite of the torque on the cam follower to the screw, and wherein rotation of the screw changes the angle of the anchor arm about an axis of the torsion bar relative to the position of the cam follower to adjust the biasing force applied to the bed deck through the range of non-horizontal positions. 4. The lifting mechanism of claim 1, wherein the cam follower has at least one boss and the anchor arm has a boss, and wherein the means for mounting the torsional bar with the bed platform comprises: at least one mounting block having a central hole therethrough; a sleeve bearing fit within the central hole of each mounting block and having an inner diameter sized to receive the boss of the cam follower; a mounting plate having a central hole therethrough; a sleeve bearing fit within the central hole of the mounting plate and having an inner diameter sized to receive the boss of the anchor arm; a first bracket affixed to the bed platform within the recessed storage area with which the at least one mounting block is mounted; and a second bracket affixed to the bed platform within the recessed storage area with which the mounting plate is mounted. 5. The lifting mechanism of claim 4, wherein the first and second brackets each have opposing planar surfaces and a top edge, and further comprising: a vertical brace affixed to the bed platform and spanning between facing planar surfaces of the first and second brackets; and a channel brace affixed to the bed platform and positioned to abut the top edges of the first and second brackets. 6. A lifting mechanism for a bed deck having a top surface where a user may lie thereon and a bottom surface, the bed deck being rotatably mounted with a bed platform having a recessed storage area for movement of the bed deck from a horizontal to a non-horizontal position, the lifting mechanism being at least partially disposed in the recessed storage area, and comprising: a torsion bar; a cam follower rigidly mounted on the torsional bar; means for mounting the torsional bar with the bed platform; and a cam mounted to the bottom surface of the bed deck whereby a torsional force in the torsion bar generated by the rotation of the cam follower about an axis of the torsion bar and relative to a point on the torsion bar spaced from the mounting with the cam follower is transferred by the cam follower to the cam to provide a biasing force to the bed deck in the direction of rotation thereof from the horizontal to the non-horizontal position. 7. The lifting mechanism of claim 6, further comprising an anchor arm rigidly mounted on the torsional bar at the point on the torsion bar spaced from the mounting with the cam follower. 8. A lifting mechanism for a bed deck having a top surface where a user may lie thereon and a bottom surface, the bed deck being rotatably mounted with a bed platform having a recessed storage area for movement of the bed deck from a horizontal to a non-horizontal position, the lifting mechanism comprising: a torsion bar; a cam follower rigidly mounted on the torsional bar; an anchor arm rigidly mounted on the torsional bar at a position spaced from the cam follower; means for mounting the torsional bar with the bottom surface of the bed deck; and a cam mounted to a base surface of the bed platform whereby a torsional force in the torsion bar generated by the cam follower pressing against the cam as the cam follower rotates about an axis of the torsion bar and relative to the position of the anchor arm provides a biasing force to the bed deck in the direction of rotation thereof from the horizontal to the non-horizontal position.	RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is a non-provisional patent application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 60/473,630, Filed May 27, 2003, entitled “Lifting Mechanism For A Bed Deck” and is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/391,091, filed Mar. 18, 2003, which is a continuation-in part of U.S. Pat. No. 6,611,973, issued Sep. 2, 2003 the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. BACKGROUND U.S. Application Ser. No. 10/146,153 (the '153 application), filed May 15, 2002, for a “Bed Structure with Storage Area”, and assigned to the same assignee as that of the present invention, is incorporated herein by reference. The '153 application discloses a bed structure with a platform having a recessed storage area and a deck hingedly mounted to the platform such that the same may serve as a surface upon which a user may lie (e.g., for sleeping), and may be rotated upward for access to the storage area. FIG. 1 shows one embodiment of a bed structure 10 having one or more platforms 12 disposed in spaced relation to one another by a set of end frames 14. Each platform 12 has a recessed storage area 16 formed therein by sidewalls 18 of the platform 12. A deck 20 is rotatably mounted to the platform 12 to alternately cover the recessed storage area 16 and provide access to the storage area 16. Depending on the construction of the deck 20, it may have a weigh well over 100 pounds, and in one embodiment of the bed structure 10 the deck 20 weights over 190 pounds. Not only does this make it difficult to manually rotate the deck 20 upward, but also presents a serious danger of the deck accidentally falling downward if the deck is “propped-up” to hold open the access to the recessed storage area 16. Although lifting mechanisms for such decks 20, such as gas springs 22, have been proposed for assisting in deck lifting, the high forces needed for upward rotation of the deck 20 from the most downward position would require a very strong gas spring arrangement. Further, gas springs 22 often require maintenance over time and typically wear out within a certain number of cycles. Additionally, these types of lifting mechanisms often do not support holding up the deck 20 at a selected angle of rotation other than a fully “open” position. SUMMARY A lifting mechanism 100 for a bed deck 200 rotatably mounted on a bed platform 202 is provided in the form of a torsional assembly. The lifting mechanism 100 includes a cam 102 mounted on the bed deck 200 and a cam follower 104 mounted with a torsion bar 106 that is itself preferably mounted with the bed platform 202 in a recessed storage area 204 thereof. The cam 102 is configured such that the force generated by torsion of the torsion bar 106 and applied by the cam follower 104 to the cam 102 as a lifting force is reduced as the bed deck 200 is rotated upward from the horizontal position. This reduction in the lifting force value is due to the center of gravity of the rotating bed deck 200 moving into a more favorable position closer to the location where the beck deck 200 is mounted with the bed platform 202. In this way, the position of the bed deck 200 may be maintained in force equilibrium at any angle of rotation (e.g., slightly open, fully open, etc.). BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a side elevational view of a bedding assembly having a lifting assembly using gas springs; FIG. 2 is a perspective view of the lifting mechanism in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 3 is an exploded view of the lifting mechanism of the present invention; FIG. 4 is a perspective view of the cam assembly in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of the platform and deck of the present invention showing the deck in horizontal position and having a side wall cut-away to show the lifting mechanism in the platform; FIG. 6 is a side elevational of the platform and deck of the present invention showing the deck in a non-horizontal position and having a side wall cut-away to show the lifting mechanism in the platform; FIG. 7 is a side elevational of the platform and deck of the present invention showing the deck in a non-horizontal position and having a side wall cut-away to show the lifting mechanism in the platform; FIG. 8 is a perspective view of the platform with lifting assembly of the present invention with the deck removed; FIG. 9 is a perspective view of the platform with lifting assembly of the present invention with the deck removed; FIG. 10 is a perspective view of one side of the lifting mechanism as mounted to the bed platform within the recessed storage area; FIG. 11 is a perspective view of the other side of the lifting mechanism as mounted to the bed platform within the recessed storage area; and FIG. 12 is a perspective view of the bed platform with the lifting mechanism removed. DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS FIG. 2 shows the lifting mechanism 100 without the cam 102 and removed from mounting within the recessed storage area 204 of the bed platform 202. The lifting mechanism 100 comprises generally the torsion bar 106 with the cam follower 104 rigidly mounted to a first end 108 thereof and an anchor arm 110 rigidly mounted to a second end 112 thereof. When mounted with the bed platform 202, the torsion bar 106 axis extends generally in the horizontal plane and defines a lateral direction. Despite the fact that the mounting of the cam follower 104 with the torsion bar 106 is rigid, the cam follower 104 is able to rotate about the axis of the torsion bar due to the twisting of the bar 106 in torsion; the twisting of the torsion bar 106 is at a maximum at the first end 108 thereof where the cam follower 104 is mounted. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, the rotational force applied by the cam follower 104 is in a clockwise direction around the axis of the torsion bar 106. The anchor arm 110 provides a brace to prevent the torsion bar 106 from untwisting at the second end 112 thereof and releasing the torque built up in the torsion bar 106 by rotation of the cam follower 104. To anchor the torsional bar 106 and the cam follower 104 and anchor arm 110 mounted thereon to the bed platform 202, a pair of mounting blocks 114 and a mounting plate 116 are fit onto the cam follower 104 and the anchor arm 110, respectively, and generally surround the torsion bar 106 through central holes 117 therein, as seen in FIGS. 1 and 2. The mounting blocks 114 are preferably mirror-images of one another and have abutting mating surfaces 118. Bores 120 extend laterally through the mounting blocks 114 through which fasteners may be inserted to secure the blocks 114 together and to the bed platform 202, as explained more fully herein. In this way, the mounting blocks 114 laterally sandwich a base 122 of the cam follower 104 therebetween while circumferentially surrounding bosses 124 of the base 122 through which the torsion bar first end 110 extends. Similarly, the mounting plate 116 is configured to circumferentially surround a boss 126 of the anchor arm 110 through which the torsion bar second end 112 extends. Bores 128 extend laterally through the mounting plate 116 through which fasteners extend to secure the plate 116 to the bed platform 202. Additionally, sleeve bearings 130 are press fit into the central holes 117 of the mounting blocks 114 and the mounting plate 116 and are configured to surround the bosses 124, 126 to carry the torsional on the cam follower 104 and the anchor arm 110 while allowing relatively free rotation of the follower 104 and arm 110 with respect to the blocks 114 and the plate 116, respectively. As best seen in FIG. 3, the torsion rod 106 is preferably formed by affixing multiple elongate hexagonal rods 132 together along longitudinal surfaces thereof such that each rod contacts at least two other rods. Three hexagonal rods 132 are shown in the embodiment of FIG. 2, but any number could be used as a matter of design choice depending on the desired strength and torsional rigidity of the torsional rod 106, as well as the force necessary to lift and rotate the bed deck 200 hingedly mounted with the bed platform 202. The bosses 124, 126 of the mounting blocks 114 and the mounting plate 116, respectively, are shaped with a cross-section configured to accept the torsion rod 106. The cam follower 104 has a body section 134 from which the base 122 extends, a pair of flanged ears 134 on an end of the body section opposite of the base 112, and a roller 136 rotatably mounted with the ears 134. The roller 136 allows the follower 104 to pass along the engaging surface 138 of the cam 102 with minimal friction while transferring the torsional load generated by the torsion bar 106 as a point load onto the cam 102. FIG. 4 shows one embodiment of the cam 102. The engaging surface 138 is formed by a central convex region 140 that transitions into a lower concave region 142 which terminates in a stop 144. As shown in FIGS. 5 and 6, the convex region 140 is contacted by the cam follower 104 when the bed deck 200 is in the horizontal position overlying the recessed storage area 204 of the bed platform 202 and as the deck 200 rotates upward about a hinge 205 for a distance. With continued upward rotation of the bed deck 200, the roller 136 of the cam follower 104 enters the concave region 142 and continues therein until reaching the stop 144, as shown in FIG. 7. The stop 144 forms the concave region 142 with a radius that lowers in value until the radius is as small as the radius of the roller 136, effectively locking the roller 136 from continuing down the engaging surface and affixing the upward rotation limit for the bed deck 200. The cam 102 has a set of laterally extending bores 146, best seen in FIG. 4, for mounting of the cam 102 with fasteners to a bracket 148 affixed to the bed deck 200, as seen in FIGS. 5-7. A flat upper surface 150 of the cam 102 is mounted against the deck 200 to transfer the point load applied by the cam follower 104 to the deck 200. As seen in FIGS. 5-7, the anchor arm 110 has a lower surface 152 that contacts a force adjusting screw 154 and transfers the reactive torque at the second end 112 of the torsion bar 106 opposite of the torque on the cam follower 104 to the screw 154. The screw 154 is threadingly mounted to a brace 156 on the bed platform 202 that is configured to spread the reactive torsion load in the torsion bar 106 across a reinforced surface area of the platform 202 such that the anchor arm 110 does not “blow-out” the base surface 206 of the platform 202. The screw 154 may be rotated to change the angle of the anchor arm 110 about the torsion bar axis relative to the angle of the cam follower 104 about the torsion bar axis, which increases or decreases—depending on the direction of screw 154 rotation—the force applied by the follower 104 to the cam 102. FIGS. 8 and 9 show views of one bed platform 202 with the deck removed 200 for better viewing of the lifting mechanism 100. The mounting blocks 114 and mounting plate may, in one embodiment, be attached with fasteners to dividers 208, 210, respectively, extending orthogonally with respect to the torsion bar 106 across the base surface 206 of the bed platform 202. FIGS. 10 and 11 show close-up views of FIGS. 8 and 9, respectively, where the lifting mechanism 100 is seen mounted to the bed platform 202 within the recessed storage area 204. A first C-shaped bracket 156 is affixed on edges thereof to a back wall 212 and the base surface 206 of the bed platform 202, such that the mounting blocks 114 may be mounted to the bracket 156—with fasteners through bores 120 in the blocks 114—between the bracket 156 and the divider 208. Likewise, a second C-shaped bracket 158 is affixed to the surfaces of the bed platform in the same configuration as the first bracket 156, such that the mounting plate 116 may be mounted to the bracket 158—with fasteners through bores 128 in the plate 116—between the bracket 158 and the divider 210. To further stabilize the first and second C-shaped brackets 156, 158, a vertical brace 160 may be mounted to the base surface 206 to span the lateral dimension between the brackets 156, 158. Also, a channel brace 162, with a cross-section best seen in FIGS. 5-7, may be mounted to the back wall 212 of the bed platform 202 to abut the top of the brackets 156, 158 and provide further stabilization thereof. When initially loading the torsion bar 106 with the necessary torsion for lifting the bed deck 200, the cam follower 104 should be secured in a “loaded” position. To accomplish this, a loading cam (not shown) with dimensions larger than the cam 102 is first mounted to the bed deck 200 mounted to the bed platform 202. The bed deck 200 is then lowered to the horizontal position such that the weight of the bed deck 200 loads the bar 106 with torsion. Once the body section 134 of the cam follower 104 passes below an axis formed between bores 164 of adjacent loading brackets 166 (the loading cam being shaped not to block this axis as it is contacting the cam follower roller 136), a pin may be inserted through both holes to hold the loaded cam follower 104 in place. The bed deck 200 may then be lifted and the loading cam replaced with the cam 102 used for standard operation. At that point, the deck 200 is again lowered to the horizontal position, this time with the engaging surface 138 of the cam 102 contacting the cam follower roller 136. Once contact is established and the load is taken off of the loading bracket pin, the pin can be removed and the bed deck 200 and bed platform 202 are ready for use. FIG. 12 is the same view as that of FIG. 8, but with the torsion rod 106, the cam follower 104, the anchor arm 110, the mounting blocks 114 and the mounting plate 116 removed. The position of the loading brackets 166, the C-shaped bracket 156, the vertical brace 160 and the channel brace 162 is best seen in relation to the overall configuration of the bed platform 202 in FIG. 12. Observing the motion of the bed deck 200 in FIGS. 5-7, it may be seen that as the deck is rotated upward from the horizontal position, the center of gravity CG of the deck 200 moves towards a vertical plane aligned with the hinge 205 axis about which the deck 200 rotates. Thus, less of a moment exists that must be overcome by the point load applied by the cam follower 104. Consequently, when the deck is at or near the horizontal position, the cam follower 104 is rotated to a lower position corresponding to increased torsion in the torsion bar 106. As the deck rotates upward, FIGS. 6 and 7 show the cam follower 104 likewise rotating upward, because of the shape of the cam engaging surface 138, decreasing the torsion in the torsion bar 106; the decreased torsion is desired because of the lower moment needed to support the bed deck 200 at the rotated position in force equilibrium. If the cam engaging surface 138 is properly dimensioned, and the weight of the bed deck 200 is known, the point load applied to the deck 200 by the cam follower 104 will equal the moment produced by the deck 200, hence force equilibrium, and the deck 200 can be suspended at any angle of rotation without having to hold or brace the deck 200. Even if additional items are placed on the deck 200, increasing the moment, if the weight of these items is small compared to the weight of the deck 200, only a small lifting force will be necessary to lift the deck and expose the recessed storage area 304. It should also be understood that the key lifting components of the lifting mechanism 100 may be reversed in position. In this arrangement, the torsion rod 106 is mounted on the undersurface of the bed deck 200 with the cam follower 104 and anchor arm 110 affixed on the rod 106 and facing a direction opposite of that shown in FIGS. 8-11. Likewise, the flat upper surface 150 of the cam 102 becomes a bottom surface mounted against the platform base surface 206 such that the cam 102 faces upward for engagement with the cam follower 104 facing downward.	<SOH> BACKGROUND <EOH>U.S. Application Ser. No. 10/146,153 (the '153 application), filed May 15, 2002, for a “Bed Structure with Storage Area”, and assigned to the same assignee as that of the present invention, is incorporated herein by reference. The '153 application discloses a bed structure with a platform having a recessed storage area and a deck hingedly mounted to the platform such that the same may serve as a surface upon which a user may lie (e.g., for sleeping), and may be rotated upward for access to the storage area. FIG. 1 shows one embodiment of a bed structure 10 having one or more platforms 12 disposed in spaced relation to one another by a set of end frames 14 . Each platform 12 has a recessed storage area 16 formed therein by sidewalls 18 of the platform 12 . A deck 20 is rotatably mounted to the platform 12 to alternately cover the recessed storage area 16 and provide access to the storage area 16 . Depending on the construction of the deck 20 , it may have a weigh well over 100 pounds, and in one embodiment of the bed structure 10 the deck 20 weights over 190 pounds. Not only does this make it difficult to manually rotate the deck 20 upward, but also presents a serious danger of the deck accidentally falling downward if the deck is “propped-up” to hold open the access to the recessed storage area 16 . Although lifting mechanisms for such decks 20 , such as gas springs 22 , have been proposed for assisting in deck lifting, the high forces needed for upward rotation of the deck 20 from the most downward position would require a very strong gas spring arrangement. Further, gas springs 22 often require maintenance over time and typically wear out within a certain number of cycles. Additionally, these types of lifting mechanisms often do not support holding up the deck 20 at a selected angle of rotation other than a fully “open” position.	<SOH> SUMMARY <EOH>A lifting mechanism 100 for a bed deck 200 rotatably mounted on a bed platform 202 is provided in the form of a torsional assembly. The lifting mechanism 100 includes a cam 102 mounted on the bed deck 200 and a cam follower 104 mounted with a torsion bar 106 that is itself preferably mounted with the bed platform 202 in a recessed storage area 204 thereof. The cam 102 is configured such that the force generated by torsion of the torsion bar 106 and applied by the cam follower 104 to the cam 102 as a lifting force is reduced as the bed deck 200 is rotated upward from the horizontal position. This reduction in the lifting force value is due to the center of gravity of the rotating bed deck 200 moving into a more favorable position closer to the location where the beck deck 200 is mounted with the bed platform 202 . In this way, the position of the bed deck 200 may be maintained in force equilibrium at any angle of rotation (e.g., slightly open, fully open, etc.).	20040527	20080506	20050421	95858.0		0	GROSZ, ALEXANDER	LIFTING MECHANISM FOR A BED DECK	SMALL	1	CONT-ACCEPTED		2,004
10,855,209	ACCEPTED	Liquid-discharging apparatus, and density adjusting method and system of the same	A density-adjusting method of a liquid-discharging apparatus having a head including a plurality of juxtaposed liquid-discharging units having respective nozzles, forming dots by landing droplets discharged from the nozzles onto a droplet-landing object, and providing half tones by arranging a dot array is provided. A density-measuring pattern including all pixel trains lying in the main scanning direction with a constant density is formed, the density of the pattern is scanned so as to obtain density information and the relationship between the number and the density of droplets with respect to each pixel train. Upon receipt of a discharge command signal, based on the obtained data with respect to each pixel train, the density of the pixel train corresponding to the discharge command signal is adjusted by making the number of droplets to be actually discharged from the nozzles different from that of droplets discharged according to the discharge command signal.	1. A liquid-discharging method for forming a pixel by landing at least one droplet discharged from one of plurality of liquid-discharging units on a droplet-landing object, and providing gradation in accordance with the number of the landed droplets in a pixel area, comprising the steps of: correcting a droplet-discharging signal defining the density of the pixel in accordance with the number of droplets and modifying the number of droplets forming the pixel so that the density of the pixel on the droplet-landing object agrees with the density in accordance with the droplet-discharging signal; and controlling the plurality of liquid-discharging units in accordance with the corrected droplet-discharging signal so as to form a pixel on the droplet-landing object in accordance with the modified number of droplets. 2. The liquid-discharging method according to claim 1, wherein the droplet-discharging signal is corrected after gradation processing including image processing and error diffusion is performed. 3. The liquid-discharging method according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of liquid-discharging units is controlled so as to form a pixel such that at least two nearby liquid-discharging units of the plurality of liquid-discharging units discharge droplets in different directions so as to be landed in a single pixel area. 4. A density-adjusting method of a liquid-discharging apparatus comprising a head including a plurality of juxtaposed liquid-discharging units having respective nozzles, forming dots by landing droplets discharged from the nozzles onto a droplet-landing object, and providing half tones by arranging a dot array, comprising the steps of: obtaining density information, and the relationship between the number and the density of discharged droplets with respect to each pixel train (a) by a providing droplet-discharging command signal for providing a uniform and constant density to all pixel trains lying in the main scanning direction, (b) by forming a density-measuring pattern on the droplet-landing object by discharging a predetermined number of droplets from each liquid-discharging unit, and (c) by scanning the density of the density-measuring pattern; and controlling the head, upon receipt of the droplet-discharging command signal, on the basis of the previously obtained density information and relationship between the number and the density of discharged droplets with respect to each pixel train, so as to adjust the density of the pixel train corresponding to the discharge command signal by making the number of droplets to be actually discharged from the liquid-discharging units different from the number of droplets discharged in accordance with the discharge command signal. 5. The density adjusting method of a liquid-discharging apparatus according to claim 4, further comprising the step of: performing gradation processing including image processing and error diffusion upon receipt of input image information, on the assumption that the density of dot arrays formed by all liquid-discharging units is constant; and controlling the liquid-discharging apparatus so as to adjust the density of a pixel train corresponding to a discharge command signal converted after the gradation processing, by discharging a different number of ink droplets from the liquid-discharging units, from the number of droplets discharged in accordance with the discharge command signal. 6. The density adjusting method of a liquid-discharging apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the liquid-discharging apparatus comprises (i) discharge-direction-changing means changing the discharge direction of an ink droplet discharged from the nozzle of each liquid-discharging unit into a plurality of directions within a direction along which the liquid-discharging units are juxtaposed side by side; and (ii) discharge-direction-controlling means controlling at least two nearby liquid-discharging units so as to discharge ink droplets into respectively different directions by using the discharge-direction-controlling means and to land the discharged droplets on a single pixel train so as to form a pixel train or in a single pixel area so as to form a pixel. 7. The density adjusting method of a liquid-discharging apparatus according to claim 4, upon receipt pf a droplet discharge command signal, on the basis of the density information and the relationship between the number and the density of discharged droplets with respect to the corresponding pixel train, further comprising the steps of: computing the number of density-adjusted discharged droplets corresponding to the number of droplets discharged in accordance with the discharge command signal; extracting only a high-order part corresponding to the number of ink droplets to be discharged from the liquid-discharging units by rounding off the computed result; controlling the liquid-discharging apparatus so as to discharge the number of droplets from the liquid-discharging units, corresponding to the extracted higher-order part; computing a difference between the computed result and the extracted higher-order part; and controlling the liquid-discharging apparatus so as to add the computed difference to the number of discharged ink-droplets in accordance with the subsequent discharge command signal. 8. The density adjusting method of a liquid-discharging apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the liquid-discharging apparatus comprises an image-scanning apparatus, the density adjusting method further comprising the step of scanning the density of the density-measuring pattern formed on the droplet-landing object by the image-scanning apparatus. 9. A density-adjusting system of a liquid-discharging apparatus comprising a head including a plurality of juxtaposed liquid-discharging units, forming a pixel by landing at least one droplet discharged from one of the plurality of liquid-discharging units onto a droplet-landing object, and providing gradation in accordance with the number of the landed droplets, comprising: an image-scanning apparatus scanning the density of the pixel formed by the liquid-discharging unit; a density-measuring-pattern-forming unit causing the liquid-discharging apparatus to form a density-measuring pattern on the droplet-landing object in accordance with a droplet-discharging signal defining the density of the pixel in accordance with the number of droplets forming the pixel; a scanning unit causing the image-scanning apparatus to scan the density of the density-measuring pattern formed by the density-measuring-pattern-forming unit; and a control unit controlling the plurality of liquid-discharging units in accordance with the corrected droplet-discharging signal corrected such that, on the basis of the scanned result of the density-measuring pattern scanned by the scanning unit, the droplet-discharging signal is corrected and the number of droplets forming the pixel is modified so as to make the density of the pixel on the droplet-landing object agree with the density in accordance with the original droplet-discharging signal. 10. The density-adjusting system of a liquid-discharging apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the droplet-discharging signal is corrected after gradation processing including image processing and error diffusion is performed. 11. The density-adjusting system of a liquid-discharging apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the plurality of liquid-discharging units is controlled so as to form a pixel such that at least two nearby liquid-discharging units of the plurality of liquid-discharging units discharge droplets in different directions so as to be landed in a single pixel area. 12. A density-adjusting system of a liquid-discharging apparatus comprising a head including a plurality of juxtaposed liquid-discharging units having respective nozzles, forming dots by landing droplets discharged from the nozzles onto a droplet-landing object, and providing half tones by arranging a dot array, comprising: an image-scanning apparatus scanning the density of the dot array formed by the image-discharging apparatus; a density-measuring-pattern-forming unit causing the liquid-discharging apparatus to discharge a predetermined number of droplets from each of the liquid-discharging units so as to form a density-measuring pattern on the droplet-landing object in accordance with a discharge command signal providing a uniform and constant density to all pixel trains lying in the main scanning direction; a scanning unit causing the image-scanning apparatus to scan the density of the density-measuring pattern formed by the density-measuring-pattern-forming unit; an obtaining unit obtaining density information and the relationship between the number and the density of droplets with respect to each pixel line on the basis of the scanned result of the density-measuring pattern scanned by the scanning unit; a memory storing the density information and the relationship between the number and the density of droplets, obtained by the obtaining unit; and a control unit controlling the head, upon receipt of a droplet-discharging command signal, on the basis of the density information and the relationship between the number and the density of discharged droplets stored in the memory with respect to each pixel train, so as to adjust the density of the pixel train corresponding to the discharge command signal by making the number of droplets to be actually discharged from the liquid-discharging units different from the number of droplets discharged in accordance with the discharge command signal. 13. The density-adjusting system of a liquid-discharging apparatus according to claim 12, wherein the control unit controls the liquid-discharging apparatus so as to adjust the density of a pixel train corresponding to a discharge command signal converted after gradation processing including image processing and error diffusion is performed upon receipt of input image information and on the assumption that the density of dot arrays formed by all liquid-discharging units is constant, by discharging a different number of ink droplets from the liquid-discharging units, from the number of droplets discharged in accordance with the discharge command signal. 14. The density-adjusting system of a liquid-discharging apparatus according to claim 12, wherein the liquid-discharging apparatus comprises (i) discharge-direction-changing means changing the discharge direction of an ink droplet discharged from the nozzle of each liquid-discharging unit into a plurality of directions within a direction along which the liquid-discharging units are juxtaposed side by side; and (ii) discharge-direction-controlling means controlling at least two nearby liquid-discharging units so as to discharge ink droplets into respectively different directions by using the discharge-direction-controlling means and to land the discharged droplets on a single pixel train so as to form a pixel train or in a single pixel area so as to form a pixel. 15. The density-adjusting system of a liquid-discharging apparatus according to claim 12, wherein the control unit comprises (i) a first computing unit, upon receipt of a droplet-discharging command signal, computing the number of density-adjusted discharged droplets corresponding to the number of droplets discharged in accordance with the discharge command signal on the basis of the density information and the relationship between the number and the density of discharged droplets stored in the memory, (ii) an extracting unit extracting only a high-order part corresponding to the number of ink droplets to be discharged from the liquid-discharging units by rounding off the computed result; thus, the liquid-discharging apparatus is controlled so as to discharge the number of droplets from the liquid-discharging units, corresponding to the extracted higher-order part, (iii) a discharge-instructing unit instructing the liquid-discharging units to discharge the number of droplets corresponding to the high-order part extracted by the extracted by the extracting unit; (iv) a second computing unit computing a difference between the computed result of the first computing unit and the high-order part extracted by the extracting unit; and (v) an adding unit adding the difference computed by the second computing unit to the number of droplets discharged in accordance with the subsequent discharge command signal. 16. The density-adjusting system of a liquid-discharging apparatus according to claim 12, wherein the image-discharging apparatus comprises the image-scanning unit. 17. A liquid-discharging apparatus comprising a plurality of liquid-discharging units, forming a pixel by landing at least one droplet discharged by one of the plurality of liquid-discharging units onto a droplet-landing object, and providing gradation in accordance with the number of droplets landed in a pixel area, wherein a droplet-discharging signal defining the density of the pixel in accordance with the number of droplets is corrected and the number of droplets forming the pixel is modified so that the density of the pixel on the droplet-landing object agrees with the density in accordance with the droplet-discharging signal, and the plurality of liquid-discharging units is controlled in accordance with the corrected droplet-discharging signal so as to form a pixel on the droplet-landing object in accordance with the modified number of droplets. 18. The liquid-discharging apparatus according to claim 17, wherein the droplet-discharging signal is corrected after gradation processing including image processing and error diffusion is performed. 19. The liquid-discharging apparatus according to claim 17, wherein the plurality of liquid-discharging units is controlled so as to form a pixel such that at least two nearby liquid-discharging units of the plurality of liquid-discharging units discharge droplets in different directions so as to be landed in a single pixel area. 20. A liquid-discharging apparatus comprising a head including a plurality of juxtaposed liquid-discharging units having respective nozzles, forming dots by landing droplets discharged from the nozzles onto a droplet-landing object, and providing half tones by arranging a dot array, comprising: a density-measuring-pattern-forming unit forming a density-measuring pattern on the droplet-landing object in accordance with a discharge command signal providing a uniform and constant density to all pixel trains lying in the main scanning direction by causing each of the liquid-discharging units to discharge a predetermined number of droplets; a memory storing density information and the relationship between the number and the density of droplets with respect to each pixel train obtained by scanning the density of the density-measuring pattern formed by the density-measuring-pattern-forming unit; and a control unit controlling the head, upon receipt of a droplet-discharging command signal, on the basis of the density information and the relationship between the number and the density of discharged droplets stored in the memory with respect to each pixel train, so as to adjust the density of the pixel train corresponding to the discharge command signal by making the number of droplets to be actually discharged from the liquid-discharging units different from the number of droplets discharged in accordance with the discharge command signal. 21. The liquid-discharging apparatus according to claim 20, further comprising: discharge-direction-changing means changing the discharge direction of an ink droplet discharged from the nozzle of each liquid-discharging unit into a plurality of directions within a direction along which the liquid-discharging units are juxtaposed side by side; and discharge-direction-controlling means controlling at least two nearby liquid-discharging units so as to discharge ink droplets into respectively different directions by using the discharge-direction-controlling means and to land the discharged droplets on a single pixel train so as to form a pixel train or in a single pixel area so as to form a pixel. 22. The liquid-discharging apparatus according to claim 20, wherein the control unit comprises (i) a first computing unit, upon receipt of a droplet-discharging command signal, computing the number of density-adjusted discharged droplets corresponding to the number of droplets discharged in accordance with the discharge command signal on the basis of the density information and the relationship between the number and the density of discharged droplets stored in the memory, (ii) an extracting unit extracting only a high-order part corresponding to the number of ink droplets to be discharged from the liquid-discharging units by rounding off the computed result; thus, the liquid-discharging apparatus is controlled so as to discharge the number of droplets from the liquid-discharging units, corresponding to the extracted higher-order part, (iii) a discharge-instructing unit instructing the liquid-discharging units to discharge the number of droplets corresponding to the high-order part extracted by the extracted by the extracting unit; (iv) a second computing unit computing a difference between the computed result of the first computing unit and the high-order part extracted by the extracting unit; and (v) an adding unit adding the difference computed by the second computing unit to the number of droplets discharged in accordance with the subsequent discharge command signal. 23. The liquid-discharging apparatus according to claim 20, further comprising a scanning unit scanning the density of the density-measuring pattern formed by the density-measuring-pattern-forming unit.	BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a liquid-discharging apparatus including a head equipped with a plurality of juxtaposed liquid-discharging units having respective nozzles, forming dots by landing droplets discharged from the nozzles onto a droplet-landing object, and providing half tones by arranging a dot array, and also relates to a density adjusting method and a density adjusting system for adjusting the density of the dots. More particularly, the present invention is relates to a technique for adjusting density unevenness when the unevenness occurs due to a variation in discharging characteristics of the liquid-discharging units. 2. Description of the Related Art An inkjet printer is known as one of conventional liquid-discharging apparatuses. The inkjet printer is equipped with a head including a large number of juxtaposed liquid-discharging units having respective nozzles, forms dots on a sheet of printing paper by discharging ink droplets from the nozzles, and forms an image by arranging arrays of the dots. Also, a serial-type inkjet printer performs printing in the main scanning direction (in a direction perpendicular to a feeding direction of a sheet of printing paper by using a known method (see, for example, Japanese Examined Patent Application Publication No. 56-6033) for providing half tones by superimposing dots by reciprocating the head more than once, that is, by applying so-called overprinting. To be specific, according to the method, at every movement of the head in the main scanning directions the first recording is performed with a dot pitch greater than the diameter of a dot, and the second recording is performed by arranging a dot so as to cover the space between adjacent dots generated in the first recording. With the above-mentioned overprinting for providing half tones, discharging characteristics of the liquid-discharging units are made more uniform, thereby making density unevenness indistinctive. Meanwhile, when the head has a plurality of liquid-discharging units juxtaposed side by side therein, a variation in discharging characteristics of the liquid-discharging units, for example, a variation in discharge amounts of ink droplets occur. Unfortunately, the head of the inkjet printer, for example, including thermal liquid-discharging units, can discharge only a constant amount of ink droplet from each nozzle during one discharging operation, except for a special head including a special discharging mechanism formed by utilizing the piezo technology. In other words, a discharge amount of an ink droplet during one discharging operation cannot be controlled. As a countermeasure for solving the above disadvantage, overprinting is applied so a to make density unevenness substantially indistinctive even when a part of the liquid-discharging units have poor discharging characteristics, for example, discharging an insufficient amount or no amount of ink droplet due to clogging of the corresponding nozzles or the like. Unfortunately, according to the above-mentioned overprinting method, problems such as density unevenness caused by a variation in discharging characteristics of the liquid-discharging units can not be completely solved. Firstly, a problem arises from a certain limitation of an ink-absorbing amount of a sheet of printing paper. That is, when a dot is superimposed beyond the limitation of an ink-absorbing amount of a sheet of printing paper, the dot is unlikely dried, and also, to make matters worse, ink of the dot spreads over the adjacent dots and generates color mixture with that of the adjacent dots, thereby leading to a failure in achieving an expected density gradation characteristic. Secondly, when high image quality, for example equivalent to that of a photographic image is required, existence of even a small part of the liquid-discharging units of the head which do not normally discharge ink droplets makes a streak or the like distinctive. For example, when a color other than black is printed in a pupil area in the case of printing an image such as a facial portrait, or when a color other than red is printed in an apple or flower area in the case of expressing such an object, the foregoing color becomes distinctive even when its printed area is tiny. In order to solve such density unevenness, a thermal sublimination printer or the like normally having a line head structure has an example countermeasure incorporated therein as described below. FIG. 21 illustrates a general method for correcting density unevenness by image processing. A density measuring-pattern (test pattern) providing a uniform and constant density is first printed so as to measure a state of density unevenness with respect to each color across the full sheet of paper. Then, the printed result with respect to each color is scanned by an image-scanning apparatus. Since the scanned data includes density information and unevenness information, the average density and coefficients of unevenness over the all pixels are computed. In addition, a data table obtained by multiplying all positions corresponding to the pixels of an input image by the reciprocals of coefficients of unevenness corresponding to the positions (that is, obtained by computation with an inverse function) is produced and stored. When an image is inputted, multiplication process is performed on the basis of the data table before image processing so as to produce a corrected image file, and a printing operation is performed on the basis of information of the corrected image file, whereby density unevenness peculiar to the head is canceled. Meanwhile, this method is presently used for printers other than an inkjet printer, and it will be appreciated that it is also applicable to an inkjet printer. Unfortunately, the foregoing known method for correcting density unevenness is needed to process an input image, and, especially when an input image including a large amount of data is required to be processed, a longer period of time for processing the input image is needed before printing, thereby resulting in a reduced printing speed. Improvement in the printing speed incurs an increase in hardware, memory, and the like, and hence causes a larger size of the printer. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to adjust density unevenness caused by a variation in discharging characteristics of a plurality of liquid-discharging units without incurring a reduction in a printing speed and the like, also without incurring an increase in a hardware, a memory, and the like, when the density of a pixel train formed by a liquid-discharging apparatus including a head equipped with the plurality of juxtaposed liquid-discharging units is adjusted. The above-described problems are solved by the present invention as will be described below. A density-adjusting method according to the present invention, of a liquid-discharging apparatus which includes a head including a plurality of juxtaposed liquid-discharging units having respective nozzles, which forms dots by landing droplets discharged from the nozzles onto a droplet-landing object, and which provides half tones by arranging a dot array includes the steps of: (i) obtaining density information, and the relationship between the number and the density of discharged droplets with respect to each pixel train (a) by providing a droplet-discharging command signal to the liquid-discharging apparatus so as to provide a uniform and constant density to all pixel trains lying in the main scanning direction (b) by forming a density-measuring pattern on the droplet-landing object by discharging a predetermined number of droplets from each liquid-discharging unit, and (c) by scanning the density of the density-measuring pattern; and (ii) controlling the head, upon receipt of a droplet-discharging command signal, on the basis of the previously obtained density information and the relationship between the number and the density of discharged droplets with respect to each pixel train, so as to adjust the density of the pixel train corresponding to the discharge command signal by making the number of droplets to be actually discharged from the liquid-discharging units different from the number of droplets discharged in accordance with the discharge command signal. According to the density-adjusting method according to the present invention, a droplet-discharging command signal is provided to the liquid-discharging apparatus so as to provide a uniform and constant density to all pixel trains lying in the main scanning direction, and a density-measuring pattern is formed by the liquid-discharging apparatus. The density of the density-measuring pattern is scanned so as to obtain density information with respect to each pixel train (for example, a difference between the density of each pixel train and the average density of all pixel train, obtained by scanning the densities of all pixel trains), and the obtained density information is stored in a memory installed in the liquid-discharging apparatus or a memory of a computer or the like submitting a droplet-discharging command signal to the liquid-discharging apparatus. When a discharge command signal is actually inputted in the liquid-discharging apparatus, on the basis of the density information stored in the memory of the computer or the liquid-discharging apparatus submitting the discharge command signal, the liquid-discharging apparatus is controlled so as to adjust the density of the pixel train corresponding to the discharge command signal by making the number of droplets to be actually discharged from the liquid-discharging units different from the number of droplets discharged in accordance with the discharge command signal. For example, when the density of a pixel train to be adjusted is lower than the average density by 10%, the liquid-discharging apparatus is controlled so as to increase the number of droplets by 10%. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is an exploded perspective view of a head of an inkjet printer including a liquid-discharging apparatus according to the present invention: FIG. 2 is a plan view of a line head according to an embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 3 provides a plan view and a sectional view, illustrating the detailed arrangement of a heating resistor of the head; FIGS. 4A to 4C are graphs, each illustrating the relationship between time difference in bubble generations of ink and discharge angle due to divided parts of a heating resistor when the heating resistor is divided into a plurality of parts; FIG. 5 illustrates deflection of the discharge direction of an ink droplet; FIG. 6 illustrates an example in which ink droplets from adjacent liquid-discharging units are landed in a single pixel area, and discharge directions of each ink droplet are set at an even number; FIG. 7 illustrates an example in which discharge directions of an ink droplet from each liquid-discharging unit are set at an odd number by discharging the ink droplet into right and left symmetrical directions in a defelecting manner and directly below the liquid-discharging unit; FIG. 8 illustrates a process of forming each pixel on a sheet of printing paper by the liquid-discharging units, each discharging droplets into two directions (having an even number of discharge directions) in accordance with discharge command signals; FIG. 9 illustrates a process of forming each pixel on a sheet of printing paper by the liquid-discharging units, each discharging droplets into three directions (having an odd number of discharge directions) in accordance with discharge command signals; FIG. 10 illustrates a general density-adjusting method according to an embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 11 is a graph illustrating the relationship between the number of discharged droplets and a relative amount of discharged droplets; FIG. 12 is a graph illustrating a part of density-distribution characteristics, measured at every number of discharge operations per pixel when droplets are discharged from each liquid-discharging unit with four colors of ink; FIG. 13 is a table illustrating average values, relative densities of measured densities for colors of yellow (Y), magenta (M), cyan (C), and black (K), and the average relative density for all colors. FIG. 14 is a graph of the results shown in FIG. 13; FIG. 15 illustrates a density-measuring pattern; FIG. 16 illustrates the relationship among discharge command signals, liquid-discharging units, and pixel trains; FIG. 17 illustrates example round-off computation according to the present embodiment; FIG. 18 is a table illustrating differences in computed results between a round-off method according to the present embodiment (according to a method of considering an error into the subsequent input) and a simple round-off method; FIG. 19 is a graph of outputs shown in the table in FIG. 18, putting the outputs according to the simple round-off method and those according to the error-considered round-off method according to the present embodiment in contrast with each other; FIG. 20 illustrates an example graph obtained by passing both outputs through an appropriate low-pass filter so as to attenuate high-frequency components of these values; and FIG. 21 illustrates a general method for correcting density unevenness by image processing. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to the attached drawings. In the following descriptions an inkjet printer (hereinafter, simply referred to as a printer) is used as a liquid-discharging apparatus according to the present invention by way of example. In the description, a term “ink droplet” means a very small amount (for example, a few picolillters) of ink (liquid) discharged from a nozzle 18 of a liquid-discharging unit, which will be described later. A term “dot” means one form of an ink droplet landed on a recording medium such as a sheet of printing paper. Also, a term “pixel” is a minimum unit of an image, and, in addition, a term “pixel area” means an area in which a pixel is formed. Thus, when a predetermined number (zero, one, or a plurality of pieces) of droplets are landed in a single pixel area, a pixel (1-step gradation) with no pixel, a pixel (2-step gradation) with a single dot, or a pixel (3 or more-step gradation) with a plurality of dots is respectively formed. That is, zero, one, or a plurality of pieces of dots corresponds to a single pixel area, and an image is formed by arranging a large number of these pixels on a recording medium. Meanwhile, all dots corresponding to a pixel do not always lie in its pixel area, but a part of the dots sometimes lie out of the pixel area. A term “main scanning direction” means a transporting direction of a sheet of printing paper in a line-type printer equipped with a line head. In the meantime, with respect to a serial-type printer, terms “main scanning direction” and “sub scanning direction” are respectively defined as a moving direction of a head (a width direction of a sheet of printing paper) and a transporting direction of a sheet of printing paper, that is, a direction perpendicular to the main scanning direction. A term “pixel train” means a group of pixels lining in the main scanning direction. Accordingly, in a line-type printer, a group of pixels lining in the transporting direction of a sheet of printing paper form a pixel train. In the meantime, in a serial-type printer, a group of pixels lining in the moving direction of a head form a pixel train. A term “pixel line” means a line perpendicular to a pixel train, for example, in a line-type printer, a line along which liquid-discharging units (or nozzles) are juxtaposed side by side. Structure of Head FIG. 1 is an exploded perspective view of a head 11 of the printer. A nozzle sheet 17 shown in FIG. 1 in an exploded manner is bonded to the upper surface of a barrier layer 16. The head 11 includes a substrate member 14 including a semiconductor substrate 15 composed of silicon or the like and heating resistors 13 deposited on one of the surfaces of the semiconductor substrate 15. The heating resistors 13 are electrically connected to an external circuit, having a conducting portion (not shown) formed on the semiconductor substrate 15, interposed therebetween. The barrier layer 16 is composed of, for example, photosensitive cyclized rubber resist or exposure-curable dry film resist and is laminated on the entire surface on which the heating resistors 13 of the semiconductor substrate 15 are formed, and then an unnecessary part thereof is removed by lithography. The nozzle sheet 17 having the plurality of nozzles 18 formed therein is composed of nickel by electroforming, for example, and is bonded to the upper surface of the barrier layer 16 such that the positions of the nozzles 18 agree with those of the corresponding heating resistors 13, that is, such that the nozzles 18 are placed so as to face the corresponding heating resistors 13. The head 11 also includes ink chambers 12, each defined by the substrate member 14, the barrier layer 16, and the nozzle sheet 17 so as to surround the corresponding heating resistor 13. That is, in the figure, the substrate member 14, the barrier layer 16, and the nozzle sheet 17 serve as the bottom wall, the side wall, and the top wall of each ink chamber 12, respectively. With this structure, each ink chamber 12 has an opening area extending toward a right front direction in FIG. 1 so as to be in communication with the corresponding ink-flow channel (not shown). A single of the head 11 generally includes the ink chambers 12 of an order of 100 units and the heating resistors 13 disposed in the corresponding ink chambers 12. In response to a command from a control unit of the printer, the head 11 uniquely selects each of the heating resistors 13 and discharges ink in the ink chamber 12 corresponding to the selected heating resistor 13 from the nozzle 18 facing the ink chamber 12. More particularly, the ink chambers 12 are filled with ink from an ink tank (not shown) connected to the head 11. When a pulse current is fed to the selected heating resistor 13 for a short.period of time, for example, 1 to 3 μsec, the heating resistor 13 is quickly heated. As a result, a gaseous-phase ink bubble is generated in ink in the ink chamber 12, lying in contact with the heating resistor 13, and a certain volume of ink is pushed away due to expansion of the ink bubble (that is, ink is brought to boiling). With this arrangement, ink having substantially the same volume as that of the ink lying in contact with the nozzle 18 and pushed away as mentioned above is discharged from the corresponding nozzle 18 as an ink droplet, landed on a sheet of printing paper, and forms a dot (pixel). In this specification, a component made up by one of the ink chambers 12, the heating resistor 13 disposed in the ink chamber 12, and the nozzle 18 disposed above the ink chamber 12 is referred to as a liquid-discharging unit. That is, the head 11 has a plurality of liquid-discharging units therein which are juxtaposed side by side. Also, in the present embodiment, a plurality of the heads 11 is juxtaposed side by side in the width direction so as to form a line head 10. FIG. 2 is a plan view of the line head 10 according to the embodiment, illustrating four of the heads 11; (N−1)-th, N-th, (N+1)-th, and (N+2)-th heads 11. When the line head 10 is formed, a plurality of components (head chips) is juxtaposed side by side, each formed by the head 11 from which the nozzle sheet 17 is removed in FIG. 1. Then, a single sheet of the nozzle sheet 17 having the nozzles 18 formed therein so as to correspond to the respective liquid-discharging units of all head chips is bonded to the upper surfaces of these head chips. Meanwhile, all heads 11 are disposed such that a pitch between the nozzles 18 lying at the ends of the mutually adjacent heads 11, that is, such that, as shown in a detailed A-part of FIG. 2, a space between the nozzles 18 respectively lying at the right and left ends of the N-th and (N+1)-th heads 11 is the same as that between adjacent nozzles 18 of each head 11. Discharge-direction-changing means The head 11 includes discharge-direction-changing means. The discharge-direction-changing means according to the present embodiment changes the discharge direction of an ink droplet discharged from each nozzle 18 into a plurality of directions within a direction along which the nozzles 18 (liquid-discharging units) are juxtaposed side by side and has a structure as described below. FIG. 3 provides a plan view and a sectional view, illustrating the detailed arrangement of the heating resistor 13 of the head 11. In the plan view of FIG. 3, the position of the nozzle 18 is indicated by a dotted-chain line. As shown in FIG. 3, the head 11 according to the present embodiment has two-way-divided parts of the heating resistor 13 juxtaposed side by side in a single of the ink chamber 12. Also, the divided parts of the heating resistor 13 are juxtaposed side by side in the direction (the horizontal direction in FIG. 3) along which the nozzles 18 are juxtaposed side by side. When the two-way-divided parts of the heating resistor 13 are disposed in a single of the ink chamber 12 as described above, by arranging such that a time (bubble generation time) needed for each divided part of the heating resistor 13 to attain a temperature at which ink is brought to boiling is identical with respect to all divided parts, ink on the divided parts of the heating resistor 13 is simultaneously heated to boiling, whereby an ink droplet is discharged along the central axis direction of the nozzle 18. In the meantime, when the bubble generation times of the divided parts of the heating resistor 13 are different from each other, ink on the divided parts of the heating resistor 13 is not simultaneously heated. In this case, an ink droplet is discharged along a direction deflected from the central axis direction of the nozzle 18. Hence, the ink droplet can be landed at a position deflected from a landing position at which the ink droplet would be landed when discharged without deflection. FIGS. 4A and 4B are graphs obtained by computer simulation, illustrating the relationship between time difference in bubble generations and discharge angle due to the divided parts of the heating resistor 13 when the heating resistor 13 is divided into a plurality of parts as set forth in the present embodiment. In these graphs, the X-direction (direction shown by the vertical axis θx in FIG. 4A, not meaning the horizontal direction of these graphs) is the direction along which the nozzles 18 (the heating resistors 13) are juxtaposed side by side are juxtaposed side by side, and the Y-direction (direction shown by the vertical axis θy in FIG. 4B, not meaning the vertical direction of these graphs) is a direction (the transporting direction of a sheet of printing paper) perpendicular to the X-direction. Also, angles of the X-direction and Y-direction without deflection are both set at θ°, and each of the X-direction and Y-direction indicates a deflection from θ°. Also, FIG. 4C is a graph of measured data when a difference in generation times of bubbles of ink on the two-way-divided parts of the heating resistors 13 is defined as a reflecting current given by half a difference in currents fed to the two-way-divided parts of the heating resistors 13 and is represented by the horizontal axis, and a discharge angle of an ink droplet (in the X-direction) is defined as a deflecting amount of the ink droplet at its landing position (measured when the distance between the nozzle 18 and the landing position is set at about 2 mm) and is represented by the vertical axis. In the case of FIG. 4C, an ink droplet is discharged in a deflecting manner by setting a current of the main power supply of the heating resistor 13 at 80 mA, and the defelecting current is superimposed on one of the two-way-divided parts of the heating resistor 13. When the two parts of the heating resistors 13, divided in the direction along which the nozzles 18 are juxtaposed, generates bubbles at different times from each other, an ink droplet is not discharged at a right angle on a sheet of printing paper, and a discharge angle θx of the ink droplet in the direction along which the nozzles 18 are juxtaposed becomes greater as the time difference becomes greater. Hence, the above-mentioned feature is utilized in the present embodiment. That is, by disposing the two-way-divided parts of the heating resistors 13 and, by feeding different amounts of currents to these divided parts of the heating resistor 13 from each other, the liquid-discharging apparatus is controlled so as to cause ink on the divided parts of the heating resistor 13 to generate an ink droplet at different times from each other and accordingly to deflect the discharge direction of the ink droplet. For example, when the two-way-divided parts of the heating resistors 13 do not have a common resistance as each other due to a manufacturing error or the like, bubble generation times of the divided parts of the heating resistor 13 are different from each other, and an ink droplet is not discharged at a right angle on a sheet of printing paper, a landing position of the ink droplet is deflected from its originally intended position. However, when bubble generation times of ink on both divided parts of the heating resistor 13 are controlled so as to be identical by feeding different amounts of current to the two-way-divided parts of the heating resistors 13 from each other, the ink droplet can be discharged at a right angle. FIG. 5 illustrates deflection of the discharge direction of an ink droplet. As shown in FIG. 5, when an ink droplet i is discharged orthogonal to the discharging surface of the corresponding nozzle 18, the ink droplet i is discharged without deflection as shown by the dotted arrow indicated in FIG. 5. In the meantime, when the discharge direction of the ink droplet i is deflected such that its discharge angle is deflected by θ from the vertical direction (that is, deflected along either Z1 or Z2 direction shown in FIG. 5), the landing position of the ink droplet i is deflected by AL given by the following expression: ΔL=H×tan θ. As described above, when the discharge direction of the ink droplet i is deflected by an angle θ from the vertical direction, the landing position of the ink droplet is deflected by ΔL. Meanwhile, in a typical inkjet printer, since the distance H between the top of the nozzle 18 and a sheet of printing paper P is about 1 to 2 mm, it is assumed that the distance H is held at an almost constant value of about 2 mm. The reason for holding the distance H at an almost constant value is such that, when a variance in the distance H causes the landing position of the ink droplet i to vary. That is, when an ink droplet i is discharged from the nozzle 18 orthogonal to the plane of the sheet of printing paper P, even when the distance H varies somewhat, the landing position of the ink droplet i does not vary. In contrast to this, when an ink droplet i is discharged in a deflecting manner as described above, the landing position of the ink droplet i varies in accordance with a variance in the distance H. Discharge-Direction-Controlling Means By using the head 11 having the above-described discharge-direction-changing means incorporated therein, in the present embodiment, a discharge control of an ink droplet is performed by discharge-direction-controlling means as described below. The discharge-direction-controlling means controls at least two nearby liquid-discharging units so as to discharge ink droplets into respectively different directions and to land the discharged droplets on a single pixel train so as to form a single pixel train or in a single pixel area so as to form a single pixel. Meanwhile, in the present invention, as a first form of the discharge-direction-controlling means, it is arranged such that an ink droplet from each nozzle 18 is variably discharged into one of an even number 2J (J: a positive integer) of directions in accordance with a control signal made up by J bits, and also the interval between the remotest landing positions of two ink droplets of those discharged into the 2J directions is (2J−1) times the interval between the adjacent nozzles 18. With this arrangement, when an ink droplet is discharged from the nozzle 18, one of the 27 directions is selected. Alternatively, as a second form of the means for controlling a discharge direction, it is arranged such that an ink droplet from the nozzle 18 is variably discharged into one of an odd number (2J+1) of directions in accordance with a control signal made up by (J bits+1), and also the interval between the remotest landing positions of two ink droplets of those discharged into the (2J+1) directions is 2J times the interval between the adjacent nozzles 18. With this arrangement, when an ink droplet is discharged from the nozzle 18, one of the (2J+1) directions is selected. For example, in the first form of the controlling means, it is assumed that a control signal made up by J (=2) bits is used, possible discharge directions of an ink droplet is an even number of 2J (=4). Also the interval between the remotest landing positions of two ink droplets of those discharged into 2j directions is {3=(2J−1)} times the interval between the adjacent the nozzles 18. Also, in the second form of the above controlling means, it is assumed that a control signal made up by {(J=2) bits+1} is used, possible discharge directions of an ink droplet is an odd number of {5=(2J+1)}. Also, the interval between the remotest landing positions of two ink droplets of those discharged into (2J+1) directions is 2J (=4) times the interval between the adjacent the nozzles 18. FIG. 6 more specifically illustrates discharge directions of an ink droplet when a control signal made up by J (=1) bit is used in the first form of the controlling means. In the first form of the controlling means, discharge directions of an ink droplet can be set so as to right and left symmetrical directions within the direction along which the nozzles 18 are juxtaposed side by side. With this arrangement, when the interval between the remotest landing positions of two (=2J) ink droplets is set so as to be {1=(2J−1)} times the interval between the adjacent nozzles 18, that is, equal to the interval between the adjacent nozzles 18, ink droplets from the adjacent nozzles 18 can be landed in a single pixel area as shown in FIG. 6. In other words, when the interval between the adjacent nozzles 18 is defined as X as shown in FIG. 6, the distance between the adjacent pixel areas is given by (2J−1)×X (in the example shown in FIG. 1, given by {X=(2J−1)×X)}. Meanwhile, in this case, a landing position of an ink droplet lies between the adjacent nozzles 18. Also, FIG. 7 more specifically illustrates discharge directions of an ink droplet when a control signal made up by (J (=1) bit+1 is used in the second form of the foregoing controlling means. In the second form of the above controlling means, discharge directions of an ink droplet can be set at an odd number. More particularly, while, in the first form of the foregoing control means, discharge directions of an ink droplet from each nozzle 18 can be set at an even number of right and left symmetrical directions within the direction along which the nozzles 18 are juxtaposed side by side, in the second form of the controlling means, the discharge directions of an ink droplet can be set at an odd number, by using a part of the control signal made up by +1, the ink droplet can be also discharged directly below the nozzle 18. Accordingly, the discharge directions can be also set at an odd number of right and left symmetrical directions (represented by reference characters “a” and “c” shown in FIG. 7) and a direction directly below the nozzle 18 (represented by a reference character “b” in FIG. 7). In FIG. 7, the control signal is made up by {J (=1) bit+1}, and the discharge directions are an odd number of 3 {=(2J+1)}. Also, of three discharge directions {=(2J+1)}, the interval between the remotest landing positions of two ink droplets is set so as to be twice (=2J) the interval (shown by X in FIG. 7) between the adjacent the nozzles 18 (in FIG. 7, set so as to be 2J×X), and one of three (=2J+1) discharge directions is selected when an ink droplet is discharged. With this arrangement, as shown in FIG. 7, ink droplets from a nozzle N can be landed not only in a pixel area N lying directly below the nozzle N but also in pixel areas (N−1) and (N+1) adjacent to the pixel area N. Also, the landing positions of ink droplets are opposed to the nozzles 18. As described above, at least two nearby liquid-discharging units (nozzles 18) can land ink droplets in at least one single pixel area depending on the way of using a control signal. Especially, when a pitch of the liquid-discharging units in the juxtaposing direction is defined as X as shown in FIGS. 6 and 7, each liquid-discharging unit can land ink droplets at positions lying along the direction along which the liquid-discharging units are juxtaposed and given by the following expression with respect to its vertical center axis: ±(½×X)×P (P: a positive integer). FIG. 8 illustrates a pixel forming method (with two-direction discharge) when a control signal made up by J (=1) bit is used in the first form of the controlling means (allowing ink droplets to be discharged into an even number of directions). That is, FIG. 8 illustrates a process of forming each pixel on a sheet of printing paper by the liquid-discharging units, each discharging droplets into two directions (having an even number of discharge directions) in accordance with discharge command signals sent in parallel to the head 11. The discharge command signals correspond to image signals. In FIG. 8, the number of gradations of discharge command signals of pixels N, (N+1), and (N+2) are respectively set at 3, 1, and 2. A discharge command signal of each pixel is sent to predetermined liquid-discharging units at an interval of “a” or “b”, and also, each liquid-discharging unit discharges an ink droplet at the above-mentioned interval “a” or “b”. The intervals “a” and “b” correspond to time slots “a” and “b” respectively. In the present embodiment, a plurality of dots is formed in a single pixel area, for example, during an interval of “a” plus “b” in accordance with the number of gradations of the corresponding discharge command signal. For example, during the interval “a”, discharge command signals of the pixels N and (N+2) are respectively sent to liquid-discharging units (N−1) and (N+1). Then, the liquid-discharging unit (N−1) discharges an ink droplet in the “a” direction in a deflecting manner so as to be landed at the position of the pixel N on a sheet of printing paper. Also, the liquid-discharging unit (N+1) discharges an ink droplet in the “a” direction in a deflecting manner so as to be landed at the position of the pixel (N+2) on the sheet of printing paper. With this arrangement, an ink droplet corresponding to the number of gradations: 2 is landed at the position of each pixel in the time slot “a”. Since the number of gradations of the discharge command signal of the pixel (N+2) is 2, the pixel (N+2) is thus formed. The same process is repeated for the time slot “b”. As a result, the pixel N is formed by two dots corresponding to the number of gradations; 3. With this dot-forming method, since ink droplets discharged from a single liquid-discharging unit are not continuously (twice or more) landed in a pixel area corresponding to a single pixel number so as to form a pixel regardless of the number of gradations, a variation in dots due to a variation in discharging characteristics of the liquid-discharging units can be reduced. Also, for example, even when a discharge amount of an ink droplet from any one of the liquid-discharging units is insufficient, a variation in areas shared by dots in the corresponding pixels can be reduced. Also, FIG. 9 illustrates another pixel forming method (with three-direction discharge) when a control signal made up by {J (=1) bit+1} is used in the second form of the controlling means (allowing ink droplets to be discharged into an odd number of directions). Although a pixel-forming process shown in FIG. 9 is not described here because of being the same as that illustrated in FIG. 8, also in the second form of the controlling means, in the same fashion as in the first form of the controlling means, with the discharge-direction-controlling means, at least two nearby liquid-discharging units can be controlled so as to discharge ink droplets into respectively different directions and to land the discharged droplets on a single pixel train so as to form a pixel train or in a single pixel area so as to form a pixel. Subsequently, a density-adjusting method according to an embodiment of the present invention will be described. FIG. 10 illustrates a general density-adjusting method according to the embodiment and corresponding to that of a known art shown in FIGS. 21. With the density-adjusting method according to the embodiment, upon receipt of a discharge command signal of ink droplets, on the basis of density information and relationship between the number and the density of ink droplets, both previously obtained with respect to each pixel train, the liquid-discharging apparatus is controlled so as to adjust the density of the pixel train corresponding to the discharge command signal by making the number of ink droplets to be actually discharged from the liquid-discharging units different from the number of ink droplets discharged in accordance with the discharge command signal. In other words, density adjustment is performed with respect to each pixel train not with respect to each liquid-discharging unit. In particular, when a single pixel train is formed by using a plurality of liquid-discharging units as described in the present embodiment, by performing density adjustment with respect to each pixel train, discharging characteristics peculiar to the individual liquid-discharging units are not needed to be especially taken into consideration. Also, by performing density adjustment with respect to each pixel train, the density adjustment can be performed by common signal processing regardless of whether an ink droplet is discharged in a deflecting manner or not. The density-adjusting method has a greatly different point from a known art in that density adjustment processing is performed after performing image processing and gradation processing. In other words, when an image is inputted, image processing (adjusting brightness and contrast, correcting a y characteristic, and so forth) and gradation processing including error diffusion are performed on the assumption that discharging characteristics of all liquid-discharging units are uniform, and density adjustment processing is performed in a step after the image processing and as close as possible to a step of discharging an ink droplet. That is, upon receipt of input image information, gradation processing including image processing and error diffusion is performed on the assumption that the density of dot.arrays formed by all liquid-discharging units is constant, and the liquid-discharging apparatus is controlled so as to adjust the density of a pixel train corresponding to a discharge command signal converted after the gradation processing by discharging a different number of ink droplets from the liquid-discharging units, from the number of droplets discharged in accordance with the discharge command signal. A specific example of the density-adjusting method according to the present embodiment will be described. In a printer as used in the present embodiment, since an accumulated amount of discharged ink-droplets is in proportion to the number of ink droplets, and the density of ink droplets is expressed by the γ-th power of the number of the ink droplets, a recording signal, in particular, the number of discharged ink-droplets in this embodiment, and the obtained density have a functional relationship with each other. When a pixel train is formed by discharging ink droplets from any one of the liquid-discharging units, its printing characteristic is uniform along the pixel train. In contrast to this, when a pixel train is formed by the remaining liquid-discharging units, its printing characteristic is not identical to that of the pixel train formed by said one of the liquid-discharging units due to a variation in discharging characteristics of the remaining liquid-discharging units. In view of the above-mentioned disagreement, although the number of discharged ink-droplets is constant for the common discharge command signal, a discharge amount of each ink droplet differs from one liquid-discharging unit to another. FIG. 11 is a graph illustrating the relationship between the number of discharged droplets and a relative amount of discharged droplets. In the figure, cases of discharging a normal amount, a large amount, and a small amount of a single droplet are illustrated by straight lines (2), (1), and (3), respectively. That is, although discharging characteristics of the liquid-discharging units vary from one liquid-discharging unit to another as shown by the lines (1) to (3), and this variation cannot be physically adjusted by the respective liquid-discharging units, the number of discharged droplets can be arbitrarily selected. Hence, even when a discharge amount of each droplet varies from one liquid-discharging unit to another, the total amount of discharged droplets can be brought into agreement with an intended one. When it is assumed that the characteristics illustrated by (1) to (3) in FIG. 11 are respectively given by the following expressions: M1=A1×N, M2=A2×N, and M3=A3×N, where An (n=1, 2, 3) is a proportionality constant, M1, M2, M3 is a total amount of discharged ink-droplets discharged N times from each liquid-discharging unit, numbers N1 to N3 of discharged ink-droplets satisfy the following expression are can be found: M=A1×N1=A2×N2=A3×N3. Hence, even when the characteristic of each liquid-discharging unit, that is, a discharge amount of an ink droplet discharged once from the liquid-discharging unit, is different from one liquid-discharging unit to another, the total amounts of ink droplets discharged from the liquid-discharging units can be made identical. When the density and the number of discharged ink-droplets are respectively defined as I and N, and the coefficient y is used, the density is given by the following expression: I=An×Nγ. On the basis of the above-described concept, ink droplets are discharged from each liquid-discharging unit with four colors of ink, and a density-distribution characteristic of the droplets at every number of discharged droplets is measured. FIG. 12 illustrates a part of the measured results. In FIG. 12, yellow (Y) ink is used. The vertical and horizontal axes of FIG. 12 respectively indicate a value obtained such that output (brightness) levels tare subtracted from an 8 bit output (255) levels and the number (0 to 6) of discharged ink-droplets per each pixel. Also, each ellipse shown in FIG. 12 indicates a density-distribution area. FIG. 13 is a table illustrating average values, relative densities of measured densities with respect to colors of yellow (Y), magenta (M), cyan (C), and black (K), the average relative density for all colors, γ values (=natural logarithms of the number of droplets divided by natural logarithms of average relative densities), and values of function with γ=0.571 (a value when the number droplets is 4). Also, FIG. 14 is a graph of the results shown in FIG. 13. As shown in FIG. 14, a γ-characteristic with respect to each color is approximately given by a function with γ=0.571, that is, given by the following expression: I=An×N0.571. Since the above equation includes variables of An and N, when a density variation occurs, the variation is nullified by changing N (the number of discharged ink-droplets). For example, if An varies to An′, the variation of An can be absorbed by changing the number of discharged droplets from N to N′ so as to satisfy the following expression: An×N0.571=An′×N′0.571, or N′=N×(An/An′)1.75. As described above, when the number N′ of discharged droplets given by the above expression is used, the densities of An and An′ can be made equal to each other. Also, in the present embodiment, a density-measuring pattern (test pattern) formed in accordance with a discharge command signal providing a constant density to all pixel trains is printed by the liquid-discharging apparatus, in a state in which density adjustment and the like are not performed at all. The density-measuring pattern is printed with respect to each color. Then, each printed result is scanned by an image-scanning apparatus such as an image scanner so as to detect the density of each pixel train. Although the printed result can be scanned by a digital camera or the like other than an image scanner, disposed independently from the printer, it can be scanned by an image-scanning apparatus disposed in the printer, for example, next to the line head 10. With this structure, when the printed result is inserted into the printer again, for example, after it is printed, it can be scanned by the image-scanning apparatus while being transported by a drive and transport system. Alternatively, an image-scanning apparatus may be disposed downstream of the line head 10 (so as to scan a printed image after a sheet of printing paper is printed. With this structure, since the density of the printed image is measured by the image-scanning apparatus while the sheet of printing paper is being printed, when the density-measuring pattern is printed, the printed image thereof is scanned at the same time. FIG. 15 illustrates an example density-measuring pattern. The density-measuring pattern is formed by a plurality of pairs of belt-shaped patterns, each formed by dots arranged so as to extend in the direction along which the liquid-discharging units are juxtaposed side by side, and each pair formed with respect to each color, having a predetermined space therebetween. Meanwhile, the reason for forming a pair of patterns is as below: since markers (pixel trains having no dots therein) are inserted at predetermined positions of each pattern for determining how-manieth a pixel train in question is disposed with respect to these markers, the densities of pixel trains lying in parts of each pattern where the markers are inserted cannot be measured. To solve this problem, a pair of patterns are recorded. In other words, in a pixel train including makers, the density of the pixel train is scanned from one of the pair of patterns including no makers. In a pixel train including no markers, the density of any one of the patters may be scanned, or the densities of both patterns may be scanned so as to provide the average thereof. In the present embodiment, each pattern has a marker disposed therein every 32 pixel trains. Also, a marker included in one of two patterns with respect to each color lies between two markers included in the other pattern. With this arrangement, when two patterns are viewed as a single pattern with respect to each color, the single pattern has a marker disposed therein every 16 pixel trains. When the pattern has no markers inserted therein, there is a risk of unreliably determining that how-manieth a pixel train in question is disposed. For example, when the densities of the pixel trains shown in FIG. 15 are scanned in the order from the leftmost one, there is a risk of occurrence of a greater position error as being farther away from the left end. When the density information does not accurately indicate the position of the corresponding pixel train, density adjustment cannot be accurately performed. Accordingly, the positions of markers are periodically scanned so as to determine how-manieth a pixel train in question lies with respect to the markers. For example, when the densities of the pixel trains shown in FIG. 15 are scanned in the order from the leftmost end, there are 15 pixel trains on the left side of the first marker (included in the lower one of the two patterns in the figure). Thus, the pixel train lying directly above the first marker and included in the upper pattern is detected as the 16th pixel train. Since too few markers cause the position of a pixel train in question to be inaccurately detected, and too many markers causes the efficiency of a density-measuring operation to deteriorate, in the present embodiment, one marker is inserted into in the upper and lower patterns every 16 pixel trains. One of the pixels forming the density-measuring pattern has at least one dot and may have an appropriate number of dots as long as it is acceptable. Although the greater number of dots the better in order to reduce an error caused by fluctuation of an amount of a droplet of each dot, too many dots cause overlaying with the adjacent dots and difficulty in measuring the density of each pixel. In FIG. 15, one pixel is formed by two dots by way of example. Meanwhile, each liquid-discharging unit used in the present embodiment discharges a droplet having a volume of 4.5 pl (pico-litters) at every discharge operation. By scanning the density of the density-measuring pattern as described above, density information of each of all pixel trains (a value specifying the density of the pixel train) can be obtained. Also, when density information of all pixel trains is given, the average density can be computed. Then, a ratio of the density of each pixel train against the average density or a difference therebetween is computed. Thus, on the basis of the density ratio or difference, the liquid-discharging apparatus is controlled so as to change the number of ink droplets in accordance with a discharge command signal with respect to each pixel train. Such a control of changing the number of ink droplets as described above is independently performed with respect to each color. For example, when the density of a certain pixel train is lower than the average density, and when the number of ink droplets in accordance with the discharge command signal of the pixel train is N, the number of discharged droplets is set greater than N. Contrary, when the density of a certain pixel train is higher than the average density, and when the number of ink droplets in accordance with the discharge command signal of the pixel train is N, the number of discharged droplets is set smaller than N. For example, density information is previously stored in a memory of the printer, and, after the printer receives a discharge command signal from an external apparatus such as a computer, the number of discharged ink-droplets is changed on the basis of the stored density information. Alternatively, the density information is previously stored in an external apparatus such as a computer, and the discharge command signal in which the density is adjusted in accordance with the density information (the number of discharged ink-droplets is changed) may be sent to the printer. FIG. 16 illustrates the relationship among discharge command signals (electrical signal trains), liquid-discharging units, and pixel trains. As shown in FIG. 16, a train of the liquid-discharging units (a train of the nozzles 18) is formed by N1 to N7 liquid-discharging units. Also, discharge command signals are represented by S1 to S6. In addition, pixel trains formed in accordance with these discharge command signals S1 to S6 are represented by P1 to P6. In the figure, the discharge command signal Sn (n=1 to 6) is a signal for forming n pieces of dots in a pixel area. More particularly, for example, the pixel train P2 is formed in accordance with the discharge command signal S2 so as to have two pieces of dots. Also, in FIG. 16, as described above, the discharge command signals are sent to a plurality of neighboring liquid-discharging units, and a single pixel train is formed by these liquid-discharging units. More particularly, as in FIG. 16, the liquid-discharging apparatus is controlled such that, upon receipt of a discharge command signal, ink droplets are discharged from a liquid-discharging unit lying directly above a pixel train to be formed and also from liquid-discharging units lying on both sides of the pixel train. Accordingly, an example shown in FIG. 16 illustrates the second form of the controlling means in the same fashion as that shown in the foregoing FIG. 9. As shown in FIG. 16, for example, in accordance with the discharge command signal S3, the pixel train P3 is formed so as to have 3 dots. Of the discharge command signal S3, a first part of the discharge command signal is sent to the liquid-discharging unit N4, and the liquid-discharging unit N4 discharges an ink droplet leftward in the figure in a deflecting manner so as to form a dot of the pixel train P3. Also, a second part of the discharge command signal is sent to the liquid-discharging unit N3, and the liquid-discharging unit N3 discharges an ink droplet without deflection so as to form another dot of the pixel train P3. In addition, a third part of the discharge command signal is sent to the liquid-discharging unit N2, and the liquid-discharging unit N2 discharges an ink droplet rightward in the figure in a deflecting manner so as to form another dot of the pixel train P3. When each train is formed by a plurality of liquid-discharging units discharging ink droplets in a deflecting manner as described above, the pixel train Pn has a characteristic averaged by the discharging characteristics of three liquid-discharging units. Accordingly, the characteristic is possibly corrected even when one of the liquid-discharging units has a discharging problem. In the present invention, each pixel train is not always formed by a plurality of liquid-discharging units. For example, the head may have a structure in which a single of the heating resistor 13 is disposed in a single of the ink chamber 12 so as to form the pixel train by discharging ink droplets from all nozzles 18 in a direction orthogonal to the plane of a sheet of printing paper. In this case, when one of the liquid-discharging units has a discharging problem, the density of the pixel train corresponding to the liquid-discharging unit cannot be corrected. Although the density can be corrected to a certain degree by, for example, increasing the numbers of discharged droplets of the liquid-discharging units adjacent to the foregoing liquid-discharging unit, at least the density of the pixel train corresponding to the liquid-discharging unit having a discharging problem is different from those of the other pixel trains, whereby it is difficult to make the difference indistinctive. In contrast to this, when a single discharge command signal is allotted into a plurality of (3 in the example shown in FIG. 16) of liquid-discharging units so as to form a single pixel train by the plurality of liquid-discharging units as in the present embodiment, the above density can be completely corrected. For example, when a single pixel train is formed by three liquid-discharging units as shown in FIG. 16, and when one of the liquid-discharging units has a discharging problem, the density of the single pixel train is about two third (low density of about 33%). However, for example, when the number of discharged ink-droplets in accordance with the corresponding discharge command signal is magnified by a factor of the 1.75-th power of an inverted value of about two third according to the foregoing expression; N′=N (An/An′)1.75, that is, is made double, the original density can be restored. For example, when the original number of ink droplets is 3, a pixel train can be formed so as to have a normal density by changing the number to 6, even when one of the liquid-discharging units has a discharging problem. In the meantime, the number of discharged ink-droplets is in reality must be an integer. Hence, when a computed number of discharged droplets includes fractions below decimal point, the computed number is converted into an integer by round-off processing. According to the known simple round-off method, since an error generated every computation is omitted, an accumulated error possibly becomes greater. In view of the above problem, in the present embodiment, a computation error is considered in the subsequent input. In the present embodiment, upon receipt of a droplet-discharging command signal, on the basis of the density information and the relationship between the number and the density of discharged droplets with respect to the corresponding pixel trains the number of density-adjusted discharged droplets corresponding to the number of droplets discharged in accordance with the discharge command signal is computed, and only a high-order part corresponding to the number of ink droplets to be discharged from the liquid-discharging units is extracted by rounding off the computed result. Thus, the liquid-discharging apparatus is controlled so as to discharge the number of droplets from the liquid-discharging units, corresponding to the extracted higher-order part. In addition, a difference between the foregoing computed result and the extracted higher-order part is computed, and the liquid-discharging apparatus is controlled so as to add the computed difference to the number of ink-droplets discharged in accordance with the subsequent discharge command signal. FIG. 17 illustrates an example of round-off computation according to the present embodiment. In this example, an input value is equal to 1, and the number of corrections is 140. As shown in FIG. 17, when 3-bit data “001” subjected to error diffusion processing is inputted into an input register 51, the data is converted into high a value of 3 bits (“00100000”) in 8 bits. Then, a value of 140 (“10001100” in 8 bits) representing the number of corrections is multiplied by the above input value in 8 bits, and a value of high 8 bits “00100011” is outputted from a multiplication output register 52. The above output value is added to a fraction of a previously computed result (the fraction in the example shown in FIG. 17 is zero) by an adder 53, and the added result is outputted by a fraction addition register 54. The output value “00100011” is subjected to round-off processing. In this example, the fourth bit is rounded off, and the high 3 bits are outputted. That is, a value of the high 3 bits “001” is sent to the line head 10 as an output, Also, the rounded-off result is converted into a two's complement number in order to make signs identical to each other, saved in an output register 55, and is inputted into an adder 56 for being subjected to round-off processing. In the meantime, an output value of the fraction addition register 54 is inputted into the adder 56, and the sum of both values is saved in a fraction output register 57. Since this value is inputted into the adder 53 in the subsequent computation, the computation error is considered. FIG. 18 is a table illustrating differences in computed results between a round-off method according to the present embodiment (according to a method of considering a computation error in the subsequent input) and a simple round-off method. In FIG. 18, an external input is obtained by computing the following expression: Y=1.2−cos {(π/80)X} (X: No. of calculation order shown in the table). Meanwhile, in the case of the above-described example, when a deviation of the density of a certain pixel train is computed, this external input corresponds to the number of discharged ink-droplets for eliminating the deviation of the density. For example, the first external input of “1.200” means that when the number of discharged ink-droplets is set at 1.2, the deviation of the density is eliminated. When the external input is equal to “1.200”, the number of discharged droplets according to the simple round-off method is set at “1”, and a fraction below decimal point “0.2” is omitted. In the present embodiment, although the number of discharged droplets is set at “1” by rounding-off in the same fashion as described above, a computation error “0.2” occurred this time is added to the subsequent external input. Accordingly, since the subsequent external input is “1.161”, according to the simple round-off method, this value “1.161” is rounded off independently of the previous computed result, and a resultant error “0.161” is omitted again. In contrast to this, according to the present embodiment, the previous error “0.200” is added to “1.161”, and the obtained result “1.361” is rounded off. With this technique, as shown in FIG. 18 by way of example, outputs according to the simple round-off method are continuously equal to “1” despite of fluctuation of the external input, while outputs according to the error-considered round-off of the present embodiment fluctuate in the range from “0” to “2”. When a fraction is considered in the subsequent external input as described above, computation free of error as a whole can be possible. FIG. 19 is a graph of outputs shown in the table in FIG. 18. In the graph, the outputs according to the simple round-off method and those of the error-considered round-off method according to the present embodiment are put contrast with each other. As shown in FIG. 19, the outputs according to the simple round-off method show a square form like a rectangular waveform in contrast to a smooth sinusoidal waveform of inputs. That is, since all deviations from the sinusoidal waveform indicate computation errors, as the smoother the form of the input signals becomes, the more the errors become distinguish. On the contrary, even when values of the outputs according to the round-off method of present embodiment are once determined, in a state in which many errors occur, since the outputs immediately move so as to absorb the errors, the moving average deviations of the outputs vary so as to meet the corresponding inputs while repeatedly varying finely. FIG. 20 illustrates an example graph obtained by passing both outputs through an appropriate low-pass filter so as to attenuate high-frequency components of these values. Meanwhile, when errors due to rounding off cannot be neglected, bits greater than processing bits normally used in the corresponding system are allotted to the errors so as to ease them or to bring them under control at a practically problem-free level. Although the errors in FIG. 19 are highly visible since decimals after decimal point are rounded off, if any number of digits after decimal point can be used, even with the simple round-off method, the errors can be made smaller to a problem-free level. However, there is little room for selecting the number of bits, for example, for the number of discharge commands of a printer. Especially, when an amount of ink droplet during a single discharge operation is fixed as in a thermal printer, it may be taken for granted that only two values (two bits) are allotted. In addition, a higher dot density causes dots to be overlapped with each other or to be fused to each other, thereby resulting in a modulated density. An integral effect provided in a human eye actually leads to the same printed result as that obtained by passing the outputs through a low-pass filter. In such a view, the results shown in FIG. 20 provide an effect of viewing a printed result close to an actual object. Accordingly, with the low-pass filter working effectively, as is seen in FIG. 20, the computed results according to the error-considered round-off method include much fewer errors than those according to the simple round-off method. Although one embodiment of the present embodiment has been described above, the present invention is not limited to this embodiment, and can be modified in various ways as will be described below, for example. (1) In the present embodiment, although a difference between the average density and the density of each pixel train is computed, and the density of each pixel train is adjusted in accordance with the difference, a threshold of the difference for determining whether or not performing density adjustment is decided on a voluntary basis. For example, when density adjustment is performed even when there is a small difference between the density of each pixel train and the average density, all pixel trains are provided with a further uniform density although more processing operations are accordingly needed. On the contrary, when density adjustment is performed only with respect to a pixel train having density unevenness to an extent to which a human eye visually determines as an insufficient density, operations of the density adjustment can be made fewer. (2) In the present embodiment, although the line head 10 is used by way of example, the present invention is not limited to the line head 10 and is applicable to a serial-type printer having a structure in which ink droplets are discharged while moving a head in the main scanning direction and in which a sheet of printing paper is transported in the sub-scanning direction. The head of the serial-type printer is equivalent to the head 11 as one of those of the line head 10 and is fixed at a position rotated by 90 degrees relative to that of a line-type printer. In the serial-type printer, a direction along which liquid-discharging units are arranged is the sub-scanning direction of the serial-type printer. With this arrangement, a density-measuring pattern is formed on a sheet of printing paper by providing a droplet-discharging command signal for providing a uniform and constant density to all pixel trains lying in the moving direction of the head (in the main scanning direction of the serial-type printer) and by discharging a predetermined number of ink droplets from each liquid-discharging unit. By scanning the density of the density-measuring pattern, with respect to each pixel train, density information and the relationship between the number and the density of the discharged droplets are obtained. Then, in the same fashion as in the present embodiment, upon receipt of a droplet-discharging command signal, on the basis of the previously obtained density information of the corresponding pixel train and relationship between the number and the density of discharged droplets with respect to each pixel train, by making the number of droplets to be actually discharged from the liquid-discharging units different from the number of discharged ink-droplets in accordance with the discharge command signal different, the liquid-discharging apparatus is controlled so as to adjust the density of the pixel train corresponding to the discharge command signal. (3) When the present inventing is applied to a serial-type printer, the head discharging an ink droplet in a reflecting manner as described in the present embodiment may be used, or a head discharging an ink droplet from a nozzle without reflection only in a direction substantially orthogonal to the plane of a sheet of printing paper may be used. (4) Although droplets are discharged into two directions or three directions by way of example, with the discharge-direction-controlling means according to the present embodiment, droplets may be discharged into any number of directions. In other words, arbitrary number of liquid-discharging units may be used for forming a single pixel train. (5) In the present embodiment, although times (bubble generation times) of ink droplets on two-way-divided parts of the heating resistors 13 needed for being brought to boiling are made different from each other by feeding different currents to the two-way-divided parts of each heating resistor 13, the present invention is not limited to the above structure. Alternatively, the liquid-discharging apparatus may have a structure in which the two-way-divided parts having a common resistance, of the heating resistor 13 are juxtaposed, and a current is fed to the divided parts at different timings. For example, respectively independent switches are disposed to the divided parts of the heating resistor 13, and when the switches are turned on at respectively different timings, ink droplets on the divided parts of the heating resistor 13 are brought to boiling at different times from each other. In addition, a combination of a method of feeding different currents to the respective parts of the heating resistor 13 and another method of feeding a current to the same at respectively different timings may be possible. (6) In the present embodiment, although the two-way-divided parts of the heating resistor 13 are juxtaposed in a single of the ink chamber 12 since the way of dividing the heating resistor 13 into two parts is a proved technique from the viewpoint of satisfactory durability, and also, the circuitry of the heating resistors 13 can be made simple, the present invention is not limited to the above structure. Alternatively, three or more divided parts of the heating resistor 13 may be juxtaposed in a single of the ink chamber 12. (7) In the present embodiment, although the heating resistor 13 is used by way of example, alternatively, a heating element may be used, or an energy-generating element such as an electrostatic discharging-type or piezo-type energy-generating element may be used. An electrostatic discharging-type energy-generating element is formed by a diaphragm and two electrodes disposed under the diaphragm having an air layer interposed therebetween. When a voltage of a certain value is applied on the two electrodes so as to bend the diaphragm downward, and then, the voltage is changed to zero so as to release an electrostatic force. On this occasion, an ink droplet is discharged by utilizing an elastic force of the diaphragm returning to its original state. In this case, in order to cause respective energy-generating elements to generate energy in different ways, for example, when the diaphragms of two energy-generating elements are returned to their original states (when the electrostatic force is released by changing the voltage to zero), the two energy-generating elements are arranged so as to generate energy at different timings or to have different voltages applied thereon. The piezo-type energy-generating element is a laminate formed by a piezo element having electrodes on both surfaces thereof and a diaphragm. When a voltage is applied on the electrodes on both surfaces, the piezoelectric effect of the piezo element causes the diaphragm to produce a bending moment and accordingly to be bent and deformed. An ink droplet is discharged by utilizing this deformation. Also, in this case, similar to the above case, in order to cause respective energy-generating elements to generate energy in different ways, when a voltage is applied on the electrodes on both surfaces of each piezo element, the voltage is applied on two piezoelectric elements at different timings or mutually different voltages are applied on the two piezoelectric elements. (8) In the above-described embodiment, the discharge direction of an ink droplet is deflected in the direction along which the nozzles 18 are juxtaposed side by side since the divided parts of the divided nozzle 18 are juxtaposed side by side in the same direction. Meanwhile, the deflecting direction of an ink droplet is not always required to completely agree with the direction along which the nozzles 18 are juxtaposed side by side. Even when a small amount of misalignment remains therebetween, substantially the same effect can be expected as in the case where the deflecting direction of an ink droplet agrees completely with the direction along which the nozzles 18 are juxtaposed side by side. (9) The round-off processing and the like described in the present embodiment can be achieved not only by a hardware (an operation circuit, or the like) but also by software. (10) Although the head 11 is used in a printer in the present embodiment by way of example, the head 11 according to the present invention is applicable not only to a printer, but also to a variety of liquid-discharging apparatuses including an apparatus discharging a solution containing DNA for detecting a biological specimen, for example. As described above, according to the present invention, density unevenness caused by a variation in discharging characteristics of the liquid-discharging units can be adjusted without incurring a reduction in printing speed and the like and also without incurring an increase in hardware, memory, and the like.	<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a liquid-discharging apparatus including a head equipped with a plurality of juxtaposed liquid-discharging units having respective nozzles, forming dots by landing droplets discharged from the nozzles onto a droplet-landing object, and providing half tones by arranging a dot array, and also relates to a density adjusting method and a density adjusting system for adjusting the density of the dots. More particularly, the present invention is relates to a technique for adjusting density unevenness when the unevenness occurs due to a variation in discharging characteristics of the liquid-discharging units. 2. Description of the Related Art An inkjet printer is known as one of conventional liquid-discharging apparatuses. The inkjet printer is equipped with a head including a large number of juxtaposed liquid-discharging units having respective nozzles, forms dots on a sheet of printing paper by discharging ink droplets from the nozzles, and forms an image by arranging arrays of the dots. Also, a serial-type inkjet printer performs printing in the main scanning direction (in a direction perpendicular to a feeding direction of a sheet of printing paper by using a known method (see, for example, Japanese Examined Patent Application Publication No. 56-6033) for providing half tones by superimposing dots by reciprocating the head more than once, that is, by applying so-called overprinting. To be specific, according to the method, at every movement of the head in the main scanning directions the first recording is performed with a dot pitch greater than the diameter of a dot, and the second recording is performed by arranging a dot so as to cover the space between adjacent dots generated in the first recording. With the above-mentioned overprinting for providing half tones, discharging characteristics of the liquid-discharging units are made more uniform, thereby making density unevenness indistinctive. Meanwhile, when the head has a plurality of liquid-discharging units juxtaposed side by side therein, a variation in discharging characteristics of the liquid-discharging units, for example, a variation in discharge amounts of ink droplets occur. Unfortunately, the head of the inkjet printer, for example, including thermal liquid-discharging units, can discharge only a constant amount of ink droplet from each nozzle during one discharging operation, except for a special head including a special discharging mechanism formed by utilizing the piezo technology. In other words, a discharge amount of an ink droplet during one discharging operation cannot be controlled. As a countermeasure for solving the above disadvantage, overprinting is applied so a to make density unevenness substantially indistinctive even when a part of the liquid-discharging units have poor discharging characteristics, for example, discharging an insufficient amount or no amount of ink droplet due to clogging of the corresponding nozzles or the like. Unfortunately, according to the above-mentioned overprinting method, problems such as density unevenness caused by a variation in discharging characteristics of the liquid-discharging units can not be completely solved. Firstly, a problem arises from a certain limitation of an ink-absorbing amount of a sheet of printing paper. That is, when a dot is superimposed beyond the limitation of an ink-absorbing amount of a sheet of printing paper, the dot is unlikely dried, and also, to make matters worse, ink of the dot spreads over the adjacent dots and generates color mixture with that of the adjacent dots, thereby leading to a failure in achieving an expected density gradation characteristic. Secondly, when high image quality, for example equivalent to that of a photographic image is required, existence of even a small part of the liquid-discharging units of the head which do not normally discharge ink droplets makes a streak or the like distinctive. For example, when a color other than black is printed in a pupil area in the case of printing an image such as a facial portrait, or when a color other than red is printed in an apple or flower area in the case of expressing such an object, the foregoing color becomes distinctive even when its printed area is tiny. In order to solve such density unevenness, a thermal sublimination printer or the like normally having a line head structure has an example countermeasure incorporated therein as described below. FIG. 21 illustrates a general method for correcting density unevenness by image processing. A density measuring-pattern (test pattern) providing a uniform and constant density is first printed so as to measure a state of density unevenness with respect to each color across the full sheet of paper. Then, the printed result with respect to each color is scanned by an image-scanning apparatus. Since the scanned data includes density information and unevenness information, the average density and coefficients of unevenness over the all pixels are computed. In addition, a data table obtained by multiplying all positions corresponding to the pixels of an input image by the reciprocals of coefficients of unevenness corresponding to the positions (that is, obtained by computation with an inverse function) is produced and stored. When an image is inputted, multiplication process is performed on the basis of the data table before image processing so as to produce a corrected image file, and a printing operation is performed on the basis of information of the corrected image file, whereby density unevenness peculiar to the head is canceled. Meanwhile, this method is presently used for printers other than an inkjet printer, and it will be appreciated that it is also applicable to an inkjet printer. Unfortunately, the foregoing known method for correcting density unevenness is needed to process an input image, and, especially when an input image including a large amount of data is required to be processed, a longer period of time for processing the input image is needed before printing, thereby resulting in a reduced printing speed. Improvement in the printing speed incurs an increase in hardware, memory, and the like, and hence causes a larger size of the printer.	<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to adjust density unevenness caused by a variation in discharging characteristics of a plurality of liquid-discharging units without incurring a reduction in a printing speed and the like, also without incurring an increase in a hardware, a memory, and the like, when the density of a pixel train formed by a liquid-discharging apparatus including a head equipped with the plurality of juxtaposed liquid-discharging units is adjusted. The above-described problems are solved by the present invention as will be described below. A density-adjusting method according to the present invention, of a liquid-discharging apparatus which includes a head including a plurality of juxtaposed liquid-discharging units having respective nozzles, which forms dots by landing droplets discharged from the nozzles onto a droplet-landing object, and which provides half tones by arranging a dot array includes the steps of: (i) obtaining density information, and the relationship between the number and the density of discharged droplets with respect to each pixel train (a) by providing a droplet-discharging command signal to the liquid-discharging apparatus so as to provide a uniform and constant density to all pixel trains lying in the main scanning direction (b) by forming a density-measuring pattern on the droplet-landing object by discharging a predetermined number of droplets from each liquid-discharging unit, and (c) by scanning the density of the density-measuring pattern; and (ii) controlling the head, upon receipt of a droplet-discharging command signal, on the basis of the previously obtained density information and the relationship between the number and the density of discharged droplets with respect to each pixel train, so as to adjust the density of the pixel train corresponding to the discharge command signal by making the number of droplets to be actually discharged from the liquid-discharging units different from the number of droplets discharged in accordance with the discharge command signal. According to the density-adjusting method according to the present invention, a droplet-discharging command signal is provided to the liquid-discharging apparatus so as to provide a uniform and constant density to all pixel trains lying in the main scanning direction, and a density-measuring pattern is formed by the liquid-discharging apparatus. The density of the density-measuring pattern is scanned so as to obtain density information with respect to each pixel train (for example, a difference between the density of each pixel train and the average density of all pixel train, obtained by scanning the densities of all pixel trains), and the obtained density information is stored in a memory installed in the liquid-discharging apparatus or a memory of a computer or the like submitting a droplet-discharging command signal to the liquid-discharging apparatus. When a discharge command signal is actually inputted in the liquid-discharging apparatus, on the basis of the density information stored in the memory of the computer or the liquid-discharging apparatus submitting the discharge command signal, the liquid-discharging apparatus is controlled so as to adjust the density of the pixel train corresponding to the discharge command signal by making the number of droplets to be actually discharged from the liquid-discharging units different from the number of droplets discharged in accordance with the discharge command signal. For example, when the density of a pixel train to be adjusted is lower than the average density by 10%, the liquid-discharging apparatus is controlled so as to increase the number of droplets by 10%.	20040527	20070515	20050106	76004.0		0	NGUYEN, LAMSON D	LIQUID-DISCHARGING APPARATUS, AND DENSITY ADJUSTING METHOD AND SYSTEM OF THE SAME	UNDISCOUNTED	0	ACCEPTED		2,004
10,855,355	ACCEPTED	Flow control method and apparatus for single packet arrival on a bidirectional ring interconnect	Embodiments of the present invention are related in general to data flow control in a network and in particular to packet flow control in a bidirectional ring interconnect. An embodiment of a method includes sending packets on the bidirectional ring interconnect in a first direction or on the bidirectional ring interconnect in a second direction, opposite to the first direction, between source and destination nodes on a semiconductor chip during a clock cycle based on a distance between the two nodes. An embodiment of an apparatus includes a semiconductor chip comprising a bidirectional ring interconnect and a plurality of nodes coupled to the bidirectional ring interconnect, where the bidirectional ring interconnect may transport packets in a clockwise or counterclockwise direction during a clock cycle based on the distance between source and destination nodes. Embodiments ensure single packet arrival at the destination node during any clock cycle. Exemplary applications include chip multiprocessing.	1. A method comprising: on a semiconductor chip, sending packets on a first ring structure from a source node to a destination node in a first direction or on a second ring structure from the source node to the destination node in a second direction, opposite to the first direction, during a clock cycle based on a distance between the source node and the destination node. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the first and second ring structures comprise a bidirectional ring structure. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the first direction is clockwise and the second direction is counterclockwise. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising: selecting in which of the first and second directions to send the packets; calculating the distance between the source node and the destination node in the selected direction; and determining whether the calculated distance is an even or odd number of clock cycles, wherein the selecting comprises selecting a direction having less nodes to traverse. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the sending comprises: sending the packets during an even-numbered clock cycle if the calculated distance is an even number and the selected direction is clockwise; and sending the packets during an odd-numbered clock cycle if the calculated distance is an even number and the selected direction is counterclockwise. 6. The method of claim 4, wherein the sending comprises: sending the packets during an odd-numbered clock cycle if the calculated distance is an odd number and the selected direction is clockwise; and sending the packets during an even-numbered clock cycle if the calculated distance is an odd number and the selected direction is counterclockwise. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the sending comprises: sending the packets from a first queue in the first direction during an even-numbered clock cycle; sending the packets from a second queue in the first direction during an odd-numbered clock cycle; sending the packets from a third queue in the second direction during the even-numbered clock cycle; and sending the packets from a fourth queue in the second direction during the odd-numbered clock cycle. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the first queue is to hold packets to send to the destination node that is an even distance away on the first ring structure; wherein the second queue is to hold packets to send to the destination node that is an odd distance away on the first ring structure; wherein the third queue is to hold packets to send to the destination node that is an even distance away on the second ring structure; and wherein the fourth queue is to hold packets to send to the destination node that is an odd distance away on the second ring structure. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the clock cycle is an even-numbered clock cycle or an odd-numbered clock cycle. 10. A method comprising: receiving packets from a source node on a first ring structure on a semiconductor chip during an even-numbered clock cycle; and receiving the packets from the source node on a second ring structure on the semiconductor chip during an odd-numbered clock cycle. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the first ring structure is to transport the packets in a first direction and the second ring structure is to transport the packets in a second direction. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the first direction is clockwise and the second direction is counterclockwise. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the first direction is counterclockwise and the second direction is clockwise. 14. The method of claim 10, wherein the ring structures are bidirectional. 15. The method of claim 10, further comprising: polling the first ring structure during the even-numbered clock cycle; and polling the second ring structure during the odd-numbered clock cycle. 16. A method comprising: selecting one of a clockwise ring structure and a counterclockwise ring structure on a semiconductor chip on which to transport a packet from a source node to a destination node; calculating a distance between the source node and the destination node on the selected ring structure; determining whether the calculated distance is an even or odd number of clock cycles; sending the packet from the source node to the destination node during a first clock cycle based on the determined distance; and receiving the packet at the destination node during a second clock cycle based on the selected ring structure. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the first clock cycle comprises an even-numbered clock cycle and an odd-numbered clock cycle, and the second clock cycle comprises an even-numbered clock cycle and an odd-numbered clock cycle. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein the sending comprises: sending the packet during an even-numbered cycle if the calculated distance is an even number and the selected ring structure is the clockwise ring structure; sending the packet during an odd-numbered clock cycle if the calculated distance is an even number and the selected ring structure is the counterclockwise ring structure; sending the packet during an odd-numbered clock cycle if the calculated distance is an odd number and the selected ring structure is the clockwise ring structure; and sending the packet during an even-numbered clock cycle if the calculated distance is an odd number and the selected ring structure is the counterclockwise ring structure. 19. The method of claim 16, wherein the receiving comprises: receiving the packet during an even-numbered clock cycle if the selected ring structure is the clockwise ring structure; and receiving the packet during an odd-numbered clock cycle if the selected ring structure is the counterclockwise ring structure. 20. A semiconductor chip comprising: a first ring structure to send packets in a first direction; a second ring structure to send the packets in a second direction, opposite to the first direction; and a plurality of nodes coupled to the first and second ring structures, the first and second ring structures to send the packets to a destination node during a clock cycle based on a distance to the destination node. 21. The semiconductor chip of claim 20, wherein the first direction is clockwise and the second direction is counterclockwise. 22. The semiconductor chip of claim 20, wherein each node comprises: a subtractor to compute the distance to the destination node. 23. The semiconductor chip of claim 20, wherein each node comprises: a programmable finite state machine programmed to compute the distance to the destination node. 24. The semiconductor chip of claim 20, wherein each node comprises: a processor to: select on which of the first and second ring structures to transport the packets, compute the distance to the destination node on the selected ring structure, and determine whether the distance is an even or odd number of clock cycles; and a plurality of queues to selectively hold the packets prior to transport based on the determined distance and the selected ring structure. 25. The semiconductor chip of claim 24, wherein a first of the plurality of queues is to hold the packets to be sent on the first ring structure if the determined distance is an even number; wherein a second of the plurality of queues is to hold the packets to be sent on the first ring structure if the determined distance is an odd number; wherein a third of the plurality of queues is to hold the packets to be sent on the second ring structure if the determined distance is an even number; and wherein a fourth of the plurality of queues is to hold the packets to be sent on the second ring structure if the determined distance is an odd number. 26. The semiconductor chip of claim 25, each node further comprising: a first multiplexor to select one of the first and second queues to send the packets on the first ring structure in response to an even-numbered or odd-numbered clock cycle; and a second multiplexor to select one of the third and fourth queues to send the packets on the second ring structure in response to the even-numbered or odd-numbered clock cycle. 27. The semiconductor chip of claim 26, each node further comprising: a third multiplexor to select the packets from the first multiplexor or other packets already on the first ring structure to send to the destination node. 28. The semiconductor chip of claim 26, each node further comprising: a fourth multiplexor to select the packets from the second multiplexor or other packets already on the second ring structure to send to the destination node. 29. The semiconductor chip of claim 24, wherein the processor is further to: determine whether to send the packets during an even-numbered or odd-numbered clock cycle on the selected ring structure. 30. The semiconductor chip of claim 24, wherein the processor is further to: determine whether to receive the packets during an even-numbered clock cycle or during an odd-numbered clock cycle; determine on which of the first and second ring structures to receive the packets based on the determined clock cycle; and poll the determined ring structure for the packets during the determined clock cycle. 31. A system comprising: a multiprocessor chip including a plurality of nodes, and a plurality of ring structures coupled to the nodes to transport packets from a source node to a destination node during a clock cycle based on a distance between the source node and the destination node, a first of the plurality of ring structures to transport the packets in a first direction and a second of the plurality of ring structures to transport the packets in a second direction opposite to the first direction; and a bus coupled to the multiprocessor chip. 32. The system of claim 31, wherein the first direction is clockwise and the second direction is counterclockwise. 33. The system of claim 31, wherein the first direction is counterclockwise and the second direction is clockwise. 34. The system of claim 31, wherein at least one of the nodes is a bus interface to receive the packets on the first of the plurality of ring structures during an even-numbered clock cycle and on the second of the plurality of ring structures during an odd-numbered clock cycle and to transport the packets to the bus one clock cycle thereafter. 35. The system of claim 34, wherein each node is to receive no more than one packet per clock cycle. 36. A machine readable medium having stored thereon a plurality of executable instructions to perform a method comprising: selecting one of a clockwise ring structure and a counterclockwise ring structure on a semiconductor chip on which to transport a packet from a source node to a destination node; calculating a distance between the source node and the destination node on the selected ring structure; determining whether the calculated distance is an even or odd number of clock cycles; sending the packet from the source node to the destination node during a first clock cycle based on the determined distance; and receiving the packet at the destination node during a second clock cycle based on the selected ring structure. 37. The machine readable medium of claim 36, wherein the first clock cycle comprises an even-numbered clock cycle and an odd-numbered clock cycle, and the second clock cycle comprises an even-numbered clock cycle and an odd-numbered clock cycle. 38. The machine readable medium of claim 36, wherein the sending comprises: sending the packet during an even-numbered cycle if the calculated distance is an even number and the selected ring structure is the clockwise ring structure; sending the packet during an odd-numbered clock cycle if the calculated distance is an even number and the selected ring structure is the counterclockwise ring structure; sending the packet during an odd-numbered clock cycle if the calculated distance is an odd number and the selected ring structure is the clockwise ring structure; and sending the packet during an even-numbered clock cycle if the calculated distance is an odd number and the selected ring structure is the counterclockwise ring structure. 39. The machine readable medium of claim 36, wherein the receiving comprises: receiving the packet during an even-numbered clock cycle if the selected ring structure is the clockwise ring structure; and receiving the packet during an odd-numbered clock cycle if the selected ring structure is the counterclockwise ring structure. 40. A machine readable medium having stored thereon a plurality of executable instructions to perform a method comprising: on a semiconductor chip, sending packets on a first ring structure from a source node to a destination node in a first direction or on a second ring structure from the source node to the destination node in a second direction, opposite to the first direction, during a clock cycle based on a distance between the source node and the destination node. 41. The machine readable medium of claim 40, further comprising: selecting in which of the first and second directions to send the packets; calculating the distance between the source node and the destination node in the selected direction; and determining whether the calculated distance is an even or odd number of clock cycles, wherein the selecting comprises selecting a direction having less nodes to traverse. 42. The machine readable medium of claim 41, wherein the sending comprises: sending the packets during an even-numbered clock cycle if the calculated distance is an even number and the selected direction is clockwise; and sending the packets during an odd-numbered clock cycle if the calculated distance is an even number and the selected direction is counterclockwise. 43. The machine readable medium of claim 41, wherein the sending comprises: sending the packets during an odd-numbered clock cycle if the calculated distance is an odd number and the selected direction is clockwise; and sending the packets during an even-numbered clock cycle if the calculated distance is an odd number and the selected direction is counterclockwise.	FIELD OF THE INVENTION Embodiments of the present invention are related in general to data flow control in a network and in particular to packet flow control in a bidirectional ring interconnect. BACKGROUND Flow control mechanisms in computer networks govern the transfer of packets from a source node to a destination node. Typical flow control mechanisms include wiring and logic to handle multiple packets arriving concurrently at the destination node. There are several drawbacks with such mechanisms. First, if the destination node can simultaneously process fewer packets than can arrive in a clock cycle, additional hardware may be required to buffer the arriving packets until the destination node can process them. Alternatively, the destination node may be able to process as many packets simultaneously as can arrive in a cycle, again requiring significant additional hardware. This additional hardware poses a particular problem on semiconductor chips where space is extremely limited. Second, arbitration logic may be required at the destination node to determine an order to accept the packets. In addition to increasing the complexity of the logic, the packet latency may significantly increase due to the arbitration. Instead of a packet being accepted during the clock cycle that it arrives, the packet has to wait. As a result, the overall performance of the system is reduced. In ring topologies, concurrent multiple packet arrival is a particular concern. If a packet has to wait on a ring until the destination node accepts the packet, packets behind the waiting packet may be blocked from advancing on the ring. As a result, unnecessary congestion can occur at the destination node. This condition significantly increases packet latency and reduces peak throughput of the ring. Accordingly, there is a need in the art to overcome the drawbacks caused by concurrent multiple packet arrival, particularly in ring topologies. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a semiconductor chip including multiple nodes coupled to a single bidirectional ring interconnect, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 2 is a semiconductor chip including multiple nodes coupled to multiple unidirectional and/or bidirectional ring interconnects, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 3 is a flowchart of a method according to an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 4 is a packet queue structure coupled to a bidirectional ring interconnect, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a computer system for implementing embodiments of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION Embodiments of the present invention may provide a method for single packet arrival during a clock cycle at a destination node on a bidirectional ring interconnect. In one embodiment, the method may include sending packets from a source node to a destination node on a semiconductor chip's bidirectional ring interconnect during a predetermined and/or dynamically determined clock cycle based on the distance (measured in terms of clock cycles) between the two nodes. In this embodiment, the method may also include, if the distance between the two nodes is an even number, sending the packets on the ring interconnect in a clockwise direction during an even clock cycle and sending the packets in a counterclockwise direction during an odd clock cycle. The method may also include, if the distance between the two nodes is an odd number, sending the packets in a clockwise direction during an odd clock cycle and sending the packets in a counterclockwise direction during an even clock cycle. Embodiments of the present invention may also provide a semiconductor chip including a bidirectional ring interconnect and nodes coupled to the bidirectional ring interconnect, where the bidirectional ring interconnect may transport packets between source and destination nodes. Each node may also include queues to hold selective packets prior to transport based on whether the distance the packets will travel is an even or odd number and whether the direction the packets will travel is clockwise or counterclockwise. Embodiments of the present invention may advantageously ensure single packet arrival during a clock cycle at a destination node, thereby overcoming the problems of multiple packet arrival mechanisms. In particular, these embodiments may avoid the additional hardware and arbitration logic complexity of typical flow control mechanisms. Moreover, these embodiments may ensure packet arrival on a bidirectional ring interconnect without significantly increasing packet latency or reducing peak throughput on the bidirectional ring interconnect. Accordingly, packet flow control at the destination node may be simplified. These embodiments may be particularly useful in on-chip bidirectional ring interconnects for chip multiprocessing. FIG. 1 is a semiconductor chip including multiple nodes coupled to a bidirectional ring interconnect, in accordance with an embodiment to the present invention. Nodes 110(1) through 110(n) may be connected to bidirectional ring interconnect 120 at various access points or stops. Packets may travel between nodes 110(1) through 110(n) on interconnect 120 in either a clockwise or counterclockwise direction. Nodes 110(1) through 110(n) may include a processor, cache bank, memory interface, global coherence engine interface, input/output interface, and any other such packet-handling component found on a semiconductor chip. In FIG. 1, in an embodiment of the present invention, nodes 110(1) through 110(n) may be implemented as cache bank nodes by logically dividing a single large shared cache into subsets. Each cache bank node may include a portion of the address space in the single cache, and may independently service block requests (read, write, invalidate, etc) for the portion of the address space in the single cache. On interconnect 120, each cache bank node may have its own access point or stop. In FIG. 1, interconnect 120 may include multiple unidirectional wires (not shown), where a first set of the unidirectional wires may transport packets in a clockwise direction and a second set may transport packets in a counterclockwise direction. Each set of unidirectional wires may have either a specific purpose (e.g., sending address commands) or a general purpose (e.g., supporting multiple packet types (address request, data, cache coherence protocol message, etc.)). Alternatively, each set of unidirectional wires may be designated to transport a single packet type. Alternatively, in FIG. 1, interconnect 120 may include multiple bidirectional wires capable of transporting packets in both directions. In this alternate embodiment, the semiconductor chip may include switching logic to switch each wire to a desired direction to transport packets during a particular transaction. Interconnect 120 may transport packets at various rates. For example, interconnect 120 may transport packets at a rate of one or more nodes per clock cycle or one node every two or more clock cycles. Many factors may determine the transport rate including the amount of traffic, the clock rate, the distance between nodes, etc. Generally, a node waits to inject a packet onto interconnect 120 until any packet already on interconnect 120 and at the node passes the node. FIG. 2 is a semiconductor chip including multiple nodes coupled to multiple ring interconnects, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Nodes 210(1) through 210(n) may be connected to ring interconnects 220(1) through 220(m) at various access points or stops. Each node may select any of ring interconnects 220(1) through 220(m) on which to transport packets to another node. In one embodiment, all the interconnects in FIG. 2 may be unidirectional, where some interconnects transport packets in only a clockwise direction and other interconnects transport packets in only a counterclockwise direction. In an alternate embodiment, some interconnects in FIG. 2 may be unidirectional and others bidirectional. In this alternate embodiment, some of the unidirectional interconnects may transport packets in only a clockwise direction and others may transport packets in only a counterclockwise direction. The bidirectional interconnects may transport packets in both directions, consistent with the operation of the bidirectional interconnect of FIG. 1. FIG. 3 is a flowchart of a method according to an embodiment of the present invention. In FIG. 3, the method may ensure single packet arrival during a given clock cycle at a destination node on a bidirectional ring interconnect. In one embodiment, nodes may send and receive packets in either a clockwise or counterclockwise direction on a bidirectional ring interconnect. The bidirectional ring interconnect may comprise a first set of wires that transports packets in the clockwise direction (which may comprise a first ring structure) and a second set of wires that transports packets in the counterclockwise direction (which may comprise a second ring structure). The bidirectional ring interconnect may be thought of as a series of slots, each of which carries a packet from one access point or stop to the next during each clock cycle. In FIG. 3, a source node, for example node 210(1) of FIG. 2, may select (310) a clockwise or counterclockwise ring structure on which to transport a packet from a source node to a destination node coupled to the ring structures. In one embodiment, the selection may be based on the number of slots to be traversed on both ring structures to reach the destination node. For example, if the number of slots to traverse on the clockwise ring structure is less than the number of slots to traverse on the counterclockwise ring structure, the source node may select the clockwise ring structure. Alternatively, the selection may be based on the number of nodes to be traversed on both ring structures to reach the destination node, where the ring structure may be selected on which the packet is to traverse less nodes. In another alternate embodiment, the selection may be based on the number of clock cycles to traverse both ring structures, where the selected ring structure may take less clock cycles to transport the packet. Alternatively, the selection may be based on the amount of traffic on the ring structures, where the selected ring structure may have less traffic. Any other such criteria may be used to determine the selection. In FIG. 3, the source node may calculate (315) a distance to the destination node on the selected ring structure. The distance may be calculated as the number of clock cycles to reach the destination node. In an alternate embodiment, the distance may be calculated as the number of nodes to reach the destination node. Any other such criteria may be used to determine the distance between the source and destination nodes. In FIG. 3, the source node may determine (320) whether the calculated distance is an even or odd number of clock cycles away. If the calculated distance is an even number of clock cycles, the source node may determine (325) whether the selected ring structure is the clockwise or counterclockwise ring structure. If the selected ring structure is the clockwise one, the source node may send (330) the packet to the destination node during an even-numbered clock cycle to ensure that the packet arrives at the destination node during an even-numbered clock cycle. If the selected ring structure is the counterclockwise one, the source node may send (335) the packet to the destination node during an odd-numbered clock cycle to ensure that the packet arrives at the destination node during an odd-numbered clock cycle. In FIG. 3, if the source node determines (320) that the calculated distance is an odd number of clock cycles away, the source node may determine (340) whether the selected ring is the clockwise or counterclockwise ring structure. If the selected ring structure is the clockwise one, the source node may send (345) the packet to the destination node during an odd-numbered clock cycle to ensure that the packet arrives at the destination node during an even-numbered clock cycle. If the selected ring structure is the counterclockwise one, the source node may send (350) the packet to the destination node during an even-numbered clock cycle to ensure that the packet arrives at the destination node during an odd-numbered clock cycle. Table 1 illustrates the logic used in the method for sending packets described in FIG. 3. The table entries give the source node's send clock cycles of the different scenarios. For a given transport direction (clockwise or counterclockwise) and an even or odd distance from the source node to the destination node, the table entries indicate whether the source node may send the packet during an even- or an odd-numbered clock cycle. TABLE 1 Packet Sending Rules Distance from source to destination Ring Direction Even Odd Clockwise even odd Counterclockwise odd even In FIG. 3, the destination node may determine (355) on which of the clockwise and counterclockwise ring structures the packet is arriving. For example, the destination node may poll both the clockwise and counterclockwise ring structures to determine on which ring structure the packet is arriving. In this embodiment of the present invention, the packet may arrive on the clockwise ring structure and be received (360) at the destination node during even-numbered clock cycles. The packet may arrive on the counterclockwise ring structure and be received (365) at the destination node during odd-numbered clock cycles. Other embodiments may be contemplated in which packets may arrive. The underlying rule implemented by embodiments of the present invention is that a destination node may receive a packet from a clockwise ring structure only during an even-numbered clock cycle and from a counterclockwise ring structure only during an odd-numbered clock cycle. This may ensure that only a single packet arrives during any clock cycle at the destination node. The source node's sending rules may be formulated to satisfy the underlying rule. Suppose, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, for example, that source node n(i) calculates a distance between it and destination node n(j), where the distance is d(i,j). If destination node n(j) is an even number of clock cycles away from source node n(i) on the clockwise ring structure, node n(i) may send the packet to node n(j) on an even-numbered clock cycle C because C+d(i,j), the arrival clock cycle, is an even number, i.e., an even number plus an even number equals an even number. Thus, the underlying rule may be satisfied. Similarly, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, for example, if destination node n(j) is an odd number of clock cycles away from source node n(i) on the clockwise ring structure, node n(i) may send the packet to node n(j) on an even-numbered clock cycle C because C+d(i,j), the arrival clock cycle, is an odd number, i.e., an even number plus an odd number equals an odd number. Thus, the underlying rule may again be satisfied. In an alternate embodiment, the bidirectional ring interconnect may comprise two unidirectional ring interconnects to transport packets in opposite directions. In this embodiment, one of the unidirectional ring interconnects to transport packets in the clockwise direction may comprise the first ring structure and the other of the unidirectional ring interconnects to transport packets in the counterclockwise direction may comprise the second ring structure. In other alternate embodiments, the bidirectional ring interconnect may comprise one unidirectional ring interconnect and a bidirectional ring interconnect or two bidirectional ring interconnects. Similar to previously described embodiments, one of the interconnects may comprise the first ring structure and the other may comprise the second ring structure. It is to be understood that the bidirectional ring interconnect is not limited to one or two ring structures, but may include any number of ring structures to transport packets in multiple directions, not limited to clockwise and counterclockwise. Embodiments of a semiconductor chip may implement a method according to embodiments of the present invention. In one embodiment, the semiconductor chip may include a bidirectional ring interconnect and nodes coupled to the bidirectional ring interconnect, where the bidirectional ring interconnect may send packets to a destination node during a predetermined and/or dynamically determined clock cycle based on a distance to the destination node. Each node may include a subtractor, a programmable finite state machine, or a processor to calculate the distance to the destination node in either a clockwise or counterclockwise direction. In the embodiment, each node may also include multiple queues to selectively store packets to be sent to destination nodes, where each queue may store packets based on the direction in and the clock cycle during which the packets are to be transported. In one embodiment, each node may maintain two queues of packets to be sent for each of the clockwise and counterclockwise directions on the ring interconnect, for a total of four queues. A first queue may store packets to be sent in the clockwise direction during even-numbered clock cycles. A second queue may store packets to be sent in the clockwise direction during odd-numbered clock cycles. Similarly, a third queue may store packets to be sent in the counterclockwise direction during even-numbered clock cycles. A fourth queue may store packets to be sent in the counterclockwise direction during odd-numbered clock cycles. FIG. 4 is a packet queue structure according to an embodiment of the present invention. In FIG. 4, two queues are shown to transport packets in the clockwise direction on the bidirectional ring interconnect. A similar configuration (not shown) may be used for packet transport in the counterclockwise direction. In FIG. 4, first queue 410(1) may hold packets to be sent in the clockwise direction during an even-numbered clock cycle (packets whose destination is an even distance away). Second queue 410(2) may hold packets to be sent in the clockwise direction during an odd-numbered clock cycle (packets whose destination is an odd distance away). In FIG. 4, queue multiplexor 420 may receive a clock signal on clock signal line 425 to trigger the selection of one of queues 410(1) and 410(2). If the clock signal indicates that the current clock cycle is even, queue multiplexor 420 may select a packet from first queue 410(1). If the clock signal indicates that the current clock cycle is odd, queue multiplexor 420 may select a packet from second queue 410(2). If a packet does not arrive at the node on interconnect 120 during the current clock cycle, node multiplexor 430 may inject the packet from the selected queue onto interconnect 120. If a packet does arrive at the node during the current clock cycle, node multiplexor 430 may allow the arriving packet to proceed. If this node is the destination node, switching logic 435 may direct the arriving packet into the node, e.g., node processor 440, or any node component. If this node is not the destination node, switching logic 435 may direct the arriving packet to continue on interconnect 120. Node multiplexor 430 may wait until the next appropriate even or odd clock cycle to inject the packet from the queue after the arriving packet passes. Switching logic 435 may direct the injected packet from the queue to traverse interconnect 120. It is to be understood that switching logic or any such hardware and/or software capable of directing a packet to a node or on the interconnect may be used. When traffic is uniform on the ring interconnect, half of the destination nodes may be an even distance away and half may be an odd distance away. If an unoccupied slot arrives at a node during an even-numbered clock cycle, the slot may be filled with a packet from the even queue and if the unoccupied slot arrives at a node in an odd cycle, the slot may be filled with a packet from the odd queue. Thus, regardless of when an empty slot arrives, the node may be able to inject a waiting packet, if it has one, to maintain complete utilization of the ring interconnect, high peak throughput, and low packet latency. Embodiments of the present invention may be coupled to a system including other semiconductor chips via a communication bus. The bus may transport packets according to embodiments of the present invention when the packets arrive or leave the semiconductor chips. In one embodiment, the bus may transport rejected packets from the semiconductor chips if the rejected packets are not accepted after a certain time period, e.g., after traversing nodes on the semiconductor chip's ring interconnect multiple times or after a number of clock cycles has elapsed. FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a computer system, which may include an architectural state, including one or more multiprocessors and memory for use in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. In FIG. 5, a computer system 500 may include one or more multiprocessors 510(1)-510(n) coupled to a processor bus 520, which may be coupled to a system logic 530. Each of the one or more multiprocessors 510(1)-510(n) may be N-bit processors and may include a decoder (not shown) and one or more N-bit registers (not shown). In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, each of the one or more multiprocessors 510(1)-510 (n) may include a bidirectional ring interconnect (not shown) to couple to the N-bit processors, the decoder, and the one or more N-bit registers. System logic 530 may be coupled to a system memory 540 through a bus 550 and coupled to a non-volatile memory 570 and one or more peripheral devices 580(1)-580 (m) through a peripheral bus 560. Peripheral bus 560 may represent, for example, one or more Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) buses, PCI Special Interest Group (SIG) PCI Local Bus Specification, Revision 2.2, published Dec. 18, 1998; industry standard architecture (ISA) buses; Extended ISA (EISA) buses, BCPR Services Inc. EISA Specification, Version 3.12, 1992, published 1992; universal serial bus (USB), USB Specification, Version 1.1, published Sep. 23, 1998; and comparable peripheral buses. Non-volatile memory 570 may be a static memory device such as a read only memory (ROM) or a flash memory. Peripheral devices 580(1)-580 (m) may include, for example, a keyboard; a mouse or other pointing devices; mass storage devices such as hard disk drives, compact disc (CD) drives, optical disks, and digital video disc (DVD) drives; displays and the like. Embodiments of the present invention may be implemented using any type of computer, such as a general-purpose microprocessor, programmed according to the teachings of the embodiments. The embodiments of the present invention thus also includes a machine readable medium, which may include instructions used to program a processor to perform a method according to the embodiments of the present invention. This medium may include, but is not limited to, any type of disk including floppy disk, optical disk, and CD-ROMs. It may be understood that the structure of the software used to implement the embodiments of the invention may take any desired form, such as a single or multiple programs. It may be further understood that the method of an embodiment of the present invention may be implemented by software, hardware, or a combination thereof. The above is a detailed discussion of the preferred embodiments of the invention. The full scope of the invention to which applicants are entitled is defined by the claims hereinafter. It is intended that the scope of the claims may cover other embodiments than those described above and their equivalents.	<SOH> BACKGROUND <EOH>Flow control mechanisms in computer networks govern the transfer of packets from a source node to a destination node. Typical flow control mechanisms include wiring and logic to handle multiple packets arriving concurrently at the destination node. There are several drawbacks with such mechanisms. First, if the destination node can simultaneously process fewer packets than can arrive in a clock cycle, additional hardware may be required to buffer the arriving packets until the destination node can process them. Alternatively, the destination node may be able to process as many packets simultaneously as can arrive in a cycle, again requiring significant additional hardware. This additional hardware poses a particular problem on semiconductor chips where space is extremely limited. Second, arbitration logic may be required at the destination node to determine an order to accept the packets. In addition to increasing the complexity of the logic, the packet latency may significantly increase due to the arbitration. Instead of a packet being accepted during the clock cycle that it arrives, the packet has to wait. As a result, the overall performance of the system is reduced. In ring topologies, concurrent multiple packet arrival is a particular concern. If a packet has to wait on a ring until the destination node accepts the packet, packets behind the waiting packet may be blocked from advancing on the ring. As a result, unnecessary congestion can occur at the destination node. This condition significantly increases packet latency and reduces peak throughput of the ring. Accordingly, there is a need in the art to overcome the drawbacks caused by concurrent multiple packet arrival, particularly in ring topologies.	<SOH> BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS <EOH>FIG. 1 is a semiconductor chip including multiple nodes coupled to a single bidirectional ring interconnect, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 2 is a semiconductor chip including multiple nodes coupled to multiple unidirectional and/or bidirectional ring interconnects, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 3 is a flowchart of a method according to an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 4 is a packet queue structure coupled to a bidirectional ring interconnect, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a computer system for implementing embodiments of the present invention. detailed-description description="Detailed Description" end="lead"?	20040528	20090623	20051201	59376.0		0	PHUNKULH, BOB A	FLOW CONTROL METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR SINGLE PACKET ARRIVAL ON A BIDIRECTIONAL RING INTERCONNECT	UNDISCOUNTED	0	ACCEPTED		2,004
10,855,356	ACCEPTED	Storage subsystem and performance tuning method	In a storage subsystem, performance tuning is performed with respect to whole logical devices including external storage subsystems that are not directly connected to host computers. Physical storage units presented by the external storage subsystems are defined as logical devices of the storage subsystem itself, and I/O processing requests from the host computers are relayed to those logical devices. At the time of relaying, I/O processing conditions are monitored. When there exists an external storage subsystem whose load is high, then, operating conditions of ports and processors are examined. In the case where the load can be reduced by changing the configuration of those ports and processors, the configuration is changed to reduce the load. In the case where the load can not be reduced, data is migrated from a logical device having a high load to a logical device having a sufficient performance.	1. A storage subsystem that is connected with one or more computers and presents a plurality of storage units as logical devices to said computers, wherein: said storage subsystem comprises a memory and an arithmetic unit; said arithmetic unit performs: mapping processing in which a plurality of storage units presented by an external storage subsystem having said plurality of storage units are defined as said logical devices of said storage subsystem itself and stored in said memory; I/O processing in which I/O processing requests that are issued from said computers are relayed to logical devices (external devices) defined from the storage units presented by the external storage subsystem, among said logical devices of the storage subsystem itself; operating information acquisition processing in which said I/O processing is monitored to acquire operating information of said external devices and to store the acquired operating information into said memory; configuration change plan processing in which, based on said operating information stored in the memory, an optimum data allocation plan is made in a range of said logical devices (including said external devices) of the storage subsystem itself, and said optimum data allocation plan is stored into said memory; and data reallocation processing in which data in the logical devices (including said external devices) of the storage subsystem itself is reallocated according to said plan. 2. A storage subsystem according to claim 2, wherein: said storage subsystem further comprises ports as an interface for I/O processing with said external storage subsystem; said arithmetic unit further performs processing in which operating information of said ports is acquired and the acquired operating information is stored into said memory; and before said configuration change plan processing, a plan to change the ports used as the interface for I/O processing with said external storage subsystem is made based on said operating information of said ports, and said ports are changed according to said plan. 3. A storage subsystem according to one of claims 1 and 2, wherein: said storage subsystem further comprises a processor which controls said external storage subsystem; said arithmetic unit further performs processing in which operating information of said processor is acquired and the acquired operating information is stored into said memory; and before said configuration change plan processing, a plan to change the processor controlling said external storage subsystem is made, and said processor is changed according to said plan. 4. A storage subsystem according to one of claims 1, 2 and 3, wherein: said operating information is a response time and/or a transmission speed at time of I/O processing from said storage subsystem to said external storage subsystem. 5. A storage subsystem according to one of claims 1 to 4, wherein: said operating information further includes load information of said external devices; said arithmetic unit makes a plan to migrate data in an external device whose load is more than or equal to a predetermined level to a logical device (of the storage subsystem itself) whose load is less than the predetermined level. 6. A storage subsystem that is connected with one or more computers and presents a plurality of storage units as logical devices to said computers, wherein: said storage subsystem comprises a memory and an arithmetic unit; said arithmetic unit performs: mapping processing in which a plurality of storage units presented by an external storage subsystem having said plurality of storage units are defined as said logical devices of said storage subsystem itself and stored in said memory; performance analysis data sending processing in which data for performance analysis is sent to logical devices (external devices) defined from the storage units presented by the external storage subsystem, among said logical devices of the storage subsystem itself; configuration change plan processing in which, based on responses of said external storage subsystem to said data for performance analysis, an optimum data allocation plan is made in a range of said logical devices (including said external devices) of the storage subsystem itself, and said optimum data allocation plan is stored into said memory; and data reallocation processing in which data in the logical devices (including said external devices) of the storage subsystem itself is reallocated according to said plan. 7. A storage subsystem that is connected with one or more computers and presents a plurality of storage units as logical devices to said computers, wherein: said storage subsystem comprises a memory and an arithmetic unit; said arithmetic unit performs: mapping processing in which a plurality of storage units presented by an external storage subsystem having said plurality of storage units are defined as said logical devices of said storage subsystem itself and stored in said memory; I/O processing in which I/O processing requests from said computers are relayed to logical devices (external devices) defined from the storage units presented by the external storage subsystem, among said logical devices of the storage subsystem itself; access frequency acquisition processing in which said I/O processing is monitored to acquire access frequencies to said external devices and to store the acquired access frequencies into said memory; configuration change plan processing in which, based on said access frequencies stored in the memory, an optimum data allocation plan is made in a range of said logical devices (including said external devices) of the storage subsystem itself, and said optimum data allocation plan is stored into said memory; and data reallocation processing in which data in the logical devices (including said external devices) of the storage subsystem itself is reallocated according to said plan. 8. A performance tuning method which tunes performance of a storage subsystem that is connected with one or more computers and presents a plurality of storage units as logical devices to said computers, comprising: a mapping step in which a plurality of storage units presented by an external storage subsystem having said plurality of storage units are defined as said logical devices of said storage subsystem itself; an operating information acquisition step in which I/O processing requests that are issued from said computers and relayed to logical devices (external devices) defined from the storage units presented by the external storage subsystem, among said logical devices of the storage subsystem itself, are monitored to acquire operating information of said external devices; a configuration change planning step in which, based on said operating information acquired, an optimum data allocation plan is made in a range of said logical devices (including said external devices) of the storage subsystem itself; and a data reallocation step in which data in the logical devices (including said external devices) of the storage subsystem itself is reallocated according to said plan. 9. A performance tuning method which tunes performance of a storage subsystem that is connected with one or more computers and presents a plurality of storage units as logical devices to said computers, comprising: a mapping step in which a plurality of storage units presented by an external storage subsystem having said plurality of storage units are defined as said logical devices of said storage subsystem itself; a step in which data which performs analysis is sent to logical devices (external devices) defined from the storage units presented by the external storage subsystem, among said logical devices of the storage subsystem itself, and responses to said data for performance analysis are received; a configuration change planning step in which, based on said responses, an optimum data allocation plan is made in a range of said logical devices (including said external devices) of the storage subsystem itself; and a data reallocation step in which data in the logical devices (including said external devices) of the storage subsystem itself is reallocated according to said plan. 10. A performance tuning method which tunes performance of a storage subsystem that is connected with one or more computers and presents a plurality of storage units as logical devices to said computers, comprising: a mapping step in which a plurality of storage units presented by an external storage subsystem having said plurality of storage units are defined as said logical devices of said storage subsystem itself; an access frequency acquisition step in which I/O processing requests that are issued from said computers and relayed to logical devices (external devices) defined from the storage units presented by the external storage subsystem, among said logical devices of the storage subsystem itself, are monitored to acquire access frequencies to said external devices; a configuration change planning step in which, based on said access frequencies acquired, an optimum data allocation plan is made in a range of said logical devices (including said external devices) of the storage subsystem itself; and a data reallocation step in which data in the logical devices (including said external devices) of the storage subsystem itself is reallocated according to said plan. 11. A program which realizes following functions to a computer included in a storage subsystem that is connected with one or more computers and presents a plurality of storage units as logical devices to said computers, wherein said functions are: a mapping function by which a plurality of storage units presented by an external storage subsystem having said plurality of storage units are defined as said logical devices of said storage subsystem itself; an I/O processing function by which I/O processing requests that are issued from said computers are relayed to logical devices (external devices) defined from the storage units presented by the external storage subsystem, among said logical devices of the storage subsystem itself; an operating information acquisition function by which said relayed I/O processing requests are monitored to acquire operating information of said external devices; a configuration change planning function by which, based on said operating information, an optimum data allocation plan is made in a range of said logical devices (including said external devices) of the storage subsystem itself; and a data reallocation function by which data in the logical devices (including said external devices) of the storage subsystem itself is reallocated according to said plan. 12. A program which realizes following functions to a computer included in a storage subsystem that is connected with one or more computers and presents a plurality of storage units as logical devices to said computers, wherein said functions are: a mapping function by which a plurality of storage units presented by an external storage subsystem having said plurality of storage units are defined as said logical devices of said storage subsystem itself; a performance analysis data sending function by which data for performance analysis is sent to logical devices (external devices) defined from the storage units presented by the external storage subsystem, among said logical devices of the storage subsystem itself; a configuration change planning function by which, based on responses of said external storage subsystem to said data for performance analysis, an optimum data allocation plan is made in a range of said logical devices (including said external devices) of the storage subsystem itself; and a data reallocation function by which data in the logical devices (including said external devices) of the storage subsystem itself is reallocated according to said plan. 13. A program which realizes following functions to a computer included in a storage subsystem that is connected with one or more computers and presents a plurality of storage units as logical devices to said computers, wherein said functions are: a mapping function by which a plurality of storage units presented by an external storage subsystem having said plurality of storage units are defined as said logical devices of said storage subsystem itself; an I/O processing function by which I/O processing requests from said computers are relayed to logical devices (external devices) defined from the storage units presented by the external storage subsystem, among said logical devices of the storage subsystem itself; an access frequency acquisition function by which said relayed I/O processing requests are monitored to acquire access frequencies to said external devices; a configuration change planning function by which, based on said access frequencies, an optimum data allocation plan is made in a range of said logical devices (including said external devices) of the storage subsystem itself; and a data reallocation function by which data in the logical devices (including said external devices) of the storage subsystem itself is reallocated according to said plan. 14. A storage subsystem that is connected with one or more computers and presents a plurality of storage units as logical devices to said computers, comprising: a mapping means which defines a plurality of storage units presented by an external storage subsystem having said plurality of storage units, as said logical devices of said storage subsystem itself; an I/O processing means which relays I/O processing requests from said computers to logical devices (external devices) defined from the storage units presented by the external storage subsystem, among said logical devices of the storage subsystem itself; an operating information acquisition means which monitors said I/O processing means, to acquire operating information of said external devices; a configuration change planning means which makes an optimum data allocation plan in a range of said logical devices (including said external devices) of the storage subsystem itself, based on the operating information acquired by said operating information acquisition means; and a data reallocation means which reallocates data in the logical devices (including said external devices) of the storage subsystem itself, according to the plan made by said configuration change planning means. 15. A storage subsystem according to claim 4, wherein: said operating information acquisition means further comprises a port operating information acquisition means which acquires port operating information of ports as an interface with said external storage subsystem; and said configuration change planning means makes a plan to change the ports used as the interface with said external storage subsystem based on the port operating information acquired by said port operating information acquisition means, before making the optimum data reallocation plan. 16. A storage subsystem according to one of claims 14 and 15, wherein: said operating information acquisition means further comprises a processor operating information acquisition means which acquires processor operating information of a processor that controls I/O processing of I/O to said external storage subsystem; and said configuration change planning means makes a plan to change the processor used for controlling I/O processing of I/O to said external storage subsystem based on the processor operating information acquired by said processor operating information acquisition means, before making the optimum data reallocation plan. 17. A storage subsystem according to one of claims 14, 15 and 16, wherein: said operating information acquisition means further monitors loads on said external devices; and said configuration change planning means makes a plan to extract an external device whose load is more than or equal to a predetermined level out of the external devices monitored by said operating information acquisition means, and to migrate data in said external device extracted to a logical device (of the storage subsystem itself) whose load is less than the predetermined level.	BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a technique of performance tuning of the whole storage subsystem having storage subsystems that are not directly connected to host computers. As a result of the recent spread of Internet and adaptation to development of broadband, an amount of information treated by a computer system increases year by year, and importance of information continues to increase. Accordingly, in a computer system, it is requested more and more strongly that a storage used for accumulating information read and written by a host computer (particularly a storage subsystem connected outside the host computer) should have high reliability, for example, in protection of the stored data, in addition to large capacity and high performance. A disk array system is one method of satisfying these requests together, in a storage subsystem. In a disk array system, data is distributed and stored into a plurality of physical storage units arranged in an array, realizing data redundancy. Namely, high capacity is obtained by providing a plurality of physical storage units, high performance by operating the physical storage units in parallel, and high reliability by data redundancy. Disk array systems are classified into five classes, the level 1 through the level 5, depending on configurations for realizing redundancy (For example, D. A. Patterson, G. Gibson and R. H. Kats, “A Case for Redundant Arrays of Inexpensive Disks” (in Proc. ACM SIGMOD, pp. 109 to 116, June 1988) (hereinafter, referred to as Non-Patent Document 1)). There are disk array systems arranged such that data is simply divided and stored into a plurality of physical storage units, without being given redundancy. Such disk array system is called the level 0. In the following, a set of a plurality of physical storage units realizing a certain level described above is referred to as a parity group. Further, a configuration for realizing redundancy is referred to as the RAID configuration. Costs of constructing a disk-array system and performance and characteristics of the constructed disk array system depend on the level of the disk array system. Thus, frequently, in constructing a disk array system, a plurality of arrays (i.e., sets of disk unit) of different levels is used mixedly, depending on the intended purpose of the disk array system. Since performance of a disk array system is increased by operating a plurality of physical storage units in parallel, it is required to perform performance tuning, namely, to efficiently distribute data into a plurality of parity groups depending on details of processing to perform. Physical storage units constituting a parity group are different in their costs depending on their performance and capacities. Thus, sometimes, parity groups are each constructed by combining physical storage units having performance and capacities different from other parity groups. In the case of such a disk array system in which different parity groups have different physical storage units, performance tuning is still more important. As a technique of realizing performance tuning of a disk array system, may be mentioned, for example, a technique in which a disk array system monitors frequency of access from a host computer to stored data and locates data having higher access frequency onto a physical storage unit of a higher speed (See, for example, Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 2000-293317 (hereinafter, referred to as Patent Document 1)). Further, there exists a technique in which, based on a tendency that processing performed in a computer system and I/O accompanying the processing are performed according to a schedule made by a user and thus show daily, monthly and yearly periodicity, a disk array system accumulates using states of each physical storage unit and reallocates data in consideration of a previously-determined processing schedule (See, for example, Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 2001-67187 (hereinafter, referred to as Patent Document 2)). As described above, in a disk array system data is distributed into physical storage units such that the data has been allocated having redundancy. In order that a host computer does not need to be conscious of actual storage locations of data in the physical storage units, logical addresses used for the host computer to access the physical storage units are held separately from actual physical addresses of the physical storage units, and information indicating correspondence between the logical addresses and the physical addresses is held. Accordingly, in the above-described techniques, when data is reallocated, a disk array system changes the correspondence between logical addresses and physical addresses before the reallocation into the correspondence after the reallocation. As a result, even after the data reallocation, a host computer can use the same logical address to access the physical storage units. Such data migration within physical storage units, which does not affect access from a host computer thereafter, is called host transparent migration. On the other hand, as a technique of increasing the number of storage units that can be accessed from a host computer, to cope with increasing amount of information, there is a technique of enabling a host-computer to access storage units to which the host computer can not directly input and output owing to, for example, interface mismatching (See, for example, Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 10-283272 (hereinafter, referred to as Patent Document 3)). According to the technique disclosed in Patent Document 3, a disk array system to which a host computer can directly input and output sends I/O requests and the like from the host computer to a disk array system to which the host computer can not directly input and output. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is possible to use the technique disclosed in Patent Document 3 to expand data storage areas used by a host computer up to a disk array system (an external system) to which the host computer can not directly input and output. However, in the case where an external system is added, there do not exist a function of monitoring the using state, the load state and the like of the external system from a disk array system to which a host computer can directly input and output, and a function of reallocating data. As a result, under the present conditions, the monitoring results can not be used to perform performance tuning including the external system. Hereinafter, a storage subsystem that is not an object of input/output processing of a host computer (i.e., a storage subsystem that is not directly connected to the host computer) is referred to as an external storage subsystem. Then, considering the above-described situation, an object of the present invention is to make it possible to perform performance tuning including a plurality of external storage subsystems, in a storage subsystem that is connected with those external storage subsystems and has a function of relaying I/O requests from the host computer to the external storage subsystems. To attain the above object, a storage subsystem according to the present invention monitors operating conditions of external storage subsystems connected to the storage subsystem itself, and carries out performance tuning based on the monitoring result. In detail, the storage subsystem according to the present invention is a storage subsystem that is connected with one or more computers and presents a plurality of storage units as logical devices to said computers, comprising: a mapping means which defines a plurality of storage units presented by an external storage subsystem having said plurality of storage units, as said logical devices of said storage subsystem itself; an I/O processing means which relays I/O processing requests from said computers to logical devices (external devices) defined from the storage units presented by the external storage subsystem, among said logical devices of the storage subsystem itself; an operating information acquisition means which monitors said I/O processing means, to acquire operating information of said external devices; a configuration change planning means which makes an optimum data allocation plan in a range of said logical devices (including said external devices) of the storage subsystem itself, based on the operating information acquired by said operating information acquisition means; and a data reallocation means which reallocates data in the logical devices (including said external devices) of the storage subsystem itself, according to the plan made by said configuration change planning means. According to the present invention, in a storage subsystem connected with a plurality of external storage subsystems that are not input/output processing objects of host computers, it is possible to carry out performance tuning of the whole storage subsystem including the connected external storage subsystems. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing an entire computer system of a first embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 2 is a diagram for explaining a functional configuration and a connection state of a storage subsystem and an external storage subsystem of the first embodiment; FIG. 3 is a diagram for explaining functions of a storage subsystem control unit 112 of the first embodiment; FIG. 4 is a diagram showing an example of logical-physical correspondence information of the first embodiment; FIG. 5 is a diagram showing an example of logical storage unit operating information of the first embodiment; FIG. 6 is a diagram showing an example of physical storage unit attribute information of the first embodiment; FIG. 7 is a diagram showing an example of the logical storage unit operating information of the first embodiment; FIG. 8 is a diagram showing an example of logical storage unit attribute information of the first embodiment; FIG. 9 is a diagram showing an example of physical storage unit operating information of the first embodiment; FIG. 10 is a diagram for explaining external storage operating information of the first embodiment; FIG. 11 is a diagram for explaining a cache amount counter of the first embodiment; FIG. 12 is a diagram for explaining an example of port operating information of the first embodiment; FIG. 13 is a diagram showing an example of port setting information of the first embodiment; FIG. 14 is a diagram showing an example of processor operating information of the first embodiment; FIG. 15 is a diagram showing an example of a hardware configuration of a subsystem management apparatus of the first embodiment; FIG. 16 is a diagram showing an example of a hardware configuration of a host computer of the first embodiment; FIG. 17 is a diagram showing an example of a hardware configuration of a SAN management terminal of the first embodiment; FIG. 18A is a diagram for explaining processing to be performed at the time of occurrence of a read request to the external storage subsystem of the first embodiment; FIG. 18B is a diagram for explaining processing to be performed at the time of occurrence of a read request to the external storage subsystem of the first embodiment; FIG. 19A is a diagram for explaining processing to be performed at the time of occurrence of a write request to the external storage subsystem of the first embodiment; FIG. 19B is a diagram for explaining processing to be performed at the time of occurrence of a write request to the external storage subsystem of the first embodiment; FIG. 20 shows a processing flow at the time of performance tuning of the storage subsystem of the first embodiment; FIG. 21 shows a processing flow of a configuration change planning unit of the first embodiment; FIG. 22A is a diagram for explaining processing to be performed at the time of copying data from a first logical storage unit to a second logical storage unit of the first embodiment; FIG. 22B is a diagram for explaining processing to be performed at the time of copying data from the first logical storage unit to the second logical storage unit of the first embodiment; FIG. 23 shows a processing flow of a configuration change execution processing unit of the first embodiment; FIG. 24 shows a processing flow of the configuration change execution processing unit of the first embodiment; FIG. 25 is a diagram for explaining a procedure of migration between external storage subsystems of the first embodiment; FIG. 26 shows a processing flow at the time of data migration within an external storage subsystem of the first embodiment; FIG. 27 is diagram for explaining processing of measuring I/O processing performance with respect to I/O from a storage subsystem to an external storage subsystem of a second embodiment; FIG. 28 is a diagram for explaining an example of a performance measurement result using dummy data sent in the second embodiment; FIG. 29 is a functional block diagram showing a storage subsystem and an external storage subsystem of a third embodiment; FIG. 30 is an image diagram showing file management by a network file system control unit of the third embodiment; FIG. 31 is a diagram showing an example of file management information of the third embodiment; and FIG. 32 shows a processing flow of a reallocation processing unit of the third embodiment. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Now, embodiments of the present invention will be described referring to the drawings, although these embodiments do not limit the present invention. First Embodiment [Entire Configuration] FIG. 1 is a diagram for explaining an example of a configuration of a computer system according to a first embodiment of the present invention. As shown in the figure, the computer system comprises: one or more host computers 1a, 1b, . . . in (the number of host computers does not matter, and the host computers are representatively referred to as a host computer 1); storage subsystems 20a, 20b, . . . 20n (the number of the storage subsystems does not matter, and the storage subsystems are representatively referred to as a storage subsystem 20); subsystem management apparatuses 5 used for performing maintenance and administration of the storage subsystems 20; a first I/O network 61 used for I/O processing of the host computers 1 and the storage subsystems 20; a network 7 connecting the host computers 1, the storage subsystems 20 and the subsystem management apparatuses 5; a SAN management terminal 9 performing configuration management of a storage area network comprising the host computers 1, I/O networks and the storage subsystems 20; storage subsystems 21a, 21b, . . . 21n (the number of these storage subsystems does not matter, and these storage subsystems are referred to as external storage subsystems in distinction from the storage subsystems 20 to which the host computers 1 perform direct input/output processing, and representatively referred to as an external storage subsystem 21); and a second I/O network 62 connecting the storage subsystems 20 and the external storage subsystems 21. Each of the host computers 1 is a computer such as a personal computer (PC), a workstation (WS), a mainframe (MF), or the like. On the host computer 1, run an operating system (hereinafter, referred to as an OS) adapted for the kind of that computer, application programs (AP) that can run on the OS and are suitable for various kinds of business or uses, such as a database management system (DBMS), and the like. Although, for the sake of simplicity, the present invention describes two host computers 1, any number of host computers may exist. Each of the storage subsystems 20 and the external storage subsystems 21 is a storage system of a disk array configuration having a plurality of physical storage units put in an array, and provides logical storage units 8 as data input/output areas to the host computers 1. Further, in the present embodiment, in addition to the host computers 1, the storage subsystem 20a has a function of issuing I/O requests to the external storage subsystems 21. The external storage subsystems 21 are connected not to the first I/O network 61 used by the host computers for input/output processing, but to the second I/O network 62 used by the storage subsystems 20 for input/output processing. Accordingly, the external storage subsystems 21 do not receive an I/O processing request directly from the host computer 1, but receive an I/O processing request through the second I/O network 62 from the storage subsystem 20 that has received the I/O processing request from the host computer 1 through the first I/O network 61. The subsystem management apparatuses 5a and 5b acquires failure information, maintenance information, configuration information, performance information and the like of the storage subsystems 20 and the external storage subsystems 21 from the storage subsystems 20 and the external storage subsystems 21 respectively, and hold the acquired information. Further, the subsystem management apparatuses 5a and 5b provides user interfaces for management of the storage subsystems 20 and the external storage subsystems 21. Here, “management” in the present embodiment means, for example, monitoring of a failure and performance, definition of a configuration, installation of a program running on a storage subsystem, and the like. When, for example, logical storage units 8 are to be set into the storage subsystem 20 or the external storage subsystem 21, a storage area for backup of data is to be set, or a pair of storage areas is to be set which duplicats data, then, the subsystem management apparatus 5a or 5b receives an instruction from a user, and sends a setting instruction or setting information to the storage subsystem 20 or the external storage subsystem 21. The first I/O network 61 is used for the host computer 1 to perform I/O processing of various commands and data toward the storage subsystem 20. The second I/O network 62 is used for the storage subsystem 20 to perform I/O processing of various commands and data toward the external storage subsystem 21. A command and data related to an I/O processing request from the host computer 1 to the storage subsystem 20 is transmitted through the first I/O network 61. And, a command and data related to an I/O processing request from the host computer 1 to the external storage subsystem 21 is transmitted to the storage subsystem 20 through the first I/O network 61, and then, transmitted from the storage subsystem 20 to the external storage subsystem 21 through the second I/O network 62. The first I/O network 61 and the second I/O network 62 use optical cable or copper wire. And, as a communication protocol used in the first I/O network 61 and the second I/O network 62, may be mentioned Ethernet (a registered trademark), FDDI, the fiber channel (FC), SCSI, Infiniband, TCP/IP, iSCSI, or the like. The network 7 is used, for example, for transmitting management information on a failure, maintenance, configuration, performance and the like of the storage subsystems 20 and 21 from the storage subsystems 20 and 21 to the subsystem management apparatuses 5, for transmitting setting information from the subsystem management apparatuses 5 to the storage subsystems 20 and 21, and for transmitting the above-mentioned management information on a failure, maintenance, configuration, performance and the like from the subsystem management apparatuses 5 to the SAN management terminal 9 or the host computers 1. Cable material and a communication protocol used for the network 7 may be either same as or different from the cable material and the communication protocol used for the first I/O network 61 and the second I/O network 62. It is sufficient that the second I/O network 62 and the first I/O network 61 are separated from each other from the viewpoint of network processing logic. In other words, the second I/O network 62 and the first I/O network 61 may be physically separated, or may be connected to a common I/O network switch while being logically separated in their transmission lines. For example, both paths may be connected to an FC switch through the fiber channel and the zoning technique may be used in the FC switch so that the FC switch realizes logically-different networks. In that case, those networks are arranged such that the logical storage units 8 whose paths are defined to be under ports of the external storage subsystems 21 connected only to the second I/O network 62 can not be detected by the host computers 1 and can not become direct I/O objects. [Configuration of the Storage Subsystems 20 and the External Storage Subsystems 21] FIG. 2 is a diagram for explaining hardware configurations of the storage subsystem 20 and the external storage subsystem 21 and a connection state between them. Here, description is given taking the example where I/O network switches 130 are used on the first I/O network 61 and the second I/O network 62. As shown in FIG. 1, the storage subsystem 20 is connected to the host computers 1 through the first I/O network 61, and the external storage subsystem 21 is connected to the storage subsystem 20 through the second I/O network 62. The storage subsystem 20 comprises at least one storage subsystem control unit 112, a shared memory 107, a disk cache 108, physical storage units 110 constituting logical storage units 8, and an internal network 109 connecting the storage subsystem control unit 112, the shared memory 107, the disk cache 108 and the storage units 110. The storage subsystem control unit 112 comprises: an I/O adapter 102 having at least one port 104a for the first I/O network and at least one port 104b for the second I/O network; a network adapter 103 having a port 105 for the network 7; a control processor 100; a local memory 101; and a disk adapter 106. The I/O adapter 102, the network adapter 103, the control processor 100, the local memory 101 and the disk adapter 106 are connected with one another through an internal bus. A port 104a is a target port that is connected to the host computers 1 through the first I/O network 61 through the I/O network switches 130, and receives I/O processing requests from the host computers 1. The port 104b is an initiator port that is connected to the external storage subsystem 21 through the second I/O network 62 through the I/O network switches 130, and sends I/O processing requests to the external storage subsystem 21. The port 105 is connected to the subsystem management apparatus 5a through the network 7, and as described above, used for receiving request instructions and information from the subsystem management apparatus 5a and for sending information at need. For example, the port 105 is used for sending configuration information, failure information and performance information of the storage subsystem 20 to the subsystem management apparatus 5a. An I/O processing request from the host computer 1 to the external storage subsystem 21 is received at the port 104a through the first I/O network 61, and sent to the external storage subsystem 21 through the port 104b and the second I/O network 62. Here, the ports 104a and 104b may be provided not as physically separated ports, but as one port having both functions of an initiator port and a target port. The control processor 100 executes programs which controls the storage subsystem 20. In the present embodiment, a plurality of control processors 100 are provided, and their statuses are set according to control objects of the programs to execute. As described below, the statuses are set so as to define a control processor for processing I/O from the host computer 1 as a target processor and a control processor processing I/O for processing I/O from and to the external storage subsystem as an initiator processor. The shared memory 107 and the local memory 101 store programs and data required for operating the storage subsystem 20. The disk adapter 106 connects the storage subsystem control unit 112 and the internal network 109, and provides an interface with the physical storage units 110 which performs input/output processing. The external storage subsystem 21 is fundamentally similar to the storage subsystem 20 in their configurations. For example, the external storage subsystem 21 comprises: a storage subsystem control unit 120 which controls the whole external storage subsystem 21; an I/O adapter 123 connecting a port 122 and an internal bus within the storage subsystem control unit 120; a port 121 for the network 7; and physical storage units 124 constituting logical storage units 8. Further, the port 122 is connected through the second I/O network 62 through the I/O network switches to the port 104b in the I/O adapter 102 of the storage subsystem 20. [Functional Configuration of the Storage Subsystem 20] Next, functions of the storage subsystem 20 will be described. These functions are realized when the control processor 100 executes the programs stored in the shared memory 107 and the local memory 101. Further, data and the like used for realizing these functions will be described also. FIG. 3 is a diagram for explaining functions of the storage subsystem control unit 112. The storage subsystem control unit 112 comprises: an I/O network processing unit 200; a network processing unit 201; a command processing unit 202; a logical storage unit operating information processing unit 206; a physical storage unit operating information processing unit 207; an external storage area operating information acquisition processing unit 208; a cache hit/miss judgment processing unit 210; a cache amount management unit 212; a port control unit 213; a processor operating information acquisition processing unit 214; a physical storage unit I/O processing unit 215; an external storage I/O processing unit 216; a configuration definition processing unit 217; a configuration change planning processing unit 218; a configuration change plan execution processing unit 219; an external storage unit attribute information acquisition processing unit 221; and a manager 223. These are stored in the form of programs in the local memory 101. Data processed by these processing units or data required for processing is stored as logical-physical correspondence information 203, logical storage unit attribute information 204, physical storage unit attribute information 205, external storage operating information 209, a cache amount counter 211, external storage unit attribute information 220, schedule information 222, logical storage unit operating information 224, physical storage unit operating information 225, processor operating information 226, configuration change planning information 227, port setting information 228, or port operating information 229, in the local memory 101 or the shared memory 107 of the storage subsystem control unit 112. Further, on the local memory 101, there is a timer program (not shown) having time information of the storage subsystem. Sometime, the storage subsystem may have a plurality of storage subsystem control units 112. In that case, one representative storage subsystem control unit 112 is set in advance through the subsystem management apparatus 5. And, the time information held by the timer program of the representative storage subsystem control unit 112 set in advance is stored as common time information in the shared memory 107. The storage subsystem control units 112 other than the representative storage subsystem control unit 112 refer to the time information stored in the shared memory 107. Owing to this arrangement, all the storage subsystem control units 112 can have common time information. Now, details of the above-described processing units and the information held by the storage subsystem control unit 112 will be described. [I/O Network Processing Unit 200] The I/O network processing unit 200 controls the ports 104a and 104b and the I/O adapter 102. According to an instruction received from a storage administrator through the subsystem management apparatus 5, the I/O network processing unit 200 sets the ports 104a and 104b each at one of three statuses, i.e., an initiator port, a target port and a mixed mode. [Network Processing Unit 201] The network processing unit 201 controls the network port 105 and the network adapter 103. [Configuration Definition Processing Unit 217] The configuration definition processing unit 217 defines correspondence between the logical storage units 8 and the physical storage units 110 or 124, and stores the correspondence as the logical-physical correspondence information 203 into the shared memory 107. Generally in a computer system, in order to detect logical storage units of storage subsystems connected to the host computer 1, the host computer 1 sends Inquiry command (in the case of SCSI, for example) to detect devices, immediately after activation of the host computer 1. Similarly, in the present embodiment, immediately after activation of the host computer 1, the host computer 1 detects the target port 104a of the storage subsystem 20 and logical storage units 8 for which input/output processing can be performed through the target port 104a. Then, the configuration definition processing unit 217 sets the correspondence between the logical storage units 8 and the physical storage units 110 when the logical storage units 8 are defined according to a user's instruction. The correspondence between the logical storage units 8 and the physical storage units 110 is stored as the logical-physical correspondence information 203 into the shared memory 107. Further, immediately after starting up of the system, or according to an administrator's instruction, the configuration definition processing unit 217 sends a predetermined command to the external storage subsystem 21, to define the logical storage units 8 of the external storage subsystem 21 as logical storage units 8 of the storage subsystem 20. Then, definition information is stored as the logical-physical correspondence information into the shared memory 107. In the present embodiment, through the initiator port 104b, the configuration definition processing unit 217 detects the target port 122 of the external storage subsystem 21 and the logical storage units 8 for which input/output processing can be performed through the target port 122. The subsystem management apparatus 5a receives an instruction from the administrator of the storage subsystem 20 to the effect that the detected logical storage units 8 are set as logical storage units 8 of the storage subsystem 20. Then, the subsystem management apparatus 5a sends the received instruction to the storage subsystem 20. Receiving the instruction, the configuration definition processing unit 217 of the storage subsystem 20 defines the detected logical storage units 8 as logical storage units 8 of the storage subsystem 20. Here, it is possible to arrange such that, when the storage subsystem 20 detects the logical storage units 8 for which input/output processing can be performed in the external storage subsystem 21, the configuration definition processing unit 217 automatically defines the detected logical storage units 8 as logical storage units 8 of the storage subsystem 20. Further, definition of logical storage units 8 is not limited to immediately after activation of the host computer 1. It is possible that, during operation of the system, the configuration definition processing unit 217 receives an instruction from the storage subsystem administrator to define logical storage units 8. [Logical-Physical Correspondence Information 203] Next, will be described the logical-physical correspondence information 203 that the configuration definition processing unit 217 stores into the shared memory 107. As described above, the logical-physical correspondence information 203 is generated and updated by the configuration definition processing unit 217. Further, as described below, optimization is performed in performance tuning processing, and also the configuration change plan execution processing unit 219 updates the logical-physical correspondence information 203 when there is a change in the correspondence between the logical storage units 8 and the physical storage units 110 and 124. The logical-physical correspondence information 203 stores information indicating correspondence between logical addresses used by the host computer 1 in order to access the storage units 110 of the storage subsystem 20 and physical addresses of the storage units 110 and 124 of the storage subsystem 20 and external storage subsystem 21. FIG. 4 shows an example of the logical-physical correspondence information 203. As shown in the figure, the logical-physical correspondence information 203 includes: a logical address storing part 600 which stores an addresses of a logical storage apparatus; and a physical address storing part 601 which stores an addresses of the physical storage unit 110 that actually store data. The logical-physical correspondence information 203 is generated for each port 104a. The logical address storing part 600 comprises: a target logical storage unit number storing part 602 which stores a logical storage unit number (for example, an LU (Logical Unit) number in the case of SCSI) of a logical storage unit 8 (for example, an LU in the case of SCSI, and hereinafter, referred to as a target logical storage unit) detected by accessing the port-104a of the storage subsystem 20; a target logical storage unit address storing part 603 which stores an address in the target logical storage unit; an LDEV number storing part 604 which stores a logical storage unit number (hereinafter, referred to as an LDEV (Logical Device) number) that is given internally to cover the entire storage subsystem 20; and an LDEV address storing part 605 which stores its address (hereinafter, referred to as an LDEV address). Seen from the host computer 1, the target logical storage unit numbers are uniquely determined for each target port 104a as an input/output object, and the host computer 1 uses those LU numbers which performs read/write of data from/to the storage subsystem 20. A target logical storage unit is defined by associating an LDEV with a target port. A plurality of LDEVs may be combined to define one target logical storage unit. Further, an LDEV assigned to a target logical storage unit number may be different or same for each host computer 1. Further, the physical address storing part 601 stores a physical address corresponding to a target logical storage unit number stored in the logical storage unit number storing part 602. The physical address storing part 601 comprises: a parity group(PG) number storing part 606 which stores a parity group number; a data storing part 607 which stores information of a disk unit that stores data; a parity storing part 608 which stores information on parity; and an external storage storing part 609 which stores g data related to an external storage subsystem. Further, the data storing part 607 comprises a disk unit number storing part 610 which stores a physical storage unit (disk unit) number and an address-in-disk-unit storing part 611 which stores an address in a disk unit. The parity storing part 608 comprises a disk unit number storing part 612 and an address-in-disk-unit storing part 613 which stores an address in a disk unit. The external storage storing part 609 comprises: a port number-disk unit number storing part 614 which stores a port number and a physical storage unit number that are used for accessing a physical storage unit in an external storage subsystem; and a logical storage address storing part 615 which stores an address in a disk unit. The disk unit number storing part 612 and the address-in-disk-unit storing part 613 store disk units which store redundant data corresponding to a level of a parity group and its address. The parity group number storing part 606, the disk unit number storing part 610 and the address-in-disk-unit storing part 611 store a parity group number, a disk unit number and an address for uniquely indicating a physical address corresponding to a data storage address (which is determined by the LDEV number stored in the LDEV number storing part 604 and the LDEV address stored in the LDEV address storing part 605) of a logical storage unit. In the present embodiment, when a target logical storage unit corresponds to a storage unit address in a parity group consisting of physical storage units in the storage subsystem 20, then, the parity group number storing part 606 and the data storing part 607 store respective effective values. And, the external storage storing part 609 stores an invalid value (for example, “−1” in FIG. 4). Further, when a physical address corresponding to a target logical storage unit number stored in the logical storage unit number storing part 602 means a logical storage unit of the external storage subsystem 21 (for example, when the logical storage unit number is an entry of F3), then, the external storage storing part 609 stores an effective values and the data storing part 607 and the parity storing part 608 store invalid values (for example, “−1” in FIG. 4). [Command Processing Unit 202] Next, will be described the command processing unit 202 that performs processing according to an I/O processing request received from the host computer 1. An I/O processing request is a read request, a write request or a storage subsystem status information acquisition request (for example, Inquiry command in SCSI) for acquiring configuration information, failure information or the like. The command processing unit 202 extracts a logical address of a processing object from an I/O processing request received from the host computer 1. Then, the command processing unit 202 refers to the logical-physical correspondence information 203 to read the corresponding physical address, and performs data input/output processing or notifies the host computer 1 of the status of the target logical storage unit. Details of data input/output processing (data read/write processing) will be described later. [Logical Storage Unit Attribute Information 204] The logical storage unit attribute information 204 holds attribute information (which is inputted in advance through the subsystem management apparatus 5 or the like) of a logical storage unit 8, such as, a size, an emulation type, reserve information, path definition information, information on the host computer 1 as an I/O object (an I/O port identifier of the host computer 1, such as a World Wide Name (WWN) in FC). FIG. 5 shows an example of data held in the logical storage unit attribute information 204. As shown in the figure, the logical storage unit attribute information 204 is information indicating an identifier (number) of a target port that can be accessed as an input/output processing object from the host computer 1, an identifier (number) of a target logical storage unit to which input is possible through the target port, and a parity group (a physical storage unit) as a mapping destination corresponding to the address of the target logical storage unit. The logical storage unit attribute information 204 includes: an ID storing part 1101 which stores an identifier (ID) of a target port 104a; and a target logical storage unit number storing part 1102 which stores identifier of a target logical storage unit 8. The logical storage unit attribute information 204 further comprises: an LDEV number storing part 1103 which stores an identifier (an LDEV number) of an LDEV constituting the target logical storage unit stored in the target logical storage unit number storing part 1102; and a PG number storing part 1104 which stores an identifier of a parity group (PG) to which the mentioned LDEV belongs. The logical storage unit attribute information 204 further comprises a storage type storing part 1105 indicating whether a logical storage unit 8 is a storage subsystem (such as the storage subsystem 20) that can be directly accessed from the host computer 1 through the first I/O network 61, or an external storage subsystem that should be accessed through the storage subsystem 20 and the second I/O network 62. When the storage type storing part 1105 stores information indicating the external storage subsystem 21, then, the storage type storing part 1105 stores also an address (for example, WWN in FC, LUN, and the like) required for accessing the external storage subsystem 21 in question. In addition, the logical storage unit attribute information 204 further comprises: an emulation type-capacity storing part 1106 which stores information on an emulation type and a capacity; a path definition information storing part 1107; a status information storing part 1108 which stores status information of the logical storage unit; and a storage unit performance storing part 1109. Here, the emulation type is emulation information of the logical storage unit, indicating, for example, whether the logical storage unit is one for certain kind of mainframe, or a logical storage unit that is an access object for an open-architecture type host computer, or a logical storage unit that can be accessed from both type of computers. And the information on the capacity indicates the capacity of the logical storage unit. The status of a logical storage unit is an online status in which an I/O processing request is received from the host computer 1, a reserve status in which the logical storage unit is reserved, for example, as a storing destination of a copy (snapshot data) at some point of time of some logical storage unit or as a remote copy destination for remote backup or disaster recovery, a blocked status owing to a failure in the logical storage unit, or the like. Further, for the logical storage unit 8, the path definition means defining logical storage unit numbers of logical storage units existing under an I/O port of the storage subsystem, associating those logical storage unit numbers with the I/O port, in order that the host computer 1 can access the logical storage unit 8 as an input/output object by designating a pair of a target port number and a logical storage unit number. [Parity Group (Physical Storage Unit) Attribute Information 205] Next, will be described attribute information of physical storage units (such as hard disks) constituting each parity group within the storage subsystem 20 or the external storage subsystem 21. The physical storage unit attribute information 205 is set in advance by the administrator of the storage subsystem 20 through the subsystem management apparatus 5 or the like, and stored in the shared memory 107 or the local memory 101. The attribute information stored as the physical storage unit attribute information 205 includes, for example, a type, a reaction velocity and a rotational speed, sustaining performance, a rotational delay time, a command overhead, RAID configuration information, and the like of physical storage units 110. The RAID configuration information is information that is set when a configuration of parity groups is defined, and thus, instead of the RAID configuration information, the information on the configuration of the parity groups may be used. FIG. 6 shows an example of data stored in the physical storage unit attribute information 205. As shown in the figure, the physical storage unit attribute information 205 includes: a parity group number storing part 801 which stores a parity group number of a parity group to which physical storage units belong; a disk performance index storing part 802 which stores performance index information of a disk belongs to the parity group; a RAID level storing part 803 which stores a RAID configuration of the parity group; a detailed configuration storing part 804 which stores details of the RAID configuration; a sequential volume storing part 805 which stores operational attribute information of the parity group; and attribute information 806 indicating a read/write characteristic. The disk performance index storing part 802 holds information such as a command overhead, a seek time, an average latency and a media transfer time of disks used in the parity group. Further, the information stored in the sequential volume storing part 805 is used when the below-mentioned performance tuning is performed. For example, a parity group that is considered to be suitable from the viewpoint of the RAID configuration and a disk stripe size is defined as a sequential volume. And, in the subsystem, the logical device (LDEV) having a higher sequential access ratio is moved to the parity group in question. And, data of an LDEV having a higher random access ratio is not moved to or is excluded from the parity group defined as a sequential volume. The below-mentioned performance tuning is performed by the configuration change planning processing unit 218 when it is required from the viewpoint of performance. For example, with respect to the parity group having the parity group number “0000” stored in the first line of the figure, it is seen from the RAID level storing part 803 and the detailed configuration storing part 804 that its RAID configuration is RAID5 and 3D1P (i.e., a configuration in which four disks constitute the RAID configuration (RAID5), and three disks store data and the remaining one disk stores parity data). The attribute information 806 stores attribute information indicating whether it is a volume that receives only read processing and rejects write/update processing. [Logical Storage Unit Operating Information Processing Unit 206 and Logical Storage Unit Operating Information 224] With respect to I/O processing to the logical storage units 8 in the storage subsystem 20, the logical storage unit operating information processing unit 206 acquires operating information related to input and output, and holds the acquired information as the logical storage unit operating information 224 in the shared memory 107 or the local memory 101. Taking a certain time (for example, a second, a minute, or ten minutes) as a unit, and for each of the LDEV constituting the logical storage units 8 or for each of the logical storage units 8, the logical storage unit operating information processing unit 206 counts the time required for the total I/O processing to the mentioned logical storage unit of the storage subsystem 20 per unit of time, to calculate an average I/O processing time per unit of time and to acquire at any time the maximum I/O processing time within one unit of time. Further, the logical storage unit operating information processing unit 206 calculates the total numbers of I/Os to the logical storage unit in question in one unit of time, an average I/O counts per unit of time, the maximum I/O counts in one unit of time, an average data transfer amount per unit of time, the maximum data transfer amount per unit of time, and the like. Further, for each of the LDEVs constituting the logical storage units 8 or for each of the logical storage units 8, the logical storage unit operating information processing unit 206 calculates a cache hit rate per unit of time, based on the value of the cache amount counter, which is counted by the cache hit/miss judgment processing unit. Further, the logical storage unit operating information processing unit 206 monitors a read access time, a write access time, a sequential access time, the total occupied time and the like, to calculate a sequential ratio, a read-write ratio, an average disk occupancy rate, the maximum disk occupancy rate, and the like. In the present embodiment, the above-mentioned acquired information and calculated information are held as the logical storage unit operating information 224 in the shared memory 107 or the local memory 101. FIGS. 7 and 8 show examples of the logical storage unit operating information 224a and 224b respectively for each LU number and each LDEV number, measured, acquired and calculated with respect to the logical storage units 8 by the logical storage unit operating information processing unit 206. FIG. 7 is a diagram for explaining an example of data stored in the logical storage unit operating information 224a which stores the operating information of an LU given with a path definition associated with the port 104a. The column 901 of the logical storage unit operating information 224a records acquisition times at intervals of a sampling time. The column 902 records the logical storage unit numbers of the logical storage units 8 under the port 104a at each sampling time; the column 904 an average I/O counts per second (IOPS) of the logical storage unit concerned at the time concerned; the column 905 the maximum I/O counts per second (IOPS) in the time concerned; the column 906 an average data transfer amount per second (MBPS) of the logical storage unit concerned in the time concerned; the column 907 the maximum data transfer amount per second (MBPS) in the time concerned; the column 908 an average IO processing time (μs) per second of the logical storage unit concerned in the time concerned; the column 909 the maximum IO processing time (μs) per second in the time concerned; the column 910 the cache hit rate; the column 911 sequential ratio; and the column 912 the read-write ratio. FIG. 8 is a diagram for explaining an example of data stored in the logical storage unit operating information 224b which stores the operating information of an LDEV. As shown in the figure, the logical storage unit operating information 224b includes sequential read 1004, sequential write (data) 1005, sequential write (parity) 1006, random read 1007, random write 1008, random write (data) 1009, the total occupied time 1010, a read-write ratio 1011, and a sequential ratio 1012. Here, each of the sequential read 1004, the sequential write (data) 1005, the sequential write (parity) 1006, the random read 1007, the random write (data) 1009 and the total occupied time 1010 stores a time occupied by disk access for the processing concerned, at each predetermined time for each LDEV. Further, the read-write ratio 1011 stores a ratio of a read access time to a write access time at each predetermined time for each LDEV. The sequential ratio 1012 stores a ratio of a sequential access time to the total occupied time at each predetermined time for each LDEV. [Physical Storage Unit Operating Information Processing Unit 207 and Physical Storage Unit Operating Information 225] The physical storage unit operating information processing unit 207 acquires operating information (physical operating information due to I/O processing to the physical storage units 110, and holds the acquired information as the physical storage unit operating information 225. Taking a certain time as a unit, and for each physical storage unit 110, the physical storage unit operation information processing unit 207 acquires information such as an average I/O processing time, the maximum I/O processing time, an average I/O counts, the maximum I/O counts, an average data transfer amount, the maximum data transfer amount, a cache hit rate, a sequential ratio, a read-write ratio, an average disk occupancy rate, the maximum disk occupancy rate, and the like. The physical storage unit operation information processing unit 207 holds the acquired information as the physical storage unit operating information 225 in the shared memory 107 or the local memory 101. Thus, the physical storage unit operating information 225 stores results of measurement of times required for I/O processing of the host computer 1 to a storage unit. FIG. 9 shows an example of the physical storage unit operating information 225. As shown in the figure, the physical storage unit operating information 225 includes sequential read 1304, sequential write (data) 1305, sequential write (parity) 1306, random read 1307, random write (data) 1308, random write (parity) 1309, the total occupied time 1310, a read-write ratio 1311, and a sequential ratio 1312. Here, each of the sequential read 1304, the sequential write (data) 1305, the sequential write (parity) 1306, the random read 1307, the random write (data) 1308, the random write (parity) 1309 and the total occupied time 1310 stores a time occupied by disk access for the processing concerned at a predetermined time for each parity group. The read-write ratio 1311 stores a ratio of a read access time to a write access time at each predetermined time for each parity group. And, the sequential ratio 1312 stores a ratio of a sequential access time to the total occupied time at each predetermined time for each parity group. Either the logical storage unit operating information processing unit 206 and the logical storage unit operating information 224 or the physical storage unit operating information processing unit 207 and the physical storage unit operating information 225 can generate the other information based on the data stored in the logical-physical correspondence information 203. Thus, it is sufficient to hold either of them. [External Storage Area Operating Information Acquisition Processing Unit 208 and External Storage Operating Information The external storage area operating information acquisition processing unit 208 acquires operating information of the external storage, and holds the acquired information as the external storage operating information 209 in the shared memory 107 or the local memory 101. The external storage area operating information acquisition processing unit 208 measures and acquires, as operating information, response to and throughput of I/O processing requests from the storage subsystem 20 to the logical storage units 8 provided by the external storage subsystem 21, and holds the acquired information as the external storage operating information 209. FIG. 10 is a diagram for explaining the external storage operating information 209. As shown in the figure, the external storage operating information 209 includes a time 1801, an initiator port number 1901, a general purpose storage subsystem WWN 1902, a general purpose storage LUN 1903, IOPS 1904, MBPS 1905, a response 1906 and a link status 1907. [Cache Hit/Miss Judgment Processing Unit 210 and Cache Amount Counter 211] The cache hit/miss judgment processing unit 210 is invoked by the command processing unit 202 and judges whether data at the object address of a command processed by the command processing unit 202 exists on the disk cache 108. FIG. 11 is a diagram for explaining the cache amount counter 211. When data at the object address of a command to process exists on the disk cache 108, then, the cache hit/miss judgment processing unit 210 notifies the command processing unit 202 of the existence of the data on the disk cache 108 and the address of the area where the data exists. At that time, hit information counters (not shown) of predetermined area information on the disk cache 108 and of the cache amount counter 211 of the logical storage unit 8 concerned are incremented by one. In addition to the above-mentioned hit information, the cache amount counter 211 holds a data amount (hereinafter, referred to as a dirty amount) in a dirty state where data exists on the disk cache 108 but has not been written into the physical storage units 110 and a data amount (hereinafter, referred to as a clean amount) in a clean state where data exists both on the disk cache 108 and on the physical storage units 110 for each logical storage unit 8, and a dirty amount, a clean amount and a free amount (i.e., a space capacity) of the whole cache, and the total amount of cache. [Cache Amount Management Unit 212] The cache amount management unit 212 manages the amount of data stored in the disk cache 108. The cache amount management unit 212 controls an interval of activating the command processing unit 202 according to the clean amount or dirty amount of the cache. In detail, the cache amount management unit 212 always refers to the counters indicating the dirty amount and the clean amount of the whole cache, in the cache amount counter 211, to control the activation interval as follows. Namely, when the sum of the dirty amount and the clean amount becomes more than or equal to a certain ratio, then, the activation interval of the command processing unit 202 is made longer than an ordinary interval, and when the sum becomes less than a certain ratio, the activation interval is returned to the ordinary activation interval. When write processing from the host computers 1 is performed frequently, data in the dirty state is accumulated on the disk cache 108. For example, when the main power goes off and the subsystem is powered by built-in batteries, then, it is necessary to write data in the dirty state on the disk cache 108 onto a predetermined physical storage unit. In that case, when the dirty amount is larger, writing of the data takes much time, and it is more possible that the data is lost without being reflected onto the physical storage units. In the case of employing the RAID configuration, an area which generates parities should be kept on the cache, and it is necessary to suppress the amount of write data sent from the host computers 1 to be less than or equal to a certain amount in the whole cache capacity. Considering these conditions, the cache amount management unit 212 monitors the cache amount and controls operation of the system such that the cache amount is always less than or equal to a certain amount. [Port Control Unit 213, Port Setting Information 228 and Port Operating Information 229] The port control unit 213 manages a data flow rate at each port 104a or 104b of the storage subsystem 20. The port control unit 213 measures a data transfer amount and the numbers of I/Os each time when an I/O processing request is received at an I/O port 104a or 104b for each WWN of the host computers 1, to store the measure values as the port operating information 229 into the shared memory 107 or the local memory 101. FIG. 12 is a diagram for explaining an example of the port operating information 229. As shown in the figure, the port operating information 229 includes a time 1201, a port number 1202, an average IOPS 1204 which holds an average response time, the maximum IOPS 1205 which holds the maximum response time, an average MBPS 1206 which holds an average throughput time, the maximum MBPS 1207 which holds the maximum throughput time, an average I/O processing time 1208 which holds an average I/O processing time, the maximum I/O processing time 1209 which holds the maximum I/O processing time, a sequential ratio 1210, and a read-write ratio 1211. Further, the port control unit 213 uses the information held as the port operating information 229 to perform I/O processing control at the ports. Upper limit setting information of the number of I/Os (IOPS), the data transfer amount (MBPS) and the like for each WWN of the host computers 1 is inputted in advance from the storage subsystem administrator through the subsystem management apparatus 5, sent to the storage subsystem 20 through the network 7, and stored as the port setting information 228 into the memory 107 or the local memory 101. The port setting information 228 stores the upper limits the lower limits and the target values, based on the worst values, average values, the best values and the like of the operating information related to I/O processing with the host computers 1, for each port 104a or 104b. As the operating information, may be mentioned, for example, throughput (the number of I/Os per unit of time (IOPS) and data transfer amount per unit of time (MBPS)) and response (an I/O processing response time). To set these values through the subsystem management apparatus 5, test I/Os are sent from the storage subsystem 20 to the external storage subsystems 21, and response times to those I/Os and the like are taken into consideration. In the case of the external storage subsystem 21 that has performed I/O processing with the host computers 1, information obtained at the times of the I/O processing is used. FIG. 13 is a diagram showing an example of the port setting information 228. As shown in the figure, the port setting information 228 includes a port number 1400, a status 1401, a connected WWN 1402, the maximum IOPS 1403, the maximum MBPS 1404, the minimum IOPS 1405, the minimum MBPS 1406, a target IOPS 1407, a target MBPS 1408, a band 1409, and a protocol 1410. [Processor Operating Information Acquisition Processing Unit 214 and Processor Operating Information 226] The processor operating information acquisition processing unit 214 measures amounts of time the control processors perform various processing and records the measured values as the processor operating information 226. FIG. 14 shows an example of the processor operating information 226. As shown in the figure, the processor operating information 226 includes a processor number 1451, a status 1452 and an operating ratio 1453. Here, the status 1452 stores information indicating whether the processor in question is a target processor for processing I/O from a host computer or an initiator processor which controls I/O processing with the external storage subsystem 21. The status of each processor is determined in advance, for example, by the administrator. [Physical Storage Unit I/O Processing Unit 215] The physical storage unit I/O processing unit 215 writes data from a physical storage unit 110 to the disk cache 108, or from the disk cache 108 to a physical storage unit 110, according to an I/O processing request of the host computer 1. When there occurs a write processing request from the host computer 1, the command processing unit 202 analyzes the destination of the processing request. As a request, when the destination of the processing request is a physical storage unit 110 in the storage subsystem 20, then, the command processing unit 202 performs write processing toward the disk cache 108, and thereafter, the physical storage unit I/O processing unit 215 writes the dirty data into the physical storage unit 110 concerned according to an instruction from the command processing unit 202. Hereinafter, processing that the physical storage unit I/O processing unit 215 writes data from the disk cache 108 to a physical storage unit 110 is referred to as write-after processing. Further, when the host computer 1 issues a read processing request, and the data source of the request does not exist on the disk cache 108 but a physical storage unit 110 in the storage subsystem 20, then, the physical storage unit I/O processing unit 215 reads from a certain address of the physical storage unit 110 in question according to an instruction of the command processing unit 202. [External Storage I/O Processing Unit 216] The external storage I/O processing unit 216 writes data from a physical storage unit 124 of the external storage subsystem to the disk cache 108, or from the disk cache 108 to the physical storage unit 124, according to an I/O processing request issued by the host computer 1. When, as a result of analysis by the command processing unit 202, the destination of a write processing request is the physical storage unit 124 in the external storage subsystem 21, then, the external storage I/O processing unit 216 writes the dirty data from the disk cache 108 to the physical storage unit 124 in question at the time of write-after, according to an instruction of the command processing unit 202. When, as a result of analysis by the command processing unit 202, the read source of a read processing request does not exist on the disk cache 108 but is the physical storage unit 124 in the external storage subsystem 21, then, the external storage I/O processing unit 216 reads from a certain address of the physical storage unit 124 in question, according to an instruction of the command processing unit 202. [Configuration Change Planning Processing Unit 218 and Configuration Change Planning Information 227] The configuration change planning processing unit 218 refers to the physical storage-unit operating information 225, the port operating information 229, the logical storage unit operating information 224, the processor operating information 226, the cache amount counter 211 and the like, to make a configuration change plan according to performance requirements. The configuration change planning processing unit 218 is activated by the manager 223 at predetermined intervals. When host I/O processing performance of the storage subsystem 20 or the external storage subsystem 21 deteriorates to more than a predetermined extent from the level assumed at the beginning, the configuration change planning processing unit 218 plans data reallocation, increase or decrease of the number of initiator ports 104b, and the like, and holds the plan as the configuration change planning information 227 in the shared memory 107 or the local memory 101. Change of the configuration is required since the host I/O processing performance of the storage subsystem 20 changes with the lapse of time when the system is operated. The planning information is carried into execution by the below-mentioned configuration change plan execution processing unit 219, or held until an instruction of cancellation is received from, for example, the storage administrator. The I/O processing performance is judged based on the throughput or the response time, for example. [Configuration Change Plan Execution Processing Unit 219] The configuration change plan execution processing unit 219 performs the configuration change according to the configuration change planning information 227, when an instruction to that effect is received from the manager 223. By performing the processing, the storage subsystem 20 and the external storage subsystem 21 is improved in their performance. [Schedule Information 222] The schedule information 222 is information indicating a schedule for various processing related to the performance tuning, and is stored in the shared memory 107 or the local memory 101. The schedule information 222 is, for example, timing of making a configuration change plan, timing of executing that plan, and the like. [Manager 223] The manager 223 activates the configuration change planning processing unit 218 and the configuration change plan execution processing unit 219, according to the schedule information 222. [External Storage Unit Attribute Information Acquisition Processing Unit 221 and External Storage Unit Attribute Information 220] The external storage unit attribute information acquisition processing unit 221 acquires storage unit attribute information of the external storage subsystem 21 from the subsystem management apparatus 5, and stores the acquired information as the external storage unit attribute information 220 into the shared memory 107 or the local memory 101. This processing unit 221 performs the mentioned processing when it is provided with an I/F which acquires the RAID configuration of the external storage subsystem 21 and the type of HDD used in the external storage subsystem 21, from the subsystem management apparatus 5 of the external storage subsystem 21 through the network 7. [Subsystem Management Apparatus 5] FIG. 15 shows an example of a hardware configuration of the subsystem management apparatus 5 according to the present embodiment. As shown in the figure, the subsystem management apparatus 5 comprises a CPU 301, a memory 302 as an electrically nonvolatile storage unit, a local disk unit 303, a network adapter 304, a display unit 305, an input unit 306, and a removable storage drive unit 307, being connected with one another through an internal bus 308. The CPU 301 executes programs which realize the functions of the subsystem management apparatus 5. The memory 302 stores the program to be executed by the CPU 301, information used by those programs, and the like. The network adapter 304 is an interface with the network 7. Through the network 7, the subsystem management apparatus 5 acquires information on the system configurations of the storage subsystems 20 and 21, and sends configuration definitions (for example, a definition of the RAID configuration, definitions of the logical storage units and their path definition processing, a snapshot pair definition, and the like) received from the administrator to the storage subsystems 20 and 21. The input unit 306 and the display unit 305 are interfaces with the administrator of the storage subsystems 20 and 21. The input unit 306 receives input of an instruction of maintenance/administration or restore processing of the storage subsystem 20 or 21, or input of information (for example, a period and thresholds of resource operating information to be referred to, the time of executing a configuration change plan, and the like) used for planning of a configuration change. The display unit 305 displays required information. [Host Computer 1] FIG. 16 shows an example of a hardware configuration of the host computer 1 according to the present embodiment. As shown in the figure, the host computer 1 comprises: a CPU 401 which executes given programs; a memory 402 which stores an OS executed by the CPU 401, application programs (hereinafter, referred to as APs), data used by the APs and the like; a local disk unit 403 which stores the OS, the AP and the data used by the APs; a host bus adapter 404 which connects the first I/O network 61 with the host computer 1; a display unit 405, an input unit 406, a network adapter 408 which connects the network 7 with the host computer 1; a removable storage drive unit 407 which controls data read and the like from a portable medium such as a flexible disk; and a local I/O network 409 as an internal bus used which connects between the mentioned components and transfers the OS, the APs, data, control data and the like. As a portable storage medium, an optical disk or a magneto-optical disk such as CD-ROM, CD-R, CD-RW, DVD or MO, a magnetic disk such as a hard disk or a flexible disk, or the like may be used. Each processing unit described below reads a program stored on a portable storage medium through the removable storage drive unit 407, or installs a program onto the host computer 1 through an external network or the like. Further, the host computer 1 may comprises a plurality of CPUs 401, a plurality of local disk units 403, a plurality of memories 402, a plurality of host bus adapters 404 and a plurality of network adapters 408. [SAN Management Terminal 9] FIG. 17 shows an example of a hardware configuration of the SAN management terminal 9 of the present embodiment. As shown in the figure, the SAN management terminal 9 comprises: a CPU 501; a memory 502 as an electrically nonvolatile storage unit; a local disk unit 503; a network adapter 504; an input unit 506; a display unit 505; a removable storage drive unit 507; and a transmission line 508 as an internal bus which connects the mentioned components with one another to transmit data, a control instruction, or the like. The memory 502 stores programs to be executed by the control processor 501, information used by those programs, and the like. The control processor 501 executes those programs on the SAN management terminal 9. The network adapter 504 is an interface with the network 7. [I/O processing to External Storage Subsystem 21] Next, a flow of I/O processing to the external storage subsystem 21 will be described. FIGS. 18A, 18B, 19A and 19B are diagrams for explaining a flow of I/O processing to the external storage subsystem 21. An I/O processing request from the host computer 1 is received by the storage subsystem 20 and transferred to the external storage subsystem 21. In that case, the disk cache 108 is used even for an I/O processing request to the external storage subsystem 21. First, referring to FIGS. 18A and 18B, will be described processing in the case where a read request occurs. When a read processing request is received from the host computer 1, the command processing unit 202 analyzes the received request (Step 1601), and converts the address of the object read data (i.e., a target logical address of the target as an input/output object for the host computer 1) into a corresponding pair of an LDEV number and an LDEV address (Step 1602). Next, the cache hit/miss judgment processing unit 210 judges whether the data at the above-mentioned LDEV address exists on the disk cache 108 or not (Step 1603). In the case where it is judged that the data exists on the disk cache 108 (i.e., cache hit), the command processing unit 202 read the data from the disk cache 108, sends the data to the host computer 1, and thereafter sends a completion report to the host computer 1 (Steps 1604 and 1605). In the case where it is judged in Step 1603 that the data does not exist on the disk cache 108 (i.e., cache miss), the command processing unit 202 accesses the logical-physical correspondence information 203 to judge whether the LDEV address determined in Step 1602 exists in the storage subsystem 20 or the external storage subsystem 21 (Step 1612). In the case where the LDEV address exists in the storage subsystem 20, the command processing unit 202 sends the data read request together with the I/O processing object address, data length, and the like to the physical storage unit I/O processing unit 215 (Step 1618). And, the physical storage unit I/O processing unit 215 performs the I/O processing (Step 1619). In the case where it is judged in Step 1612 that the LDEV address exists in the external storage subsystem 21, the command processing unit 202 sends the received I/O processing request to the external storage I/O processing unit 216 (Step 1615). Receiving the I/O processing request, the external storage I/O processing unit 216 accesses the external storage subsystem 21 according to the address in the I/O processing request, to read the designated data (Step 1616). Then, the external storage I/O processing unit 216 stores the read data to the disk cache 108 (Step 1616), and sends a storing notification to the command processing unit 202 (Step 1617). Receiving the notification, the command processing unit 202 reads the notified data from the disk cache 108, and sends the data to the host computer 1 (Step 1621). Thereafter, the command processing unit 202 sends a completion report to the host computer 1 (Step 1622). Next, referring to FIGS. 19A and 19B, will be described processing in the case where a write processing request occurs. When a write processing request is received from the host computer 1, the command processing unit 202 analyzes the received request similarly to the case of a read processing request (Step 1701), and notifies the host computer 1 that the command processing unit 202 is ready for write processing. Then, the command processing unit 202 converts an address of the write data sent thereafter from the host computer 1 (i.e., a target logical address of the target as an input/output object for the host computer 1) into a corresponding pair-of an LDEV number and an LDEV address (Step 1702). Then, based on the LDEV address, the cache hit/miss judgment processing unit 210 performs data hit/miss judgment on the disk cache 108 (Step 1703). In the case of cache hit in Step 1703, the command processing unit 202 overwrites the received write data into the hit area of the disk cache 108. In the case of cache miss, the command processing unit 202 secures a new area in the disk cache 108 and stores the received write data into the secured new area (Step 1704). Then, the command processing unit 202 sends a completion report to the host computer 1 (Step 1705). When the write data is stored onto the cache, information on the address on the cache, address information of the physical storage unit to which the write data should be stored, and the like are registered as processing request information into a dirty queue. Next, will be described write-after processing for actually writing the data stored once in the disk cache 108 into the physical storage unit 110 or 124. The physical storage unit I/O processing unit 215 or the external storage I/O processing unit 216 refers to the above-mentioned dirty queue. In the case where there is a queue to be processed (Step 1711), transfer data (i.e., dirty data) existing on the cache is determined (Step 1712), and the dirty data is read (Step 1713) and written into the physical storage unit 110 or 124 concerned (Step 1714). When a write completion report is received from the physical storage unit 110 or 124 concerned (Step 1715), then, the above-mentioned dirty queue is connected to the clean queue. [Performance Deterioration] Before describing the performance tuning processing using the above-described functions and information, will be described performance deterioration requiring performance tuning in the storage subsystems of the present embodiment. In the case of the storage subsystem 20 directly connected to the host computer 1, performance is deteriorated owing to, for example, access interference. Namely, the logical storage units 8 that the storage subsystem 20 provides to the host computers 1 are provided in parity groups each including a plurality of physical storage units 110. As a result, it is possible that accesses to different logical storage units 8 seen from the host computer 1 are accesses to physical storage units 110 belonging to the same parity group, causing access interference and delaying the processing. Further, performance deterioration of the whole system including the external storage subsystems 21 occurs owing to increase of an I/O load or the like. Now, will be described increase of an I/O load that becomes a cause of deteriorating the performance of the system as a whole in a situation that I/O processing to the external storage subsystem 21 is performed through the storage subsystem 20 as in the case of the present embodiment. An I/O load to the external storage subsystem 21 is calculated as the product of the number of I/O processing requests to the external storage subsystem 21 and the I/O processing response time. And, as the load becomes larger, the I/O processing response time becomes longer furthermore. Various causes can be considered with respect to such delay of the I/O processing response time that accompanies increase of the load. For example, a conflict over the port 104b is one of the causes. I/O processing to the external storage subsystem 21 is performed through the storage subsystem 20. Sometimes, even when the storage subsystem 20 has a plurality of such external storage subsystems 21, the storage subsystem 20 uses the port 104b commonly for those external storage subsystems 21 without providing a different initiator port 104b for each external storage subsystem 21. In that case, a conflict of processing over the port 104b on the side of the storage subsystem 20 causes delay in I/O processing, which in turn comes up to the surface as the delay of the I/O processing response time. Further, a conflict over the control processor 100 can be considered. When the external storage I/O processing unit 216 of the storage subsystem 20 performs processing of an I/O processing request to the external storage subsystem 21, it may occur that the resource of the control processor 100 can not be sufficiently allocated owing to a conflict with I/O processing or the like in the storage subsystem 20. This becomes a cause of time delay in I/O processing responses. Thus, in the case of a configuration in which external storage subsystems 21 are connected, it is possible that performance deterioration as an apparent phenomenon is caused not only by interference of accesses to physical storage units constituting the same parity group, but also by a conflict over the port 104b or the control processor 100. Accordingly, the performance tuning should take these factors into consideration. [Flow of Performance Tuning] Next, a flow of the performance tuning including the external storage subsystems 21 and using the above-described functions will be described in the following. In the present embodiment, first, performance tuning is performed automatically at predetermined time intervals. Namely, it is judged according to the performance schedule information 222 whether a performance improvement function that instructs automatic execution of various processing which makes a configuration change is ON or not. When the performance improvement function is ON, the processing is performed. Here, the processing is performed in the order of configuration change planning, performance tuning of the storage subsystems 20, and performance tuning of the external storage subsystems 21. When the performance tuning of the external storage subsystems 21 is performed, approval of the administrator is obtained through the management terminal. FIG. 20 shows a processing flow at the time of the performance tuning of the storage subsystem 20. The manager 223 refers to the schedule information 222 at certain intervals, to judge whether the performance improvement function of the storage subsystem 20 is ON, i.e., in a state which performs the performance tuning (Step 2001). Here, instructions with respect to the time interval and the performance improvement function are inputted by the administrator through the subsystem management apparatus 5. When the performance improvement function of the storage subsystem 20 is ON, the manager 223 refers to the performance schedule information 222 to judge whether it is a time which updates the configuration change planning information 227 (Step 2002). When it is a time which updates the configuration change planning information 227, then, the manager 223 makes the configuration change planning processing unit generate the configuration change planning information 227 (Step 2031). A detailed processing flow of Step 2031 will be described later referring to FIG. 21. When it is judged in Step 2002 that it is not a time which updates the configuration change planning information 227, then, the manager 223 refers to the schedule information 222 to judge whether it is a time which executes a configuration change plan (Step 2003). When it is judged in Step 2008 that it is not a time which executes a configuration change plan, then, the processing is ended. When it is a time for execution, the manager 223 refers to the configuration change planning information 227, to judge whether a configuration change plan is stored or not (Step 2004). When it is judged in Step 2004 that a configuration change plan is not stored, then, the processing is ended. When a configuration change plan is stored, the manager 223 refers to the configuration change planning information 227 to judge whether there is a configuration change plan related to the storage subsystem 20 (Step 2005). When it is judged in Step 2005 that there is stored a change plan related to the storage subsystem 20, then, the manager 223 makes the configuration change plan execution processing unit 219 execute a configuration change according to the change plan (Step 2011), and then, the processing goes to Step 2006. When it is judged in Step 2005 that there is not a change plan related to the storage subsystem 20, then, the manager 223 judges whether the configuration change planning information 227 stores a plan related to the external storage subsystem 21 (Step 2006). When it is judge in Step 2006 that a configuration change plan related to the external storage subsystem 21 is not stored, the processing is ended. When a configuration change plan related to the external storage subsystem 21 is stored, then, the manager 223 displays a message on the display unit of the subsystem management apparatus 5 to the effect that there is a configuration change plan related to the external storage subsystem 21, and displays the change plan extracted from the configuration change planning information 227, to present them to the administrator (Step 2007). When an instruction is received from the subsystem administrator to execute the above-mentioned configuration change plan displayed as recommended, then, the manager 223 makes the configuration change plan execution processing unit 219 execute the configuration change (Step 2021) and the processing is ended. When an instruction is not received, the processing is ended without executing the change plan. When a user, who is presented with the configuration change plan through the subsystem management apparatus 5, judges the plan to be unnecessary, then, the user can also instruct the subsystem management apparatus 5 to cancel the change plan. Next, will be described the processing of generating the configuration change planning information 227 in the above Step 2031. In the present embodiment, loads on the parity groups are monitored, and when there is some parity group having a high load, then, a configuration change is planned at need. When the parity group having a high load belongs to a storage subsystem, then, a configuration change is planned employing the technique disclosed in Patent Document 2. When the parity group having a high load belongs to the external storage subsystem 21, then, as described above, the performance deterioration may be caused not by interference of accesses to physical storage units constituting the same parity group, but by a conflict over the initiator port 104b or the control processor 100. Accordingly, in the present embodiment, first it is judged whether the performance deterioration is caused by a conflict over the initiator port 104b or the control processor 100. When such a conflict is not a cause, then it is judged that the performance deterioration is caused by access interference, and data reallocation is considered. In the present embodiment, as data reallocation, is made a plan which migrates data from the external storage subsystem 21 to the storage subsystem 20. Further, in the present embodiment, measures against a conflict over the initiator port 104b and the control processor 100 are prepared each as one of configuration change plans in Step 2031, to obtain permission of the administrator before execution. Here, to judge whether the cause of the performance deterioration is other than access interference, various information indicating the conditions of the external storage subsystem 21 is examined. The mentioned various information is information collected in the storage subsystem 20 such as operating information (such as throughput), a storing state of the cache, and load conditions of the initiator port and the processor. FIG. 21 shows a processing flow of the configuration change planning processing unit 218 at the time of generating the configuration change planning information 227. According to the schedule information 222, the configuration change planning processing unit 218 refers to the physical storage unit operating information 225 to extract a high load parity group, i.e., a parity group of which, for example, the total occupied time 1310 indicating I/O processing performance is larger than a predetermined threshold (Step 1501). The configuration change planning processing unit 218 judges whether the parity group extracted in Step 1501 belongs to the storage subsystem 20 or the external storage subsystem 21, based on the P.G. number 1302 of the physical storage unit operating information 225 (Step 1502). When it is judged in Step 1502 that the extracted parity group is a parity group in the storage subsystem 20, then, the configuration change planning processing unit 218 makes a configuration change plan employing, for example, the technique disclosed in Patent Document 2 (Step 1521). When it is judged in Step 1502 that the extracted parity group is a parity group in the external storage subsystem 21, then, the configuration change planning processing unit 218 examines the response time and throughput of the initiator port 104b that performs I/O processing to the external storage subsystem 21 in question, referring to the port operating information 229 and the port setting information 228 (Step 1503). Here, to examine the response time, the average IOPS 1204 of the port operating information 229 is compared with the target IOPS 1407 of the port setting information 228. And, to examine the throughput performance, the average MBPS 1206 of the port operating information 229 is compared with the target MBPS 1408 of the port setting information 228. When the performance indicated by the average MBPS 1206 and the average IOPS 1204 exceeds the performance indicated by the values set as the targets in the port setting information 228, then, the configuration change planning processing unit 218 judges that there is no problem, and the processing is ended. Here, when only the performance indicated by the value of either the average MBPS 1206 or the average IOPS 1204 is lower than the performance indicated by the value set as the target in the port setting information 228 (Step 1504), then first, the sequential ratio 1312 of the physical storage unit operating information 225 is examined to judge whether data being sent at that time is sequential data or random data. When the value of the sequential ratio 1312 is larger than or equal to a predetermined threshold, i.e., when sequential data is being sent (Step 1511), then, it is judged that there is no problem even with a larger response time or deteriorating throughput performance, and the processing is ended. On the other hand, when both the response time and the throughput performance given in the physical storage unit operating information 225 are lower than the values given as the target performance in the port setting information 228 (Step 1504), or when either of the response time or the throughput performance is lower than the target value and the sequential ratio 1312 is less than the predetermined threshold (Step 1511), then, it is possible that a bottleneck exists on the side of the storage subsystem 20. Namely, it is possible that there is a problem in physical connection between the storage subsystem 20 and the external storage subsystem 21. In that case, the configuration change planning processing unit 218 examines whether the dirty amount in the cache has increased with respect to the devices concerned (Step 1505). Here, referring to the cache amount counter 211, a ratio of the dirty amount to the total cache amount is calculated using the clean counter 1804, the dirty counter 1805 and the free counter 1806. When the ratio of the dirty amount is higher than or equal to a predetermined value, then, logical storage units as causes of such a ratio are extracted. Namely, with respect to each logical storage unit, its dirty counter 1805 stored in the cache amount counter 211 is examined to extract the logical storage unit numbers having large counter values. At that time, a certain number of logical storage units may be extracted counting in descending order of counter value from the largest one. Or, logical storage units whose counter values are larger-than a predetermined threshold may be extracted. In the case where, among the extracted logical storage units, there exists a logical storage unit of the external storage subsystem 21, then it is possible that data can not be sent since some problem has occurred in physical connection. Thus, the connecting state is examined (Step 1512). When there is a problem in the connecting state, the configuration change planning processing unit 218 displays an alert indicating a message to that effect (Step 1522), and the processing is ended. When it is judged in Step 1505 that the dirty amount is less than the predetermined ratio, or when the dirty amount has increased owing to a logical storage unit of the storage subsystem 20, or when it is judged in Step 1512 that there is not problem in the connecting state, then, the configuration change planning processing unit 218 examines the state of load on the initiator port 104b (Step 1506). Here, with respect to the initiator port 104b for the devices judged in Step 1501 to be the high load parity group, the configuration change planning processing unit 218 judges whether processing capability has reached the limit. Namely, the average data transfer amount 1206 and average response time 1204 of the port operating information 229 are compared respectively with the target data transfer amount 1408 and the target response time 1407 of the port setting information 228. When the average data transfer amount 1206 is less than the target data transfer amount 1408, or the average response time 1204 is larger than the target response time 1407, then, it is judged that a high load is applied on the initiator port 104b. When it is judged in Step 1506 that the initiator port 104b is under a high load, then, the configuration change planning processing unit 218 judges whether there exists a substitute initiator port 104b having a surplus capability (Step 1513). In the present embodiment, the target data transfer amount 1408 of the port setting information 228 is compared with the average data transfer amount 1206 of the port operating information 229, to find an initiator port 104b whose average data transfer amount 1206 does not exceed the target data transfer amount 1408 even when the load of the above-mentioned initiator port 104b judged to have a high load is added to the average data transfer amount 1206. Such an initiator port 104b is extracted, being judged to be a substitute initiator port 104b. Then, a configuration change plan is generated such that, in a new configuration, the substitute initiator port 104b is used which performs I/O processing to the external storage subsystem 21. Then, the generated configuration change plan is stored into the configuration change planning information 227 (Step 1523), and the processing is ended. Further, when it is judged in Step 1513 that there is not a substitute initiator port 104b, then, it is judged whether the load of the initiator port 104b judged to have a high load can be distributed into a plurality of initiator ports 104b (Step 1514). When it is judged that there exist a plurality of initiator port 104b that can share the load, distributing the load among them, then, a configuration change plan is generated such that, in a new configuration, these initiator ports 104b are used which performs I/O processing to the external storage subsystem 21. Then, the generated configuration change plan is stored into the configuration change planning information 227 (Step 1524), and the processing is ended. When it is judged in Step 1514 that there are not a plurality of substitute initiator ports 104b, then, the processing goes to Step 1508 to consider data migration from the external storage subsystem 21 to the storage subsystem 20. When it is judged in Step 1505 that the load of the initiator port 104b is below the limit, then, the configuration change planning processing unit 218 refers to the processor operating information 226 to examine the operating conditions of the control processor 100 (Step 1507). When it is judged in Step 1507 that the processor operating ratio is higher than a predetermined threshold, then, according to procedures similar to the above-described case of the initiator port 104b, the configuration change planning processing unit 218 judges whether there exists a substitute control processor 100 among the processors whose status 1452 in the processor operating information 226 is “initiator” (Step 1515), or whether a plurality of control processors 100 can share the processing load (Step 1516). When there exists a substitute control processor 100, then, the configuration change planning processing unit 218 generates a configuration change plan that uses the substitute control processor 100 which performs I/O processing to the external storage subsystem 21, and stores the generated configuration change plan into the configuration change planning information 227 (Step 1525), and the processing is ended. Or, when there exist a plurality of control processors 100 among which the load can be distributed, then, the configuration change planning processing unit 218 generates a configuration change plan that uses those plurality of control processors 100 which performs I/O processing to the external storage subsystem 21, and stores the generated configuration change plan into the configuration change planning information 227 (Step 1526), and the processing is ended. When it is judged in Step 1516 that there exists no substitute control processor 100, then the processing goes to Step 1508 to consider data migration from the external storage subsystem 21 to the storage subsystem 20. Further, when it is judged in Step 1507 that the operating ratio of the processor 100 does not exceeds the predetermined threshold, then, the processing goes to Step 1508 also. In Step 1508, the configuration change planning processing unit 218 examines the possibility of data migration from the external storage subsystem 21 to the storage subsystem 20. To judge whether the storage subsystem 20 has a sufficient space capacity which realizes migration of data from the external storage subsystem 21, the configuration change planning processing unit 218 refers to the physical storage unit operating information 225 and space capacity management information (not shown) (Step 1509). Here, the space capacity management information is a database which manages a capacity and a utilization factor of each parity group. When, in Step 1509, it is judged based on the physical storage unit operating information 225 and the space capacity management information that the storage subsystem 20 includes a parity group having a space capacity sufficient for migrating a capacity of the parity group (of the external storage subsystem 21) judged in Step 1501 to have a high load (Step 1510), then, the configuration change planning processing unit 218 generates a configuration change plan that migrates the parity group (of the external storage subsystem 21) judged in Step 1501 to have a high load to the parity group (of the storage subsystem 20) judges in Step 1510 to have sufficient space capacity, and registers the generated configuration change plan into the configuration change planning information 227 (Step 1511), and the processing is ended. When it is judged in Step 1510 that there is no substitute parity group, then alert information is presented to a user to the effect that there is a problem in I/O processing to the external storage subsystem 21, by notifying the subsystem management apparatus 5 of the alert information (Step 1527), and the processing is ended. According to the above-described processing, a configuration change plan is made and stored into the configuration change planning information 227. Data migration from the external storage subsystem 21 to the storage subsystem 20 is effective in performance improvement particularly when data in a logical storage unit 8 of the external storage subsystem 21 is to be copied to the storage subsystem 20 that is located in a remote place for disaster recovery, and when it is desired to use a function that exists in the storage subsystem 20 but not in the storage subsystem 21, and when a band of the I/O network from the storage subsystem 20 to the external storage subsystem 21 is narrow and I/O processing to the logical storage units of the external storage subsystem 21 is frequent, for example. Further improvement of performance can be expected when data is resident in the disk cache 108 of the storage subsystem 20. The change of the initiator port 104b in Step 1523 or 1524 and the change of the control processor 100 in Step 1525 or 1526 may not be proposed as a configuration change plan, but may be carried out in those Steps at a point of time the substitute initiator port(s) 104b and the substitute control processor(s) 100 are determined. In the present embodiment, the above-described performance tuning premises that the external storage unit attribute information 220 as the attribute information of the external storage subsystem 21 is held in advance. There are cases where the performance of the physical storage units 124 of the external storage subsystem 21 can not be evaluated similarly to the physical storage units 110 in the storage subsystem 20. For example, as I/O processing performed from the storage subsystem 20 through the second I/O network 62 is not limited to I/O processing to the logical storage units 8 of the external storage subsystem 21 itself, but includes I/O processing to logical storage units 8 of another external storage subsystem. I/O performance with respect to I/Os to the logical storage units 8 of the external storage subsystem 21 in question is affected by a load on the network owing to interference between the above-mentioned processing and loads on switches. However, it is impossible to know how large these loads are. Further, sometimes, also the external storage subsystem 21 includes a disk cache 108. From the storage subsystem 20, it is impossible to know whether cache hit occurs within the external storage subsystem 21. Thus, in the case where there exist indefinite factors and performance of disks can not be evaluated, it is favorable that a configuration change for improvement of performance involves judgment by a storage administrator of the storage subsystem 20 having a function of connecting with the external storage subsystem 21. [Method of Device Migration Transparent to Host Computer 1] Next, referring to figures, will be described a method of device migration that is transparent to a host. FIGS. 22A and 22B are diagrams for explaining processing in the case where data is copied from a first logical storage unit to a second logical storage unit. Here, description will be given taking an example where a plan made by the configuration change planning processing unit 218 involves copying data in a first internal logical storage unit (LDEV1) 2104 to a second internal logical storage unit (LDEV2) 2105. The command processing unit 202 refers to the logical-physical correspondence information 203 to make the cache hit/miss judgment processing unit 210 allocate a memory area of the disk cache 108 to a physical address corresponding to a logical address as an I/O processing object for the host computer 1. In the case of a write processing request, the physical storage unit I/O processing unit 215 writes data in the allocated memory area into a physical storage unit 110. In the case of a read processing request, the physical storage unit I/O processing unit 215 reads data, which is to be stored in the allocated memory area, from a physical storage unit 110. As read data, the command processing unit 202 transfers the data stored in the allocated memory area to the host computer 1. Here, it is assumed that the host computer 1 performs I/O processing to a logical storage unit 2101 (of the storage subsystem 20) that is identified by an I/O port address x and a logical storage unit number y. Further, it is assumed that data of the first internal logical storage unit (LDEV1) 2104 and data of the second internal logical storage unit (LDEV2) 2105 are stored respectively in physical storage units 110 constituting a first parity group (PG1) 2108 and in physical storage units 110 constituting a second parity group (PG2) 2109. And the first parity group 2108 includes a third internal logical storage unit (LDEV3) 2106 in addition to the first internal logical storage unit 2104. Further, the second parity group 2109 includes a fourth internal logical storage unit (LDEV4) 2107 in addition to the second internal logical storage unit 2105. However, it is assumed that the second internal logical storage unit (LDEV2) 2105 is in a reserved state, and thus guarded not to become an object of data input/output from the host computers 1. Further, the second internal logical storage unit (LDEV2) 2105 has the same emulation type as the first internal logical storage unit (LDEV1) 2104. The configuration change plan execution processing unit 219 copies data in the first internal logical storage unit (LDEV1) 2104 to the second internal logical storage unit (LDEV2) 2105. At that time, in the course of the copy processing, read/write processing requests from the host computers 1 to the first internal logical storage unit (LDEV1) 2104 are received. For example, when a write processing request is received, the command processing unit 202 judges whether data (of the first internal logical unit 2104) whose write update is instructed has been already copied to the second internal logical storage unit 2105. In the case where the data has not been copied to the copy destination, write is simply performed on the copy source. On the other hand, in the case where the data has been copied, then, updated data is copied to the copy destination each time. When all copy processing from the first internal logical storage unit (LDEV1) 2104 as the copy source to the second internal logical storage unit (LDEV2) 2105 as the copy destination is completed at some time T1 (Step 2111), except for data to be written into a write area secured in the cache memory 108 by the command processing unit 202 (i.e., write data in the middle of processing) and data that exists on the disk cache 108 but has not been written to a physical storage unit 110, then, from that moment on, the command processing unit 202 queues command processing and reception of write data directed to the first internal logical storage unit 2104, in a buffer memory on the I/O adapter 102, and copies the write data in the middle of processing and the data on the cache memory 108 to the copy destination. Further, the configuration change plan execution processing unit 219 makes an exchange of corresponding address information of physical storage units in the logical-physical correspondence information 203 between the first internal logical storage unit 2104 as the copy source and the second internal logical storage unit 2105 as the copy destination. At some time T2 after the time T1 (Step 2112), the command processing unit 202 performs processing of the command and write data in the queue, using the logical-physical correspondence information 203 that has been subjected to the exchange of the correspondence information, and returns a response to the host computer 1. Thus, the host computer 1 that is to perform I/O processing to the storage subsystem 20 performs the I/O processing toward the logical storage unit 2101 identified always by the I/O port address x and the logical storage unit number y. As a result, even when a physical location of data is changed, the host computer 1 can continue I/O processing without knowing the change. In the present embodiment, performance tuning is performed including the connected external storage subsystem 21. Accordingly, when the I/O processing load on the external storage subsystem 21 increases and the required performance can not be obtained, a configuration change plan including data migration from the external storage subsystem 21 to the internal storage subsystem 20 may be made. In that case also, host transparent migration can be realized when a logical storage unit 8 of the external storage subsystem 21 as the migration source is taken as the first internal logical storage unit of the above description, a logical storage unit 8 of the storage subsystem 20 as the migration destination is taken as the second internal logical storage unit, and copy processing is performed and the logical-physical correspondence information 203 is rewritten similarly to the above description. FIG. 23 shows a flow of successive processing by the configuration change plan execution processing unit 219 at the time of the above-described host transparent migration. When data is to be migrated from LDEV1 to LDEV2, a copy pointer (CP) is set to the top address of LDEV1 (Step 2201). Next, data in LDEV1 is copied by N (bytes) from the address pointed by the CP (Step 2202). Then, the copy pointer CP is advanced by the amount of the copied data (i.e., N (bytes)) (Step 2203). Then, the value of CP is compared with the capacity of LDEV1 (Step 2204). When the value of CP is less than the capacity of LDEV1, then, CP+N (i.e., the sum of CP and the data amount N (bytes) to be copied next from LDEV1 to LDEV2) is compared with the capacity of LDEV1 (Step 2205). When CP+N is less than the capacity of LDEV1, then, the value of the data amount N (Byte) to be copied next is set to ((the capacity of LDEV1)−CP) (Step 2206). The flow from Step 2202 to Step 2206 is performed until the evaluation at Step 2204 becomes NO indicating that the amount of the copy carried out from LDEV1 to LDEV2 becomes the capacity of LDEV1. Then, it is examined whether there exists write data (to LDEV1) that is on the disk cache 108 but has not been reflected onto the physical storage unit 110 (Step 2207). When there exists such data, then the data is written preferentially onto a PG1 disk on which LDEV1 exists (Step 2210). After the write processing of Step 2210 is finished, the evaluation of Step 2207 is carried out again. Thus, the processing of Steps 2207 and 2210 is repeated until there is no write data (to LDEV1) that is on the disk cache 108 and has not been reflected onto the physical storage unit 110. Next, it is judged whether the command processing unit 202 secures the disk cache 108 for LDEV1 and is in the middle of writing into the disk cache 108 (i.e., whether there is write processing in the middle of processing) (Step 2208). When there exists write processing in the middle of processing, the disk cache 108 is made to perform the write processing and the data is preferentially written onto the PG1 disk on which LDEV1 exists (Step 2211). After the write processing is finished, the evaluation of Step 2208 is carried out again to judge whether there exists write processing in the middle of processing. When there is not write processing in the middle of processing, then, I/O processing to LDEV1 among the queued I/O processing is made to enter the wait state which waits for processing by the command processing unit 202 (Step 2209). Thereafter, the address map between LDEV and P.G. is changed (Step 2212). Namely, the correspondence information in the logical-physical correspondence information 203 is exchanged. Next, referring to the drawing, will be described processing in the case where new write data is processed separately from the copy processing of Steps 2202 through 2206 and in the course of that copy processing or before Step 2209. FIG. 24 shows a processing flow in the case where new write data is processed. When new write data is processed at the above-mentioned time, then, it is judged whether the data is write data to LDEV1 (Step 2221). In the case of write data to LDEV1, then the write processing address is extracted (Step 2222), to evaluate the write address and the copy pointer (Step 2223). When it is judged in Step 2223 that the write address is an address positioned forward from the copy pointer, the data is written into the address in question (Step 2224), and the processing is ended. On the other hand, when it is judged in step 2223 that the write data is an address positioned backward from the copy pointer, then, the data is written into the address WA of LDEV1 and also into the corresponding address of LDEV2 as the migration destination (Step 2225), and the processing is ended. Further, when it is judged in Step 2221 that the write data is not write data to LDEV1, the request in question is processed and the processing is ended. As described above, according to the present embodiment, even with respect to a system connected with the external storage subsystem 21 that can not be accessed directly from the host computer 1, performance tuning including the external storage subsystem 21 can be performed. [Data Migration between External Storage Subsystem 21 and a Second External Storage Subsystem 22] Next, will be described data migration between the external storage subsystem 21 and a second external storage subsystem 22 each connected to the storage subsystem 20 through the second I/O network 9. Here, the external storage subsystem 22 is connected to the storage subsystem 20 through the second I/O network 62. Further, similarly to other external storage subsystem 21, the external storage subsystem 22 is connected with a subsystem management apparatus 5 and with the network 7 through that subsystem management apparatus 5. In the following, referring to FIG. 25, will be described a procedure of migration between the external storage subsystems. Through the second I/O network 62, the configuration definition processing unit 217 defines the external storage subsystem 22 existing on the second I/O network 62. A method of this definition is different depending on a protocol used for I/O processing, although details are not described since the method does not relate to the invention directly. Then, logical storage units of the external storage subsystem 22 are registered as logical storage units of I/O processing objects into the logical-physical correspondence information 203. Here, in the case where access control depending on identifiers of the host computers 1 has been already set for I/O ports of the external storage subsystem 22, then, such access restriction is removed. In detail, the access restriction is removed according to a user's instruction given through the subsystem management apparatus 5 connected to the external storage subsystem 22. Or, with respect to identifiers of ports used for performing I/O processing to the external storage subsystem 22 through the second I/O network, the I/O network processing unit 200 of the storage subsystem 20 sets those identifiers as access-permitted objects. After the removal of the access restriction, the storage subsystem control unit 112 of the storage subsystem 20 defines the logical storage units of the external storage subsystem 22 as physical storage units of the storage subsystem 20, and then, defines logical storage units of the storage subsystem 20. Then, the configuration definition processing unit 217 updates/generates the logical-physical correspondence information 203 (Step 2801). Next, using dummy data, I/O processing performance to the external storage subsystem 22 is measured (Step 2802). When the I/O processing performance to the external storage subsystem 22 does not satisfy a predetermined expected value (Step 2803), then, the storage subsystem control unit 112 employs another external storage subsystem (Step 2804), or performs data migration to the physical storage units in the storage subsystem 20 (Step 2805). When the I/O processing performance to the external storage subsystem 22 satisfies the predetermined expected value, or an expected value of I/O processing performance is not required, then, data migration to the external storage subsystem 22 is performed (Step 2806). Data migration is performed according to a method similar to the data migration between the first logical storage unit of the storage subsystem 20 to which the logical storage units of the external storage subsystem 21 defined on the storage subsystem 20 are mapped as the physical storage units and the second logical storage unit of the storage subsystem 20 to which the logical storage units of the external storage subsystem 22 are mapped as the physical storage units. This has been shown already in FIG. 23, and is not described here again. [Data Migration within External Storage Subsystem 21] Next, will be described data migration within the external storage subsystem 21. FIG. 26 shows a processing flow of the storage subsystem control unit 112 at the time of data migration within the external storage subsystem 21. First and second logical storage units within the external storage subsystem 21 are I/O processing objects for the storage subsystem 20, and, as already described, the operating information of the first and second logical storage units is held in the storage subsystem 20, as I/O processing performance and its history seen from the storage subsystem 20. When the response performance of the second logical storage unit of the external storage subsystem 21 deteriorates in comparison with the first logical storage unit after a certain point of time, it is considered that there is some performance problem. In such a case, the storage subsystem control unit 112 refers to the logical storage unit operating information 224 to acquire access patterns (the sequential ratios and the read-write ratios) in the storage subsystem 20 to the logical storage units of the external storage subsystem 21 (Step 2701). Next, the storage subsystem control unit 112 grasps the bias of the I/O processing addresses to the first logical storage unit and to the second logical storage unit, based on overlap of I/O object addresses (Step 2702). Here, when the access locality of I/O processing of the host computers 1 to the second logical storage unit is lower than the first logical storage unit, there is good possibility that I/O object data does not exist in the disc cache 108 in the external storage subsystem 21, and therefore it is judged that the response performance is low. When the access ranges are not so different in their locality, then, the storage subsystem control unit 112 examines data length of I/O processing. Longer data length means a sequential access, and thus it is judged that cache control on the side of the external storage subsystem 21 is performed so that data does not remain on the cache. And, referring to the value of throughput, when a predetermined value is obtained, it is judged that there is no problem (Step 2703). When data length is shorter, the read-write ratio is examined. When the read ratio in I/O processing to the second logical storage unit is higher than the read ratio in I/O processing to the first logical storage unit, then the storage subsystem control unit 112 judges that response performance is low since data is read not from the disk cache but from the physical storage unit. Thus, referring to the value of throughput, when a predetermined value is obtained, it is judged that there is no problem (Step 2704). When the read ratio to the second logical storage unit is less than the read ratio to the first logical storage unit, then the storage subsystem control unit 112 judges that the access performance is not fully exhibited for the reason that there is interference of accesses to the physical storage unit in which the second logical storage unit is located, or that some fault is inherent in the second logical storage unit and access to the physical storage unit has to be retried inside the external storage subsystem 21, for example. Thus, the storage subsystem control unit 112 performs processing for data migration (Step 2707). Referring to space area information held in advance, the storage subsystem control unit 112 extracts a space area in the external storage subsystem 21. For example, in the case where the external storage subsystem 21 is an old-type apparatus, and data in some logical storage units has been migrated to logical storage units of the storage subsystem 20, then, an empty logical storage unit whose data has been migrated to the logical storage units of the storage subsystem 20 is extracted as a migration destination candidate (Step 2708). Next, using the above-described method, the storage subsystem control unit 112 performs I/O processing using dummy data to the logical storage unit as the migration destination, to measure the I/O performance (Step 2709). As a result of the measurement of Step 2709, the storage subsystem control unit 112 selects a logical storage unit (referred to as a third logical storage unit) whose I/O performance satisfies a predetermined criterion (Step 2710), and migrates data of the second logical storage unit to the third logical storage unit (Step 2711). Various migration methods may be employed. And, when the external storage subsystem 21 has a function of performing migration of the logical storage unit transparently to the host computers, similarly to the storage subsystem 20, then, that function is used. Further, when the external storage subsystem 21 does not have a function of performing migration of the logical storage unit transparently to the host computers, but has a function of generating mirror, then, the external storage subsystem 1 generates mirror between the second logical storage unit and the third logical storage unit, and changes the correspondence between the P.G. number 605 and the information (a port address and a logical storage unit number) 614 which identifies a logical storage unit of a general-purpose storage, in the logical-physical correspondence information 203 held in the first logical storage unit. When no control is possible with respect to the external storage subsystem 21, the storage subsystem control unit 112 performs data read/write processing to the second and third logical storage units, and changes the logical-physical correspondence information 203 such that LDEV mapped onto P.G. providing the second logical storage unit is mapped onto P.G. providing the third logical storage unit (Step 2711). As described above, in the present embodiment, the storage subsystem 20 that controls I/O of the host computers 1 to the external storage subsystem 21 provides the LU of the external storage subsystem 21 to the host computers 1, mapping the LU of the external storage subsystem 21 to the LU of the storage subsystem 20 in order to control I/O to the external storage subsystem 21, and holds the configuration information. Further, times required for I/O processing to the external storage subsystem 21 are measured, and the performance of the networks and the I/O processing performance of the external storage subsystem 21 are held as the attribute information. Based on these pieces of information, the performance tuning is carried out. Thus, in the storage subsystem 20 connected with the external storage subsystem 21, the present embodiment realizes performance tuning including the external storage subsystem 21 considering load conditions of the storage subsystems including the external storage subsystem 21. According to the present embodiment, in a storage subsystem that is connected with a plurality of external storage subsystems, and has a function of receiving I/O processing requests from host computers to those external storage subsystems to relay the I/O processing requests to the external storage subsystems, it is possible not only to carry out performance management of the resource of the storage subsystem itself but also to manage performance information of the storage subsystem including the connected external storage subsystems and to use the performance information to perform performance tuning transparent to the host computers. [Introduction of Hierarchical Storage Management Function] Next, will be described a method of determining data allocation using a hierarchical storage management function in the storage subsystem 20 when the external storage subsystem 21 is connected. The present processing is performed by a reallocation planning processing unit (not shown). The reallocation planning processing unit acquires operating conditions between the external storage subsystem 21 and the host computers 1, from the host computers 1, the SAN management terminal 9, or the subsystem management apparatus 5 connected to the external storage subsystem 21. In formation acquired as the operating conditions is a history of an I/O network band, an average number of I/O processing, the maximum number of I/O processing, an average data transfer amount, the maximum data transfer amount, a sequential ratio and a read-write ratio. It is favorable to acquire a history covering a longer period. Based on I/O processing amount in the acquired information, the reallocation planning processing unit determines whether data of the LU of the external storage subsystem 21 should be migrated to the storage units in the storage subsystem 20, or the LU should be presented as LU of the storage subsystem 20 while keeping the data in the external storage subsystem 21 and connecting the external storage subsystem 21 to the storage subsystem 20, or I/O processing should be performed directly with the host computers 1 as before while keeping the data in the external storage subsystem 21. And, the recommended plan is presented to a user. It is desired that the second I/O network 62 between the storage subsystem 20 and the external storage subsystem 21 is constructed to have wider band than or equal to the band of the I/O network between the host computers 1 and the external storage subsystem 21. However, even when it is not realized for some reason, for example, for the reason that the bands between the switches and the storage subsystem 20 are narrow, it is recommended to keep the data in the external storage subsystem 21 and connect the external storage subsystem 21 to the storage subsystem 20 to provide the LU of the external storage subsystem 21 as LU of the storage subsystem 20, in the case where it is judged that the I/O network can carry out processing, based on the history of the maximum number of I/O processing and the maximum data transfer amount. When an instruction is received from the user through the subsystem management apparatus 5 or the like to the effect that the recommended plan is accepted, then the reallocation planning processing unit performs the data copy according to the recommended plan presented. This completes the data allocation using the hierarchical storage management function in connecting the external storage subsystem 21 to the storage subsystem 20. In the present embodiment, the storage subsystem 20 monitors I/O processing conditions of the external storage subsystem 21 and analyzes change in the performance based on its response and the like. However, a method of monitoring change in the performance of the external storage subsystem 21 is not limited to this. For example, in the case where the storage subsystem control unit 112 of the storage subsystem 20 can acquire the I/O operating information and the configuration information of the external storage subsystem 21 through the second I/O network 62, the storage subsystem control unit 112 sends an acquisition request command to the external storage subsystem 21 to acquire the I/O operating information and the configuration information. In that case, the correspondence information on the correspondence between the logical storage units 8 and the physical storage units 124, the logical storage unit operating information, the port operating information and the like of the external storage subsystem 21 are held as the logical-physical correspondence information 203, the logical storage unit operating information 224, the physical storage unit operating information 255 by the storage subsystem control unit 112, for each storage subsystem. Based on the above-mentioned information, the configuration change planning processing unit 218 judges performance deterioration of the external storage subsystem 21, and makes a configuration change plan for performance tuning. Second Embodiment Next, as a second embodiment, will be described a technique of acquiring performance information of the external storage subsystem 21 by issuing an I/O request from the storage subsystem 20 to the external storage subsystem 21 through the second I/O network 62. A system configuration of the present embodiment is fundamentally similar to the first embodiment. In addition to the configuration of the storage subsystem 20 of the first embodiment, the storage subsystem 20 of the present embodiment has a dummy data generating/sending function which generates and sending dummy data as an I/O request which analyzes the performance information. In the following, arrangements different from the first embodiment will be mainly described. For example, by sending a series of data each having a specific data size to a certain address, I/O processing performance of the external storage subsystem 21 can be measured. Now, will be described a procedure of using the dummy data generating/sending function which measures the I/O processing performance of the external storage subsystem 21. Dummy data generated by the dummy data generating/sending function is one or more data each having a predetermined size, and after generation, sent in a format according to the protocol of the second I/O network 62. FIG. 27 shows an image of the processing using the dummy data generating/sending function at the time of measuring the performance of I/O processing from the storage subsystem 20 to the external storage subsystem 21. Further, FIG. 28 shows an example of a performance measurement result 3000 obtained from dummy data sent by the dummy data generating/sending function. According to input received from the administrator, the subsystem management apparatus 5 or the SAN management terminal 9 gives a measurement instruction to the dummy data generating/sending function, designating a I/O port address, a logical storage number, dummy data length, a target IOPS of the dummy data, bias of I/O object addresses of the mentioned logical storage unit, read processing or write processing, and the like of the external storage subsystem 21. Then, according to the measurement instruction, the dummy data generating/sending function generates dummy data and sends the dummy data to the designated I/O port of the external storage subsystem. As shown in FIG. 28, the performance measurement result 3000 includes the target IOPS, locality, a read-write ratio, a measured IOPS, a measured MBPS, and response, for each size of sent dummy data. The target IOPS is a target value for the number of I/O processing commands issued per second. In the case where the external storage subsystem 21 or the second I/O network 62 has the processing performance or the band sufficient which realizes the target value, the storage subsystem 20 can issue commands whose number almost satisfying the target value. By raising the target value step by step, it is possible to find the I/O processing performance between the storage subsystem 20 and the external storage subsystem 21. Further, by changing the dummy data length, it is possible to find the I/O processing performance between the storage subsystem 20 and the external storage subsystem 21 with respect to random access and sequential access. By designating the bias of I/O object addresses, it is possible to find difference between the cache hit performance and the cache miss performance as the I/O processing performance between the storage subsystem 20 and the external storage subsystem 20, since the probability that the external storage subsystem 21 hits the disk cache 108 becomes higher when the bias is larger. Further, in the case where there is no difference in the processing performance when I/O processing is performed with respect to a certain small address range or when the bias is entirely removed, then, it is possible that there is a hidden fault such as no disk cache 108 or the disk cache 108 of very small capacity. After the measurement, the storage subsystem control unit 112 sends a completion report to the external storage subsystem 21 that sent the measurement instruction. Receiving the completion report, the subsystem management apparatus 5 or the SAN management terminal 9 displays the completion report on the display unit, and awaits an instruction from the administrator. When an instruction of reading the measurement result is received, the subsystem management apparatus 5 or the SAN terminal 9 reads the measurement result information from the storage subsystem control unit 112 through the network 7, and displays the information on the display unit. The administrator who sees the display can know the I/O processing performance to the external storage subsystem 21 through the second I/O network 62. The dummy data generating/sending function can be used not only during the operation, for the storage subsystem 20 to acquire the I/O processing performance of the external storage subsystem 21, but also at the time of designing an information processing system connected with the external storage subsystem 21. At the time of designing an information processing system, it is necessary to estimate I/O processing performance of the external storage subsystem 21. When a new storage subsystem 20 is introduced, sometimes a part of data is left in the existing storage subsystem without migrating all the data from the storage subsystem used hitherto, in order to suppress introduction costs. In such a case, an information processing system is designed taking the remaining storage subsystem as the external storage subsystem 21 of the above-described embodiment. However, in this case, this remaining storage subsystem is now accessed, as the external storage subsystem 21, from the host computer 1 through the storage subsystem 20 and the second I/O network 62. Accordingly, the past I/O processing performance on I/O from the host computer 1 can not be used as it is. Thus, in the present embodiment, the I/O processing performance of the external storage subsystem 21 is estimated by sending dummy data from the storage subsystem 20 to the external storage subsystem 21. For example, by sending a series of data each having a specific data size to a certain address, the I/O processing performance of the external storage subsystem 21 can be measured. As a result, the I/O processing performance with respect to the host computer 1 through the storage subsystem 20 can be estimated also. Now, will be described a detailed procedure of estimating the performance of the external storage subsystem 21 by using the above-mentioned dummy data generating/sending function of the storage subsystem 20. It is assumed that, before introducing a new storage subsystem 20, the I/O processing performance between the storage subsystem that becomes the external storage subsystem 21 and the host computer 1 is acquired in advance. First the storage subsystem control unit 112 of the storage subsystem 20 detects a logical storage unit that can be accessed from a port of the external storage subsystem 21 that in turn can be accessed through the second I/O network 62. Then, the dummy data generating/sending function sends dummy data to the detected logical storage unit according to the below-described procedure, to measure the I/O processing performance of the external storage subsystem 21 through the second I/O network 62. When the I/O processing performance of the external storage subsystem 21 satisfies a desired performance, then, the storage subsystem control unit 112 defines logical storage units of the external storage subsystem 21 existing on the second I/O network 62, as logical storage units of the storage subsystem 20, in the logical-physical correspondence information 203. Third Embodiment [Performance Tuning according to Access Frequency of Data] Next, as a third embodiment, will be described an embodiment in which performance tuning of a system including the external storage subsystem 21 is realized according to data access frequency. In the following, different arrangements of the present embodiment from the first embodiment will be mainly described. FIG. 29 shows functional configurations of the storage subsystem 20 and the external storage subsystem 21 in the case where the storage subsystem 20 is provided with I/F that functions as an NAS (Network Attached Storage). An NAS is a storage device that is directly connected to a network and provides, for example, a file sharing service to a network client. Characteristically, an NAS can function as an independent file server that can share files through a network. By introducing an N-AS, a file server and a storage can be managed in one apparatus, reducing management objects. Thus, in comparison with a case where two apparatuses, a file server and a storage are managed separately, there is an advantage that a management cost can be suppressed to a low level. The present embodiment has fundamentally the same functional configuration as the first embodiment. The components that are not described in the following are fundamentally same as ones in the first embodiment. Further, the storage subsystem control unit 112 comprises a network file system control unit 2401 which realizes an NAS, and is connected, through the network 7, with host computers 1 and information processing system client computers to which the host computers 1 provide services. A client computer can access the storage subsystem 20 through an NAS provided by the network file system control unit 2401. Further, the network file system control unit 2401 comprises: a network file I/O processing unit 2402 which controls ports and adapters; a file system processing unit 2403 which performs file processing; a reallocation processing unit 2404 which plans and executing file reallocation; and file management information 2410 storing file management information. This processing unit substitutes for the configuration change planning processing unit 218 and the configuration change plan execution processing unit 219 of the first embodiment. Since the storage subsystem control unit 112 has the network file system control unit 2401 which realizes an NAS, it is possible to manage a file creation date, the newest access time and an access frequency for each file, as described below. First, referring to the drawing, will be described management of files and storage unit addresses storing those files by the network file system control unit 2401. FIG. 30 shows an image of the file management by the network file system control unit 2401. The network file system control unit 2401 is provided with logical storage units or internal logical storage units from the storage subsystem control unit 112, and manages those units as volumes. As shown in FIG. 30, a file system in the present embodiment is arranged such that a logical storage unit 2501 is separated into some partitions 2502, to make file management easy and to localize effect of a fault. In the partition 2502, the network file system control unit 2401 creates a boot block 2503, a super block 2504, a cylinder block 2505, an i-node list 2506, and a data area 2507. The super block 2504 stores the management information of the partition 2502, and files existing in the super block 2504 are managed by i-nodes. The i-nodes are held and managed as the i-node list 2512. Further, each i-node is designated by an i-node number 2511. A content of each i-node is directory information or file information. In the case where an i-node is information on a directory, then as shown in the figure, the entries of the i-node contain directories and files existing in that directory. For example, it is seen that an entry of the root directory 2513 contains a directory dirA, and the i-node number of dirA is 4. By hierarchical accessing, it is seen, for example, that a directory dirA/subdirB contains a file FileC and its i-node number is 8. The i-node of FileC, which is designated by the i-node number 8, contains an owner 2515 of that file, a group name 2516 of the owner, a file type 2517 (such as a text file, a binary file, or the like), a last access time 2518, a last update time 2519, an i-node entry update time 2520, a file size 2521, disk address information 2522, and the like. The disk address information 2522 holds a directory 2524 storing the file 2526 and a location 2525 in that directory 2524. The disk address information 2522 further holds a disk and a block in which the file 2526 is located, and an address of a block of the next read data. The address of the block of the next read data is held in order that the file can be read even when the file is dispersedly located in a plurality of data blocks 2527. The network file system control unit 2401 includes the file management information 2410. FIG. 31 shows an example of the file management information 2410. As shown in the figure, the file management information 2410 holds a file name 2411, an index(a file ID) 2412, a file size 2413, a file type 2414, a creation time 2415, a last access time 2416, a last update time 2417, an access frequency 2418 in a certain period, file importance 2419 (if possible), and the like. Using the file management information, the reallocation processing unit 2404 judges necessity of file migration, depending on the time elapsed from the creation date, and performs the performance tuning if necessary. Next, referring to the drawing, will be described a series of processes by the reallocation processing unit 2404 according to the present embodiment, which changes the configuration depending on the access frequency. FIG. 32 shows a processing flow by the reallocation processing unit 2404. The reallocation processing unit 2404 refers to the file management information 2410 (Step 2601), sorts the files in the file management information 2410 with respect to the entry of the last file reference date 2416 (Step 2602), and judges whether there exist files for which more than a predetermined time has elapsed from the last reference dates of those files (Step 2603). When it is judged in Step 2603 that there exist files for which more than the predetermined time has elapsed, then, the reallocation processing unit 2404 extracts those files (Step 2610) to manage them as migration object files. When it is judged in Step 2603 that there is no file for which more than the predetermined time has elapsed, then, the reallocation processing unit 2404 sorts again the files in the file management information 2410 with respect to the entry of the reference frequency (Step 2604) to judge whether there exist files whose file reference frequencies are 0 (Step 2605). When it is judged in Step 2605 that there exist files whose file reference frequencies are 0, then the reallocation processing unit 2404 extracts those files (Step 2611) to manage them as migration object files. When it is judged in Step 2605 that there exists no file whose file reference frequency is 0, then the reallocation processing unit 2404 judges whether there exist files whose file reference frequencies are less than a predetermined value (Step 2606). When it is judged in Step 2606 that there exist files whose file reference frequencies are less than the predetermined value, then the reallocation processing unit 2404 extracts those files (Step 2607), sorts the extracted files in the file management information 2410 with respect to the entry of the creation date (Step 2608) to judge whether there exist files for which more than a predetermined time has elapsed from the creation date (Step 2609). When it is judged in Step 2609 that there exist files for which more than the predetermined time has elapsed, then the reallocation processing unit 2404 extracts those files (Step 2612) to manage as migration object files. Thereafter, the reallocation processing unit 2404 migrates all the migration object files extracted to the logical storage units of the external storage subsystem 21 (Step 2613). After the migration, the reallocation processing unit 2404 rewrites the i-nodes (Step 2614) to end the processing. Here, when there is no file satisfying the condition in Steps 2606 or 2809, then, the processing is ended. Hereinabove, the procedure of changing the configuration depending on the access frequency has been described. According to the present embodiment, it is possible to carry out performance tuning such that, for example, data areas of files for which there is no access more than one week or one month from their creation dates are migrated onto the logical storage units of the external storage subsystem 21, and data of frequently-accessed files is stored onto the physical storage units 110 of the storage subsystem 20. Further, it is possible to carry out performance tuning such that the reference frequency 2418 is directly referred to for each file, and files whose values of the reference frequency 2418 are less than a predetermined value are migrated onto the logical storage units of the external storage subsystem 21, and when the reference frequency 2418 rises for some file, then, the storage location of that file is migrated to the physical storage units 110 of the storage subsystem 20. The present embodiment is effective for a storage subsystem which stores data (such as web data) that has a higher reference frequency immediately after its creation but is scarcely referred to after some ten days. In the first embodiment, a change plan made by the configuration change planning processing unit 218 according to an instruction of the manger 223 is present to a user, and executed by the configuration change plan execution processing unit 219 after receiving an instruction from the user. Also in the present embodiment, before execution of Step 2613 in the above-described procedure, a change plan may be presented to a user to obtain permission of the user. Thus, according to the present embodiment, in carrying out performance tuning in a storage subsystem connected with an external storage subsystem, it is possible to locate files in the optimum way, based on the access frequency of each file. As a result, further, the performance of the storage subsystem as a whole can be increased. Before carrying out performance tuning, its necessity is judged on the basis of the load in the first and second embodiments and the access frequency in the third embodiment. However, these do not limit the judgment criterion for performance tuning. For example, performance tuning may be carry out in such a way that symptoms of a fault in the storage subsystem itself are detected in advance, before migrating data. For example, sometimes the regulations of a state require that a corporation should keep its account books, mails, clinical charts for patients, data in the development of a new medicine, and the like for a predetermined period. In addition, it should be possible to present such data within a predetermined time, in response to a demand. A system handling such data should satisfy these requests. Now, will be considered the above-mentioned system where a storage subsystem performs I/O processing with the host computer 1 through the first I/O network 61 and I/O processing with the external storage subsystem 21 through the second I/O network 62 similarly to the first embodiment, and the external storage subsystem 21 is an old-type apparatus and the storage subsystem 20 is a new-type apparatus. When data of ordinary works is stored in the storage subsystem 20, and account books, mails, clinical charts, data in new medicine development, and the like that should be kept according to regulations are stored in the external storage subsystem 21, then, it is possible that assets are used more efficiently than the case where all data in the old-type apparatus (i.e., the external storage subsystem 21) is migrated to the new-type apparatus and then the old-type apparatus is discarded. However, it is highly possible that the life of the old-type apparatus is completed more early than the new-type apparatus, since the old-type apparatus has been used for a longer period of time. In that case, the storage subsystem 20 issues I/O processing requests to the external storage subsystem 21 at certain predetermined intervals, to measure the processing performance of the external storage subsystem 21. When, as a result of the measurement, symptoms of a fault hidden in the external storage subsystem 21 are detected, data is migrated to another storage subsystem than the external storage subsystem 21. Here, “another storage subsystem” as the migration destination may be the storage subsystem 20 or a third storage subsystem that is neither the storage subsystem 20 nor the external storage subsystem 21. When the storage subsystem as the migration destination is an older type similarly to the external storage subsystem 21 in comparison with the storage subsystem 20, or a storage subsystem whose introduction cost is cheaper, then, it is possible to suppress the cost of the storage unit that stores data having a lower access frequency.	<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>The present invention relates to a technique of performance tuning of the whole storage subsystem having storage subsystems that are not directly connected to host computers. As a result of the recent spread of Internet and adaptation to development of broadband, an amount of information treated by a computer system increases year by year, and importance of information continues to increase. Accordingly, in a computer system, it is requested more and more strongly that a storage used for accumulating information read and written by a host computer (particularly a storage subsystem connected outside the host computer) should have high reliability, for example, in protection of the stored data, in addition to large capacity and high performance. A disk array system is one method of satisfying these requests together, in a storage subsystem. In a disk array system, data is distributed and stored into a plurality of physical storage units arranged in an array, realizing data redundancy. Namely, high capacity is obtained by providing a plurality of physical storage units, high performance by operating the physical storage units in parallel, and high reliability by data redundancy. Disk array systems are classified into five classes, the level 1 through the level 5, depending on configurations for realizing redundancy (For example, D. A. Patterson, G. Gibson and R. H. Kats, “A Case for Redundant Arrays of Inexpensive Disks” (in Proc. ACM SIGMOD, pp. 109 to 116, June 1988) (hereinafter, referred to as Non-Patent Document 1)). There are disk array systems arranged such that data is simply divided and stored into a plurality of physical storage units, without being given redundancy. Such disk array system is called the level 0. In the following, a set of a plurality of physical storage units realizing a certain level described above is referred to as a parity group. Further, a configuration for realizing redundancy is referred to as the RAID configuration. Costs of constructing a disk-array system and performance and characteristics of the constructed disk array system depend on the level of the disk array system. Thus, frequently, in constructing a disk array system, a plurality of arrays (i.e., sets of disk unit) of different levels is used mixedly, depending on the intended purpose of the disk array system. Since performance of a disk array system is increased by operating a plurality of physical storage units in parallel, it is required to perform performance tuning, namely, to efficiently distribute data into a plurality of parity groups depending on details of processing to perform. Physical storage units constituting a parity group are different in their costs depending on their performance and capacities. Thus, sometimes, parity groups are each constructed by combining physical storage units having performance and capacities different from other parity groups. In the case of such a disk array system in which different parity groups have different physical storage units, performance tuning is still more important. As a technique of realizing performance tuning of a disk array system, may be mentioned, for example, a technique in which a disk array system monitors frequency of access from a host computer to stored data and locates data having higher access frequency onto a physical storage unit of a higher speed (See, for example, Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 2000-293317 (hereinafter, referred to as Patent Document 1)). Further, there exists a technique in which, based on a tendency that processing performed in a computer system and I/O accompanying the processing are performed according to a schedule made by a user and thus show daily, monthly and yearly periodicity, a disk array system accumulates using states of each physical storage unit and reallocates data in consideration of a previously-determined processing schedule (See, for example, Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 2001-67187 (hereinafter, referred to as Patent Document 2)). As described above, in a disk array system data is distributed into physical storage units such that the data has been allocated having redundancy. In order that a host computer does not need to be conscious of actual storage locations of data in the physical storage units, logical addresses used for the host computer to access the physical storage units are held separately from actual physical addresses of the physical storage units, and information indicating correspondence between the logical addresses and the physical addresses is held. Accordingly, in the above-described techniques, when data is reallocated, a disk array system changes the correspondence between logical addresses and physical addresses before the reallocation into the correspondence after the reallocation. As a result, even after the data reallocation, a host computer can use the same logical address to access the physical storage units. Such data migration within physical storage units, which does not affect access from a host computer thereafter, is called host transparent migration. On the other hand, as a technique of increasing the number of storage units that can be accessed from a host computer, to cope with increasing amount of information, there is a technique of enabling a host-computer to access storage units to which the host computer can not directly input and output owing to, for example, interface mismatching (See, for example, Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 10-283272 (hereinafter, referred to as Patent Document 3)). According to the technique disclosed in Patent Document 3, a disk array system to which a host computer can directly input and output sends I/O requests and the like from the host computer to a disk array system to which the host computer can not directly input and output.	<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>It is possible to use the technique disclosed in Patent Document 3 to expand data storage areas used by a host computer up to a disk array system (an external system) to which the host computer can not directly input and output. However, in the case where an external system is added, there do not exist a function of monitoring the using state, the load state and the like of the external system from a disk array system to which a host computer can directly input and output, and a function of reallocating data. As a result, under the present conditions, the monitoring results can not be used to perform performance tuning including the external system. Hereinafter, a storage subsystem that is not an object of input/output processing of a host computer (i.e., a storage subsystem that is not directly connected to the host computer) is referred to as an external storage subsystem. Then, considering the above-described situation, an object of the present invention is to make it possible to perform performance tuning including a plurality of external storage subsystems, in a storage subsystem that is connected with those external storage subsystems and has a function of relaying I/O requests from the host computer to the external storage subsystems. To attain the above object, a storage subsystem according to the present invention monitors operating conditions of external storage subsystems connected to the storage subsystem itself, and carries out performance tuning based on the monitoring result. In detail, the storage subsystem according to the present invention is a storage subsystem that is connected with one or more computers and presents a plurality of storage units as logical devices to said computers, comprising: a mapping means which defines a plurality of storage units presented by an external storage subsystem having said plurality of storage units, as said logical devices of said storage subsystem itself; an I/O processing means which relays I/O processing requests from said computers to logical devices (external devices) defined from the storage units presented by the external storage subsystem, among said logical devices of the storage subsystem itself; an operating information acquisition means which monitors said I/O processing means, to acquire operating information of said external devices; a configuration change planning means which makes an optimum data allocation plan in a range of said logical devices (including said external devices) of the storage subsystem itself, based on the operating information acquired by said operating information acquisition means; and a data reallocation means which reallocates data in the logical devices (including said external devices) of the storage subsystem itself, according to the plan made by said configuration change planning means. According to the present invention, in a storage subsystem connected with a plurality of external storage subsystems that are not input/output processing objects of host computers, it is possible to carry out performance tuning of the whole storage subsystem including the connected external storage subsystems.	20040528	20101005	20050901	87576.0		0	BRADLEY, MATTHEW A	A DEVICE FOR PERFORMANCE TUNING IN A SYSTEM	UNDISCOUNTED	0	ACCEPTED		2,004
10,855,409	ACCEPTED	VEHICLE INFORMATION DISPLAY APPARATUS	A vehicle information display apparatus receives multiple pieces of information on mobile vehicles, determines degrees of importance of the individual pieces of information according to specific conditions, and displays symbols of only those mobile vehicles of which importance falls within a predefined range or symbols of only a specific number of mobile vehicles selected according to their importance in graphic form with enhanced visibility.	1-10. (canceled) 11. A vehicle information display apparatus comprising: a vehicle position information extractor for receiving vehicle identification signals transmitted from vessels and extracting at least position information indicating the positions of the vessels from the vehicle identification signals; a target acquisition/tracking device for acquiring and tracking targets based on target echo data fed from a radar; and a controller for displaying first symbols indicating the positions or velocity vectors of the individual vessels obtained by said vehicle position information extractor as well as second symbols indicating the positions or velocity vectors of the individual targets obtained by said target acquisition/tracking device on a single display device, wherein said controller displays the first symbols with higher priority over the second symbols at and in the proximity of a position where any of the first symbols is displayed. 12. The vehicle information display apparatus according to claim 11, wherein said controller prohibits acquisition and tracking of targets by said target acquisition/tracking device at and in the proximity of the position where any of the first symbols is displayed. 13. The vehicle information display apparatus according to claim 11, wherein said controller prohibits on-screen display of the second symbols at and in the proximity of the position where any of the first symbols is displayed. 14. The vehicle information display apparatus according to claim 11, wherein said controller prohibits on-screen display of the second symbols and target echoes detected by the radar at and in the proximity of the position where any of the first symbols is displayed. 15. The vehicle information display apparatus according to claim 11, wherein said controller prohibits on-screen display of the second symbols without prohibiting on-screen display of target echoes detected by the radar at and in the proximity of the position where any of the first symbols is displayed. 16. The vehicle information display apparatus according to claim 11, wherein said vehicle position information extractor is a universal ship borne automatic identification system and said target acquisition/tracking device is an automatic radar plotting aid. 17. The vehicle information display apparatus of claim 11, wherein said vehicle information display apparatus is a vehicle surveillance apparatus, said target acquisition/tracking device acquiring and tracking targets based on target echo data fed from a land-based radar. 18-23. (canceled)	BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION AND RELATED ART STATEMENT 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates generally to a display apparatus for simultaneously displaying multiple pieces of information on mobile units (vehicles), such as their positions. More particularly, the invention pertains to a vehicle information display apparatus for displaying necessary pieces of information on vehicles with high visibility. The following discussion deals with a case where such a vehicle information display apparatus is installed on a vessel. 2. Description of the Prior Art Installation of a system named a universal shipborne automatic identification system (AIS) has been compulsorily required on large vessels from July 2002 to assist in avoiding collisions between the vessels and thereby promote the safety of life at sea. An important function of the AIS is to broadcast at specific intervals various items of information, such as the position of own ship (prime vehicle), navigational information including voyage information, as well as vessel-related information including vessel name and cargo type. Another important function of the AIS is to receive such information broadcast from other vessels and extract needed pieces of information. Carriage of an automatic radar plotting aid (ARPA), on the other hand, which is already used on many vessels to aid in avoiding collisions with other target vessels (target vehicles) by use of a radar image, is mandatory on large vessels. Upon receiving target echo data from a radar, the ARPA processes the target data, automatically acquires and tracks target vehicles, calculates the degree of risk of collisions with the target vehicles, and presents target information in readily recognizable form, allowing an operator to continuously watch the movements of target vehicles. When the ARPA detects a dangerous situation, it generates a warning and enables the operator to execute a simulated “trial maneuver” to find out an own ship maneuver for avoiding the collision situation. More specifically, the ARPA determines successive target positions from the target echo data fed from the radar, calculates relative motion (relative course and speed) of a target vehicle relative to the prime vehicle from varying relative positions of the target vehicle, and work out true motion (two-dimensional true course and speed) of the target vehicle taking into account of the velocity (vector quantity) of the prime vehicle. An on-screen presentation of the ARPA is produced by superimposing various markings (symbols) representing target information, such as the present and predicted (calculated) positions and motions of the target vehicles, on a radar image. It is preferable for the operator of the ARPA and the aforementioned AIS systems that any targets acquired and tracked by the ARPA (hereinafter referred to as the ARPA targets) and vessels identified by the AIS (hereinafter referred to as AIS targets) be presented on a common display in graphical form. As stated above, installation of the AIS system has been mandated since July 2002 on a specific class of large vessels. Since this mandatory carriage requirement of the AIS system is initially limited to the large vessels, target vehicles detected by the AIS (hereinafter referred to as the AIS targets) are all large vessels at the beginning. The mandatory carriage requirement is expected to be applied to smaller vessels in the future, however. Therefore, if symbols of all the AIS targets identified by the AIS system are to be displayed on a single display, the number of target symbols displayed could be considerably large in a future time, particularly in congested areas, such as in navigable waterways and harbor areas, making it difficult to identify the individual AIS targets. Similarly, the number of symbols representing target vehicles detected by the ARPA system (hereinafter referred to as the ARPA targets) could be too large in congested areas, making it difficult to identify the individual ARPA targets. Shown in FIG. 3C is an example of an AIS display presenting AIS targets all together, in which small squares are symbols indicating the positions of the individual AIS targets, small inverted triangles are symbols indicating the positions of individual ARPA targets, and broken lines indicate a simplified radar image of a coastline. This example shows a situation in which a large number of vessels are navigating close to the coastline of a strait. If cross-channel ferries, workboats and fishing vessels are present in such a water area, the AIS display would actually provide this kind of intricate picture. Both the ARPA and the AIS are originally intended to enhance the safety of navigation. One problem of the conventional systems is that if all targets including those which may be ignored from the viewpoint of navigation safety are displayed, it would become difficult for an operator of a target information display system to identify important targets on which the operator should primarily focus particular attention for safe navigation. As previously mentioned, the ARPA targets and the AIS targets are presented on a common display screen in graphical form. As a consequence, a symbol indicating the position, speed and course of an ARPA target derived from a particular target vehicle and a symbol indicating the position, speed and course of an AIS target derived from the same target vehicle are indicated at approximately the same location on the display screen, overlapping one on top of another. This overlapping of the symbols makes it difficult to recognize the position, speed and course of each target. In addition, if part of acquisition and tracking capacity of the ARPA is used for acquiring and tracking ship targets which have already detected by the AIS system, that part of the limited capacity of the ARPA would be consumed uselessly, resulting in a reduction in the number of targets that can be acquired and tracked by the ARPA. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In light of the foregoing, it is an object of the invention to provide a vehicle information display apparatus for simultaneously displaying multiple pieces of information on mobile vehicles like vessels on a display screen with a capability to display particularly needed pieces of information with high visibility and with higher emphasis placed on those pieces of information. Another object of the invention is to provide a vehicle information display apparatus which, in deriving information on target vehicles and displaying their positions and motion, can avoid complexity of on-screen display when there exist a large number of target vehicles to provide improved visibility. Still another object of the invention is to provide a vehicle information display apparatus and a harbor surveillance apparatus for receiving vehicle identification signals transmitted from target vehicles and displaying their positions extracted from the vehicle identification signals as well as the positions of targets acquired and tracked by using target echo data of a radar, with a capability to provide a highly visible display of target symbols overcoming the aforementioned difficulty in recognizing overlapping ARPA and AIS target symbols for the same target vehicle and to enable efficient vehicle position extraction by an AIS system as well as efficient target acquisition and tracking operations by an ARPA system eliminating the waste of system resources, such as central processing unit (CPU) and memories. According to a first main feature of the invention, a vehicle information display apparatus comprises a receiver for receiving multiple pieces of information on mobile vehicles, a display device for displaying position information fed from the receiver, and a signal processor for producing image data used for displaying the multiple pieces of information on the mobile vehicles with high visibility. Preferably, the display device of this vehicle information display apparatus displays the mobile vehicles placing greater emphasis on a selected mobile vehicle. In one aspect of the invention, the aforementioned mobile vehicles are vessels. According to a second main feature of the invention, a vehicle information display apparatus for installation on a prime vessel comprises a receiver for receiving vehicle information including at least position information indicating the positions of other vessels, a vehicle information extractor for determining degrees of importance of the vehicle information fed from the receiver according to specific conditions and for extracting those pieces of the vehicle information of which degrees of importance fall within a predefined range, and a display controller for displaying the positions of the vessels corresponding to the extracted pieces of the vehicle information in graphic form. In one preferred form of the invention, the vehicle information display apparatus is constructed such that the display controller graphically displays the positions of the vessels derived from the vehicle information of which degrees of importance fall within the predefined range as extracted by the vehicle information extractor and the positions of the vessels derived from the vehicle information having the other degrees of importance with different levels of visibility. In another preferred form of the invention, the vehicle information display apparatus is constructed such that the vehicle information extractor extracts a predefined upper limit number of pieces of the vehicle information selected in the order of the degrees of importance from the piece of the vehicle information having the highest degree of importance. In another preferred form of the invention, the vehicle information display apparatus is constructed such that the receiver is a universal shipborne automatic identification system for receiving data transmitted from universal shipborne automatic identification systems of other vessels. In another preferred form of the invention, the vehicle information display apparatus is constructed such that the receiver is an automatic radar plotting aid which provides information on target vessels based on a signal fed from a radar for detecting targets around the prime vessel. In still another preferred form of the invention, the vehicle information display apparatus is constructed such that the receiver is a combination of a universal shipborne automatic identification system for receiving data transmitted from universal shipborne automatic identification systems of other vessels and an automatic radar plotting aid which provides information on target vessels based on a signal fed from a radar for detecting targets around the prime vessel. In yet another preferred form of the invention, the vehicle information display apparatus further comprises a collision risk evaluator for assessing the degree of collision risk based on the position and velocity of each target vessel relative to the prime vessel, wherein the degree of collision risk is employed as the degree of importance. According to a third main feature of the invention, a vehicle information display apparatus comprises a vehicle position information extractor for receiving vehicle identification signals transmitted from vessels and extracting at least position information indicating the positions of the vessels from the vehicle identification signals, a target acquisition/tracking device for acquiring and tracking targets based on target echo data fed from a radar, and a controller for displaying first symbols indicating the positions or velocity vectors of the individual vessels obtained by the vehicle position information extractor as well as second symbols indicating the positions or velocity vectors of the individual targets obtained by the target acquisition/tracking device on a single display device, wherein the controller displays the first symbols with higher priority over the second symbols at and in the proximity of a position where any of the first symbols is displayed. In one preferred form of the invention, the vehicle information display apparatus is constructed such that the controller prohibits acquisition and tracking of targets by the target acquisition/tracking device at and in the proximity of the position where any of the first symbols is displayed. In another preferred form of the invention, the vehicle information display apparatus is constructed such that the controller prohibits on-screen display of the second symbols at and in the proximity of the position where any of the first symbols is displayed. In another preferred form of the invention, the vehicle information display apparatus is constructed such that the controller prohibits on-screen display of the second symbols and target echoes detected by the radar at and in the proximity of the position where any of the first symbols is displayed. In still another preferred form of the invention, the vehicle information display apparatus is constructed such that the controller prohibits on-screen display of the second symbols without prohibiting on-screen display of target echoes detected by the radar at and in the proximity of the position where any of the first symbols is displayed. In yet another preferred form of the invention, the aforementioned vehicle position information extractor is an AIS and the aforementioned target acquisition/tracking device is an ARPA. According to a fourth main feature of the invention, a vehicle surveillance apparatus comprises a vehicle position information extractor for receiving vehicle identification signals transmitted from vessels and extracting at least position information indicating the positions of the vessels from the vehicle identification signals, a target acquisition/tracking device for acquiring and tracking targets based on target echo data fed from a land-based radar, and a controller for displaying first symbols indicating the positions or velocity vectors of the individual vessels obtained by the vehicle position information extractor as well as second symbols indicating the positions or velocity vectors of the individual targets obtained by the target acquisition/tracking device on a single display device, wherein the controller displays the first symbols with higher priority over the second symbols at and in the proximity of a position where any of the first symbols is displayed. According to a fifth main feature of the invention, a vessel surveillance apparatus comprises a receiver for receiving multiple pieces of information on vessels, a display device for displaying position information on the vessels fed from the receiver, and a signal processor for producing image data used for displaying the multiple pieces of information on the vessels with high visibility. According to a sixth main feature of the invention, a vehicle information display apparatus displays information obtained by a radar installed on a prime vessel, the information indicating the existence, position and motion trend of targets around the prime vessel, and vehicle information including at least position information derived from vehicle identification signals transmitted from other vessels and received by a vehicle position information extractor, wherein the two kinds of information are superimposed on one another. According to a seventh main feature of the invention, a vehicle information display apparatus for installation on a prime vessel comprises a receiver for receiving vehicle information transmitted from other vessels, the vehicle information including at least position information indicating the positions of the other vessels, an area setter for setting an area based on the distance from and the direction relative to the prime vessel, a vehicle information extractor for extracting the vehicle information on a vessel existing within the set area from the vehicle information received by the receiver, and a display device for displaying the vehicle information with greater emphasis placed on the vehicle information extracted by the vehicle information extractor than on the unextracted vehicle information. In one preferred form of the invention, the area set by the area setter is a circle. According to an eighth main feature of the invention, a vehicle information display apparatus to be installed at a specific fixed point on land for receiving vehicle information transmitted from multiple vessels and displaying the vehicle information on a display screen comprises a receiver for receiving the vehicle information including at least position information indicating the positions of the multiple vessels, an area setter for setting an area based on the distance from and the direction relative to the fixed point, a vehicle information extractor for extracting the vehicle information on a vessel existing within the set area from the vehicle information received by the receiver, and a display device for displaying the vehicle information with greater emphasis placed on the vehicle information extracted by the vehicle information extractor than on the unextracted vehicle information. According to a ninth main feature of the invention, a vehicle information display apparatus for installation on a prime vessel comprises a receiver for receiving vehicle information transmitted from other vessels, the vehicle information including at least position information indicating the positions of the other vessels, an area setter for setting an area, a vehicle information extractor for extracting the vehicle information on a vessel existing within the set area from the vehicle information received by the receiver, and a display device for displaying the vehicle information with greater emphasis placed on the vehicle information extracted by the vehicle information extractor than on the unextracted vehicle information. These and other objects, features and advantages of the invention will become more apparent upon reading the following detailed description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing the overall configuration of a vehicle information display apparatus according to a first embodiment of the invention; FIG. 2 is a flowchart showing an operational sequence of a data control/display processing unit of the apparatus of FIG. 1; FIGS. 3A-3C are examples of pictures displayed on a display screen of the apparatus of FIG. 1; FIG. 4 is a flowchart showing an operational sequence performed by a data control/display processing unit of a vehicle information display apparatus according to a second embodiment of the invention; FIG. 5 is a flowchart showing an operational sequence performed by a data control/display processing unit of a vehicle information display apparatus according to a third embodiment of the invention; FIG. 6 is a flowchart showing an operational sequence performed by a data control/display processing unit of a vehicle information display apparatus according to a fourth embodiment of the invention; FIG. 7 is a block diagram showing the overall configuration of a vehicle information display apparatus according to a fifth embodiment of the invention; FIGS. 8A and 8B are examples of pictures displayed on a display screen of the apparatus of FIG. 7; FIG. 9 is a diagram showing an example of mask areas generated by a target detector of the apparatus of FIG. 7; FIG. 10 is a flowchart showing operational sequences performed by the target detector; FIG. 11 is a diagram showing the configuration of a harbor surveillance system according to a seventh embodiment of the invention; and FIG. 12 is a block diagram showing the configuration of a harbor surveillance apparatus used in the harbor surveillance system of FIG. 11. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION Configurations of vehicle information display apparatus according to first to fourth embodiments of the invention are now described with reference to FIGS. 1 to 6. FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing the overall configuration of a vehicle information display apparatus according to the first embodiment of the invention, in which designated by the numeral 4 is a radar antenna and designated by the numeral 5 is a radar transceiver which controls transmit and receive operations of a radar set through the radar antenna 4. The radar transceiver 5 includes an analog-to-digital (A/D) converter for sampling received signals and converting them into digital data and a primary memory for initially storing the digital data. The radar transceiver 5 further includes means for writing data to be used for displaying a detected radar picture into a display memory provided in a data control/display processing unit 7 based on radar echo data for one sweep (derived from one antenna rotation) written in the primary memory, antenna direction data derived from a timing signal fed from the radar antenna 4 and heading data of a prime vehicle fed from a compass (not shown). An ARPA unit 6 includes means for acquiring a target (target vehicle) from radar echo information obtained by the radar transceiver 5, means for predicting motion of the acquired target vehicle, means for tracking a target designated through an operator terminal 10, and means for writing display data for displaying the position of the target acquired and currently tracked into the display memory in the data control/display processing unit 7. Designated by the numeral 1 is an antenna for an AIS system. An AIS data transceiver 2 receives various data broadcast from other target vehicles by means of the AIS antenna 1 and the data control/display processing unit 7 reads vehicle identification information of the target vehicles. The AIS data transceiver 2 also broadcasts vehicle identification information of the prime vehicle through the AIS antenna 1. A prime vehicle position/speed measuring unit 3 measures the position and speed of the prime vehicle by use of a speed log and a global positioning system (GPS) receiver, for example. The data control/display processing unit 7 presents symbols indicating the positions and motions of target vehicles obtained by the AIS data transceiver 2 on a display unit 9. The data control/display processing unit 7 also presents symbols indicating the positions and motions of target vehicles obtained by the AIS data transceiver 2 on the display unit 9. In addition, the data control/display processing unit 7 presents target echoes surrounding the prime vehicle produced by the radar transceiver 5. This data control/display processing unit 7 corresponds to a vehicle information extractor and a display controller mentioned in the claims of this invention. The operator terminal 10 includes a keyboard and a pointing device, such as a trackball. Using the operator terminal 10, an operator enters an instruction to select a desired display mode to the data control/display processing unit 7, an instruction specifying targets to be tracked by the ARPA unit 6, and various settings to the radar transceiver 5 for target detection by the radar. A target database 8 is a database used for management of later-described data on AIS and ARPA targets. The data control/display processing unit 7 continuously updates on-screen data content based on the data stored in the target database 8. Data items stored in the target database 8 are as follows: AIS Target Data Items (A1) Vehicle position (A2) Vehicle speed (A3) Vehicle course (A4) Distance to a target from the prime vehicle (A5) Angular distance between the direction (bearing) of a target and the heading of the prime vehicle (A6) Distance to the closest point of approach (CPA) to a target, or DCPA (A7) Time to CPA (TCPA) (A8) Degree of collision risk (A9) Importance (A10) Vehicle length ARPA Target Data Items (B1) Vehicle position (B2) Vehicle speed (B3) Vehicle course (B4) Distance to a target from the prime vehicle (B5) Angular distance between the direction (bearing) of a target and the heading of the prime vehicle (B6) Distance to the closest point of approach (CPA) to a target, or DCPA (B7) Time to CPA (TCPA) (B8) Degree of collision risk (B9) Importance (B10) Vehicle length The aforementioned items (A1) to (A3) are information included in AIS communications data while the items (A4) to (A7) are calculated from the position, speed and course of the prime vehicle and those of a given target vehicle. The importance of the items (A9) to (B9) will be described later in detail. The degree of collision risk of the item (A8) is obtained from DCPA and TCPA. If the AIS communications data includes information on the draft of the vehicle, it may be taken into consideration in judging the degree of collision risk of the item (A8). FIG. 2 is a flowchart showing an operational sequence performed by the data control/display processing unit 7 for presenting the symbols of individual target vehicles according to the first embodiment. The operational sequence is described below referring to the flowchart. First, the data control/display processing unit 7 takes in target vehicle information from the AIS data transceiver 2 and the ARPA unit 6 (step n1). The data control/display processing unit 7 then takes in a display mode setting (step n2). The display mode selected by the operator defines target vehicles which should be regarded as targets of greater importance. Varying degrees of importance are attached to different kinds of targets as described below: (a) Target vehicles closer to the prime vehicle should be regarded as of being progressively greater importance. (b) Target vehicles at smaller angular distances from the heading of the prime vehicle should be regarded as of being progressively greater importance. (c) Target vehicles moving at higher speeds should be regarded as of being progressively greater importance. (d) Target vehicles having larger lengths should be regarded as of being progressively greater importance. (e) Target vehicles presenting higher degrees of collision risk should be regarded as of being progressively greater importance. (f) Using the above assessment criteria (a) to (e), or part of them, points (numerical values) representing the degrees of importance of individual target vehicles are calculated, and target vehicles greater points are regarded as of being progressively greater importance. According to the aforementioned operator settings, the data control/display processing unit 7 updates information on the importance of the individual target vehicles stored in the target database 8 (step n3). Subsequently, the data control/display processing unit 7 judges whether the number of targets exceeds or not a maximum number of indicatable targets that can be distinguished from one another, the maximum number of indicatable targets being predefined according to the on-screen size of each target symbol and the size of display screen, and displays the symbols of all target vehicles indicating their positions if the number of the target vehicles is equal to or smaller than the predefined maximum number of indicatable targets (steps n4 to n7). This maximum number of indicatable targets corresponds to an “upper limit number” mentioned in the claims of this invention. If the number of the target vehicles is larger than the maximum number of indicatable targets, the maximum number of indicatable targets are extracted as target vehicles for on-screen display from the aforementioned target vehicles of greater importance as defined according to the display mode and their symbols are displayed on the display unit 9 (steps n5 to n6). FIGS. 3A-3C are examples of pictures displayed on the display unit 9, in which a small circle indicates the position of the prime vehicle, small squares are symbols indicating the positions of individual AIS targets, and small inverted triangles are symbols indicating the positions of individual ARPA targets. Straight lines extending from the small squares and inverted triangles are vectors of which directions and lengths show the moving directions and speeds of the individual target vehicles. In addition, broken lines indicate a simplified radar image of a coastline. As previously mentioned, shown in FIG. 3C is an example in which symbols of the detected target vehicles are displayed all together. Shown in FIG. 3B is an example showing the symbols of only the AIS and ARPA targets of great importance as defined according to the display mode. In this example, target vehicles presenting higher degrees of collision risk are regarded as of being greater importance, and a specified number of target vehicles of great importance including the target vehicle presenting the highest degree of collision risk are displayed on-screen. Shown in FIG. 3A is an example showing the symbols of the AIS targets of great importance as defined according to the display mode together with the symbols of all the ARPA targets. Since the ARPA target symbols displayed on-screen normally represent target vehicles intentionally selected through the ARPA unit 6 by the operator, they are usually important targets. Therefore, it is one preferable form of use of the apparatus to show the symbols of the AIS targets of great importance as defined according to the display mode and the symbols of all the ARPA targets as exemplified in FIG. 3A. If target vehicles presenting higher degrees of collision risk are displayed with higher priority as described above, target vehicles presenting lower degrees of collision risk will not be displayed as a consequence. This approach helps to avoid complexity of the on-screen display and makes it possible to easily recognize target vehicles of greater importance. A vehicle information display apparatus according to the second embodiment of the invention is now described. The overall configuration of the apparatus is the same as shown in FIG. 1. FIG. 4 is a flowchart showing an operational sequence according to the second embodiment performed by the data control/display processing unit 7 of the vehicle information display apparatus of FIG. 1. First, the data control/display processing unit 7 takes in information on individual target vehicles from the AIS data transceiver 2 and the ARPA unit 6 (step n11) as well as a display mode setting entered by the operator through the operator terminal 10 (step n12). The data control/display processing unit 7 then calculates the importance of the individual target vehicles and updates information on the importance of the individual target vehicles according to the display mode and updates the information on the importance of the target vehicles stored in the target database 8 (step n13). In this step, the target vehicles are classified into several grades (e.g., three grades designated A, B and C) according to their importance. Subsequently, the data control/display processing unit 7 takes in an operator setting of the grade of importance of target vehicles to be displayed on-screen (step n14) and displays those target vehicles which are classified in the operator-selected grade of importance (step n15). If the operator has specified the highest grade of importance, for example, only those target vehicles falling in the highest grade of importance are displayed so that the operator can selectively recognize the target vehicles of the highest importance with ease. In addition, by temporarily specifying a grade of lower importance, the operator can examine those target vehicles which have been masked (or not displayed) behind the target vehicles of the highest importance. A vehicle information display apparatus according to the third embodiment of the invention is now described. While the vehicle information display apparatus of the aforementioned first and second embodiments display only those target vehicles which are selected according to their importance, the apparatus of the third embodiment also displays unselected target vehicles while displaying the positions of the selected target vehicles with enhanced visibility. The overall configuration of the apparatus of the third embodiment is the same as shown in FIG. 1. FIG. 5 is a flowchart showing an operational sequence according to the third embodiment performed by the data control/display processing unit 7. Steps n1 to n7 of FIG. 5 are identical to steps n1 to n7 of the first embodiment of FIG. 2. In step n8 of FIG. 5, the apparatus displays the symbols of the unselected target vehicles in a moderate, or reserved, fashion compared to the other target vehicles. Given below are examples of methods for displaying the unselected target vehicles in a reserved fashion: (1) To display the symbols of the unselected target vehicles in a color more similar to a background color and in a density closer to the background compared to the symbols of the selected target vehicles. (2) To display only the outlines of the symbols of the unselected target vehicles while displaying the selected target vehicles with their symbols infilled. (3) To display the symbols of the unselected target vehicles in broken lines while displaying the symbols of the selected target vehicles in solid lines. (4) To display the unselected target vehicles in small-sized symbols while displaying the selected target vehicles in large symbols. (5) To display the unselected target vehicles in inconspicuous symbols while displaying the selected target vehicles in conspicuous symbols. (6) To display the symbols of the unselected target vehicles at specific time intervals while displaying the symbols of the selected target vehicles continuously. According to the aforementioned display methods (1) to (5), the symbols of the unselected target vehicles do not obscure the symbols of the selected target vehicles. Thus, these display methods make it possible to recognize the positions of the unselected target vehicles without deteriorating the visibility of the symbols of the selected target vehicles. According to the display method (6) above, periods during which only the symbols of the selected target vehicles are displayed and periods during which the symbols of the unselected target vehicles are displayed together with the symbols of the selected target vehicles are alternately switched. This display method is identical to an alternate presentation of the picture of FIG. 3A or 3B and the picture of FIG. 3C. The period of time during which the symbols of the unselected target vehicles are displayed is relatively short in this display method. Therefore, the display method (6) also makes it possible to recognize the positions of the unselected target vehicles without deteriorating the visibility of the symbols of the selected target vehicles. Next, a vehicle information display apparatus according to the fourth embodiment of the invention is described. The positions of the unselected target vehicles are indicated while maintaining high visibility of the symbols of the selected target vehicles in the foregoing third embodiment. In contrast to this, the symbols of all the target vehicles are normally displayed and the symbols of only the selected target vehicles are displayed or their visibility is relatively increased by key operation, for example, in the fourth embodiment. The overall configuration of the apparatus of the fourth embodiment is the same as shown in FIG. 1. FIG. 6 is a flowchart showing an operational sequence according to the fourth embodiment performed by the data control/display processing unit 7. Steps n1 to n3 of FIG. 6 are identical to steps n1 to n3 of the first embodiment of FIG. 2. In step n9 of FIG. 6, the apparatus displays the symbols of all the target vehicles. If the operator operates a key, for example, for limiting display of the symbols the data control/display processing unit 7, a maximum number of indicatable targets are extracted as target vehicles for on-screen display from target vehicles of greater importance as defined according to the display mode (steps n10 to n11). Then, the data control/display processing unit 7 displays the symbols of the unselected target vehicles in a reserved fashion compared to the symbols of the selected target vehicles, or deletes the symbols of the unselected target vehicles while displaying the symbols of the selected target vehicles alone (step n12). The apparatus may be constructed such that the operator can enter a command by a key operation, for example, to relatively increase the visibility of the selected target vehicles as described above only when target vehicles of great importance have been identified. Configurations of vehicle information display apparatus according to fifth to seventh embodiments of the invention are now described with reference to FIGS. 7 to 12. First, the vehicle information display apparatus of the fifth embodiment is described below referring to referring to FIG. 7, which is a block diagram showing functional blocks of the apparatus itself and other devices that work in conjunction with the apparatus. Designated by the numerals 11 and 12 in FIG. 7 are a radar antenna and a radar transceiver, respectively. The radar transceiver 12 controls a transmitting circuit provided in the antenna 11 as well as receive operation of a radar set. Designated by the numerals 13 and 23 are analog-to-digital (A/D) converters for sampling received signals and converting it into digital data, and designated by the numerals 14 and 24 are memories for temporarily storing received radar echo data for one sweep. A signal processor 15 writes data to be used for displaying a detected radar picture in a display memory 16 based on the radar echo data for one sweep, antenna direction data derived from heading pulses and bearing pulses fed from the antenna 11, and heading data of the prime vehicle fed from a compass 35. A display controller 17 reads out the data stored in the display memory 16 in synchronism with display timing of a display unit 18 and outputs a display signal to the display unit 18. As a consequence, the display unit 18 displays the detected radar picture. An AIS receiver 32 receives by its antenna 31 vehicle identification signals transmitted from other vehicles, or target vehicles. On the contrary, an AIS transmitter 36 transmits a vehicle identification signal of the prime vehicle. Given below are general specifications of the vehicle identification signal: AIS channels: CH 87B (161.975 MHz), CH 88B (162.025 MHz) Channel spacing: 12.5 MHz or 25 MHz, switchable Output power: 2 W or 12.5 W, switchable Type of modulation: Gaussian minimum shift keying (GMSK) Bit rate: 9600 bps Communication Self-organizing time division method: multiple access (SOTDMA) Communications Transmits dynamic information information: (vehicle's position, speed, course) at 2 to 3-second intervals depending on the speed as well as static information (vehicle's draft, cargo, destination, etc.) at 6-minute intervals. Upon receiving radio signals from multiple GPS satellites with an antenna 33, a GPS receiver 34 calculates the position and speed of the prime vehicle. A target detector 25 of FIG. 7 determines the position of each target relative to the prime vehicle based on the radar echo data successively written in the memory 24 and the heading and antenna direction of the prime vehicle. The target detector 25 also prohibits detection of targets corresponding to target vehicles identified by the AIS receiver 32 among a plurality of targets to be detected based on the positions of multiple target vehicles of which data have been received by the AIS receiver 32 as well as on the position, heading and antenna direction of the prime vehicle. Referring again to FIG. 7, the target detector 25, a target selector 26, a motion predictor 27, a symbol display controller 28 and a display memory 29 together perform ARPA functions. The target selector 26 selects only those targets which are currently tracked among multiple targets detected by the target detector 25 and transmits data on the selected targets to the motion predictor 27. As an example, the target selector 26 selects a maximum number of acquirable targets with higher priority given to those targets which present higher degrees of collision risk among the detected targets. The motion predictor 27 calculates the speed relative to the prime vehicle of each target selected by the target selector 26 and estimates (predicts) true motion (two-dimensional true velocity) of the selected target based on the speed of the prime vehicle obtained by the GPS receiver 34. The symbol display controller 28 writes data used for displaying symbols indicating the positions and velocity vectors of target vehicles in the display memory 29 based on the positions and motions of the individual target vehicles predicted by the motion predictor 27 as well as on their positions, speeds and courses determined by the AIS receiver 32. The display controller 17 reads out data on the detected radar picture written in the display memory 16 and symbol display data written in the display memory 29 and generates a display signal by synthesizing the read data. Consequently, the display unit 18 presents a picture like the one shown in FIG. 8A. The AIS receiver 32 corresponds to a “vehicle position information extractor,” a combination of the target detector 25, the target selector 26 and the motion predictor 27 corresponds to a “target acquisition/tracking device,” and a combination of the symbol display controller 28, the display memory 29, the display controller 17 and the display unit 18 corresponds to a “controller” respectively mentioned in the claims of this invention. FIGS. 8A and 8B are examples of pictures displayed on the display unit 18. Referring to FIG. 8A, p1 to p4 indicate the positions of target vehicles, small inverted triangles are symbols representative of individual AIS targets, or the symbols (“first symbols” mentioned in the claims of this invention) indicating the positions of the target vehicles identified by the AIS system, and small circles are symbols representative of individual ARPA targets, or the symbols (“second symbols” mentioned in the claims of this invention) indicating the positions of the target vehicles detected by the ARPA system. Straight lines extending from the symbols of the individual AIS targets are true vectors of which directions and lengths show the moving directions and speeds of the individual target vehicles identified by the AIS system. Also, the straight lines extending from the symbols of the individual ARPA targets are relative vectors indicating the moving directions and speeds of the individual target vehicles relative to the prime vehicle. If the target detector 25 controls on-screen presentation of the symbols of the AIS and ARPA targets independently of each other and displays their synthesized image without taking into account information on the positions, speeds and courses determined by the AIS receiver 32, the display unit 18 will present a picture like the one shown in FIG. 8B. As can be seen from FIG. 8B, the symbols of the AIS and ARPA targets p1, p2 and p3 overlap one on top of another, making it difficult to recognize the position, speed and course of each target in this case. By comparison, if the symbols of the AIS targets are displayed with higher priority where they overlap with the symbols of the ARPA targets, the on-screen picture becomes easier to view as shown in FIG. 8A, and this decreases the risk of misinterpreting the picture. Furthermore, because the positions, speeds and courses of the target vehicles obtained by the AIS generally have higher accuracies than those obtained by the ARPA based on the radar echo data, it is possible to avoid loss of information on the target vehicles by giving higher priority to the symbols of the AIS targets. Although detected radar echoes are not shown in FIGS. 8A and 8B for the sake of simplicity of the drawings, target echoes in the background of the AIS and ARPA symbols are either masked by the symbols or overlapped by them, just appearing in part out of their periphery, in actuality. In addition, although not shown in FIGS. 8A and 8B, radar echoes of coastlines and islands, should they be present, would be displayed at their respective locations. An operational sequence performed by the target detector 25 of the apparatus of FIG. 7 is now described referring to a flowchart of FIG. 10. When differences in the positions and velocities between an AIS target and an ARPA target are smaller than specified thresholds, they can be regarded as the same target. The ARPA has the possibility of such tracking errors as target loss and target swop. Target loss is a situation in which a tracked target is lost due to a sudden change in speed or course of the target, or due to a loss of echo signal from the target. Target swop is a situation in which the ARPA begins to incorrectly track another tracked or non-tracked target which has entered into the proximity of a predicted position of the tracked target. Furthermore, there is a time delay in target course and speed information generated by the ARPA because the ARPA performs a smoothing operation to minimize the effects of measuring errors. This kind of error caused by the time delay is most apparent when a target vehicle is turning. For reasons stated above, it is difficult ensure that AIS target information and ARPA target information match exactly. Under these circumstances, acquisition and tracking of a target by the ARPA is prohibited at and in the proximity of the position of a target vehicle identified by the AIS system. A mask area generating operation performed by the vehicle information display apparatus of FIG. 7 is now described. First, the prime vehicle's position and heading data are entered from the GPS receiver 34 and the compass 35 to the target detector 25, respectively, while AIS data including the positions, speeds and courses of individual target vehicles derived from their vehicle identification information are entered from the AIS receiver 32 to the target detector 25. Based on these data, the target detector 25 generates mask areas at the target vehicle locations relative to the prime vehicle. For example, the target detector 25 generates circular mask areas having a specific radius centered around the AIS targets p1, p2 and p3 as shown in FIG. 9, in which the mask areas are depicted by broken lines and e1 to e4 indicate radar echoes of the detected target vehicles. Data on the aforementioned mask areas is continually updated so that the latest mask area data obtained in an immediately preceding update cycle is held in the form of a database. The mask area data may be updated either at reception of each successive AIS signal or at specific time intervals. In a target extracting operation shown in FIG. 10, the target detector 25 determines, or estimates, the center of each target from its corresponding radar echo. The target detector 25 then judges whether the estimated central position of a target falls within its corresponding mask area. If the estimated central position of the target lies within the mask area, the target detector 25 deletes position data of the target. This means that only those radar echoes of targets which do not lie in the mask areas are treated as targets to be acquired and tracked by the ARPA. The vehicle position obtained from the AIS target information is the position of a GPS antenna installed on a target vehicle. Since the GPS antenna does not necessarily match the central position of the target vehicle, a certain amount of difference normally occurs between the vehicle position given by the AIS and the central position of the target echo determined by the target detector 25. Because of this difference, it is necessary that each mask area be of a certain size. On the other hand, however, the vehicle identification signal contains as part of its static information the vehicle length and width (beam), type of the vehicle and the location of the GPS antenna (aft or bow and port or starboard of centerline), and these pieces of information are transmitted every 6 minutes. Therefore, the mask area may be set to a minimum necessary size (radius) based on an expected maximum deviation of the central position of an ARPA target from the target position determined by the AIS. The aforementioned mask area generating operation for generating the mask area database and the target extracting operation based on the detected radar echoes may be performed simultaneously by different central processing units (CPUs). Furthermore, although the target detector 25 selects the targets to be acquired and tracked with reference to the mask area database in the example shown in FIG. 7, this operation may be performed by the target selector 26. Referring again to FIG. 7, the configuration of the vehicle information display apparatus according to the sixth embodiment is now described. Although the target detector 25 performs the control operation for prohibiting detection of ARPA targets existing at the locations of corresponding AIS targets in the foregoing fifth embodiment, the symbol display controller 28 prohibits on-screen display of ARPA target symbols indicating the positions and velocities of the ARPA targets at and in the proximity of target vehicles based on target vehicle position information fed from the AIS receiver 32 in the sixth embodiment. The symbol display controller 28 displays only the AIS symbols indicating the positions and velocities of target vehicles identified by the AIS at the locations of the “prohibited” ARPA targets. More specifically, the symbol display controller 28 does not write (or inhibits the writing of) data for displaying the symbols of the prohibited ARPA targets at the locations of the corresponding target vehicles based on the target vehicle position information fed from the AIS receiver 32. The symbol display controller 28 then writes data for displaying the AIS symbols at locations of those target vehicles in the display memory 29. As a result of this operation, the ARPA symbols are not displayed in areas where the symbols indicating the positions and velocities of the AIS targets. This makes it possible to easily recognize the symbols of the AIS targets. In the sixth embodiment described above, the AIS symbols overlie the radar echoes of the corresponding target vehicles, because the radar echo data written in the display memory 16 is read out for on-screen display. The apparatus of the sixth embodiment may be modified such that display of the radar echoes is also prohibited at and in the proximity of the AIS targets. Specifically, masking information used when displaying contents of the display memory 16 is written in the display memory 29 and the display controller 17 is provided with a function of masking part of the radar echoes based on the masking information written in the display memory 29. Using this function, the symbol display controller 28 writes the data for displaying the AIS symbols together with the masking information for prohibiting display of the radar echoes at and around the locations of the AIS symbols in the display memory 29. This arrangement makes it possible to prohibit on-screen display of the radar echoes at and around the locations of the AIS symbols. Configurations of a harbor surveillance apparatus according to the seventh embodiment of the invention and a harbor surveillance system using the harbor surveillance apparatus are now described referring to FIGS. 11 and 12. While the vehicle information display apparatus of the fifth to seventh embodiments are intended for installation on a vessel, the harbor surveillance apparatus of the seventh embodiment is intended for use in a coast station for monitoring the positions and movements of vehicles in harbor areas. FIG. 11 is a general configuration diagram of the harbor surveillance system, in which designated by the numeral 100 is the harbor surveillance apparatus of the seventh embodiment provided at a coastal site looking on a harbor, designated by the numeral 11 is an antenna of a harbor radar and designated by the numeral 40 is an antenna of an AIS receiver. Further, designated by the numerals 101a, 101b and 101c are target vehicle detecting apparatus installed on target vehicles existing in the harbor. The construction of these target vehicles is the same as shown in FIG. 1. FIG. 12 is a block diagram showing the configuration of the harbor surveillance apparatus of the embodiment. The configuration of the harbor surveillance apparatus is basically the same as shown in FIG. 7. It is to be noted, however, that the harbor surveillance apparatus of this embodiment is not provided with a GPS receiver 34 as it is installed at a known location. Also, the apparatus is not provided with an AIS transmitter 36 or a gyrocompass 35. It should be apparent from the foregoing discussion that the invention is applicable to equipment and systems for receiving vehicle identification signals transmitted from onboard AIS transmitters and for acquiring and tracking vehicles using target echoes detected by a harbor radar.	<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION AND RELATED ART STATEMENT <EOH>1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates generally to a display apparatus for simultaneously displaying multiple pieces of information on mobile units (vehicles), such as their positions. More particularly, the invention pertains to a vehicle information display apparatus for displaying necessary pieces of information on vehicles with high visibility. The following discussion deals with a case where such a vehicle information display apparatus is installed on a vessel. 2. Description of the Prior Art Installation of a system named a universal shipborne automatic identification system (AIS) has been compulsorily required on large vessels from July 2002 to assist in avoiding collisions between the vessels and thereby promote the safety of life at sea. An important function of the AIS is to broadcast at specific intervals various items of information, such as the position of own ship (prime vehicle), navigational information including voyage information, as well as vessel-related information including vessel name and cargo type. Another important function of the AIS is to receive such information broadcast from other vessels and extract needed pieces of information. Carriage of an automatic radar plotting aid (ARPA), on the other hand, which is already used on many vessels to aid in avoiding collisions with other target vessels (target vehicles) by use of a radar image, is mandatory on large vessels. Upon receiving target echo data from a radar, the ARPA processes the target data, automatically acquires and tracks target vehicles, calculates the degree of risk of collisions with the target vehicles, and presents target information in readily recognizable form, allowing an operator to continuously watch the movements of target vehicles. When the ARPA detects a dangerous situation, it generates a warning and enables the operator to execute a simulated “trial maneuver” to find out an own ship maneuver for avoiding the collision situation. More specifically, the ARPA determines successive target positions from the target echo data fed from the radar, calculates relative motion (relative course and speed) of a target vehicle relative to the prime vehicle from varying relative positions of the target vehicle, and work out true motion (two-dimensional true course and speed) of the target vehicle taking into account of the velocity (vector quantity) of the prime vehicle. An on-screen presentation of the ARPA is produced by superimposing various markings (symbols) representing target information, such as the present and predicted (calculated) positions and motions of the target vehicles, on a radar image. It is preferable for the operator of the ARPA and the aforementioned AIS systems that any targets acquired and tracked by the ARPA (hereinafter referred to as the ARPA targets) and vessels identified by the AIS (hereinafter referred to as AIS targets) be presented on a common display in graphical form. As stated above, installation of the AIS system has been mandated since July 2002 on a specific class of large vessels. Since this mandatory carriage requirement of the AIS system is initially limited to the large vessels, target vehicles detected by the AIS (hereinafter referred to as the AIS targets) are all large vessels at the beginning. The mandatory carriage requirement is expected to be applied to smaller vessels in the future, however. Therefore, if symbols of all the AIS targets identified by the AIS system are to be displayed on a single display, the number of target symbols displayed could be considerably large in a future time, particularly in congested areas, such as in navigable waterways and harbor areas, making it difficult to identify the individual AIS targets. Similarly, the number of symbols representing target vehicles detected by the ARPA system (hereinafter referred to as the ARPA targets) could be too large in congested areas, making it difficult to identify the individual ARPA targets. Shown in FIG. 3C is an example of an AIS display presenting AIS targets all together, in which small squares are symbols indicating the positions of the individual AIS targets, small inverted triangles are symbols indicating the positions of individual ARPA targets, and broken lines indicate a simplified radar image of a coastline. This example shows a situation in which a large number of vessels are navigating close to the coastline of a strait. If cross-channel ferries, workboats and fishing vessels are present in such a water area, the AIS display would actually provide this kind of intricate picture. Both the ARPA and the AIS are originally intended to enhance the safety of navigation. One problem of the conventional systems is that if all targets including those which may be ignored from the viewpoint of navigation safety are displayed, it would become difficult for an operator of a target information display system to identify important targets on which the operator should primarily focus particular attention for safe navigation. As previously mentioned, the ARPA targets and the AIS targets are presented on a common display screen in graphical form. As a consequence, a symbol indicating the position, speed and course of an ARPA target derived from a particular target vehicle and a symbol indicating the position, speed and course of an AIS target derived from the same target vehicle are indicated at approximately the same location on the display screen, overlapping one on top of another. This overlapping of the symbols makes it difficult to recognize the position, speed and course of each target. In addition, if part of acquisition and tracking capacity of the ARPA is used for acquiring and tracking ship targets which have already detected by the AIS system, that part of the limited capacity of the ARPA would be consumed uselessly, resulting in a reduction in the number of targets that can be acquired and tracked by the ARPA.	<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>In light of the foregoing, it is an object of the invention to provide a vehicle information display apparatus for simultaneously displaying multiple pieces of information on mobile vehicles like vessels on a display screen with a capability to display particularly needed pieces of information with high visibility and with higher emphasis placed on those pieces of information. Another object of the invention is to provide a vehicle information display apparatus which, in deriving information on target vehicles and displaying their positions and motion, can avoid complexity of on-screen display when there exist a large number of target vehicles to provide improved visibility. Still another object of the invention is to provide a vehicle information display apparatus and a harbor surveillance apparatus for receiving vehicle identification signals transmitted from target vehicles and displaying their positions extracted from the vehicle identification signals as well as the positions of targets acquired and tracked by using target echo data of a radar, with a capability to provide a highly visible display of target symbols overcoming the aforementioned difficulty in recognizing overlapping ARPA and AIS target symbols for the same target vehicle and to enable efficient vehicle position extraction by an AIS system as well as efficient target acquisition and tracking operations by an ARPA system eliminating the waste of system resources, such as central processing unit (CPU) and memories. According to a first main feature of the invention, a vehicle information display apparatus comprises a receiver for receiving multiple pieces of information on mobile vehicles, a display device for displaying position information fed from the receiver, and a signal processor for producing image data used for displaying the multiple pieces of information on the mobile vehicles with high visibility. Preferably, the display device of this vehicle information display apparatus displays the mobile vehicles placing greater emphasis on a selected mobile vehicle. In one aspect of the invention, the aforementioned mobile vehicles are vessels. According to a second main feature of the invention, a vehicle information display apparatus for installation on a prime vessel comprises a receiver for receiving vehicle information including at least position information indicating the positions of other vessels, a vehicle information extractor for determining degrees of importance of the vehicle information fed from the receiver according to specific conditions and for extracting those pieces of the vehicle information of which degrees of importance fall within a predefined range, and a display controller for displaying the positions of the vessels corresponding to the extracted pieces of the vehicle information in graphic form. In one preferred form of the invention, the vehicle information display apparatus is constructed such that the display controller graphically displays the positions of the vessels derived from the vehicle information of which degrees of importance fall within the predefined range as extracted by the vehicle information extractor and the positions of the vessels derived from the vehicle information having the other degrees of importance with different levels of visibility. In another preferred form of the invention, the vehicle information display apparatus is constructed such that the vehicle information extractor extracts a predefined upper limit number of pieces of the vehicle information selected in the order of the degrees of importance from the piece of the vehicle information having the highest degree of importance. In another preferred form of the invention, the vehicle information display apparatus is constructed such that the receiver is a universal shipborne automatic identification system for receiving data transmitted from universal shipborne automatic identification systems of other vessels. In another preferred form of the invention, the vehicle information display apparatus is constructed such that the receiver is an automatic radar plotting aid which provides information on target vessels based on a signal fed from a radar for detecting targets around the prime vessel. In still another preferred form of the invention, the vehicle information display apparatus is constructed such that the receiver is a combination of a universal shipborne automatic identification system for receiving data transmitted from universal shipborne automatic identification systems of other vessels and an automatic radar plotting aid which provides information on target vessels based on a signal fed from a radar for detecting targets around the prime vessel. In yet another preferred form of the invention, the vehicle information display apparatus further comprises a collision risk evaluator for assessing the degree of collision risk based on the position and velocity of each target vessel relative to the prime vessel, wherein the degree of collision risk is employed as the degree of importance. According to a third main feature of the invention, a vehicle information display apparatus comprises a vehicle position information extractor for receiving vehicle identification signals transmitted from vessels and extracting at least position information indicating the positions of the vessels from the vehicle identification signals, a target acquisition/tracking device for acquiring and tracking targets based on target echo data fed from a radar, and a controller for displaying first symbols indicating the positions or velocity vectors of the individual vessels obtained by the vehicle position information extractor as well as second symbols indicating the positions or velocity vectors of the individual targets obtained by the target acquisition/tracking device on a single display device, wherein the controller displays the first symbols with higher priority over the second symbols at and in the proximity of a position where any of the first symbols is displayed. In one preferred form of the invention, the vehicle information display apparatus is constructed such that the controller prohibits acquisition and tracking of targets by the target acquisition/tracking device at and in the proximity of the position where any of the first symbols is displayed. In another preferred form of the invention, the vehicle information display apparatus is constructed such that the controller prohibits on-screen display of the second symbols at and in the proximity of the position where any of the first symbols is displayed. In another preferred form of the invention, the vehicle information display apparatus is constructed such that the controller prohibits on-screen display of the second symbols and target echoes detected by the radar at and in the proximity of the position where any of the first symbols is displayed. In still another preferred form of the invention, the vehicle information display apparatus is constructed such that the controller prohibits on-screen display of the second symbols without prohibiting on-screen display of target echoes detected by the radar at and in the proximity of the position where any of the first symbols is displayed. In yet another preferred form of the invention, the aforementioned vehicle position information extractor is an AIS and the aforementioned target acquisition/tracking device is an ARPA. According to a fourth main feature of the invention, a vehicle surveillance apparatus comprises a vehicle position information extractor for receiving vehicle identification signals transmitted from vessels and extracting at least position information indicating the positions of the vessels from the vehicle identification signals, a target acquisition/tracking device for acquiring and tracking targets based on target echo data fed from a land-based radar, and a controller for displaying first symbols indicating the positions or velocity vectors of the individual vessels obtained by the vehicle position information extractor as well as second symbols indicating the positions or velocity vectors of the individual targets obtained by the target acquisition/tracking device on a single display device, wherein the controller displays the first symbols with higher priority over the second symbols at and in the proximity of a position where any of the first symbols is displayed. According to a fifth main feature of the invention, a vessel surveillance apparatus comprises a receiver for receiving multiple pieces of information on vessels, a display device for displaying position information on the vessels fed from the receiver, and a signal processor for producing image data used for displaying the multiple pieces of information on the vessels with high visibility. According to a sixth main feature of the invention, a vehicle information display apparatus displays information obtained by a radar installed on a prime vessel, the information indicating the existence, position and motion trend of targets around the prime vessel, and vehicle information including at least position information derived from vehicle identification signals transmitted from other vessels and received by a vehicle position information extractor, wherein the two kinds of information are superimposed on one another. According to a seventh main feature of the invention, a vehicle information display apparatus for installation on a prime vessel comprises a receiver for receiving vehicle information transmitted from other vessels, the vehicle information including at least position information indicating the positions of the other vessels, an area setter for setting an area based on the distance from and the direction relative to the prime vessel, a vehicle information extractor for extracting the vehicle information on a vessel existing within the set area from the vehicle information received by the receiver, and a display device for displaying the vehicle information with greater emphasis placed on the vehicle information extracted by the vehicle information extractor than on the unextracted vehicle information. In one preferred form of the invention, the area set by the area setter is a circle. According to an eighth main feature of the invention, a vehicle information display apparatus to be installed at a specific fixed point on land for receiving vehicle information transmitted from multiple vessels and displaying the vehicle information on a display screen comprises a receiver for receiving the vehicle information including at least position information indicating the positions of the multiple vessels, an area setter for setting an area based on the distance from and the direction relative to the fixed point, a vehicle information extractor for extracting the vehicle information on a vessel existing within the set area from the vehicle information received by the receiver, and a display device for displaying the vehicle information with greater emphasis placed on the vehicle information extracted by the vehicle information extractor than on the unextracted vehicle information. According to a ninth main feature of the invention, a vehicle information display apparatus for installation on a prime vessel comprises a receiver for receiving vehicle information transmitted from other vessels, the vehicle information including at least position information indicating the positions of the other vessels, an area setter for setting an area, a vehicle information extractor for extracting the vehicle information on a vessel existing within the set area from the vehicle information received by the receiver, and a display device for displaying the vehicle information with greater emphasis placed on the vehicle information extracted by the vehicle information extractor than on the unextracted vehicle information. These and other objects, features and advantages of the invention will become more apparent upon reading the following detailed description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.	20040528	20060808	20060615	87309.0	G05D100	1	CAMBY, RICHARD M	VEHICLE INFORMATION DISPLAY APPARATUS	UNDISCOUNTED	1	CONT-ACCEPTED	G05D	2,004
10,855,533	ACCEPTED	Novel peptide-forming enzyme gene	DNA and recombinant DNA that encode a peptide-forming enzyme, a method for producing a peptide-forming enzyme, and a method for producing a dipeptide are disclosed. A method for producing a dipeptide includes producing a dipeptide from a carboxy component and an amine component by using a culture of a microbe belonging to the genus Sphingobacterium and having the ability to form the dipeptide from the carboxy component and the amine component, a microbial cell separated from the culture, treated microbial cell product of the microbe or a peptide-forming enzyme derived from the microbe.	1. A DNA encoding a protein selected from the group consisting of (A), (C), (E), (G), (I), (K), (M), (O), (O), (S), (U), and (W), wherein said protein has an amino acid sequence defined as follows: (A) an amino acid sequence consisting of amino acid residue numbers 23 to 616 of SEQ ID NO:6, (C) an amino acid sequence consisting of amino acid residue numbers 21 to 619 of SEQ ID NO:12, (E) an amino acid sequence consisting of amino acid residue numbers 23 to 625 of SEQ ID NO:18, (G) an amino acid sequence consisting of amino acid residue numbers 23 to 645 of SEQ ID NO:23, (I) an amino acid sequence consisting of amino acid residue numbers 26 to 620 of SEQ ID NO:25, (K) an amino acid sequence consisting of amino acid residue numbers 18 to 644 of SEQ ID NO:27, (M) an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO:6, (O) an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO:12, (Q) an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO:18, (S) an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO:23, (U) an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO:25, or (W) an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO:27, 2. A recombinant DNA comprising the DNA according to claim 1. 3. A transformed cell comprising the recombinant DNA according to claim 2. 4. A method for producing a peptide-forming enzyme comprising: culturing the transformed cell according to claim 3 in a medium for a time and under conditions suitable to produce the peptide-forming enzyme, and accumulating the peptide-forming enzyme in the medium and/or transformed cell. 5. A method for producing a dipeptide comprising: culturing the transformed cell according to claim 3 in a medium for a time and under conditions suitable to produce a peptide-forming enzyme in a culture, and mixing the culture with a carboxy component and an amine component to synthesize a dipeptide by enzymatic catalysis facilitated by a peptide-forming enzyme encoded by said DNA. 6. The method for producing a dipeptide according to claim 5, wherein said cell is a microbe belonging to the genus Sphingobacterium that has an ability to form the dipeptide from the carboxy component and the amine component. 7. The method for producing a dipeptide according to claim 6, wherein said cell is separated from said culture. 8. The method for producing a dipeptide according to claim 6, wherein said cell is a treated microbial cell product of the microbe. 9. A DNA encoding a protein selected from the group consisting of (B), (D), (F), (H), (J), (L), (N), (P), (R), (T), (V), and (X), wherein said protein has an amino acid sequence defined as follows: (B) an amino acid sequence including substitution, deletion, insertion, addition, and/or inversion of one or a plurality of amino acids in amino acid residue numbers 23 to 616 of SEQ ID NO:6, and has at least 50% of the peptide-forming activity of a protein corresponding to unmutated amino acid residue numbers 23 to 616 of SEQ ID NO:6 at 50° C. and a pH of 8, (D) an amino acid sequence including substitution, deletion, insertion, addition, and/or inversion of one or a plurality of amino acids in amino acid residue numbers 21 to 619 of SEQ ID NO:12, and has at least 50% of the peptide-forming activity of a protein corresponding to unmutated amino acid residue numbers 21 to 619 of SEQ ID NO:12 at 50° C. and a pH of 8, (F) an amino acid sequence including substitution, deletion, insertion, addition, and/or inversion of one or a plurality of amino acids in amino acid residue numbers 23 to 625 of SEQ ID NO:18, and has at least 50% of the peptide-forming activity of a protein corresponding to unmutated amino acid residue numbers 23 to 625 of SEQ ID NO:18 at 50° C. and a pH of 8, (H) an amino acid sequence including substitution, deletion, insertion, addition, and/or inversion of one or a plurality of amino acids in amino acid residue numbers 23 to 645 of SEQ ID NO:23, and has at least 50% of the peptide-forming activity of a protein corresponding to unmutated amino acid residue numbers 23 to 645 of SEQ ID NO:23 at 50° C. and a pH of 8, (J) an amino acid sequence including substitution, deletion, insertion, addition, and/or inversion of one or a plurality of amino acids in amino acid residue numbers 26 to 620 of SEQ ID NO:25, and has at least 50% of the peptide-forming activity of a protein corresponding to unmutated amino acid residue numbers 26 to 620 of SEQ ID NO:25 at 50° C. and a pH of 8, (L) an amino acid sequence including substitution, deletion, insertion, addition, and/or inversion of one or a plurality of amino acids in amino acid residue numbers 18 to 644 of SEQ ID NO:27, and has at least 50% of the peptide-forming activity of a protein corresponding to unmutated amino acid residue numbers 18 to 644 of SEQ ID NO:27 at 50° C. and a pH of 8, (N) a mature protein region, having an amino acid sequence including substitution, deletion, insertion, addition, and/or inversion of one or a plurality of amino acids in an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO:6, and has at least 50% of the peptide-forming activity of a protein corresponding to unmutated SEQ ID NO:6 at 50° C. and a pH of 8, (P) a mature protein region, having an amino acid sequence including substitution, deletion, insertion, addition, and/or inversion of one or a plurality of amino acids in an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO:12, and has at least 50% of the peptide-forming activity of a protein corresponding to unmutated SEQ ID NO:12 at 50° C. and a pH of 8, (R) a mature protein region, having an amino acid sequence including substitution, deletion, insertion, addition, and/or inversion of one or a plurality of amino acids in an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO:18, and has at least 50% of the peptide-forming activity of a protein corresponding to unmutated SEQ ID NO:18 at 50° C. and a pH of 8, (T) a mature protein region, having an amino acid sequence including substitution, deletion, insertion, addition, and/or inversion of one or a plurality of amino acids in an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO:23, and has at least 50% of the peptide-forming activity of a protein corresponding to unmutated SEQ ID NO:23 at 50° C. and a pH of 8, (V) a mature protein region, having an amino acid sequence including substitution, deletion, insertion, addition, and/or inversion of one or a plurality of amino acids in an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO:25, and has at least 50% of the peptide-forming activity of a protein corresponding to unmutated SEQ ID NO:25 at 50° C. and a pH of 8, or (X) a mature protein region, having an amino acid sequence including substitution, deletion, insertion, addition, and/or inversion of one or a plurality of amino acids in an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO:27, and has at least 50% of the peptide-forming activity of a protein corresponding to unmutated SEQ ID NO:27 at 50° C. and a pH of 8. 10. The DNA according to claim 9, wherein said plurality is 2 to 50 amino acid residues. 11. A recombinant DNA comprising the DNA according to claim 9. 12. A transformed cell comprising the recombinant DNA according to claim 11. 13. A method for producing a peptide-forming enzyme comprising: culturing the transformed cell according to claim 12, in a medium for a time and under conditions suitable to produce the peptide-forming enzyme, and accumulating the peptide-forming enzyme in the medium and/or transformed cell. 14. A method for producing a dipeptide comprising: culturing the transformed cell according to claim 12 in a medium for a time and under conditions suitable to produce a peptide-forming enzyme in a culture, and mixing the culture with a carboxy component and an amine component to synthesize a dipeptide by enzymatic catalysis facilitated by a peptide-forming enzyme encoded by said DNA. 15. The method for producing a dipeptide according to claim 14, wherein said cell is a microbe belonging to the genus Sphingobacterium that has an ability to form the dipeptide from the carboxy component and the amine component. 16. The method for producing a dipeptide according to claim 15, wherein said cell is separated from said culture. 17. The method for producing a dipeptide according to claim 15, wherein said cell is a treated microbial cell product of the microbe. 18. A DNA selected from the group consisting of (a), (c), (e), (g), (i), (k), (m), (o), (q), (s), (u), and (w), wherein said DNA has a base sequence defined as follows: (a) a base sequence consisting of base numbers 127 to 1908 of SEQ ID NO:5, (c) a base sequence consisting of base numbers 121 to 1917 of SEQ ID NO:11, (e) a base sequence consisting of base numbers 127 to 1935 of SEQ ID NO:17, (g) a base sequence consisting of base numbers 127 to 1995 of SEQ ID NO:22, (i) a base sequence consisting of base numbers 104 to 1888 of SEQ ID NO:24, (k) a base sequence consisting of base numbers 112 to 1992 of SEQ ID NO:26, (m) a base sequence consisting of base numbers 61 to 1908 of SEQ ID NO:5, (o) a base sequence consisting of base numbers 61 to 1917 of SEQ ID NO:11, (q) a base sequence consisting of base numbers 61 to 1935 of SEQ ID NO:17, (s) a base sequence consisting of base numbers 61 to 1995 of SEQ ID NO:22, (u) a base sequence consisting of base numbers 29 to 1888 of SEQ ID NO:24, or (w) a base sequence consisting of base numbers 61 to 1992 of SEQ ID NO:26. 19. A recombinant DNA comprising the DNA according to claim 18. 20. A transformed cell comprising the recombinant DNA according to claim 19. 21. A method for producing a peptide-forming enzyme comprising: culturing the transformed cell according to claim 20 in a medium for a time and under conditions suitable to produce the peptide-forming enzyme, and accumulating the peptide-forming enzyme in the medium and/or transformed cell. 22. A method for producing a dipeptide comprising: culturing the transformed cell according to claim 20 in a medium for a time and under conditions suitable to produce a peptide-forming enzyme in a culture, and mixing the culture with a carboxy component and an amine component to synthesize a dipeptide by enzymatic catalysis facilitated by a peptide-forming enzyme encoded by said DNA. 23. The method for producing a dipeptide according to claim 22, wherein said cell is a microbe belonging to the genus Sphingobacterium that has an ability to form the dipeptide from the carboxy component and the amine component. 24. The method for producing a dipeptide according to claim 23, wherein said cell is separated from said culture. 25. The method for producing a dipeptide according to claim 23, wherein said cell is a treated microbial cell product of the microbe. 26. A DNA selected from the group consisting of (b), (d), (f), (h), (j), (I), (n), (p), (r), (t), (v), and (x), wherein said DNA has a base sequence defined as follows: (b) a base sequence that hybridizes under stringent conditions with a DNA having a base sequence complementary to a base sequence consisting of base numbers 127 to 1908 of SEQ ID NO:5, and encodes a protein that has at least 50% of the peptide-forming activity at 50° C. and a pH of 8 of a protein encoded by unmutated base numbers 127 to 1908 of SEQ ID NO:5, (d) a base sequence that hybridizes under stringent conditions with a DNA having a base sequence complementary to a base sequence consisting of base numbers 121 to 1917 of SEQ ID NO:11, and encodes a protein that has at least 50% of the peptide-forming activity at 50° C. and a pH of 8 of a protein encoded by unmutated base numbers 121 to 1917 of SEQ ID NO:11, (f) a base sequence that hybridizes under stringent conditions with a DNA having a base sequence complementary to a base sequence consisting of base numbers 127 to 1935 of SEQ ID NO:17, and encodes a protein that has at least 50% of the peptide-forming activity at 50° C. and a pH of 8 of a protein-encoded by unmutated base numbers 127 to 1935 of SEQ ID NO:17, (h) a base sequence that hybridizes under stringent conditions with a DNA having a base sequence complementary to a base sequence consisting of base numbers 127 to 1995 of SEQ ID NO:22, and encodes a protein that has at least 50% of the peptide-forming activity at 50° C. and a pH of 8 of a protein encoded by unmutated base numbers 127 to 1995 of SEQ ID NO:22, (j) a base sequence that hybridizes under stringent conditions with a DNA having a base sequence complementary to a base sequence consisting of base numbers 104 to 1888 of SEQ ID NO:24, and encodes a protein that has at least 50% of the peptide-forming activity at 50° C. and a pH of 8 of a protein encoded by unmutated base numbers 104 to 1888 of SEQ ID NO:24, (l) a base sequence that hybridizes under stringent conditions with a DNA having a base sequence complementary to a base sequence consisting of base numbers 112 to 1992 of SEQ ID NO:26, and encodes a protein that has at least 50% of the peptide-forming activity at 50° C. and a pH of 8 of a protein encoded by unmutated base numbers 112 to 1992 of SEQ ID NO:26, (n) a base sequence that hybridizes under stringent conditions with a DNA having a base sequence complementary to a base sequence consisting of base numbers 61 to 1908 of SEQ ID NO:5, and encodes a protein that has at least 50% of the peptide-forming activity at 50° C. and a pH of 8 of a protein encoded by unmutated base numbers 61 to 1908 of SEQ ID NO:5, (p) a base sequence that hybridizes under stringent conditions with a DNA having a base sequence complementary to a base sequence consisting of base numbers 61 to 1917 of SEQ ID NO:11, and encodes a protein that has at least 50% of the peptide-forming activity at 50° C. and a pH of 8 of a protein encoded by unmutated base numbers 61 to 1917 of SEQ ID NO:11, (r) a base sequence that hybridizes under stringent conditions with a DNA having a base sequence complementary to a base sequence consisting of base numbers 61 to 1935 of SEQ ID NO:17, and encodes a protein that has at least 50% of the peptide-forming activity at 50° C. and a pH of 8 of a protein encoded by unmutated base numbers 61 to 1935 of SEQ ID NO:17, (t) a base sequence that hybridizes under stringent conditions with a DNA having a base sequence complementary to a base sequence consisting of base numbers 61 to 1995 of SEQ ID NO:22, and encodes a protein that has at least 50% of the peptide-forming activity at 50° C. and a pH of 8 of a protein encoded by unmutated base numbers 61 to 1995 of SEQ ID NO:22, (v) a base sequence that hybridizes under stringent conditions with a DNA having a base sequence complementary to a base sequence consisting of base numbers 29 to 1888 of SEQ ID NO:24, and encodes a protein that has at least 50% of the peptide-forming activity at 50° C. and a pH of 8 of a protein encoded by unmutated base numbers 29 to 1888 of SEQ ID NO:24, or (x) a base sequence that hybridizes under stringent conditions with a DNA having a base sequence complementary to a base sequence consisting of base numbers 61 to 1992 of SEQ ID NO:26, and encodes a protein that has at least 50% of the peptide-forming activity at 50° C. and a pH of 8 of a protein encoded by unmutated base numbers 61 to 1992 of SEQ ID NO:26. 27. A recombinant DNA comprising the DNA according to claim 26. 28. A transformed cell comprising the recombinant DNA according to claim 26. 29. A method for producing a peptide-forming enzyme comprising: culturing the transformed cell according to claim 28 in a medium for a time and under conditions suitable to produce the peptide-forming enzyme, and accumulating the peptide-forming enzyme in the medium and/or transformed cell. 30. A method for producing a dipeptide comprising: culturing the transformed cell according to claim 28 in a medium for a time and under conditions suitable to produce a peptide-forming enzyme in a culture, and mixing the culture with a carboxy component and an amine component to synthesize a dipeptide by enzymatic catalysis facilitated by a peptide-forming enzyme encoded by said DNA. 31. The method for producing a dipeptide according to claim 30, wherein said cell is a microbe belonging to the genus Sphingobacterium that has an ability to form the dipeptide from the carboxy component and the amine component. 32. The method for producing a dipeptide according to claim 31, wherein said cell is separated from said culture. 33. The method for producing a dipeptide according to claim 31, wherein said cell is a treated microbial cell product of the microbe. 34. The DNA according to claim 26, wherein stringent conditions are conditions under which washing is carried out at 60° C. at a salt concentration equivalent to 1×SSC and 0.1% SDS. 35. A recombinant DNA comprising the DNA according to claim 34. 36. A transformed cell comprising the recombinant DNA according to claim 35. 37. A method for producing a peptide-forming enzyme comprising: culturing the transformed cell according to claim 36 in a medium fro a time and under conditions suitable to produce the peptide-forming enzyme, and accumulating the peptide-forming enzyme in the medium and/or transformed cell. 38. A method for producing a dipeptide comprising: culturing the transformed cell according to claim 36 in a medium and under conditions suitable to produce a dipeptide-forming enzyme in a culture, and mixing the culture with a carboxy component and an amine component to synthesize a dipeptide by enzymatic catalysis facilitated by a peptide-forming enzyme encoded by said DNA.	TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to a novel enzyme that can form a peptide easily, at high yield and inexpensively without going through a complex synthetic method. More particularly, the present invention relates to a novel enzyme that catalyzes a peptide-forming reaction from a carboxy component and an amine component, to a microbe that produces the enzyme, and to a method for producing dipeptide using this enzyme or microbe. BACKGROUND ART Peptides are used in the fields of pharmaceuticals, foods and various other fields. For example, since L-alanyl-L-glutamine has higher stability and water-solubility than L-glutamine, it is widely used as a component of fluid infusion and serum-free media. Chemical synthesis methods, which have been known as methods for producing peptides, are not always easy. Known examples of such methods include a method that uses N-benzyloxycarbonylalanine (hereinafter, “Z-alanine”) and protected L-glutamine (see Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 34, 739 (1961), Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 35, 1966 (1962)), a method that uses Z-alanine and protected L-glutamic acid-γ-methyl ester (see Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 37, 200 (1964)), a method that uses Z-alanine ester and unprotected glutamic acid (see Japanese Patent Application Laid-open Publication No. H1-96194), a method that involves synthesis of an N-(2-substituted)-propionyl glutamine derivative as an intermediate from a 2-substituted-propionyl halide as a raw material (see Patent Application Laid-open Publication No. H6-234715). However, since all these methods require the introduction and elimination of protecting groups or the use of an optically active intermediate, they are not considered to be adequately satisfactory in terms of their industrial advantages. On the other hand, widely known examples of typical peptide production methods using enzymes consist of a condensation reaction that uses an N-protected and C-unprotected carboxy component and an N-unprotected, C-protected amine component (hereinafter, “Reaction 1”), and a substitution reaction that uses an N-protected, C-protected carboxy component and an N-unprotected, C-protected amine component (hereinafter, “Reaction 2”). An example of Reaction 1 is a method for producing Z-aspartylphenylalanine methyl ester from Z-aspartic acid and phenylalanine methyl ester (see Japanese Patent Application Laid-open Publication No. S53-92729), while an example of Reaction 2 is a method for producing acetylphenylalanylleucine amide from acetylphenylalanine ethyl ester and leucine amide (see Biochemical J., 163, 531 (1977)). There have been reported very few research examples of method that uses an N-unprotected, C-protected carboxy component. An example of a substitution reaction that uses an N-unprotected, C-protected carboxy component and an N-unprotected, C-protected amine component (hereinafter, “Reaction 3”) is described in International Patent Publication WO 90/01555. For example, a method for producing arginylleucine amide from arginine ethyl ester and leucine amide may be mentioned of Examples of substitution reactions that use an N-unprotected, C-protected carboxy component and an N-unprotected, C-unprotected amine component (hereinafter, “Reaction 4”) are described in European Patent Publication EP 278787A1 and European Patent Publication EP 359399B1. For example, a method for producing tyrosylalanine from tyrosine ethyl ester and alanine may be mentioned of. DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION The most inexpensive production method among the aforementioned methods of Reactions 1 to 4 naturally falls within the class of Reaction 4, which involves the fewest protecting groups. However, the example of Reaction 4 of the prior art (see European Patent Publication EP 278787A1) had the following major problems: (1) extremely slow rate of peptide production, (2) low peptide production yield, (3) the peptides that can be produced are limited to those that contain amino acids with comparatively high hydrophobicity, (4) the amount of enzyme added is extremely large, and (5) comparatively expensive carboxypeptidase preparations derived from molds, yeasts or plants are required. In the Reaction 4, there is no method known whatsoever that uses an enzyme derived from bacteria or yeasts other than the genus Saccharomyces, and there are no known method for producing alanylglutamine and other peptides that are highly hydrophilic. In consideration of this background, there is a need to develop an industrially inexpensive method for producing these peptides. It is an object of the present invention to provide a novel enzyme that can form a peptide easily, at high yield and inexpensively without going through a complex synthesis method. More particularly, an object of the present invention is to provide a novel enzyme that catalyzes a peptide-forming reaction from a carboxy component and an amine component, a microbe that produces the enzyme, and a method for inexpensively producing a peptide using this enzyme or microbe. As a result of conducting extensive research in consideration of the above object, the inventors of the present invention have found a novel enzyme that efficiently forms a peptide from newly discovered bacteria belonging to the genus Empedobacter, etc. and determined the sequence of this enzyme gene, thereby leading to completion of the present invention. Namely, the present invention is as described below. [1] A DNA encoding a protein selected from the group consisting of (A), (C), (E), (G), (I), (K), (M), (O), (O), (S), (U), and (W), wherein the protein has an amino acid sequence defined as follows: (A) an amino acid sequence consisting of amino acid residue numbers 23 to 616 of SEQ ID NO:6, (C) an amino acid sequence consisting of amino acid residue numbers 21 to 619 of SEQ ID NO:12, (E) an amino acid sequence consisting of amino acid residue numbers 23 to 625 of SEQ ID NO:18, (G) an amino acid sequence consisting of amino acid residue numbers 23 to 645 of SEQ ID NO:23, (I) an amino acid sequence consisting of amino acid residue numbers 26 to 620 of SEQ ID NO:25, (K) an amino acid sequence consisting of amino acid residue numbers 18 to 644 of SEQ ID NO:27, (M) an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO:6, (O) an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO:12, (Q) an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO:18, (S) an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO:23, (U) an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO:25, or (W) an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO:27, [2] A recombinant DNA including the DNA according to [1] above. [3] A transformed cell including the recombinant DNA according to [2] above. [4] A method for producing a peptide-forming enzyme including: culturing the transformed cell according to [3] above in a medium for a time and under conditions suitable to produce the peptide-forming enzyme, and accumulating the peptide-forming enzyme in the medium and/or transformed cell. [5] A method for producing a dipeptide including: culturing the transformed cell according to [3] in a medium for a time and under conditions suitable to produce a peptide-forming enzyme in a culture, and mixing the culture with a carboxy component and an amine component to synthesize a dipeptide by enzymatic catalysis facilitated by a peptide-forming enzyme encoded by the DNA. [6] The method for producing a dipeptide according to [5] above, wherein the cell is a microbe belonging to the genus Sphingobacterium that has an ability to form the dipeptide from the carboxy component and the amine component. [7] The method for producing a dipeptide according to [6] above, wherein the cell is separated from the culture. [8] The method for producing a dipeptide according to [6] above, wherein the cell is a treated microbial cell product of the microbe. [9] A DNA encoding a protein selected from the group consisting of (B), (D), (F), (H), (J), (L), (N), (P), (R), (T), (V), and (X), wherein the protein has an amino acid sequence defined as follows: (B) an amino acid sequence including substitution, deletion, insertion, addition, and/or inversion of one or a plurality of amino acids in amino acid residue numbers 23 to 616 of SEQ ID NO:6, and has at least 50% of the peptide-forming activity of a protein corresponding to unmutated amino acid residue numbers 23 to 616 of SEQ ID NO:6 at 50° C. and a pH of 8, (D) an amino acid sequence including substitution, deletion, insertion, addition, and/or inversion of one or a plurality of amino acids in amino acid residue numbers 21 to 619 of SEQ ID NO:12, and has at least 50% of the peptide-forming activity of a protein corresponding to unmutated amino acid residue numbers 21 to 619 of SEQ ID NO:12 at 50° C. and a pH of 8, (F) an amino acid sequence including substitution, deletion, insertion, addition, and/or inversion of one or a plurality of amino acids in amino acid residue numbers 23 to 625 of SEQ ID NO:18, and has at least 50% of the peptide-forming activity of a protein corresponding to unmutated amino acid residue numbers 23 to 625 of SEQ ID NO:18 at 50° C. and a pH of 8, (H) an amino acid sequence including substitution, deletion, insertion, addition, and/or inversion of one or a plurality of amino acids in amino acid residue numbers 23 to 645 of SEQ ID NO:23, and has at least 50% of the peptide-forming activity of a protein corresponding to unmutated amino acid residue numbers 23 to 645 of SEQ ID NO:23 at 50° C. and a pH of 8, (J) an amino acid sequence including substitution, deletion, insertion, addition, and/or inversion of one or a plurality of amino acids in amino acid residue numbers 26 to 620 of SEQ ID NO:25, and has at least 50% of the peptide-forming activity of a protein corresponding to unmutated amino acid residue numbers 26 to 620 of SEQ ID NO:25 at 50° C. and a pH of 8, (L) an amino acid sequence including substitution, deletion, insertion, addition, and/or inversion of one or a plurality of amino acids in amino acid residue numbers 18 to 644 of SEQ ID NO:27, and has at least 50% of the peptide-forming activity of a protein corresponding to unmutated amino acid residue numbers 18 to 644 of SEQ ID NO:27 at 50° C. and a pH of 8, (N) a mature protein region, having an amino acid sequence including substitution, deletion, insertion, addition, and/or inversion of one or a plurality of amino acids in an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO:6, and has at least 50% of the peptide-forming activity of a protein corresponding to unmutated SEQ ID NO:6 at 50° C. and a pH of 8, (P) a mature protein region, having an amino acid sequence including substitution, deletion, insertion, addition, and/or inversion of one or a plurality of amino acids in an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO:12, and has at least 50% of the peptide-forming activity of a protein corresponding to unmutated SEQ ID NO:12 at 50° C. and a pH of 8, (R) a mature protein region, having an amino acid sequence including substitution, deletion, insertion, addition, and/or inversion of one or a plurality of amino acids in an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO:18, and has at least 50% of the peptide-forming activity of a protein corresponding to unmutated SEQ ID NO:18 at 50° C. and a pH of 8, (T) a mature protein region, having an amino acid sequence including substitution, deletion, insertion, addition, and/or inversion of one or a plurality of amino acids in an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO:23, and has at least 50% of the peptide-forming activity of a protein corresponding to unmutated SEQ ID NO:23 at 50° C. and a pH of 8, (V) a mature protein region, having an amino acid sequence including substitution, deletion, insertion, addition, and/or inversion of one or a plurality of amino acids in an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO:25, and has at least 50% of the peptide-forming activity of a protein corresponding to unmutated SEQ ID NO:25 at 50° C. and a pH of 8, or (X) a mature protein region, having an amino acid sequence including substitution, deletion, insertion, addition, and/or inversion of one or a plurality of amino acids in an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO:27, and has at least 50% of the peptide-forming activity of a protein corresponding to unmutated SEQ ID NO:27 at 50° C. and a pH of 8. [10] The DNA according to [9] above, wherein the plurality is 2 to 50 amino acid residues. [11] A recombinant DNA including the DNA according to [9] above. [12] A transformed cell including the recombinant DNA according to [11] above. [13] A method for producing a peptide-forming enzyme including: culturing the transformed cell according to [12] above, in a medium for a time and under conditions suitable to produce the peptide-forming enzyme, and accumulating the peptide-forming enzyme in the medium and/or transformed cell. [14] A method for producing a dipeptide including: culturing the transformed cell according to [12] above in a medium for a time and under conditions suitable to produce a peptide-forming enzyme in a culture, and mixing the culture with a carboxy component and an amine component to synthesize a dipeptide by enzymatic catalysis facilitated by a peptide-forming enzyme encoded by the DNA. [15] The method for producing a dipeptide according to [14] above, wherein the cell is a microbe belonging to the genus Sphingobacterium that has an ability to form the dipeptide from the carboxy component and the amine component. [16] The method for producing a dipeptide according to [15] above, wherein the cell is separated from the culture. [17] The method for producing a dipeptide according to [15] above, wherein the cell is a treated microbial cell product of the microbe. [18] A DNA selected from the group consisting of (a), (c), (e), (g), (i), (k), (m), (o), (q), (s), (u), and (w), wherein the DNA has a base sequence defined as follows: (a) a base sequence consisting of base numbers 127 to 1908 of SEQ ID NO:5, (c) a base sequence consisting of base numbers 121 to 1917 of SEQ ID NO:11, (e) a base sequence consisting of base numbers 127 to 1935 of SEQ ID NO:17, (g) a base sequence consisting of base numbers 127 to 1995 of SEQ ID NO:22, (i) a base sequence consisting of base numbers 104 to 1888 of SEQ ID NO:24, (k) a base sequence consisting of base numbers 112 to 1992 of SEQ ID NO:26, (m) a base sequence consisting of base numbers 61 to 1908 of SEQ ID NO:5, (o) a base sequence consisting of base numbers 61 to 1917 of SEQ ID NO:11, (q) a base sequence consisting of base numbers 61 to 1935 of SEQ ID NO:17, (s) a base sequence consisting of base numbers 61 to 1995 of SEQ ID NO:22, (u) a base sequence consisting of base numbers 29 to 1888 of SEQ ID NO:24, or (w) a base sequence consisting of base numbers 61 to 1992 of SEQ ID NO:26. [19] A recombinant DNA including the DNA according to [18] above. [20] A transformed cell including the recombinant DNA according to [19] above. [21] A method for producing a peptide-forming enzyme including: culturing the transformed cell according to [20] in a medium for a time and under conditions suitable to produce the peptide-forming enzyme, and accumulating the peptide-forming enzyme in the medium and/or transformed cell. [22] A method for producing a dipeptide including: culturing the transformed cell according to [20] in a medium for a time and under conditions suitable to produce a peptide-forming enzyme in a culture, and mixing the culture with a carboxy component and an amine component to synthesize a dipeptide by enzymatic catalysis facilitated by a peptide-forming enzyme encoded by the DNA. [23] The method for producing a dipeptide according to [22] above, wherein the cell is a microbe belonging to the genus Sphingobacterium that has an ability to form the dipeptide from the carboxy component and the amine component. [24] The method for producing a dipeptide according to [23], wherein the cell is separated from the culture. [25] The method for producing a dipeptide according to [23], wherein the cell is a treated microbial cell product of the microbe. [26] A DNA selected from the group consisting of (b), (d), (f), (h), (j), (l), (n), (p), (r), (t), (v), and (x), wherein the DNA has a base sequence defined as follows: (b) a base sequence that hybridizes under stringent conditions with a DNA having a base sequence complementary to a base sequence consisting of base numbers 127 to 1908 of SEQ ID NO:5, and encodes a protein that has at least 50% of the peptide-forming activity at 50° C. and a pH of 8 of a protein encoded by unmutated base numbers 127 to 1908 of SEQ ID NO:5, (d) a base sequence that hybridizes under stringent conditions with a DNA having a base sequence complementary to a base sequence consisting of base numbers 121 to 1917 of SEQ ID NO:11, and encodes a protein that has at least 50% of the peptide-forming activity at 50° C. and a pH of 8 of a protein encoded by unmutated base numbers 121 to 1917 of SEQ ID NO:11, (f) a base sequence that hybridizes under stringent conditions with a DNA having a base sequence complementary to a base sequence consisting of base numbers 127 to 1935 of SEQ ID NO:17, and encodes a protein that has at least 50% of the peptide-forming activity at 50° C. and a pH of 8 of a protein encoded by unmutated base numbers 127 to 1935 of SEQ ID NO:17, (h) a base sequence that hybridizes under stringent conditions with a DNA having a base sequence complementary to a base sequence consisting of base numbers 127 to 1995 of SEQ ID NO:22, and encodes a protein that has at least 50% of the peptide-forming activity at 50° C. and a pH of 8 of a protein encoded by unmutated base numbers 127 to 1995 of SEQ ID NO:22, (j) a base sequence that hybridizes under stringent conditions with a DNA having a base sequence complementary to a base sequence consisting of base numbers 104 to 1888 of SEQ ID NO:24, and encodes a protein that has at least 50% of the peptide-forming activity at 50° C. and a pH of 8 of a protein encoded by unmutated base numbers 104 to 1888 of SEQ ID NO:24, (l) a base sequence that hybridizes under stringent conditions with a DNA having a base sequence complementary to a base sequence consisting of base numbers 112 to 1992 of SEQ ID NO:26, and encodes a protein that has at least 50% of the peptide-forming activity at 50° C. and a pH of 8 of a protein encoded by unmutated base numbers 112 to 1992 of SEQ ID NO:26, (n) a base sequence that hybridizes under stringent conditions with a DNA having a base sequence complementary to a base sequence consisting of base numbers 61 to 1908 of SEQ ID NO:5, and encodes a protein that has at least 50% of the peptide-forming activity at 50° C. and a pH of 8 of a protein encoded by unmutated base numbers 61 to 1908 of SEQ ID NO:5, (p) a base sequence that hybridizes under stringent conditions with a DNA having a base sequence complementary to a base sequence consisting of base numbers 61 to 1917 of SEQ ID NO:11, and encodes a protein that has at least 50% of the peptide-forming activity at 50° C. and a pH of 8 of a protein encoded by unmutated base numbers 61 to 1917 of SEQ ID NO:11, (r) a base sequence that hybridizes under stringent conditions with a DNA having a base sequence complementary to a base sequence consisting of base numbers 61 to 1935 of SEQ ID NO:17, and encodes a protein that has at least 50% of the peptide-forming activity at 50° C. and a pH of 8 of a protein encoded by unmutated base numbers 61 to 1935 of SEQ ID NO:17, (t) a base sequence that hybridizes under stringent conditions with a DNA having a base sequence complementary to a base sequence consisting of base numbers 61 to 1995 of SEQ ID NO:22, and encodes a protein that has at least 50% of the peptide-forming activity at 50° C. and a pH of 8 of a protein encoded by unmutated base numbers 61 to 1995 of SEQ ID NO:22, (v) a base sequence that hybridizes under stringent conditions with a DNA having a base sequence complementary to a base sequence consisting of base numbers 29 to 1888 of SEQ ID NO:24, and encodes a protein that has at least 50% of the peptide-forming activity at 50° C. and a pH of 8 of a protein encoded by unmutated base numbers 29 to 1888 of SEQ ID NO:24, or (x) a base sequence that hybridizes under stringent conditions with a DNA having a base sequence complementary to a base sequence consisting of base numbers 61 to 1992 of SEQ ID NO:26, and encodes a protein that has at least 50% of the peptide-forming activity at 50° C. and a pH of 8 of a protein encoded by unmutated base numbers 61 to 1992 of SEQ ID NO:26. [27] A recombinant DNA including the DNA according to [26] above. [28] A transformed cell including the recombinant DNA according to [26] above. [29] A method for producing a peptide-forming enzyme including: culturing the transformed cell according to [28] in a medium for a time and under conditions suitable to produce the peptide-forming enzyme, and accumulating the peptide-forming enzyme in the medium and/or transformed cell. [30] A method for producing a dipeptide including: culturing the transformed cell according to [28] in a medium for a time and under conditions suitable to produce a peptide-forming enzyme in a culture, and mixing the culture with a carboxy component and an amine component to synthesize a dipeptide by enzymatic catalysis facilitated by a peptide-forming enzyme encoded by the DNA. [31] The method for producing a dipeptide according to [30] above, wherein the cell is a microbe belonging to the genus Sphingobacterium that has an ability to form the dipeptide from the carboxy component and the amine component. [32] The method for producing a dipeptide according to [31] above, wherein the cell is separated from the culture. [33] The method for producing a dipeptide according to [31] above, wherein the cell is a treated microbial cell product of the microbe. [34] The DNA according to [26] above, wherein stringent conditions are conditions under which washing is carried out at 60° C. at a salt concentration equivalent to 1×SSC and 0.1% SDS. [35] A recombinant DNA including the DNA according to [34]. [36] A transformed cell including the recombinant DNA according to [35]. [37] A method for producing a peptide-forming enzyme including: culturing the transformed cell according to [36] in a medium fro a time and under conditions suitable to produce the peptide-forming enzyme, and accumulating the peptide-forming enzyme in the medium and/or transformed cell. [38] A method for producing a dipeptide including: culturing the transformed cell according to [36] in a medium and under conditions suitable to produce a dipeptide-forming enzyme in a culture, and mixing the culture with a carboxy component and an amine component to synthesize a dipeptide by enzymatic catalysis facilitated by a peptide-forming enzyme encoded by the DNA. Furthermore, the amino acid sequence described in SEQ ID NO: 6 is specified by the DNA described in SEQ ID NO: 5 of the Sequence Listing. The amino acid sequence described in SEQ ID NO: 12 is specified by the DNA described in SEQ ID NO: 11. The amino acid sequence described in SEQ ID NO: 18 is specified by the DNA described in SEQ ID NO: 17. The amino acid sequence described in SEQ ID NO: 23 is specified by the DNA described in SEQ ID NO: 22. The amino acid sequence described in SEQ ID NO: 25 is specified by the DNA described in SEQ ID NO: 24. The amino acid sequence described in SEQ ID NO: 27 is specified by the DNA described in SEQ ID NO: 26. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a graph illustrating the optimum pH of the enzyme of Empedobacter of the present invention; FIG. 2 is a graph illustrating the optimum temperature of the enzyme of Empedobacter of the present invention; FIG. 3 is a graph illustrating the time course of L-alanyl-L-glutamine production from L-alanine methyl ester and L-glutamine; and FIG. 4 is a bar graph illustrating the amount of enzyme present in a cytoplasm fraction (Cy) and a periplasm fraction (Pe). BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION Hereinafter, the novel dipeptide-forming enzyme gene of the present invention and the dipeptide-forming enzyme that is the product of that gene. (1) Microbes Harboring the DNA of the Present Invention The DNA of the present invention encodes a protein having the ability to form a peptide from a carboxy component and an amine component. In the present specification, a carboxy component refers to a component that provides a carbonyl site (CO) in a peptide bond (—CONH—), while an amine component refers to a component that provides an amino site (NH) in a peptide bond. In addition, in the present specification, unless otherwise indicated specifically, the term “peptide” when used alone refers to a polymer having at least one peptide bond. In addition, in the present specification, “dipeptide” refers to a peptide having one peptide bond. Examples of microbes harboring the DNA of the present invention include bacteria belonging to the genus Empedobacter, genus Sphingobacterium, genus Pedobacter, genus Taxeobacter, genus Cyclobacterium or genus Psycloserpens, while more specific examples thereof include Empedobacter brevis strain ATCC 14234 (strain FERM P-18545, strain FERM BP-8113), Sphingobacterium sp. strain FERM BP-8124, Pedobacter heparinus strain IFO 12017, Taxeobacter gelupurpurascens strain DSMZ 11116, Cyclobacterium marinum strain ATCC 25205 and Psycloserpens burtonensis strain ATCC 700359. Empedobacter brevis strain ATCC 14234 (strain FERM P-18545, strain FERM BP-8113), Sphingobacterium sp. strain FERM BP-8124, Pedobacter heparinus strain IFO 12017, Taxeobacter gelupurpurascens strain DSMZ 11116, Cyclobacterium marinum strain ATCC 25205 and Psycloserpens burtonensis strain ATCC 700359 are microbes that were selected as a result of searching by the inventors of the present invention for microbes that produce an enzyme which forms a peptide from a carboxy component and an amine component at high yield. Among the aforementioned strains of microbes, those microbes described with FERM numbers have been deposited at the independent administrative corporation, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, International Patent Organism Depository (Chuo Dai-6,1-1 Higashi 1-Chome, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki-ken, Japan), and can be furnished by referring to each number. Among the aforementioned strains of microbes, those microbes described with ATCC numbers have been deposited at the American Type Culture Collection (P.O. Box 1549, Manassas, Va. 20110, the United States of America), and can be furnished by referring to each number. Among the aforementioned strains of microbes, those microbes described with IFO numbers have been deposited at the Institute of Fermentation, Osaka (2-17-85 Jusanbon-cho, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka-shi, Japan), and can be furnished by referring to each number. Among the aforementioned strains of microbes, those microbes described with NBRC numbers have been deposited at the NITE Biological Resource Center of the National Institute of Technology and Evaluation (5-8 Kazusa-Kamaashi 2-Chome, Kisarazu-shi, Chiba-ken, Japan), and can be furnished by referring to each number. Among the aforementioned strains of microbes, those microbes described with DSMZ numbers have been deposited at the Deutche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zelikulturen GmbH (German Collection of Microbes and Cell Cultures) (Mascheroder Weg 1b, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany), and can be furnished by referring to each number. Empedobacter brevis strain ATCC 14234 (strain FERM P-18545, strain FERM BP-8113) was deposited at the International Patent Organism Depository of the independent administrative corporation, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (Chuo Dai-6,1-1 Higashi 1-Chome, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki-ken, Japan) on Oct. 1, 2001 and assigned the deposit number of FERM P-18545. Control of this organism was subsequently transferred to deposition under the provisions of the Budapest Treaty at the International Patent Organism Depository of the independent administrative corporation, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology on Jul. 8, 2002 and was assigned the deposit number of FERM BP-8113 (indication of microbe: Empedobacter brevis strain AJ 13933). Sphingobacterium sp. strain AJ 110003 was deposited at the International Patent Organism Depository of the independent administrative corporation, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology on Jul. 22, 2002, and was assigned the deposit number of FERM BP-8124. Note that the strain AJ 110003 (FERM BP-8124) was identified to be the aforementioned Sphingobacterium sp. by the identification experiment described below. The strain FERM BP-8124 is a Gram-negative rod (0.7 to 0.8×1.5 to 2.0 μm) that forms spores and is not motile. Its colonies are round with a completely smooth border, contain low protrusions and have a glossy, light yellow color. The organism grows at 30° C. and is catalase positive, oxidase positive and negative for the OF test (glucose), and was identified as a bacterium belonging to the genus Sphingobacterium based on these properties. Moreover, because of the properties that it is negative for nitrate reduction, negative for indole production, negative for acid production from glucose, arginine dihydrolase negative, urease positive, esculin hydrolysis positive, gelatin hydrolysis negative, β-galactosidase positive, glucose assimilation positive, L-arabinose assimilation negative, D-mannose assimilation positive, D-mannitol assimilation negative, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine assimilation positive, maltose assimilation positive, potassium gluconate assimilation negative, n-capric acid assimilation negative, adipic acid assimilation negative, dl-malic acid assimilation negative, sodium citrate assimilation negative, phenyl acetate assimilation negative and cytochrome oxidase positive, it was determined to have properties that are similar to those of Sphingobacterium multivorum or Sphingobacterium spiritivorum. Moreover, although results of analyses on the homology of the base sequence of the 16S rRNA gene indicate the highest degree of homology with Sphingobacterium multivorum (98.8%), there was no strain with which the bacterial strain matched completely. Accordingly, this bacterial strain was therefore identified as Sphingobacterium sp. (2) Microbe Culturing In order to obtain microbial cells of microbes having the DNA of the present invention, the microbes can be cultured and grown in a suitable medium. There is no particular restriction on the medium used for this purpose so far as it allows the microbes to grow. This medium may be an ordinary medium containing ordinary carbon sources, nitrogen sources, phosphorus sources, sulfur sources, inorganic ions, and organic nutrient sources as necessary. For example, any carbon source may be used so far as the microbes can utilize it. Specific examples of the carbon source that can be used include sugars such as glucose, fructose, maltose and amylose, alcohols such as sorbitol, ethanol and glycerol, organic acids such as fumaric acid, citric acid, acetic acid and propionic acid and their salts, hydrocarbons such as paraffin as well as mixtures thereof. Examples of nitrogen sources that can be used include ammonium salts of inorganic acids such as ammonium sulfate and ammonium chloride, ammonium salts of organic acids such as ammonium fumarate and ammonium citrate, nitrates such as sodium nitrate and potassium nitrate, organic nitrogen compounds such as peptones, yeast extract, meat extract and corn steep liquor as well as mixtures thereof. In addition, nutrient sources used in ordinary media, such as inorganic salts, trace metal salts and vitamins, can also be suitably mixed and used. There is no particular restriction on culturing conditions, and culturing can be carried out, for example, for about 12 to about 48 hours while properly controlling the pH and temperature within a pH range of 5 to 8 and a temperature range of 15 to 40° C., respectively, under aerobic conditions. (3) Purification of Enzyme The DNA of the present invention encodes a peptide-forming enzyme. This peptide-forming enzyme can be purified from bacteria belonging to, for example, the genus Empedobacter. A method for isolating and purifying a peptide-forming enzyme from Empedobacter brevis is explained as an example of purification of the enzyme. First, a microbial cell extract is prepared from the microbial cells of Empedobacter brevis, for example, the strain FERM BP-8113 (Depositary institution: the independent administrative corporation, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, International Patent Organism Depositary, Address of depositary institution: Chuo Dai-6,1-1 Higashi 1-Chome, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki-ken, Japan, International deposit transfer date: Jul. 8, 2002) by disrupting the cells using a physical method such as ultrasonic disruption or an enzymatic method using a cell wall-dissolving enzyme and removing the insoluble fraction by centrifugation and so forth. The peptide-forming enzyme can then be purified by fractionating the microbial cell extract solution obtained in the above manner by combining ordinary protein purification methods such as anion exchange chromatography, cation exchange chromatography or gel filtration chromatography. An example of a carrier for use in anion exchange chromatography is Q-Sepharose HP (manufactured by Amersham). The enzyme is recovered in the non-adsorbed fraction under conditions of pH 8.5 when the cell extract containing the enzyme is allowed to pass through a column packed with the carrier. An example of a carrier for use in cation exchange chromatography is MonoS HR (manufactured by Amersham). After adsorbing the enzyme onto the column by allowing the cell extract containing the enzyme to pass through a column packed with the carrier and then washing the column, the enzyme is eluted with a buffer solution having a high salt concentration. At that time, the salt concentration may be sequentially increased or a concentration gradient may be applied. For example, in the case of using MonoS HR, the enzyme adsorbed onto the column is eluted with NaCl of about 0.2 to about 0.5 M. The enzyme purified in the manner described above can then be further uniformly purified by gel filtration chromatography and so forth. An example of the carrier for use in gel filtration chromatography is Sephadex 200pg (manufactured by Amersham). In the aforementioned purification procedure, the fraction containing the enzyme can be verified by assaying the peptide-forming activity of each fraction according to the method indicated in the examples to be described later. The internal amino acid sequence of the enzyme purified in the manner described above is shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 and SEQ ID NO: 2 of the Sequence Listing. (4) DNA of the Present Invention and Transformants (4-1) DNA of the Present Invention A DNA of the present invention having the base sequence consisting of base numbers 61 to 1908 described in SEQ ID NO: 5 was isolated from Empedobacter brevis strain FERM BP-8113 (Depositary institution: the independent administrative corporation, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, International Patent Organism Depositary, Address of depositary institution: Chuo Dai-6,1-1 Higashi 1-Chome, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki-ken, Japan, International deposit transfer date: Jul. 8, 2002). The DNA consisting of bases numbers 61-1908 described in SEQ ID NO: 5 is a code sequence (hereinafter, “CDS”) portion. The base sequence consisting of bases numbers 61 to 1908 contains a signal sequence region and a mature protein region. The signal sequence region consists of bases numbers 61 to 126, while the mature protein region consists of bases numbers 127 to 1908. Namely, the present invention provides both a peptide enzyme protein gene that contains a signal sequence, and a peptide enzyme protein gene in the form of a mature protein. The signal sequence contained in the sequence described in SEQ ID NO: 5 is a type of leader sequence, and the main function of the leader peptide encoded by this leader sequence is presumed to be excretion from inside the cell membrane to outside the cell membrane. The protein encoded by bases numbers 127 to 1908, namely the site excluding the leader peptide, is a mature protein, and is presumed to exhibit a high degree of peptide-forming activity. The DNA having a base sequence consisting of bases numbers 61 to 1917 described in SEQ ID NO: 11, which is also a DNA of the present invention, was isolated from Sphingobacterium sp. strain FERM BP-8124 (Depositary institution: the independent administrative corporation, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, International Patent Organism Depositary, Address of depositary institution: Chuo Dai-6,1-1 Higashi 1-Chome, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki-ken, Japan, International deposit date: Jul. 22, 2002). The DNA having a base sequence consisting of bases numbers 61 to 1917 is a code sequence (CDS) portion. The base sequence consisting of bases numbers 61 to 1917 contains a signal sequence region and a mature protein region. The signal sequence region is a region that consists of bases numbers 61 to 120, while the mature protein region is a region that consists of bases numbers 121 to 1917. Namely, the present invention provides both a gene for a peptide enzyme protein gene that contains a signal sequence, and a gene for a peptide enzyme protein gene in the form of a mature protein. The signal sequence contained in the sequence described in SEQ ID NO: 11 is a kind of leader sequence. The main function of a leader peptide encoded by the leader sequence is presumed to be excretion from inside the cell membrane to outside the cell membrane. The protein encoded by bases numbers 121 to 1917, namely the portion excluding the leader peptide, is a mature protein, and it is presumed to exhibit a high degree of peptide-forming activity. A DNA of the present invention having the base sequence consisting of bases numbers 61 to 1935 described in SEQ ID NO: 17 was isolated from Pedobacter heparinus strain IFO 12017 (Depositary institution: Institute of Fermentation, Osaka, Address of depositary institution: 2-17-85 Jusanbon-cho, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka-shi, Japan). The DNA consisting of bases numbers 61 to 1935 described in SEQ ID NO: 17 is a CDS portion. A signal sequence region and a mature protein region are contained in the base sequence consisting of bases numbers 61 to 1935. The signal sequence region consists of bases numbers 61 to 126, while the mature protein region consists of bases numbers 127 to 1935. Namely, the present invention provides both a peptide enzyme protein gene that contains a signal sequence, and a peptide enzyme protein gene in the form of a mature protein. The signal sequence contained in the sequence described in SEQ ID NO: 17 is a type of leader sequence, and the main function of the leader peptide encoded by this leader sequence region is presumed to be excretion from inside the cell membrane to outside the cell membrane. The protein encoded by bases numbers 127 to 1935, namely the site excluding the leader peptide, is a mature protein, and is presumed to exhibit a high degree of peptide-forming activity. A DNA of the present invention having a base sequence consisting of bases numbers 61 to 1995 described in SEQ ID NO: 22 was isolated from Taxeobacter gelupurpurascens strain DSMZ 11116 (Depositary institution: Deutche Sammiung von Mikroorganismen und Zelikulturen GmbH (German Collection of Microbes and Cell Cultures), Address of depositary institution: Mascheroder Weg 1b, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany). The DNA consisting of bases numbers 61 to 1995 described in SEQ ID NO: 22 is a CDS portion. A signal sequence region and a mature protein region are contained in the base sequence consisting of bases numbers 61 to 1995. The signal sequence region consists of bases numbers 61 to 126, while the mature protein region consists of bases numbers. 127 to 1995. Namely, the present invention provides both a peptide enzyme protein gene that contains a signal sequence, and a peptide enzyme protein gene in the form of a mature protein. The signal sequence contained in the sequence described in SEQ ID NO: 22 is a type of leader sequence, and the main function of the leader peptide encoded by this leader sequence region is presumed to be excretion from inside the cell membrane to outside the cell membrane. The protein encoded by bases numbers 127 to 1995, namely the site excluding the leader peptide, is a mature protein, and is presumed to exhibit a high degree of peptide-forming activity. A DNA of the present invention having a base sequence consisting of bases numbers 29 to 1888 described in SEQ ID NO: 24 was isolated from Cyclobacterium marinum strain ATCC 25205 (Depositary institution: American Type Culture Collection, Address of depositary institution: P.O. Box 1549, Manassas, Va. 20110, the United States of America). The DNA consisting of bases numbers 29 to 1888 described in SEQ ID NO: 24 is a CDS portion. A signal sequence region and a mature protein region are contained in the base sequence consisting of bases numbers 29 to 1888. The signal sequence region consists of bases numbers 29 to 103, while the mature protein region consists of bases numbers 104 to 1888. Namely, the present invention provides both a peptide enzyme protein gene that contains a signal sequence, and a peptide enzyme protein gene in the form of a mature protein. The signal sequence contained in the sequence described in SEQ ID NO: 24 is a type of leader sequence, and the main function of the leader peptide encoded by this leader sequence region is presumed to be excretion from inside the cell membrane to outside the cell membrane. The protein encoded by bases numbers 104 to 1888, namely the site excluding the leader peptide, is a mature protein, and is presumed to exhibit a high degree of peptide-forming activity. A DNA of the present invention having a base sequence consisting of bases numbers 61 to 1992 described in SEQ ID NO: 26 was isolated from Psycloserpens burtonensis strain ATCC 700359 (Depositary institution: American Type Culture Collection, Address of depositary institution: P.O. Box 1549, Manassas, Va. 20110, the United States of America). The DNA consisting of bases numbers 61 to 1992 described in SEQ ID NO: 26 is a CDS portion. A signal sequence region and a mature protein region are contained in the base sequence consisting of bases numbers 61 to 1992. The signal sequence region consists of bases numbers 61 to 111, while the mature protein-region consists of bases numbers 112 to 1992. Namely, the present invention provides both a peptide enzyme protein gene that contains a signal sequence, and a peptide enzyme protein gene in the form of a mature protein. The signal sequence contained in the sequence described in SEQ ID NO: 31 is a type of leader sequence, and the main function of the leader peptide encoded by this leader sequence region is presumed to be excretion from inside the cell membrane to outside the cell membrane. The protein encoded by bases numbers 112 to 1992, namely the site excluding the leader peptide, is a mature protein, and is presumed to exhibit a high degree of peptide-forming activity. Furthermore, the various gene recombination techniques described below can be carried out in compliance with the descriptions in publications such as Molecular Cloning, 2nd edition, Cold Spring Harbor Press (1989). The DNA of the present invention can be obtained by polymerase chain reaction (hereinafter, “PCR”) (refer to PCR; White T. J. et al., Trends Genet., 5, 185 (1989)) or hybridization from a chromosomal DNA or a DNA library of Empedobacter brevis, Sphingobacterium sp., Pedobacter heparinus, Taxeobacter gelupurpurascens, Cyclobacterium marinum or Psycloserpens burtonensis. Primers for PCR can be designed based on the internal amino acid sequences determined based on peptide-forming enzyme purified as explained in the aforementioned section (3). In addition, since the base sequences of peptide-forming enzyme gene (SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 22, SEQ ID NO: 24 and SEQ ID NO: 26) have been clearly determined by the present invention, primers or probes for hybridization can be designed on the basis of these base sequences, and the gene can also be isolated using a probe. If primers having sequences corresponding to the 5′-non-translated region and 3′-non-translated region are used as PCR primers, the entire length of the coding region of the present enzyme can be amplified. For example, in amplifying the region containing both the leader sequence and mature protein coding region described in SEQ ID NO: 5, specifically, an example of the 5′-side primer is a primer having the base sequence of the region upstream of base number 61 in SEQ ID NO: 5, while an example of the 3′-side primer is a primer having a sequence complementary to the base sequence of the region downstream of base number 1908. Primers can be synthesized by the phosphoamidite method (see Tetrahedron Letters (1981), 22, 1859) using, for example, the Model 380B DNA Synthesizer manufactured by Applied Biosystems in accordance with routine methods. The PCR reaction can be carried out, for example, in accordance with the method specified by the supplier such as the manufacturer using the Gene Amp PCR System 9600 (manufactured by Perkin-Elmer) and the Takara LA PCR In Vitro Cloning Kit (manufactured by Takara Shuzo). Regardless of whether a leader sequence is contained or not, a DNA substantially identical to a DNA consisting of the CDS described in SEQ ID NO: 5 of the Sequence Listing is also included in the DNA of the present invention. Namely, a DNA substantially identical to the DNA of the present invention can be obtained by isolating a DNA that hybridizes under stringent conditions with a DNA having a base sequence complementary to the CDS described in SEQ ID NO: 5 of the Sequence Listing, or with a probe prepared from the same base sequence, and encodes a protein having peptide-forming activity, from DNAs encoding the present enzyme having a mutation or cells possessing that DNA. Regardless of whether a leader sequence is contained or not, a DNA substantially identical to a DNA consisting of the CDS described in SEQ ID NO: 11 of the Sequence Listing is also included in the DNA of the present invention. Namely, a DNA substantially identical to the DNA of the present invention can be obtained by isolating a DNA that hybridizes, under stringent conditions, with a DNA having a base sequence complementary to the CDS described in SEQ ID NO: 11 of the Sequence Listing, or with a probe prepared from the same base sequence, and encodes a protein that has peptide-forming activity, from DNAs encoding the present enzyme having a mutation or cells possessing the DNA. Regardless of whether a leader sequence is contained or not, a DNA substantially identical to a DNA consisting of the CDS described in SEQ ID NO: 17 of the Sequence Listing is also included in the DNA of the present invention. Namely, a DNA substantially identical to the DNA of the present invention can be obtained by isolating a DNA that hybridizes under stringent conditions with a DNA having a base sequence complementary to the CDS described in SEQ ID NO: 17 of the Sequence Listing, or with a probe prepared from the same base sequence, and encodes a protein having peptide-forming activity, from DNAs encoding the present enzyme having a mutation or cells possessing that DNA. Regardless of whether a leader sequence is contained or not, a DNA substantially identical to a DNA consisting of the CDS described in SEQ ID NO: 22 of the Sequence Listing is also included in the DNA of the present invention. Namely, a DNA substantially identical to the DNA of the present invention can be obtained by isolating a DNA that hybridizes under stringent conditions with a DNA having a base sequence complementary to the CDS described in SEQ ID NO: 22 of the Sequence Listing, or with a probe prepared from the same base sequence, and encodes a protein having peptide-forming activity, from DNAs encoding the present enzyme having a mutation or cells possessing that DNA. Regardless of whether a leader sequence is contained or not, a DNA substantially identical to a DNA consisting of the CDS described in SEQ ID NO: 24 of the Sequence Listing is also included in the DNA of the present invention. Namely, a DNA substantially identical to the DNA of the present invention can be obtained by isolating a DNA that hybridizes under stringent conditions with a DNA having a base sequence complementary to the CDS described in SEQ ID NO: 24 of the Sequence Listing, or with a probe prepared from the same base sequence, and encodes a protein having peptide-forming activity, from DNAs encoding the present enzyme having a mutation or cells possessing that DNA. Regardless of whether a leader sequence is contained or not, a DNA substantially identical to a DNA consisting of the CDS described in SEQ ID NO: 26 of the Sequence Listing is also included in the DNA of the present invention. Namely, a DNA substantially identical to the DNA of the present invention can be obtained by isolating a DNA that hybridizes under stringent conditions with a DNA having a base sequence complementary to the CDS described in SEQ ID NO: 26 of the Sequence Listing, or with a probe prepared from the same base sequence, and encodes a protein having peptide-forming activity, from DNAs encoding the present enzyme having a mutation or cells possessing that DNA. A probe can be produced, for example, in accordance with established methods based on, for example, the base sequence described in SEQ ID NO: 5 of the Sequence Listing. In addition, a method for isolating a target DNA by using a probe to find a DNA that hybridizes with the probe may also be carried out in accordance with established methods. For example, a DNA probe can be produced by amplifying a base sequence cloned in a plasmid or phage vector, cleaving the base sequence desired to be used as a probe with a restriction enzyme and then extracting the desired base sequence. The portion to be cleaved out can be adjusted depending on the target DNA. The term “under a stringent condition” as used herein refers to a condition under which a so-called specific hybrid is formed but no non-specific hybrid is formed. It is difficult to precisely express this condition in numerical values. For example, mention may be made of a condition under which DNAs having high homologies, for example, 50% or more, preferably 80% or more, more preferably 90% or more, hybridize with each other and DNAs having lower homologies than these do not hybridize with each other, or ordinary conditions for rinse in Southern hybridization under which hybridization is performed at 60° C. in a salt concentration corresponding to 60° C., 1×SSC and 0.1% SDS, preferably 0.1×SSC and 0.1% SDS. Although the genes that hybridize under such conditions include those genes in which stop codons have occurred at certain locations along their sequences or which have lost activity due to a mutation in the active center, these can be easily removed by ligating them to a commercially available expression vector, expressing them in a suitable host, and assaying the enzyme activity of the expression product using a method to be described later. However, in the case of a base sequence that hybridizes under stringent conditions as described above, it is preferable that the protein encoded by that base sequence retains about a half or more, preferably 80% or more, and more preferably 90% or more, of the enzyme activity of the protein having the amino acid sequence encoded by the original base sequence serving as the base be retained under conditions of 50° C. and pH 8. For example, when explained for on the case of, for example, a base sequence that hybridizes under stringent conditions with a DNA that has a base sequence complementary to the base sequence consisting of bases numbers 127 to 1908 of the base sequence described in SEQ ID NO: 5, it is preferable that the protein encoded by that base sequence retains about a half or more, preferably 80% or more, and more preferably 90% or more, of the enzyme activity of the protein having an amino acid sequence that consists of amino acid residues numbers 23 to 616 of the amino acid sequence described in SEQ ID NO: 6 under conditions of 50° C. and pH 8. An amino acid sequence encoded by the CDS described in SEQ ID NO: 5 of the Sequence Listing is shown in SEQ ID NO: 6 of the Sequence Listing. An amino acid sequence encoded by the CDS described in SEQ ID NO: 11 of the Sequence Listing is shown in SEQ ID NO: 12 of the Sequence Listing. An amino acid sequence encoded by the CDS described in SEQ ID NO.: 17 of the Sequence Listing is shown in SEQ ID NO: 18 of the Sequence Listing. An amino acid sequence encoded by the CDS described in SEQ ID. NO: 22 of the Sequence Listing is shown in SEQ ID NO: 23 of the Sequence Listing. An amino acid sequence encoded by the CDS described in SEQ ID NO: 24 of the Sequence Listing is shown in SEQ ID NO: 25 of the Sequence Listing. An amino acid sequence encoded by the CDS described in SEQ ID NO: 26 of the Sequence Listing is shown in SEQ ID NO: 27 of the Sequence Listing. The entire amino acid sequence described in SEQ ID NO: 6 contains a leader peptide and a mature protein region, with amino acid residues numbers 1 to 22 constituting the leader peptide, and amino acid residues numbers 23 to 616 constituting the mature protein region. In addition, the entire amino acid sequence described in SEQ ID NO: 11 includes a leader peptide and a mature protein region, with amino acid residues numbers 1 to 20 constituting the leader peptide, and amino acid residues numbers 21 to 619 constituting the mature protein region. The entire amino acid sequence described in SEQ ID NO: 18 contains a leader peptide and a mature protein region, with amino acid residues numbers 1 to 22 constituting the leader peptide, and amino acid residues numbers 23 to 625 constituting the mature protein region. The entire amino acid sequence described in SEQ ID NO: 23 contains a leader peptide and a mature protein region, with amino acid residues numbers 1 to 22 constituting the leader peptide, and amino acid residues numbers 23 to 645 constituting the mature protein region. The entire amino acid sequence described in SEQ ID NO: 25 contains a leader peptide and a mature protein region, with amino acid residues numbers 1 to 25 constituting the leader peptide, and amino acid residues numbers 26 to 620 constituting the mature protein region. The entire amino acid sequence described in SEQ ID NO: 27 contains a leader peptide and a mature protein region, with amino acid residues numbers 1 to 17 constituting the leader peptide, and amino acid residues numbers 18 to 644 constituting the mature protein region. The protein encoded by the DNA of the present invention is a protein in which the mature protein has peptide-forming activity, and a DNA that encodes a protein substantially identical to a protein having the amino acid sequence described in SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 23, SEQ ID NO: 25, or SEQ ID NO: 27 of the Sequence Listing, regardless of whether it contains a leader peptide or not, is also included in the DNA of the present invention. (Note that, base sequences are specified from amino acid sequences in accordance with the codes of the universal codons.) Namely, the present invention provides DNAs that encode proteins indicated in (A) to (X) below: (A) a protein having an amino acid sequence consisting of amino acid residues numbers 23 to 616 of an amino acid sequence described in SEQ ID NO: 6 of the Sequence Listing, (B) a protein having an amino acid sequence including substitution, deletion, insertion, addition, and/or inversion of one or a plurality of amino acids in amino acid residues numbers 23 to 616 of the amino acid sequence described in SEQ ID NO: 6 of the Sequence Listing, and having peptide-forming activity, (C) a protein having the amino acid sequence consisting of amino acid residue numbers 21 to 619 of an amino acid sequence described in SEQ ID NO: 12 of the Sequence Listing, (D) a protein having an amino acid sequence including substitution, deletion, insertion, addition, and/or inversion of one or a plurality of amino acids in amino acid residue numbers 21 to 619 of the amino acid sequence described in SEQ ID NO: 12 of the Sequence Listing, and having peptide-forming activity, (E) a protein having an amino acid sequence consisting of amino acid residues numbers 23 to 625 of an amino acid sequence described in SEQ ID NO: 18 of the Sequence Listing, (F) a protein having an amino acid sequence including substitution, deletion, insertion, addition, and/or inversion of one or a plurality of amino acids in amino acid residues numbers 23 to 625 of the amino acid sequence described in SEQ ID NO: 18 of the Sequence Listing, and having peptide-forming activity, (G) a protein having an amino acid sequence consisting of amino acid residues numbers 23 to 645 of an amino acid sequence described in SEQ ID NO: 23 of the Sequence Listing, (H) a protein having an amino acid sequence including substitution, deletion, insertion, addition, and/or inversion of one or a plurality of amino acids in amino acid residues numbers 23 to 645 of the amino acid sequence described in SEQ ID NO: 23 of the Sequence Listing, and having peptide-forming activity, (I) a protein having an amino acid sequence consisting of amino acid residues numbers 26 to 620 of an amino acid sequence described in SEQ ID NO: 25 of the Sequence Listing, (J) a protein having an amino acid sequence including substitution, deletion, insertion, addition, and/or inversion of one or a plurality of amino acids in amino acid residues numbers 26 to 620 of the amino acid sequence described in SEQ ID NO: 25 of the Sequence Listing, and having peptide-forming activity, (K) a protein having an amino acid sequence consisting of amino acid residues numbers 18 to 644 of an amino acid sequence described in SEQ ID NO: 32 of the Sequence Listing, (L) a protein having an amino acid sequence including substitution, deletion, insertion, addition, and/or inversion of one or a plurality of amino acids in amino acid residues numbers 18 to 644 of the amino acid sequence described in SEQ ID NO: 32 of the Sequence Listing, and having peptide-forming activity, (M) a protein having an amino acid sequence described in SEQ ID NO: 6 of the Sequence Listing, (N) a protein containing a mature protein region, having an amino acid sequence including substitution, deletion, insertion, addition, and/or inversion of one or a plurality of amino acids in the amino acid sequence described in SEQ ID NO: 6 of the Sequence Listing, and having peptide-forming activity, (O) a protein having the amino acid sequence described in SEQ ID NO: 12 of the Sequence Listing, (P) a protein containing a mature protein region, having an amino acid sequence including substitution, deletion, insertion, addition, and/or inversion of one or a plurality of amino acids in an amino acid sequence described in SEQ ID NO: 12 of the Sequence Listing, and having peptide-forming activity, (Q) a protein having an amino acid sequence described in SEQ ID NO: 18 of the Sequence Listing, (R) a protein containing a mature protein region, having an amino acid sequence including substitution, deletion, insertion, addition, and/or inversion of one or a plurality of amino acids in the amino acid sequence described in SEQ ID NO: 18 of the Sequence Listing, and having peptide-forming activity, (S) a protein having an amino acid sequence described in SEQ ID NO: 23 of the Sequence Listing, (T) a protein containing a mature protein region, having an amino acid sequence including substitution, deletion, insertion, addition, and/or inversion of one or a plurality of amino acids in the amino acid sequence described in SEQ ID NO: 23 of the Sequence Listing, and having peptide-forming activity, (U) a protein having an amino acid sequence described in SEQ ID NO: 25 of the Sequence Listing, (V) a protein containing a mature protein region, having an amino acid sequence including substitution, deletion, insertion, addition, and/or inversion of one or a plurality of amino acids in the amino acid sequence described in SEQ ID NO: 25 of the Sequence Listing, and having peptide-forming activity; (W) a protein having an amino acid sequence described in SEQ ID NO: 27 of the Sequence Listing, and (X) a protein containing a mature protein region, having an amino acid sequence in the amino acid sequence described in SEQ ID NO: 27 of the Sequence Listing, and having peptide-forming activity. Here, although the meaning of the term “a plurality of” varies depending on the locations and types of the amino acid residues in the three-dimensional structure of the protein, it is within a range that does not significantly impair the three-dimensional structure and activity of the protein of the amino acid residues, and is specifically 2 to 50, preferably 2 to 30, and more preferably 2 to 10. However, in the case of amino acid sequences including substitution, deletion, insertion, addition, and/or inversion of one or a plurality of amino acids in amino acid sequences of the proteins of (B), (D), (F), (H), (J), (L), (N), (P), (R), (T), (V) or (X), it is preferable that the proteins retain about half or more, more preferably 80% or more, and even more preferably 90% or more of the enzyme activity of the proteins in the state where no mutation is included, under conditions of 50° C. and pH 8. For example, explanation will be made in the case of (B); in the case of the amino acid sequence (B) including substitution, deletion, insertion, addition, and/or inversion of one or a plurality of amino acids in the amino acid sequence described in SEQ ID NO: 6 of the Sequence Listing, it is preferable that this protein retains about half or more, more preferably 80% or more, and even more preferably 90% or more of the enzyme activity of the protein having the amino acid sequence described in SEQ ID NO: 6 of the Sequence Listing, under conditions of 50° C. and pH 8. A mutation of an amino acid like that indicated in the aforementioned (B) and so forth is obtained by modifying the base sequence so that an amino acid of a specific site in the present enzyme gene is substituted, deleted, inserted or added by, for example, site-directed mutagenesis. In addition, a modified DNA that described above can also be obtained by mutagenesis treatment known in the art. Mutagenesis treatment refers to, for example, a method in which a DNA encoding the present enzyme is treated in vitro with hydroxylamine and so forth, as well as a method in which bacteria belonging to the genus Escherichia that possess a DNA encoding the present enzyme are treated by a mutagen normally used in artificial mutagenesis, such as ultraviolet irradiation, N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (NTG) or nitrous acid. In addition, naturally-occurring mutations such as differences attributable to a microbe species or strain are also included in the base substitution, deletion, insertion, addition and/or inversion described above. By expressing a DNA having such a mutation in suitable cells and investigating the enzyme activity of the expression product, a DNA can be obtained that encodes a protein substantially identical to the protein described in SEQ ID NO: 6 or 12 of the Sequence Listing. (4-2) Preparation of Transformants and Production of Peptide-Forming Enzymes Peptide-forming enzymes can be produced by introducing a DNA of the present invention into a suitable host and expressing the DNA in that host. Examples of hosts for expressing a protein specified by a DNA of the present invention that can be used include various prokaryotic cells such as bacteria belonging to the genus Escherichia such as Escherichia coli, Empedobacter, Sphingobacterium, Flavobacterium and Bacillus such as Bacillus subtilis, as well as various eukaryotic cells such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pichia stipitis and Aspergillus oryzae. A recombinant DNA used to introduce a DNA into a host can be prepared by inserting the DNA to be introduced into a vector corresponding to the type of host in which the DNA is to be expressed, in such a form that the protein encoded by that DNA can be expressed. In the case where a promoter unique to a peptide-forming enzyme gene of Empedobacter brevis and so forth functions in the host cells, the promoter can be used as a promoter for expressing the DNA of the present invention. In addition, another promoter that acts on in the host cells may be ligated to the DNA of the present invention and the DNA may be expressed under the control of the promoter as necessary. Examples of transformation methods for introducing a recombinant DNA into host cells include the method of D. M. Morrison (see Methods in Enzymology, 68, 326 (1979)) or the method in which DNA permeability is increased by treating receptor microbial cells with calcium chloride (see Mandel, H. and Higa, A., J. Mol. Biol., 53, 159 (1970)). In the case of mass production of a protein using recombinant DNA technology, conjugating the protein within a transformant that produces the protein to form an inclusion body of protein is also a preferable mode for carrying out the present invention. Advantages of this expression and production method include protection of the target protein from digestion by proteases present in the microbial cells, and simple and easy purification of the target protein by disrupting the microbial cells, followed by centrifugation and so forth. The inclusion bodies of protein obtained in this manner are solubilized with a protein denaturant and the solubilized protein is converted to a properly folded, physiologically active protein by going through an activity regeneration procedure that consists primarily of lysing the protein with a protein denaturant followed by removal of the denaturant. There are numerous examples of this, including regeneration of the activity of human interleukin-2 (see Japanese Patent Application Laid-open Publication No. S61-257931). To obtain an active protein from inclusion bodies of protein, a series of operations including solubilization and activity regeneration are required, and the procedure is more complex than in the case of producing the active protein directly. However, in the case of producing a large volume of protein that has a detrimental effect on microbial growth in microbial cells, that effect can be suppressed by accumulating the proteins in the form of inclusion bodies of inactive protein in the microbial cells. Examples of mass production methods for producing a large volume of target protein in the form of inclusion bodies include a method in which a target protein is expressed independently under the control of a powerful promoter, and a method in which a target protein is expressed in the form of a fused protein with a protein that is known to be expressed in a large volume. Hereinafter, the present invention will be explained more specifically taking as an example of a method for producing transformed Escherichia coli and using the transformed microbe to produce a peptide-forming enzyme. Furthermore, in the case of producing a peptide-forming enzyme in a microbe such as Escherichia coli, a DNA may be incorporated that encodes a precursor protein containing a leader sequence or a DNA may be incorporated that consists only of a mature protein region that does not contain a leader sequence, and the DNA can be suitably selected for the protein encoding sequence depending on the production conditions, form, usage conditions and so forth of the enzyme to be produced. Promoters normally used in the production of heterogeneous proteins in Escherichia coli can be used as promoters for expressing a DNA encoding a peptide-forming enzyme. Examples of such promoters include T7 promoter, lac promoter, trp promoter, trc promoter, tac promoter, lambda phage PR promoter, PL promoter and other powerful promoters. In addition, examples of vectors that can be used include pUC19, pUC18, pBR322, pHSG299, pHSG298, pHSG399, pHSG398, RSF1010, pMW119, pMW118, pMW219, and pMW218. Besides, vectors of phage DNA can also be used. Moreover, expression vectors can be used that contain promoters and are capable of expressing an inserted DNA sequence, including the promoter can be used. In order to produce a peptide-forming enzyme in the form of an inclusion body of fused protein, a gene that encodes another protein, and preferably a hydrophilic peptide is ligated upstream or downstream of the peptide-forming enzyme gene to obtain a fused protein gene. The gene that encodes another protein in this manner may be any gene that increases the amount of the fused protein accumulated, and enhances the solubility of the fused protein after the denaturation and regeneration steps. Examples of candidates for such genes include T7 gene 10, β-galactosidase gene, dehydrofolate reductase gene, γ-interferon gene, interleukin-2 gene and prochymosin gene. When these genes are ligated to a gene that encodes a peptide-forming enzymes, the both genes are ligated so that their reading frames of codons are consistent. The genes may be ligated at a proper restriction enzyme site or a synthetic DNA having a proper sequence may be utilized. Further, to increase a production amount of the peptide-forming enzyme, it is preferable in some cases that a terminator, which is a transcription terminating sequence, be ligated to downstream of the fusion protein gene. The terminator includes, for example, a T7 terminator, an fd phage terminator, a T4 terminator, a tetracycline resistant gene terminator, and an Escherichia coli trpA gene terminator. As the vectors for introducing a gene that encodes a peptide-forming enzyme or a fused protein between the peptide-forming enzyme and another protein in Escherichia coli are preferred so-called multi-copy type vectors, examples of which include a plasmid having a replication origin derived from ColE1, for example, a pUC-based plasmid, and a pBR322-based plasmid or derivatives thereof. The “derivatives” as used herein refer to those plasmids that are subjected to modification by substitution, deletion, insertion, addition and/or inversion of bases. Note that the modification as used herein includes modifications by a mutagenesis treatment with a mutagen or UV irradiation, or modifications by spontaneous mutation. To screen transformants, it is preferable that the vectors have markers such as an ampicillin resistant gene. Such plasmids include commercially available expression vectors having potent promoters (a pUC-based vector (manufactured by Takara Shuzo, Co., Ltd.), pRROK-based vector (manufactured by Clonetech Laboratories, Inc.), pKK233-2 (manufactured by Clonetech Laboratories, Inc.) and so forth. A recombinant DNA is obtained by ligating a DNA fragment to a vector DNA; in the DNA fragment, a promoter, a gene encoding L-amino acid amide hydrolase or a fused protein consisting of an L-amino acid amide hydrolase and another protein, and depending on the case, a terminator are ligated in that order. When E. coli is transformed using the recombinant DNA and the resulting E. coli is cultured, a peptide-forming enzyme or a fused protein consisting of the peptide-forming enzyme and another protein is expressed and produced. Although a strain that is normally used in the expression of a heterogeneous gene can be used as a host to be transformed, Escherichia coli strain JM109, for example, is preferable. Methods for carrying out transformation and methods for screening out transformants are described in Molecular Cloning, 2nd Edition, Cold Spring Harbor Press (1989) and other publications. In the case of expressing a peptide-forming enzyme in the form of a fusion protein, the peptide-forming enzyme may be cleaved out using a restriction protease that uses a sequence not present in the peptide-forming enzyme, such as blood coagulation factor Xa or kallikrein, as the recognition sequence. A medium normally used for culturing E. coli, such as M9-casamino acid medium or LB medium, may be used for as the a production medium. In addition, culturing conditions and production induction conditions are suitably selected according to the marker of the vector used, promoter, type of host microbe and so forth. The following method can be used to recover the peptide-forming enzyme or fused protein consisting of the peptide-forming enzyme and another protein. If the peptide-forming enzyme or its fused protein has been solubilized in the microbial cells, the microbial cells are recovered and then disrupted or lysed so that they can be used as a crude enzyme liquid. Moreover, the peptide-forming enzyme or its fused protein can be purified prior to use by ordinary techniques such as precipitation, filtration or column chromatography as necessary. In this case, a purification method can also be used that uses an antibody of the peptide-forming enzyme or its fused protein. In the case where inclusion bodies of protein are formed, the inclusion bodies are solubilized with a denaturant. Although they may be solubilized together with the microbial cell protein, it is preferable in consideration of the subsequent purification procedure that the inclusion bodies are taken out and then solubilized. Conventionally known methods may be used to recover the inclusion bodies from the microbial cells. For example, the inclusion bodies can be recovered by disrupting the microbial cells followed by centrifugation. Examples of denaturants capable of solubilizing the inclusion bodies include guanidine hydrochloride (for example, 6 M, pH 5 to 8) and urea (for example, 8 M) and the like. A protein that has activity is regenerated by removing these denaturants by dialysis or the like. A Tris-HCl buffer solution, a phosphate buffer solution or the like may be used as a dialysis solution to be used in dialysis, and its concentration may be, for example, 20 mM to 0.5 M, while its pH may be, for example, 5 to 8. The protein concentration during the regeneration step is preferably held to about 500 μg/ml or less. The dialysis temperature is preferably 5° C. or lower to prevent the regenerated peptide-forming enzyme from undergoing self-crosslinking. Moreover, the method for removing the denaturants includes dilution or ultrafiltration in addition to dialysis, and it is expected the activity can be regenerated whichever denaturant is used. (5) Properties of Enzyme Encoded by DNA of the Present Invention The activity of the enzyme encoded by the DNA of the present invention can be assayed by, for example, allowing the enzyme to react in a borate buffer solution containing an amino acid ester and an amine as substrates, and then quantifying the peptide formed. In a more concrete example, the reaction is carried out at 25° C. for several minutes using a borate buffer solution (pH 9.0) containing 100 mM L-alanine methyl ester and 200 mM L-glutamine. The activity unit of the enzyme used in the present invention is defined such that 1 unit (U) is the amount of enzyme that produces 1 micromole (μmole) of peptide in 1 minute under the condition of reacting at 25° C. using a 100 mM borate buffer solution (pH 9.0) containing 100 mM L-alanine methyl ester and 200 mM L-glutamine. A protein encoded by the DNA of the present invention is a peptide-forming enzyme protein. Peptide-forming activity refers to the activity that forms a peptide from a carboxy component and an amine component. Hereinafter, a preferable mode of the enzyme encoded by the DNA of the present invention will be explained on its properties. One preferable mode of the enzyme encoded by the DNA of the present invention includes an enzyme that has the abilities described below, for which the dipeptide production rate is used as an indicator. Namely, one preferable mode of the enzyme of the present invention includes an enzyme that has the ability to form a peptide from a carboxy component and an amino component, and has a production rate of L-alanyl-L-glutamine in the dipeptide formation reaction under the conditions of (i) to (iv) below of preferably 0.03 mM/min or more, more preferably 0.3 mM/min or more, and particularly preferably 1.0 mM/mm or more. The conditions of the dipeptide formation reaction are as follows: (i) the carboxy component is L-alanine methyl ester hydrochloride (100 mM); (ii) the amine component is L-glutamine (200 mM); (iii) the pH is 9.0; and, (iv) the amount of homogenously purified enzyme added is less than 0.61 mg/ml as a protein amount. The aforementioned production rate far exceeds the conventional production rate for peptide synthesis using an enzyme, and the enzyme of the present invention has the ability to catalyze peptide synthesis at an extremely rapid rate. The aforementioned amount of enzyme added indicates a final amount of the enzyme that is added to the reaction system, and addition of the enzyme of 0.01 mg/ml or more, and preferably 0.02 mg/ml or more, as protein amount is desirable. The term “protein amount” refers to the value indicated by a colorimetric method with Coomassie brilliant blue using a protein assay CBB solution (manufactured by Nakarai) and bovine serum albumin as a standard substance. In a specific example of the procedure for assaying the enzyme activity, the enzyme activity can be assayed by allowing the enzyme to react in a borate buffer solution containing an amino acid ester and an amine as substrates and quantifying the resulting peptide. In a more specific example, mention may be made of a method in which the enzyme is allowed to react for several minutes at 25° C. using a 100 mM borate buffer solution (pH 9.0) containing 100 mM L-alanine methyl ester and 200 mM L-glutamine. In addition, a preferable mode of the enzyme encoded by the DNA of the present invention includes an enzyme having the property by which both an amino acid ester and an amino acid amide can be used as a substrate for the carboxy component. The words “both an amino acid ester and an amino acid amide can be used as a substrate” mean that at least one type or more of amino acid ester and at least one type or more of amino acid amide can be used as a substrate. In addition, one preferable mode of the enzyme of the present invention includes an enzyme that has the property by which all of an amino acid, a C-protected amino acid and an amine can be used as a substrate for the amine component. The words “an amino acid, a C-protected amino acid, and an amine can be used as a substrate” mean that at least one type or more of amino acid, at least one type or more of C-protected amino acid, and at least one type or more of amine can be used as a substrate. Having a wide range of substrate specificity with respect to the carboxy component or the amino component, the enzyme of the present invention is preferable in that a wide range of raw materials can be selected, which in turn is favorable in terms of cost and production equipment in the case of industrial production. Specific examples of the carboxy component include L-amino acid esters, D-amino acid esters, L-amino acid amides and D-amino acid amides. In addition, the amino acid esters include not only amino acid esters corresponding to naturally-occurring amino acids, but also amino acid esters corresponding to non-naturally-occurring amino acids or their derivatives. Furthermore, examples of the amino acid esters include α-amino acid esters as well as β-, γ-, and ω-amino acid esters and the like, which have different amino group bonding sites. Typical examples of amino acid esters include methyl esters, ethyl esters, n-propyl esters, iso-propyl esters, n-butyl esters, iso-butyl esters, and tert-butyl esters of amino acids. Specific examples of the amine component include L-amino acids, C-protected L-amino acids, D-amino acids, C-protected D-amino acids and amines. In addition, examples of the amines include not only naturally-occurring amines, but also non-naturally-occurring amines or their derivatives. In addition, examples of the amino acids include not only naturally-occurring amino acids, but also non-naturally-occurring amino acids or their derivatives. These include α-amino acids as well as β-, γ- and ω-amino acids and the like, which have different amino group bonding sites. Further, in another aspect, one preferable mode of the enzyme encoded by the DNA of the present invention includes an enzyme in which the pH range over which the peptide-forming reaction can be catalyzed is 6.5 to 10.5. The ability of the enzyme of the present invention to catalyze this reaction over such a wide pH range as stated above is preferable in that it allows flexible accommodation of industrial production that could be subject to the occurrence of various restrictions. However, in the actual production of peptides, it is preferable to use the enzyme by further adjusting to an optimum pH corresponding to the obtained enzyme so as to maximize the catalytic performance of the enzyme. Moreover, in another aspect, one preferable mode of the enzyme encoded by the DNA of the present invention includes an enzyme for which the temperature range over which the enzyme is capable of catalyzing the peptide-forming reaction is within the range of 0 to 60° C. Since the enzyme of the present invention is able to catalyze the reaction over a wide temperature range, it is preferable in that it allows flexible accommodation of industrial production that could be subject to the occurrence of various restrictions. However, in the actual production of peptides, it is preferable to use the enzyme by further adjusting to an optimum temperature corresponding to the obtained enzyme so as to maximize the catalytic performance of the enzyme. (6) Dipeptide Production Method The method for producing dipeptide of the present invention includes reaction between a carboxy component and an amine component in the presence of the predetermined enzyme. The dipeptide production method of the present invention includes allowing an enzyme, or enzyme-containing substance, having the ability to form a peptide from a carboxy component and an amine component, to act on the carboxy component and the amine component to synthesize a dipeptide. The method of allowing the enzyme or enzyme-containing substance used in the present invention to act on the carboxy component and the amine component may be mixing the enzyme or enzyme-containing substance, the carboxy component, and the amine component with each other. More specifically, a method of adding the enzyme or enzyme-containing substance to a solution containing a carboxy component and an amine component and allowing them to react may be used. Alternatively, in the case of using a microbe that produces that enzyme, a method may be used that includes culturing the microbe that forms that enzyme, producing and accumulating the enzyme in the microbe or microbial culture broth, and then adding the carboxy component and amine component to the culture broth. The produced dipeptide can then be collected by established methods and purified as necessary. The term “enzyme-containing substance” means any substance so far as it contains the enzyme, and examples of specific forms thereof include a culture of microbes that produce the enzyme, microbial cells isolated from the culture, and a product obtained by treating the microbial cells (hereinafter, “treated microbial cell product”). A culture of microbes refers to what is obtained by culturing a microbe, and more specifically, to a mixture of microbial cells, the medium used for culturing the microbe, and substances produced by the cultured microbe, and so forth. In addition, the microbial cells may be washed and used in the form of washed microbial cells. In addition, the treated microbial cell product includes the products of disrupted, lysed or freeze-dried microbial cells, and the like, and also includes a crude enzyme recovered by treating microbial cells, and so forth, as well as a purified enzyme obtained by purification of the crude enzyme, and so forth. A partially purified enzyme obtained by various types of purification methods may be used for the purified enzyme, or immobilized enzymes may be used that have been immobilized by a covalent bonding method, an adsorption method, an entrapment method, or the like. In addition, since some microbes are partially lysed during culturing depending on the microbes used, the culture supernatant may also be used as the enzyme-containing substance in such cases. In addition, wild strains may be used as the microbes that contain the enzyme, or gene recombinant strains that express the enzyme may also be used. The microbes are not limited to intact microbial cells, but rather acetone-treated microbial cells, freeze-dried microbial cells or other treated microbial cells may also be used. Immobilized microbial cells and an immobilized treated microbial cell product obtained by immobilizing the microbial cells or treated microbial cell product by covalent bonding, adsorption, entrapment or other methods, as well as treated immobilized microbial cells, may also be used. Furthermore, when using cultures, cultured microbial cells, washed microbial cells or a treated microbial cell product that has been obtained by disrupted or lysing microbial cells, it is often the case that an enzyme exists therein that decomposes the formed peptides without being involved in peptide formation. In this situation, it may be rather preferable in some cases to add a metal protease inhibitor like ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA). The addition amount is within the range of 0.1 millimolar (mM) to 300 mM, and preferably 1 mM to 100 mM. A preferable mode of the dipeptide production method of the present invention is a method in which the transformed cells described in the previously described section (4-2) are cultured in a medium, and a peptide-forming enzyme is allowed to accumulate in the medium and/or transformed cells. Since the peptide-forming enzyme can be easily produced in large volumes by using a transformant, dipeptides can be produced in large amounts and rapidly. The amount of enzyme or enzyme-containing substance used may be enough if it is an amount at which the target effect is demonstrated (effective amount), and this effective amount can be easily determined through simple, preliminary experimentation by a person with ordinary skill in the art. In the case of using the enzyme, for example, the amount used is about 0.01 U to about 100 U, while in the case of using washed microbial cells, the amount used is about 1 g/L to about 500 g/L. Any carboxy component may be used as far as it can form a peptide by condensation with the other substrate in the form of the amine component. Examples of carboxy component include L-amino acid esters, D-amino acid esters, L-amino acid amides and D-amino acid amides as well as organic acid esters not having an amino group. In addition, examples of amino acid esters include not only amino acid esters corresponding to naturally-occurring amino acids, but also amino acid esters corresponding to non-naturally-occurring amino acids or their derivatives. In addition, examples of amino acid esters include α-amino acid esters as well as β-, γ- and ω-amino acid esters and the like having different amino group bonding sites. Typical examples of amino acid esters include methyl esters, ethyl esters, n-propyl esters, iso-propyl esters, n-butyl esters, iso-butyl esters and tert-butyl esters of amino acids. Any amine component may be used as far as it can form a peptide by condensation with the other substrate in the form of the carboxy component. Examples of the amine component include L-amino acids, C-protected L-amino acids, D-amino acids, C-protected D-amino acids and amines. In addition, examples of the amines include not only naturally-occurring amines, but also non-naturally-occurring amines or their derivatives. In addition, examples of the amino acids include not only naturally-occurring amino acids, but also non-naturally-occurring amino acids or their derivatives. These include α-amino acids as well as β-, γ- or ω-amino acids and the like having different amino group bonding sites. The concentrations of the carboxy component and amine component serving as starting materials are 1 mM to 10 M, and preferably 0.05 M to 2 M, respectively; however, there are cases where it is preferable to add amine component in an amount equimolar or excess molar with respect to the carboxy component. In addition, in cases where high concentrations of substrates inhibit the reaction, these can be added stepwise during the reaction after they are adjusted to concentrations that do not cause inhibition. The reaction temperature that allows synthesis of peptide is 0 to 60° C., and preferably 5 to 40° C. In addition, the reaction pH that allows synthesis of peptide is 6.5 to 10.5, and preferably 7.0 to 10.0. EXAMPLES Hereinafter, the present invention will be explained by examples. However, the present invention is not limited to these examples. In addition to confirmation by ninhydrin coloring of thin-film chromatograms (qualitative), quantitative determinations were made by the following high-performance liquid chromatography in order to assay products. Column: InertsiL ODS-2 (manufactured by GL Science, Inc.), eluate: an aqueous phosphate solution containing 5.0 mM sodium 1-octanesulfonate (pH 2.1):methanol=100:15 to 50, flow rate: 1.0 mL/min, detection: 210 nanometers (hereinafter, “nm”). Example 1 Microbe Culturing (Empedobacter Brevis Strain FERM BP-8113) A 50 mL medium (pH 6.2) containing 5 grams (g) of glucose, 5 g of ammonium sulfate, 1 g of monopotassium phosphate, 3 g of dipotassium phosphate, 0.5 g of magnesium sulfate, 10 g of yeast extract and 10 g of peptone in 1 liter (L) was transferred to a 500 mL Sakaguchi flask and sterilized at 115° C. for 15 minutes. This medium was then inoculated with one loopful cells of Empedobacter brevis strain FERM BP-8113 (Depositary institution: the independent administrative corporation, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, International Patent Organism Depositary, Address of depositary institution: Chuo Dai-6,1-1 Higashi 1-Chome, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki-ken, Japan, International deposit transfer date: Jul. 8, 2002) that had been cultured at 30° C. for 16 hours in the same medium, followed by shake culturing at 30° C. for 16 hours and 120 strokes/min. Example 2 Production of Peptide Using Microbial Cells Microbial cells were collected by centrifuging (10,000 rounds per minute (rpm), 15 minutes) the culture broth obtained in Example 1, followed by suspending them to a concentration of 100 g/L in 100 mM borate buffer (pH 9.0) containing 10 mM EDTA. After respectively adding 1 mL of the suspension to 1 mL each of 100 mM borate buffer solutions (pH 9.0) containing 10 mM EDTA, 200 mM of the following carboxy components, and 400 mM of the following amino acids to make a final volume of 2 mL, the reaction was carried out at 18° C. for 2 hours. The peptides that were formed as a result of this reaction are shown in Table 1. TABLE 1 Carboxy Amine Formed component component peptide (mM) L-Ala-OMe L-Leu L-Ala-L-Leu 38.2 L-Met L-Ala-L-Met 68.3 L-Phe L-Ala-L-Phe 62.4 L-Ser L-Ala-L-Ser 51.3 L-His L-Ala-L-His 52.1 L-Arg L-Ala-L-Arg 72.1 L-Gln L-Ala-L-Gln 68.0 Gly-OMe L-His L-Gly-L-His 22.1 L-Ser-OMe L-Ser L-Ser-L-Ser 29.0 L-Val-OMe L-Met L-Val-L-Met 10.5 L-Met-OMe L-Phe L-Met-L-Phe 28.5 L-Thr-OMe L-Leu L-Thr-L-Leu 23.0 L-Ile-OMe L-Met L-Ile-L-Met 8.3 Hydrochloride salts were used for all the carboxy components. Example 3 Purification of Enzyme The procedure after centrifugation was carried out either on ice or at 4° C. Empedobacter brevis strain FERM BP-8113 (Depositary institution: the independent administrative corporation, National institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, International Patent Organism Depositary, Address of depositary institution: Chuo Dai-6,1-1 Higashi 1-Chome, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki-ken, Japan, International deposit transfer date: Jul. 8, 2002) was cultured in the same manner in as Example 1, and the microbial cells were collected by centrifugation (10,000 rpm, 15 minutes). After washing 16 g of microbial cells with 50 mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 8.0), they were suspended in 40 milliliters (ml or mL) of the same buffer and subjected to ultrasonic disrupting treatment for 45 minutes at 195 watts. This ultrasonically disrupted liquid was then centrifuged (10,000 rpm, 30 minutes) to remove the cell debris and obtain an ultrasonically disrupted liquid supernatant. This ultrasonically disrupted liquid supernatant was dialyzed overnight against 50 mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 8.0) followed by removal of the insoluble fraction by ultracentrifugation (50,000 rpm, 30 minutes) to obtain a soluble fraction in the form of the supernatant liquid. The resulting soluble fraction was applied to a Q-Sepharose HP column (manufactured by Amersham) pre-equilibrated with Tris-HCl buffer (pH 8.0), and the active fraction was collected from the non-adsorbed fraction. This active fraction was dialyzed overnight against 50 mM acetate buffer (pH 4.5) followed by removal of the insoluble fraction by centrifugation (10,000 rpm, 30 minutes) to obtain a dialyzed fraction in the form of the supernatant liquid. This dialyzed fraction was then applied to a Mono S column (manufactured by Amersham) pre-equilibrated with 50 mM acetate buffer (pH 4.5) to elute enzyme at a linear concentration gradient of the same buffer containing 0 to 1 M NaCl. The fraction that had the lowest level of contaminating protein among the active fractions was applied to a Superdex 200pg column (manufactured by Amersham) pre-equilibrated with 50 mM acetate buffer (pH 4.5) containing 1 M NaCl, and gel filtration was performed by allowing the same buffer (pH 4.5) containing 1 M NaCl to flow through the column to obtain an active fraction solution. As a result of performing these operations, the peptide-forming enzyme used in the present invention was confirmed to have been uniformly purified based on the experimental results of electrophoresis. The enzyme recovery rate in the aforementioned purification process was 12.2% and the degree of purification was 707 folds. Example 4 Measurement of Molecular Weight of Enzyme SDS-Gel Electrophoresis A 0.3 microgram (μg) equivalent of the purified enzyme fraction obtained by the method of Example 3 was applied to polyacrylamide electrophoresis. 0.3% (w/v) Tris, 1.44% (w/v) glycine and 0.1% (w/v) sodium laurylsulfate were used for the electrophoresis buffer solution, a gel having a concentration gradient of a gel concentration of 10 to 20% (Multigel 10 to 20, manufactured by Daiichi Pure Chemicals) was used for the polyacrylamide gel, and Pharmacia molecular weight markers were used as the molecular weight markers. Following completion of electrophoresis, the gel was stained with Coomassie brilliant blue R-250, and a uniform band was detected at the location of a molecular weight of about 75 kilodaltons (kDa). Gel Filtration The purified enzyme fraction obtained by the method of Example 3 was applied to a Superdex 200pg column (manufactured by Amersham) pre-equilibrated with 50 mM acetate buffer (pH 4.5) containing 1 M NaCl, and gel filtration was carried out by allowing the same buffer (pH 4.5) containing 1 M NaCl to flow through the column to measure the molecular weight. Pharmacia molecular weight markers were used as standard proteins having known molecular weights to prepare a calibration curve. As a result, the molecular weight of the enzyme was about 150 kDa. Based on the results of SDS-gel electrophoresis and gel filtration, the enzyme was suggested to be a homodimer having a molecular weight of about 75 kDa. Example 5 Optimum pH for Enzyme Reaction The effects of pH were examined in the reaction in which L-alanyl-L-glutamine is formed from L-alanine methyl ester hydrochloride and L-glutamine. Acetate buffer (pH 3.9 to 5.4), MES buffer (pH 5.4 to 6.4), phosphate buffer (pH 6.0 to 7.9), borate buffer (pH 7.8 to 9.3), CAPS buffer (pH 9.3 to 10.7), and K2HPO4-NaOH buffer (pH 10.8 to 11.6) were used as buffers. 1 microliter (μl) of the Mono S fraction enzyme obtained in Example 3 (about 180 U/ml) was added to 100 μl of each buffer (100 mM) containing 100 mM L-alanine methyl ester, 200 mM L-glutamine and 10 mM EDTA and allowed to react at 18° C. for 5 minutes to measure the effects of pH on the reaction. The results expressed by assigning a value of 100% to the case of using borate buffer (pH 9.3) are shown in FIG. 1. As a result, the optimum pH was found to be 8 to 9.5. Example 6 Optimum Temperature for Enzyme Reaction The effects of temperature were examined on the reaction in which L-alanyl-L-glutamine is formed from L-alanine methyl ester hydrochloride and L-glutamine. 1 μl of the same enzyme fraction used in Example 5 was added to 100 μl of 100 mM borate buffer (pH 9.0) containing 100 mM L-alanine methyl ester, 200 mM L-glutamine and 10 mM EDTA and allowed to react for 5 minutes at each temperature to measure the effects of temperature on the reaction. The results based on assigning a value of 100% to the activity at 34° C. are shown in FIG. 2. As a result, the optimum temperature was 30 to 40° C. Example 7 Enzyme Inhibitors The effects of inhibitors on the production of L-alanyl-L-glutamine were examined using L-alanine methyl ester hydrochloride and L-glutamine as substrates. 2 μl of the same enzyme fraction used in Example 5 was added to 50 μl of 100 mM borate buffer (pH 9.0) containing each of the enzyme inhibitors shown in Table 2 at 10 mM, and allowed to react at 25° C. for 5 minutes. Note that, o-phenanthroline, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride and p-nitrophenyl-p′-guanidinobenzoate were dissolved in methanol to a concentration of 50 mM before use. The enzyme activity under each condition was indicated as the relative activity in the case of assigning a value of 100 to the production of L-alanyl-L-glutamine in the absence of enzyme inhibitor. Those results are shown in Table 2. As a result, among the serine enzyme inhibitors tested, the enzyme was not inhibited by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, but it was inhibited by p-nitrophenyl-p′-guanidinobenzoate. TABLE 2 Relative activity of L-Ala-L-Gln production Enzyme inhibitor (%) None 100 Metal enzyme EDTA 96 inhibitor o-Phenanthroline 96 SH enzyme N-Ethyl maleimide 110 inhibitor Monoiodoacetate 101 Serine enzyme Phenylmethylsulfonyl 115 inhibitor fluoride 4-(2-Aminoethyl)benzene 75 sulfonyl fluoride p-Nitrophenyl-p′-guanidino 0.1 benzoate Example 8 Production of L-Alanyl-L-Glutamine from L-Alanine Methyl Ester and L-Glutamine 3 μl of the same enzyme fraction as used in Example 5 was added to 100 μl of 1.00 mM borate buffer (pH 9.0) containing 100 mM L-alanine methyl ester hydrochloride, 200 mM L-glutamine and 10 mM EDTA, and allowed to react at 18° C. As a result, as shown in FIG. 3, 83 mM L-alanyl-L-glutamine (L-Ala-L-Gln) was formed in the case of an enzyme-added lot, and the concentration of by-product L-Ala-L-Ala-L-Gln was 1.3 mM. On the other hand, there was scarcely any production of L-Ala-L-Gln observed in an enzyme-non-added lot, and the enzyme concentration was only about 0.07 mM after reacting for 120 minutes. Example 9 Effects of L-Glutamine Concentration on Production of L-Alanyl-L-Glutamine 1 μl of the same enzyme fraction as used in Example 5 was added to 100 μl of 100 mM borate buffer (pH 9.0) containing 100 mM L-alanine methyl ester hydrochloride, L-glutamine at the concentrations shown in Table 3 and 10 mM EDTA, and allowed to react at 18° C. for 2 hours. Those results are shown in Table 3. TABLE 3 L-Alanine methyl ester L-Glutamine L-Ala-L-Gln hydrochloride (mM) (mM) (mM) 100 100 68.2 110 72.1 120 73.3 130 75.1 150 75.5 200 82.0 Example 10 Substrate Specificity of Enzyme (1) Ester specificity was examined in the case of using L-amino acid ester for the carboxy component. 2 μl of the same enzyme fraction as used in Example 5 was added to 100 μl of 100 mM borate buffer (pH 9.0) containing the carboxy components indicated in Table 4 at 100 mM, 200 mM L-glutamine and 10 mM EDTA, and allowed to react at 25° C. for 2 hours. The amounts of L-Ala-L-Gln formed in this reaction are shown in Table 4. HCl represents hydrochloride in Table 4. TABLE 4 Carboxy component L-Ala-L-Gln formed (mM) L-Alanine methyl ester HCl 84.3 L-Alanine ethyl ester HCl 91.5 L-Alanine isopropyl ester HCl 78.9 L-Alanine-t-butyl ester HCl 7.5 Example 11 Substrate Specificity of Enzyme (2) Peptide production was examined in the case of using L-alanine methyl ester for the carboxy component and using various L-amino acids for the amine component. 2 μl of the same enzyme fraction as used in Example 5 was added to 100 μl of 100 mM borate buffer (pH 9.0) containing 100 mM L-alanine methyl ester hydrochloride, the L-amino acids shown in Table 5 at 150 mM and 10 mM EDTA, and allowed to react at 25° C. for 3 hours. The amounts of various peptides formed in this reaction are shown in Table 5. The “+” mark indicates those peptides for which production was confirmed but which were unable to be quantified due to the absence of a standard, while “tr” indicates a trace amount. TABLE 5 Amine Formed component peptide (mM) Gly L-Ala-Gly 13.7 L-Ala L-Ala-L-Ala 25.4 L-Val L-Ala-L-Val 20.8 L-Leu L-Ala-L-Leu 45.3 L-Ile L-Ala-L-Ile 33.9 L-Met L-Ala-L-Met 83.3 L-Phe L-Ala-L-Phe 74.4 L-Trp L-Ala-L-Trp 53.9 L-Ser L-Ala-L-Ser 62.5 L-Thr L-Ala-L-Thr 53.9 L-Asn L-Ala-L-Asn 65.5 L-Gln L-Ala-L-Gln 79.3 L-Tyr L-Ala-L-Tyr 17.6 L-CySH L-Ala-L-CySH + L-Lys L-Ala-L-Lys 71.8 L-Arg L-Ala-L-Arg 88.0 L-His L-Ala-L-His 66.9 L-Asp L-Ala-L-Asp 2.1 L-Glu L-Ala-L-Glu 42.9 L-Pro L-Ala-L-Pro tr Example 12 Substrate Specificity of Enzyme (3) Peptide production was examined in the case of using various types of L-amino acid methyl esters for the carboxy component and using L-glutamine for the amine component. 2 μl of the same enzyme fraction as used in Example 5 was added to 100 μl of 100 mM borate buffer (pH 9.0) containing the L-amino acid methyl ester hydrochloride salts (M-OMe.HCl) shown in Table 6 at 100 mM, 150 mM L-glutamine and 10 mM EDTA, and allowed to react at 25° C. for 3 hours. The amounts of various peptides formed in this reaction are shown in Table 6. The “+” mark indicates those peptides for which production was confirmed but which were unable to be quantified due to the absence of a standard, while “tr” indicates a trace amount. Furthermore, Tween-80 was added to the reaction system to a final concentration of 0.1% in the case of using L-Trp-OMe and L-Tyr-OMe. TABLE 6 Carboxy component Formed peptide (mM) Gly-OMe Gly-L-Gln 54.7 L-Ala-OMe L-Ala-L-Gln 74.6 L-Val-OMe L-Val-L-Gln 15.4 L-Leu-OMe L-Leu-L-Gln + L-Ile-OMe L-Ile-L-Gln 8.4 L-Met-OMe L-Met-L-Gln 12.0 L-Phe-OMe L-Phe-L-Gln 0.9 L-Trp-OMe L-Trp-L-Gln + L-Ser-OMe L-Ser-L-Gln 24.0 L-Thr-OMe L-Thr-L-Gln 81.9 L-Asn-OMe L-Asn-L-Gln + L-Gln-OMe L-Gln-L-Gln 0.3 L-Tyr-OMe L-Tyr-L-Gln 3.4 CySH-OMe L-CySH-L-Gln + L-Lys-OMe L-Lys-L-Gln + L-Arg-OMe L-Arg-L-Gln 7.1 L-His-OMe L-His-L-Gln + L-Asp-á-OMe α-L-Asp-L-Gln tr L-Asp-â-OMe β-L-Asp-L-Gln tr L-Glu-á-OMe α-L-Glu-L-Gln + L-Glu-ã-OMe γ-L-Glu-L-Gln + L-Pro-OMe L-Pro-L-Gln 2.2 Hydrochloride salts were used for all the carboxy components. Example 13 Substrate Specificity of Enzyme (4) Peptide production was examined in the case of using various L-amino acid methyl esters for the carboxy component and various L-amino acids for the amine component. 2 μl of the same enzyme fraction as used in Example 5 was added to 100 μl of 100 mM borate buffer (pH 9.0) containing the L-amino acid methyl ester hydrochloride salts (M-OMe.HCl) shown in Table 7 at 100 mM, the L-amino acids shown in Table 7 at 150 mM and 10 mM EDTA, and allowed to react at 25° C. for 3 hours. The amounts formed of each of the peptides formed in this reaction are shown in Table 7. The “tr” indicates a trace amount. Furthermore, Tween-80 was added to the reaction system to a final concentration of 0.1% in the case of using L-Trp-OMe. The “+” mark indicates those peptides for which production was confirmed but which were unable to be quantified due to the absence of a standard. TABLE 7 Carboxy Amine Formed component component peptide (mM) Gly-OMe L-CySH Gly-L-CySH 45.6 L-Arg Gly-L-Arg 25.5 L-Phe Gly-L-Phe 44.0 L-His Gly-L-His 31.6 L-Lys Gly-L-Lys 9.8 L-Ser Gly-L-Ser 44.2 L-Thr-OMe Gly L-Thr-Gly 9.4 L-Ala L-Thr-L-Ala 9.4 L-Val L-Thr-L-Val 0.7 L-Leu L-Thr-L-Leu 28.4 L-Met L-Thr-L-Met 38.6 L-Ser L-Thr-L-Ser 58.2 L-Ser-OMe L-Ser L-Ser-L-Ser 38.0 L-Met L-Ser-L-Met 12.5 L-Phe L-Ser-L-Phe 20.3 L-Val-OMe L-Ser L-Val-L-Ser 30.8 L-Met L-Val-L-Met 10.3 L-Phe L-Val-L-Phe 6.1 L-Met-OMe L-Ser L-Met-L-Ser 12.8 L-Met L-Met-L-Met 25.0 L-Phe L-Met-L-Phe 34.0 L-Ile-OMe L-Ser L-Ile-L-Ser 17.2 L-Met L-Ile-L-Met 10.0 L-Phe L-Ile-L-Phe 5.2 L-Arg-OMe L-Ser L-Arg-L-Ser 3.6 L-Met L-Arg-L-Met 0.7 L-Phe L-Arg-L-Phe 1.9 L-Leu-OMe L-Met L-Leu-L-Met 12.2 L-Trp-OMe L-Met L-Trp-L-Met 4.1 L-Lys-OMe L-Met L-Lys-L-Met 6.8 L-His-OMe L-Met L-His-L-Met 6.5 L-Asn-OMe L-Glu L-Asn-L-Glu 10.2 Hydrochloride salts were used for all the carboxy components. Example 14 Substrate Specificity of Enzyme (5) Peptide production was examined in the case of using the L or D forms of various amino acid methyl esters for the carboxy component, and the L or D forms of various amino acids for the amine component. 2 μl of the same enzyme fraction as used in Example 5 was added to 100 μl of 100 mM borate buffer (pH 9.0) containing the various amino acid methyl ester hydrochloride salts (AA-OMe.HCl) shown in Table 8 at 100 mM, the various amino acids shown in Table 8 at 150 mM and 10 mM EDTA, and allowed to react at 25° C. for 3 hours. The amounts of various peptides formed in this reaction are shown in Table 8. The “tr” indicates a trace amount. TABLE 8 Carboxy Amine Formed component component peptide (mM) D-Ala-OMe L-Gln D-Ala-L-Gln 69.3 D-Ala-OMe L-Ser D-Ala-L-Ser 20.3 D-Thr-OMe D-Thr-L-Ser 1.0 D-Ser-OMe D-Ser-L-Ser 3.3 D-Val-OMe D-Val-L-Ser 0.6 D-Met-OMe D-Met-L-Ser 5.1 L-Ala-OMe D-Gln L-Ala-D-Gln 0.3 L-Ala-OMe D-Ser L-Ala-D-Ser 5.4 L-Thr-OMe L-Thr-D-Ser 6.9 L-Ser-OMe L-Ser-D-Ser 16.2 L-Val-OMe L-Val-D-Ser 1.4 L-Met-OMe L-Met-D-Ser 1.9 D-Ala-OMe D-Gln D-Ala-D-Gln tr D-Ala-OMe D-Ser D-Ala-D-Ser 0.2 D-Thr-OMe D-Thr-D-Ser 1.1 D-Ser-OMe D-Ser-D-Ser 2.5 D-Val-OMe D-Val-D-Ser 0.5 D-Met-OMe D-Met-D-Ser 2.7 Hydrochloride salts were used for all the carboxy components. Example 15 Substrate Specificity of Enzyme (6) Peptide production was examined using various L-amino acid amides for the carboxy component, and various L-amino acids for the amine component. 2 μl of the same enzyme fraction as that used in Example 5 was added to 100 μl of 100 mM borate buffer (pH 9.0) containing the L-amino acid amide hydrochloride salts (M−NH2.HCl) shown in Table 9 at 100 mM, the L-amino acids shown in Table 9 at 150 mM and 10 mM EDTA, and allowed to react at 25° C. for 3 hours. The amounts of various peptides formed in this reaction are shown in Table 9. TABLE 9 Carboxy Amine Formed component component peptide (mM) L-Phe-NH2 L-Gln L-Phe-L-Gln 0.2 L-Phe-NH2 L-Ser L-Phe-L-Ser 0.6 L-Ala-NH2 L-Gln L-Ala-L-Gln 7.6 L-Ala-NH2 L-Met L-Ala-L-Met 3.4 L-Ala-NH2 L-His L-Ala-L-His 3.9 L-Thr-NH2 L-Gln L-Thr-L-Gln 0.3 Example 16 Substrate Specificity of Enzyme (7) Peptide production was examined in the case of using various L-alanine methyl esters for the carboxy component and C-protected L-amino acids for the amine component. 2 μl of the same enzyme fraction as used in Example 5 was added to 100 μl of 100 mM borate buffer (pH 9.0) containing the L-alanine methyl ester hydrochloride salt (Ala-OMe.HCl) shown in Table 10 at 100 mM, the L-amino acid amide hydrochloride salts shown in Table 10 at 150 mM and 10 mM EDTA, and allowed to react at 25° C. for 3 hours. The amounts of various peptides formed in this reaction are shown in Table 10. TABLE 10 Carboxy component Amine component Formed peptide (mM) L-Ala-OMe Gly-NH2 L-Ala-Gly-NH2 7.4 L-Ala-NH2 L-Ala-L-Ala-NH2 8.3 L-Phe-NH2 L-Ala-L-Phe-NH2 12.2 Example 17 Substrate Specificity of Enzyme (8) Peptide production was examined in the case of using various amino acid methyl esters for the carboxy component and methylamine for the amine component. 2 μl of the same enzyme fraction as used in Example 5 was added to 100 μl of 100 mM borate buffer (pH 9.0) containing the amino acid methyl ester hydrochloride salts (AA-OMe-HCl) shown in Table 11 at 100 mM, the methylamine shown in Table 11 at 150 mM and 10 mM EDTA, and allowed to react at 25° C. for 3 hours. The amounts of various peptides formed in this reaction are shown in Table 11. TABLE 11 Carboxy component Amine component Formed peptide (mM) Gly-OMe Methylamine Gly-methylamine 1.1 L-Thr-OMe L-Thr-methylamine 0.2 L-Ala-OMe L-Ala-methylamine 0.3 Example 18 Substrate Specificity of Enzyme (9) Peptide production was examined in the case of using α-amino acid ester for the carboxy component or p-amino acid for the amine component. 2 μl of the same enzyme fraction as used in Example 5 was added to 1001 μl of 100 mM borate buffer (pH 9.0) containing the carboxy components shown in Table 12 at 100 mM, the amine components shown in Table 12 at 150 mM and 10 mM EDTA, and allowed to react at 25° C. for 3 hours. The amounts of various peptides formed in this reaction are shown in Table 12. The “tr” indicates a trace amount. TABLE 12 Carboxy component Amine component Formed peptide (mM) Gly-OMe β-Ala Gly-β-Ala 2.2 Gly-OMe β-Phe Gly-β-Phe 0.4 L-Ala-OMe β-Ala Ala-β-Ala 7.7 L-Ala-OMe β-Phe Ala-β-Phe 1.4 L-Thr-OMe β-Ala Thr-β-Ala 3.2 L-Thr-OMe β-Phe Thr-β-Phe 1.4 β-Ala-OMe L-á-Ala β-Ala-L-α-Ala tr β-Ala-OMe β-Ala β-Ala-β-Ala 0.2 β-Ala-OMe L-Gln β-Ala-L-Gln 0.6 β-Ala-OMe L-Ser β-Ala-L-Ser 3.2 Hydrochloride salts were used for all of the carboxy components. Example 19 Substrate Specificity of Enzyme (10) Oligopeptide production was examined in the case of using L-amino acid ester for the carboxy component and peptide for the amine component. 2 μl of the same enzyme fraction as used in Example 5 was added to 100 μl of 100 mM borate buffer (pH 9.0) containing the carboxy components shown in Table 13 at 100 mM, the amine components shown in Table 13 at 150 mM and 10 mM EDTA, and allowed to react at 25° C. for 3 hours. The amounts of various peptides formed in this reaction are shown in Table 13. As a result, it was clearly demonstrated that the present enzyme can form not only dipeptide, but also long-chain peptides by using a peptide for the amine component. As has been indicated in the aforementioned Examples 9 to 20, the present enzyme obtained from Empedobacter brevis strain FERM BP-18545 was determined to have extremely broad substrate specificity. TABLE 13 Carboxy component Amine component Produced peptide (mM) L-Ala-OMe L-Ala L-Ala-L-Ala 28.7 L-Ala-L-Ala L-Ala-L-Ala-L-Ala 57.5 L-Ala-L-Ala-L-Ala L-Ala-L-Ala-L-Ala-L- 44.5 Ala L-Ala-L-Ala-L-Ala-L- L-Ala-L-Ala-L-Ala-L- 34.8 Ala Ala-L-Ala L-Ala-L-Ala-L-Ala-L- L-Ala-L-Ala-L-Ala-L- 1.4* Ala-L-Ala Ala-L-Ala-L-Ala L-Ala-L-Gln L-Ala-L-Ala-L-Gln 15.2 Gly-L-Ala L-Ala-Gly-L-Ala 25.9 Gly-Gly L-Ala-Gly-Gly 41.7 L-His-L-Ala L-Ala-L-His-L-Ala 55.9 L-Leu-L-Ala L-Ala-L-Leu-L-Ala 48.3 L-Phe-L-Ala L-Ala-L-Phe-L-Ala 49.7 L-Phe-Gly L-Ala-L-Phe-Gly 43.7 Gly-OMe L-Ala-L-Tyr Gly-L-Ala-L-Tyr 1.7 Gly-L-Gln Gly-Gly-L-Gln 7.2 Gly-L-Tyr-L-Ala Gly-Gly-L-Tyr-L-Ala 44.2 L-Thr-OMe Gly-Gly L-Thr-Gly-Gly 83.0 *Since the solubility of L-Ala-L-Ala-L-Ala-L-Ala-L-Ala was low, the carboxy component was used at a concentration of 10 mM and the amine component was used at 15 mM in this reaction system. The other conditions were the same as those explained in the example. Hydrochloride salts were used for all the carboxy components. Example 20 Comparison of Ability to Catalyze Peptide Formation with Known Enzymes The peptide-forming ability of the present enzyme was compared with that of known enzymes. Carboxypeptidase Y described in EP 278787A1 and the thiol endopeptidases (ficin, papain, bromelain, and chymopapain) described in EP 359399B1 were used as the known enzymes, and they were used in the form of purified enzymes (manufactured by Sigma). The enzyme uniformly purified in Example 3 was used as a source of the present enzyme of the present invention. These enzymes were added to a reaction system in the protein amounts shown in Table 14. The reaction was carried out by adding the enzyme to 100 μl of borate buffer (pH 9.0) containing 100 mM L-alanine methyl ester hydrochloride and 200 mM L-glutamine and allowing the resultant to react at 25° C. Note that the carboxypeptidase used was one dissolved in 10 mM acetate buffer (pH 5.0) containing 1 mM EDTA, while the thiol endopeptidase used was one dissolved in 10 mM acetate buffer (pH 5.0) containing 2 mM EDTA, 0.1 M KCl, and 5 mM dithiothreitol. The ratios of the production rates of L-alanyl-L-glutamine by these enzymes are shown in Table 14. As a result, the production of an extremely trace small amount of L-alanyl-L-glutamine was observed even in the absence of enzymes, while a slight increase in the production rate was observed in the section where carboxypeptidase- or thiol endopeptidase-added lot as compared with the enzyme-non-added lot. In contrast, an overwhelmingly higher rate of production of L-alanyl-L-glutamine was observed in the enzyme-added lot, and that rate of production was about 5,000 to 100,000 times higher than those of carboxypeptidase Y and of thiol endopeptidase. As has been described above, the present enzyme was verified to have an extremely high peptide production rate unlike any known enzyme in the prior art. Furthermore, the enzyme of the present invention is a dimer having a molecular weight of about 75,000. In contrast, the molecular weight of the carboxypeptidase Y has been reported to be about 61,000, while the molecular weight of thiol endopeptidase has been reported to be about 23,000 to 36,000. Thus, the L-alanyl-L-glutamine production rate of the enzyme of the present invention as compared to those of the carboxypeptidase Y and the thiol endopeptidase is even greater when the rate is expressed per molecular weight than when it is expressed per unit weight as indicated in the examples. TABLE 14 Ratio of Amount of L-Ala-L-Gln enzyme L-Ala-L-Gln production added production rate per (protein rate enzyme unit Enzyme mg/ml) (mM/min) weight No enzyme 0 0.0006 Carboxypeptidase Y 0.61 0.0257 0.0191 Ficin 2.60 0.0096 0.0017 Papain 2.30 0.0106 0.0021 Bromelain 2.80 0.0062 0.0010 Chymopapain 3.60 0.0100 0.0013 Enzyme of present 0.02 4.4000 100.0 invention Example 21 Production of L-Alanyl-L-Glutamine Using Microbial Cell of Sphingobacterium sp. A 50 ml medium (pH 7.0) containing 5 g of glucose, 5 g of ammonium sulfate, 1 g of monopotassium phosphate, 3 g of dipotassium phosphate, 0.5 g of magnesium sulfate, 10 g of yeast extract, and 10 g of peptone in 1 L was transferred to a 500 mL Sakaguchi flask and sterilized at 115° C. for 15 minutes for culturing Sphingobacterium sp. strain FERM BP-8124 (Depositary institution: the independent administrative corporation, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, International Patent Organism Depositary, Address of depositary institution: Chuo Dai-6,1-1 Higashi 1-Chome, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki-ken, Japan, International deposit date: Jul. 22, 2002). This was then inoculated with one loopful cells of Sphingobacterium sp. strain FERM BP-8124 (Depositary institution: the independent administrative corporation, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, International Patent Organism Depositary, Address of depositary institution: Chuo Dai-6,1-1 Higashi 1-Chome, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki-ken, Japan, International deposit date: Jul. 22, 2002) cultured at 30° C. for 24 hours in a slant agar medium (agar: 20 g/L, pH 7.0) containing 5 g of glucose, 10 g of yeast extract, 10 g of peptone and 5 g of NaCl in 1 L, followed by shake culturing at 30° C. for 20 hours and 120 strokes/minute. 1 ml of this culture broth was then added to the aforementioned medium (50 ml/500 mL Sakaguchi flask) and cultured at 30° C. for 18 hours. Following completion of the culturing, the microbial cells were separated from the culture broth by centrifugation and suspended in 0.1 M borate buffer (pH 9.0) containing 10 mM EDTA at a concentration of 100 g/L as wet microbial cells. 0.1 mL of 100 mM borate buffer (pH 9.0) containing 10 mM EDTA, 200 mM L-alanyl methyl ester hydrochloride and 400 mM L-glutamine was then added to 0.1 mL of this microbial cell suspension. The resulting 0.2 mL of mixture was allowed to react at 25° C. for 120 minutes. The concentration of L-alanyl-L-glutamine formed at this time was 62 mM. Example 22 Purification of Enzyme from Sphingobacterium sp. The following procedure after centrifugation was carried out either on ice or at 4° C. Sphingobacterium sp. strain FERM BP-8124 (Depositary institution: the independent administrative corporation, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, International Patent Organism Depositary, Address of depositary institution: Chuo Dai-6,1-1 Higashi 1-Chome, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki-ken, Japan, International deposit date: July 22, 2002) was cultured in the same manner as Example 21, and the microbial cells were collected by centrifugation (10,000 rpm, 15 minutes). After washing 2 g of microbial cells with 20 mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.6), they were suspended in 8 ml of the same buffer and subjected to ultrasonic disrupting treatment for 45 minutes at 195 W. This ultrasonically disrupted liquid was then centrifuged (10,000 rpm, 30 minutes) to remove the cell debris and obtain an ultrasonically disrupted liquid supernatant. This ultrasonically disrupted liquid supernatant was dialyzed overnight against 20 mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.6) followed by removal of the insoluble fraction by ultracentrifugation (50,000 rpm, 30 minutes) to obtain a soluble fraction in the form of the supernatant liquid. The resulting soluble fraction was applied to a Q-Sepharose HP column (manufactured by Amersham) pre-equilibrated with Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.6), and the active fraction was collected from the non-adsorbed fraction. This active fraction was dialyzed overnight against 20 mM acetate buffer (pH 5.0) followed by removal of the insoluble fraction by centrifugation (10,000 rpm, 30 minutes) to obtain a dialyzed fraction in the form of the supernatant liquid. This dialyzed fraction was then applied to an SP-Sepharose HP column (manufactured by Amersham) pre-equilibrated with 20 mM acetate buffer (pH 5.0) to obtain the active fraction in which enzyme was eluted at a linear concentration gradient of the same buffer containing 0 tol M NaCl. Example 23 Production of L-Alanyl-L-Glutamine Using Enzyme Fraction 10 μl of the SP-Sepharose HP fraction (about 27 U/ml) purified in Example 22 was added to 90 μl of 111 mM borate buffer (pH 9.0) containing 111 mM L-alanine methyl ester hydrochloride, 222 mM L-glutamine and 11 mM EDTA, and allowed to react at 25° C. for 120 minutes. As a result, 73 mM of L-alanyl-L-glutamine was formed in the enzyme-added lot. On the other hand, there was scarcely any production of L-Ala-L-Glu observed in the enzyme-non-added lot, and the production amount was only about 0.07 mM after reacting for 120 minutes. Example 24 Substrate Specificity of Enzyme (11) Substrate specificity was examined for enzyme derived from Sphingobacterium sp. strain FERM BP-8124 (Depositary institution: the independent administrative corporation, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, International Patent Organism Depositary, Address of depositary institution: Chuo Dai-6,1-1 Higashi 1-Chome, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki-ken, Japan, International deposit date: Jul. 22, 2002). 100 μl of 100 mM borate buffer (pH 9.0) containing the various carboxy components at a final concentration of 100 mM and the various amine components at a final concentration of 150 mM shown in Tables 15-1 to 15-4, the SP-Sepharose HP fraction enzyme purified in Example 22 (addition of 0.33 units in the reaction liquid) and 10 mM EDTA were allowed to react at 25° C. for 1.5 hours. The amounts of various peptides formed in this reaction are shown in Table 15. The “+” mark indicates those peptides for which production was confirmed but which were unable to be quantified due to the absence of a standard, while “tr” indicates a trace amount. Furthermore, Tween-80 was added to the reaction system to a final concentration of 0.1% in the case of using L-Tyr-OMe. In addition, hydrochloride salts were used for all carboxy components. TABLE 15-1 Carboxy Amine component component Produced peptide (mM) L-Ala-OMe Gly L-Ala-Gly 11.1 L-Ala L-Ala-L-Ala 13.1 L-Val L-Ala-L-Val 10.9 L-Leu L-Ala-L-Leu 33.0 L-Ile L-Ala-L-Ile 24.7 L-Met L-Ala-L-Met 86.9 L-Pro L-Ala-L-Pro 1.5 L-Phe L-Ala-L-Phe 69.5 L-Trp L-Ala-L-Trp 46.0 L-Thr L-Ala-L-Thr 47.3 L-Asn L-Ala-L-Asn 52.3 L-Tyr L-Ala-L-Tyr 11.1 L-CySH L-Ala-L-CySH + L-Lys L-Ala-L-Lys 71.2 L-Arg L-Ala-L-Arg 72.2 L-His L-Ala-L-His 73.6 L-Asp L-Ala-L-Asp 2.3 L-Glu L-Ala-L-Glu 39.1 L-Ser L-Ala-L-Ser 43.8 D-Ser L-Ala-D-Ser 3.3 D-Ala-OMe L-Ser D-Ala-L-Ser 24.1 D-Ser D-Ala-D-Ser 5.5 TABLE 15-2 Carboxy Amine component component Produced peptide (mM) L-Thr-OMe L-Gln L-Thr-L-Gln 36.1 Gly-OMe Gly-L-Gln 61.1 L-Ser-OMe L-Ser-L-Gln 12.9 L-Val-OMe L-Val-L-Gln 8.2 L-Met-OMe L-Met-L-Gln 32.6 L-Ile-OMe L-Ile-L-Gln 6.4 L-Arg-OMe L-Arg-L-Gln 17.2 L-Tyr-OMe L-Tyr-L-Gln 0.6 L-Pro-OMe L-Pro-L-Gln 1.8 L-Phe-OMe L-Phe-L-Gln 0.8 L-Gln-OMe L-Gln-L-Gln 0.1 Asp-á-OMe á-L-Asp-L-Gln 0.05 TABLE 15-3 Carboxy Amine component component Produced peptide (mM) L-Thr-OMe Gly L-Thr-Gly 0.4 L-Ala L-Thr-L-Ala 5.8 L-Val L-Thr-L-Val 1.3 L-Leu L-Thr-L-Leu 15.3 L-Met L-Thr-L-Met 28.9 Gly-OMe L-Arg Gly-L-Arg 17.9 L-Phe Gly-L-Phe 20.0 L-His Gly-L-His 36.2 L-Lys Gly-L-Lys 48.2 L-Ser Gly-L-Ser 53.8 L-Ser-OMe L-Ser L-Ser-L-Ser 9.9 L-Met L-Ser-L-Met 7.6 L-Phe L-Ser-L-Phe 4.3 L-Val-OMe L-Ser L-Val-L-Ser 31.9 L-Met L-Val-L-Met 6.8 L-Phe L-Val-L-Phe 1.0 L-Met-OMe L-Ser L-Met-L-Ser 25.3 L-Met L-Met-L-Met 28.4 L-Phe L-Met-L-Phe 8.9 L-Ile-OMe L-Ser L-Ile-L-Ser 17.3 L-Met L-Ile-L-Met 5.1 L-Phe L-Ile-L-Phe 1.5 L-Arg-OMe L-Ser L-Arg-L-Ser 2.2 L-Met L-Arg-L-Met tr L-Phe L-Arg-L-Phe tr TABLE 15-4 Carboxy Amine component component Produced peptide (mM) L-Ala-OMe Gly amide L-Ala-Gly amide 15.1 L-Ala amide L-Ala-L-Ala amide 9.2 L-Phe amide L-Ala-Phe amide 27.1 L-Ala-OMe Methylamine L-Ala-methylamine 0.6 L-Thr-OMe L-Thr-methylamine 0.3 Gly-OMe Gly-methylamine 1.0 L-Ala amide L-Gln L-Ala-L-Gln 0.3 L-Met L-Ala-L-Met tr L-His L-Ala-L-His tr Hydrochloride salts were used for all the amino acid amides. Example 25 Substrate Specificity of Enzyme (12) Substrate specificity with respect to oligopeptide production was examined for enzyme derived from Sphingobacterium sp. strain FERM BP-8124 (Depositary institution: the independent administrative corporation, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, International Patent Organism Depositary, Address of depositary institution: Chuo Dai-6,1-1 Higashi 1-Chome, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki-ken, Japan, International deposit date: Jul. 22, 2002). 100 μl of 100 mM borate buffer (pH 9.0) containing the various carboxy components at a final concentration of 100 mM and the various amine components at a final concentration of 150 mM shown in Table 16, the SP-Sepharose HP fraction enzyme purified in Example 22 (addition of 0.33 units in the reaction liquid) and 10 mM EDTA were allowed to react for 1.5 hours at 25° C. The amounts of each oligopeptide formed in this reaction are shown in Table 16. Furthermore, hydrochloride salts were used for all carboxy components. TABLE 16 Carboxy Amine component component Produced peptide (mM) L-Ala-OMe L-Ala L-Ala-L-Ala 25.6 L-Ala-L-Ala L-Ala-L-Ala-L-Ala 41.1 L-Ala-L-Ala- L-Ala-L-Ala-L-Ala- 30.1 L-Ala L-Ala L-Ala-L-Ala- L-Ala-L-Ala-L-Ala- 22.8 L-Ala-L-Ala L-Ala-L-Ala Gly-Gly L-Ala-Gly-Gly 33.7 Gly-Ala L-Ala-Gly-L-Ala 35.1 L-His-L-Ala L-Ala-L-His-L-Ala 58.0 L-Phe-Gly L-Ala-L-Phe-Gly 34.0 L-Leu-L-Ala L-Ala-L-Leu-L-Ala 40.7 L-Phe-L-Ala L-Ala-L-Phe-L-Ala 24.8 L-Thr-OMe Gly-Gly L-Thr-Gly-Gly 8.4 Gly-OMe L-Ala-L-Tyr Gly-L-Ala-L-Tyr 0.6 Example 26 Substrate Specificity of Enzyme (13) Substrate specificity was additionally assessed using the same enzyme fraction as that used in Example 5. TABLE 17 Carboxy Reaction component (mM) Amine component (mM) Produced peptide (mM) time (hr) H-Ala-OMe 50 mM H-p-F-Phe-OH 50 mM H-Ala-p-F-Phe-OH 21.9 mM 3 H-Ala-OMe 40 mM H-Cl-F-Phe-OH 40 mM H-Ala-Cl-F-Phe-OH 20.8 mM 3 H-Ala-OMe 40 mM H-p-NO2-Phe-OH 40 mM H-Ala-p-NO2-Phe-OH 27.5 mM 3 H-Ala-OMe 100 mM H-t-Leu-OH 150 mM H-Ala-t-Leu-OH 0.4 mM 3 H-Ala-OMe 20 mM H-2-Nal-OH 20 mM H-Ala-2-Nal-OH + 3 H-p-F-Phe-OMe 100 mM H-Gln-OH 150 mM H-p-F-Phe-H-Gln-OH tr 3 H-Cl-F-Phe-OMe 25 mM H-Gln-OH 50 mM H-Cl-F-Phe-H-Gln-OH tr 3 H-p-NO2-Phe-OMe 40 mM H-Gln-OH 40 mM H-p-NO2-Phe-H-Gln-OH 1.1 mM 3 H-t-Leu-OMe 100 mM H-Gln-OH 150 mM H-t-Leu-H-Gln-OH tr 3 H-2-Nal-OMe 40 mM H-Gln-OH 40 mM H-2-Nal-H-Gln-OH tr 3 H-Aib-OMe 100 mM H-Gln-OH 150 mM H-Aib-H-Gln-OH 18.8 mM 3 H-N-Me-Ala-OMe 100 mM H-Gln-OH 150 mM H-N-Me-Ala-H-Gln-OH 0.5 mM 3 H-Aib-OMe 100 mM H-Phe-OH 150 mM H-Aib-Phe-OH 17.2 mM 3 H-CHA-OMe 40 mM H-Phe-OH 40 mM H-CHA-Phe-OH + 3 H-N-Me-Ala-OMe 100 mM H-Phe-OH 150 mM H-N-Me-Ala-Phe-OH tr 3 H-Ala-OMe 100 mM H-Ser(tBu)-OH 150 mM H-Ala-Ser(tBu)-OH 48.8 mM 2 H-Ser(tBu)-OMe 100 mM H-Gln-OH 150 mM H-Ser(tBu)-Gln-OH tr 2 H-Ala-OMe 100 mM H-Asp(OtBu)-OH 150 mM H-Ala-Asp(OtBu)-OH 62.6 mM 2 H-Asp(OtBu)-OMe 100 mM H-Gln-OH 150 mM H-Asp(OtBu)-Gln-OH 0.9 mM 2 H-Ala-OMe 100 mM H-Lys(Boc)-OH 150 mM H-Ala-Lys(Boc)-OH 51.0 mM 2 H-Lys(Boc)-OMe 100 mM H-Gln-OH 150 mM H-Lys(Boc)-Gln-OH + 2 100 μl of reaction solutions consisting of 100 mM borate buffer (pH 9.0) containing each of the carboxy components and amine components at the final concentrations shown in Table 17, enzyme (addition of 0.1 unit in reaction solution) and 10 mM EDTA were allowed to react at 25° C. for the reaction times shown in Table 17. The amounts of various peptides formed in the reactions are shown in Table 17. The “+” mark indicates those for which production was confirmed but which were unable to be quantified due to the absence of a standard, while “tr” indicates a trace amount. Abbreviations H-Ala-OMe: L-alanine methyl ester hydrochloride H-p-F-Phe-OMe: p-fluoro-L-phenylalanine methyl ester hydrochloride H-Cl-F-Phe-OMe: p-chloro-L-phenylalanine methyl ester hydrochloride H-p-NO2-Phe-OMe: p-nitro-L-phenylalanine methyl ester hydrochloride H-t-Leu-OMe: tert-L-leucine methyl ester hydrochloride H-2-NaI-OMe: 3-(2-naphthyl)-L-alanine methyl ester hydrochloride H-Aib-OMe: α-aminoisobutyric acid methyl ester hydrochloride H-N-Me-Ala-OMe: N-methyl-L-alanine methyl ester hydrochloride H-CHA-OMe: β-cyclohexyl-L-alanine methyl ester hydrochloride H-Ser(tBu)-OMe: O-tert-butyl-L-serine methyl ester hydrochloride H-Asp(OtBu)-OMe: L-aspartic acid β-tert-butyl ester α-methyl ester hydrochloride H-Lys(Boc)-OMe: N-ε-tert-butoxycarbonyl-L-lysine methyl ester hydrochloride H-p-F-Phe-OH: p-fluoro-L-phenylalanine H-Cl-F-Phe-OH: p-chloro-L-phenylalanine H-p-NO2-Phe-OH: p-nitro-L-phenylalanine H-t-Leu-OH: tert-L-leucine H-2-NaI-OH: 3-(2-naphthyl)-L-alanine H-Gln-OH: L-glutamine H-Phe-OH: L-phenylalanine H-Ser(tBu)-OH: O-tert-butyl-L-serine H-Asp(OtBu)-OH: L-aspartic acid p-tert-butyl ester H-Lys(Boc)-OH: N-ε-tert-butoxycarbonyl-L-lysine Example 27 Substrate Specificity of Enzyme (14) Substrate specificity with respect to oligopeptide production was assessed using the same enzyme fraction as Example 5 (derived from Empedobacter brevis). 100 μl of reaction solutions consisting of 100 mM borate buffer (pH 9.0) containing each of the carboxy components and amine components at the final concentrations shown in Table 18, enzyme (the numbers of units added to the reaction solution are described in Table 18) and 10 mM EDTA were allowed to react at 25° C. for 3 hours. The amounts of various oligopeptides formed in the reactions are shown in Table 18. A “+” mark indicates those for which production was confirmed but which were unable to be quantified due to the absence of a standard, while “tr” indicates a trace amount. It should be noted that hydrochloride salts were used for all the carboxy components. TABLE 18 Amount Carboxy Amine of enzyme Produced component component (unit) peptide (mM) Gly-OMe L-Phe-L-Met 1.0 Gly-Phe-Met 13.3 L-Ala-OMe L-Phe-L-Met 0.2 L-Ala-L-Phe- + L-Met L-Tyr-OMe Gly-Gly-L- 1.0 L-Tyr-Gly-Gly- 2.7 Phe-L-Met L-Phe-L-Met L-Ala-OMe Gly-Gly-L- 0.2 L-Ala-Gly-Gly- + Phe-L-Met L-Phe-L-Met Gly-OMe Gly-L-Phe 0.1 Gly-L-Phe 17.3 L-Ala-OMe Gly-L-Phe 0.1 L-Ala-Gly-L-Phe + D-Ala-OMe Gly-L-Phe 0.1 D-Ala-Gly-L-Phe Tr Example 28 Isolation of Peptide-Forming Enzyme Gene Derived from Empedobacter brevis Hereinafter, although the following provides a description of the isolation of a peptide-forming enzyme gene, will be explained. As the microbe was used Empedobacter brevis strain FERM BP-8113 (Depositary institution: the independent administrative corporation, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, International Patent Organism Depositary, Address of depositary institution: Chuo Dai-6,1-1 Higashi 1-Chome, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki-ken, Japan, International deposit transfer date: Jul. 8, 2002) was used as the microbe. In isolating the gene, Escherichia coli JM-109 was used as a host while pUC118 was used as a vector. (1) Production of PCR Primer Based on Determined Internal Amino Acid Sequence A mixed primer having the base sequences indicated in SEQ ID NO.: 3 and SEQ ID NO: 4, respectively, was produced based on the amino acid sequences (SEQ ID NOs: 1 and 2) determined according to the Edman's decomposition method from the a digestion product of lysyl endopeptidase of a peptide-forming enzyme derived from the Empedobacter brevis strain FERM BP-8113 (Depositary institution: the independent administrative corporation, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, International Patent Organism Depositary, Address of depositary institution: Chuo Dai-6,1-1 Higashi 1-Chome, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki-ken, Japan, International deposit transfer date: Jul. 8, 2002) digested by a lysyl endopeptidase. (2) Preparation of Microbial Cells Empedobacter brevis strain FERM BP-8113 (Depositary institution: the independent administrative corporation, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, International Patent Organism Depositary, Address of depositary institution: Chuo Dai-6,1-1 Higashi 1-Chome, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki-ken, Japan, International deposit transfer date: Jul. 8, 2002) was cultured at 30° C. for 24 hours on a CM2G agar medium (containing glucose at 50 g/l, yeast extract at 10 g/l, peptone at 10 g/l, sodium chloride at 5 g/l, and agar at 20 g/l, pH 7.0). One loopful of the resulting microbial cells was inoculated into a 500 ml Sakaguchi flask containing 50 ml of a CM2G liquid medium (the aforementioned medium excluding agar) followed by shake culturing at 30° C. (3) Preparation of Chromosomal DNA from Microbial Cells First, 50 ml of culture broth was centrifuged (12,000 rpm, 4° C., 15 minutes) to collect the microbial cells. Then, a chromosomal DNA was obtained from the microbial cells using the QIAGEN Genomic-Tip System (Qiagen) based on the procedure described in the manual therefor. (4) Preparation of DNA Fragment Containing Part of Peptide-Forming Enzyme Gene by PCR A DNA fragment containing a portion of the peptide-forming enzyme gene derived from Empedobacter brevis strain FERM BP-8113 (Depositary institution: the independent administrative corporation, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, International Patent Organism Depositary, Address of depositary institution: Dai-6,1-1 Higashi 1-Chome, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki-ken, Japan, International deposit transfer date: Jul. 8, 2002) was obtained by the PCR method using LA-Taq (manufactured by Takara Shuzo). A PCR reaction was then carried out on a chromosomal DNA obtained from Empedobacter brevis strain FERM BP-8113 (Depositary institution: the independent administrative corporation, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, International Patent Organism Depositary, Address of depositary institution: Chuo Dai-6,1-1 Higashi 1-Chome, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki-ken, Japan, International deposit transfer date: Jul. 8, 2002) using the primers having the base sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 3 and 4. The PCR reaction was carried out for 30 cycles under the following conditions using the Takara PCR Thermal Cycler PERSONAL (manufactured by Takara Shuzo). 94° C. 30 seconds 52° C. 1 minute 72° C. 1 minute After the reaction, 3 μl of the reaction liquid was applied to 0.8% agarose electrophoresis. As a result, it was verified that a DNA fragment of about 1.5 kilobases (kb) was confirmed to be amplified. (5) Cloning of Peptide-Forming Enzyme Gene from Gene Library In order to obtain the entire length of peptide-forming enzyme gene in full-length, Southern hybridization was carried out using the DNA fragment amplified in the PCR procedure as a probe. The procedure for Southern hybridization is explained in Molecular Cloning, 2nd edition, Cold Spring Harbor Press (1989). The approximately 1.5 kb DNA fragment amplified by the PCR procedure was isolated by 0.8% agarose electrophoresis. The target band was then cut out and the DNA fragment was purified. The DNA fragment was labeled with probe digoxinigen using DIG High Prime (manufactured by Boehringer-Mannheim) based on the procedure described in the manual of the kit. After completely digesting the chromosomal DNA of Empedobacter brevis obtained in the step (3) of the present Example 28(3) by reacting at 37° C. for 16 hours with restriction enzyme HindIII, the resultant DNA was electrophoresed with on 0.8% agarose gel. The electrophoresed chromosomal DNA was blotted onto a positively charged Nylon membrane filter (manufactured by Roche Diagnostics) from the agarose gel after the electrophoresis, followed by treatments consisting of alkaline denaturation, neutralization and immobilization. Hybridization was carried out using EASY HYB (manufactured by Boehringer-Mannheim). After pre-hybridizing the filter at 50° C. for 1 hour, the probe labeled with digoxinigen prepared as described above was added and hybridization was carried out at 50° C. for 16 hours. Subsequently, the filter was washed for 20 minutes at room temperature with 2×SSC containing 0.1% SDS. Moreover, the filter was additionally washed twice at 65° C. for 15 minutes with 0.1×SSC. Detection of bands that hybridized with the probe was carried out using the DIG Nucleotide Detection Kit (manufactured by Boehringer-Mannheim) based on the procedure described in the manual of the kit. As a result, a roughly 4 kb band was able to be detected that hybridized with the probe. Then, the chromosomal DNA prepared in the step (3) of the present Example 28(3) was completely digested with HindIII. A roughly 4 kb of DNA was separated by 0.8% agarose gel electrophoresis, followed by purification of the DNA using the Gene Clean II Kit (manufactured by Funakoshi) and dissolving the DNA in 10 μl of TE. 4 μl of this product was then mixed with pUC118 HindIII/BAP (manufactured by Takara Shuzo) and a ligation reaction was carried out using the DNA Ligation Kit Ver. 2 (manufactured by Takara Shuzo). 5 μl of the ligation reaction mixture and 100 μl of competent cells of Escherichia coli JM109 (manufactured by Toyobo) were mixed to transform the Escherichia coli. Thus obtained transformants were then applied to a suitable solid medium to produce a chromosomal DNA library. To obtain the entire full-length of peptide-forming enzyme gene, the chromosomal DNA library was screened by colony hybridization using the aforementioned probe. The procedure for colony hybridization is explained in Molecular Cloning, 2nd edition, Cold Spring Harbor Press (1989). The colonies of the chromosomal DNA library were transferred to a Nylon membrane filter (Nylon Membrane for Colony and Plaque Hybridization, (manufactured by Roche Diagnostics) followed by treatments consisting of alkali denaturation, neutralization and immobilization. Hybridization was carried out using EASY HYB (manufactured by Boehringer-Mannheim). After pre-hybridizing the filter at 37° C. for 1 hour, the aforementioned probe labeled with digoxinigen was added, followed by hybridization at 50° C. for 16 hours. Subsequently, the filter was washed for 20 minutes at room temperature with 2×SSC containing 0.1% SDS. Moreover, the filter was additionally washed twice at 65° C. for 15 minutes with 0.1×SSC. Detection of colonies that hybridized with the labeled probe was carried out using the DIG Nucleotide Detection Kit (manufactured by Boehringer-Mannheim) based on the explanation described in the manual of the kit. As a result, two colonies were verified to hybridize with the labeled probe. (6) Base Sequence of Peptide-Forming Enzyme Gene Derived from Empedobacter brevis Plasmids possessed by Escherichia coli JM109 were prepared from the aforementioned two colonies that were verified to hybridize with the labeled probe using the Wizard Plus Minipreps DNA Purification System (manufactured by Promega) to and the base sequence of a portion where hybridization with the probe occurred and nearby was determined. The sequencing reaction was carried out using the CEQ DTCS-Quick Start Kit (manufactured by Beckman-Coulter) based on the procedure described in the manual of the kit. In addition, electrophoresis was carried out using the CEQ 2000-XL (manufactured by Beckman-Coulter). As a result, it was verified that an open reading frame that encodes a protein containing the internal amino acid sequences of the peptide-forming enzyme (SEQ ID NOs: 1 and 2) did exist. Thus, the open reading frame was confirmed to be a gene encoding the peptide-forming enzyme. The base sequence of the full-length of the peptide-forming enzyme genes along with the corresponding amino acid sequences is shown in SEQ ID NO: 5. As a result of analysis on the homology of the resulting open reading frame with the BLASTP program, homology was discovered between the two enzymes; it showed with a homology of 34% as at the amino acid sequence level exhibited with the α-amino acid ester hydrolase of Acetobacter pasteurianus (see Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 68(1), 211-218 (2002), and a homology of 26% at the amino acid sequence level exhibited with the glutaryl-7ACA acylase of Brevibacilus laterosporum (see J. Bacteriol., 173(24), 7848-7855 (1991). Example 29 Expression of Peptide-Forming Enzyme Gene Derived from Empedobacter brevis in Escherichia coli A target gene region on the promoter region of the trp operon on the chromosomal DNA of Escherichia coli W3110 was amplified by carrying out PCR using the oligonucleotides indicated in SEQ ID NOs: 7 and 8 as primers, and the resulting DNA fragments were ligated to a pGEM-Teasy vector (manufactured by Promega). E. coli JM109 was then transformed in this ligation solution, and those strains having the target plasmid in which the direction of the inserted trp promoter is inserted in the opposite to the orientation from of the lac promoter were selected from ampicillin-resistant strains. Next, a DNA fragment containing the trp promoter obtained by treating this plasmid with EcoO109I/EcoRI was ligated to an EcoO109I/EcoRI treatment product of pUC19 (manufactured by Takara). Escherichia coli JM109 was then transformed with this ligation solution and those strains having the target plasmid were selected from ampicillin-resistant strains. Next, a DNA fragment obtained by treating this plasmid with HindIII/PvuII was ligated with to a DNA fragment containing an rrnB terminator obtained by treating pKK223-3 (manufactured by Amersham Pharmacia) with HindIII/HincII. E. coli JM109 was then transformed with this ligation solution, strains having the target plasmid were selected from ampicillin-resistant strains, and the plasmid was designated as pTrpT. The target gene was amplified by PCR using the chromosomal DNA of Empedobacter brevis strain FERM BP-8113 (Depositary institution: the independent administrative corporation, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, International Patent Organism Depositary, Address of depositary institution: Chuo No Chuo Dai-6,1-1 Higashi 1-Chome, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki-ken, Japan, International deposit transfer date: Jul. 8, 2002) as a template and the oligonucleotides indicated in SEQ ID NO: 9 and 10 as primers. This DNA fragment was then treated with NdeI/PstI, and the resulting DNA fragment was ligated with the NdeI/PstI treatment product of pTrpT. Escherichia coli JM109 was then transformed with this ligation solution, those strains having the target plasmid were selected from ampicillin-resistant strains, and this plasmid was designated as pTrpT_Gtg2. Escherichia coli JM109 having pTrpT_Gtg2 was pre-cultured at 30° C. for 24 hours in LB medium containing 100 mg/l of ampicillin. 1 ml of the resulting culture broth was inoculated into a 500 ml Sakaguchi flask containing 50 ml of a medium (D glucose at 2 g/l, yeast extract at 10 g/l, casamino acids at 10 g/l, ammonium sulfate at 5 g/l, potassium dihydrogen phosphate at 3 μl, dipotassium hydrogen phosphate at 1 g/l, magnesium sulfate heptahydrate at 0.5 g/l, and ampicillin at 100 mg/l), followed by culturing at 25° C. for 24 hours. The culture broth had an L-alanyl-L-glutamine forming activity of 0.44 Upper 1 ml of culture broth and it was verified that the cloned gene was expressed by E. coli. Furthermore, no activity was detected for a transformant in which only pTrpT had been introduced as a control. Prediction of Signal Sequence When the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6 described in the Sequence Listing was analyzed with the Signal P v 1.1 program (see Protein Engineering, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 3-9, 1999), it was predicted that amino acids numbers 1 to 22 function as a signal for secretion of peptide into the periplasm, while the mature protein was estimated to be downstream of amino acid number 23. Verification of Secretion Escherichia coli JM109, having pTrpT_Gtg2, was pre-cultured at 30° C. for 24 hours in LB medium containing 100 mg/l of ampicillin. 1 ml of the resulting culture broth was inoculated into a 500 ml Sakaguchi flask containing 50 ml of medium (glucose at 2 g/l, yeast extract at 10 g/l, casamino acids at 10 g/l, ammonium sulfate at 5 g/l, potassium dihydrogen phosphate at 3 g/l, dipotassium hydrogen phosphate at 1 g/l, magnesium sulfate heptahydrate at 0.5 g/l, and ampicillin at 100 mg/l), followed by final culturing at 25° C. for 24 hours to obtain microbial cells. The cultured microbial cells were fractionated into a periplasm fraction and a cytoplasm fraction after disruption of cells by an osmotic pressure shock method using a 20 grams/deciliter (g/dI) sucrose solution. The disrupted microbial cells immersed in the 20 g/dI sucrose solution were immersed in a 5 mM aqueous MgSO4 solution. The centrifuged supernatant was named a periplasm fraction (“Pe”). In addition, the centrifuged sediment was re-suspended and subjected to ultrasonic disruption. The resultant was named a cytoplasm fraction (“Cy”). The activity of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, which is known to be present in the cytoplasm, was used as an indicator to verify that the cytoplasm had been separated. This measurement was carried out by adding a suitable amount of enzyme to a reaction solution at 30° C. containing 1 mM glucose 6-phosphate, 0.4 mM NADP, 10 mM MgSO4, and 50 mM Tris-Cl (pH 8), followed by measurement of absorbance at 340 nm to measure production of NADPH. FIG. 4 demonstrates that the amounts of enzymes of in the periplasm fraction and the cytoplasm fraction when the activity of a separately prepared cell-free extract was assigned a value of 100%. The glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity was not detected in the periplasm fraction. This indicates that the periplasm fraction did not mix in the cytoplasm fraction. About 60% of the Ala-Gln forming activity was recovered in the periplasm fraction, and it was verified that the Ala-Gln forming enzyme was secreted into the periplasm as predicted from the amino acid sequence using the Signal P v 1.1 program. Example 30 Production of L-Alanyl-L-Glutamine Using Microbial Cells of Sphingobacterium sp. A 50 ml medium (pH 7.0) containing 5 g of glucose, 5 g of ammonium sulfate, 1 g of monopotassium phosphate, 3 g of dipotassium phosphate, 0.5 g of magnesium sulfate, 10 g of yeast extract, and 10 g of peptone in 1 L was transferred to a 500 mL Sakaguchi flask and sterilized at 115° C. for 15 minutes for culturing Sphingobacterium sp. strain FERM BP-8124 (Depositary institution: the independent administrative corporation, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, International Patent Organism Depository, Address of depositary institution: Chuo Dai-6,1-1 Higashi 1-Chome, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki-ken, Japan, International deposit date: Jul. 22, 2002). This was then inoculated with one loopful cells of Sphingobacterium sp. strain FERM BP-8124 (Depositary institution: National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, International Patent Organism Depositary, Address of depositary institution: Chuo Dai-6,1-1 Higashi 1-Chome, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki-ken, Japan, International deposit date: Jul. 22, 2002) cultured at 30° C. for 24 hours in slant agar medium (agar: 20 g/L, pH 7.0) containing 5 g of glucose, 10 g of yeast extract, 10 g of peptone and 5 g of NaCl in 1 L, followed by shake culturing at 30° C. for 20 hours and 120 strokes/minute. 1 ml of this culture broth was then added to the aforementioned medium (50 ml/500 mL Sakaguchi flask) and cultured at 30° C. for 18 hours. After completion of the culture, the microbial cells were separated from the culture broth by centrifugation and suspended in 0.1 M borate buffer (pH 9.0) containing 10 mM EDTA at a concentration of 100 g/L as wet microbial cells. 0.1 mL of 100 mM borate buffer (pH 9.0) containing 10 mM EDTA, 200 mM L-alanine methyl ester hydrochloride and 400 mM L-glutamine was then added to 0.1 mL of this microbial cell suspension. The resulting 0.2 mL of mixture was allowed to react at 25° C. for 120 minutes. The concentration of L-alanyl-L-glutamine produced at this time was 62 mM. Example 31 Purification of Enzyme from Sphingobacterium sp. The following procedure after centrifugation was carried out either on ice or at 4° C. Sphingobacterium sp. strain FERM BP-8124 (Depositary institution: the independent administrative corporation, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, International Patent Organism Depositary, Address of depositary institution: Chuo Dai-6,1-1 Higashi 1-Chome, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki-ken, Japan, International deposit date: Jul. 22, 2002) was cultured in the same manner as Example 21, and the microbial cells were collected by centrifugation (10,000 rpm, 15 minutes). After washing 2 g of microbial cells with 20 mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.6), they were suspended in 8 ml of the same buffer and subjected to ultrasonic disrupting treatment for 45 minutes at 195 W. This ultrasonically disrupted suspension was then centrifuged (10,000 rpm, 30 minutes) to remove the cell debris and obtain a supernatant. This supernatant was dialyzed overnight against 20 mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.6) followed by removal of the insoluble fraction by ultracentrifugation (50,000 rpm, 30 minutes) to obtain a soluble fraction in the form of the supernatant liquid. The resulting soluble fraction was applied to a Q-Sepharose HP column (manufactured by Amersham) pre-equilibrated with Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.6), and the active fraction was collected from the non-adsorbed fraction. This active fraction was dialyzed overnight against 20 mM acetate buffer (pH 5.0), followed by removal of the insoluble fraction by centrifugation (10,000 rpm, 30 minutes) to obtain a dialyzed fraction in the form of the supernatant liquid. This dialyzed fraction was then applied to an SP-Sepharose HP column (manufactured by Amersham) pre-equilibrated with 20 mM acetate buffer (pH 5.0) to obtain the active fraction in which enzyme was eluted at a linear concentration gradient of the same buffer containing 0 to 1 M NaCl. Example 32 Production of L-Alanyl-L-Glutamine Using Active Fraction 10 μl of the SP-Sepharose HP fraction (about 27 U/ml) purified in Example 31 was added to 90 μl of borate buffer (pH 9.0) containing 111 mM L-alanine methyl ester hydrochloride, 222 mM L-glutamine and 11 mM EDTA, and allowed to react at 25° C. for 120 minutes. As a result, 73 mM of L-alanyl-L-glutamine was produced in the section to which enzyme was added. On the other hand, there was scarcely any production of L-Ala-L-Glu observed in the lot to which enzyme was not added, and the amount produced was only about 0.07 mM after reacting for 120 minutes. Example 33 Isolation of Peptide-forming enzyme Gene Derived from Sphingobacterium sp. Although the following provides a description of the isolation of a peptide-forming enzyme gene, Sphingobacterium sp. strain FERM BP-8124 (Depositary institution: the independent administrative corporation, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, International Patent Organism Depositary, Address of depositary institution: Chuo Dai-6,1-1 Higashi 1-Chome, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki-ken, Japan, International deposit date: Jul. 22, 2002) was used as the microbe. Gene isolation was carried out using Escherichia coli DH5α as the host, and pUC118 as the vector. (1) Preparation of Microbe Sphingobacterium sp. strain FERM BP-8124 (Depositary institution: the independent administrative corporation, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, International Patent Organism Depositary, Address of depositary institution: Chuo Dai-6,1-1 Higashi 1-Chome, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki-ken, Japan, International deposit date: Jul. 22, 2002) was cultured at 25° C. for 24 hours on CM2G agar medium (containing glucose at 50 g/l, yeast extract at 10 g/l, peptone at 10 g/l, sodium chloride at 5 g/l and agar at 20 g/l, pH 7.0). One loopful of the resulting microbial cells was inoculated into a 500 ml Sakaguchi flask containing 50 ml of CM2G liquid medium (the aforementioned medium excluding agar) followed by shake culturing at 25° C. (2) Preparation of Chromosomal DNA from Microbial Cells 50 ml of culture broth was centrifuged (12,000 rpm, 4° C., 15 minutes) to collect the microbial cells. A chromosomal DNA was then obtained from the microbial cells using the Qiagen Genomic-Tip System (Qiagen) therefor. (3) Preparation of Probe DNA Fragment by PCR A DNA fragment containing a portion of the peptide-forming enzyme gene derived from Empedobacter brevis strain FERM BP-8113 (Depositary institution: the independent administrative corporation, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, International Patent Organism Depositary, Address of depositary institution: Chuo Dai-6,1-1 Higashi 1-Chome, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki-ken, Japan, International deposit transfer date: Jul. 8, 2002) was obtained by the PCR method using LA-Taq (manufactured by Takara Shuzo). A PCR reaction was then carried out on a chromosomal DNA obtained from Empedobacter brevis strain FERM BP-8113 (Depositary institution: the independent administrative corporation, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, International Patent Organism Depositary, Address of depositary institution: Chuo Dai-6,1-1 Higashi 1-Chome, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 1-Chome, Japan, International deposit transfer date: Jul. 8, 2002) using primers having the base sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 3 and 4. The PCR reaction was carried out for 30 cycles under the following conditions using the Takara PCR Thermal Cycler PERSONAL (manufactured by Takara Shuzo). 94° C. 30 seconds 52° C. 1 minute 72° C. 1 minute After the reaction, 3 μl of reaction mixture was applied to 0.8% agarose electrophoresis. As a result, a DNA fragment of about 1.5 kb was confirmed to be amplified. (4) Cloning of Peptide-Forming Enzyme Gene from Gene Library In order to obtain the entire length of peptide-forming enzyme gene, Southern hybridization was carried out using the DNA fragment amplified in the aforementioned PCR procedure as a probe. The procedure for Southern hybridization is explained in Molecular Cloning, 2nd edition, Cold Spring Harbor Press (1989). The approximately 1.5 kb DNA fragment amplified by the aforementioned PCR procedure was separated by 0.8% agarose electrophoresis. The target band was then cut out and the DNA fragment was purified. This DNA fragment was labeled with probe digoxinigen using DIG High Prime (manufactured by Boehringer-Mannheim) based on the procedure described in the manual of the kit. After completely digesting the chromosomal DNA of Sphingobacterium sp. obtained in the step (2) of the present Example 33 by reacting at 37° C. for 16 hours with restriction enzyme SacI, it was electrophoresed with 0.8% agarose gel. The electrophoresed chromosomal DNA was blotted onto a positively charged Nylon membrane filter (manufactured by Roche Diagnostics) from the agarose gel following electrophoresis followed by treatment consisting of alkaline denaturation, neutralization and immobilization. Hybridization was carried out using EASY HYB (manufactured by Boehringer-Mannheim). After pre-hybridizing the filter at 37° C. for 1 hour, the probe labeled with digoxinigen prepared as described above was added and hybridization was carried out at 37° C. for 16 hours. Subsequently, the filter was washed twice at 60° C. with 1×SSC containing 0.1% SDS. Detection of bands that hybridized with the probe was carried out using the DIG Nucleotide Detection Kit (manufactured by Boehringer-Mannheim) based on the procedure described in the manual of the kit. As a result, a roughly 3 kb band was able to be detected that hybridized with the probe. The chromosomal DNA prepared in the step (2) of the present Example 33 was completely digested with SacI. Roughly 3 kb of DNA was separated by 0.8% agarose gel electrophoresis, followed by purification of the DNA using the Gene Clean II Kit (manufactured by Funakoshi) and dissolving in 10 μl of TE. After allowing 4 μl of this product to react with SacI at 37° C. for 16 hours to completely digest, it was mixed with pUC118 treated with alkaline phosphatase (E. coli C75) at 37° C. for 30 minutes and at 50° C. for 30 minutes, and a ligation reaction was carried out using the DNA Ligation Kit Ver. 2 (manufactured by Takara Shuzo). 5 μl of this ligation reaction liquid and 100 μl of competent cells of Escherichia coli DH5α (manufactured by Takara Shuzo) were mixed to transform the Escherichia coli. Thus obtained transformants were then applied to a suitable solid medium to produce a chromosomal DNA library. In order to obtain the entire length of peptide-forming enzyme gene, the chromosomal DNA library was screened by colony hybridization using the aforementioned probe. The procedure for colony hybridization is explained in Molecular Cloning, 2nd edition, Cold Spring Harbor Press (1989). The colonies of the chromosomal DNA library were transferred to a Nylon membrane filter—Nylon Membrane for Colony and Plaque Hybridization (manufactured by Roche Diagnostics), followed by treatment consisting of alkaline denaturation, neutralization and immobilization. Hybridization was carried out using EASY HYB (manufactured by Boehringer-Mannheim). After pre-hybridizing the filter at 37° C. for 1 hour, the aforementioned probe labeled with digoxinigen was added followed by hybridizing at 37° C. for 16 hours. Subsequently, the filter was washed twice at 60° C. with 1×SSC containing 1% SDS. Detection of colonies that hybridized with the labeled probe was carried out using the DIG Nucleotide Detection Kit (manufactured by Boehringer-Mannheim) based on the explanation described in the manual of the kit. As a result, six strains of colonies were confirmed to hybridize with the labeled probe. (5) Base Sequence of Peptide-Forming Enzyme Gene Derived from Sphingobacterium sp. Plasmids possessed by Escherichia coli DH5α were prepared from the aforementioned six strains of microbial cells which were confirmed to hybridize with the labeled probe using the Wizard Plus Minipreps DNA Purification System (manufactured by Promega) to determine the nearby base sequences that hybridized with the probe. The sequencing reaction was carried out using the CEQ DTCS-Quick Start Kit (manufactured by Beckman-Coulter) based on the procedure described in the manual of the kit. In addition, electrophoresis was carried out using the CEQ 2000-XL (manufactured by Beckman-Coulter). As a result, an open reading frame that encodes peptide-forming enzyme was found to exist. The base sequence of the full-length peptide-forming enzyme gene derived from Sphingobacterium sp. along with the corresponding amino acid sequence is shown in SEQ ID NO: 11. The peptide-forming enzyme derived from Sphingobacterium sp. exhibited homology of 63.5% at the amino acid sequence level with the peptide-forming enzyme derived from the aforementioned Empedobacter brevis (as determined using the BLASTP program). Example 34 Expression of Peptide-Forming Enzyme Gene Derived from Sphingobacterium sp. in Escherichia Coli The target gene was amplified by carrying out PCR using a chromosomal DNA of Sphingobacterium sp. strain FERM BP-8124 (Depositary institution: the independent administrative corporation, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, International Patent Organism Depositary, Address of depositary institution: Chuo Dai-6,1-1 Higashi 1-Chome, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki-ken, Japan, International deposit date: Jul. 22, 2002) as template and the oligonucleotides shown in SEQ ID NOs: 13 and 14 as primers. This DNA fragment was treated with NdeI/XbaI, and the resulting DNA fragment and NdeI/XbaI treatment product of pTrpT were ligated. Escherichia coli JM109 was then transformed with this ligation solution, strains having the target plasmid were selected from ampicillin-resistant strains, and the plasmid was designated as pTrpT_Sm_aet. Escherichia coli JM109 having pTrpT_Sm_aet was cultured at 25° C. for 20 hours by inoculating one loopful cells of the strain into an ordinary test tube containing 3 ml of medium (glucose at 2 g/l, yeast extract at 10 g/l, casamino acids at 10 g/l, ammonium sulfate at 5 g/l, potassium dihydrogen phosphate at 3 g/l, dipotassium hydrogen phosphate at 1 g/l, magnesium sulfate heptahydrate at 0.5 g/l and ampicillin at 100 mg/l). Cloned gene having L-alanyl-L-glutamine production activity of 2.1 Upper 1 ml of culture liquid was confirmed to be expressed by E. coli. Furthermore, activity was not detected for a transformant containing only pTrpT used as a control. Prediction of Signal Sequence When the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12 described in the Sequence Listing was analyzed with the Signal P v1.1 program (see Protein Engineering, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 3-9, 1999), it was predicted that amino acids numbers 1 to 20 function as a signal for secretion of peptide into the periplasm, while the mature protein was estimated to be downstream of amino acid number 21. Confirmation of Signal Sequence Escherichia coli JM109, having pTrpT_Sm_aet, was cultured at 25° C. for 20 hours by inoculating one loopful cells of the strain into an ordinary test tube containing 50 ml of medium (glucose at 2 g/l, yeast extract at 10 g/l, casamino acids at 10 g/l, ammonium sulfate at 5 g/l, potassium dihydrogen phosphate at 3 g/l, dipotassium hydrogen phosphate at 1 g/l, magnesium sulfate heptahydrate at 0.5 g/l and ampicillin at 100 mg/l). The following procedure after centrifugation was carried out either on ice or at 4° C. Following completion of culturing, the microbial cells were separated from the culture broth by centrifugation, and after washing with 100 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7), were suspended in the same buffer. The microbial cells were then subjected to ultrasonic disruption for 20 minutes at 195 W, the ultrasonically disrupted liquid was centrifuged (12,000 rpm, 30 minutes) to remove the cell debris and obtain a soluble fraction. The resulting soluble fraction was applied to a CHT-11 column (manufactured by Biorad) pre-equilibrated with 100 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7), and enzyme was eluted at a linear concentration gradient by 500 mM phosphate buffer. A solution obtained by mixing the active fraction with a 5-fold volume of 2 M ammonium sulfate and 100 mM phosphate buffer was applied to a Resource-PHE column (Amersham) pre-equilibrated with 2 M ammonium sulfate and 100 mM phosphate buffer, and enzyme was eluted at a linear concentration gradient by 2 to 0 M ammonium sulfate to obtain an active fraction solution. As a result of these procedures, the peptide-forming enzyme was confirmed to be uniformly purified in terms of electrophoresis. When the amino acid sequence of the aforementioned peptide-forming enzyme was determined by Edman's decomposition method, the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15 was obtained, and the mature protein was confirmed to be downstream from amino acid number 21 as was predicted by the SignalP v 1.1 program. Example 35 Isolation of Peptide-Forming Enzyme Gene Derived from Pedobacter heparinus IFO 12017 Hereinafter, the isolation of a peptide-forming enzyme gene will be described. The microbe used is Pedobacter heparinus strain IFO 12017 (Depositary institution: Institute of Fermentation, Address of depositary institution: 2-17-85 Jusanbon-cho, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka-shi, Japan). Escherichia coli JM-109 was used as a host while pUC118 was used as a vector in isolating the gene. (1) Preparation of Microbe Pedobacter heparinus strain IFO-12017 (Depositary institution: Institute of Fermentation, Address of depositary institution: 2-17-85 Jusanbon-cho, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka-shi, Japan) was cultured at 25° C. for 24 hours on CM2G agar medium (containing glucose at 50 g/l, yeast extract at 10 g/l, peptone at 10 g/l, sodium chloride at 5 g/l and agar at 20 g/l, pH 7.0). One loopful of the resulting microbial cells were inoculated into a 500 ml Sakaguchi flask containing 50 ml of CM2G liquid medium (the aforementioned medium excluding agar) followed by shake culturing at 25° C. (2) Preparation of Chromosomal DNA from Microbial Cells 50 ml of culture broth was centrifuged (12,000 rpm, 4° C., 15 minutes) to collect the microbial cells. A chromosomal DNA was then obtained from the microbial cells using the Qiagen Genomic-Tip System (Qiagen) based on the procedure described in the manual therefor. (3) Preparation of Probe DNA Fragment by PCR A DNA fragment containing a portion of the peptide-forming enzyme gene derived from Pedobacter heparinus strain IFO-12017 (Depositary institution: Institute of Fermentation, Address of depositary institution: 2-17-85 Jusanbon-cho, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka-shi, Japan) was obtained by the PCR method using LA-Taq (manufactured by Takara Shuzo). A PCR reaction was then carried out on a chromosomal DNA obtained from Pedobacter heparinus strain IFO-12017 (Depositary institution: Institute of Fermentation, Address of depositary institution: 2-17-85 Jusanbon-cho, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka-shi, Japan) using primers having the base sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 15 and 16. A DNA fragment of about 1 kb amplified by PCR was separated by 0.8% agarose electrophoresis. The target band was then cut out and thus obtained DNA fragment was purified. This DNA fragment was labeled with probe digoxinigen using DIG High Prime based on the procedure described in the manual (manufactured by Boehringer-Mannheim). (4) Cloning of Peptide-Forming Enzyme Gene from Gene Library To obtain the full-length peptide-forming enzyme gene, Southern hybridization was carried out using the DNA fragment amplified in the aforementioned PCR procedure as a probe. The procedure for Southern hybridization is explained in Molecular Cloning, 2nd edition, Cold Spring Harbor Press (1989). After completely digesting the chromosomal DNA of Pedobacter heparinus strain IFO-12017 (Depositary institution: Institute of Fermentation, Address of depositary institution: 2-17-85 Jusanbon-cho, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka-shi, Japan) by reacting at 37° C. for 16 hours with restriction enzyme HindIII, it was electrophoresed with 0.8% agarose gel. The electrophoresed chromosomal DNA was blotted onto a positively charged Nylon membrane filter (manufactured by Roche Diagnostics) from the agarose gel after the electrophoresis, followed by treatment consisting of alkali denaturation, neutralization, and immobilization. Hybridization was carried out using EASY HYB (manufactured by Boehringer-Mannheim). After pre-hybridizing the filter at 50° C. for 1 hour, the probe labeled with digoxinigen prepared as described above was added and hybridization was carried out at 50° C. for 16 hours. Subsequently, the filter was washed twice at 60° C. with 1×SSC containing 0.1% SDS. Detection of bands that hybridized with the probe was carried out based on the procedure described in the manual using the DIG Nucleotide Detection Kit (manufactured by Boehringer-Mannheim). As a result, a roughly 5 kb band was able to be detected that hybridized with the probe. The chromosomal DNA of Pedobacter heparinus strain IFO-12017 (Depositary institution: Institute of Fermentation, Address of depositary institution: 2-17-85 Jusanbon-cho, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka-shi, Japan) were completely digested with HindIII. Roughly 5 kb of DNA were separated by 0.8% agarose gel electrophoresis followed by purification of the DNA using the Gene Clean II Kit (manufactured by Funakoshi) and dissolving in 10 μl of TE. 4 μl of this product was then mixed with pUC118 HindIII/BAP (manufactured by Takara Shuzo) and a ligation reaction was carried out using the DNA Ligation Kit Ver. 2 (manufactured by Takara Shuzo). 5 μl of this ligation reaction liquid and 100 μl of competent cells of Escherichia coli JM109 (manufactured by Takara Shuzo) were mixed to transform the Escherichia coli. The obtained transformants were then applied to a suitable solid medium to produce a chromosomal DNA library. In order to obtain the full-length peptide-forming enzyme gene, the chromosomal DNA library was screened by colony hybridization using the aforementioned probe. The procedure for colony hybridization is explained in Molecular Cloning, 2nd edition, Cold Spring Harbor Press (1989). The colonies of the chromosomal DNA library were transferred to a Nylon membrane filter, Nylon Membrane for Colony and Plaque Hybridization, (manufactured by Roche Diagnostics), followed by treatment consisting of alkali denaturation, neutralization and immobilization. Hybridization was carried out using EASY HYB (manufactured by Boehringer-Mannheim). After pre-hybridizing the filter at 37° C. for 1 hour, the aforementioned probe labeled with digoxinigen was added followed by hybridizing at 37° C. for 16 hours. Subsequently, the filter was washed twice at 60° C. with 1×SSC containing 1% SDS. Detection of colonies that hybridized with the labeled probe was carried out based on the explanation described in the manual using the DIG Nucleotide Detection Kit (manufactured by Boehringer-Mannheim). As a result, 1 strain of colonies was confirmed to hybridize with the labeled probe. (5) Base Sequence of Peptide-Forming Enzyme Gene Derived from Pedobacter Heparinus Strain IFO-12017 Plasmids retained by Escherichia coli JM109 were prepared from the aforementioned strain of microbial cells which were confirmed to hybridize with the labeled probe, and the nearby base sequence that hybridized with the probe was determined. The sequencing reaction was carried out using the CEQ DTCS-Quick Start Kit (manufactured by Beckman-Coulter) based on the procedure described in the manual. In addition, electrophoresis was carried out using the CEQ 2000-XL (Beckman-Coulter). As a result, an open reading frame that encodes peptide-forming enzyme was found to exist. The base sequence of the full-length peptide-forming enzyme gene derived from Pedobacter heparinus strain IFO-12017 (Depositary institution: Institute of Fermentation, Address of depositary institution: 2-17-85 Jusanbon-cho, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka-shi, Japan), along with the corresponding amino acid sequence, is shown in SEQ ID NO: 17 of the Sequence Listing. Example 36 Expression of Peptide-Forming Enzyme Gene Derived from Pedobacter Heparinus Strain IFO-12017 in E. coli The target gene was amplified by carrying out PCR using a chromosomal DNA of Pedobacter heparinus strain IFO-12017 (Depositary institution: Institute of Fermentation, Osaka, Address of depositary institution: 2-17-85 Jusanbon-cho, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka-shi, Japan) as template and the oligonucleotides shown in SEQ ID NOs: 19 and 20 as primers. This DNA fragment was treated with NdeI/HindIII, and the resulting DNA fragment and NdeI/HindIII treatment product of pTrpT were ligated. Escherichia coli JM109 was then transformed with this ligation solution, strains having the target plasmid were selected from ampicillin-resistant strains, and the plasmid was designated as pTrpT_Ph_aet. Escherichia coli JM109 having pTrpT Ph aet was cultured at 25° C. for 20 hours by inoculating one loopful cells of the strain into an ordinary test tube containing 3 ml of medium (glucose at 2 g/l, yeast extract at 10 g/l, casamino acids at 10 g/l, ammonium sulfate at 5 g/l, potassium dihydrogen phosphate at 3 g/l, dipotassium hydrogen phosphate at 1 g/l, magnesium sulfate heptahydrate at 0.5 g/l and ampicillin at 100 mg/l). A cloned gene having L-alanyl-L-glutamine production activity of 0.3 Upper ml of culture liquid was confirmed to be expressed in E. coli. Furthermore, no activity was detected for a transformant containing only pTrpT used as a control. Example 37 Isolation of Peptide-Forming Enzyme Gene Derived from Taxeobacter Gelupurpurascens Strain DSMZ 11116 Hereinafter, the isolation of peptide-forming enzyme gene will be described. The microbe used is Taxeobacter gelupurpurascens strain DSMZ 11116 (Depositary institution: Deutche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH (German Collection of Microbes and Cell Cultures), Address of depositary institution: Mascheroder Weg 1b, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany) was used for the microbe. Escherichia coli JM-109 was used as a host while pUC118 was used as a vector in isolating the gene. (1) Preparation of Microbe Taxeobacter gelupurpurascens strain DSMZ 11116 (Depositary institution: Deutche Sammiung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH (German Collection of Microbes and Cell Cultures), Address of depositary institution: Mascheroder Weg 1b, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany) was cultured at 25° C. for 24 hours on CM2G agar medium (containing glucose at 50 g/l, yeast extract at 10 g/l, peptone at 10 g/l, sodium chloride at 5 g/l and agar at 20 g/l, pH 7.0). One loopful of the resulting microbial cells were inoculated into a 500 ml Sakaguchi flask containing 50 ml of CM2G liquid medium (the aforementioned medium excluding agar) followed by shake culturing at 25° C. (2) Preparation of Chromosomal DNA from Microbial Cells 50 ml of culture liquid were centrifuged (12,000 rpm, 4° C., 15 minutes) to collect the microbial cells. A chromosomal DNA was then obtained from the microbial cells using the Qiagen Genomic-Tip System (Qiagen) based on the procedure described in the manual therefor. (3) Preparation of Probe DNA Fragment by PCR A DNA fragment containing a portion of the peptide-forming enzyme gene derived from Taxeobacter gelupurpurascens strain DSMZ 11116 (Depositary institution: Deutche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH (German Collection of Microbes and Cell Cultures), Address of depositary institution: Mascheroder Weg 1b, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany) was obtained by the PCR method using LA-Taq (manufactured by Takara Shuzo). A PCR reaction was then carried out on a chromosomal DNA obtained from Taxeobacter gelupurpurascens strain DSMZ 11116 (Depositary institution: Deutche Sammiung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH (German Collection of Microbes and Cell Cultures), Address of depositary institution: Mascheroder Weg 1b, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany) using primers having the base sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 21 and 16. A DNA fragment of about 1 kb amplified by PCR was separated by 0.8% agarose electrophoresis. The target band was then cut out and the DNA fragment was purified. This DNA fragment was labeled with probe digoxinigen using DIG High Prime (manufactured by Boehringer-Mannheim) based on the procedure described in the manual. (4) Cloning of Peptide-Forming Enzyme Gene from Gene Library To obtain the full-length peptide-forming enzyme gene, Southern hybridization was carried out using the DNA fragment amplified in the aforementioned PCR procedure as a probe. The procedure for Southern hybridization is explained in Molecular Cloning, 2nd edition, Cold Spring Harbor Press (1989). After completely digesting the chromosomal DNA of Taxeobacter gelupurpurascens strain DSMZ 11116 (Depositary institution: Deutche Sammiung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH (German Collection of Microbes and Cell Cultures), Address of depositary institution: Mascheroder Weg 1b, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany) by reacting at 37° C. for 16 hours with restriction enzyme PstI, it was electrophoresed with 0.8% agarose gel. The electrophoresed chromosomal DNA was blotted onto a positively charged Nylon membrane filter (manufactured by Roche Diagnostics) from the agarose gel following electrophoresis followed by treatment consisting of alkali denaturation, neutralization and immobilization. Hybridization was carried out using EASY HYB (manufactured by Boehringer-Mannheim). After pre-hybridizing the filter at 50° C. for 1 hour, the probe labeled with digoxinigen prepared as described above was added and hybridization was carried out at 50° C. for 16 hours. Subsequently, the filter was washed twice at 60° C. with 1×SSC containing 0.1% SDS. Detection of bands that hybridized with the probe was carried out based on the procedure described in the manual using the DIG Nucleotide Detection Kit (manufactured by Boehringer-Mannheim). As a result, a roughly 5 kb band was able to be detected that hybridized with the probe. The chromosomal DNA of Taxeobacter gelupurpurascens strain DSMZ 11116 (Depositary institution: Deutche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH (German Collection of Microbes and Cell Cultures), Address of depositary institution: Mascheroder Weg 1b, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany) were completely digested with HindIII. Roughly 5 kb of DNA were separated by 0.8% agarose gel electrophoresis followed by purification of the DNA using the Gene Clean II Kit (manufactured by Funakoshi) and dissolving in 10 μl of TE. 4 μl of this product were then mixed with pUC118 PstI/BAP (manufactured by Takara Shuzo) and a ligation reaction was carried out using the DNA Ligation Kit Ver. 2 (manufactured by Takara Shuzo). 5 μl of this ligation reaction liquid and 100 μl of competent cells of Escherichia coli JM109 (manufactured by Takara Shuzo) were mixed to transform the Escherichia coli. Thus obtained transformants were then applied to a suitable solid medium to produce a chromosomal DNA library. In order to obtain the entire length of peptide-forming enzyme gene, the chromosomal DNA library was screened by colony hybridization using the aforementioned probe. The procedure for colony hybridization is explained in Molecular Cloning, 2nd edition, Cold Spring Harbor Press (1989). The colonies of the chromosomal DNA library were transferred to a Nylon membrane filter, Nylon Membrane for Colony and Plaque Hybridization, (manufactured by Roche Diagnostics) followed by treatment consisting of alkaline denaturation, neutralization and immobilization. Hybridization was carried out using EASY HYB (manufactured by Boehringer-Mannheim). After pre-hybridizing the filter at 37° C. for 1 hour, the aforementioned probe labeled with digoxinigen was added followed by hybridizing at 37° C. for 16 hours. Subsequently, the filter was washed twice at 60° C. with 1×SSC containing 0.1% SDS. Detection of colonies that hybridized with the labeled probe was carried out based on the manual using the DIG Nucleotide Detection Kit (manufactured by Boehringer-Mannheim). As a result, 1 strain of colonies was confirmed to hybridize with the labeled probe. (5) Base Sequence of Peptide-Forming enzyme Gene Derived from Taxeobacter Gelupurpurascens Strain DSMZ 11116 Plasmids retained by Escherichia coli JM109 were prepared from the aforementioned strain of microbial cells which were confirmed to hybridize with the labeled probe, and the nearby base sequence that hybridized with the probe was determined. The sequencing reaction was carried out using the CEQ DTCS-Quick Start Kit (manufactured by Beckman-Coulter) based on the procedure described in the manual. In addition, electrophoresis was carried out using the CEQ 2000-XL (manufactured by Beckman-Coulter). As a result, an open reading frame that encodes peptide-forming enzyme was found to exist. The base sequence of the entire length of the peptide-forming enzyme gene derived from Taxeobacter gelupurpurascens strain DSMZ 11116 (Depositary institution: Deutche Sammiung von Mikroorganismen und Zelikulturen GmbH (German Collection of Microbes and Cell Cultures), Address of depositary institution: Mascheroder Weg 1b, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany), along with the corresponding amino acid sequence, are shown in SEQ ID NO: 22 of the Sequence Listing. Example 38 Isolation of Peptide-Forming Enzyme Gene Derived from Cyclobacterium Marinum Strain ATCC 25205 Hereinafter, the isolation of peptide-forming enzyme gene will be described. The microbe used is Cyclobacterium marinum strain ATCC 25205 (Depositary institution: American Type Culture Collection, Address of depositary institution: P.O. Box 1549, Manassas, Va. 20110, the United States of America). Escherichia coli JM-109 was used as a host while pUC118 was used for the vector in isolating the gene. (1) Preparation of Microbial Cells Cyclobacterium marinum strain ATCC 25205 (Depositary institution: American Type Culture Collection, Address of depositary institution: P.O. Box 1549, Manassas, Va. 20110, the United States of America) was cultured at 25° C. for 24 hours on CM2G agar medium (containing glucose at 50 g/l, yeast extract at 10 g/l, peptone at 10 g/l, sodium chloride at 5 g/l and agar at 20 g/l, pH 7.0). One loopful of the resulting microbial cells was inoculated into a 500 ml Sakaguchi flask containing 50 ml of CM2G liquid medium (the aforementioned medium excluding agar), followed by shake culturing at 25° C. (2) Preparation of Chromosomal DNA from Microbial Cells 50 ml of culture broth were centrifuged (12,000 rpm, 4° C., 15 minutes) to collect the microbial cells. A chromosomal DNA was then obtained from the microbial cells based on the procedure described in the manual using the Qiagen Genomic-Tip System (Qiagen). (3) Preparation of Probe DNA Fragment by PCR A DNA fragment containing a portion of the peptide-forming enzyme gene derived from Cyclobacterium marinum strain ATCC 25205 (Depositary institution: American Type Culture Collection, Address of depositary institution: P.O. Box 1549, Manassas, Va. 20110, the United States of America) was obtained by the PCR method using LA-Taq (manufactured by Takara Shuzo). A PCR reaction was then carried out on a chromosomal DNA obtained from Cyclobacterium marinum strain ATCC 25205 (Depositary institution: American Type Culture Collection, Address of depositary institution: P.O. Box 1549, Manassas, Va. 20110, the United States of America) using primers having the base sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 15 and 16. A DNA fragment of about 1 kb amplified by PCR was separated by 0.8% agarose electrophoresis. The target band was then cut out and the DNA fragment was purified. This DNA fragment was labeled with probe digoxinigen based on the procedure described in the manual using DIG High Prime (manufactured by Boehringer-Mannheim). (4) Cloning of Peptide-Forming Enzyme Gene from Gene Library In order to obtain the full-length peptide-forming enzyme gene, Southern hybridization was first carried out using the DNA fragment amplified in the aforementioned PCR procedure as a probe. The procedure for Southern hybridization is explained in Molecular Cloning, 2nd edition, Cold Spring Harbor Press (1989). After completely digesting the chromosomal DNA of Cyclobacterium marinum strain ATCC 25205 (Depositary institution: American Type Culture Collection, Address of depositary institution: P.O. Box 1549, Manassas, Va. 20110, the United States of America) by reacting at 37° C. for 16 hours with restriction enzyme HincII, each was electrophoresed with 0.8% agarose gel. The electrophoresed chromosomal DNA was blotted onto a positively charged Nylon membrane filter (manufactured by Roche Diagnostics) from the agarose gel following electrophoresis followed by treatment consisting of alkali denaturation, neutralization and immobilization. Hybridization was carried out using EASY HYB (manufactured Boehringer-Mannheim). After pre-hybridizing the filter at 50° C. for 1 hour, the probe labeled with digoxinigen prepared as described above was added and hybridization was carried out at 50° C. for 16 hours. Subsequently, the filter was washed twice at 60° C. with 1×SSC containing 0.1% SDS. Detection of bands that hybridized with the probe was carried out based on the procedure described in the manual using the DIG Nucleotide Detection Kit (manufactured by Boehringer-Mannheim). As a result, a roughly 7 k band was able to be detected that hybridized with the probe in the PstI digestion product, while a 2 k band was able to be detected that hybridized with the probe in the HincII digestion product. The chromosomal DNA of Cyclobacterium marinum strain ATCC 25205 (Depositary institution: American Type Culture Collection, Address of depositary institution: P.O. Box 1549, Manassas, Va. 20110, the United States of America) were completely digested with PstI or HincII. Roughly 7 kb or 2 kb of DNA were respectively separated by 0.8% agarose gel electrophoresis, followed by purification of the DNA using the Gene Clean II Kit (Funakoshi) and dissolving in 10 μl of TE. 4 μl of this product were then mixed with pUC118 PstI/BAP (manufactured by Takara Shuzo) or pUC118 HincII/BAP (manufactured by Takara Shuzo) and a ligation reaction was carried out using the DNA Ligation Kit Ver. 2 (manufactured by Takara Shuzo). 5 μl of this ligation reaction liquid and 100 μl of competent cells of Escherichia coli JM109 (manufactured by Takara Shuzo) were respectively mixed to transform the Escherichia coli. Thus obtained transformants were then applied to a suitable solid medium to produce a chromosomal DNA library. To obtain the full-length peptide-forming enzyme gene, the chromosomal DNA library was screened by colony hybridization using the aforementioned probe. The procedure for colony hybridization is explained in Molecular Cloning, 2nd edition, Cold Spring Harbor Press (1989). The colonies of the chromosomal DNA library were transferred to a Nylon membrane filter, Nylon Membrane for Colony and Plaque Hybridization, (manufactured by Roche Diagnostics), followed by treatment consisting of alkali denaturation, neutralization, and immobilization. Hybridization was carried out using EASY HYB (manufactured by Boehringer-Mannheim). After pre-hybridizing the filter at 37° C. for 1 hour, the aforementioned probe labeled with digoxinigen was added followed by hybridizing at 37° C. for 16 hours. Subsequently, the filter was washed twice at 60° C. with 1×SSC containing 0.1% SDS. Detection of colonies that hybridized with the labeled probe was carried out based on the manual using the DIG Nucleotide Detection Kit (manufactured by Boehringer-Mannheim). As a result, 1 strain of colonies each was confirmed to hybridize with the labeled probe. (5) Base Sequence of Peptide-Forming Enzyme Gene Derived from Cyclobacterium Marinum Strain ATCC 25205 Plasmids retained by Escherichia coli JM109 were prepared from each of the aforementioned strains of microbial cells which were confirmed to hybridize with the labeled probe, and the nearby base sequence that hybridized with the probe was determined. The sequencing reaction was carried out using the CEQ DTCS-Quick Start Kit (manufactured by Beckman-Coulter) based on the procedure described in the manual of the kit. In addition, electrophoresis was carried out using the CEQ 2000-XL (manufactured by Beckman-Coulter). As a result, an open reading frame that encodes peptide-forming enzyme was found to exist. The base sequence of the full-length peptide-forming enzyme gene derived from Cyclobacterium marinum strain ATCC 25205 (Depositary institution: American Type Culture Collection, Address of depositary institution: P.O. Box 1549, Manassas, Va. 20110, the United States of America), along with the corresponding amino acid sequence, is shown in SEQ ID NO: 24 of the Sequence Listing. Example 39 Isolation of Peptide-Forming Enzyme Gene Derived from Psycloserpens Burtonensis Strain ATCC 700359 Hereinafter, the isolation of a peptide-forming enzyme gene will be explained. The microbe used is Psycloserpens burtonensis strain ATCC 700359 (Depositary institution: American Type Culture Collection, Address of depositary institution: P.O. Box 1549, Manassas, Va. 20110, the United States of America). Escherichia coli JM-109 was used for the host while pUC118 was used for the vector in isolating the gene. (1) Preparation of Microbe Psycloserpens burtonensis strain ATCC 700359 (Depositary institution: American Type Culture Collection, Address of depositary institution: P.O. Box 1549, Manassas, Va. 20110, the United States of America) was cultured at 10° C. for 24 hours on CM2G agar medium (containing glucose at 50 g/l, yeast extract at 10 g/l, peptone at 10 g/l, sodium chloride at 5 g/l and agar at 20 g/l, pH 7.0). One loopful of the resulting microbial cells was inoculated into a 500 ml Sakaguchi flask containing 50 ml of CM2G liquid medium (the aforementioned medium excluding agar) followed by shake culturing at 10° C. (2) Preparation of Chromosomal DNA from Microbial Cells 50 ml of culture liquid were centrifuged (12,000 rpm, 4° C., 15 minutes) to collect the microbial cells. A chromosomal DNA was then obtained from the microbial cells using the Qiagen Genomic-Tip System (Qiagen) based on the procedure described in the manual therefor. (3) Preparation of Probe DNA Fragment by PCR A DNA fragment containing a portion of the peptide-forming enzyme gene derived from Psycloserpens burtonensis strain ATCC 700359 (Depositary institution: American Type Culture Collection, Address of depositary institution: P.O. Box 1549, Manassas, Va. 20110, the United States of America) was obtained by the PCR method using LA-Taq (manufactured by Takara Shuzo). A PCR reaction was then carried out on a chromosomal DNA obtained from Psycloserpens burtonensis strain ATCC 700359 (Depositary institution: American Type Culture Collection, Address of depositary institution: P.O. Box 1549, Manassas, Va. 20110, the United States of America) using primers having the base sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 15 and 16. A DNA fragment of about 1 kb amplified by PCR was separated by 0.8% agarose electrophoresis. The target band was then cut out and the DNA fragment was purified. This DNA fragment was labeled with probe digoxinigen based on the procedure described in the manual using DIG High Prime (manufactured by Boehringer-Mannheim). (4) Cloning of Peptide-Forming Enzyme Gene from Gene Library In order to obtain the entire length of peptide-forming enzyme gene, Southern hybridization was carried out using the DNA fragment amplified in the aforementioned PCR procedure as a probe. The procedure for Southern hybridization is explained in Molecular Cloning, 2nd edition, Cold Spring Harbor Press (1989). After completely digesting the chromosomal DNA of Psycloserpens burtonensis strain ATCC 700359 (Depositary institution: American Type Culture Collection, Address of depositary institution: P.O. Box 1549, Manassas, Va. 20110, the United States of America) by reacting at 37° C. for 16 hours with restriction enzyme EcoRI, it was electrophoresed with 0.8% agarose gel. The electrophoresed chromosomal DNA was blotted onto a positively charged Nylon membrane filter (manufactured by Roche Diagnostics) from the agarose gel following electrophoresis followed by treatment consisting of alkaline denaturation, neutralization and immobilization. Hybridization was carried out using EASY HYB (manufactured by Boehringer-Mannheim). After pre-hybridizing the filter at 50° C. for 1 hour, the probe labeled with digoxinigen prepared as described above was added and hybridization was carried out at 50° C. for 16 hours. Subsequently, the filter was washed twice at 60° C. with 1×SSC containing 0.1% SDS. Detection of bands that hybridized with the probe was carried out using the DIG Nucleotide Detection Kit (manufactured by Boehringer-Mannheim) based on the procedure described in the manual of the kit. As a result, a roughly 7 kb band was able to be detected that hybridized with the probe. The chromosomal DNA of Psycloserpens burtonensis strain ATCC 700359 (Depositary institution: American Type Culture Collection, Address of depositary institution: P.O. Box 1549, Manassas, Va. 20110, the United States of America) were completely digested with EcoRI. Roughly 7 kb of DNA were separated by 0.8% agarose gel electrophoresis followed by purification of the DNA using the Gene Clean II Kit (manufactured by Funakoshi) and dissolving in 10 μl of TE. 4 μl of this product were then mixed with pUC118 EcoRI/BAP (manufactured by Takara Shuzo) and a ligation reaction was carried out using the DNA Ligation Kit Ver. 2 (manufactured by Takara Shuzo). 5 μl of this ligation reaction liquid and 100 μl of competent cells of Escherichia coli JM109 (manufactured by Takara Shuzo) were mixed to transform the Escherichia coli. Thus obtained transformants were then applied to a suitable solid medium to produce a chromosomal DNA library. To obtain the full-length peptide-forming enzyme gene, the chromosomal DNA library was screened by colony hybridization using the aforementioned probe. The procedure for colony hybridization is explained in Molecular Cloning, 2nd edition, Cold Spring Harbor Press (1989). The colonies of the chromosomal DNA library were transferred to a Nylon membrane filter, Nylon Membrane for Colony and Plaque Hybridization, (manufactured by Roche Diagnostics), followed by treatment consisting of alkali denaturation, neutralization, and immobilization. Hybridization was carried out using EASY HYB (manufactured by Boehringer-Mannheim). After pre-hybridizing the filter at 37° C. for 1 hour, the aforementioned probe labeled with digoxinigen was added followed by hybridizing at 37° C. for 16 hours. Subsequently, the filter was washed twice at 60° C. with 1×SSC containing 0.1% SDS. Detection of colonies that hybridized with the labeled probe was carried out based on the manual using the DIG Nucleotide Detection Kit (manufactured by Boehringer-Mannheim). As a result, 1 strain of colonies was confirmed to hybridize with the labeled probe. (5) Base Sequence of Peptide-Forming Enzyme Gene Derived from Psycloserpens Burtonensis Strain ATCC 700359 Plasmids retained by Escherichia coli JM109 were prepared from the aforementioned strain of microbial cells which were confirmed to hybridize with the labeled probe, and the nearby base sequence that hybridized with the probe was determined. The sequencing reaction was carried out using the CEQ DTCS-Quick Start Kit (manufactured by Beckman-Coulter) based on the procedure described in the manual. In addition, electrophoresis was carried out using the CEQ 2000-XL (manufactured by Beckman-Coulter). As a result, an open reading frame that encodes peptide-forming enzyme was found to exist. The base sequence of the full-length peptide-forming enzyme gene derived from Psycloserpens burtonensis strain ATCC 700359 (Depositary institution: American Type Culture Collection, Address of depositary institution: P.O. Box 1549, Manassas, Va. 20110, the United States of America), along with the corresponding amino acid sequence, are shown in SEQ ID NO: 31 of the Sequence Listing. INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY According to the present invention, a novel enzyme is provided that can produce a peptide easily, at high yield and inexpensively by reducing complex synthetic methods such as introduction and elimination of protecting groups. The use of the enzyme of the present invention enables efficient industrial production of a peptide. Sequence Listing SEQ ID NO: 3: Synthetic primer 1 SEQ ID NO: 4: Synthetic primer 2 SEQ ID NO: 5: Gene encoding a peptide-forming enzyme SEQ ID NO: 7: Synthetic primer for preparing pTrpT SEQ ID NO: 8: Synthetic primer for preparing pTrpT SEQ ID NO: 9: Synthetic primer for preparing pTrpT_Gtg2 SEQ ID NO: 10: Synthetic primer for preparing pTrpT_Gtg2 SEQ ID NO: 11: Gene encoding peptide-forming enzyme SEQ ID NO: 13: Synthetic primer for preparing pTrpT_Sm_aet SEQ ID NO: 14: Synthetic primer for preparing pTrpT_Sm_aet SEQ ID NO: 15: Mix primer 1 for Aet SEQ ID NO: 16: Mix primer 2 for Aet SEQ ID NO: 19: Primer 1 for constructing aet expression vectors derived from Pedobacter. SEQ ID NO: 20: Primer 2 for constructing aet expression vectors derived from Pedobacter. SEQ ID NO: 21: Mix primer 3 for Aet	<SOH> BACKGROUND ART <EOH>Peptides are used in the fields of pharmaceuticals, foods and various other fields. For example, since L-alanyl-L-glutamine has higher stability and water-solubility than L-glutamine, it is widely used as a component of fluid infusion and serum-free media. Chemical synthesis methods, which have been known as methods for producing peptides, are not always easy. Known examples of such methods include a method that uses N-benzyloxycarbonylalanine (hereinafter, “Z-alanine”) and protected L-glutamine (see Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 34, 739 (1961), Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 35, 1966 (1962)), a method that uses Z-alanine and protected L-glutamic acid-γ-methyl ester (see Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 37, 200 (1964)), a method that uses Z-alanine ester and unprotected glutamic acid (see Japanese Patent Application Laid-open Publication No. H1-96194), a method that involves synthesis of an N-(2-substituted)-propionyl glutamine derivative as an intermediate from a 2-substituted-propionyl halide as a raw material (see Patent Application Laid-open Publication No. H6-234715). However, since all these methods require the introduction and elimination of protecting groups or the use of an optically active intermediate, they are not considered to be adequately satisfactory in terms of their industrial advantages. On the other hand, widely known examples of typical peptide production methods using enzymes consist of a condensation reaction that uses an N-protected and C-unprotected carboxy component and an N-unprotected, C-protected amine component (hereinafter, “Reaction 1”), and a substitution reaction that uses an N-protected, C-protected carboxy component and an N-unprotected, C-protected amine component (hereinafter, “Reaction 2”). An example of Reaction 1 is a method for producing Z-aspartylphenylalanine methyl ester from Z-aspartic acid and phenylalanine methyl ester (see Japanese Patent Application Laid-open Publication No. S53-92729), while an example of Reaction 2 is a method for producing acetylphenylalanylleucine amide from acetylphenylalanine ethyl ester and leucine amide (see Biochemical J., 163, 531 (1977)). There have been reported very few research examples of method that uses an N-unprotected, C-protected carboxy component. An example of a substitution reaction that uses an N-unprotected, C-protected carboxy component and an N-unprotected, C-protected amine component (hereinafter, “Reaction 3”) is described in International Patent Publication WO 90/01555. For example, a method for producing arginylleucine amide from arginine ethyl ester and leucine amide may be mentioned of Examples of substitution reactions that use an N-unprotected, C-protected carboxy component and an N-unprotected, C-unprotected amine component (hereinafter, “Reaction 4”) are described in European Patent Publication EP 278787A1 and European Patent Publication EP 359399B1. For example, a method for producing tyrosylalanine from tyrosine ethyl ester and alanine may be mentioned of.	<SOH> BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS <EOH>FIG. 1 is a graph illustrating the optimum pH of the enzyme of Empedobacter of the present invention; FIG. 2 is a graph illustrating the optimum temperature of the enzyme of Empedobacter of the present invention; FIG. 3 is a graph illustrating the time course of L-alanyl-L-glutamine production from L-alanine methyl ester and L-glutamine; and FIG. 4 is a bar graph illustrating the amount of enzyme present in a cytoplasm fraction (Cy) and a periplasm fraction (Pe). detailed-description description="Detailed Description" end="lead"?	20040528	20071030	20050127	62740.0		0	WALICKA, MALGORZATA A	NOVEL PEPTIDE-FORMING ENZYME GENE	UNDISCOUNTED	1	CONT-ACCEPTED		2,004
10,855,655	ACCEPTED	Disc drive apparatus	The present invention provides a disc drive apparatus capable of identifying a disc (12 cm) having a small data area (8 cm) in central as same as an ordinary 12 cm disc. The apparatus having a light receiving unit 105b and a push switch 106b The unit 105b is arranged in a position where the unit 105b detects the disc having the small data area in central when the switch 106b detects the same, and where the unit 105b does not detect a disc (12 cm) having a hole (8 cm) in central when the 106b detects the same. The apparatus also has an disc identifier for identifying type of the disc based on the detected results of the light receiving units and/or the push switches.	1. A disc drive apparatus capable of loading and ejecting the discs those are: a first disc which has a light shielding effect; a second disc whose outside diameter is smaller than the that of the first disc and which has a light shielding effect; a third disc whose outside diameter is almost same as the first disc and which has a light shielding effect and a hollow hole whose outside diameter is almost same as the second disc in central; and a fourth disc whose outside diameter is almost same as the first disc, which has a small data area whose diameter is almost same as the second disc in central and has a light shielding effect, and whose rest area except the small data area is transparent; said apparatus comprising: a disc inserting and discharging portion; a first detector for detecting a disc passing through one end of the disc inserting and discharging portion by contacting with the disc; a second detector for detecting the disc passing by the light shielding of the disc; and a disc identifier for identifying type of the disc based on a detected result by the second detector when the first detector detects the disc, wherein said second detector is arranged on a position where said second detector is capable of detecting the fourth disc when the first disc detects the fourth disc, and where said second detector does not detect the third disc when the first detector detects the third disc. 2. The disc drive apparatus according to claim 1, wherein, in the position where said second detector is arranged, said second detector does not detect the second disc when the first detector detects the second disc. 3. The disc drive apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising: a third detector for detecting the disc passing by the light shielding of the disc, wherein, in the position where the second detector is arranged, the second detector is capable of detecting the third disc when the third detector first detects the first disc or the third disc, the second detector is also capable of detecting the fourth disc when the third detector detects the fourth disc, and the second detector does not detect the second disc when the third detector first detects the second disc passing through the one end of the disc inserting and discharging portion, and wherein said disc identifier identifies type of the disc based on a detected result of the second detector when the third detector first detects the disc inserted into the disc inserting and discharging portion. 4. The disc drive apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising: a third detector for detecting the disc passing by the light shielding of the disc; and a fourth detector for detecting the disc passing by the light shielding of the disc, wherein a width of said disc inserting and discharging portion is about same as the outer diameter of the first disc, wherein said third detector is arranged on a position where the third detector is capable of detecting the first disc and the third disc when the fourth detector first detects the first disc and the third disc, and where the third detector does not detect the second disc when the fourth detector first detects the second disc passing through the other end of the disc inserting and discharging portion, and wherein said disc identifier identifies type of the disc based on a detected result of the third detector when the fourth detector first detects the disc inserted into the disc inserting and discharging portion. 5. The disc drive apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising: a fourth detector for detecting the disc passing by the light shielding of the disc; and a fifth detector for detecting the disc by contacting with the disc, wherein a width of said disc inserting and discharging portion is about same as the outer diameter of the first disc, wherein said fifth detector is arranged on a position where the fifth detector is capable of detecting the first disc or the third disc when the fourth detector first detects the first disc or the third disc, and where the fifth detector does not detect the second disc when the fourth detector first detects the second disc passing through the other end of the disc inserting and discharging portion, and wherein said disc identifier identifies type of the disc based on a detected result of the fifth detector when the fourth detector first detects the disc inserted into the disc inserting and discharging portion. 6. The disc drive apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising: a fourth detector for detecting the disc passing by the light shielding of the disc; a fifth detector for detecting the disc by contacting with the disc; and a sixth detector for detecting the disc passing by the light shielding of the disc, wherein said sixth detector is arranged on a position where the sixth detector is capable of detecting the second disc passing through the disc inserting and discharging portion and undetected by the second detector, wherein, in any cases of: 1) the first disc passes through the disc inserting and discharging portion; 2) the fourth disc passes through the disc inserting and discharging portion; 3) the second disc passes through the one end of the disc inserting and discharging portion; 4) the second disc passes through the other end of the disc inserting and discharging portion; and 5) the third disc passes through the disc inserting and discharging portion, said fourth detector and said fifth detector are arranged on portions where any one of the fourth detector and the fifth detector is capable of detecting the disc during the period form when any one of the sixth detector and the second detector first detects the disc to when neither the sixth detector nor the second detector detects the disc, and in a case of 6) the second disc passes through a central portion in width direction of the disc inserting and discharging portion, said fourth detector and said fifth detector are arranged on portions where neither the fourth detector nor the fifth detector detects the disc during the period form when any one of the sixth detector and the second detector first detects the disc to when both the sixth detector and the second detector do not detect the disc, and wherein said disc identifier identifies type of the disc based on both detected results of the fourth detector and the fifth detector during the period from when any of the sixth detector and the second detector first detects the disc to when both the sixth detector and the second detector do not detect the disc. 7. The disc drive apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising: a disc transporting portion for loading and ejecting a disc in the disc inserting and discharging portion by transporting the disc; and a controller for controlling the loading and ejecting operation of the transporting portion based on an identified result of the disc identifier, wherein, in a case of that the first detector multiple detects the disc inserted into the disc inserting and discharging portion, said controller controls the transporting portion to stop loading the disc. 8. The disc drive apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising: a transporting portion for loading and ejecting a disc in the disc inserting and discharging portion by transporting the disc; and a controller for controlling the loading and ejecting operation of the disc transporting portion based on an identified result of the disc identifier, wherein, in a case of that the first detector multiple detects the disc inserted into the disc inserting and discharging portion, said controller controls the transporting portion to eject the disc. 9. The disc drive apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said disc inserting and discharging portion has a regulating portion for regulating the plural discs passing in a direction of the thickness of the disc. 10. The disc drive apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said transporting portion has a limiting portion for limiting movement in the direction of the thickness of the disc passing through the disc inserting and discharging portion. 11. The disc drive apparatus according to the claim 5, further comprising: a transporting portion for loading and ejecting disc in the disc inserting and discharging portion by transporting the disc; a controller for controlling the loading and ejecting operation of the transporting portion based on an identified result of the disc identifier, wherein, in a case of that the fifth detector multiple detects the disc inserted into the disc inserting and discharging portion, said controller controls the transporting portion to stop loading the disc. 12. The disc drive apparatus according to claim 5, further comprising: a transporting portion for loading and ejecting a disc in the disc inserting and discharging portion by transporting the disc; and a controller for controlling the loading and ejecting operation of the disc transporting portion based on an identified result of the disc identifier, wherein, in a case of that the fifth detector multiple detects the disc inserted into the disc inserting and discharging portion, said controller controls the transporting portion to eject the disc. 13. The disc drive apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising: a transporting portion for loading and ejecting a disc in the disc inserting and discharging portion by transporting the disc; and a controller for controlling the loading and ejecting operation of the disc transporting portion based on an identified result of the disc identifier, wherein, in a case of that the disc loading operation is not completed within a predetermined period after insertion of the disc, said controller controls the transporting portion to eject the disc. 14. A disc drive apparatus capable of loading and ejecting the discs those are: a first disc; a second disc whose outside diameter is smaller than that of the first disc; a third disc whose outside diameter is almost same as the first disc and which has a hollow hole whose outside diameter is almost same as the second disc in central; said apparatus comprising: a disc inserting and discharging portion; a first detector for detecting a disc passing through one end of the disc inserting and discharging portion by contacting with the disc; a seventh detector for detecting thickness of a disc by contacting with the disc in the direction of the thickness of the disc; and a disc identifier for identifying type of the disc based on a detected result of the seventh detector when the first detector detects the disc, wherein said seventh detector is arranged on a position where the seventh detector does not detect the third disc when the first disc detects the third disc passing through the one end of the disc inserting and discharging portion. 15. The disc drive apparatus according to claim 14, wherein, in the position where said seventh detector is arranged, said seventh detector does not detect the second disc when the first detector detects the second disc. 16. The disc drive apparatus according to claim 14, further comprising: an eighth detector for detecting the disc passing by contacting with the disc in the direction of the thickness of the disc, wherein, in the position where said seventh detector is arranged, said seventh detector is capable of detecting the first disc or the third disc when the eighth detector first detects the first disc or the third disc, and said seventh detector does not detect the second disc passing through the one end in the direction of width of the disc inserting and discharging portion when the eighth detector detects the second disc, and wherein said disc identifier identifies type of the disc based on a detected result of the seventh detector when the eighth detector first detects the disc inserted into the disc inserting and discharging portion. 17. The disc drive apparatus according to claim 14, further comprising: an eighth detector for detecting the disc passing by contacting with the disc in the direction of the thickness of the disc; a ninth detector for detecting the disc passing by contacting with the disc in the direction of the thickness of the disc, wherein a width of said disc inserting and discharging portion is almost same as the outer diameter of the first disc, wherein, in the position where said eighth detector is arranged, said eighth detector is capable of detecting the first disc or the third disc when the ninth detector first detects the first disc or the third disc, and said eighth detector does not detect the second disc passing through the other end of the disc inserting and discharging portion when the ninth detector first detects the second disc, and wherein said disc identifier identifies type of the disc based on the detected result of the eighth detector when the ninth detector detects the disc inserted into the disc inserting and discharging portion. 18. The disc drive apparatus according to claim 14, further comprising: a fifth detector for detecting the disc by contacting with the disc; and a ninth detector for detecting the disc passing through the disc inserting and discharging portion by contacting with the disc in the direction of the thickness of the disc, wherein a width of said disc inserting and discharging portion is almost same as the outer diameter of the first disc, wherein said fifth detector is arranged on a position where said fifth detector is capable of detecting the first disc or the third disc when the ninth detector first detects the first disc or the third disc, and where said fifth detector does not detect the second disc passing through the other end in the direction of the width of the disc inserting and discharging portion when the ninth detector first detects the second disc, and wherein said disc identifier identifies type of the disc based on the detected result of the fifth detector when the ninth detector first detects the disc inserted into the disc inserting and discharging portion. 19. The disc drive apparatus according to claim 14, further comprising: a fifth detector for detecting the disc by contacting with the disc; a ninth detector for detecting the disc passing through the disc inserting and discharging portion by contacting with the disc in the direction of the thickness of the disc; and a tenth detector for detecting the disc passing through the disc inserting and discharging portion by contacting with the disc in the direction of the thickness of the disc, wherein a width of said disc inserting and discharging portion is almost same as the outer diameter of the first disc, wherein said tenth detector is arranged on a position where said tenth detector is capable of detecting the second disc passing through the disc inserting and discharging portion and undetected by the seventh detector, wherein, in any cases of: 1) the first disc passes through the disc inserting and discharging portion; 2) the second disc passes through the one end of the disc inserting and discharging portion; 3) the second disc passes through the other end of the disc inserting and discharging portion; and 4) the third disc passes through the disc inserting and discharging portion, said ninth detector and fifth detector are arranged on positions where any one of the ninth detector and the fifth detector is capable of detecting the disc during the period from when any one of the seventh detector and the tenth detector detects the disc to when neither the seventh detector nor the tenth detector detects the disc, and in a case of : 5) the second disc passes through the central portion of the width of the disc inserting and discharging portion, said ninth detector and fifth detector are arranged on positions where neither the ninth detector nor the fifth detector detects the disc during the period from when any one of the seventh detector and the tenth detector detects the disc to when neither the seventh detector nor the tenth detector detects the disc, and wherein said disc identifier identifies type of the disc based on both the detected results of the ninth detector and the fifth detector during the period from when at least one of the seventh detector and the tenth detector detects the disc to when neither the seventh detector nor the tenth detector detects the disc. 20. The disc drive apparatus according to the claim 14, further comprising: a transporting portion for loading and ejecting disc in the disc inserting and discharging portion by transporting the disc; a controller for controlling the loading and ejecting operation of the transporting portion based on an identified result of the disc identifier, wherein, in a case of that the first detector multiple detects the disc inserted into the disc inserting and discharging portion, said controller controls the transporting notion to stop loading the disc. 21. The disc drive apparatus according to claim 14, further comprising: a transporting portion for loading and ejecting a disc in the disc inserting and discharging portion by transporting the disc; and a controller for controlling the loading and ejecting operation of the disc transporting portion based on an identified result of the disc identifier, wherein, in a case of that the first detector multiple detects the disc inserted into the disc inserting and discharging portion, said controller controls the transporting portion to eject the disc. 22. The disc drive apparatus according to the claim 18, further comprising: a transporting portion for loading and ejecting disc in the disc inserting and discharging portion by transporting the disc; a controller for controlling the loading and ejecting operation of the transporting portion based on an identified result of the disc identifier, wherein, in a case of that the fifth detector multiple detects the disc inserted into the disc inserting and discharging portion, said controller controls the transporting portion to stop loading the disc. 23. The disc drive apparatus according to claim 18, further comprising: a transporting portion for loading and ejecting a disc in the disc inserting and discharging portion by transporting the disc; and a controller for controlling the loading and ejecting operation of the disc transporting portion based on an identified result of the disc identifier, wherein, in a case of that the fifth detector multiple detects the disc inserted into the disc inserting and discharging portion, said controller controls the transporting portion to eject the disc. 24. The disc drive apparatus according to claim 14, wherein said disc inserting and discharging portion has a regulating portion for regulating the plural discs passing in a direction of thickness of the disc. 25. The disc drive apparatus according to claim 14, wherein said transporting portion has a limiting portion for limiting movement in the direction of the thickness of the disc passing through the disc inserting and discharging portion. 26. The disc drive apparatus according to claim 14, further comprising: a transporting portion for loading and ejecting a disc in the disc inserting and discharging portion by transporting the disc; and a controller for controlling the loading and ejecting operation of the disc transporting portion based on an identified result of the disc identifier, wherein, in a case of that the disc loading operation is not completed within a predetermined period after insertion of the disc, said controller controls the transporting portion to eject the disc.	BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a disc drive apparatus having a disc identifying mechanism for identifying type of a disc, especially, relates to a disc inserting and discharging portion having detecting means for detecting the disc passing or the like. The term “disc drive apparatus” here indicates a disc recording apparatus, a disc reproducing apparatus, or a disc recording and reproducing apparatus. 2. Description of the Related Art In a disc drive apparatus such as an on-vehicle audio apparatus comprising a disc identifying device for identifying the type of a disc, conventionally, a lever to be driven by a contact with a disc or an adaptor is used and a light to be transmitted to light detecting means is shielded by the lever, thereby controlling the start of loading and the completion of the loading and preventing an erroneous detection from being caused by the slit of the adaptor (for example, see Patent Document 1: JP-A-2000-163840). Description will be given to a disc identifying device disclosed in the Patent Document 1. In FIGS. 49 and 50, a lower board 911 is fixed to the housing of a disc changer device which is not shown, and an upper board 912 is rotatably supported on the lower board 911. A portion between the upper board 912 and the lower board 911 becomes a disc insertion port 910. A light receiving unit 913A provided on a left end side in FIG. 50 in the transverse direction of the disc insertion port 910 and a light receiving unit 913B provided on an almost center in the transverse direction of the disc insertion port 910 are attached to the lower board 911. Moreover, a small hole 914A and a small hole 914B are formed on the upper board 912, and furthermore, a vibration plate (lever) 915 is slidably held in the transverse direction of the disc insertion port 910 on the opposite side of the disc insertion port 910. In addition, a small hole 916A and a large hole 916B are formed on the vibration plate 915 and a spring 917 engaged with the upper board 912 is engaged with the vibration plate 915, and furthermore, the vibration plate 915 is provided with a pin 918 protruded into the disc insertion port 910 through the notch portion of the upper board 912. The vibration plate 915 is energized in a direction shown in an arrow 915a by the elastic force of the spring 917. In the housing of the disc changer device, moreover, a light emitting unit 919A is attached into an opposed position to the light receiving unit 913A and a light emitting unit 919B is attached into an opposed position to the light receiving unit 913B. By the structure described above, the disc identifying device constituted by the light receiving unit 913A and the light receiving unit 913B to be light detecting means can identify the type of a disc through outputs from the light receiving unit 913A and the light receiving unit 913B. For example, when a disc (hereinafter referred to as an ordinary first disc) 920 (see FIG. 49 or 51) having an outside diameter of 12 cm, an adaptor 921 (see FIG. 52) having an outside diameter of 12 cm, capable of holding a disc (hereinafter referred to as a second disc) having an outside diameter of 8 cm in a central part and having a slit 924 (see FIG. 52) or the second disc held in the adaptor 921 is inserted in the disc insertion port 910 or when the second disc is inserted from a left side in the transverse direction of the disc insertion port 910, the pin 918 is driven by the inserted disc or adaptor so that the sliding plate 915 is slid in a direction shown in an arrow 915b from a position shown in FIG. 49 to a position shown in FIG. 51. Accordingly, the small hole 914A formed on the upper board 912 is blocked with the sliding plate 915 as shown in FIG. 51. For this reason, the light receiving unit 913A cannot receive a light from the light emitting unit 919A. Moreover, the small hole 914B formed on the upper board 912 is not blocked with the sliding plate 915 by the action of the large hole 916B formed on the sliding plate 915. Therefore, the light can be received from the light receiving unit 919B until the light receiving unit 913B is blocked with the disc or the adaptor. On the other hand, when the second disc is inserted from a center or a right side in the transverse direction of the disc insertion port 910, the pin 918 is not driven by the inserted disc. Therefore, the small hole 914A and the small hole 914B formed on the upper board 912 are not blocked with the sliding plate 915 but the light receiving unit 913A can always receive the light from the light emitting unit 919A. Moreover, the light receiving unit 913B can receive the light from the light emitting unit 919B until it is blocked with the disc or the adaptor. In an audio apparatus comprising the disc identifying device shown in FIGS. 49 and 51, accordingly, the, type of a disc can be identified by outputs from the light receiving unit 913A and the light receiving unit 913B. In the case in which the first disc 920 and the second disc held in the adaptor 921 are inserted, loading is continuously carried out to deliver the disc to a disc housing portion which is not shown. On the other hand, in the case in which the second disc or the adaptor 921 holding no second disc is inserted, it is discharged. However, in the conventional disc identifying device, the forth disc whose diameter is 12 cm and which has a smaller data area (8 cm) than the first disc (which is an ordinal 12 cm disc) may be dealt with in a same manner to that of the second disc (8 cm). In other words, the conventional disc identifying device cannot distinct the forth disc form the second disc. Moreover, in the conventional disc identifying device, however, the light detecting means is used for detecting a disc. For this reason, there is a possibility that the insertion of the disc in the device cannot be detected and the loading operation of the disc into the device might not be started when the light transmittance of the disc is high. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In order to solve the conventional problems, it is an object of the invention to provide a disc identifying device capable of identifying the forth disc as well as the first disc, and also provide a disc drive apparatus having the disc identifying device. Moreover, it is an object of the invention to provide a disc identifying device capable of implementing a stable disc identification irrespective of the light transmittance of a disc, and a disc drive apparatus having the disc identifying device. The present invention provides a disc drive apparatus capable of loading and ejecting the discs those are: a first disc which has a light shielding effect; a second disc whose outside diameter is smaller than the that of the first disc; a third disc whose outside diameter is almost same as the first disc and which has a light shielding effect and a hollow hole whose outside diameter is almost same as the second disc in central; and a fourth disc whose outside diameter is almost same as the first disc, which has a small data area whose diameter is almost same as the second disc in central and has a light shielding effect, and whose rest area except the small data area is transparent; said apparatus comprising: a disc inserting and discharging portion; a first detector for detecting a disc passing through one end of the disc inserting and discharging portion by contacting with the disc; a second detector for detecting the disc passing by the light shielding of the disc; and a disc identifier for identifying type of the disc based on a detected result by the second detector when the first detector detects the disc, wherein said second detector is arranged on a position where said second detector is capable of detecting the fourth disc when the first disc detects the fourth disc, and where said second detector does not detect the third disc when the first detector detects the third disc. According to the present invention, the disc drive apparatus, wherein, in the position where said second detector is arranged, said second detector does not detect the second disc when the first detector detects the second disc. According to the present invention, the disc drive apparatus, further comprising: a third detector for detecting the disc passing by the light shielding of the disc, wherein, in the position where the second detector is arranged, the second detector is capable of detecting the third disc when the third detector first detects the first disc or the third disc, the second detector is also capable of detecting the fourth disc when the third detector detects the fourth disc, and the second detector does not detect the second disc when the third detector first detects the second disc passing through the one end of the disc inserting and discharging portion, and wherein said disc identifier identifies type of the disc based on a detected result of the second detector when the third detector first detects the disc inserted into the disc inserting and discharging portion. According to the present invention, the disc drive apparatus further comprising: a third detector for detecting the disc passing by the light shielding of the disc; and a fourth detector for detecting the disc passing by the light shielding of the disc, wherein a width of said disc inserting and discharging portion is about same as the outer diameter of the first disc, wherein said third detector is arranged on a position where the third detector is capable of detecting the first disc and the third disc when the fourth detector first detects the first disc and the third disc, and where the third detector does not detect the second disc when the fourth detector first detects the second disc passing through the other end of the disc inserting and discharging portion, and wherein said disc identifier identifies type of the disc based on a detected result of the third detector when the fourth detector first detects the disc inserted into the disc inserting and discharging portion. According to the present invention, the disc drive apparatus further comprising: a fourth detector for detecting the disc passing by the light shielding of the disc; and a fifth detector for detecting the disc by contacting with the disc, wherein a width of said disc inserting and discharging portion is about same as the outer diameter of the first disc, wherein said fifth detector is arranged on a position where the fifth detector is capable of detecting the first disc or the third disc when the fourth detector first detects the first disc or the third disc, and where the fifth detector does not detect the second disc when the fourth detector first detects the second disc passing through the other end of the disc inserting and discharging portion, and wherein said disc identifier identifies type of the disc based on a detected result of the fifth detector when the fourth detector first detects the disc inserted into the disc inserting and discharging portion. According to the present invention, the disc drive apparatus further comprising: a fourth detector for detecting the disc passing by the light shielding of the disc; a fifth detector for detecting the disc by contacting with the disc; and a sixth detector for detecting the disc passing by the light shielding of the disc, wherein said sixth detector is arranged on a position where the sixth detector is capable of detecting the second disc passing through the disc inserting and discharging portion and undetected by the second detector, wherein, in any cases of: 1) the first disc passes through the disc inserting and discharging portion; 2) the fourth disc passes through the disc inserting and discharging portion; 3) the second disc passes through the one end of the disc inserting and discharging portion; 4) the second disc passes through the other end of the disc inserting and discharging portion; and 5) the third disc passes through the disc inserting and discharging portion, said fourth detector and said fifth detector are arranged on portions where any one of the fourth detector and the fifth detector is capable of detecting the disc during the period form when any one of the sixth detector and the second detector first detects the disc to when neither the sixth detector nor the second detector detects the disc, and in a case of 6) the second disc passes through a central portion in width direction of the disc inserting and discharging portion, said fourth detector and said fifth detector are arranged on portions where neither the fourth detector nor the fifth detector detects the disc during the period form when any one of the sixth detector and the second detector first detects the disc to when both the sixth detector and the second detector do not detect the disc, and wherein said disc identifier identifies type of the disc based on both detected results of the fourth detector and the fifth detector during the period from when any of the sixth detector and the second detector first detects the disc to when both the sixth detector and the second detector do not detect the disc. According to the present invention, the disc drive apparatus, further comprising: a fourth detector for detecting the disc passing by the light shielding of the disc; a fifth detector for detecting the disc by contacting with the disc; and a sixth detector for detecting the disc passing by the light shielding of the disc, wherein said sixth detector is arranged on a position where the sixth detector is capable of detecting the second disc passing through the disc inserting and discharging portion and undetected by the second detector, wherein, in any cases of: 1) the first disc passes through the disc inserting and discharging portion; 2) the fourth disc passes through the disc inserting and discharging portion; 3) the second disc passes through the one end of the disc inserting and discharging portion; 4) the second disc passes through the other end of the disc inserting and discharging portion; and 5) the third disc passes through the disc inserting and discharging portion, said fourth detector and said fifth detector are arranged on portions where any one of the fourth detector and the fifth detector is capable of detecting the disc during the period form when any one of the sixth detector and the second detector first detects the disc to when neither the sixth detector nor the second detector detects the disc, and in a case of 6) the second disc passes through a central portion in width direction of the disc inserting and discharging portion, said fourth detector and said fifth detector are arranged on portions where neither the fourth detector nor the fifth detector detects the disc during the period form when any one of the sixth detector and the second detector first detects the disc to when both the sixth detector and the second detector do not detect the disc, and wherein said disc identifier identifies type of the disc based on both detected results of the fourth detector and the fifth detector during the period from when any of the sixth detector and the second detector first detects the disc to when both the sixth detector and the second detector do not detect the disc. According to the present invention, the disc drive apparatus, further comprising: a transporting portion for loading and ejecting a disc in the disc inserting and discharging portion by transporting the disc; and a controller for controlling the loading and ejecting operation of the disc transporting portion based on an identified result of the disc identifier, wherein, in a case of that the first detector multiple detects the disc inserted into the disc inserting and discharging portion, said controller controls the transporting portion to eject the disc. According to the present invention, the disc drive apparatus, wherein said disc inserting and discharging portion has a regulating portion for regulating the plural discs passing. According to the present invention, the disc drive apparatus, wherein said transporting portion has a limiting portion for limiting movement in the direction of the thickness of the disc passing through the disc inserting and discharging portion. The present invention also provides a disc drive apparatus capable of loading and ejecting the discs those are: a first disc which has a light shielding effect; a second disc whose outside diameter is smaller than that of the first disc and which has a light shielding effect; a third disc whose outside diameter is almost same to the first disc and which has a light shielding effect and a hollow hole whose outside diameter is almost same as the second disc in central; said apparatus comprising: a disc inserting and discharging portion; a first detector for detecting a disc passing through one end of the disc inserting and discharging portion by contacting with the disc; a seventh detector for detecting thickness of a disc by contacting with the disc in the direction of the thickness of the disc; and a disc identifier for identifying type of the disc based on a detected result of the seventh detector when the first detector detects the disc, wherein said seventh detector is arranged on a position where the seventh detector does not detect the third disc when the first disc detects the third disc passing through the one end of the disc inserting and discharging portion. According to the present invention, the disc drive apparatus, wherein, in the position where said seventh detector is arranged, said seventh detector does not detect the second disc when the first detector detects the second disc. According to the present invention, the disc drive apparatus further comprising: an eighth detector for detecting the disc passing by contacting with the disc in the direction of the thickness of the disc, wherein, in the position where said seventh detector is arranged, said seventh detector is capable of detecting the first disc or the third disc when the first detector first detects the first disc or the third disc, and said seventh detector does not detect the second disc passing through the one end in the direction of width of the disc inserting and discharging portion when the eighth detector detects the second disc, and wherein said disc identifier identifies type of the disc based on a detected result of the seventh detector when the eighth detector first detects the disc inserted into the disc inserting and discharging portion. According to the present invention, the disc drive apparatus further comprising: an eighth detector for detecting the disc passing by contacting with the disc in the direction of the thickness of the disc; a ninth detector for detecting the disc passing by contacting with the disc in the direction of the thickness of the disc, wherein a width of said disc inserting and discharging portion is almost same as the outer diameter of the first disc, wherein, in the position where said eighth detector is arranged, said eighth detector is capable of detecting the first disc or the third disc when the ninth detector first detects the first disc of the third disc, and said eighth detector does not detect the second disc passing through the other end of the disc inserting and discharging portion when the ninth detector first detects the second disc, and wherein said disc identifier identifies type of the disc based on the detected result of the eighth detector when the ninth detector detects the disc inserted into the disc inserting and discharging portion. According to the present invention, the disc drive apparatus further comprising: a fifth detector for detecting the disc by contacting with the disc; and a ninth detector for detecting the disc passing through the disc inserting and discharging portion by contacting with the disc in the direction of the thickness of the disc, wherein a width of said disc inserting and discharging portion is almost same as the outer diameter of the first disc, wherein said fifth detector is arranged on a position where said fifth detector is capable of detecting the first disc or the third disc when the ninth detector first detects the first disc or the third disc, and where said fifth detector does not detect the second disc passing through the other end in the direction of the width of the disc inserting and discharging portion when the ninth detector first detects the second disc, and wherein said disc identifier identifies type of the disc based on the detected result of the fifth detector when the ninth detector first detects the disc inserted into the disc inserting and discharging portion. According to the present invention, the disc drive apparatus further comprising: a fifth detector for detecting the disc by contacting with the disc; a ninth detector for detecting the disc passing through the disc inserting and discharging portion by contacting with the disc in the direction of the thickness of the disc; and a tenth detector for detecting the disc passing through the disc inserting and discharging portion by contacting with the disc in the direction of the thickness of the disc, wherein a width of said disc inserting and discharging portion is almost same as the outer diameter of the first disc, wherein said tenth detector is arranged on a position where said tenth detector is capable of detecting the second disc passing through the disc inserting and discharging portion and undetected by the seventh detector, wherein, in any cases of: 1) the first disc passes through the disc inserting and discharging portion; 2) the second disc passes through the one end of the disc inserting and discharging portion; 3) the second disc passes through the other end of the disc inserting and discharging portion; and 4) the third disc passes through the disc inserting and discharging portion, said ninth detector and fifth detector are arranged on positions where any one of the ninth detector and the fifth detector is capable of detecting the disc during the period from when any one of the seventh detector and the tenth detector detects the disc to when neither the seventh detector nor the tenth detector detects the disc, and in a case of 5) the second disc passes through the central portion of the width of the disc inserting and discharging portion, said ninth detector and fifth detector are arranged on positions where neither the ninth detector nor the fifth detector detects the disc during the period from when any one of the seventh detector and the tenth detector detects the disc to when neither the seventh detector nor the tenth detector detects the disc, and wherein said disc identifier identifies type of the disc based on both the detected results of the ninth detector and the fifth detector during the period from when at least one of the seventh detector and the tenth detector detects the disc to when neither the seventh detector nor the tenth detector detects the disc. According to the present invention, the disc drive apparatus further comprising: a transporting portion for loading and ejecting disc in the disc inserting and discharging portion by transporting the disc; a controller for controlling the loading and ejecting operation of the transporting portion based on an identified result of the disc identifier, wherein, in a case of that the first detector multiple detects the disc inserted into the disc inserting and discharging portion, said controller controls the transporting portion to stop loading the disc. According to the present invention, the disc drive apparatus, wherein, in a case of that the first detector multiple detects the disc inserted into the disc inserting and discharging portion, said controller controls the transporting portion to eject the disc. According to the present invention, the disc drive apparatus, wherein, in a case of that the fifth detector multiple detects the disc inserted into the disc inserting and discharging portion, said controller controls the transporting portion to stop loading the disc. According to the present invention, the disc drive apparatus, wherein, in a case of that the fifth detector multiple detects the disc inserted into the disc inserting and discharging portion, said controller controls the transporting portion to eject the disc. According to the present invention, the disc drive apparatus, wherein, in a case of that the disc loading operation is not completed within a predetermined period after insertion of the disc, said controller controls the transporting portion to eject the disc. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a top view showing the main part of a disc drive apparatus according to a first embodiment of the invention; FIG. 2(a) is a front view showing the main part of the disc drive apparatus illustrated in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2(b) is a front view showing the main part of the disc drive apparatus illustrated in FIG. 1 in a different state from the state of FIG. 2(a); FIG. 3 is a top view showing the main part of the disc drive apparatus illustrated in FIG. 1 in the passage of an ordinary first disc through a disc inserting and discharging portion; FIG. 4 is a top view showing the main part of the disc drive apparatus illustrated in FIG. 1 in the passage of a 12 cm disc having a small data area (fourth disc) through the disc inserting and discharging portion; FIG. 5 is a top view showing the main part of the disc drive apparatus illustrated in FIG. 1 in the passage of an ordinary second disc through one end of the disc inserting and discharging portion in a transverse direction; FIG. 6 is a top view showing the main part of the disc drive apparatus illustrated in FIG. 1 in the passage of a 12 cm disc adaptor through the disc inserting and discharging portion; FIG. 7 is a top view showing the main part of the disc drive apparatus illustrated in FIG. 1 in the passage of a transparent first disc through the disc inserting and discharging portion; FIG. 8 is a top view showing the main part of the disc drive apparatus illustrated in FIG. 1 in the passage of the ordinary second disc through the central portion of the disc inserting and discharging portion in the transverse direction; FIG. 9 is a top view showing the main part of the disc drive apparatus illustrated in FIG. 1 in the passage of the ordinary second disc through the other end of the disc inserting and discharging portion in the transverse direction; FIG. 10 is a top view showing the main part of the disc drive apparatus illustrated in FIG. 1 in the passage of the ordinary first disc through the disc inserting and discharging portion in a different state from the state shown in FIG. 3; FIG. 11 is a top view showing the main part of the disc drive apparatus illustrated in FIG. 1 in the passage of the 12 cm disc having a small data area (fourth disc) through the disc inserting and discharging portion in a different state from the state shown in FIG. 4; FIG. 12 is a top view showing the main part of the disc drive apparatus illustrated in FIG. 1 in the passage of the 12 cm disc adaptor through the disc inserting and discharging portion in a different state from the state shown in FIG. 6; FIG. 13 is a top view showing the main part of the disc drive apparatus illustrated in FIG. 1 in the passage of the ordinary second disc through one end of the disc inserting and discharging portion in the transverse direction in a different state from the state shown in FIG. 5; FIG. 14 is a top view showing the main part of the disc drive apparatus illustrated in FIG. 1 in the passage of the ordinary first disc through the disc inserting and discharging portion in a different state from the states shown in FIGS. 3 and 10; FIG. 15 is a top view showing the main part of the s disc drive apparatus illustrated in FIG. 1 in the passage of the 12 cm disc adaptor through the disc inserting and discharging portion in a different state from the states shown in FIGS. 6 and 12; FIG. 16 is a top view showing the main part of the disc drive apparatus illustrated in FIG. 1 in the passage of the transparent first disc through the disc inserting and discharging portion in a different state from the state shown in FIG. 7; FIG. 17 is a timing chart showing the output of each detecting means of the disc drive apparatus illustrated in FIG. 1 in the passage of the ordinary first disc through the disc inserting and discharging portion; FIG. 18 is a timing chart showing the output of each detecting means of the disc drive apparatus illustrated in FIG. 1 in the passage of the 12 cm disc having a small data area (fourth disc) through the disc inserting and discharging portion; FIG. 19 is a timing chart showing the output of each detecting means of the disc drive apparatus illustrated in FIG. 1 in the passage of the ordinary second disc through one end of the disc inserting and discharging portion in the transverse direction; FIG. 20 is a timing chart showing the output of each detecting means of the disc drive apparatus illustrated in FIG. 1 in the passage of the ordinary second disc through the central portion of the disc inserting and discharging portion in the transverse direction; FIG. 21 is a timing chart showing the output of each detecting means of the disc drive apparatus illustrated in FIG. 1 in the passage of the ordinary second disc through the other end of the disc inserting and discharging portion in the transverse direction; FIG. 22 is a timing chart showing the output of each detecting means of the disc drive apparatus illustrated in FIG. 1 in the passage of the 12 cm disc adaptor through the disc inserting and discharging portion; FIG. 23 is a timing chart showing the output of each detecting means of the disc drive apparatus illustrated in FIG. 1 in the passage of the transparent first disc through the disc inserting and discharging portion; FIG. 24 is a top view showing the main part of the disc drive apparatus illustrated in FIG. 1 in the passage of two first discs through the disc inserting and discharging portion; FIG. 25(a) is a timing chart showing the output of each detecting means of the disc drive apparatus illustrated in FIG. 1 in the passage of two first discs through the disc inserting and discharging portion and FIG. 25(b) is a timing chart showing the output of each detecting means of the disc drive apparatus illustrated in FIG. 1 in the passage of one first disc through the disc inserting and discharging portion; FIG. 26 is a top view showing the main part of a disc device according to a second embodiment of the invention; FIG. 27 is a front view showing the main part of the disc device illustrated in FIG. 26; FIG. 28 is a front view showing the main part of the disc device illustrated in FIG. 26 in a different state from the state of FIG. 27; FIG. 29 is a front view showing the main part of thickness detecting means according to the embodiment of the invention; FIG. 30 is a front view showing the main part of the thickness detecting means illustrated in FIG. 26 in a different state from the state of FIG. 29; FIG. 31 is a top view showing the main part of the disc device illustrated in FIG. 26 in the passage of a first disc through a disc inserting and discharging portion; FIG. 32 is a top view showing the main part of the disc device illustrated in FIG. 26 in the passage of a second disc through one end of the disc inserting and discharging portion in a transverse direction; FIG. 33 is a top view showing the main part of the disc device illustrated in FIG. 26 in the passage of a 12 cm disc adaptor through the disc inserting and discharging portion; FIG. 34 is a top view showing the main part of the disc device illustrated in FIG. 26 in the passage of the second disc through the central portion of the disc inserting and discharging portion in the transverse direction; FIG. 35 is a top view showing the main part of the disc device illustrated in FIG. 26 in the passage of the second disc through the other end of the disc inserting and discharging portion in the transverse direction; FIG. 36 is a top view showing the main part of the disc device illustrated in FIG. 26 in the passage of the first disc through the disc inserting and discharging portion in a different state from the state shown in FIG. 31; FIG. 37 is a top view showing the main part of the disc device illustrated in FIG. 26 in the passage of the 12 cm disc adaptor through the disc inserting and discharging portion in a different state from the state shown in FIG. 33; FIG. 38 is a top view showing the main part of the disc device illustrated in FIG. 26 in the passage of the second disc through one end of the disc inserting and discharging portion in the transverse direction in a different state from the state shown in FIG. 32; FIG. 39 is a top view showing the main part of the disc device illustrated in FIG. 26 in the passage of the first disc through the disc inserting and discharging portion in a different state from the states shown in FIGS. 31 and 36; FIG. 40 is a top view showing the main part of the disc device illustrated in FIG. 26 in the passage of the 12 cm disc adaptor through the disc inserting and discharging portion in a different state from the states shown in FIGS. 33 and 37; FIG. 41 is a timing chart showing the output of each detecting means of the disc device illustrated in FIG. 26 in the passage of the first disc through the disc inserting and discharging portion; FIG. 42 is a timing chart showing the output of each detecting means of the disc device illustrated in FIG. 26 in the passage of the second disc through one end of the disc inserting and discharging portion in the transverse direction; FIG. 43 is a timing chart showing the output of each detecting means of the disc device illustrated in FIG. 26 in the passage of the second disc through the central portion of the disc inserting and discharging portion in the transverse direction; FIG. 44 is a timing chart showing the output of each detecting means of the disc device illustrated in FIG. 26 in the passage of the second disc through the other end of the disc inserting and discharging portion in the transverse direction; FIG. 45 is a timing chart showing the output of each detecting means of the disc device illustrated in FIG. 26 in the passage of the 12 cm disc adaptor through the disc inserting and discharging portion; FIG. 46 is a top view showing the main part of the disc device illustrated in FIG. 26 in the passage of two first discs through the disc inserting and discharging portion; FIG. 47 is a timing chart showing the output of each detecting means of the disc device illustrated in FIG. 26 in the passage of two first discs through the disc inserting and discharging portion; FIG. 48 is a timing chart showing the output of each detecting means of the disc device illustrated in FIG. 26 in the passage of one first disc through the disc inserting and discharging portion; FIG. 49 is a top view showing the main part of a conventional disc device before the insertion of the first disc; FIG. 50 is a front view showing the main part of the disc device illustrated in FIG. 49; FIG. 51 is a top view showing the main part of the disc device illustrated in FIG. 49 in the passage of the first disc through a disc insertion port; FIG. 52 is a top view showing the 12 cm disc adaptor; and FIG. 53 is an external view showing an example of a disc drive apparatus having a disc device of the first embodiment or the second embodiment. In the drawings, a reference numeral 100 refers to a disc inserting and discharging portion; 100a to an one end; 100b to a central portion; 100c to the other end; 101a to a projection (limiting means); 102a, 102b to a projection (regulating portion); 103 to a roller member (delivery means); 104 to a lever member (fifth detecting means, first detecting means); 105a to a light receiving unit (sixth detecting means, light detecting means); 105b to a light receiving unit (second detecting means, light detecting means); 105c to a light receiving unit (third detecting means, light detecting means); 105d to a light receiving unit (fourth detecting means, light detecting means); 106a to a push switch (fifth detecting means); 106b to a push switch (first detecting means); 107 to an ordinary first disc (first disc, disc); 108 to a 12 cm disc having small data area (forth disc); 108a to a data area; 109 to an ordinary second disc (second disc); 110 to a 12 cm disc adaptor (third disc); 110a to an hollow hole; 111 to a transparent 12 cm disc (transparent disc); and 112, 113 to a first disc (disc). Moreover, the reference numeral 1100 to a disc inserting and discharging portion; 1100a to one end; 1100b to a central portion; 1100c to the other end; 101a, 1102a, 1102b, 1106b, 1107b, 1108b, 1109b to a projection; 1103, 1106a, 1107a, 1108a, 1109a to a roller member; 1104, 1106, 1107, 1108, 1109 to a lever member; 1105a, 1105b, 1110a, 1110b, 1110c, 1110d to a push switch; 1106c, 1107c, 1108c, 1109c to a shaft member; 1111, 1114, 1115 to a first disc (12 cm); 1112 to a second disc (8 cm); 1113 to a 12 cm disc adaptor (third disc); and 1113a to an hollow hole. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS FIG. 53 shows an external view of a disc drive apparatus having a disc identifying mechanism (disc device) described in the first or second embodiment. Additionally, in those embodiments, the “disc drive apparatus” indicates a disc recording apparatus, a disc reproducing apparatus, or a disc recording and reproducing apparatus. Each disc identifying mechanism (disc device) of the embodiments is explained in the followings. First Embodiment An embodiment of the invention will be described below with reference to FIGS. 1 to 25(b), and FIG. 53. First of all, description will be given to the structure of a disc device of a disc drive apparatus according to the embodiment. In FIGS. 1 and 2, a disc device of the disc drive apparatus according to the embodiment comprises a base 101, and the base 101 is provided with a disc guide member 102 for regulating a movement in a transverse direction (a direction shown in an arrow 201) which is almost orthogonal to a direction of the passage of a disc such as an first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc) (that is, a loading direction and an ejecting direction) which is inserted and for forming an insertion path, a roller member 103 to be delivery means for coming in contact with the inserted disc to transmit a power, thereby delivering the disc and inserting (loading) and discharging (ejecting) the disc, an elastic member (not shown) for energizing the roller member 103 in a downward direction with respect to the inserted disc (in a direction shown in an arrow 202), and a power source (not shown) engaged with a gear 103a provided on the roller member 103 and serving to rotate the roller member 103. The disc guide member 102 and the roller member 103 interpose a disc inserted in the disc drive apparatus therebetween and serve to deliver the disc in the loading direction or the ejecting direction, and form a disc inserting and discharging portion 100 for inserting and discharging the disc. The disc inserting and discharging portion 100 has a width (approximately 12 cm) which is almost equal to the outside diameter of the ordinary first disc in such a manner that discs such as the ordinary first disc including a data area having a light shielding property and an ordinary second disc having a smaller outside diameter than that of the ordinary first disc and including a data area having the light shielding property can pass therethrough. In the disc inserting and discharging portion 100, moreover, the disc guide member 102 is provided with projections 102a and 102b to be regulating portions for coming in contact with a disc to be inserted, thereby regulating the direction of the thickness of the disc to be inserted and controlling the passage of a plurality of discs which is superposed. Thus, a plurality of discs can be prevented from being simultaneously inserted in the disc drive apparatus. More detailed description will be given. When one disc is inserted in the disc drive apparatus, the inserted disc can pass between a body 102c and the projections 102a and 102b in the disc guide member 102. When a plurality of discs is inserted, the inserted discs cannot pass between the body 102c and the projections 102a and 102b in the disc guide member 102. Furthermore, the base 101 is provided with a projection 101a to be limiting means for coming in contact with a shaft member 103b provided on the center of the roller member 103, thereby limiting the movement of the roller member 103 in the direction of the thickness of the disc passing through the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 (a direction shown in an arrow 203), and a projection 101b for regulating the displacement of the projection 102b in an upward direction (the direction shown in the arrow 203). Thus, a plurality of discs can be prevented from being simultaneously inserted in the disc drive apparatus. More detailed description will be given. When one disc is inserted in the disc drive apparatus, the inserted disc can pass between the disc guide member 102 and the roller member 103. When a plurality of discs is inserted, the projection 101a of the base 101 and the shaft member 103b of the roller member 103 come in contact with each other so that the inserted disc cannot pass between the disc guide member 102 and the roller member 103. In addition, the disc drive apparatus comprises a housing (not shown). On the roller member 103 side with respect to the disc guide member 102, the housing is provided with a lever member 104 having a shaft portion 104a for coming in contact with the outer periphery of a disc when the disc is inserted in the disc drive apparatus, an upper board (not shown) including a plurality of light receiving units 105a, 105b, 105c and 105d and push switches 106a and 106b for coming in contact with a projection 104b provided on the lever member 104, thereby detecting the displacement of the lever member 104, and an elastic member (not shown) for energizing the lever member 104 to a position shown in FIG. 1 in the direction shown in the arrow 201. The light receiving units 105a, 105b, 105c and 105d and the push switches 106a and 106b serve to output Hi in a state in which the disc is detected, and to output Lo in a state in which the disc is not detected. Moreover, a lower board (not shown) including a plurality of light emitting units (not shown) making a pair with the light receiving units 105a, 105b, 105c and 105d is provided between the base 101 and the disc guide member 102. The shaft portion 104a of the lever member 104 is provided on an upstream side in the direction of insertion (loading) of the disc from the roller member 103, and the push switch 106a is provided in such a position as to detect the displacement of the lever member 104 immediately after the movement of the lever member 104 in a leftward direction (a direction shown in an arrow 204) is started by the contact of the outer periphery of the inserted disc with the shaft portion 104a of the lever member 104. Furthermore, the push switch 106b is provided in such a position as to detect the maximum displacement of the lever member 104 in the direction shown in the arrow 204 when the outer periphery of the inserted first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc) comes in contact with the shaft portion 104a of the lever member 104, and the lever member 104 and the push switch 106b constitute first detecting means for detecting a disc passing through one end 100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in a transverse direction by a contact with the disc. More specifically, the push switch 106b serves to detect the first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc) passing through the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 as shown in FIG. 3, a small data area first disc 108 to be a fourth disc passing through the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 as shown in FIG. 4, an second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the end 100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction as shown in FIG. 5, a third disc 110 (12 cm disc adaptor) to be a third disc passing through the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 as shown in FIG. 6, and a transparent 12 cm disc 111 to be a transparent disc passing through the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 as shown in FIG. 7. In FIGS. 3 to 6, a portion shown in a slanting line in the disc represents a portion having a light shielding property such as a data area. Moreover, the light receiving unit 105b is provided in such a position as to detect the disc passing by the light shielding of the disc, to detect the fourth disc 108 (12 cm disc having a small data area) when the fourth disc 108 (12 cm disc having a small data area) is to be detected by the push switch 106b as shown in FIG. 4, not to detect the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the end 100a of the disc inserting and discharging section 100 in the transverse direction when the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) is to be detected by the push switch 106b as shown in FIG. 5, and not to detect the third disc 110 (12 cm disc adaptor) when the third disc 110 (12 cm disc adaptor) is to be detected by the push switch 106b as shown in FIG. 6, and constitutes second detecting means to be light detecting means. The first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc) (see FIG. 3) has a larger data area than a data area 108a (see FIG. 4) of the fourth disc 108 (12 cm disc having a small data area) (see FIG. 4). In the case in which the light receiving unit 105b is provided in such a position as to detect the fourth disc 108 (12 cm disc having a small data area) when the fourth disc 108 (12 cm disc having a small data area) is to be detected by the push switch 106b as shown in FIG. 4, it detects the first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc) when the first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc) is to be detected by the push switch 106b as shown in FIG. 3. Moreover, the whole transparent 12 cm disc 111 shown in FIG. 7 is transparent. In the case in which the light receiving unit 105b is provided in such a position as to detect the first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc) when the S first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc) is to be detected by the push switch 106b as shown in FIG. 3, therefore, it does not detect the transparent 12 cm disc 111 when the transparent 12 cm disc 111 is to be detected by the push switch 106b as shown in FIG. 7. In the case in which the push switch 106b is provided in such a position as to detect a maximum displacement in the direction shown in the arrow 204 (see FIG. 1) of the lever member 104 when the outer periphery of the inserted first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc) (see FIG. 3) and the shaft portion 104a of the lever member 104 come in contact with each other, moreover, it detects neither the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through a central portion 100b of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction as shown in FIG. 8 nor the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the other end 100c of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction as shown in FIG. 9. Furthermore, the light receiving unit 105c constitutes third detecting means to be light detecting means for detecting a disc passing by the light shielding of the disc, and the light receiving unit 105b and the light receiving unit 105c are provided in such positions that the first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc), the fourth disc 108 (12 cm disc having a small data area) and the third disc 110 (12 cm disc adaptor) are inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 and are detected by the light receiving unit 105b when they are to be first detected by the light receiving unit 105c as shown in FIGS. 10 to 12, and the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the end 100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction is inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 and is not detected by the light receiving unit 105b when it is to be first detected by the light receiving unit 105c as shown in FIG. 13. The track of the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the central portion 100b of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction shown in FIG. 8 is almost the same as that of a data area 108b of the fourth disc 108 (12 cm disc having a small data area) passing through the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 shown in FIG. 11. As shown in FIG. 8, therefore, the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the central portion 100b of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction is also inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the same manner as the fourth disc 108 (12 cm disc having a small data area) (see FIG. 11) and is detected by the light receiving unit 105b when it is to be first detected by the light receiving unit 105c. Since the transparent 12 cm disc 111 is transparent, moreover, it can be prevented from being detected by the light receiving unit 105c. Furthermore, the light receiving unit 105d constitutes fourth detecting means to be light detecting means for detecting a disc passing by the light shielding of the disc, and the light receiving unit 105d and the light receiving unit 105c are provided in such positions that the first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc) and the third disc 110 (12 cm disc adaptor) are inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 and are detected by the light receiving unit 105c when they are to be first detected by the light receiving unit 105d as shown in FIGS. 14 and 15, and the fourth disc 108 (12 cm disc having a small data area), the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the end 100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction and the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the central portion 100b of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction are not detected by the light receiving unit 105d as shown in FIGS. 4, 5 and 8, and the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the other end 100c of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction is inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 100, and is not detected by the light receiving unit 105c when it is to be first detected by the light receiving unit 105d as shown in FIG. 9. Since the transparent 12 cm disc 111 is transparent, it can be prevented from being detected by the light receiving unit 105d. Moreover, the lever member 104 and the push switch 106a constitute fifth detecting means for detecting a disc passing by a contact with the disc, and the shaft portion 104a of the lever member 104 and the light receiving unit 105d are provided in such positions that the first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc) and the third disc 110 (12 cm disc adaptor) are inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 and are detected by the push switch 106a when they are to be first detected by the light receiving unit 105d as shown in FIGS. 14 and 15, and the fourth disc 108 (12 cm disc having a small data area), the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the end 100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction and the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the central portion 100b of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction are not detected by the light receiving unit 105d as shown in FIGS. 4, 5 and 8, and the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the other end 100c of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction is inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 100, and is not detected by the push switch 106a when it is to be first detected by the light receiving unit 105d as shown in FIG. 9. Since the transparent 12 cm disc 111 is transparent, it can be prevented from being detected by the light receiving unit 105d as described above. Furthermore, the light receiving unit 105a constitutes sixth detecting means to be light detecting means which is provided in such a position as to detect a disc passing by the light shielding of the disc and to detect at least the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) which is not detected by the light receiving unit 105b as shown in FIG. 5 in the ordinary second discs 109 passing through the disc inserting and discharging portion 100, and the shaft portion 104a of the lever member 104, the light receiving unit 105a, the light receiving unit 105b and the light receiving unit 105d are provided in such positions that the first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc), the fourth disc 108 (12 cm disc having a small data area), the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the end 100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction, the third disc 110 (12 cm disc adaptor) and the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the other end 100c of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction are inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 100, are detected by at least one of the light receiving unit 105a and the light receiving unit 105b and are detected by at least one of the light receiving unit 105d and the push switch 106a before they are detected by neither the light receiving unit 105a nor the light receiving unit 105b as shown in FIGS. 3, 4, 5, 6 and 9, and the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the central portion 100b of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction is inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 100, and is detected by at least one of the light receiving unit 105a and the light receiving unit 105b and is detected by neither the light receiving unit 105d nor the push switch 106a before it is detected by neither the light receiving unit 105a nor the light receiving unit 105b as shown in FIG. 8. Since the transparent 12 cm disc 111 is transparent, it can be prevented from being detected by the light receiving unit 105a and the light receiving unit 105b. Moreover, the light detecting means, that is, the light receiving units 105a, 105b, 105c and 105d are provided in such positions that the first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc), the fourth disc 108 (12 cm disc having a small data area), the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) and the third disc 110 (12 cm disc adaptor) which are to be detected by the push switch 106b are detected by any of the light receiving units 105a, 105b, 105c and 105d as shown in FIGS. 3 to 6. Furthermore, the light receiving unit 105a is provided on an upstream side in the direction of the insertion of the disc from the roller member 103 and in such a position as to detect the first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc) (see FIG. 3) inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 100, the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) (see FIG. 5) passing through the end 100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction and the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) (see FIG. 8) passing through the central portion 100b of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction before the first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc) (see FIG. 3), the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) (see FIG. 5) passing through the end 100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction and the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) (see FIG. 8) passing through the central portion 100b of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction come in contact with the roller member 103. The third disc 110 (12 cm disc adaptor) (see FIG. 6) has an outside diameter which is almost equal to that of the first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc) (see FIG. 3). In the case in which the light receiving unit 105a is provided in such a position as to detect the first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc) inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 before the first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc) comes in contact with the roller member 103 as shown in FIG. 3, therefore, the third disc 110 (12 cm disc adaptor) inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 is detected before the third disc 110 (12 cm disc adaptor) comes in contact with the roller member 103 as shown in FIG. 6. As shown in FIG. 9, moreover, the light receiving unit 105b is provided on the upstream side in the direction of the insertion of the disc from the roller member 103 and in such a position as to detect the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 and passing through the other end 100c of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction before the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) comes in contact with the roller member 103. As shown in FIGS. 8, 10, 11 and 13, moreover, the light receiving unit 105c is provided in such a position that the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the central portion 100b of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction, the first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc), the fourth disc 108 (12 cm disc having a small data area) and the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the end 100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction are detected and the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the central portion 100b of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction which is provided in contact with the roller member 103, the first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc), the fourth disc 108 (12 cm disc having a small data area) and the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the end 100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction are not detected when the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the central portion 100b of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction, the first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc), the fourth disc 108 (12 cm disc having a small data area) and the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the end 100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction are to be discharged from the disc inserting and discharging portion 100. The third disc 110 (12 cm disc adaptor) (see FIG. 12) has an outside diameter which is almost equal to that of the first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc) (see FIG. 10). In the case in which the light receiving unit 105c is provided in such a position as to detect the first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc) and not to then detect the first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc) which is provided in contact with the roller member 103 when the first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc) is to be discharged from the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 as shown in FIG. 10, therefore, it detects the third disc 110 (12 cm disc adaptor) and does not then detect the third disc 110 (12 cm disc adaptor) which is provided in contact with the roller member 103 when the third disc 110 (12 cm disc adaptor) is to be discharged from the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 as shown in FIG. 12. As shown in FIG. 9, moreover, the light receiving unit 105d is provided in such a position as to detect the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) and not to then detect the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) which is provided in contact with the roller member 103 when the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the other end 100c of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction is to be discharged from the disc inserting and discharging portion 100. As shown in FIG. 16, furthermore, the shaft portion 104a of the lever member 104 is provided in such a position that the push switch 106a detects the transparent 12 cm disc 111 and does not detect the transparent 12 cm disc 111 which is provided in contact with the roller member 103 when the transparent 12 cm disc 111 is to be discharged from the disc inserting and discharging portion 100. The disc guide member 102, the roller member 103, a plurality of light receiving units 105a, 105b, 105c and 105d, a plurality of light emitting units making pairs with the light receiving units 105a, 105b, 105c and 105d, the lever member 104, the push switches 106a and 106b, and a control device which is not shown constitute a disc identifying device and a disc inserting and discharging apparatus. The control device constitutes identifying means for identifying the type of the disc passing through the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 based on the outputs of the light receiving units 105a, 105b, 105c and 105d and the push switches 106a and 106b and control means for controlling the disc inserting and discharging operation of the roller member 103 based on the result of an identification which is obtained by the identifying means. The roller member 103 is provided in such a position that the identification of the disc by the control device is ended before the contact with the inserted disc is released. Next, description will be given to the operation of the disc drive apparatus according to the embodiment. In the following, description will be given to an operation to be carried out in the case in which the disc drive apparatus delivers the first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc), the fourth disc 108 (12 cm disc having a small data area) and the third disc 110 (12 cm disc adaptor) holding the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) in a central part to a position in which loading is to be completed and forcibly discharges the third disc 110 (12 cm disc adaptor), the second disc 109 and the transparent 12 cm disc 111. (1) An Operation for the First Disc 107 (Ordinary 12 cm Disc) First of all, description will be given to the operation of the disc drive apparatus for the first disc 107. The disc drive apparatus according to the embodiment treats the third disc 110 (12 cm disc adaptor) holding the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) in the central part in the same manner as the first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc). For this reason, the description of the operation of the disc drive apparatus for the third disc 110 (12 cm disc adaptor) holding the second disc 109 in the central part will be omitted. When the first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc) is inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 of the disc drive apparatus by a user, the light receiving unit 105a is provided on the upstream side in the direction of the insertion of the disc from the roller member 103 and in such a position as to detect the first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc) inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 before the first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc) comes in contact with the roller member 103 as described above. As shown in FIG. 17, therefore, the output of the light receiving unit 105a becomes Hi. In the disc drive apparatus, the first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc) is inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 by the user and the operation of a power source is started to begin the rotation of the roller member 103 when the output of the light receiving unit 105a becomes Hi. When the first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc) is further inserted by the user, the first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc) and the roller member 103 come in contact with each other. Consequently, the auto-loading of the first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc) is started so that the first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc) is delivered to a posit-ion shown in FIG. 10, and furthermore, the outputs of the light receiving units 105b and 105c become Hi in order as shown in FIG. 17. As described above, the light receiving unit 105b and the light receiving unit 105c are provided in such positions that the first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc), the fourth disc 108 (12 cm disc having a small data area) and the third disc 110 (12 cm disc adaptor) are inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 and are detected by the light receiving unit 105b when they are to be first detected by the light receiving unit 105c as shown in FIGS. 10 to 12, and the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the end 100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction is inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 and is not detected by the light receiving unit 105b when it is to be first detected by the light receiving unit 105c as shown in FIG. 13. Since the output of the light receiving unit 105b is Hi when the output of the light receiving unit 105c becomes Hi, accordingly, the control device identifies that any of the first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc), the fourth disc 108 (12 cm disc having a small data area), the second 15 disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the central portion 100b of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction and the third disc 110 (12 cm disc adaptor) is inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 and causes the roller member 103 to continuously carry out the auto-loading of the first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc). When the first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc) is further inserted by the roller member 103, the outputs of the push switch 106a and the light receiving unit 105d become Hi in order as shown in FIG. 17 while the first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc) is delivered to a position shown in FIG. 14. As described above, the shaft portion 104a of the lever member 104 and the light receiving unit 105d are provided in such positions that the first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc) and the third disc 110 (12 cm disc adaptor) are inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 and are detected by the push switch 106a when they are to be first detected by the light receiving unit 105d as shown in FIGS. 14 and 15, and the fourth disc 108 (12 cm disc having a small data area), the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the end 100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction and the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the central portion 100b of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction are not detected by the light receiving unit 105d as shown in FIGS. 4, 5 and 8, and the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the other end 100c of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction is inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 100, and is not detected by the push switch 106a when it is to be first detected by the light receiving unit 105d as shown in FIG. 9. Since the output of the push switch 106a is Hi when the output of the light receiving unit 105d becomes Hi, accordingly, the control device identifies that the first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc) or the third disc 110 (12 cm disc adaptor) is inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 and causes the roller member 103 to continuously carry out the auto-loading of the first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc). As described above, moreover, the light receiving unit 105d and the light receiving unit 105c are provided in such positions that the first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc) and the third disc 110 (12 cm disc adaptor) are inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 and are detected by the light receiving unit 105c when they are to be first detected by the light receiving unit 105d as shown in FIGS. 14 and 15, and the fourth disc 108 (12 cm disc having a small data area), the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the end 100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction and the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the central portion 10Db of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction are not detected by the light receiving unit 105d as shown in FIGS. 4, 5 and 8, and the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the other end 100c of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction is inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 and is not detected by the light receiving unit 105c when it is to be first detected by the light receiving unit 105d as shown in FIG. 9. Since the output of the light receiving unit 105c is Hi when the output of the light receiving unit 105d becomes Hi, accordingly, the control device can also decide that a disc other than the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the other end 100c of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction is inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 100. When the first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc) is further inserted by the roller member 103, the output of the push switch 106b becomes Hi as shown in FIG. 17 while the first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc) is delivered to a position shown in FIG. 3. As described above, the light receiving unit 105b is provided in such a position as to detect the fourth disc 108 (12 cm disc having a small data area) when the fourth disc 108 (12 cm disc having a small data area) is to be detected by the push switch 106b as shown in FIG. 4, not to detect the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) when the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the end 100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction is to be detected by the push switch 106b as shown in FIG. 5, and not to detect the third disc 110 (12 cm disc adaptor) when the third disc 110 (12 cm disc adaptor) is to be detected by the push switch 106b as shown in FIG. 6. Since the output of the light receiving unit 105b is Hi when the output of the push switch 106b becomes Hi, accordingly, the control device identifies that either the first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc) or the first disc 108 having a small area is inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 and causes the roller member 103 to continuously carry out the auto-loading of the first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc), thereby delivering the first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc) to the position in which the loading is to be completed. The completion of the loading of the first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc) is detected by detecting means which is not shown. In the case in which the disc drive apparatus discharges the first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc) from an inside thereof, moreover, it is detected that the first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc) is discharged from a disc housing portion (not shown) or a disc recording and reproducing portion (not shown) by detecting means which is not shown before the first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc) comes in contact with the roller member 103. When the disc drive apparatus detects that the first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc) is discharged from the disc housing portion (not shown) or the disc recording and reproducing portion (not shown), it starts the operation of the power source, thereby beginning the rotation of the roller member 103. When the first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc) is further discharged by a mechanism which is not shown, the first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc) and the roller member 103 come in contact with each other so that the auto-ejection of the first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc) is started and the first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc) is delivered to a position shown in FIG. 10. When the first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc) is delivered to the position shown in FIG. 10, the output of the light receiving unit 105c becomes Lo because the light receiving unit 105c is provided in such a position as to detect the first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc) and not to then detect the first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc) which is provided in contact with the roller member 103 when the first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc) is to be discharged from the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 as described above. Accordingly, the control device receives the fact that the output of the light receiving unit 105c becomes Lo and stops the operation of the power source, thereby completing the auto-ejection of the first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc). As shown in FIG. 10, when the output of the light receiving unit 105c becomes Lo, the contact of the first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc) with the roller member 103 is not released. Consequently, the first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc) can be prevented from being dropped from the disc drive apparatus and the auto-loading can also be started again by the manipulation of the user. (2) An Operation for the 12 cm Disc having a Small Data Area (Fourth Disc) Next, description will be given to the operation of the disc drive apparatus for the fourth disc 108 (12 cm disc having a small data area). As described above, the fourth disc 108 (12 cm disc having a small data area) has only the second data area 108a (see FIG. 4), and the outer peripheral portion of the data area 108a is transparent. When the fourth disc 108 (12 cm disc having a small data area) is inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 of the disc drive apparatus by the user, a light from the light emitting unit to the light receiving unit is transmitted through the outer peripheral portion of the data area 108a of the fourth disc 108 (12 cm disc having a small data area), and therefore, the output of each light receiving unit is Lo before the fourth disc 108 (12 cm disc having a small data area) and the roller member 103 come in contact with each other. Even if the fourth disc 108 (12 cm disc having a small data area) and the roller member 103 come in contact with each other, the operation of the power source is not started so that the auto-loading is not started until the data area 108a passes through the position of the light receiving unit 105a provided on the upstream side in the direction of the insertion of the disc from the roller member 103 as described above. In the disc drive apparatus, the fourth disc 108 (12 cm disc having a small data area) is inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 by the user, and the operation of the power source is started to begin the rotation of the roller member 103 when the output of the light receiving unit 105a becomes Hi as shown in FIG. 18. When the rotation of the roller member 103 is started, the auto-loading of the fourth disc 108 (12 cm disc having a small data area) is started and the outputs of the push switch 106a and the light receiving units 105b and 105c become Hi in order because the fourth disc 108 (12 cm disc having a small data area) and the roller member 103 have already come in contact with each other. As described above, the light receiving unit 105b and the light receiving unit 105c are provided in such positions that the first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc), the fourth disc 108 (12 cm disc having a small data area) and the third disc 110 (12 cm disc adaptor) are inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 and are detected by the light receiving unit 105b when they are to be first detected by the light receiving unit 105c as shown in FIGS. 10 to 12, and the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the end 100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction is inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 and is not detected by the light receiving unit 105b when it is to be first detected by the light receiving unit 105c as shown in FIG. 13. Since the output of the light receiving unit 105b is Hi when the output of the light receiving unit 105c becomes Hi, accordingly, the control device identifies that any of the first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc), the fourth disc 108 (12 cm disc having a small data area), the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the central portion 100b of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction and the third disc 110 (12 cm disc adaptor) is inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 and causes the roller member 103 to continuously carry out the auto-loading of the fourth disc 108 (12 cm disc having a small data area). When the fourth disc 108 (12 cm disc having a small data area) is further inserted by the roller member 103 and is delivered to a position shown in FIG. 4, the output of the push switch 106b becomes Hi as shown in FIG. 18. As described above, the light receiving unit 105b is provided in such a position as to detect the fourth disc 108 (12 cm disc having a small data area) when the fourth disc 108 (12 cm disc having a small data area) is to be detected by the push switch 106b as shown in FIG. 4, not to detect the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) when the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the end 100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction is to be detected by the push switch 106b as shown in FIG. 5, and not to detect the third disc 110 (12 cm disc adaptor) when the third disc 110 (12 cm disc adaptor) is to be detected by the push switch 106b as shown in FIG. 6. Since the output of the light receiving unit 105b is Hi when the output of the push switch 106b becomes Hi, accordingly, the control device identifies that either the first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc) or the fourth disc 108 (12 cm disc having a small data area) is inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 and causes the roller member 103 to continuously carry out the auto-loading of the fourth disc 108 (12 cm disc having a small data area), thereby delivering the fourth disc 108 (12 cm disc having a small data area) to a position in which the loading is to be completed. In the same manner as the case of the first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc), the completion of the loading of the fourth disc 108 (12 cm disc having a small data area) is detected by detecting means which is not shown. In the case in which the disc drive apparatus discharges the fourth disc 108 (12 cm disc having a small data area) from an inside thereof, moreover, it detects that the fourth disc 108 (12 cm disc having a small data area) is discharged from a disc housing portion (not shown) or a disc recording and reproducing portion (not shown) by detecting means which is not shown before the fourth disc 108 (12 cm disc having a small data area) comes in contact with the roller member 103. When the disc drive apparatus detects that the fourth disc 108 (12 cm disc having a small data area) is discharged from the disc housing portion (not shown) or the disc recording and reproducing portion (not shown), it starts the operation of the power source, thereby beginning the rotation of the roller member 103. When the fourth disc 108 (12 cm disc having a small data area) is further discharged by a mechanism which is not shown, the fourth disc 108 (12 cm disc having a small data area) and the roller member 103 come in contact with each other so that the auto-ejection of the fourth disc 108 (12 cm disc having a small data area) is started and the fourth disc 108 (12 cm disc having a small data area) is delivered to a position shown in FIG. 11. When the fourth disc 108 (12 cm disc having a small data area) is delivered to the position shown in FIG. 11, the output of the light receiving unit 105c becomes Lo because the light receiving unit 105c is provided in such a position as to detect the fourth disc 108 (12 cm disc having a small data area) and not to then detect the fourth disc 108 (12 cm disc having a small data area) which is provided in contact with the roller member 103 when the fourth disc 108 (12 cm disc having a small data area) is to be discharged from the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 as described above. Accordingly, the control device receives the fact that the output of the light receiving unit 105c becomes Lo and stops the operation of the power source, thereby completing the auto-ejection of the fourth disc 108 (12 cm disc having a small data area). As shown in FIG. 11, when the output of the light receiving unit 105c becomes Lo, the contact of the fourth disc 108 (12 cm disc having a small data area) with the roller member 103 is not released. Consequently, the fourth disc 108 (12 cm disc having a small data area) can be prevented from being dropped from the disc drive apparatus and the auto-loading can also be started again by the manipulation of the user. (3) An Operation for the Second Disc 109 (Ordinary 8 cm Disc) Passing Through the End 100a of the Disc Inserting and Discharging Portion 100 in the Transverse Direction Next, description will be given to the operation of the disc drive apparatus for the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the end 100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction. When the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) is inserted from the end 100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction into the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the disc drive apparatus by the user, the light receiving unit 105a is provided on the upstream side in the direction of the insertion of the disc from the roller member 103 and in such a position as to detect the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 and passing through the end 100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction before the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) comes in contact with the roller member 103 as described above. As shown in FIG. 19, therefore, the output of the light receiving unit 105a becomes Hi. In the disc drive apparatus, the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) is inserted from the end 100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction into the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 by the user, and the operation of the power source is started to begin the rotation of the roller member 103 when the output of the light receiving unit 105a becomes Hi. When the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) is further inserted by the user, the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) and the roller member 103 come in contact with each other. Consequently, the auto-loading of the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) is started so that the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) is delivered to a position shown in FIG. 13, and furthermore, the outputs of the push switch 106a and the light receiving unit 105c become Hi in order as shown in FIG. 19. As described above, the light receiving unit 105b and the light receiving unit 105c are provided in such positions that the first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc), the fourth disc 108 (12 cm disc having a small data area) and the third disc 110 (12 cm disc adaptor) are inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 and are detected by the light receiving unit 105b when they are to be first detected by the light receiving unit 105c as shown in FIGS. 10 to 12, and the ordinary first disc 109 passing through the end 100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction is inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 and is not detected by the light receiving unit 105b when it is to be first detected by the light receiving unit 105c as shown in FIG. 13. Since the output of the light receiving unit 105b is Lo when the output of the light receiving unit 105c becomes Hi, accordingly, the control device identifies that the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the S end 100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction is inserted into the disc inserting and discharging portion 100, causes the roller member 103 to stop the auto-loading of the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc), and furthermore, reverses the rotating direction of a driving source, thereby starting the auto-ejection of the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc). When the auto-ejection of the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) is started and the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) is delivered, the output of the light receiving unit 105c becomes Lo because the light receiving unit 105c is provided in such a position as to detect the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) and not to then detect the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) which is provided in contact with the roller member 103 when the second disc 10.9 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the end 100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction is to be discharged from the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 as described above. Accordingly, the control device receives the fact that the output of the light receiving unit 105c becomes Lo and stops the operation of the power source, thereby completing the auto-ejection of the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc). As shown in FIG. 13, when the output of the light receiving unit 105c becomes Lo, the contact of the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) with the roller member 103 is not released. Consequently, the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) can be prevented from being dropped from the disc drive apparatus. (4) An Operation for the Second Disc 109 (Ordinary 8 cm Disc) Passing Through the Central Portion 100b of the Disc Inserting and Discharging Portion 100 in the Transverse Direction Next, description will be given to the operation of the disc drive apparatus for the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the central portion 100b of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction. When the second disc 1.09 (ordinary 8 cm disc) is inserted from the central portion 100b of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction into the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the disc drive apparatus by the user, the output of the light receiving unit 105a becomes Hi as shown in Fib. 20 because the light receiving unit 105a is provided on the upstream side in the direction of the insertion of the disc from the roller member 103 and in such a position as to detect the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 and passing through the central portion 100b of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction before the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) comes in contact with the roller member 103 as described above. In the disc drive apparatus, the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) is inserted from the central portion 100b of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction into the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 by the user and the operation of the power source is started to begin the rotation of the roller member 103 when the output of the light receiving unit 105a becomes Hi. When the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) is further inserted by the user, the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) and the roller member 103 come in contact with each other. Consequently, the auto-loading of the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) is started so that the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) is delivered to a position shown in FIG. 8, and furthermore, the outputs of the light receiving units 105b and 105c become Hi in order as shown in FIG. 20. As described above, the light receiving unit 105b and the light receiving unit 105c are provided in such positions that the first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc), the fourth disc 108 (12 cm disc having a small data area) and the third disc 110 (12 cm disc adaptor) are inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 and are detected s by the light receiving unit 105b when they are to be first detected by the light receiving unit 105c as shown in FIGS. 10 to 12, and the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the end 100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction is inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 and is not detected by the light receiving unit 105b when it is to be first detected by the light receiving unit 105c as shown in FIG. 13. Since the output of the light receiving unit 105b is Hi when the output of the light receiving unit 105c becomes Hi, accordingly, the control device identifies that a disc other than the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the end 100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction is inserted into the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 and causes the roller member 103 to continuously carry out the auto-loading of the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc). When the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) is further inserted by the roller member 103, a light from the light emitting unit to the light receiving unit 105a passes through the central hole of the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc). As shown in FIG. 20, consequently, the output of the light receiving unit 105a is changed from Hi to Lo and is changed from Lo to Hi again, and the outputs of the light receiving units 105b and 105a become Lo in order as shown in FIG. 20. The shaft portion 104a of the lever member 104, the light receiving unit 105a, the light receiving unit 105b and the light receiving unit 105d are provided in such positions that the first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc), the fourth disc 108 (12 cm disc having a small data area), the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the end 100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction, the third disc 110 (12 cm disc adaptor) and the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the other end 100c of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction are inserted into the disc inserting and discharging portion 100, and are detected by at least one of the light receiving unit 105a and the light receiving unit 105b and are detected by at least one of the light receiving unit 105d and the push switch 106a before they are detected by neither the light receiving unit 105a nor the light receiving unit 105b as shown in FIGS. 3, 4, 5, 6 and 9, and the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the central portion 100b of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction is inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 100, and is detected by at least one of the light receiving unit 105a and the light receiving unit 105b and is detected by neither the light receiving unit 105d nor the push switch 106a before it is detected by neither the light receiving unit 105a nor the light receiving unit 105b as shown in FIG. 8. As shown in FIG. 20, accordingly, the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) is inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 100, is detected by at least one of the light receiving unit 105a and the light receiving unit 105b and is detected by neither the light receiving unit 105d nor the push switch 106a before it is detected by neither the light receiving unit 105a nor the light receiving unit 105b. For this reason, the control device identifies that the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the central portion 100b of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction is inserted into the disc inserting and discharging portion 100, causes the roller member 103 to stop the auto-loading of the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc), and furthermore, reverses the rotating direction of a driving source, thereby starting the auto-ejection of the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc). When the auto-ejection of the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) is started and the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) is delivered to the position shown in FIG. 8, the output of the light receiving unit 105c becomes Lo because the light receiving unit 105c is provided in such a position as to detect the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) and not to then detect the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) which is provided in contact with the roller member 103 when the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the central portion 100b of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction is to be discharged from the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 as described above. Accordingly, the control device receives the fact that the output of the light receiving unit 105c becomes Lo and stops the operation of the power source, thereby completing the auto-ejection of the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc). As shown in FIG. 8, when the output of the light receiving unit 105c becomes Lo, the contact of the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) with the roller member 103 is not released. Consequently, the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) can be prevented from being dropped from the disc drive apparatus. (5) An Operation for the Second Disc 109 (Ordinary 8 cm disc) Passing Through the Other End 100c of the Disc Inserting and Discharging Portion 100 in the Transverse Direction Next, description will be given to the operation of the disc drive apparatus for the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the other end 100c of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction. When the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) is inserted from the other end 100c of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction into the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the disc drive apparatus by the user, the output of the light receiving unit 105b becomes Hi as shown in FIG. 21 because the light receiving unit 105b is provided on the upstream side in the direction of the insertion of the disc from the roller member 103 and in such a position as to detect the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 and passing through the other end 100c of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction before the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) comes in contact with the roller member 103 as described above. In the disc drive apparatus, the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) is inserted from the other end 100c of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction into the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 by the user, and the operation of the power source is started to begin the rotation of the roller member 103 when the output of the light receiving unit 105b becomes Hi. When the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) is further inserted by the user, the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) and the roller member 103 come in contact with each other. Consequently, the auto-loading of the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) is started so that the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) is delivered to a position shown in FIG. 9, and furthermore, the outputs of the light receiving units 105a and 105d become Hi in order as shown in FIG. 21. As described above, the light receiving unit 105d and the light receiving unit 105c are provided in such positions that the first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc) and the third disc 110 (12 cm disc adaptor) are inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 and are detected by the light receiving unit 105c when they are to be first detected by the light receiving unit 105d as shown in FIGS. 14 and 15, and the fourth disc 108 (12 cm disc having a small data area), the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the end 100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction and the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the central portion 100b of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction are not detected by the light receiving unit 105d as shown in FIGS. 4, 5 and 8, and the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the other end 100c of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction is inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 and is not detected by the light receiving unit 105c when it is to be first detected by the light receiving unit 105d as shown in FIG. 9. As described above, moreover, the shaft portion 104a of the lever member 104 and the light receiving unit 105d are provided in such positions that the first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc) and the third disc 110 (12 cm disc adaptor) are inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 and are detected by the push switch 106a when they are to be first detected by the light receiving unit 105d as shown in FIGS. 14 and 15, and the fourth disc 108 (12 cm disc having a small data area), the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the end 100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction and the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the central portion 100b of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction are not detected by the light receiving unit 105d as shown in FIGS. 4, 5 and 8, and the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the other end 100c of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction is inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 and is not detected by the push switch 106a when it is to be first detected by the light receiving unit 105d as shown in FIG. 9. Since the outputs of the light receiving unit 105c and the push switch 106a are Lo when the output of the light receiving unit 105d becomes Hi, accordingly, the control device identifies that the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the other end 100c of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction is inserted into the disc inserting and discharging portion 100, causes the roller member 103 to stop the auto-loading of the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc), and furthermore, reverses the rotating direction of the driving source, thereby starting the auto-ejection of the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc). When the auto-ejection of the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) is started and the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) is delivered, the output of the light receiving unit 105d becomes Lo because the light receiving unit 105d is provided in such a position as to detect the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) and not to then detect the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) which is provided in contact with the roller member 103 when the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the other end 100c of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction is to be discharged from the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 as described above. Accordingly, the control device receives the fact that the output of the light receiving unit 105d becomes Lo and stops the operation of the power source, thereby completing the auto-ejection of the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc). As shown in FIG. 9, when the output of the light receiving unit 105d becomes Lo, the contact of the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) with the roller member 103 is not released. Consequently, the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) can be prevented from being dropped from the disc drive apparatus. (6) An Operation for the Third Disc 110 (12 cm Disc Adaptor) Next, description will be given to the operation of the disc drive apparatus for the third disc 110 (12 cm disc adaptor). When the third disc 110 (12 cm disc adaptor) is inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 of the disc drive apparatus by the user, the output of the light receiving unit 105a becomes Hi as shown in FIG. 22 because the light receiving unit 105a is provided on the upstream side in the direction of the insertion of the disc from the roller member 103 and in such a position as to detect the third disc 110 (12 cm disc adaptor) inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 before the third disc 110 (12 cm disc adaptor) comes in contact with the roller member 103 as described above. In the disc drive apparatus, the third disc 110 (12 cm disc adaptor) is inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 by the user, and the operation of the power source is started to begin the rotation of the roller member 103 when the output of the light receiving unit 105a becomes Hi. When the third disc 110 (12 cm disc adaptor) is further inserted by the user, the third disc 110 (12 cm disc adaptor) and the roller member 103 come in contact with each other. Consequently, the auto-loading of the third disc 110 (12 cm disc adaptor) is started so that the third disc 110 (12 cm disc adaptor) is delivered to a position shown in FIG. 12, and furthermore, the outputs of the light receiving units 105b and 105c become Hi in order as shown in FIG. 22. As described above, the light receiving unit 105b and the light receiving unit 105c are provided in such positions that the first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc), the fourth disc 108 (12 cm disc having a small data area) and the third disc 110 (12 cm disc adaptor) are inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 and are detected by the light receiving unit 105b when they are to be first detected by the light receiving unit 105c as shown in FIGS. 10 to 12, and the ordinary first disc 109 passing through the end 100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction is inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 and is not detected by the light receiving unit 105b when it is to be first detected by the light receiving unit 105c as shown in FIG. 13. Since the output of the light receiving unit 105b is Hi when the output of the light receiving unit 105c becomes Hi, accordingly, the control device identifies that any of the first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc), the fourth disc 108 (12 cm disc having a small data area), the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the central portion 100b of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction and the third disc 110 (12 cm disc adaptor) is inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 and causes the roller member 103 to continuously carry out the auto-loading of the third disc 110 (12 cm disc adaptor). When the third disc 110 (12 cm disc adaptor) is further inserted by the roller member 103, the outputs of the push switch 106a and the light receiving unit 105d become Hi in order as shown in FIG. 22 while the third disc 110 (12 cm disc adaptor) is delivered to a position shown in FIG. 15. As described above, the shaft portion 104a of the lever member 104 and the light receiving unit 105d are provided in such positions that the first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc) and the third disc 110 (12 cm disc adaptor) are inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 and are detected by the push switch 106a when they are to be first detected by the light receiving unit 105d as shown in FIGS. 14 and 15, and the fourth disc 108 (12 cm disc having a small data area), the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the end 100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction and the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the central portion 100b of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction are not detected by the light receiving unit 105d as shown in FIGS. 4, 5 and 8, and the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the other end 100c of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction is inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 and is not detected by the push switch 106a when it is to be first detected by the light receiving unit 105d as shown in FIG. 9. Since the output of the push switch 106a is Hi when the output of the light receiving unit 105d becomes Hi, accordingly, the control device identifies that either the first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc) or the third disc 110 (12 cm disc adaptor) is inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 and causes the roller member 103 to continuously carry out the auto-loading of the third disc 110 (12 cm disc adaptor). As described above, moreover, the light receiving unit 105d and the light receiving unit 105c are provided in such positions that the first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc) and the third disc 110 (12 cm disc adaptor) are inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 and are detected by the light receiving unit 105c when they are to be first detected by the light receiving unit 105d as shown in FIGS. 14 and 15, and the fourth disc 108 (12 cm disc having a small data area), the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the end 100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction and the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the central portion 100b of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction are not detected by the light receiving unit 105d as shown in FIGS. 4, 5 and 8, and the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the other end 100c of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction is inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 and is not detected by the light receiving unit 105c when it is to be first detected by the light receiving unit 105d as shown in FIG. 9. Since the output of the light receiving unit 105c is Hi when the output of the light receiving unit 105d becomes Hi, accordingly, the control device can also decide that a disc other than the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the other end 100c of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction is inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 100. When the third disc 110 (12 cm disc adaptor) is further inserted by the roller member 103, the output of the push switch 106b becomes Hi as shown in FIG. 22 while the third disc 110 (12 cm disc adaptor) is delivered to a position shown in FIG. 6. When the output of the push switch 106b becomes Hi, a light from the light emitting unit to the light receiving unit 105b is transmitted through a hollow hole 110a formed in the central part of the third disc 110 (12 cm disc adaptor). Consequently, the output of the light receiving unit 105b becomes Lo. As described above, the light receiving unit 105b is provided in such a position as to detect the fourth disc 108 (12 cm disc having a small data area) when the fourth disc 108 (12 cm disc having a small data area) is to be detected by the push switch 106b as shown in FIG. 4, not to detect the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) when the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the end 100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction is to be detected by the push switch 106b as shown in FIG. 5, and not to detect the third disc 110 (12 cm disc adaptor) when the third disc 110 (12 cm disc adaptor) is to be detected by the push switch 106b as shown in FIG. 6. Accordingly, the output of the push switch 106a is Hi when the output of the light receiving unit 105d becomes Hi, and the output of the light receiving unit 105b is Lo when the output of the push switch *106b becomes Hi. Therefore, the control device identifies that the third disc 110 (12 cm disc adaptor) is inserted into the disc inserting and discharging portion 100, causes the roller member 103 to stop the auto-loading of the third disc 110 (12 cm disc adaptor), and furthermore, reverses the rotating direction of the driving source, thereby starting the auto-ejection of the third disc 110 (12 cm disc adaptor). When the auto-ejection of the third disc 110 (12 cm disc adaptor) is started and the third disc 110 (12 cm disc adaptor) is delivered to the position shown in FIG. 12, the output of the light receiving unit 105c becomes Lo because the light receiving unit 105c is provided in such a position as to detect the third disc 110 (12 cm disc adaptor) and not to then detect the third disc 110 (12 cm disc adaptor) which is provided in contact with the roller member 103 when the third disc 110 (12 cm disc adaptor) is to be discharged from the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 as described above. Accordingly, the control device receives the fact that the output of the light receiving unit 105c becomes Lo and stops the operation of the power source, thereby completing the auto-ejection of the third disc 110 (12 cm disc adaptor). As shown in FIG. 16, when the output of the light receiving unit 105c becomes Lo, the contact of the third disc 110 (12 cm disc adaptor) with the roller member 103 is not released. Consequently, the third disc 110 (12 cm disc adaptor) can be prevented from being dropped from the disc drive apparatus. (7) An Operation for the Transparent 12 cm Disc 111 Next, description will be given to the operation of the disc drive apparatus for the transparent 12 cm disc 111. When the transparent 12 cm disc 111 is inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 of the disc drive apparatus by the user, a light from the light emitting unit to the light receiving unit is transmitted through the transparent 12 cm disc 111. Therefore, the output of each light receiving unit is Lo before the transparent 12 cm disc 111 and the roller member 103 come in contact with each other. Even if the transparent 12 cm disc 111 and the roller member 103 come in contact with each other, the operation of the power source is not started so that the auto-loading is not started until the outer periphery of the transparent 12 cm disc 111 and the shaft portion 104a come in contact with each other to start the displacement of the lever member 104 in the direction shown in the arrow 204 (see FIG. 1). In the disc drive apparatus, the transparent 12 cm disc 111 is inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 by the user so that the outer periphery of the transparent 12 cm disc 111 comes in contact with the shaft portion 104a of the lever member 104 provided on the upstream side in the direction of the insertion of the disc from the roller member 103 as shown in FIG. 16. Consequently, the lever member 104 starts a displacement in the direction shown in the arrow 204 (see FIG. 1). When the output of the push switch 106a becomes Hi as shown in FIG. 23, the operation of the power source is started to begin the rotation of the roller member 103. When the rotation of the roller member 103 is started, the auto-loading of the transparent 12 cm disc 111 is started, the transparent 12 cm disc 111 is delivered to the position shown in FIG. 7 and the output of the push switch 106b becomes Hi as shown in FIG. 23 because the transparent 12 cm disc 111 and the roller member 103 have already come in contact with each other. As described above, the light receiving units 105a, 105b, 105c and 105d are provided in such positions that the first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc), the fourth disc 108 (12 cm disc having a small data area), the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) and the third disc 110 (12 cm disc adaptor) which are to be detected by the push switch 106b are detected by any of the light receiving units 105a, 105b, 105c and 105d as shown in FIGS. 3 to 6. Since the outputs of all the light receiving units are Lo when the output of the push switch 106a becomes Hi, accordingly, the control device identifies that the transparent 12 cm disc 111 is inserted into the disc inserting and discharging portion 100, causes the roller member 103 to stop the auto-loading of the transparent 12 cm disc 111, and furthermore, reverses the rotating direction of the driving source, thereby starting the auto-ejection of the transparent 12 cm disc 111. When the auto-ejection of the transparent 12 cm disc 111 is started and the transparent 12 cm disc 111 is delivered to a position shown in FIG. 16, the output of the push switch 106a becomes Lo because the shaft portion 104a of the lever member 104 is provided in such a position that the push switch 106a detects the transparent 12 cm disc 111 and does not then detect the transparent 12 cm disc 111 which is provided in contact with the roller member 103 when the transparent 12 cm disc 111 is to be discharged from the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 as described above. Accordingly, the control device receives the fact that the output of the push switch 106a becomes Lo and stops the operation of the power source, thereby completing the auto-ejection of the transparent 12 cm disc 111. As shown in FIG. 16, when the output of the push switch 106a becomes Lo, the contact of the transparent 12 cm disc 111 with the roller member 103 is not released. Consequently, the transparent 12 cm disc 111 can be prevented from being dropped from the disc drive apparatus. As described above with reference to FIGS. 1 and 2, the disc drive apparatus has the projections 102a and 102b provided in the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 and the projection 101a provided on the base 101. Therefore, a plurality of discs can be hindered from being inserted into an inner part by one inserting operation and failures can be prevented. In the disc drive apparatus, if the control device has such a structure that the roller member 103 is caused to discharge the disc after a constant time passes since the start of the insertion of the disc by the roller member 103, the disc can also be discharged to an outside when a plurality of discs is inserted into the inner part by one inserting operation. In the case in which the push switch 106b is to detect the disc plural times when the disc is inserted in the roller member 103, moreover, the control device stops the inserting operation of the disc which is carried out by the roller member 103. More detailed description will be given. In the disc drive apparatus, as shown in FIG. 24, when discs 112 and 113 having outside diameters of 12 cm such as the first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc), the third disc 110 (12 cm disc adaptor) holding the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) in a central part, the fourth disc 108 (12 cm disc having a small data area), the third disc 110 (12 cm disc adaptor) and the transparent 12 cm disc 111 are inserted into the inner part by the roller member 103, the output of the push switch 106b is changed from Lo to Hi and is changed from Hi to Lo by the disc 112 and is then changed from Lo to Hi and is changed from Hi to Lo again by the disc 113 while the output of the push switch 106a is Hi as shown in FIG. 25(a). On the other hand, in the case in which the disc drive apparatus inserts only one disc having an outside diameter of 12 cm into the inner part by the roller member 103, the state shown in FIG. 24 is not brought. Therefore, the output of the push switch 106b is changed from Lo to Hi and is changed from Hi to Lo only once while the output of the push switch 106a is Hi as shown in FIG. 25(b). Accordingly, the disc drive apparatus can decide that a plurality of discs is inserted into the inner part when the output of the push switch 106b repeats the change from Lo to Hi and the change from Hi to Lo while the output of the push switch 106a is Hi as shown in FIG. 25(a). In the case in which a plurality of discs is inserted into the inner part by one inserting operation, the disc drive apparatus stops the delivery of the disc. Consequently, a plurality of discs can be hindered from being inserted into the inner part by one inserting operation and failures can be prevented. According to the invention, in the disc drive apparatus, the control device may have such a structure that the roller member 103 is caused to discharge the disc in the case in which the push switch 106b is to detect the disc plural times when the disc is inserted in the roller member 103. When a plurality of discs is inserted into the inner part by one inserting operation, the disc is discharged to the outside. Consequently, a plurality of discs can be hindered from being inserted into the inner part by one inserting operation and failures can be prevented. As described above, the disc drive apparatus according to the embodiment can identify, insert, record and reproduce the fourth disc 108 (12 cm disc having a small data area) in the same manner as the first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc). In the above description, the disc drive apparatus has such a structure as to deliver the first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc), the fourth disc 108 (12 cm disc having a small data area) and the third disc 110 (12 cm disc adaptor) holding the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) in a central part to the position in which the loading is to be completed and to forcibly discharge the third disc 110 (12 cm disc adaptor), the second disc 109 and the transparent 12 cm disc 111. According to the invention, it is also possible to execute such a structure as to deliver the first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc), the fourth disc 108 (12 cm disc having a small data area), the third disc 110 (12 cm disc adaptor) holding the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) in the central part and the second disc 109 to the position in which the loading is to be completed and to forcibly discharge the third disc 110 (12 cm disc adaptor) and the transparent 12 cm disc 111. Moreover, it is also possible to employ such a structure as to deliver at least one of the first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc), the fourth disc 108 (12 cm disc having a small data area), the third disc 110 (12 cm disc adaptor) holding the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) in the central part and the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the end 100a, the central portion 100b and the other end 100c of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 to the position in which the loading is to be completed and to forcibly discharge the residual ordinary second discs 109 passing through the end 100a, the central portion 10ob and the other end 100c of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction, the third disc 110 (12 cm disc adaptor) and the transparent 12 cm disc 111. In the disc drive apparatus according to the embodiment, moreover, in the case in which the light receiving unit 105b is to detect the disc when the push switch 106b detects the disc, the disc is delivered to the position in which the loading is to be completed because the disc inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 is any of the first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc), the fourth disc 108 (12 cm disc having a small data area) and the third disc 110 (12 cm disc adaptor) holding the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) in the central part. According to the invention, it is also possible to employ such a structure as to auto eject the disc in the case in which the light receiving unit 105b does not detect the disc when the lever member 104 and the push switch 106b are to detect the disc. In the disc drive apparatus, the shaft portion 104a of the lever member 104 and the light receiving unit 105b are provided on the upstream side in the direction of the insertion of the disc from the roller member 103. Therefore, it is possible to insert the disc into the inner part or to discharge the disc to the outside before the disc is inserted by half or more to a downstream side in the direction of the insertion from the roller member 103, thereby starting the insertion or discharge by the roller member 103. Thus, an operation feeling can be enhanced. In the embodiment, moreover, the light receiving unit 105b is provided in such a position as not to detect the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) when the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the end 100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction is to be detected by the push switch 106b as shown in FIG. 5. According to the invention, for example, the light receiving unit 105b may be provided in such a position as to detect the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) when the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the end 100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction is to be detected by the push switch 106b in the case in which the disc drive apparatus delivers the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the end 100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction to the position in which the loading is to be completed. In the case in which the light receiving unit 105b is provided in such a position as to detect the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) when the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the end 100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction is to be detected by the push switch 106b, the disc drive apparatus can identify the first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc), the fourth disc 108 (12 cm disc having a small data area), the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the end 100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction, and the third disc 110 (12 cm disc adaptor) holding the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) in the central part and can insert them to the position in which the loading is to be completed by the fact that the light receiving unit 105b detects the disc when the push switch 106b is to detect the disc. In the embodiment, moreover, the light receiving unit 105b and the light receiving unit 105c are provided in such positions that the first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc), the fourth disc 108 (12 cm disc having a small data area) and the third disc 110 (12 cm disc adaptor) are inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 and are detected by the light receiving unit 105b when they are to be first detected by the light receiving unit 105c as shown in FIGS. 10 to 12, and the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the end 100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction is inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 and is not detected by the light receiving unit 105b when it is to be first detected by the light receiving unit 105c as shown in FIG. 13. Consequently, the control device can identify the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the end 100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction. According to the invention, however, even if the light receiving unit 105b and the light receiving unit 105c are provided in such positions that the first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc) and the third disc 110 (12 cm disc adaptor) are inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 and are detected by the light receiving unit 105b when they are to be first detected by the light receiving unit 105c, and the fourth disc 108 (12 cm disc having a small data area) is not detected by the light receiving unit 105c, and the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the end 100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction is inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 and is not detected by the light receiving unit 105b when it is to be first detected by the light receiving unit 105c, the control device can identify the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the end 100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction, which is not shown. In the embodiment, moreover, the light receiving unit 105d and the light receiving unit 105c are provided in such positions that the first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc) and the third disc 110 (12 cm disc adaptor) are inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 and are detected by the light receiving unit 105c when they are to be first detected by the light receiving unit 105d as shown in FIGS. 14 and 15, and the fourth disc 108 (12 cm disc having a small data area), the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the end 100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction and the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the central portion 100b of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction are not detected by the light receiving unit 105d as shown in FIGS. 4, 5 and 8, and the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the other end 100c of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction is inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 and is not detected by the light receiving unit 105c when it is to be first detected by the light receiving unit 105d as shown in FIG. 9. Therefore, the control device can identify the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the other end 100c of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction. According to the invention, however, even if the light receiving unit 105d and the light receiving unit 105c are provided in such positions that the first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc) and the third disc 110 (12 cm disc adaptor) are inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 and are detected by the light receiving unit 105c when they are to be first detected by the light receiving unit 105d, and at least one of the fourth disc 108 (12 cm disc having a small data area), the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the end 100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction and the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the central portion 100b of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction is inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 and is detected by the light receiving unit 105c when it is to be first detected by the light receiving unit 105d, and the others are not detected by the light receiving unit 105d, and the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the other end 100c of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction is inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 and is not detected by the light receiving unit 105c when it is to be first detected by the light receiving unit 105d, the control device can identify the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the other end 100c of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction, which is not shown. According to the invention, moreover, even if the light receiving unit 105d and the light receiving unit 105c are provided in such positions that the first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc) and the third disc 110 (12 cm disc adaptor) are inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 and are detected by the light receiving unit 105c when they are to be first detected by the light receiving unit 105d, and the fourth disc 108 (12 cm disc having a small data area), the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the end 100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction and the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the central portion 100b of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction are inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 and are detected by the light receiving unit 105c when they are to be first detected by the light receiving unit 105d, and the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the other end 100c of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction is inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 and is not detected by the light receiving unit 105c when it is to be first detected by the light receiving unit 105d, the control device can identify the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the other end 100c of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction, which is not shown. In the embodiment, furthermore, the shaft portion 104a of the lever member 104 and the light receiving unit 105d are provided in such positions that the first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc) and the third disc 110 (12 cm disc adaptor) are inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 and are detected by the push switch 106a when they are to be first detected by the light receiving unit 105d as shown in FIGS. 14 and 15, and the fourth disc 108 (12 cm disc having a small data area), the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the end 100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction and the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the central portion 100b of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction are not detected by the light receiving unit 105d as shown in FIGS. 4, 5 and 8, and the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the other end 100c of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction is inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 100, and is not detected by the push switch 106a when it is to be first detected by the light receiving unit 105d as shown in FIG. 9. Consequently, the control device can identify the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the other end 100c of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction. S According to the invention, however, even if the shaft portion 104a of the lever member 104 and the light receiving unit 105d are provided in such positions that the first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc) and the third disc 110 (12 cm disc adaptor) are inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 and are detected by the push switch 106a when they are to be first detected by the light receiving unit 105d, and at least one of the fourth disc 108 (12 cm disc having a small data area), the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the end 100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction and the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the central portion 100b of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction is inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 and is detected by the push switch 106a when it is to be first detected by the light receiving unit 105d, and the others are not detected by the light receiving unit 105d, and the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the other end 100c of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction is inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 and is not detected by the push switch 106a when it is to be first detected by the light receiving unit 105d, the control device can identify the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the other end 100c of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction, which is not shown. According to the invention, moreover, even if the shaft portion 104a of the lever member 104 and the light receiving unit 105d are provided in such positions that the first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc) and the third disc 110 (12 cm disc adaptor) are inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 and are detected by the push switch 106a when they are to be first detected by the light receiving unit 105d, and the fourth disc 108 (12 cm disc having a small data area), the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the end 100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction and the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the central portion 100b of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction are inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 and are detected by the push switch 106a when they are to be first detected by the light receiving unit 105d, and the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the other end 100c of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction is inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 and is not detected by the push switch 106a when it is to be first detected by the light receiving unit 105d, the control device can identify the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the other end 100c of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction, which is not shown. In the embodiment, moreover, the light receiving unit 105b is provided in such a position as to detect the disc passing by the light shielding of the disc, to detect the fourth disc 108 (12 cm disc having a small data area) when the fourth disc 108 (12 cm disc having a small data area) is to be detected by the push switch 106b as shown in FIG. 4, not to detect the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) when the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the end 100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction is to be detected by the push switch 106b as shown in FIG. 5, and not to detect the third disc 110 (12 cm disc adaptor) when the third disc 110 (12 cm disc adaptor) is to be detected by the push switch 106b as shown in FIG. 6, and the shaft portion 104a of the lever member 104 and the light receiving unit 105d are provided in such positions that the third disc 110 (12 cm disc adaptor) is inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 and is detected by the push switch 106a when it is to be first detected by the light receiving unit 105d as shown in FIG. 15, and the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the end 100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction is not detected by the light receiving unit 105d as shown in FIG. 5. Consequently, the control device can identify the third disc 110 (12 cm disc adaptor). According to the invention, however, even if the light receiving unit 105b is provided in such a position as to detect the disc passing by the light shielding of the disc, to detect the fourth disc 108 (12 cm disc having a small data area) when the fourth disc 108 (12 cm disc having a small data area) is to be detected by the push switch 106b as shown in FIG. 4, not to detect the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) when the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the end 100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction is to be detected by the push switch 106b as shown in FIG. 5, and not to detect the third disc 110 (12 cm disc adaptor) when the third disc 110 (12 cm disc adaptor) is to be detected by the push switch 106b as shown in FIG. 6, and the shaft portion 104a of the lever member 104 and the light receiving unit 105d are provided in such positions that the third disc 110 (12 cm disc adaptor) is inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 and is detected by the push switch 106a when it is to be first detected by the light receiving unit 105d, and the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the end 100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction is inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 and is not detected by the push switch 106a when it is to be first detected by the light receiving unit 105d, which is not shown, the control device can identify the third disc 110 (12 cm disc adaptor). In the embodiment, moreover, the control device identifies the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the other end 100c of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction to control the insertion and discharge based on both the result of the detection of the light receiving unit 105c which is obtained when the light receiving unit 105d first detects the disc inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 and the result of the detection of the lever member 104 and the push switch 106a which is obtained when the light receiving unit 105d first detects the disc inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 as shown in FIG. 9. According to the invention, however, it is also possible to identify the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the other end 100c of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction, thereby controlling the insertion and discharge based on only either of them. In the embodiment, furthermore, in the disc drive apparatus, the light receiving unit 105a is provided on an upstream side in the direction of the insertion of the disc from the roller member 103 and in such a position as to detect the first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc) (see FIG. 3) inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 100, the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) (see FIG. 5) passing through the end 100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction and the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) (see FIG. 8) passing through the central portion 100b of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction before the first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc) (see FIG. 3), the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) (see FIG. 5) passing through the end 100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction and the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) (see FIG. 8) passing through the central portion 100b of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction come in contact with the roller member 103. Therefore, the roller member 103 is driven before the first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc) (see FIG. 3), the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) (see FIG. 5) passing through the end 100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction, the third disc 110 (12 cm disc adaptor) (see FIG. 6) having an outside diameter which is almost equal to that of the first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc) or the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) (see FIG. 8) passing through the central portion 100b of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction comes in contact with the roller member 103, and when the first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc) (see FIG. 3), the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) (see FIG. 5) passing through the end 100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction, the third disc 110 (12 cm disc adaptor) (see FIG. 6) or the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) (see FIG. 8) passing through the central portion 100b of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction is manually inserted up to the roller member 103 and comes in contact with the roller member 103, the first disc 107 (ordinary 12 cm disc) (see FIG. 3), the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) (see FIG. 5) passing through the end 100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction, the third disc 110 (12 cm disc adaptor) (see FIG. 6) or the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) (see FIG. 8) passing through the central portion 100b of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction can be started to be inserted by the roller member 103. Thus, an operation feeling can be enhanced. According to the invention, however, in the disc drive apparatus, the light receiving unit 105a is provided on the upstream side in the direction of the insertion of the disc from the roller member 103. Before the disc to be detected by the light receiving unit 105a is manually inserted by half or more at the downstream side in the direction of the insertion from the roller member 103 while coming in contact with the roller member 103, consequently, the disc can be started to be inserted by the roller member 103. Thus, the operation feeling can be enhanced. In the embodiment, moreover, in the disc drive apparatus, the light receiving unit 105b is provided on the upstream side in the direction of the insertion of the disc from the roller member 103 and in such a position as to detect the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 and passing through the other end 100c of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction before the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) comes in contact with the roller member 103. Before the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) passing through the other end 100c of the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 in the transverse direction comes in contact with the roller member 103, therefore, the roller member 103 is driven, and the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) can be started to be inserted by the roller member 103 when the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) is manually inserted up to the roller member 103 and comes in contact with the roller member 103. Thus, the operation feeling can be enhanced. According to the invention, however, the light receiving unit 105b is provided on the upstream side in the direction of the insertion of the disc from the roller member 103. Before the disc to be detected by the light receiving unit 105b is manually inserted by half or more at the downstream side in the direction of the insertion from the roller member 103 while coming in contact with the roller member 103, consequently, the disc can be started to be inserted by the roller member 103. Thus, the operation feeling can be enhanced. In the embodiment, moreover, in the disc drive apparatus, the shaft portion 104a of the lever member 104 is provided on the upstream side in the direction of the insertion of the disc from the roller member 103. Before the disc to be detected by the push switch 106a is manually inserted by half or more at the downstream side in the direction of the insertion from the roller member 103 while coming in contact with the roller member 103, the disc can be started to be inserted by the roller member 103. Thus, the operation feeling can be enhanced. In the invention, furthermore, in the disc drive apparatus, the shaft portion 104a of the lever 104 is provided on the upstream side in the direction of the insertion of the disc from the roller member 103. Before the disc to be detected by the lever member 104 and the push switch 106a is manually inserted by half or more at the downstream side in the direction of the insertion from the roller member 103 while coming in contact with the roller member 103, therefore, the disc can be started to be inserted by the roller member 103. Thus, the operation feeling can be enhanced. In the disc drive apparatus, moreover, the roller member 103 is provided in such a position that the identification of the disc by the control device is ended before the contact with the disc in the insertion is released. While the disc is provided in contact with the roller member 103, therefore, it is possible to decide whether the disc is to be inserted into the inner part or discharged therefrom, thereby carrying out the insertion or discharge through the roller member 103. Thus, the disc to be discharged can be prevented from being inserted erroneously. In the case in which the disc drive apparatus delivers the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) to the position in which the loading is to be completed, moreover, it is preferable that the control device should constitute rotating force control means for controlling the rotating force of a turntable (not shown) to be rotating means for rotating the disc based on the outside diameter of the disc which is identified in the recording and reproduction of the disc. In the case in which the disc drive apparatus delivers the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) to the position in which the loading is to be completed and the control device constitutes the rotating force control means, the control device can identify the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) including a data area having a diameter of 8 cm and having an outside diameter of 8 cm and the fourth disc 108 (12 cm disc having a small data area) including the data area having a diameter of 8 cm and having an outside diameter of 12 cm. Therefore, different rotating forces corresponding to the weights of the discs can be applied to the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) and the fourth disc 108 (12 cm disc having a small data area), thereby rotating the second disc 109 (ordinary 8 cm disc) and the fourth disc 108 (12 cm disc having a small data area) at predetermined numbers of rotations which are equal to each other. While the first disc and the second disc are set to be the ordinary first disc and the ordinary second disc respectively in the embodiment, the outside diameters of the first disc and the second disc do not need to be 12 cm and 8 cm in the invention. In the embodiment, moreover, the description has been given to the example in which the fifth detecting means and the first detecting means are constituted by the lever member 104 and the push switches 106a and 106b. According to the invention, if the disc passing through the disc inserting and discharging portion 100 can be detected by the contact, the fifth detecting means and the first detecting means may have such a structure as to utilize neither the lever member 104 nor the push switches 106a and 106b, for example, to directly carry out a detection by the push switch without using the lever member 104, to utilize a photo interruptor or to utilize a photo LED and a phototransistor. Second Embodiment Another embodiment of the invention will be described below with reference to FIGS. 26 to 48, and FIG. 53. In FIGS. 26, 27 and 28, the disc identifying mechanism (disc device) according to this embodiment comprises a base 1101, and the base 1101 is provided with a disc guide member 1102 for regulating a movement in a transverse direction (a direction shown in an arrow 1201) which is almost orthogonal to a direction of the passage of a disc such as an inserted first disc 1111 (that is, a loading direction and an ejecting direction) and for forming an insertion path, a roller member 1103 to be delivery means for coming in contact with the inserted disc to transmit a power, thereby delivering the disc and inserting (loading) and discharging (ejecting) the disc, an elastic member (not shown) for energizing the roller member 1103 in a downward direction with respect to the inserted disc (in a direction shown in an arrow 1202 in FIG. 28), and a power source (not shown) engaged with a gear 1103a provided on the roller member 1103 and serving to rotate the roller member 1103. The disc guide member 1102 and the roller member 1103 interpose a disc inserted in the disc device therebetween and serve to deliver the disc in the loading direction or the ejecting direction, and form a disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 for inserting and discharging the disc. The disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 has a width (approximately 12 cm) which is almost equal to the outside diameter of the first disc in such a manner that discs such as a first disc and a second disc having a smaller outside diameter than that of the first disc can pass therethrough. On the inner part side of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100, the disc guide member 1102 is provided with projections 1102a and 1102b to be regulating portions for coming in contact with a disc to be inserted, thereby regulating the direction of the thickness of the disc to be inserted and controlling the passage of a plurality of discs which is superposed. Thus, a plurality of discs can be prevented from being simultaneously inserted in the disc device. More detailed description will be given. When one disc is inserted in the disc device, the inserted disc can pass between a body 1102c and the projections 1102a and 1102b in the disc guide member 1102. When a plurality of discs is inserted, the inserted discs cannot pass between the body 1102c and the projections 1102a and 1102b in the disc guide member 1102. Furthermore, the base 1101 is provided with a projection 1101a to be limiting means for coming in contact with a shaft member 1103b provided on the center of the roller member 1103, thereby limiting the movement of the roller member 1103 in the direction of the thickness of the disc passing through the disc inserting and discharging section 1100 (a direction shown in an arrow 1203 in FIG. 27), and a projection 1101b for regulating the displacement is of the projection 1102b in an upward direction (the direction shown in the arrow 1203 in FIG. 27). Thus, a plurality of discs can be prevented from being simultaneously inserted in the disc device. More detailed description will be given. When one disc is inserted in the disc device, the inserted disc can pass between the disc guide member 1102 and the roller member 1103. When a plurality of discs is inserted, the projection 1101a of the base 1101 and the shaft member 1103b of the roller member 1103 come in contact with each other so that the inserted disc cannot pass between the disc guide member 1102 and the roller member 1103. In addition, the disc device comprises a housing (not shown). On the roller member 1103 side with respect to the disc guide member 1102, the housing is provided with an upper board (not shown) including a lever member 1104 having a shaft portion 1104a for coming in contact with the outer periphery of a disc when the disc is inserted in the disc device, a lever member 1106 having a roller member 1106a for coming in contact with the roller member 1103 side of the disc when the disc is inserted in the disc device, a lever member 1107 having a roller member 1107a for coming in contact with the roller member 1103 side of the disc when the disc is inserted in the disc device, a lever member 1108 having a roller member 1108a for coming in contact with the roller member 1103 side of the disc when the disc is inserted in the disc device, a lever member 1109 having a roller member 1109a for coming in contact with the roller member 1103 side of the disc when the disc is inserted in the disc device, push switches 1105a and 1105b for coming in contact with a projection 1104b provided on the lever member 1104, thereby detecting the displacement of the lever member 1104, a push switch 1110a for coming in contact with a projection 1106b (see FIG. 29) provided on the lever member 1106, thereby detecting the displacement of the lever member 1106, a push switch 1110b for coming in contact with a projection 1107b provided on the lever member 1107, thereby detecting the displacement of the lever member 1107, a push switch 1110c for coming in contact with a projection 1108b provided on the lever member 1108, thereby detecting the displacement of the lever member 1108, and a push switch 1110d for coming in contact with a projection 1109b provided on the lever member 1109, thereby detecting the displacement of the lever member 1109, and an elastic member (not shown) for energizing the lever member 1104 in a position shown in FIG. 26 in the direction of the arrow 1201. Moreover, the disc device is provided with the roller member 1106a to come in contact with the disc, the lever member 1106 provided rotatably by setting a shaft member 1106c to be a fulcrum with respect to the housing (not shown), the push switch 1110a for coming in contact with the projection 1106b provided on the lever member 1106, thereby detecting the displacement of the lever member 1106, and an elastic member (not shown) for energizing the lever member 1106 in a direction of an arrow 1204 (see FIG. 26). More detailed description will be given. In a state in which the disc is not inserted in the disc device as shown in FIG. 29, the lever member 1106 is energized in the direction shown in the arrow 1204 by the elastic member (not shown), and the projection 1106b of the lever member 1106 is not provided in contact with the push switch 1110a. In the case in which the disc is inserted in the disc device, the roller member 1106a provided on the lever member 1106 comes in contact with the disc so that the lever member 1106 is rotated in a direction shown in an arrow 1205 and the projection 1106b of the lever member 1106 comes in contact with the push switch 1111a as shown in FIG. 30. The lever member 1107 and the push switch 1110b, the lever member 1108 and the push switch 1110c, and the lever member 1109 and the push switch 1110d are also constituted in the same manner as the lever member 1106 and the push switch 1110a. Moreover, the push switches 1105a, 1105b, 111a, 1110b, 1110c and 1110d serve to output Hi in a state in which the disc is detected, and to output Lo in a state in which the disc is not detected. The shaft portion 1104a of the lever member 1104 is provided on an upstream side in the direction of insertion (loading) of the disc from the roller member 1103, and furthermore, the push switch 1105a is provided in such a position as to detect the displacement of the lever member 1104 immediately after the movement of the lever member 1104 in a leftward direction (the direction shown in the arrow 1204 (see FIG. 29)) is started by a contact of the outer peripheral portion of the inserted disc with the shaft portion 1104a of the lever member 1104. Furthermore, the push switch 1105b is provided in such a position as to detect the maximum displacement of the lever member 1104 in the direction shown in the arrow 1204 (see FIG. 29) when the outer periphery of the inserted first disc 1111 comes in contact with the shaft portion 1104a of the lever member 1104. The lever member 1104 and the push switch 1105b constitute first detecting means for detecting a disc passing through one end 1100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in a transverse direction by a contact with the disc. More specifically, the push switch 1105b serves to detect the first disc 1111 passing through the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 as shown in FIG. 31, a second disc 1112 passing through the end 1100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction as shown in FIG. 32, and a 12 cm disc adaptor 1113 to be a third disc passing through the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 as shown in FIG. 33. Moreover, the lever member 1107 and the push switch 1110b are provided in such positions as to detect the disc passing by the contact of the roller member 1107a provided on the lever member 1107 with the disc, not to detect the second disc 1112 when the second disc 1112 passing through the end 1100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction is to be detected by the push switch 1105b as shown in FIG. 32, and not to detect the 12 cm disc adaptor 1113 when the 12 cm disc adaptor 1113 is to be detected by the push switch 1105b as shown in FIG. 33, and constitute seventh detecting means. The lever member 1107 and the push switch 1110b serve to detect the first disc 1111 when the first disc 1111 is to be detected by the push switch 1105b as shown in FIG. 31. In the case in which the push switch 1105b is provided in such a position as to detect a maximum displacement in the direction shown in the arrow 1204 (see FIG. 29) of the lever member 1104 when the outer peripheral portion of the inserted first disc 1111 (see FIG. 31) and the shaft portion 1104a of the lever member 1104 come in contact with each other, moreover, it detects neither the second disc 1112 passing through a central portion 1100b of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction as shown in FIG. 34 nor the second disc 1112 passing through the other end 1100c of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction as shown in FIG. 35. Moreover, the lever member 1108 and the push switch 1110c constitute eighth detecting means for detecting a disc passing by the contact of the roller member 1108a provided on the lever member 1108 with the disc. The lever member 1107 and the push switch 1110b, and the lever member 1108 and the push switch 1110c are provided in such positions that the first disc 1111 and the 12 cm disc adaptor 1113 are inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 as shown in FIGS. 36 and 12 and are detected by the push switch 1110b when they are to be first detected by the push switch 1110c, and the second disc 1112 passing through the end 1100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction is inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 and is not detected when it is to be first detected by the push switch 1110c as shown in FIG. 38. The second disc 1112 passing through the central portion 1100b of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction shown in FIG. 34 is inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 and is detected by the push switch 1110b when it is to be first detected by the push switch 1110c. Furthermore, the lever member 1109 and the push switch 1110d constitute ninth detecting means for detecting a disc passing by the contact of the roller member 1109a provided on the lever member 1109 with the disc. The lever member 1109 and the push switch 1110d, and the lever member 1108 and the push switch 1110c are provided in such positions that the first disc 1111 and the 12 cm disc adaptor 1113 are inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 and are detected by the push switch 1110c when they are to be first detected by the push switch 1110d as shown in FIGS. 39 and 40, neither the second disc 1112 passing through the end 100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction nor the second disc 1112 passing through the central portion 1100b of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction are detected by the push switch 1110d as shown in FIGS. 32 and 34, and the second disc 1112 passing through the other end 1100c of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction is inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 and is not detected by the push switch 1110c when it is to be first detected by the push switch 1110d as shown in FIG. 35. In addition, the lever member 1104 and the push switch 1105a constitute fifth detecting means for detecting a disc passing by a contact with the disc, and the shaft portion 1104a of the lever member 1104 and the push switch 1110d are provided in such positions that the first disc 1111 or the 12 cm disc adaptor 1113 is inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 and is detected by the push switch 1105a when it is to be first detected by the push switch 1110d as shown in FIGS. 39 and 40, and neither the second disc 1112 passing through the end 1100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction nor the second disc 1112 passing through the central portion 1100b of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction are detected by the push switch 1110d as shown in FIGS. 32 and 34, and the second disc 1112 passing through the other end 1100c of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction is inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 and is not detected by the push switch 1105a when it is to be first detected by the push switch 1110d as shown in FIG. 35. Moreover, the lever member 1106 and the push switch 1110a constitute tenth detecting means provided in such a position as to detect a passing disc by the contact of the roller member 1106a provided on the lever member 1106 with the disc and to detect at least the second disc 1112 which is not detected by the push switch 1110b as shown in FIG. 32 in the second discs 1112 passing through the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100. The shaft portion 1104a of the lever member 1104, the lever member 1106 and the push switch 1110a, the lever member 1107 and the push switch 1110b, and the lever member 1109 and the push switch 1110d are provided in such positions that the first disc 111, the second disc 1112 passing through the end 1100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction, the 12 cm disc adaptor 1113, and the second disc 1112 passing through the other end 1100c of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction are inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 and are detected by at least one of the push switch 1110a and the push switch 1110b, and are detected by at least one of the push switch 1110d and the push switch 1105a before they are detected by neither the push switch 1110a nor the push switch 1110b as shown in FIGS. 31, 32, 33 and 35, and the second disc 1112 passing through the central portion 1100b of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction is inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 and is detected by at least one of the push switch 1110a and the push switch 1110b, and is detected by neither the push switch 1110d nor the push switch 1105a before it is detected by neither the push switch 1110a nor the push switch 1110b as shown in FIG. 34. Furthermore, thickness detecting means, that is, the lever member 1106 and the push switch 1110a, the lever member 1107 and the push switch 1110b, the lever member 1108 and the push switch 1110c, and the lever member 1109 and the push switch 1110d are provided in such positions that the first disc 1111, the second disc 1112 and the 12 cm disc adaptor 1113 which are to be detected by the push switch 1105b are detected by any of the push switches 1110a, 1110b, 1110c and 1110d as shown in FIGS. 31 to 33. In addition, the lever member 1106 and the push switch 1110a are provided on an upstream side in the direction of the insertion of the disc from the roller member 1103 and in such positions as to detect the first disc 1111 (see FIG. 31) inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100, the second disc 1112 (see FIG. 32) passing through the end 1100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction and the second disc 1112 (see FIG. 34) passing through the central portion 1100b of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction before the first disc 1111 (see FIG. 31), the second disc 1112 (see FIG. 32) passing through the end 1110a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction and the second disc 1112 (see FIG. 34) passing through the central portion 1100b of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction come in contact with the roller member 1103. The 12 cm disc adaptor 1113 (see FIG. 33) has an outside diameter which is almost equal to that of the first disc 1111 (see FIG. 31). In the case in which the lever member 1106 and the push switch 1110a are provided in such positions as to detect the first disc 1111 inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 before the first disc 1111 comes in contact with the roller member 1103 as shown in FIG. 31, the 12 cm disc adaptor 1113 inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 is detected before the 12 cm disc adaptor 1113 comes in contact with the roller member 1103 as shown in FIG. 33. As shown in FIG. 35, moreover, the lever member 1107 and the push switch 1110b are provided on the upstream side in the direction of the insertion of the disc from the roller member 1103 and in such positions as to detect the second disc 1112 inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 and passing through the other end 1100c of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction before the second disc 1112 comes in contact with the roller member 1103. As shown in FIGS. 34, 36 and 38, furthermore, the lever member 1108 and the push switch 1110c are provided in such positions that the second disc 1112 passing through the central portion 1100b of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction, the first disc 1111 and the second disc 1112 passing through the end 1100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction are detected, and then, the second disc 1112 passing through the central portion 1100b of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction which is provided in contact with the roller member 1103, the first disc 1111 and the second disc 1112 passing through the end 1100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction are not detected when the second disc 1112 passing through the central portion 1100b of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction, the first disc 1111 and the second disc 1112 passing through the end 1110a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction are to be discharged from the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100. The 12 cm disc adaptor 1113 (see FIG. 37) has an outside diameter which is almost equal to that of the first disc 1111 (see FIG. 36). In the case in which the lever member 1108 and the push switch 1110c are provided in such positions as to detect the first disc 1111 and not to then detect the first disc 1111 which is provided in contact with the roller member 1103 when the first disc 1111 is to be discharged from the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 as shown in FIG. 36, therefore, they detect the 12 cm disc adaptor 1113 and do not then detect the 12 cm disc adaptor 1113 which is provided in contact with the roller member 1103 when the 12 cm disc adaptor 1113 is to be discharged from the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 as shown in FIG. 37. As shown in FIG. 35, moreover, the lever member 1109 and the push switch 1110d are provided in such positions as to detect the second disc 1112 and not to then detect the second disc 1112 which is provided in contact with the roller member 1103 when the second disc 1112 passing through the other end 1100c of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction is to be discharged from the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100. As shown in FIG. 36, furthermore, the shaft portion 1104a of the lever member 1104 is provided in such a position that the push switch 1105a detects the first disc 111, and then, does not detect the first disc 1111 which is provided in contact with the roller member 1103 when the first disc 1111 is to be discharged from the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100. The disc guide member 1102, the roller member 1103, a plurality of lever members 1106, 1107, 1108 and 1109, a plurality of push switches 1110a, 1110b, 1110c and 1110d, the lever member 1104, the push switches 1105a and 1105b and a control device which is not shown constitute a disc identifying device and a disc inserting and discharging apparatus. The control device which is not shown constitutes identifying means for identifying the type of the disc passing through the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 based on the outputs of the push switches 1110a, 1110b, 1110c and 1110d and the push switches 1105a and 1105b and control means for controlling the inserting and discharging operation of the disc by the roller member 1103 based on the result of the identification of the identifying means. The roller member 1103 is provided in such a position that the identification of the disc by the control device is ended before the contact with the inserted disc is released. Next, description will be given to the operation of the disc device according to the embodiment. In the following, description will be given to an operation to be carried out in the case in which the disc device delivers the first disc 1111 and the 12 cm disc adaptor 1113 holding the second disc 1112 in a central part to a position in which loading is to be completed and forcibly discharges the 12 cm disc adaptor 1113 and the second disc 1112. (1) An Operation for the First Disc 111 (12 cm Disc) First of all, description will be given to the operation of the disc device for the first disc 1111. The disc device according to the embodiment treats the 12 cm disc adaptor 1113 holding the second disc 1112 in the central part in the same manner as the first disc 1111. For this reason, the description of the operation of the disc device for the 12 cm disc adaptor 1113 holding the second disc 1112 in the central part will be omitted. When the first disc 1111 is inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 of the disc device by the user, the output of the push switch 1110a becomes Hi as shown in FIG. 41 because the lever member 1106 and the push switch 1110a are provided on the upstream side in the direction of the insertion of the disc from the roller member 1103 and in such a position as to detect the first disc 1111 inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 before the first disc 1111 comes in contact with the roller member 1103 as described above. When the first disc 1111 is inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 by the user so that the output of the push switch 1110a becomes Hi, the disc device starts the operation of a power source to begin the rotation of the roller member 1103. When the first disc 1111 is further inserted by the user, the first disc 1111 and the roller member 1103 come in contact with each other. Consequently, the auto-loading of the first disc 1111 is started so that the first disc 1111 is delivered to a position shown in FIG. 36, and furthermore, the outputs of the push switches 1110b and 1105c become Hi in order as is shown in FIG. 41. As described above, the push switch 1110b and the push switch 1110c are provided in such positions that the first disc 1111 and the 12 cm disc adaptor 1113 are inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 and are detected by the push switch 1110b when they are to be first detected by the push switch 1110c as shown in FIGS. 36 and 37, and the second disc 1112 passing through the end 1100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction is inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 and is not detected by the push switch 1110b when it is to be first detected by the push switch 1110c as shown in FIG. 38. Since the output of the push switch 1110b is Hi when the output of the push switch 1110c becomes Hi, accordingly, the control device which is not shown identifies that any of the first disc 1111, the second disc 1112 passing through the central portion 1100b of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction and the 12 cm disc adaptor 1113 is inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 and causes the roller member 1103 to continuously carry out the auto-loading of the first disc 1111. When the first disc 1111 is further inserted by the roller member 1103, the outputs of the push switch 1105a and the push switch 1110d become Hi in order as shown in FIG. 41 while the first disc 1111 is delivered to a position shown in FIG. 39. As described above, the shaft portion 1104a of the lever member 1104, the lever member 1109 and the push switch 1110d are provided in such positions that the first disc 1111 and the 12 cm disc adaptor 1113 are inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 and are detected by the push switch 1105a when they are to be first detected by the push switch 1110d as shown in FIGS. 39 and 40, the second disc 1112 passing through the end 1100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction and the second disc 1112 passing through the central portion 1100b of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction are not detected by the push switch 1110d as shown in FIGS. 32 and 34, and the second disc 1112 passing through the other end 1100c of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction is inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 and is not detected by the push switch 1105a when it is to be first detected by the push switch 1110d as shown in FIG. 35. Since the output of the push switch 1105a is Hi when the output of the push switch 1110d becomes Hi, accordingly, the control device which is not shown identifies that either the first disc 1111 or the 12 cm disc adaptor 1113 is inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 and causes the roller member 1103 to continuously carry out the auto-loading of the first disc 1111. As described above, moreover, the lever member 1109 and the push switch 1110d, and the lever member 1108 and the push switch 1110c are provided in such positions that the first disc 1111 and the 12 cm disc adaptor 1113 are inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 and are detected by the push switch 1110c when they are to be first detected by the push switch 1110d as shown in FIGS. 39 and 40, and the second disc 1112 passing through the end 1100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction and the second disc 1112 passing through the central portion 1100b of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction are not detected by the push switch 1110d as shown in FIGS. 32 and 34, and the second disc 1112 passing through the other end 1100c of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction is inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 and is not detected by the push switch 1110c when it is to be first detected by the push switch 1110d as shown in FIG. 35. Since the output of the push switch 1110c is Hi when the output of the push switch 1110d becomes Hi, accordingly, the control device which is not shown can also decide that a disc other than the second disc 1112 passing through the other end 1100c of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction is inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100. When the first disc 1111 is further inserted by the roller member 1103, the output of the push switch 1105b becomes Hi as shown in FIG. 41 while the first disc 1111 is delivered to the position shown in FIG. 29. As described above, the lever member 1107 and the push switch 1110b are provided in such positions as not to detect the second disc 1112 passing through the end 1110a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction when the second disc 1112 is to be detected by the push switch 1105b as shown in FIG. 32 and not to detect the 12 cm disc adaptor 1113 when the 12 cm disc adaptor 1113 is to be detected by the push switch 1105b as shown in FIG. 33. Since the output of the push switch 1110b is Hi when the output of the push switch 1105b becomes Hi, accordingly, the control device which is not shown identifies that the first disc 1111 is inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 and causes the roller member 1103 to continuously carry out the auto-loading of the first disc 111, thereby delivering the first disc 1111 to the position in which the loading is to be completed. The completion of the loading of the first disc 1111 is detected by detecting means which is not shown. In the case in which the first disc 1111 is to be discharged from an inside thereof, moreover, the disc device detects that the first disc 1111 is discharged from a disc housing portion (not shown) or a disc recording and reproducing portion (not shown) by detecting means which is not shown before the first disc 1111 comes in contact with the roller member 1103. When the disc device detects that the first disc 1111 is discharged from the disc housing portion (not shown) or the disc recording and reproducing portion (not shown), it starts the operation of the power source, thereby beginning the rotation of the roller member 1103. When the first disc 1111 is further discharged by a mechanism which is not shown, the first disc 1111 and the roller member 1103 come in contact with each other so that the auto-ejection of the first disc 1111 is started and the first disc 1111 is delivered to a position shown in FIG. 36. When the first disc 1111 is delivered to the position shown in FIG. 36, the output of the push switch 1110c becomes Lo because the lever member 1108 and the push switch 1110c are provided in such positions as to detect the first disc 1111 and not to then detect the first disc 1111 which is provided in contact with the roller member 1103 when the first disc 1111 is to be discharged from the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 as described above. Accordingly, the control device which is not shown receives the fact that the output of the push switch 1110c becomes Lo and stops the operation of the power source, thereby completing the auto-ejection of the first disc 111. As shown in FIG. 36, when the output of the push switch 1110c becomes Lo, the contact of the first disc 1111 with the roller member 1103 is not released. Consequently, the first disc 1111 can be prevented from being dropped from the disc device and the auto-loading can also be started again by the operation of the user. (2) An Operation for the Second Disc 1112 (8 cm Disc) passing through the end 1100a of the disc inserting and Discharging Portion 1100 in the Transverse Direction Next, description will be given to the operation of the disc drive apparatus for the second disc 1112 passing through the end 1100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction. When the second disc 1112 is inserted from the end 1100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction into the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the disc device by the user, the output of the push switch 1110a becomes Hi as shown in FIG. 42 because the lever member 1106 and the push switch 1110a are provided on the upstream side in the direction of the insertion of the disc from the roller member 1103 and in such positions as to detect the second disc 1112 inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 and passing through the end 1100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction before the second disc 1112 comes in contact with the roller member 1103 as described above. When the second disc 1112 is inserted from the end 1100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction into the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 by the user so that the output of the push switch 1110a becomes Hi, the disc device starts the operation of the power source to begin the rotation of the roller member 1103. When the second disc 1112 is further inserted by the user, the second disc 1112 and the roller member 1103 come in contact with each other. Consequently, the auto-loading of the second disc 1112 is started so that the second disc 1112 is delivered to a position shown in FIG. 38, and furthermore, the outputs of the push switch 1105a and the push switch 1110c become Hi in order as shown in FIG. 42. As described above, the lever member 1107 and the push switch 1110b, and the lever member 1108 and the push switch 1110c are provided in such positions that the first disc 1111 and the 12 cm disc adaptor 1113 are inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 and are detected by the push switch 1110b when they are to be first detected by the push switch 1110c as shown in FIGS. 36 and 37, and the second disc 1112 passing through the end 1100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction is inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 and is not detected by the push switch 1110b when it is to be first detected by the push switch 1110c as shown in FIG. 38. Since the output of the push switch 1110b is Lo when the output of the push switch 1110c becomes Hi, accordingly, the control device which is not shown identifies that the second disc 1112 passing through the end 1100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction is inserted into the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100, causes the roller member 1103 to stop the auto-loading of the second disc 1112, and furthermore, reverses the rotating direction of a driving source, thereby starting the auto-ejection of the second disc 1112. When the auto-ejection of the second disc 1112 is started and the second disc 1112 is delivered, the output of the push switch 1110c becomes Lo because the lever member 1108 and the push switch 1110c are provided in such positions as to detect the second disc 1112 passing through the end 1100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction and not to then detect the second disc 1112 which is provided in contact with the roller member 1103 when the second disc 1112 is to be discharged from the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 as described above. Accordingly, the control device which is not shown receives the fact that the output of the push switch 1110c becomes Lo and stops the operation of the power source, thereby completing the auto-ejection of the second disc 1112. As shown in FIG. 38, when the output of the push switch 1110c becomes Lo, the contact of the second disc 1112 with the roller member 1103 is not released. Consequently, the second disc 1112 can be prevented from being dropped from the disc device. (3) An Operation for the Second Disc 1112 (8 cm Disc) Passing Through the Central Portion 1100b of the Disc Inserting and Discharging Portion 1100 in the Transverse Direction Next, description will be given to the operation of the disc device for the second disc 1112 passing through the central portion 1100b of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction. When the second disc 1112 is inserted from the central portion 1100b of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction into the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the disc device by the user, the output of the push switch 1110a becomes Hi as shown in FIG. 43 because the lever member 1106 and the push switch 1110a are provided on the upstream side in the direction of the insertion of the disc from the roller member 1103 and in such positions as to detect the second disc 1112 inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 and passing through the central portion 1100b of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction before the second disc 1112 comes in contact with the roller member 1103 as described above. When the second disc 1112 is inserted from the central portion 1100b of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction into the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 by the user so that the output of the push switch 1110a becomes Hi, the disc device starts the operation of the power source to begin the rotation of the roller member 1103. When the second disc 1112 is further inserted by the user, the second disc 1112 and the roller member 1103 come in contact with each other. Consequently, the auto-loading of the second disc 1112 is started so that the second disc 1112 is delivered to the position shown in FIG. 34, and furthermore, the outputs of the push switches 1110b and 1110c become Hi in order as shown in FIG. 43. As described above, the lever member 1107 and the push switch 1110b, and the lever member 1108 and the push switch 1110c are provided in such positions that the first disc 1111 and the 12 cm disc adaptor 1113 are inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 and are detected by the push switch 1110b when they are to be first detected by the push switch 1110c as shown in FIGS. 36 and 37, and the second disc 1112 passing through the end 1100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction is inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 and is not detected by the push switch 1110b when it is to be first detected by the push switch 1110c as shown in FIG. 38. Since the output of the push switch 1110b is Hi when the output of the push switch 1110c becomes Hi, accordingly, the control device identifies that a disc other than the second disc 1112 passing through the end 1100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction is inserted into the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 and causes the roller member 1103 to continuously carry out the auto-loading of the second disc 1112. When the second disc 1112 is further inserted by the roller member 1103, the central hole of the second disc 1112 passes through the position of the roller member 1106a of the lever member 1106 and the lever member 1106 is brought into an identical state to a state in which the disc is not inserted into the disc device. As shown in FIG. 43, therefore, the output of the push switch 1110a is changed from Hi to Lo and is changed from Lo to Hi again, and then, the outputs of the push switches 1110b and 1110a become Lo in order. The shaft portion 1104a of the lever member 1104, the lever member 1106 and the push switch 1110a, the lever member 1107 and the push switch 1110b, and the lever member 1109 and the push switch 1110d are provided in such positions that the first disc 1111, the second disc 1112 passing through the end 1100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction, the 12 cm disc adaptor 1113 and the second disc 1112 passing through the other end 1100c of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction are inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100, and are detected by at least one of the push switch 1110a and the push switch 1110b and are detected by at least one of the push switch 1110d and the push switch 1105a before they are detected by neither the push switch 1110a nor the push switch 1110b as shown in FIGS. 31, 32, 33 and 35, and the second disc 1112 passing through the central portion 1100b of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction is inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100, and is detected by at least one of the push switch 1110a and the push switch 1110b and is detected by neither the push switch 1110d nor the push switch 1105a before it is detected by neither the push switch 1110a nor the push switch 1110b as shown in FIG. 34. As shown in FIG. 43, accordingly, the second disc 1112 is inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100, is detected by at least one of the push switch 1110a and the push switch 1110b and is detected by neither the push switch 1110d nor the push switch 1105a before it is detected by neither the push switch 1110a nor the push switch 1110b. For this reason, the control device identifies that the second disc 1112 passing through the central portion 1100b of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction is inserted into the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100, causes the roller member 1103 to stop the auto-loading of the second disc 1112, and furthermore, reverses the rotating direction of the driving source, thereby starting the auto-ejection of the second disc 1112. When the auto-ejection of the second disc 1112 is started and the second disc 1112 is delivered to the position shown in FIG. 34, the output of the push switch 1110c becomes Lo because the lever member 1108 and the push switch 1110c are provided in such positions as to detect the second disc 1112 and not to then detect the second disc 1112 which is provided in contact with the roller member 1103 when the second disc 1112 passing through the central portion 1100b of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction is to be discharged from the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 as described above. Accordingly, the control device receives the fact that the output of the push switch 1110c becomes Lo and stops the operation of the power source, thereby completing the auto-ejection of the second disc 1112. As shown in FIG. 34, when the output of the push switch 1110c becomes Lo, the contact of the second disc 1112 with the roller member 1103 is not released. Consequently, the second disc 1112 can be prevented from being dropped from the disc device. (4) An Operation for the Second Disc 1112 (8 cm Disc) Passing Through the Other End 1100c of the Disc Inserting and Discharging Portion 1100 in the Transverse Direction Next, description will be given to the operation of the disc drive apparatus for the second disc 1112 passing through the other end 1100c of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction. When the second disc 1112 is inserted from the other end 1100c of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction into the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the disc device by the user, the output of the push switch 1110b becomes Hi as shown in FIG. 44 because the lever member 1107 and the push switch 1110b are provided on the upstream side in the direction of the insertion of the disc from the roller member 1103 and in such positions as to detect the second disc 1112 before the second disc 1112 inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 and passing through the other end 1100c of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction comes in contact with the roller member 1103 as described above. When the second disc 1112 is inserted from the other end 1100c of the disc inserting and discharging s portion 1100 in the transverse direction into the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 by the user so that the output of the push switch 1110b becomes Hi, the disc device starts the operation of the power source to begin the rotation of the roller member 1103. When the second disc 1112 is further inserted by the user, the second disc 1112 and the roller member 1103 come in contact with each other. Consequently, the auto-loading of the second disc 1112 is started so that the second disc 1112 is delivered to a position shown in FIG. 33, and furthermore, the outputs of the push switches 1110a and 1110d become Hi in order as shown in FIG. 44. As described above, the lever member 1109 and the push switch 1110d, and the lever member 1108 and the push switch 1110c are provided in such positions that the first disc 1111 and the 12 cm disc adaptor 1113 are inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 and are detected by the push switch 1110c when they are to be first detected by the push switch 1110d as shown in FIGS. 39 and 40, and the second disc 1112 passing through the end 1110a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction and the second disc 1112 passing through the central portion 1100b of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction are not detected by the push switch 1110d as shown in FIGS. 32 and 34, and the second disc 1112 passing through the other end 1100c of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction is inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 and is not detected by the push switch 1110c when it is to be first detected by the push switch 1110d as shown in FIG. 35. As described above, moreover, the shaft portion 1104a of the lever member 1104, and the lever member 1109 and the push switch 1110d are provided in such positions that the first disc 1111 and the 12 cm disc adaptor 1113 are inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 and are detected by the push switch 1105a when they are to be first detected by the push switch 1110d as shown in FIGS. 39 and 40, and the second disc 1112 passing through the end 1100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction and the second disc 1112 passing through the central portion 1100b of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction are not detected by the push switch 1110d as shown in FIGS. 32 and 34, and the second disc 1112 passing through the other end 1100c of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction is inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 and is not detected by the push switch 1105a when it is to be first detected by the push switch 1110d as shown in FIG. 35. Since the outputs of the push switch 1110c and the push switch 1105a are Lo when the output of the push switch 1110d becomes Hi, accordingly, the control device which is not shown identifies that the second disc 1112 passing through the other end 1100c of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction is inserted into the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100, causes the roller member 1103 to stop the auto-loading of the second disc 112, and furthermore, reverses the rotating direction of the driving source, thereby starting the auto-ejection of the second disc 1112. When the auto-ejection of the second disc 1112 is started and the second disc 1112 is delivered, the output of the push switch 1110d becomes Lo because the lever member 1109 and the push switch 1110d are provided in such positions as to detect the second disc 1112 passing through the other end 1100c of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction and not to then detect the second disc 1112 which is provided in contact with the roller member 1103 when the second disc 1112 is to be discharged from the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 as described above. Accordingly, the control device which is not shown receives the fact that the output of the push switch 1110d becomes Lo and stops the operation of the power source, thereby completing the auto-ejection of the second disc 1112. As shown in FIG. 35, when the output of the push switch 1110d becomes Lo, the contact of the second disc 1112 with the roller member 1103 is not released. Consequently, the second disc 1112 can be prevented from being dropped from the disc device. (5) An Operation for the Third Disc 1113 (12 cm Disc Adaptor) Next, description will be given to the operation of the disc device for the 12 cm disc adaptor 1113. When the 12 cm disc adaptor 1113 is inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 of the disc device by the user, the output of the push switch 111la becomes Hi as shown in FIG. 45 because the lever member 1106 and the push switch 1110a are provided on the upstream side in the direction of the insertion of the disc from the roller member 1103 and in such positions as to detect the 12 cm disc adaptor 1113 inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 before the 12 cm disc adaptor 1113 comes in contact with the roller member 1103 as described above. When the 12 cm disc adaptor 1113 is inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 by the user so that the output of the push switch 1110a becomes Hi, the disc device starts the operation of the power source to begin the rotation of the roller member 1103. When the 12 cm disc adaptor 1113 is further inserted by the user, the 12 cm disc adaptor 1113 and the roller member 1103 come in contact with each other. Consequently, the auto-loading of the 12 cm disc adaptor 1113 is started so that the 12 cm disc adaptor 1113 is delivered to a position shown in FIG. 37, and furthermore, the outputs of the push switches 1110b and 1105c become Hi in order as shown in FIG. 45. As described above, the lever member 1107 and the push switch 1110b, and the lever member 1108 and the push switch 1110c are provided in such positions that the first disc 1111 and the 12 cm disc adaptor 1113 are inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 and are detected by the push switch 1110b when they are to be first detected by the push switch 1110c as shown in FIGS. 36 and 37, and the second disc 1112 passing through the end 1100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction is inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 and is not detected by the push switch 1110b when it is to be first detected by the push switch 1110c as shown in FIG. 38. Since the output of the push switch 1110b is Hi when the output of the push switch 1110c becomes Hi, accordingly, the control device which is not shown identifies that any of the first disc 1111, the second disc 1112 passing through the central portion 1100b of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction and the 12 cm disc adaptor 1113 is inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 and causes the roller member 1103 to continuously carry out the auto-loading of the 12 cm disc adaptor 1113. When the 12 cm disc adaptor 1113 is further inserted by the roller member 1103, the outputs of the push switch 1105a and the push switch 1110d become Hi in order as shown in FIG. 45 while the 12 cm disc adaptor 1113 is delivered to a position shown in FIG. 40. As described above, the shaft portion 1104a of the lever member 1104, and the lever member 1109 and the push switch 1110d are provided in such positions that the first disc 1111 and the 12 cm disc adaptor 1113 are inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 and are detected by the push switch 1105a when they are to be first detected by the push switch 1110d as shown in FIGS. 39 and 40, and the second disc 1112 passing through the end 1100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction and the second disc 1112 passing through the central portion 1100b of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction are not detected by the push switch 1110d as shown in FIGS. 32 and 34, and the second disc 1112 passing through the other end 1100c of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction is inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 and is not detected by the push switch 1105a when it is to be first detected by the push switch 1110d as shown in FIG. 35. Since the output of the push switch 1105a is Hi when the output of the push switch 1110d becomes Hi, accordingly, the control device which is not shown identifies that either the first disc 1111 or the 12 cm disc adaptor 1113 is inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 and causes the roller member 1103 to continuously carry out the auto-loading of the 12 cm disc adaptor 1113. As described above, moreover, the lever member 1109 and the push switch 1110d, and the lever member 1108 and the push switch 1110c are provided in such positions that the first disc 1111 and the 12 cm disc adaptor 1113 are inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 and are detected by the push switch 1110c when they are to be first detected by the push switch 1110d as shown in FIGS. 39 and 40, and the second disc 1112 passing through the end 1100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction and the second disc 1112 passing through the central portion 1100b of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction are not detected by the push switch 1110d as shown in FIGS. 32 and 34, and the second disc 1112 passing through the other end 1100c of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction is inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 and is not detected by the push switch 1110c when it is to be first detected by the push switch 1110d as shown in FIG. 35. Since the output of the push switch 1110c is Hi when the output of the push switch 1110d becomes Hi, accordingly, the control device which is not shown can also decide that a disc other than the second disc 1112 passing through the other end 1100c of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction is inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100. When the 12 cm disc adaptor 1113 is further inserted by the roller member 1103, the output of the push switch 1105b becomes Hi as shown in FIG. 45 while the 12 cm disc adaptor 1113 is delivered to the position shown in FIG. 33. When the output of the push switch 1105b becomes Hi, a hollow hole 1113a formed in the central part of the 12 cm disc adaptor 1113 passes through the position of the roller member 1107a of the lever member 1107 so that the lever member 1107 is brought into an identical state to a state in which the disc is not inserted in the disc device. Therefore, the output of the push switch 1110b becomes Lo. As described above, the lever member 1107 and the push switch 1110b are provided in such positions as not to detect the second disc 1112 passing through the end 1100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction when the second disc 1112 is to be detected by the push switch 1105b as shown in FIG. 32, and not to detect the 12 cm disc adaptor 1113 when the 12 cm disc adaptor 1113 is to be detected by the push switch 1105b as shown in FIG. 33. Accordingly, the output of the push switch 1105a is Hi when the output of the push switch 1110d becomes Hi, and the output of the push switch 1110b is Lo when the output of the push switch 1105b becomes Hi. Therefore, the control device which is not shown identifies that the 12 cm disc adaptor 1113 is inserted into the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100, causes the roller member 1103 to stop the auto-loading of the 12 cm disc adaptor 1113, and furthermore, reverses the rotating direction of the driving source, thereby starting the auto-ejection of the 12 cm disc adaptor 1113. When the auto-ejection of the 12 cm disc adaptor 1113 is started and the 12 cm disc adaptor 1113 is delivered to the position shown in FIG. 37, the output of the push switch 1110c becomes Lo because the lever member 1108 and the push switch 1110c are provided in such positions as to detect the 12 cm disc adaptor 1113 and not to then detect the 12 cm disc adaptor 1113 which is provided in contact with the roller member 1103 when the 12 cm disc adaptor 1113 is to be discharged from the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 as described above. Accordingly, the control device which is not shown receives the fact that the output of the push switch 1110c becomes Lo and stops the operation of the power source, thereby completing the auto-ejection of the 12 cm disc adaptor 1113. As shown in FIG. 37, when the output of the push switch 1110c becomes Lo, the contact of the 12 cm disc adaptor 1113 with the roller member 1103 is not released. Consequently, the 12 cm disc adaptor 1113 can be prevented from being dropped from the disc device. As described above with reference to FIGS. 26, 27 and 28, the disc device has the projections 1102a and 1102b provided in the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 and the projection 1101a provided on the base 1101. Therefore, a plurality of discs can be hindered from being inserted to an inside by one inserting operation and failures can be prevented. In the disc device, if the control device which is not shown has such a structure that the roller member 1103 is caused to discharge the disc after a constant time passes since the start of the insertion of the disc by the roller member 1103, a plurality of discs can also be discharged to an outside when they are inserted into the inner part by one inserting operation. In the case in which the push switch 1105b is to detect the disc plural times when the disc is inserted in the roller member 1103, moreover, the control device which is not shown stops the inserting operation of the disc which is carried out by the roller member 1103. More detailed description will be given. In the disc device, as shown in FIG. 46, when discs 1114 and 1115 having outside diameters of 12 cm such as the first disc 1111, the 12 cm disc adaptor 1113 holding the second disc 1112 in a central part, and the 12 cm disc adaptor 1113 are inserted into the inner part by the roller member 1103, the output of the push switch 1105b is changed from Lo to Hi and is changed from Hi to Lo by the disc 1114 and is changed from Lo to Hi and is changed from Hi to Lo again by the disc 1115 while the output of the push switch 1105a is Hi as shown in FIG. 47. On the other hand, in the case in which the disc device inserts only one disc having an outside diameter of 12 cm into the inner part by the roller member 1103, the state shown in FIG. 46 is not brought. Therefore, the output of the push switch 1105b is changed from Lo to Hi and is changed from Hi to Lo only once while the output of the push switch 1105a is Hi as shown in FIG. 48. Accordingly, the disc device can decide that a plurality of discs is inserted into the inner part when the output of the push switch 1105b repeats the change from Lo to Hi and the change from Hi to Lo while the output of the push switch 1105a is Hi as shown in FIG. 47. In the case in which a plurality of discs is inserted into the inner part by one inserting operation, the disc device stops the delivery of the disc. Consequently, a plurality of discs can be hindered from being inserted into the inner part by one inserting operation and failures can be prevented. According to the invention, in the disc device, the control device which is not shown may have such a structure that the roller member 1103 is caused to discharge the disc 15 in the case in which the push switch 1105b is to detect the disc plural times when the disc is inserted in the roller member 1103. When a plurality of discs is inserted into the inner part by one inserting operation, the disc is discharged to the outside. Consequently, a plurality of discs can be hindered from being inserted into the inner part by one inserting operation and failures can be prevented. As described above, the disc device according to the embodiment can stably identify the type of a disc and can insert, record and reproduce the disc irrespective of the light transmittance of the disc. In the above description, the disc device has such a structure as to deliver the first disc 1111 and the 12 cm disc adaptor 1113 holding the second disc 1112 in the central part to the position in which the loading is to be completed and to forcibly discharge the 12 cm disc adaptor 1113 and the second disc 1112. According to the invention, it is also possible to execute such a structure as to deliver the first disc 111, the 12 cm disc adaptor 1113 holding the second disc 1112 in the central part and the second disc 1112 to the position in which the loading is to be completed and to forcibly discharge the 12 cm disc adaptor 1113. Moreover, it is also possible to employ such a structure as to deliver at least one of the first disc 111, the 12 cm disc adaptor 1113 holding the second disc 1112 in the central part and the second disc 1112 passing through the end 1100a, the central portion 1100b and the other end 1100c of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction to the position in which the loading is to be completed and to forcibly discharge the residual second discs 1112 passing through the end 1100a, the central portion 1100b and the other end 1100c of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction and the 12 cm disc adaptor 1113. In the disc device according to the embodiment, moreover, in the case in which the lever member 1107 and the push switch 1110b are to detect the disc when the push switch 1105b detects the disc, the disc is delivered to the position in which the loading is to be completed because the disc inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 is either the first disc 1111 or the 12 cm disc adaptor 1113 holding the second disc 1112 in the central part. According to the invention, it is also possible to employ such a structure as to auto eject the disc in the case in which the lever member 1107 and the push switch 1110b do not detect the disc when the lever member 1104 and the push switch 1105b are to detect the disc. In the disc device, the shaft portion 1104a of the lever member 1104, and the lever member 1107 and the push switch 1110b are provided on the upstream side in the direction of the insertion of the disc from the roller member 1103. Therefore, it is possible to decide to insert the disc into the inner part or discharge the disc to the outside before the disc is inserted by half or more to a downstream side in the direction of the insertion from the roller member 1103, thereby starting the insertion or discharge by the roller member 1103. Thus, an operation feeling can be enhanced. In the embodiment, moreover, the lever member 1107 and the push switch 1110b are provided in such positions as not to detect the second disc 1112 passing through the end 1100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction when the second disc 1112 is to be detected by the push switch 1105b as shown in FIG. 32. According to the invention, the lever member 1107 and the push switch 1110b may be provided in such positions as to detect the second disc 1112 passing through the end 1100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction when the second disc 1112 is to be detected by the push switch 1105b in the case in which the disc device delivers the second disc 1112 passing through the end 1100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction to the position in which the loading is to be completed, for example. In the case in which the lever member 1107 and the push switch 1110b are provided in such positions as to is detect the second disc 1112 passing through the end 1100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction when the second disc 1112 is to be detected by the push switch 1105b, the disc device can identify the first disc 111, the second disc 1112 passing through the end 1100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction, and the 12 cm disc adaptor 1113 holding the second disc 1112 in the central part and can insert them to the position in which the loading is to be completed by the fact that the lever member 1107 and the push switch 1110b detect the disc when the push switch 1105b is to detect the disc. In the embodiment, moreover, the lever member 1107 and the push switch 1110b, and the lever member 1108 and the push switch 1110c are provided in such positions that the first disc 1111 and the 12 cm disc adaptor 1113 are inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 and are detected by the push switch 1110b when they are to be first detected by the push switch 1110c as shown in FIGS. 36 and 37, and the second disc 1112 passing through the end 1100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction is inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 and is not detected by the push switch 1110b when it is to be first detected by the push switch 1110c as shown in FIG. 38. Consequently, the control device can identify the second disc 1112 passing through the end 1100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction. According to the invention, however, even if the lever member 1107 and the push switch 1110b, and the lever member 1108 and the push switch 1110c are provided in such positions that the first disc 1111 and the 12 cm disc adaptor 1113 are inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 and are detected by the push switch 1110b when they are to be first detected by the push switch 1110c, and the second disc 1112 passing through the end 1100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction is inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 and is not detected by the push switch 1110b when it is to be first detected by the push switch 1110c, the control device which is not shown can identify the second disc 1112 passing through the end 1100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction, which is not shown. In the embodiment, moreover, the lever member 1109 and the push switch 1110d, and the lever member 1108 and the push switch 1110c are provided in such positions that the first disc 1111 and the 12 cm disc adaptor 1113 are inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 and are detected by the push switch 1110c when they are to be first detected by the push switch 1110d as shown in FIGS. 39 and 40, and the second disc 1112 passing through the end 1100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction and the second disc 1112 passing through the central portion 1100b of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction are not detected by the push switch 1110d as shown in FIGS. 32 and 34, and the second disc 1112 passing through the other end 1100c of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction is inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 and is not detected by the push switch 1110c when it is to be first detected by the push switch 1110d as shown in FIG. 35. Therefore, the control device which is not shown can identify the second disc 1112 passing through the other end 1100c of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction. According to the invention, however, even if the lever member 1109 and the push switch 1110d, and the lever member 1108 and the push switch 1110c are provided in such positions that the first disc 1111 and the 12 cm disc adaptor 1113 are inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 and are detected by the push switch 1110c when they are to be first detected by the push switch 1110d, and at least one of the second disc 1112 passing through the end 1100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction and the second disc 1112 passing through the central portion is 1100b of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction is inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 and is detected by the push switch 1110c when it is to be first detected by the push switch 1110d, and the others are not detected by the push switch 1110d, and the second disc 1112 passing through the other end 1100c of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction is inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 and is not detected by the push switch 1110c when it is to be first detected by the push switch 1110d, the control device which is not shown can identify the second disc 1112 passing through the other end 1100c of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction, which is not shown. According to the embodiment, moreover, even if the lever member 1109 and the push switch 1110d, and the lever member 1108 and the push switch 1110c are provided in such positions that the first disc 1111 and the 12 cm disc adaptor 1113 are inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 and are detected by the push switch 1110c when they are to be first detected by the push switch 1110d, and the second disc 1112 passing through the end 1100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction and the second disc 1112 passing through the central portion 1100b of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction are inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 and are detected by the push switch 1110c when they are to be first detected by the push switch 1110d, and the second disc 1112 passing through the other end 1100c of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction is inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 and is not detected by the push switch 1110c when it is to be first detected by the push switch 1110d, the control device which is not shown can identify the second disc 1112 passing through the other end 1100c of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction, which is not shown. In the embodiment, furthermore, the shaft portion 1104a of the lever member 1104, and the lever member 1109 and the push switch 1110d are provided in such positions that the first disc 1111 and the 12 cm disc adaptor 1113 are inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 and are detected by the push switch 1105a when they are to be first detected by the push switch 1110d as shown in FIGS. 39 and 40, and the second disc 1112 passing through the end 1100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction and the second disc 1112 passing through the central portion 1100b of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction are not detected by the push switch 1110d as shown in FIGS. 32 and 34, and the second disc 1112 passing through the other end 1100c of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction is inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 and is not detected by the push switch 1105a when it is to be first detected by the push switch 1110d as shown in FIG. 35. Consequently, the control device can identify the second disc 1112 passing through the other end 1100c of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction. According to the invention, however, even if the shaft portion 1104a of the lever member 1104 and the push switch 1110d are provided in such positions that the first disc 1111 and the 12 cm disc adaptor 1113 are inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 and are detected by the push switch 1105a when they are to be first detected by the push switch 1110d, and at least one of the second disc 1112 passing through the end 1100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction and the second disc 1112 passing through the central portion 1100b of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction is inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 and is detected by the push switch 1105a when it is to be first detected by the push switch 1110d, and the others are not detected by the push switch 1110d, and the second disc 1112 passing through the other end 1100c of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction is inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 and is not detected by the push switch 1105a when it is to be first detected by the push switch 1110d, the control device which is not shown can identify the second disc 1112 passing through the other end 1100c of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction, which is not shown. According to the embodiment, moreover, even if the shaft portion 1104a of the lever member 1104, and the lever member 1109 and the push switch 1110d are provided in such positions that the first disc 1111 and the 12 cm disc adaptor 1113 are inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 and are detected by the push switch 1105a when they are to be first detected by the push switch 1110d, and the second disc 1112 passing through the end 1100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction and the second disc 1112 passing through the central portion 1100b of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction are inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 and are detected by the push switch 1105a when they are to be first detected by the push switch 1110d, and the second disc 1112 passing through the other end 1100c of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction is inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 and is not detected by the push switch 1105a when it is to be first detected by the push switch 1110d, the control device which is not shown can identify the second disc 1112 passing through the other end 1100c of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction. In the embodiment, moreover, the lever member 1107 and the push switch 1110b are provided in such positions as to detect the disc passing by the contact of the roller member 1107a provided on the lever member 1107 with a disc, not to detect the second disc 1112 passing through the end 1110a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction when the second disc 1112 is to be detected by the push switch 1105b as shown in FIG. 32, and not to detect the 12 cm disc adaptor 1113 when the 12 cm disc adaptor 1113 is to be detected by the push switch 1105b as shown in FIG. 33, and the shaft portion 1104a of the lever member 1104, and the lever member 1109 and the push switch 1110d are provided in such positions that the 12 cm disc adaptor 1113 is inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 and is detected by the push switch 1105a when it is to be first detected by the push switch 1110d as shown in FIG. 40, and the second disc 1112 passing through the end 100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction is not detected by the push switch 1110d as shown in FIG. 32. Consequently, the control device which is not shown can identify the 12 cm disc adaptor 1113. According to the invention, however, even if the lever member 1107 and the push switch 1110b are provided in such positions as to detect the disc passing by the contact of the roller member 1107a provided on the lever member 1107 with a disc, not to detect the second disc 1112 passing through the end 1110a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction when the second disc 1112 is to be detected by the push switch 1105b as shown in FIG. 32, and not to detect the 12 cm disc adaptor 1113 when the 12 cm disc adaptor 1113 is to be detected by the push switch 1105b as shown in FIG. 33, and the shaft portion 1104a of the lever member 1104 and the push switch 1110d are provided in such positions that the 12 cm disc adaptor 1113 is inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 and is detected by the push switch 1105a when it is to be first detected by the push switch 1110d, and the second disc 1112 passing through the end 1100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction is inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 and is not detected by the push switch 1105a when it is to be first detected by the push switch 1110d, which is not shown, the control device which is not shown can identify the 12 cm disc adaptor 1113. In the embodiment, moreover, the control device which is not shown identifies the second disc 1112 passing through the other end 1100c of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction to control the insertion and discharge based on both the result of the detection of the push switch 1110c which is obtained when the push switch 1110d first detects the disc inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 and the result of the detection of the lever member 1104 and the push switch 1105a which is obtained when the push switch 1110d first detects the disc inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 as shown in FIG. 35. According to the invention, however, it is also possible to identify the second disc 1112 passing through the other end 1100c of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction, thereby controlling the insertion and discharge based on only either of them. In the embodiment, furthermore, in the disc device, the lever member 1106 and the push switch 1110a are provided on the upstream side in the direction of the insertion of the disc from the roller member 1103 and in such positions as to detect the first disc 1111 (see FIG. 31) inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100, the second disc 1112 (see FIG. 32) passing through the end 1100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction and the second disc 1112 (see FIG. 34) passing through the central portion 1100b of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction before the first disc 1111 (see FIG. 31), the second disc 1112 (see FIG. 32) passing through the end 1100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction and the second disc 1112 (see FIG. 34) passing through the central portion 1100b of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction come in contact with the roller member 1103. Therefore, the roller member 1103 is driven before the first disc 1111 (see FIG. 31), the second disc 1112 (see FIG. 32) passing through the end 1100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction, the 12 cm disc adaptor 1113 (see FIG. 33) having an outside diameter which is almost equal to that of the first disc 1111 or the second disc 1112 (see FIG. 34) passing through the central portion 1100b of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction comes in contact with the roller member 1103, and when the first disc 1111 (see FIG. 31), the second disc 1112 (see FIG. 32) passing through the end 1100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction, the 12 cm disc adaptor 1113 (see FIG. 33) or the second disc 1112 (see FIG. 34) passing through the central portion 1100b of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction is manually inserted up to the roller member 1103 and comes in contact with the roller member 1103, the first disc 1111 (see FIG. 31), the second disc 1112 (see FIG. 32) passing through the end 1100a of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction, the 12 cm disc adaptor 1113 (see FIG. 33) or the second disc 1112 (see FIG. 34) passing through the central portion 1100b of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction can be started to be inserted by the roller member 1103. Thus, an operation feeling can be enhanced. According to the invention, however, although the lever member 1106 and the push switch 1110a are simply provided on the upstream side in the direction of the insertion of the disc from the roller member 1103, the disc device can start to insert the disc by the roller member 1103 before the disc to be detected by the push switch 1110a is manually inserted by half or more at the downstream side in the direction of the insertion from the roller member 1103 while coming in contact with the roller member 1103. Thus, the operation feeling can be enhanced. In the embodiment, moreover, in the disc device, the lever member 1107 and the push switch 1110b are provided on the upstream side in the direction of the insertion of the disc from the roller member 1103 and in such positions as to detect the second disc 1112 inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 and passing through the other end 1100c of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction before the second disc 1112 comes in contact with the roller member 1103. Therefore, the roller member 1103 is driven before the second disc 1112 passing through the other end 1100c of the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 in the transverse direction comes in contact with the roller member 1103, and the second disc 1112 can be started to be inserted by the roller member 1103 when the second disc 1112 is manually inserted up to the roller member 1103 and comes in contact with the roller member 1103. Thus, the operation feeling can be enhanced. According to the invention, however, although the lever member 1107 and the push switch 1110b are simply provided on the upstream side in the direction of the insertion of the disc from the roller member 1103, the disc can be started to be inserted by the roller member 1103 before the disc to be detected by the push switch 1110b is manually inserted by half or more at the downstream side in the direction of the insertion from the roller member 1103 while coming in contact with the roller member 1103. Thus, the operation feeling can be enhanced. In the embodiment, moreover, in the disc device, the shaft portion 1104a of the lever member 1104 is provided on the upstream side in the direction of the insertion of the disc from the roller member 1103. Before the disc to be detected by the push switch 1105a is manually inserted by half or more at the downstream side in the direction of the insertion from the roller member 1103 while coming in contact with the roller member 1103, the disc can be started to be inserted by the roller member 1103. Thus, the operation feeling can be enhanced. In the embodiment, furthermore, in the disc device, the shaft portion 1104a of the lever member 1104 is provided on the upstream side in the direction of the insertion of the disc from the roller member 1103. Before the disc to be detected by the lever member 1104 and the push switch 1105a is manually inserted by half or more at the downstream side in the direction of the insertion from the roller member 1103 while coming in contact with the roller member 1103, therefore, the disc can be started to be inserted by the roller member 1103. Thus, the operation feeling can be enhanced. In the disc device, moreover, the roller member 1103 is provided in such a position that the identification of the disc by the control device is ended before the contact with the disc in the insertion is released. While the disc is provided in contact with the roller member 1103, therefore, it is possible to decide whether the disc is to be inserted into the inner part or discharged to the outside, thereby carrying out the insertion or discharge through the roller member 1103. Thus, the disc to be discharged can be prevented from being inserted erroneously. While the first disc and the second disc are set to be the first disc and the second disc respectively in the embodiment, the outside diameters of the first disc and the second disc do not need to be 12 cm and 8 cm in the invention. In the embodiment, moreover, the description has been given to the example in which the fifth detecting means and the first detecting means are constituted by the lever member 1104 and the push switches 1105a and 1105b. According to the invention, if the disc passing through the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 can be detected by the contact, the fifth detecting means and the first detecting means may have such a structure as to utilize neither the lever member 1104 nor the push switches 1105a and 1105b, for example, to directly carry out a detection by the push switch without using the lever member 1104, to utilize a photo interruptor, to utilize a photo LED (a light emitting diode) and a phototransistor, or to use a linear position sensor. In the embodiment, moreover, the description has been given to the example in which the thickness detecting means is constituted by the lever members 1106, 1107, 1108 and 1109 and the push switches 1110a, 1110b, 1110c and 1110d. According to the invention, it is also possible to employ any structure capable of detecting a disc passing through the disc inserting and discharging portion 1100 by a contact in which the thickness detecting means utilizes members other than the lever members 1106, 1107, 1108 and 1109 and the push switches 1110a, 1110b, 1110c and 1110d, for example, utilizes a photo interruptor, utilizes a photo LED and a phototransistor or uses a linear position sensor. In the embodiment, furthermore, the fifth detecting means, the first detecting means, the tenth detecting means, the seventh detecting means, the eighth detecting means and the members to be the respective components of the eighth detecting means (for example, the fifth detecting means indicate the lever member 1104 and the push switch 1105a and the first detecting means indicate the lever member 1104 and the push switch 1105b) are provided on the same plane in the housing of the disc device. As compared with the case in which light detecting means constituted by a combination of a light emitting unit on one of sides in the direction of the thickness of the disc and a light receiving unit on the other side in the same direction as in the conventional art is used, therefore, it is not necessary to provide a unit and a board on both sides in the direction of the thickness of the disc. Correspondingly, the thickness of the device can be reduced. (Advantage of the Invention) As described in above, according to the first embodiment, it is possible to provide a disc identifying device for identifying a 12 cm disc having a small data area (fourth disc) in the same manner as an ordinary first disc, and a disc inserting and discharging apparatus comprising the disc identifying device and a disc drive apparatus. Moreover, according to the second embodiment, the invention has such an advantage as to provide a disc identifying device comprising a disc inserting and discharging portion for inserting and discharging a disc including a first disc, a second disc having a smaller outside diameter than the outside diameter of the first disc, and a third disc having an outside diameter which is almost equal to the outside diameter of the first disc and provided with a hollow hole having a radius which is almost equal to the radius of the second disc in a central part, first detecting means for detecting the disc passing through one end of the disc inserting and discharging portion in a transverse direction by a contact of the disc, seventh detecting means for detecting the disc passing by a contact in the direction of the thickness of the disc, and identifying means for identifying the type of the disc based on a result of the detection of the seventh detecting means which is obtained when the first detecting means is to detect the disc, in which the seventh detecting means is provided in such a position as not to detect the third disc when the first detecting means detects the third disc, thereby stably identifying whether the disc inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion is either the first disc or the third disc irrespective of the light transmittance of the disc when the disc inserted in the disc inserting and discharging portion is either the first disc or the third disc, a disc inserting and discharging apparatus comprising the disc identifying device, and a disc device, and the disc identifying device, the disc inserting and discharging apparatus and the disc device according to the invention are useful for a disc identifying device for identifying the type of a disc and a disc drive apparatus.	<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a disc drive apparatus having a disc identifying mechanism for identifying type of a disc, especially, relates to a disc inserting and discharging portion having detecting means for detecting the disc passing or the like. The term “disc drive apparatus” here indicates a disc recording apparatus, a disc reproducing apparatus, or a disc recording and reproducing apparatus. 2. Description of the Related Art In a disc drive apparatus such as an on-vehicle audio apparatus comprising a disc identifying device for identifying the type of a disc, conventionally, a lever to be driven by a contact with a disc or an adaptor is used and a light to be transmitted to light detecting means is shielded by the lever, thereby controlling the start of loading and the completion of the loading and preventing an erroneous detection from being caused by the slit of the adaptor (for example, see Patent Document 1: JP-A-2000-163840). Description will be given to a disc identifying device disclosed in the Patent Document 1. In FIGS. 49 and 50 , a lower board 911 is fixed to the housing of a disc changer device which is not shown, and an upper board 912 is rotatably supported on the lower board 911 . A portion between the upper board 912 and the lower board 911 becomes a disc insertion port 910 . A light receiving unit 913 A provided on a left end side in FIG. 50 in the transverse direction of the disc insertion port 910 and a light receiving unit 913 B provided on an almost center in the transverse direction of the disc insertion port 910 are attached to the lower board 911 . Moreover, a small hole 914 A and a small hole 914 B are formed on the upper board 912 , and furthermore, a vibration plate (lever) 915 is slidably held in the transverse direction of the disc insertion port 910 on the opposite side of the disc insertion port 910 . In addition, a small hole 916 A and a large hole 916 B are formed on the vibration plate 915 and a spring 917 engaged with the upper board 912 is engaged with the vibration plate 915 , and furthermore, the vibration plate 915 is provided with a pin 918 protruded into the disc insertion port 910 through the notch portion of the upper board 912 . The vibration plate 915 is energized in a direction shown in an arrow 915 a by the elastic force of the spring 917 . In the housing of the disc changer device, moreover, a light emitting unit 919 A is attached into an opposed position to the light receiving unit 913 A and a light emitting unit 919 B is attached into an opposed position to the light receiving unit 913 B. By the structure described above, the disc identifying device constituted by the light receiving unit 913 A and the light receiving unit 913 B to be light detecting means can identify the type of a disc through outputs from the light receiving unit 913 A and the light receiving unit 913 B. For example, when a disc (hereinafter referred to as an ordinary first disc) 920 (see FIG. 49 or 51 ) having an outside diameter of 12 cm, an adaptor 921 (see FIG. 52 ) having an outside diameter of 12 cm, capable of holding a disc (hereinafter referred to as a second disc) having an outside diameter of 8 cm in a central part and having a slit 924 (see FIG. 52 ) or the second disc held in the adaptor 921 is inserted in the disc insertion port 910 or when the second disc is inserted from a left side in the transverse direction of the disc insertion port 910 , the pin 918 is driven by the inserted disc or adaptor so that the sliding plate 915 is slid in a direction shown in an arrow 915 b from a position shown in FIG. 49 to a position shown in FIG. 51 . Accordingly, the small hole 914 A formed on the upper board 912 is blocked with the sliding plate 915 as shown in FIG. 51 . For this reason, the light receiving unit 913 A cannot receive a light from the light emitting unit 919 A. Moreover, the small hole 914 B formed on the upper board 912 is not blocked with the sliding plate 915 by the action of the large hole 916 B formed on the sliding plate 915 . Therefore, the light can be received from the light receiving unit 919 B until the light receiving unit 913 B is blocked with the disc or the adaptor. On the other hand, when the second disc is inserted from a center or a right side in the transverse direction of the disc insertion port 910 , the pin 918 is not driven by the inserted disc. Therefore, the small hole 914 A and the small hole 914 B formed on the upper board 912 are not blocked with the sliding plate 915 but the light receiving unit 913 A can always receive the light from the light emitting unit 919 A. Moreover, the light receiving unit 913 B can receive the light from the light emitting unit 919 B until it is blocked with the disc or the adaptor. In an audio apparatus comprising the disc identifying device shown in FIGS. 49 and 51 , accordingly, the, type of a disc can be identified by outputs from the light receiving unit 913 A and the light receiving unit 913 B. In the case in which the first disc 920 and the second disc held in the adaptor 921 are inserted, loading is continuously carried out to deliver the disc to a disc housing portion which is not shown. On the other hand, in the case in which the second disc or the adaptor 921 holding no second disc is inserted, it is discharged. However, in the conventional disc identifying device, the forth disc whose diameter is 12 cm and which has a smaller data area (8 cm) than the first disc (which is an ordinal 12 cm disc) may be dealt with in a same manner to that of the second disc (8 cm). In other words, the conventional disc identifying device cannot distinct the forth disc form the second disc. Moreover, in the conventional disc identifying device, however, the light detecting means is used for detecting a disc. For this reason, there is a possibility that the insertion of the disc in the device cannot be detected and the loading operation of the disc into the device might not be started when the light transmittance of the disc is high.	<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>In order to solve the conventional problems, it is an object of the invention to provide a disc identifying device capable of identifying the forth disc as well as the first disc, and also provide a disc drive apparatus having the disc identifying device. Moreover, it is an object of the invention to provide a disc identifying device capable of implementing a stable disc identification irrespective of the light transmittance of a disc, and a disc drive apparatus having the disc identifying device. The present invention provides a disc drive apparatus capable of loading and ejecting the discs those are: a first disc which has a light shielding effect; a second disc whose outside diameter is smaller than the that of the first disc; a third disc whose outside diameter is almost same as the first disc and which has a light shielding effect and a hollow hole whose outside diameter is almost same as the second disc in central; and a fourth disc whose outside diameter is almost same as the first disc, which has a small data area whose diameter is almost same as the second disc in central and has a light shielding effect, and whose rest area except the small data area is transparent; said apparatus comprising: a disc inserting and discharging portion; a first detector for detecting a disc passing through one end of the disc inserting and discharging portion by contacting with the disc; a second detector for detecting the disc passing by the light shielding of the disc; and a disc identifier for identifying type of the disc based on a detected result by the second detector when the first detector detects the disc, wherein said second detector is arranged on a position where said second detector is capable of detecting the fourth disc when the first disc detects the fourth disc, and where said second detector does not detect the third disc when the first detector detects the third disc. According to the present invention, the disc drive apparatus, wherein, in the position where said second detector is arranged, said second detector does not detect the second disc when the first detector detects the second disc. According to the present invention, the disc drive apparatus, further comprising: a third detector for detecting the disc passing by the light shielding of the disc, wherein, in the position where the second detector is arranged, the second detector is capable of detecting the third disc when the third detector first detects the first disc or the third disc, the second detector is also capable of detecting the fourth disc when the third detector detects the fourth disc, and the second detector does not detect the second disc when the third detector first detects the second disc passing through the one end of the disc inserting and discharging portion, and wherein said disc identifier identifies type of the disc based on a detected result of the second detector when the third detector first detects the disc inserted into the disc inserting and discharging portion. According to the present invention, the disc drive apparatus further comprising: a third detector for detecting the disc passing by the light shielding of the disc; and a fourth detector for detecting the disc passing by the light shielding of the disc, wherein a width of said disc inserting and discharging portion is about same as the outer diameter of the first disc, wherein said third detector is arranged on a position where the third detector is capable of detecting the first disc and the third disc when the fourth detector first detects the first disc and the third disc, and where the third detector does not detect the second disc when the fourth detector first detects the second disc passing through the other end of the disc inserting and discharging portion, and wherein said disc identifier identifies type of the disc based on a detected result of the third detector when the fourth detector first detects the disc inserted into the disc inserting and discharging portion. According to the present invention, the disc drive apparatus further comprising: a fourth detector for detecting the disc passing by the light shielding of the disc; and a fifth detector for detecting the disc by contacting with the disc, wherein a width of said disc inserting and discharging portion is about same as the outer diameter of the first disc, wherein said fifth detector is arranged on a position where the fifth detector is capable of detecting the first disc or the third disc when the fourth detector first detects the first disc or the third disc, and where the fifth detector does not detect the second disc when the fourth detector first detects the second disc passing through the other end of the disc inserting and discharging portion, and wherein said disc identifier identifies type of the disc based on a detected result of the fifth detector when the fourth detector first detects the disc inserted into the disc inserting and discharging portion. According to the present invention, the disc drive apparatus further comprising: a fourth detector for detecting the disc passing by the light shielding of the disc; a fifth detector for detecting the disc by contacting with the disc; and a sixth detector for detecting the disc passing by the light shielding of the disc, wherein said sixth detector is arranged on a position where the sixth detector is capable of detecting the second disc passing through the disc inserting and discharging portion and undetected by the second detector, wherein, in any cases of: 1) the first disc passes through the disc inserting and discharging portion; 2) the fourth disc passes through the disc inserting and discharging portion; 3) the second disc passes through the one end of the disc inserting and discharging portion; 4) the second disc passes through the other end of the disc inserting and discharging portion; and 5) the third disc passes through the disc inserting and discharging portion, said fourth detector and said fifth detector are arranged on portions where any one of the fourth detector and the fifth detector is capable of detecting the disc during the period form when any one of the sixth detector and the second detector first detects the disc to when neither the sixth detector nor the second detector detects the disc, and in a case of 6) the second disc passes through a central portion in width direction of the disc inserting and discharging portion, said fourth detector and said fifth detector are arranged on portions where neither the fourth detector nor the fifth detector detects the disc during the period form when any one of the sixth detector and the second detector first detects the disc to when both the sixth detector and the second detector do not detect the disc, and wherein said disc identifier identifies type of the disc based on both detected results of the fourth detector and the fifth detector during the period from when any of the sixth detector and the second detector first detects the disc to when both the sixth detector and the second detector do not detect the disc. According to the present invention, the disc drive apparatus, further comprising: a fourth detector for detecting the disc passing by the light shielding of the disc; a fifth detector for detecting the disc by contacting with the disc; and a sixth detector for detecting the disc passing by the light shielding of the disc, wherein said sixth detector is arranged on a position where the sixth detector is capable of detecting the second disc passing through the disc inserting and discharging portion and undetected by the second detector, wherein, in any cases of: 1) the first disc passes through the disc inserting and discharging portion; 2) the fourth disc passes through the disc inserting and discharging portion; 3) the second disc passes through the one end of the disc inserting and discharging portion; 4) the second disc passes through the other end of the disc inserting and discharging portion; and 5) the third disc passes through the disc inserting and discharging portion, said fourth detector and said fifth detector are arranged on portions where any one of the fourth detector and the fifth detector is capable of detecting the disc during the period form when any one of the sixth detector and the second detector first detects the disc to when neither the sixth detector nor the second detector detects the disc, and in a case of 6) the second disc passes through a central portion in width direction of the disc inserting and discharging portion, said fourth detector and said fifth detector are arranged on portions where neither the fourth detector nor the fifth detector detects the disc during the period form when any one of the sixth detector and the second detector first detects the disc to when both the sixth detector and the second detector do not detect the disc, and wherein said disc identifier identifies type of the disc based on both detected results of the fourth detector and the fifth detector during the period from when any of the sixth detector and the second detector first detects the disc to when both the sixth detector and the second detector do not detect the disc. According to the present invention, the disc drive apparatus, further comprising: a transporting portion for loading and ejecting a disc in the disc inserting and discharging portion by transporting the disc; and a controller for controlling the loading and ejecting operation of the disc transporting portion based on an identified result of the disc identifier, wherein, in a case of that the first detector multiple detects the disc inserted into the disc inserting and discharging portion, said controller controls the transporting portion to eject the disc. According to the present invention, the disc drive apparatus, wherein said disc inserting and discharging portion has a regulating portion for regulating the plural discs passing. According to the present invention, the disc drive apparatus, wherein said transporting portion has a limiting portion for limiting movement in the direction of the thickness of the disc passing through the disc inserting and discharging portion. The present invention also provides a disc drive apparatus capable of loading and ejecting the discs those are: a first disc which has a light shielding effect; a second disc whose outside diameter is smaller than that of the first disc and which has a light shielding effect; a third disc whose outside diameter is almost same to the first disc and which has a light shielding effect and a hollow hole whose outside diameter is almost same as the second disc in central; said apparatus comprising: a disc inserting and discharging portion; a first detector for detecting a disc passing through one end of the disc inserting and discharging portion by contacting with the disc; a seventh detector for detecting thickness of a disc by contacting with the disc in the direction of the thickness of the disc; and a disc identifier for identifying type of the disc based on a detected result of the seventh detector when the first detector detects the disc, wherein said seventh detector is arranged on a position where the seventh detector does not detect the third disc when the first disc detects the third disc passing through the one end of the disc inserting and discharging portion. According to the present invention, the disc drive apparatus, wherein, in the position where said seventh detector is arranged, said seventh detector does not detect the second disc when the first detector detects the second disc. According to the present invention, the disc drive apparatus further comprising: an eighth detector for detecting the disc passing by contacting with the disc in the direction of the thickness of the disc, wherein, in the position where said seventh detector is arranged, said seventh detector is capable of detecting the first disc or the third disc when the first detector first detects the first disc or the third disc, and said seventh detector does not detect the second disc passing through the one end in the direction of width of the disc inserting and discharging portion when the eighth detector detects the second disc, and wherein said disc identifier identifies type of the disc based on a detected result of the seventh detector when the eighth detector first detects the disc inserted into the disc inserting and discharging portion. According to the present invention, the disc drive apparatus further comprising: an eighth detector for detecting the disc passing by contacting with the disc in the direction of the thickness of the disc; a ninth detector for detecting the disc passing by contacting with the disc in the direction of the thickness of the disc, wherein a width of said disc inserting and discharging portion is almost same as the outer diameter of the first disc, wherein, in the position where said eighth detector is arranged, said eighth detector is capable of detecting the first disc or the third disc when the ninth detector first detects the first disc of the third disc, and said eighth detector does not detect the second disc passing through the other end of the disc inserting and discharging portion when the ninth detector first detects the second disc, and wherein said disc identifier identifies type of the disc based on the detected result of the eighth detector when the ninth detector detects the disc inserted into the disc inserting and discharging portion. According to the present invention, the disc drive apparatus further comprising: a fifth detector for detecting the disc by contacting with the disc; and a ninth detector for detecting the disc passing through the disc inserting and discharging portion by contacting with the disc in the direction of the thickness of the disc, wherein a width of said disc inserting and discharging portion is almost same as the outer diameter of the first disc, wherein said fifth detector is arranged on a position where said fifth detector is capable of detecting the first disc or the third disc when the ninth detector first detects the first disc or the third disc, and where said fifth detector does not detect the second disc passing through the other end in the direction of the width of the disc inserting and discharging portion when the ninth detector first detects the second disc, and wherein said disc identifier identifies type of the disc based on the detected result of the fifth detector when the ninth detector first detects the disc inserted into the disc inserting and discharging portion. According to the present invention, the disc drive apparatus further comprising: a fifth detector for detecting the disc by contacting with the disc; a ninth detector for detecting the disc passing through the disc inserting and discharging portion by contacting with the disc in the direction of the thickness of the disc; and a tenth detector for detecting the disc passing through the disc inserting and discharging portion by contacting with the disc in the direction of the thickness of the disc, wherein a width of said disc inserting and discharging portion is almost same as the outer diameter of the first disc, wherein said tenth detector is arranged on a position where said tenth detector is capable of detecting the second disc passing through the disc inserting and discharging portion and undetected by the seventh detector, wherein, in any cases of: 1) the first disc passes through the disc inserting and discharging portion; 2) the second disc passes through the one end of the disc inserting and discharging portion; 3) the second disc passes through the other end of the disc inserting and discharging portion; and 4) the third disc passes through the disc inserting and discharging portion, said ninth detector and fifth detector are arranged on positions where any one of the ninth detector and the fifth detector is capable of detecting the disc during the period from when any one of the seventh detector and the tenth detector detects the disc to when neither the seventh detector nor the tenth detector detects the disc, and in a case of 5) the second disc passes through the central portion of the width of the disc inserting and discharging portion, said ninth detector and fifth detector are arranged on positions where neither the ninth detector nor the fifth detector detects the disc during the period from when any one of the seventh detector and the tenth detector detects the disc to when neither the seventh detector nor the tenth detector detects the disc, and wherein said disc identifier identifies type of the disc based on both the detected results of the ninth detector and the fifth detector during the period from when at least one of the seventh detector and the tenth detector detects the disc to when neither the seventh detector nor the tenth detector detects the disc. According to the present invention, the disc drive apparatus further comprising: a transporting portion for loading and ejecting disc in the disc inserting and discharging portion by transporting the disc; a controller for controlling the loading and ejecting operation of the transporting portion based on an identified result of the disc identifier, wherein, in a case of that the first detector multiple detects the disc inserted into the disc inserting and discharging portion, said controller controls the transporting portion to stop loading the disc. According to the present invention, the disc drive apparatus, wherein, in a case of that the first detector multiple detects the disc inserted into the disc inserting and discharging portion, said controller controls the transporting portion to eject the disc. According to the present invention, the disc drive apparatus, wherein, in a case of that the fifth detector multiple detects the disc inserted into the disc inserting and discharging portion, said controller controls the transporting portion to stop loading the disc. According to the present invention, the disc drive apparatus, wherein, in a case of that the fifth detector multiple detects the disc inserted into the disc inserting and discharging portion, said controller controls the transporting portion to eject the disc. According to the present invention, the disc drive apparatus, wherein, in a case of that the disc loading operation is not completed within a predetermined period after insertion of the disc, said controller controls the transporting portion to eject the disc.	20040527	20091027	20050428	70890.0		0	HEYI, HENOK G	DISC DRIVE APPARATUS	UNDISCOUNTED	0	ACCEPTED		2,004
10,855,953	ACCEPTED	Symmetric inducting device for an integrated circuit having a ground shield	The present invention relates to integrated circuits having symmetric inducting devices with a ground shield. In one embodiment, a symmetric inducting device for an integrated circuit comprises a substrate, a main metal layer and a shield. The substrate has a working surface. The main metal layer has at least one pair of current path regions. Each of the current path region pairs is formed in generally a regular polygonal shape that is generally symmetric about a plane of symmetry that is perpendicular to the working surface of the substrate. The shield is patterned into segments that are generally symmetric about the plane of symmetry. Medial portions of at least some segments of the shield are formed generally perpendicular to the plane of symmetry as the medial portions cross the plane of symmetry.	1-47. (canceled) 48. A current router for an inducting device in an integrated circuit comprising: one or more overpasses to electrically connect select current path regions of the inducting device, the one or more overpasses are made from a conductive layer having a first sheet resistance, each overpass having a first width; and one or more underpasses to electrically connect different select current path regions of the inducting device, the one or more underpasses are made from a conducting layer having a second different sheet resistance, each underpass having a second different width, wherein the first width of each overpass and the second different width of an associated underpass are adjusted to make the resistance through the overpass approximately equal to the resistance through the associated underpass. 49. The current router for an inducting device in an integrated circuit of claim 48, wherein at least one of the one or more underpasses has less than half the width of associated current path regions. 50. The current router for an inducting device in an integrated circuit of claim 48, where at least one of the one or more underpasses has less than half the width of associated current path regions. 51. The current router for an inducting device in an integrated circuit of claim 48, wherein the one or more overpasses are wider than the one or more underpasses. 52. The current router for an inducting device in an integrated circuit of claim 51, wherein the one or more overpasses are wider than associated current path regions. 53. The current router for an inducting device in an integrated circuit of claim 51, wherein the one or more underpasses are narrower than associated current path regions. 54. The current router for an inducting device in an integrated circuit of claim 48, wherein the one or more overpasses are made narrower than the one or more underpasses. 55. The current router for an inducting device in an integrated circuit of claim 54, wherein the one or more overpasses are narrower than associated current path regions. 56. The current router for an integrated circuit of claim 54, wherein the one or more underpasses are wider than associated current path regions.	CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is a divisional application of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/039,200, filed Jan. 4, 2002 and titled “Symmetric Inducting Device For An Integrated Circuit Having A Ground Shield”. (Attorney Docket No. 125.022US01) TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates generally to symmetric inducting devices incorporated in integrated circuits and in particular the present invention relates to an integrated circuit having symmetric inducting device with a ground shield. BACKGROUND Integrated circuits incorporate complex electrical components formed in semiconductor material into a single circuit. Generally, an integrated circuit comprises a substrate upon which a variety of circuit components are formed and connected to form a circuit. Integrated circuits are made of semiconductor material. Semiconductor material is material that has a resistance that lies between that of a conductor and an insulator. The resistance of semiconductor material can vary by many orders-of-magnitude depending on the concentration of impurities or dopants. Semiconductor material is used to make electrical devices that exploit its resistive properties. It is desired to design integrated circuits in which electrical components and circuits within the integrated circuit do not interfere with each other. One method of accomplishing this is by including differential circuits. A differential circuit is a circuit that is really two circuits with opposite voltages and currents. That is, a differential circuit comprises a first circuit that produces desired voltages and currents and a second circuit that is identical to the first circuit that produces opposite voltages and currents. The opposite voltages and currents work to cancel out parasitics that naturally occur because of the voltages and currents and helps isolate the circuit from other circuits in the integrated circuit. Further discussion on parasitics can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 5,717,243, which is incorporated herein by reference. Symmetric inducting devices are useful in differential circuits. Moreover, it is desired in the art to have a symmetric inducting device that has less resistive loss without introducing other parasitics. For the reasons stated above and for other reasons stated below which will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon reading and understanding the present specification, there is a need in the art for an integrated circuit with a symmetric inductor that has reduced resistive loss with low parasitic characteristics. SUMMARY The above-mentioned problems with symmetric inductors in integrated circuits and other problems are addressed by the present invention and will be understood by reading and studying the following specification. In one embodiment, a symmetric inducting device for an integrated circuit is disclosed. The symmetric inducting device comprises a substrate, a main metal layer and a shield. The substrate has a working surface and a second surface that is opposite the working surface. The main metal layer has at least one pair of current path regions. Each of the current path region pairs is formed in generally a regular polygonal shape. Moreover, each current path region pair is generally symmetric about a plane of symmetry that is perpendicular to the working surface of the substrate such that each current path region pair has one current path region on one side of the plane of symmetry and another current path region on the other side of the plane of symmetry. The shield is positioned between the second surface of the substrate and the main metal layer. The shield is patterned into segments. The segments of shield are generally symmetric about the plane of symmetry. In addition, medial portions of at least some segments of the shield are formed generally perpendicular to the plane of symmetry as the medial portions cross the plane of symmetry. The shield is more conductive than regions directly adjacent the shield. In another embodiment, a symmetric transformer for an integrated circuit comprises a substrate, a main metal layer and a shield. The substrate has a working surface and a second surface that is opposite the working surface. The main metal layer has at least one pair of current path regions. Each of the current path region pairs is formed in generally a regular polygonal shape. Moreover, each current path region pair is generally symmetric about a plane of symmetry that is perpendicular to the working surface of the substrate such that each current path region pair has one current path region on one side of the plane of symmetry and another current path region on the other side of the plane of symmetry. The shield is positioned between the second surface of the substrate and the main metal layer. The shield is patterned into segments. The segments of shield are generally symmetric about the plane of symmetry. Medial portions of most segments of the shield are formed generally perpendicular to the plane of symmetry as the medial portions cross the plane of symmetry. In addition, the shield is more conductive than regions directly adjacent the shield. In another embodiment, a symmetric inducting device for an integrated circuit is disclosed. The symmetric inducting device includes a substrate, a main metal layer and at least one current router. The substrate has a working surface and a second surface opposite the working surface. The main metal layer is positioned a predetermined distance from the working surface of the substrate. The main metal layer having at least one pair of current path regions. Each current path region pair is formed in generally a regular polygonal shape. Moreover, each current path region pair is generally symmetric about a plane of symmetry that is perpendicular to the working surface of the substrate such that each current path region pair has one current path region on one side of the plane of symmetry and another current path region on the other side of the plane of symmetry. The at least one current router is used to selectively route current from one pair of current path regions to another pair of current path regions. Each current router has an overpass and an underpass, wherein a width of the overpass is narrower than a width of the underpass. In another embodiment, an inductor for an integrated circuit is disclosed. The inductor includes a substrate, one or more pairs of current path regions, one or more current routers and a conductive shield. The substrate has a working surface and a second surface opposite the working surface. The one or more pairs of current path regions are formed in a first metal layer. Each pair of current path regions is generally symmetric about a plane of symmetry such that each current path region pair has one current path region on one side of the plane of symmetry and another current path region on the other side of the plane of symmetry. Moreover, each pair of current path regions is formed in a generally regular polygonal shape. The one or more current routers are selectively coupled to route current from current path regions in a pair of current path regions to current path regions in other pairs of current path regions. Each current router has an overpass and an underpass. The conductive shield layer is positioned between the second surface of the substrate and the first metal layer. The shield layer is patterned into segments to decrease image currents. The segments of the shield layer are generally symmetric about the plane of symmetry, wherein a portion of most segments of shield adjacent the plane of symmetry are perpendicular to the plane of symmetry. In another embodiment, a symmetric inducting device for an integrated circuit is disclosed. The symmetric inducting device includes a substrate, a main metal layer, a shield and a conducting halo. The substrate has a working surface and a second surface that is opposite the working surface. The main metal layer has at least one pair of current path regions. Each current path region pair is formed in generally a regular polygonal shape. Moreover, each current path region pair is generally symmetric about a plane of symmetry that is perpendicular to the working surface of the substrate such that each current path region pair has one current path region on one side of the plane of symmetry and another current path region on the other side of the plane of symmetry. The shield is positioned between the second surface of the substrate and the main metal layer. The shield is patterned into segments. The segments of shield are generally symmetric about the plane of symmetry. Moreover, the shield is more conductive than regions directly adjacent the shield. The conducting halo extends around an outer perimeter of the shield. The halo is further electrically connected to each section of shield. Moreover, the halo has at least one gap and is symmetric about the plane of symmetry. Each section of shield is electrically connected to the halo. In another embodiment, an inducting device for an integrated circuit is disclosed. The inducting device includes a substrate, a main metal layer, a shield layer, at least one current router and one or more capacitor compensation sections for each current router. The substrate has a working surface and a second surface opposite the working surface. The main metal layer is formed a select distance from the working surface of the substrate. The main metal layer has one or more pairs of current path regions formed therein. The shield layer is positioned between the second surface of the substrate and the main metal layer. The shield layer is more conductive than regions directly adjacent the shield layer. The at least one current router couples a current path region in one pair of current path regions to a current path region in another pair of current path regions. Each current router has an overpass and an underpass. Each capacitor compensation section is electrically connected to a current path region that is coupled to an overpass of an associated current router, wherein each capacitor compensation section approximates parasitic capacitance of an underpass of the associated current router to the shield layer. In another embodiment, a current router for an inducting device in an integrated circuit is disclosed. The current router comprises one or more overpasses to electrically connect select current path regions of the inducting device. The one or more overpasses are made from a conductive layer having a first sheet resistance. Each overpass has a first width. The current router also has one or more underpasses to electrically connect different select current path regions. The one or more underpasses are made from a conducting layer having a second different sheet resistance. Each underpass has a second different width, wherein the resistance in each overpass is approximately equal to the resistance in each associated underpass. In another embodiment, a patterned shield layer having a plurality of segments of shield for an inducting device in an integrated circuit is disclosed. The patterned shield layer includes a plurality of conductive straps. Each conductive strap is electrically connected to a selected segment of shield to provide an alternative path of reduced resistance for the associated segment of shield. In another embodiment, a method of forming an inductive device in an integrated circuit. The method comprising forming a shield layer. Patterning the shield layer into sections of shield that are generally symmetric to a plane of symmetry, wherein portions of some of the sections of shield are patterned perpendicular to the plane of symmetry as they cross the plane of symmetry. Forming a layer of dielectric overlaying the sections of shield. Depositing a first layer of metal overlaying the dielectric layer. Patterning the first layer of metal to from one or more pairs of current path regions that are generally symmetric about the plan of symmetry such that each current path region pair has one current path region on one side of the plane of symmetry and another current path region on the other side of the plane of symmetry. In another embodiment, a method of forming a symmetric inducting device for an integrated circuit is disclosed. The method comprising patterning one or more pairs of current path regions in a main metal layer that overlays a working surface of a substrate of an integrated circuit, wherein each pair of current path regions are patterned to be generally symmetric about a plane of symmetry that is perpendicular to the working surface of the substrate. Forming current routers having an overpass and an underpass to selectively couple one current path region in a pair of current path regions to another current path region in another pair of current path regions, wherein a width of the overpass is formed less than the width of the underpass to approximate resistances through the overpass and the underpass. In another embodiment, a method of forming a symmetric inducting device for an integrated circuit is disclosed. The method comprises, forming a shield layer and patterning the shield layer to form sections of shield that are generally symmetric to a plane of symmetry, wherein at least a mid portion of most sections of shield are perpendicular to the plane of symmetry. Metal straps are formed from at least one interior metal layer, wherein the at least one interior metal layer is formed a select distance from the sections of shield. Termination ends of each of the metal straps are coupled to an associated select section of shield, wherein each strap extends along the mid portion of an associated select section of shield. The method further includes forming a plurality of current path regions from a main metal layer. The at least one interior metal layer is positioned closer to the shield layer than to the main metal layer. Moreover, the plurality of the current path regions are generally symmetric to the plane of symmetry. In another embodiment, a method of forming an inductive device in an integrated circuit is disclosed. The method comprising, forming a shield layer. Patterning the shield layer into segments of shield that are symmetric about a plane of symmetry. Forming a conductive halo a predetermined distance from shield layer, wherein the halo is formed to extend around an outer perimeter of the segments of shield. Coupling the conductive halo to each of the sections of shield. Patterning at least one gap in the conducting halo, wherein the conducting halo is symmetric about the plane of symmetry. Forming a main metal layer, the halo is positioned between the main metal layer and the shield layer. Patterning the main metal layer to form at least one pair of generally regular polygonal current path regions wherein the at least one pair of current path regions are generally symmetric about the plane of symmetry. In another embodiment, a method of forming a current router to coupled select current path regions in an integrated circuit is disclosed. The method comprising forming a first conductive layer having a first sheet resistance. Patterning the first conductive layer to form one or more underpasses having a first width. Forming a second conductive layer having a second different sheet resistance a select distance from the first conductive layer. Patterning the second conductive layer to form one or more overpasses having a second different width, wherein the resistance in each overpass is generally equal to the resistance in an associated underpass. In another embodiment, a method of forming an inducting device, the method comprising forming a shield layer. Forming a main metal layer a select distance from the shield layer. Patterning the main metal layer into one or more current path regions. Forming one or more current routers to couple current path regions to each other, wherein each current router having an overpass and an underpass. Forming one or more capacitor compensation sections for each current router. Coupling each capacitor compensation section to an overpass of an associated current router to approximate parasitic capacitance of an underpass of the associated current router to the shield. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The present invention can be more easily understood and further advantages and uses thereof more readily apparent, when considered in view of the description of the preferred embodiments and the following figures in which: FIG. 1 is a top-view of a symmetric center-tapped inductor of one embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 1A is a top view of current path regions of one embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 1B is a top view of a symmetric center-tapped inductor of one embodiment of the present invention illustrating shield and strap layers; FIG. 1C is a top-view of another embodiment of a shield layer of the present invention; FIG. 1D is a top-view of yet another embodiment of a shield layer having straps of one embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional cut-out view of an area defined by line A_B of a symmetric center-tapped inductor of one embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 2A is a cross-sectional cut-out view of an area defined by line A-B of a symmetric center-tapped inductor of another embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 2B is a cross-sectional cut-out view of an area defined by line A-B of a symmetric center-tapped inductor of another embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 2C is a cross-sectional cut-out view of an area defined by line A-B of a symmetric center-tapped inductor of another embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 2D is a cross-sectional cut-out view of an area defined by line A-B of a symmetric center-tapped inductor of yet another embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 3 is a cut-out view of a cross-sectional area defined by line C_D of a symmetric center-tapped inductor of one embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 4 is cut-out view of a cross-sectional area defined by line E_F of a symmetric center-tapped inductor of one embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 4A is a top view of one embodiment of a current router of the present invention; FIGS. 5A-5E are cut-out cross-sectional views illustrating the formation of the area defined by line E_F; FIG. 6 is a top view of a symmetric center-tapped inductor of another embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 7 is a cut-out view of a cross-sectional area defined by line G_H of a symmetric center-tapped inductor of one embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 8 is a top view of a symmetric center-tapped inductor of another embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 9 is a top view of one embodiment of current path regions having four leads of the present invention; and FIG. 10 is a top view of one embodiment of the current path regions in a square shape of the present invention. In accordance with common practice, the various described features are not drawn to scale but are drawn to emphasize specific features relevant to the present invention. Reference characters denote like elements throughout Figures and text. DETAILED DESCRIPTION In the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof, and in which is shown by way of illustration specific preferred embodiments in which the inventions may be practiced. These embodiments are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice the invention, and it is to be understood that other embodiments may be utilized and that logical, mechanical and electrical changes may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. The following detailed description is, therefore, not to be taken in a limiting sense, and the scope of the present invention is defined only by the claims and equivalents thereof. Embodiments of the present invention relate to integrated circuits that include symmetric inducting devices with reduced resistance and parasitics. In the following description, the term substrate is used to refer generally to any structure on which integrated circuits are formed, and also to such structures during various stages of integrated circuit fabrication. This term includes doped and undoped semiconductors, epitaxial layers of a semiconductor on a supporting semiconductor or insulating material, combinations of such layers, as well as other such structures that are known in the art. Terms of relative position as used in this application are defined based on a plane parallel to the conventional plane or working surface of a wafer or substrate, regardless of the orientation of the wafer or substrate. The term “horizontal plane” or “lateral plane” as used in this application is defined as a plane parallel to the conventional plane or working surface of a wafer or substrate, regardless of the orientation of the wafer or substrate. The term “vertical” refers to a direction perpendicular to the horizontal. Terms, such as “on”, “side” (as in “sidewall”), “higher”, “lower”, “over,” “top” and “under” are defined with respect to the conventional plane or working surface being on the top surface of the wafer or substrate, regardless of the orientation of the wafer or substrate. The present invention can be applied to symmetric inducting devices having inductive sets of rings that are typically formed in a metal layer of an integrated circuit. Examples of this type of device are 2-lead symmetric inductors, 3-lead symmetric center-tapped inductors, 4-lead symmetric transformers, etc. Referring to FIG. 1, a center-tapped inductor 100 formed in an integrated circuit, of one embodiment of the present invention, is illustrated. As illustrated, the center-tapped inductor 100 has a first, second, third and fourth current path regions 120, 122, 124 and 126 respectfully. The current path regions 120, 122, 124 and 126 are formed generally in pairs of regular polygonal shapes as illustrated in FIG. 1. In particular, embodiments of the present invention include pairs of current path regions in the form of regular polygonal shapes such as square, octagonal, hexagonal and circular. In one embodiment, the first, second, third and fourth current path regions 120, 122, 124 and 126 are patterned from a layer of metal. An illustration of the current path regions 120, 122, 124 and 126 are illustrated in FIG. 1A. In operation, the current path starts at a positive lead 129 (first lead 129) of the first current path region 120. The current then flows along the first current path region 120, the current path designated by 101A, 101B, 101C, 101D and 101E. The current then enters a current router 128 that directs the current to the second current path region 122. The current then flows along the second current path region 122, the current path designated by 101F, 101G 101H, 101I and 101Jb. This is the halfway point of the current path and should be very close to AC ground. The halfway point of the current path is also the point where the current passes a plane of symmetry 109 of the symmetric center-tapped inductor 100. The plane of symmetry 109 is a plane that extends perpendicular from a working surface of the symmetric center-tapped inductor 100 and is represented by the line 109 in the plan view (top view) of FIGS. 1 and 1A. A center lead 110 is attached at the plane of symmetry. In one embodiment, the center lead 110 is coupled to an external AC ground. The current path continues by flowing through the third current path region 124, the current path designated by 101Jt, 101K, 101L, 101M and 101Nt. The current router 128 then directs the current to the fourth current path region 126. The current then flows through the fourth current path region 126, the current path designated by 101Nb, 101O, 101P, 101Q and 101R. The current then enters a negative lead 131 (second lead 131). Although lead 129 and lead 131 of FIGS. 1 and 1A are respectfully referred to as the positive and negative lead, it will be understood in the art that since we are dealing with an AC current, the actual voltage on each of the leads 129 and 131 will alternate between positive and negative and that the designation of lead 129 as positive lead 129 and lead 131 as negative lead 131 is for illustration purposes only. The center lead 110 can be thought of as a center-tap to an inductor. In fact, the symmetric center-tapped inductor 100 of the present invention can be referred to as a center-tap to an inductor 100. Advantageously, differential symmetric center-tapped inductor 100 produces more inductance for given parasitic resistance and capacitance than separate inductor circuits. In addition, differential symmetric center-tap inductor 100 is better isolated from a substrate upon which it is formed. For example, if only one half of symmetric center-tapped inductor 100 was used, an AC voltage would be capacitively generated into the substrate which would couple to other circuits or generate losses that will effectively increase resistance and reduce the quality factor (Q) of the inductor. It could also increase phase noise. However, with differential symmetric center-tapped inductor 100 these problems are reduced because as one of the circuits of symmetric center-tapped inductor pushes negative voltage down to the substrate the other of the circuits pulls an opposite positive voltage up from the substrate. Accordingly, the voltages cancel out. In fact, the (AC) voltages cancel to approximately zero right along the plane of symmetry. Therefore, the plane of symmetry has a voltage that is always at approximately AC ground, and the terms “plane of symmetry” and “AC ground” can be used interchangeably. The symmetric center-tapped inductor 100 also has a ground shield 102, as illustrated in FIG. 1. The shield 102 helps cancel out the voltages and is formed in a layer below the symmetric center-tapped inductor 100. In particular, the shield 102 reduces resistance and parasitics to provide a high Q factor. In addition, the shield 102 helps provide isolation from the rest of the circuits in the integrated circuit. The shield 102 is a layer of material that is more conductive than any of the material directly adjacent it. The ground shield 102 of the symmetric center-tapped inductor of FIG. 1 is also illustrated in FIG. 1B. In order to reduce eddy or image currents in the shield 102, the shield is patterned with shield gaps 103 to form sections of shield 102. Without the gaps 103, the conductive shield 102 would allow image currents to flow in the shield and because these image currents are lossy, the Q of the symmetric center-tapped inductor would be destroyed. As illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 1B, in this embodiment, some of the gaps 103 are positioned parallel with each other and perpendicular to the plane of symmetry 109. The remaining gaps 103 have portions that are parallel to each other and perpendicular to the plane of symmetry 109. End portions of these gaps 103 extended at predetermined angles from the portions that are perpendicular to the plane of symmetry 109. Stated another way, some segments of shield 102 have medial portions 170 that are perpendicular to the plane of symmetry 109 as they cross the plane of symmetry and end portions 171 that extend at predetermined angles from the medial portion 170. This is illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 1B. As a result of this arrangement, the sections of shield 102 are bilaterally symmetric about the plane of symmetry 109. Moreover, in this arrangement, very short current paths to the A.C. ground (plane of Symmetry) are achieved in each segment of shield 102. Of course the shortest path to the AC ground (or the plane of symmetry 109) would be provided by a series of vertical shield segments. However, that does not necessarily result in the lowest resistance. Referring to the right side of FIG. 1, charged pushed down by the positive section 101D of current region 120 first travels inwardly past negative section 101M of current region 124 where some of the change gets canceled out. From this point, there is less total current than has to travel to the plane of symmetry, and this further reduces the total resistive loss in the shield 102. By adding the angles to the shield segments 102 (or to the shield patterning), the coupling between positive region 101D and negative region 101M is optimized so that the overall shield current is minimized. The shield 102 helps the current get from the positive side to the negative side. For example, referring back to FIG. 1, if a positive voltage is applied to main metal layer lead 129 of the symmetric center-tapped inductor 100, a charge is pushed down capacitively into the shield 102. The charge will travel in the shield until it gets to the opposite side of the symmetric center-tapped inductor 100, which in this case is under lead 131. At this point, the charge will be pulled back up to the main metal layer at lead 131. Similarly, if a positive voltage is positioned at 101C, charge will be capacitively pushed down to the shield 102. The charge will then travel in the shield 102 until it reaches the opposite side of the symmetric center-tapped inductor 100, which in this case is under 101P. At this point, the charge will be pulled back up to the main metal layer in current path region 126. Another embodiment of a shield 180 is illustrated in FIG. 1C. As in the previous embodiment, sections of shield are patterned by gaps 103. Moreover, as illustrated, portions of some of the sections of shield 103 are perpendicular to the plane of symmetry 109 as the portions cross the plane of symmetry 109. This design allows for a very low resistance path to AC ground (the plan of symmetry 109). Referring back to FIG. 1, in the embodiment illustrated, conductive straps 105 are coupled (electrically connected) to the shield 102 to further reduce the resistance of the shield 102. The conductive straps 105 are selectively positioned perpendicular to the plane of symmetry 109 and are coupled to an associated segment of shield 102. In this embodiment, a charge may either travel through the shield 102 or it may travel through an associated strap 105 for a distance in reaching the opposite side of the symmetric center-tapped inductor 100. In one embodiment, the terminal ends 104 of each of the conductive straps 105, which are coupled to an associated segment of shield 102, are wider than a medial portion 111 of the strap 105. This provide a greater area to couple to the respective shield 102 segments while limiting the conduction of the straps 105 through the medial portion 111 by limiting its width. The reduced widths of the medial portion 111 of the straps 105 ensure that parasitic eddy currents in the straps 105 are negligibly small. In embodiments of the present invention, the straps 105 are made from a conductive layer that is more conductive than the segments of shield 102. In one embodiment, the straps 105 are made of metal and can be referred to as metal straps 105. Moreover, in yet another embodiment, each strap 105 is formed closer to its associated shield 102 segment than a main metal layer in which the current path regions 120, 122, 124 and 126 are formed. In one embodiment, straps 105 are not positioned directly under current path regions 120, 122, 124 and 126 to avoid the addition of capacitance. However, in the embodiment of FIG. 1, one strap 115 is located under the second and third current path regions 122 and 124 adjacent the line of symmetry. This strap 115 helps reduce the resistance in the shield 102 at this location. Moreover, since the strap 115 and the shield at this location is essentially at AC ground the additional capacitance formed by the addition of strap 115 does not have a significant effect on device performance. Since the AC voltage is approximately at zero at the line of symmetry 109 it is unnecessary to hook the shield 102 to an external AC ground. An advantage to this embodiment is that the shield 102 does not have to be coupled to any other layer of conductive material. In other circuits however, there may be an advantage to having the shield 102 coupled to AC ground. Therefore, in another embodiment, a conductive path 133 or ground line 133 runs along the plane of symmetry 109 and is coupled (electrically connected) to, at least most, of the segments of the shield 102. This is illustrated in FIG. 1D. As illustrated in FIG. 1D, the sections of shield 102 are coupled to the conductive path 133 with connections or vias 135. The conductive path 133 runs along the plane of symmetry. Moreover in one embodiment, the conductive straps 105 are also coupled (electrically connected) to the conductive path 133. In one embodiment, the conductive path 133 is only connected to the shield 102. In another embodiment, the conductive path 133 is also coupled to center-tap 110 which is formed from the current path regions of the main metal layer as illustrated in FIG. 1A. In yet another embodiment, conductive path 133 is coupled to a separate external AC ground. In one embodiment, the conductive path 133 is made from a metal layer and can be referred to as a metal line 133. In still another embodiment, the conductive path 133 is made from the same metal layer the shield 102 is made from. To provide a better understanding of how the present invention is constructed, cross-sectional views of lines A_B, C_D and F_E of FIG. 1, are illustrated in FIGS. 2-4 respectfully. Referring to FIG. 2, a cross-sectional view of line A_B is illustrated. As illustrated in this view, the symmetric center-tapped inductor 100 includes a substrate 119 and a dielectric layer 123. The substrate 119 is the substrate upon which the integrated circuit is formed. This view also illustrates sections of shield 102, straps 105 (the medial portions 111 of straps 105) and the gaps 103 positioned between the sections of shield 102. The sections of shield 102 are positioned in the dielectric layer 123. Also shown in this view, is the third current path region 124 (where the current path travels from 101Jb to 101Jt), which is made of a layer of metal and is separated from the shield 102 a predetermined distance by the layer of dielectric 123. Moreover, the cross-sectional view along line A_B of FIG. 2 is along the plane of symmetry. The plane of symmetry is perpendicular to the working surface 121 of the substrate 119. The shield segments 102 can be positioned in different locations between the main metal layer that form the current path regions (which includes current path region 124) and a bottom surface 137 of the substrate 119. For example in the embodiment of FIG. 2, the shield segments 102 are formed in the dielectric layer 123. In another embodiment, the shield segments 102 are formed on the surface 121 of the substrate 119. This embodiment is illustrated in FIG. 2A. In yet another embodiment, the shield segments 102 are formed in the substrate 119. This embodiment is illustrated in FIG. 2B. Further, in one embodiment (illustrated in FIG. 2C), current path region 124 is positioned between the shield segments 102 and the substrate 119. That is, in this embodiment, the main metal layer, upon which current path region 124 is formed, is positioned between the shield segments 102 and the substrate 19. Moreover, in yet another embodiment (illustrated in FIG. 2D), current path region 124 is positioned between two shield segment 102 layers. That is, in this embodiment, the main metal layer, upon which current path region 124 is formed, is positioned between first and second shield segment layers 181 and 182 that form the shield segments 102. Also illustrated in FIG. 2D are the conductive straps 105. Referring to FIG. 3, a cross-sectional view of line C_D is illustrated. This view illustrates how a strap 105 is coupled to a section of the shield 102. As illustrated, in this embodiment the shield 102 is formed in a dielectric layer 123. The strap 105 is also formed in the dielectric layer 123 a predetermined distance from the shield 102. In one embodiment the straps 105 are made from one or more inner metal layers. That is, metal layers that are positioned between the sections of shield and the main metal layer. In another embodiment, the straps 105 are a layer of doped material than is more conductive than the shield 102. As illustrated in FIG. 3, strap 105 is coupled to the shield 102 by contacts 126 or vias 126. Referring to FIG. 4, a cross-sectional view of line E_F is illustrated. This view illustrates current router 128. Current router 128 includes an overpass 130 and an underpass 132. As illustrated, the first current path region 120 is coupled to an underpass 132 by contacts 134 (or vias 134). The second current path region 122 is coupled the underpass 132 by contacts 136 (or vias 136). The overpass 130 is spaced from the underpass 132 a predetermined distance by dielectric layer 123. The use of the current router 128 can lead to a loss of symmetry in the symmetric inducting devices. However, the present invention uses a couple of techniques to minimize the loss of symmetry caused by the current router 128. A first loss of symmetry is present when the overpass 130 and underpass 132 have different resistances. This is generally due to a difference in the sheet resistance in the metal layers upon which the overpass 130 and underpass 132 are formed. Typically the top or main metal layer (the metal layer used to form the first, second third, fourth current path regions and the overpass 130) has less sheet resistance than the layer of metal used to form the underpass 132. This results in a resistance in the underpass 132 being greater that the overpass 130. In one embodiment of the present invention, the loss of symmetry due to the difference in resistance in the overpass 130 and the underpass 132 is reduced by proportionally making the underpass 132 wider and the overpass 130 narrower. The width of the underpass 132 and the overpass 130 of current router 128 is illustrated in FIG. 4A. In particular, OW denotes the width of the overpass 130 and UW denotes the width of the underpass 132. Further illustrated in FIG. 4A, current path regions 120 and 122 are narrower than associated underpass 132 and current path regions 124 and 126 are wider than associated overpass 130 in this embodiment. In one embodiment, the width of the overpass 130 is less than half the width of associated current path regions 124 and 126. Also illustrated in FIG. 4A are contacts 136 (or vias 136) that couple current path region 122 to the underpass 132 and contacts 134 (or vias) that couple current path region 120 to underpass 132. In another embodiment, where the metal layer used to form the underpass 132 has less sheet resistance than the metal layer used to form the overpass 130, the resulting difference in resistance in the overpass 130 and the underpass 132 is reduced by proportionally making the overpass 130 wider and the underpass 130 narrower (not shown). In yet another embodiment of a current router that has its overpass wider than an associated underpass, the width of the overpass is also wider than associated current path regions (current path regions that are coupled together by the overpass). In addition, in this embodiment, the width of the underpass is narrower than associated current path regions (current path regions coupled together by the underpass). Moreover, in one embodiment, the width of the underpass is less than half the width of associated current path regions. If, however, the sheet resistance in the overpass 130 and the underpass 132 are generally equal, the width of the overpass 130 and the underpass 132 will also be generally equal. The underpass 132 being closer to the shield 102 than the overpass 130 causes another loss of symmetry. Because of this, the underpass 132 provides more capacitance to the shield than the overpass 130. In one embodiment, the loss of symmetry due to this added capacitance to the shield by the underpass 132 is reduced by adding additional capacitance in the path that uses the overpass 130. In particular, referring to FIG. 4A, in one embodiment the added capacitance is accomplished by coupling the respective third and fourth current path regions 124 and 126 to respective sections of metal layer 107 that are generally located at the same vertical depth as the underpass 132. These sections of metal layer 107 can be referred to as capacitor compensation sections 107. As illustrated in FIG. 4A, the capacitor compensation sections 107 are positioned approximate opposite sides of the current router 128. Moreover, as FIG. 4A illustrates one or more pairs of capacitor compensation sections 107 can be used. In addition, in this embodiment the area of the combined compensation sections 107 is approximately the area of the underpass 132 so as to achieve generally the same capacitance. Although, it may be preferred that the capacitor compensation sections 107 be formed in pairs, this does not have to be the case in all situations. In fact, in one embodiment of the present invention only one capacitor compensation section 107 is used per coupled current path regions. In other embodiments, the capacitor compensation sections 107 are formed at a vertical depth that is not the same as the underpass 132. In these embodiments, the size of the compensation regions is adjusted to approximate the capacitance of the underpass 132. In one embodiment, the capacitor compensation sections 107 are formed in a layer that is between the underpass 132 and the shield 102. The capacitor compensation sections 107 of this embodiment will have proportionally less area than would be required if they were formed at the same level as the underpass 132. In another embodiment, the capacitor compensation sections 107 are formed in a layer between the main metal layer (the layer the current path regions are formed) and the underpass 132. In this embodiment, the capacitor compensation sections 107 will have proportionally more area than would be required if they had been formed at the same level as the underpass 132. To better understand the formation of the present invention, FIGS. 5A-5E are provided. FIGS. 5A-5D illustrate the formation of symmetric center-tapped inductor 100 along line E_F. Referring to FIG. 5A, upon the surface 150 of the substrate 119 a shield layer is formed. The surface 150 of the substrate 119 can also be referred to as the working surface 150. As stated above, the shield layer is a layer that is more conductive than the material that surrounds it. For example, the shield layer may be a layer of metal deposited on the surface 150 of the substrate 119 or a doped layer formed in the substrate 119 by the injection of dopants through the working surface 150. The shield layer is then patterned to form the sections of shield 102. One method of patterning the shield 102 into sections is by masking the shield layer and then etching the gaps 103. A first layer of dielectric 140 is then formed overlaying the shield 102. The first layer of dielectric 140 also fills in the gaps 103. A first layer of metal 152 is then deposited overlaying the first layer of dielectric 140. As illustrated in FIG. 5B, the first metal layer 152 is then etched using a mask to form the underpass 132. A second dielectric layer 142 is then formed overlaying the underpass 132 and first layer of dielectric 140. This is illustrated in FIG. 5C. The first and second dielectric layers 140 and 142 may be formed by a variety of methods such as thermally grown or deposited. Moreover, the first and second dielectric layers 140 and 142 are represented by dielectric layer 123 of FIG. 4. Referring back to FIG. 5C, the second dielectric layer 142 is then masked and etched to form vias 146. Contacts 134 and 136 are then formed in the vias, as illustrated in FIG. 5D. One method of forming the contacts 134 and 136 in the vias is by the dual Damascene process. A second metal layer 148 is deposited at the same time the contacts 134 and 136 are formed. Referring to FIG. 5E, the second metal layer 148 is then masked and etched to form the first and second current path regions 120 and 122 and the overpass 130. As illustrated, contacts 136 couple the second current path region 122 to the underpass 132 and contacts 134 couple the first current path region 120 to the underpass 132. FIG. 5E also illustrates that a sealing layer of passivation 160 is typically then formed to protect the circuit. The passivation layer 160 overlays all the circuits formed in the integrated circuit. Although the layers of metal and dielectric have been described as being patterned by a mask and etch technique, it will be understood in the art that other patterning techniques could be used to achieve similar results and that the present invention is not limited to mask and etch techniques. Moreover, although FIG. 1 illustrates an embodiment of the present invention as being in the shape of an octagon, embodiments of the present invention could have many different (approximately) regular polygonal shapes, such as a square or circle, and the present invention is not limited to the shape of an octagon. In addition, embodiments of the present invention can have more than two rings of current path regions 120, 122, 124 and 126. In fact, an embodiment of a symmetric center-tapped inductor 200 having more than two rings of current path regions is illustrated in FIG. 6. As illustrated in FIG. 6, in this embodiment two current routers 210 and 212 are used to direct current around the rings of current path regions 220, 222, 224, 226, 227 and 228. The current path regions 220, 222, 224, 226, 227 and 228 and the current routers 210 and 212 are formed as describe above with regard to symmetric center-tapped inductor 100 of FIG. 1. FIG. 6 also illustrates an alternative embodiment of a shield layer 202. In this embodiment, the shield 202 is a doped layer in the semiconductor and is patterned by trenches 204 to form sections of shield 202. A capacitive charge created by a current in one of the current path regions 220, 222, 224, 226, 227 and 228 is intercepted by an associated section of the shield 202. The respective section of shield 202 then generally radially directs the charge to a metal halo 206 that is positioned to encircle an outer perimeter of the symmetric center-tapped inductor 200. The halo 206 is coupled to each segment of shield 202 to receive the charge. Referring to FIG. 7, a cross sectional view at line G_H of FIG. 6 is illustrated. Implanting dopants into the substrate 240 to create a conductive layer that is more conductive than adjacent layers forms the shield 202, of this embodiment. As illustrated, trenches 204 are then etched and filled with insulating material in the substrate 240. The trenches 204 are used to separate the shield 202 into regions. The halo 206 is coupled to the shield 202 by contact 210. The halo 206, the contact 210, the shield 202, and the trenches 204 are overlayed by dielectric layer 242. Current path regions 220, 227 and 224 are deposited to overlay the dielectric layer 242. In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 6, the halo 206 is formed having two gaps 230. These gaps 230 are positioned so each segment of halo 206 is symmetric about the plane of symmetry 250. When a charge enters a portion of the halo 202 it moves in the halo 202 to a position opposite the plane of symmetry 250 where it is pulled up out of the halo 206 as similarly describe above for symmetric center-tapped inductor 100. In this embodiment, the shield 202 and the halo 206 are not coupled to an external AC ground. In another embodiment that has its shield and halo coupled to an external AC ground, only one gap 230 is formed in the halo 206 and the gap 230 is located at the line of symmetry 250. This embodiment is illustrated in FIG. 8. In another embodiment, a combination of the gaps in the halos illustrated in FIGS. 6 and 8 are implemented. In this embodiment, the halo has a first gap positioned at the plane of symmetry, a second gap positioned on a first side of the plane of symmetry and a third gap positioned on a second side of the plane of symmetry. Moreover, in this embodiment, the second and third gaps are symmetric with respect to each other about the plane of symmetry. Another embodiment of current path regions 251t, 251b, 252t, 252b, 254t and 254b of a symmetric inducting device is illustrated in FIG. 9. In this embodiment, three pairs of current path regions 251 (t and b), 252(t and b) and 254(t and b) are formed in a generally regular polygonal shape, which in this case is an octagon. Each pair of current path regions 251 (t and b), 252(t and b) and 254(t and b) is generally symmetric about a plane of symmetry denoted by line 253 in FIG. 9. This embodiment includes a first and second current routers 256 and 258 to selectively coupled current between current path regions 251, 252 and 254. Current routers 256 and 258 of this embodiment have underpasses that are wider than the overpasses to achieve similar resistance paths through the overpasses and the underpasses. This embodiment also includes first (positive) and second (negative) leads 260 and 262 to couple an external AC voltage across. Also included in this embodiment, is third and fourth leads 264 and 266 which are coupled on opposite sides of the plane of symmetry 253 to current path region 254 which supplies additional leads for circuit designs. Yet another example of an embodiment of pairs of current path regions 268(t and b), 270(t and b), 272(t and b), 274(t and b), 276(t and b), 278(t and b) and 280(t and b) of the present invention is illustrated in FIG. 10. In this embodiment, each pair of current path regions 268(t and b), 270(t and b), 272(t and b) 274(t and b), 276(t and b), 278(t and b) and 280(t and b) form a generally regular polygonal shape, which in this case is a square. Each pair is generally symmetric about a plane of symmetry denote by line 271 of FIG. 10. This embodiment has first and second current routers 282 and 284 that are formed with two overpasses and two underpasses as illustrated in FIG. 10. With the current routers 282 and 284, single current routers of embodiments of the present invention are doubled up to form the double current routers 282 and 284. For example, double current router 282 couples current path region 270t to current path region 274b and current path region 272t to current path region 276b. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 10 the underpasses of current routers 282 and 284 are wider than the overpasses to achieve similar resistance paths through the overpasses and the underpasses. Also included is current router 286 that has a single overpass and a single underpass. Moreover, this embodiment includes first and second leads 288 and 290 and third and fourth leads 292 and 294. The first and second leads 288 and 290 are coupled on opposite sides of the plane of symmetry 271 to current path region pair 268. The third and fourth leads 292 and 294 are coupled on opposite sides of the plane of symmetry 271 to current path region 270. Although specific embodiments have been illustrated and described herein, it will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that any arrangement, which is calculated to achieve the same purpose, may be substituted for the specific embodiment shown. This application is intended to cover any adaptations or variations of the present invention. Therefore, it is manifestly intended that this invention be limited only by the claims and the equivalents thereof.	<SOH> BACKGROUND <EOH>Integrated circuits incorporate complex electrical components formed in semiconductor material into a single circuit. Generally, an integrated circuit comprises a substrate upon which a variety of circuit components are formed and connected to form a circuit. Integrated circuits are made of semiconductor material. Semiconductor material is material that has a resistance that lies between that of a conductor and an insulator. The resistance of semiconductor material can vary by many orders-of-magnitude depending on the concentration of impurities or dopants. Semiconductor material is used to make electrical devices that exploit its resistive properties. It is desired to design integrated circuits in which electrical components and circuits within the integrated circuit do not interfere with each other. One method of accomplishing this is by including differential circuits. A differential circuit is a circuit that is really two circuits with opposite voltages and currents. That is, a differential circuit comprises a first circuit that produces desired voltages and currents and a second circuit that is identical to the first circuit that produces opposite voltages and currents. The opposite voltages and currents work to cancel out parasitics that naturally occur because of the voltages and currents and helps isolate the circuit from other circuits in the integrated circuit. Further discussion on parasitics can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 5,717,243, which is incorporated herein by reference. Symmetric inducting devices are useful in differential circuits. Moreover, it is desired in the art to have a symmetric inducting device that has less resistive loss without introducing other parasitics. For the reasons stated above and for other reasons stated below which will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon reading and understanding the present specification, there is a need in the art for an integrated circuit with a symmetric inductor that has reduced resistive loss with low parasitic characteristics.	<SOH> SUMMARY <EOH>The above-mentioned problems with symmetric inductors in integrated circuits and other problems are addressed by the present invention and will be understood by reading and studying the following specification. In one embodiment, a symmetric inducting device for an integrated circuit is disclosed. The symmetric inducting device comprises a substrate, a main metal layer and a shield. The substrate has a working surface and a second surface that is opposite the working surface. The main metal layer has at least one pair of current path regions. Each of the current path region pairs is formed in generally a regular polygonal shape. Moreover, each current path region pair is generally symmetric about a plane of symmetry that is perpendicular to the working surface of the substrate such that each current path region pair has one current path region on one side of the plane of symmetry and another current path region on the other side of the plane of symmetry. The shield is positioned between the second surface of the substrate and the main metal layer. The shield is patterned into segments. The segments of shield are generally symmetric about the plane of symmetry. In addition, medial portions of at least some segments of the shield are formed generally perpendicular to the plane of symmetry as the medial portions cross the plane of symmetry. The shield is more conductive than regions directly adjacent the shield. In another embodiment, a symmetric transformer for an integrated circuit comprises a substrate, a main metal layer and a shield. The substrate has a working surface and a second surface that is opposite the working surface. The main metal layer has at least one pair of current path regions. Each of the current path region pairs is formed in generally a regular polygonal shape. Moreover, each current path region pair is generally symmetric about a plane of symmetry that is perpendicular to the working surface of the substrate such that each current path region pair has one current path region on one side of the plane of symmetry and another current path region on the other side of the plane of symmetry. The shield is positioned between the second surface of the substrate and the main metal layer. The shield is patterned into segments. The segments of shield are generally symmetric about the plane of symmetry. Medial portions of most segments of the shield are formed generally perpendicular to the plane of symmetry as the medial portions cross the plane of symmetry. In addition, the shield is more conductive than regions directly adjacent the shield. In another embodiment, a symmetric inducting device for an integrated circuit is disclosed. The symmetric inducting device includes a substrate, a main metal layer and at least one current router. The substrate has a working surface and a second surface opposite the working surface. The main metal layer is positioned a predetermined distance from the working surface of the substrate. The main metal layer having at least one pair of current path regions. Each current path region pair is formed in generally a regular polygonal shape. Moreover, each current path region pair is generally symmetric about a plane of symmetry that is perpendicular to the working surface of the substrate such that each current path region pair has one current path region on one side of the plane of symmetry and another current path region on the other side of the plane of symmetry. The at least one current router is used to selectively route current from one pair of current path regions to another pair of current path regions. Each current router has an overpass and an underpass, wherein a width of the overpass is narrower than a width of the underpass. In another embodiment, an inductor for an integrated circuit is disclosed. The inductor includes a substrate, one or more pairs of current path regions, one or more current routers and a conductive shield. The substrate has a working surface and a second surface opposite the working surface. The one or more pairs of current path regions are formed in a first metal layer. Each pair of current path regions is generally symmetric about a plane of symmetry such that each current path region pair has one current path region on one side of the plane of symmetry and another current path region on the other side of the plane of symmetry. Moreover, each pair of current path regions is formed in a generally regular polygonal shape. The one or more current routers are selectively coupled to route current from current path regions in a pair of current path regions to current path regions in other pairs of current path regions. Each current router has an overpass and an underpass. The conductive shield layer is positioned between the second surface of the substrate and the first metal layer. The shield layer is patterned into segments to decrease image currents. The segments of the shield layer are generally symmetric about the plane of symmetry, wherein a portion of most segments of shield adjacent the plane of symmetry are perpendicular to the plane of symmetry. In another embodiment, a symmetric inducting device for an integrated circuit is disclosed. The symmetric inducting device includes a substrate, a main metal layer, a shield and a conducting halo. The substrate has a working surface and a second surface that is opposite the working surface. The main metal layer has at least one pair of current path regions. Each current path region pair is formed in generally a regular polygonal shape. Moreover, each current path region pair is generally symmetric about a plane of symmetry that is perpendicular to the working surface of the substrate such that each current path region pair has one current path region on one side of the plane of symmetry and another current path region on the other side of the plane of symmetry. The shield is positioned between the second surface of the substrate and the main metal layer. The shield is patterned into segments. The segments of shield are generally symmetric about the plane of symmetry. Moreover, the shield is more conductive than regions directly adjacent the shield. The conducting halo extends around an outer perimeter of the shield. The halo is further electrically connected to each section of shield. Moreover, the halo has at least one gap and is symmetric about the plane of symmetry. Each section of shield is electrically connected to the halo. In another embodiment, an inducting device for an integrated circuit is disclosed. The inducting device includes a substrate, a main metal layer, a shield layer, at least one current router and one or more capacitor compensation sections for each current router. The substrate has a working surface and a second surface opposite the working surface. The main metal layer is formed a select distance from the working surface of the substrate. The main metal layer has one or more pairs of current path regions formed therein. The shield layer is positioned between the second surface of the substrate and the main metal layer. The shield layer is more conductive than regions directly adjacent the shield layer. The at least one current router couples a current path region in one pair of current path regions to a current path region in another pair of current path regions. Each current router has an overpass and an underpass. Each capacitor compensation section is electrically connected to a current path region that is coupled to an overpass of an associated current router, wherein each capacitor compensation section approximates parasitic capacitance of an underpass of the associated current router to the shield layer. In another embodiment, a current router for an inducting device in an integrated circuit is disclosed. The current router comprises one or more overpasses to electrically connect select current path regions of the inducting device. The one or more overpasses are made from a conductive layer having a first sheet resistance. Each overpass has a first width. The current router also has one or more underpasses to electrically connect different select current path regions. The one or more underpasses are made from a conducting layer having a second different sheet resistance. Each underpass has a second different width, wherein the resistance in each overpass is approximately equal to the resistance in each associated underpass. In another embodiment, a patterned shield layer having a plurality of segments of shield for an inducting device in an integrated circuit is disclosed. The patterned shield layer includes a plurality of conductive straps. Each conductive strap is electrically connected to a selected segment of shield to provide an alternative path of reduced resistance for the associated segment of shield. In another embodiment, a method of forming an inductive device in an integrated circuit. The method comprising forming a shield layer. Patterning the shield layer into sections of shield that are generally symmetric to a plane of symmetry, wherein portions of some of the sections of shield are patterned perpendicular to the plane of symmetry as they cross the plane of symmetry. Forming a layer of dielectric overlaying the sections of shield. Depositing a first layer of metal overlaying the dielectric layer. Patterning the first layer of metal to from one or more pairs of current path regions that are generally symmetric about the plan of symmetry such that each current path region pair has one current path region on one side of the plane of symmetry and another current path region on the other side of the plane of symmetry. In another embodiment, a method of forming a symmetric inducting device for an integrated circuit is disclosed. The method comprising patterning one or more pairs of current path regions in a main metal layer that overlays a working surface of a substrate of an integrated circuit, wherein each pair of current path regions are patterned to be generally symmetric about a plane of symmetry that is perpendicular to the working surface of the substrate. Forming current routers having an overpass and an underpass to selectively couple one current path region in a pair of current path regions to another current path region in another pair of current path regions, wherein a width of the overpass is formed less than the width of the underpass to approximate resistances through the overpass and the underpass. In another embodiment, a method of forming a symmetric inducting device for an integrated circuit is disclosed. The method comprises, forming a shield layer and patterning the shield layer to form sections of shield that are generally symmetric to a plane of symmetry, wherein at least a mid portion of most sections of shield are perpendicular to the plane of symmetry. Metal straps are formed from at least one interior metal layer, wherein the at least one interior metal layer is formed a select distance from the sections of shield. Termination ends of each of the metal straps are coupled to an associated select section of shield, wherein each strap extends along the mid portion of an associated select section of shield. The method further includes forming a plurality of current path regions from a main metal layer. The at least one interior metal layer is positioned closer to the shield layer than to the main metal layer. Moreover, the plurality of the current path regions are generally symmetric to the plane of symmetry. In another embodiment, a method of forming an inductive device in an integrated circuit is disclosed. The method comprising, forming a shield layer. Patterning the shield layer into segments of shield that are symmetric about a plane of symmetry. Forming a conductive halo a predetermined distance from shield layer, wherein the halo is formed to extend around an outer perimeter of the segments of shield. Coupling the conductive halo to each of the sections of shield. Patterning at least one gap in the conducting halo, wherein the conducting halo is symmetric about the plane of symmetry. Forming a main metal layer, the halo is positioned between the main metal layer and the shield layer. Patterning the main metal layer to form at least one pair of generally regular polygonal current path regions wherein the at least one pair of current path regions are generally symmetric about the plane of symmetry. In another embodiment, a method of forming a current router to coupled select current path regions in an integrated circuit is disclosed. The method comprising forming a first conductive layer having a first sheet resistance. Patterning the first conductive layer to form one or more underpasses having a first width. Forming a second conductive layer having a second different sheet resistance a select distance from the first conductive layer. Patterning the second conductive layer to form one or more overpasses having a second different width, wherein the resistance in each overpass is generally equal to the resistance in an associated underpass. In another embodiment, a method of forming an inducting device, the method comprising forming a shield layer. Forming a main metal layer a select distance from the shield layer. Patterning the main metal layer into one or more current path regions. Forming one or more current routers to couple current path regions to each other, wherein each current router having an overpass and an underpass. Forming one or more capacitor compensation sections for each current router. Coupling each capacitor compensation section to an overpass of an associated current router to approximate parasitic capacitance of an underpass of the associated current router to the shield.	20040528	20060801	20050310	67894.0		6	DANG, PHUC T	SYMMETRIC INDUCTING DEVICE FOR AN INTEGRATED CIRCUIT HAVING A GROUND SHIELD	UNDISCOUNTED	1	CONT-ACCEPTED		2,004
10,856,044	ACCEPTED	High-speed serial linking device with de-emphasis function and the method thereof	A high-speed serial linking device with de-emphasis function for receiving a parallel data and accordingly outputting a de-emphasized transmission differential pair. The high-speed serial linking device includes a parallel-to-serial unit, a pre-driver, and an output driver. The parallel-to-serial unit is used to receive a parallel data and further serializes the parallel data into a serial data and a delayed serial data. The pre-driver outputs a data differential pair according to the serial data and outputs a delayed-and-inverted differential pair according to the delayed serial data. The output driver unit is used to receive the data differential pair and the delayed-and-inverted differential pair to accordingly output a de-emphasized transmission differential pair.	1. A high-speed serial linking device with de-emphasis function, comprising: a parallel-to-serial unit which receives a parallel data to serialize the parallel data into a serial data and a delayed serial data, wherein the delayed serial data is one serial bit time lag behind the serial data; a pre-driver which receives the serial data and the delayed serial data to output a data differential pair according to the serial data and output a delayed-and-inverted differential pair according to the delayed serial data, wherein the delayed-and-inverted differential pair is the inverse of and one serial bit time lag behind the data differential pair; and an output driver unit which receives the data differential pair and the delayed-and-inverted differential pair to output a de-emphasized transmission differential pair. 2. The high-speed serial linking device according to claim 1, wherein the parallel-to-serial unit comprises: a first serializer which receives and serializes the parallel data to output the serial data; a register which receives the last bit of the parallel data and further has the last bit of the parallel data delayed and outputted; and a second serializer which generates and outputs the delayed serial data according to the parallel data and the output of the register. 3. The high-speed serial linking device according to claim 1, wherein the pre-driver comprises: a data differentiator which receives the serial data and accordingly outputs the data differential pair; and an inverse data differentiator which receives the delayed serial data and outputs the delayed-and-inverted differential pair. 4. The high-speed serial linking device according to claim 3, wherein the data differentiator comprises: an AND gate which receives a first control signal and the serial data and outputs a positive differential signal of the data differential pair; and an NOR gate which receives a second control signal and the serial data and outputs a negative differential signal of the data differential pair, wherein the first control signal is the inverse of the second control signal. 5. The high-speed serial linking device according to claim 3, wherein the inverse data differentiator comprises: an AND gate which receives a first control signal and the delayed serial data and outputs a negative differential signal of the delayed-and-inverted differential pair; and an NOR gate which receives a second control signal and the delayed serial data and accordingly outputs a positive differential signal of the delayed-and-inverted differential pair, wherein the first control signal is the inverse of the second control signal. 6. The high-speed serial linking device according to claim 1, wherein the output driver comprises: a first output circuit which receives a positive delayed-and-inverted differential signal of the data differential pair and a positive differential signal of the delayed-and-inverted differential pair to output a positive transmission differential signal of the de-emphasized transmission differential pair; and a second output circuit which receives a negative differential signal of the data differential pair and a negative delayed-and-inverted differential signal of the delayed-and-inverted differential pair to output a negative transmission differential signal of the de-emphasized transmission differential pair. 7. The high-speed serial linking device according to claim 6, wherein the first output circuit comprises: a first current source; a second current source; a resistor; a first switch which decides if the current of the first current source is allowed to flow to the resistor according to the positive differential signal of the data differential pair; and a second switch which decides if the current of the second current source is allowed to flow to the resistor according to the positive delayed-and-inverted differential signal of the delayed-and-inverted differential pair. 8. The high-speed serial linking device according to claim 7, wherein the first switch and the second switch are transistors. 9. The high-speed serial linking device according to claim 7, wherein the current of the first current source is larger than the current of the second current source. 10. The high-speed serial linking device according to claim 6, wherein the second output circuit comprises: a first current source; a second current source; a resistor; a first switch which decides if the current of the first current source is allowed to flow to the resistor according to the negative differential signal of the data differential pair; and a second switch which decides if the current of the second current source is allowed to flow to the resistor according to the negative delayed-and-inverted differential signal of the delayed-and-inverted differential pair. 11. The high-speed serial linking device according to claim 10, wherein the first switch and the second switch are transistors. 12. The high-speed serial linking device according to claim 10, wherein the current of the first current source is larger than the current of the second current source. 13. A high-speed serial linking transmission method with de-emphasis function, comprising the steps of: serializing a parallel data into a serial data and a delayed serial data, wherein the delayed serial data is one serial bit time lag behind the serial data; converting the serial data and the delayed serial data into a data differential pair and a delayed-and-inverted differential pair respectively, wherein the delayed-and-inverted differential pair is the inverse of and is one serial bit time lag behind the data differential pair; and generating a de-emphasized transmission differential pair according to the data differential pair and the delayed-and-inverted differential pair. 14. The method according to claim 13, wherein a positive transmission differential signal of and a negative transmission differential signal of the de-emphasized transmission differential pair respectively belongs to one of the four levels ranked in a descending order, namely level 1, level 2, level 3 and level 4. 15. The method according to claim 13, wherein the serializing step comprises: serializing the parallel data into a serial data; storing the last bit of the parallel data and outputting it after a serial bit time; and generating a delayed serial data which is one serial bit time lag behind the serial data. 16. The method according to claim 13, wherein the generation of the data differential pair comprises: performing AND operation on a first control signal and the serial data to generate a positive differential signal of the data differential pair; and performing NOR operation on a second control signal and the serial data to generate a negative differential signal of the data differential pair, wherein the second control signal is the inverse of the first control signal. 17. The method according to claim 13, wherein the generation of the delayed-and-inverted differential pair comprises the steps of: performing AND operation on a first control signal and the delayed serial data to generate a negative delayed-and-inverted differential signal of the delayed-and-inverted differential pair; and performing NOR operation on a second control signal and the delayed serial data to generate a positive delayed-and-inverted differential signal of the delayed-and-inverted differential pair, wherein the second control signal is the inverse of the first control signal. 18. The method according to claim 13, wherein the generation of the de-emphasized transmission differential pair comprises: generating a positive transmission signal of the de-emphasized transmission differential pair according to a positive differential signal of the data differential pair and a positive delayed-and-inverted differential signal of the delayed-and-inverted differential pair; and generating a negative transmission signal of the de-emphasized transmission differential pair according to a negative differential signal of the data differential pair and a negative delayed-and-inverted differential signal of the delayed-and-inverted differential pair.	This application claims the benefit of Taiwan application Serial No. 092120025, filed Jul. 22, 2003, the subject matter of which is incorporated herein by reference. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The invention relates in general to a high-speed serial linking device, and more particularly to a high-speed serial linking device with de-emphasis function and the method thereof. 2. Description of the Related Art As higher and higher data transmission speed in computer is requested, existing parallel transmission architectures, PCI architecture for instance, become insufficient to satisfy consumers' demand. Parallel link architectures use plural linking lines and further synchronize the clock pulses of these linking lines. It is very difficult to synchronize the clock pulses of plural linking lines under high-speed data transmission. The current practice of high-speed data transmission uses serial link transmission such as PCI express architecture whose data rate can be as high as 2.5 GHz or over. But, such high frequency signals will suffer a large amount of signal loss during transmission on the circuit board. Normally, de-emphasis technology is used to reduce high-frequency signal loss. FIG. 1 is the diagram showing the wave form of a high-frequency serial link signal transmission using de-emphasis technology. High-frequency signals can be transmitted via a transmission differential pair TDP and TDN. When two consecutive bits are identical, high-frequency signal loss becomes significant. Hence de-emphasis technology is used to reduce the voltage swings of the second bit and of onward bits in a string of identical bits so as to reduce high-frequency signal loss. Take TDN signal for example. The bit values of TDN signal are shown at the bottom of FIG. 1 wherein two consecutive ‘0’s occur at D3 and D4 while three consecutive ‘0’s occur at D6, D7 and D8. With the occurrence of consecutively repeated bits, the voltage swings of D4, D7 and D8, the second and onward bits in a string of identical bits, are reduced so as to reduce high-frequency signal loss. The above application still holds true when consecutive ‘1’s occur and is not repeated here. The above de-emphasis method first of all checks the occurrence of consecutively repeated bits: if found, these consecutively repeated bits are modulated to reduce voltage swings. However, since the data rate of high-frequency signals is getting faster and faster, the bit time becomes shorter and shorter. For example, one bit time unit under PCI express architecture is only 400 ps. It is extremely difficult to execute the inspection circuit and modulation circuit of de-emphasis technology within such a short bit time. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is therefore an object of the invention to provide a high-speed serial linking device with de-emphasis function and the method thereof. It is another object of the invention to provide a high-speed serial linking device with de-emphasis function for receiving a parallel data and accordingly outputting a de-emphasized transmission differential pair with de-emphasis function. The high-speed serial linking device includes a parallel-to-serial unit, a pre-driver, and an output driver. The parallel-to-serial unit is used to receive a parallel data and further serializes the parallel data into a serial data and a delayed serial data. The delayed serial data is one serial bit time lag behind the serial data. The pre-driver is used to receive the serial data and the delayed serial data to output a data differential pair according to the serial data and outputs a delayed-and-inverted differential pair according to the delayed serial data. The delayed-and-inverted differential pair is the inverse of and is one serial bit time lag behind the data differential pair. The output driver unit is used to receive a data differential pair and a delayed-and-inverted differential pair to accordingly output a de-emphasized transmission differential pair. It is another object of the invention to provide a high-speed serial linking method with de-emphasis function for receiving a parallel data and accordingly outputting a de-emphasized transmission differential pair. Firstly, the parallel data is serialized into a serial data and a delayed serial data, wherein the delayed serial data is one serial bit time lag behind the serial data. Next, the serial data is converted into a data differential pair while the delayed serial data is converted into a delayed-and-inverted differential pair, wherein the delayed-and-inverted differential pair is the inverse of and is one serial bit time lag behind the data differential pair. Lastly, by means of the data differential pair and the delayed-and-inverted differential pair, a de-emphasized transmission differential pair is generated. Other objects, features, and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of the preferred but non-limiting embodiments. The following description is made with reference to the accompanying drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 shows the wave form of a high-frequency serial link signal transmission using de-emphasis technology; FIG. 2 shows the schematic diagram of a high-frequency serial linking device with de-emphasis function according to one preferred embodiment of the invention; FIG. 3A shows the schematic diagram of a parallel-to-serial unit; FIG. 3B shows the clock pulses of a parallel data and serial data DT and DT_DE; FIG. 4 shows the schematic diagram of a pre-driver; FIG. 5A shows the schematic diagram of an output driver; and FIG. 5B shows the clock pulses of the I/O signals of an output driver. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Referring to FIG. 2, the schematic diagram of a high-frequency serial linking device with de-emphasis function according to one preferred embodiment of the invention. High-frequency serial linking device 200 receives 10-bit parallel data, [D0, D1, . . . D9], and accordingly outputs a de-emphasized transmission differential pair, TDP and TDN, wherein high-frequency serial linking device 200 includes parallel-to-serial unit 210, pre-driver 230 and output driver 250. Parallel-to-serial unit 210 receives parallel data, [D0, D1, . . . D9], and further serializes the parallel data into serial data DT. Apart from serializing parallel data into serial data, parallel-to-serial unit 210 further uses parallel data [D0, D1, . . . D9] to generate a delayed serial data DT_DE, which is one bit time lag behind the serial data DT. Pre-driver 230 receives serial data DT, converts the serial data DT into a data differential pair, DP and DN, and thereby outputs the data differential pair. Meanwhile, pre-driver 230 receives delayed serial data DT_DE and thereby outputs delayed-and-inverted differential pair DP_DE and DN_DE. According to data differential pair DP and DN and delayed-and-inverted differential pair DP_DE and DN_DE, output driver 250 outputs transmission differential pair TDP and TDN. FIG. 3A shows the schematic diagram of parallel-to-serial unit 210. Parallel-to-serial unit 210 includes serializers 212 and 214 and register 216. Serializer 212 receives parallel data, [D0, D1, . . . D9], serializes the parallel data and outputs serial data DT. Register 216 is used to store the last bit D9 in the parallel data and output it after one serial bit time. That is to say, what is outputted by register 216 is the last bit D9T in the previous parallel data, [D0T, D1T, . . . , D9T]. Serializer 214 receives parallel data, D9T and D0˜D8, serializes it, and outputs delayed serial data DT_DE, wherein D9T is the last bit in the previous parallel data outputted by register 216 while D0˜D8 are the first 9 bits in the present parallel data. FIG. 3B shows the clock pulses of a parallel data and serial data DT and DT_DE. Each and every parallel bit time in parallel data [D0, D1, . . . , D9] is 4 ns, for example. Serializer 212 samples each and every bit in parallel data [D0, D1, . . . , D9] under 10× frequency and thereby outputs serial data DT whose serial bit time is 400 ps. Serializer 214 samples each and every bit in parallel data [D9T, D0, D1, . . . , D8] under 10× frequency and accordingly outputs delayed serial data DT_DE. Delayed serial data DT_DE is 1 serial bit time lag behind serial data. FIG. 4 shows the schematic diagram of pre-driver 230. Pre-driver 230 includes data differentiator 232 and inverse data differentiator 240. Data differentiator 232 receives serial data DT, and thereby outputs a data differential pair, DP and DN. Inverse data differentiator 240 receives delayed serial data DT_DE and thereby outputs delayed-and-inverted differential pair, DN_DE and DP_DE, which are phase inverse of and one serial bit time lag behind the data differential pair DP and DN. Data differentiator 232 includes AND gate 234 and NOR gate 236. AND gate 234 receives control signal PD′ and serial data DT and thereby outputs DP, the positive differential signal of the data differential pair. NOR gate 236 receives control signal PD and serial data DT and thereby outputs DN, the negative differential signal of the data differential pair. Control signal PD′ is the inverse of control signal PD. Inverse data differentiator 240 includes AND gate 242 and NOR gate 244. AND gate 242 receives control signal PD′ and delayed serial data DT_DE to output negative delayed-and-inverted differential signal DN_DE. NOR gate 244 receives control signal PD and delayed serial data DT_DE to output positive delayed-and-inverted differential signal DP_DE. FIG. 5A is the schematic diagram of the output driver 250. Output driver 250 includes first output circuit 252 and second output circuit 254. First output circuit 252 receives positive differential signal DP and positive delayed-and-inverted differential signal DP_DE to output positive transmission differential signal TDP. Second output circuit 254 receives negative differential signal DN and negative delayed-and-inverted differential signal DN_DE to output negative transmission differential signal TDN. First output circuit 252 includes current sources I1 and I2, transistors N1 and N2, and resistor R1, wherein current source I1 is larger than current source I2. Transistor N1 is controlled by differential signal DP to turn on and off. Transistor N2 is controlled by positive delayed-and-inverted differential signal DP_DE to turn on and off. The voltage value of positive differential signal TDP is decided according to the inflow current of resistor R1. Second output circuit 254 includes current sources I3 and I4, transistors N3 and N4, and resistor R2. Transistor N3 is controlled by negative differential signal DN to turn on and off. Transistor N4 is controlled by negative delayed-and-inverted differential signal DP_DE to turn on and off. The voltage value of the negative transmission differential signal TDN is decided according to the inflow current of resistor R2. Basically, the resistance of resistor R2 is designed to be the same with the resistance of resistor R1, while the current of current source I3 is the same with the current of current source I1 and so is the current of current source I4 the same with the current of current source I2. Consequently, the current of current source of I3 is larger than the current of current source I4. FIG. 5B is the clock pulses of the I/O signals of output driver 250. The bit values shown in data [D0, D1, . . . , D9] of data differential pair DP and DN are 0100011010. Delayed-and-inverted differential pair DP_DE and DN_DE is the inverse of and is one bit time lag behind differential pair DP and DN. Transmission differential pair TDP and TDN has four levels, namely level 1, level 2, level 3 and level 4 when ranked in a descending order. Firstly, the operations of first output circuit 252 are illustrated as follows. Take bit D1 for example, wherein both positive differential signal DP and positive differential signal DP_DE are 1. Both transistors N1 and N2 are turned on and thereby the inflow current of resistor R1 is (I1+I2). Therefore, positive transmission differential signal TDP is at level 1, the maximum level which reads as (I1+I2)R1. D1 of positive delayed-and-inverted differential signal DP_DE is the inverse of bit D0 of positive differential signal DP. That is, if positive differential signal DP and positive delayed-and-inverted differential signal DP_DE in the same bit time are identical, the value of the present bit and is different from the value of the previous bit, i.e., D1 is different from D0, and in such situation, the present bit value of 1 contributes to level 1 of positive transmission differential signal TDP. Take bit D2 for example, wherein both positive differential signal DP and positive delayed-and-inverted differential signal DP_DE are 0. Both transistors N1 and N2 are turned off and thereby the inflow current of resistor R1 equals 0. Consequently, positive transmission differential signal TDP is at level 4, the minimum level whose value is 0. That is, if positive differential signal DP and positive delayed-and-inverted differential signal DP_DE in the same bit time are identical, the value of the present bit is different from the value of the previous bit, and in such situation, the present bit value of 0 contributes to level 4 of positive transmission differential signal TDP. Take bit D3 for example, wherein positive differential signal DP equals 0 and positive delayed-and-inverted differential signal DP-DE equals 1. Transistor N1 is turned off while transistor N2 is turned on, and thereby the inflow current of resistor R1 is I2. Therefore, positive transmission differential signal TDP is at level 3, which has a magnitude of I2R1 and is larger than level 4. That is, if positive differential signal DP and positive delayed-and-inverted differential signal DP_DE in the same bit time are different, the value of the present bit is identical to the value of the previous bit, and in such situation, the present bit value of 0 contributes to level 3 of positive transmission differential signal TDP. Next, the operations of second output circuit 254 are illustrated as follows. Take bit D1 for example, wherein both negative differential signal DN and negative delayed-and-inverted differential signal DN_DE are 0. Both transistors N3 and N4 of second output circuit 254 are turned off, and thereby the inflow current of resistor R1 equals 0. Therefore, negative transmission differential signal TDN is at level 4, the minimum level. Take bit D2 for example, wherein both negative differential signal DN and negative delayed-and-inverted differential signal DN_DE are 1. Both transistor N2 and N3 are turned on, and thereby the inflow current of resistor R2 equals (I3+I4). Therefore, negative transmission differential signal TDN is at level 1, the maximum level whose value reads as (I3+I4)R2. That is, if negative differential signal DN and negative delayed-and-inverted differential signal DN_DE of the same bit time are identical, the value of the present bit is different from the value of the previous bit, and in such situation, the present bit value of 1 contributes to level 1 of negative transmission differential signal TDN. Take bit D3 for example, wherein negative differential signal DN equals 1 and negative delayed-and-inverted differential signal DN_DE equals 0. Transistor N3 is turned on while transistor N4 is turned off, and thereby the inflow current of resistor R2 equals I3. Therefore, negative transmission differential signal TDN is at level 2 whose value reads as I3R1. That is, if negative differential signal DN and negative delayed-and-inverted differential signal DN_DE of the same bit time are different, the value of the present bit is identical to the value of the previous bit, and in such situation, the present bit value of 1 contributes to level 2 of negative transmission differential signal TDN. Unlike a conventional de-emphasis method which requires complicated high-speed inspection circuit, the high-speed serial linking device with de-emphasis function of the embodiment achieves de-emphasis function by simple circuits. While the invention has been described by way of example and in terms of a preferred embodiment, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited thereto. On the contrary, it is intended to cover various modifications and similar arrangements and procedures, and the scope of the appended claims therefore should be accorded the broadest interpretation so as to encompass all such modifications and similar arrangements and procedures.	<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>1. Field of the Invention The invention relates in general to a high-speed serial linking device, and more particularly to a high-speed serial linking device with de-emphasis function and the method thereof. 2. Description of the Related Art As higher and higher data transmission speed in computer is requested, existing parallel transmission architectures, PCI architecture for instance, become insufficient to satisfy consumers' demand. Parallel link architectures use plural linking lines and further synchronize the clock pulses of these linking lines. It is very difficult to synchronize the clock pulses of plural linking lines under high-speed data transmission. The current practice of high-speed data transmission uses serial link transmission such as PCI express architecture whose data rate can be as high as 2.5 GHz or over. But, such high frequency signals will suffer a large amount of signal loss during transmission on the circuit board. Normally, de-emphasis technology is used to reduce high-frequency signal loss. FIG. 1 is the diagram showing the wave form of a high-frequency serial link signal transmission using de-emphasis technology. High-frequency signals can be transmitted via a transmission differential pair TDP and TDN. When two consecutive bits are identical, high-frequency signal loss becomes significant. Hence de-emphasis technology is used to reduce the voltage swings of the second bit and of onward bits in a string of identical bits so as to reduce high-frequency signal loss. Take TDN signal for example. The bit values of TDN signal are shown at the bottom of FIG. 1 wherein two consecutive ‘0’s occur at D 3 and D 4 while three consecutive ‘0’s occur at D 6 , D 7 and D 8 . With the occurrence of consecutively repeated bits, the voltage swings of D 4 , D 7 and D 8 , the second and onward bits in a string of identical bits, are reduced so as to reduce high-frequency signal loss. The above application still holds true when consecutive ‘ 1 ’s occur and is not repeated here. The above de-emphasis method first of all checks the occurrence of consecutively repeated bits: if found, these consecutively repeated bits are modulated to reduce voltage swings. However, since the data rate of high-frequency signals is getting faster and faster, the bit time becomes shorter and shorter. For example, one bit time unit under PCI express architecture is only 400 ps. It is extremely difficult to execute the inspection circuit and modulation circuit of de-emphasis technology within such a short bit time.	<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>It is therefore an object of the invention to provide a high-speed serial linking device with de-emphasis function and the method thereof. It is another object of the invention to provide a high-speed serial linking device with de-emphasis function for receiving a parallel data and accordingly outputting a de-emphasized transmission differential pair with de-emphasis function. The high-speed serial linking device includes a parallel-to-serial unit, a pre-driver, and an output driver. The parallel-to-serial unit is used to receive a parallel data and further serializes the parallel data into a serial data and a delayed serial data. The delayed serial data is one serial bit time lag behind the serial data. The pre-driver is used to receive the serial data and the delayed serial data to output a data differential pair according to the serial data and outputs a delayed-and-inverted differential pair according to the delayed serial data. The delayed-and-inverted differential pair is the inverse of and is one serial bit time lag behind the data differential pair. The output driver unit is used to receive a data differential pair and a delayed-and-inverted differential pair to accordingly output a de-emphasized transmission differential pair. It is another object of the invention to provide a high-speed serial linking method with de-emphasis function for receiving a parallel data and accordingly outputting a de-emphasized transmission differential pair. Firstly, the parallel data is serialized into a serial data and a delayed serial data, wherein the delayed serial data is one serial bit time lag behind the serial data. Next, the serial data is converted into a data differential pair while the delayed serial data is converted into a delayed-and-inverted differential pair, wherein the delayed-and-inverted differential pair is the inverse of and is one serial bit time lag behind the data differential pair. Lastly, by means of the data differential pair and the delayed-and-inverted differential pair, a de-emphasized transmission differential pair is generated. Other objects, features, and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of the preferred but non-limiting embodiments. The following description is made with reference to the accompanying drawings.	20040528	20071225	20050127	93052.0		1	TRAN, KHAI	HIGH-SPEED SERIAL LINKING DEVICE WITH DE-EMPHASIS FUNCTION AND THE METHOD THEREOF	UNDISCOUNTED	0	ACCEPTED		2,004
10,856,249	ACCEPTED	Message endpoint activation	Systems and methods for message endpoint activation are disclosed. Under an embodiment of the invention, a method includes identifying an active resource adapter for a server; identifying a message listener type that is supported by the active computer resource adapter; establishing a message subscription to provide messages from a message provider to a server component, a subscription request from the server component comprising the active resource adapter and the supported message listener type; and transferring messages from the message provider to a message listener component for the server component utilizing the active resource adapter.	1. A method comprising: identifying an active resource adapter for a server; identifying a message listener type that is supported by the active computer resource adapter; establishing a message subscription to provide messages from a message provider to a server component, a subscription request from the server component comprising the active resource adapter and the supported message listener type; and transferring messages from the message provider to a message listener component for the server component utilizing the active resource adapter. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein operation of the server is compatible with the Java 2 platform enterprise edition (J2EE) connector architecture specification. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the message listener component does not comprise a message-driven Java bean. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the message listener component is a message endpoint to asynchronously receive messages. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the message provider comprises an enterprise information system (EIS). 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the subscription request further comprises an instance of a message endpoint factory. 7. The method of claim 6, further comprising creating the message listener component utilizing the instance of the message endpoint factory. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the message subscription is established in a single pass. 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising deactivating the message listener component in response to a deactivation request from the server component. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the deactivation request comprises the name of the computer resource adapter and the type of the message listener component. 11. A server comprising: a server component, the server component to request a subscription to receive messages from a message provider, the subscription request including a desired active resource adapter and a desired message type; and an activation interface, the activation interface to receive the request from the server component, the activation interface to send an activation call to the resource adapter; the resource adapter to transfer messages from the message provider to a message listener component of the desired message type. 12. The server of claim 11, wherein the server component is to request identification of any active resource adapters for the server. 13. The server of claim 12, wherein the server component is to request identification of message listener types that are supported by an active computer resource adapter. 14. The server of claim 11, wherein the server is compatible with the Java 2 platform enterprise edition (J2EE) connector architecture specification. 15. The server of claim 11, wherein the message listener component does not comprise a message-driven Java bean. 16. The server of claim 11, wherein the message listener component comprises a message endpoint. 17. The server of claim 16, wherein the message listener component asynchronously receives messages from the message provider. 18. The server of claim 11, wherein the subscription request comprises an instance of a message endpoint factory to create message endpoints of the desired message type. 19. The server of claim 18, wherein the server is to create a message listener component utilizing the instance of the message endpoint factory. 20. The server of claim 11, wherein the message provider comprises an enterprise information system (EIS). 21. A server comprising: means for identifying an active resource adapter for the server; means for identifying message types supported by an active resource adapter; and means for establishment of a message subscription between a server component and a message provider, wherein the means includes establishment of a message endpoint that does not comprise a message-driven Java bean. 22. The server of claim 21, wherein the server is compatible with the Java 2 platform enterprise edition (J2EE) connector architecture specification. 23. The server of claim 21, wherein the message endpoint asynchronously receives messages from the message provider. 24. The server of claim 21, wherein the subscription request comprises means for creating message endpoints of the desired message type. 25. The server of claim 21, wherein the message provider comprises an enterprise information system (EIS). 26. A machine-readable medium having stored thereon data representing sequences of instructions that, when executed by a processor, cause the processor to perform operations comprising: identifying an active resource adapter for a server; identifying a message listener type that is supported by the active computer resource adapter; responding to a request to receive messages from a message provider, the request comprising the active resource adapter and the supported message listener type; and transferring messages from the message provider to a message listener component for the server utilizing the active resource adapter. 27. The medium of claim 26, wherein operation of the server is compatible with the Java 2 platform enterprise edition (J2EE) connector architecture specification. 28. The medium of claim 26, wherein the message listener component does not comprise a message-driven Java bean. 29. The medium of claim 26, wherein the message listener component is a message endpoint to asynchronously receive messages. 30. The medium of claim 26, wherein the message provider comprises an enterprise information system (EIS). 31. The medium of claim 26, wherein the request to receive messages further comprises an instance of a message endpoint factory 32. The medium of claim 31, further comprising instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the processor to perform operations comprising: creating a message listener component utilizing the instance of the message endpoint factory. 33. The method of claim 26, wherein a message subscription is established in a single pass. 34. The medium of claim 26, further comprising instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the processor to perform operations comprising: deactivating the message listener component in response to a deactivation request. 35. The medium of claim 26, wherein the deactivation request comprises the name of the computer resource adapter and the type of the message listener component.	TECHNICAL FIELD Embodiments of the invention generally relate to the field of client/server systems and, more particularly, to a system and method for message endpoint activation. BACKGROUND A conventional client/server system may receive data from multiple internal and external sources and may provide various methods for receiving such data. For example, software applications or program objects may be implemented to act as listening devices or message endpoints. A server may establish a resource adapter for the purpose of receiving messages from a particular enterprise information system (EIS), with messages from the EIS being transferred through the resource adapter and then being directed to the appropriate listening devices. A conventional client/server system may impose limitations on the types of application or objects that can act as listening devices for a server. For example, in a J2EE environment, a message endpoint for asynchronous receipt of messages is limited to a message-driven enterprise Java bean (MDB). Other types of components cannot be utilized to consume such messages. In addition, a conventional client/server system may be inefficient in the establishment of a messaging subscription. Such a process requires that certain choices be made because, for example, a system component is likely only compatible with certain message types, a resource adapter is not generally compatible with all message providers, and a resource adapter will only support certain message types. Further, when a message subscription is activated, certain compatible resource adapters may potentially already be in place during the negotiation of the subscription, but such existing adapters will not be utilized if their existence is not discovered. Similarly, the deactivation of resources will not be efficient if the message endpoints and resource adapters are not sufficiently identified in the process. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION A system and method for message endpoint activation is described. Under one embodiment of the invention, a method comprising identifying an active resource adapter for a server; identifying a message listener type that is supported by the active computer resource adapter; establishing a message subscription to provide messages from a message provider to a server component, a subscription request from the server component comprising the active resource adapter and the supported message listener type; and transferring messages from the message provider to a message listener component for the server component utilizing the active resource adapter. Under another embodiment of the invention, a server comprises a server component, the server component to request a subscription to receive messages from a message provider, the subscription request including a desired active resource adapter and a desired message type; and an activation interface, the activation interface to receive the request from the server component, the activation interface to send an activation call to the resource adapter; the resource adapter to transfer messages from the message provider to a message listener component of the desired message type. Under another embodiment of the invention, a server comprises means for identifying an active resource adapter for the server; means for identifying message types supported by an active resource adapter; and means for establishment of a message subscription between a server component and a message provider, wherein the means includes establishment of a message endpoint that does not comprise a message-driven Java bean. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Embodiments of the invention are illustrated by way of example, and not by way of limitation, in the figures of the accompanying drawings in which like reference numerals refer to similar elements. FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an embodiment of message inflow in a client server system; FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an embodiment of a client/server system receiving messages; FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an embodiment of a client/server system in which arbitrary types of message endpoints may consume messages; FIG. 4 illustrates commands exchanged for an embodiment of the invention; and FIG. 5 is a flowchart illustrating an embodiment of message endpoint activation. DETAILED DESCRIPTION Embodiments of the invention are generally directed to a system and method for message endpoint activation. Under an embodiment of the invention, a server component or application may register as a recipient of messages from a resource, even though the component is of an arbitrary type. For example, a component may register as a message endpoint to receive messages from an enterprise information system (EIS) even though the application does not comprise a message-driven Java bean (MDB). Under an embodiment of the invention, a common interface is established for registration of message recipients in a Java environment. Under an embodiment, the common interface allows the registration of a component that does not comprise a message-driven Java bean. Under an embodiment of the invention, a server component establishes a message subscription in a single pass, utilizing a single activation request. Under an embodiment of the invention, a process for establishment of a message subscription includes passing sufficient parameters in an activation request to allow establishment of the subscription without further data. Under an embodiment of the invention, a server component sends a message subscription activation or deactivation request to an activation interface. The activation interface is a component that is implemented to control and monitor activations as a part of a connector service for the server. In the activation of a message subscription, a process may include the passing of certain parameters to the activation interface. The activation parameters may include the name of an active resource adapter for the message subscription. The activation parameters may include a message listener type for the message subscription. The activation parameters include an instance of an endpoint factory to create message endpoints for the message subscription. A message endpoint is a program component residing in an application server to asynchronously consume message from a message provider. Under an embodiment of the invention, an application server comprises a J2EE (Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition), as provided in the J2EE specification, version 1.4, Nov. 24, 2003. In such environment, the J2EE Connector Architecture Specification, version 1.5, Nov. 24, 2003 (J2EE CAS) limits message endpoints to a message-driven Java bean (MDB). (In addition, a messaging-style API, such as Java messaging service (JMS) may be utilized to send and synchronously receive messages.) Under an embodiment of the invention, a server utilizing the J2EE architecture may allow implementation of a message endpoint that does not comprise a message-driven Java bean, and thus does not require a compatible Java bean container. In general terms, a Java Bean is a Java software component. An enterprise Java bean (EJB) is a Java bean that implements a business task or business entity and that resides in an EJB container. A container is a program entity that provides life cycle management, security, deployment, and runtime services to Java components. Enterprise Java Beans are described in the Enterprise Java Bean Specification 2.1 (Nov. 24, 2003). An EJB may be either an entity bean (which generally represent persistent data in a database), a session bean (which are created by a client and that generally exist for a single client-server session), or a message-driven bean. A message-driven bean (or MDB) is an asynchronous message consumer. A message-driven bean is invoked by a container as a result of the arrival of a message at the destination or endpoint that is serviced by the message-driven bean. Therefore, a client accesses a message-driven bean by sending messages to the destination or endpoint for which the message-driven Java bean is an active listener. The message-driven bean, as a message consumer, handles the processing of the messages. From the perspective of the client, the message-driven bean is hidden behind the destination or endpoint for which the message-driven bean is the message listener, with the actual locations of an enterprise bean and EJB container generally being transparent to a client using the enterprise bean. To establish a messaging subscription in a server, a resource adapter is utilized to provide an interface between the server and a message provider. A resource adapter is a system component located in an application server's address space that provides connectivity for message providers and that is capable of delivering messages to message endpoints residing in the application server. A resource adapter is thus used to plug an external message provider into an application server. Each resource adapter then supports certain endpoint message listener types. A message provider to a server may comprise an enterprise information system (EIS). An EIS provides the information infrastructure for an enterprise. Under an embodiment of the invention, an EIS acts as a message provider to a server, with the messages being consumed by a message endpoint, the message endpoint being of an arbitrary type that is not limited to a message-driven Java bean. Under an embodiment of the invention, methods are implemented that allow a component to obtain information regarding the identity of resource adapters and listener types that will enable the establishment of a message subscription. A first method may provide for identifying all running resource adapters on a server. A second method may provide for listing all supported message listener types for a resource adapter. The methods allow a server component to identify and choose the best resource adapter and message listener type for a message subscription, such as in circumstances in which a server component is compatible with multiple message types. FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an embodiment of message inflow in a client server system. In this illustration, an enterprise information system (EIS) provides communications to a server system. The EIS 105 utilizes a resource adapter 110 to interface with the server system. In this example, the parameters of the inbound communication are subject to an inbound communication contract 115. The inbound communication is transferred to an application server 120 and on to a particular application 125. The inbound communication then is consumed by a message endpoint 130, which is a program component utilized to receive message. The type of the message endpoint 130 is supported by the resource adapter, thereby enabling the communications process. Under an embodiment of the invention, the message subscription arrangement that is illustrated in FIG. 1 is established by a versatile activation interface that allows use of various message endpoints. In such embodiment, the message endpoint 130 is an arbitrary type of listening program component. FIG. 1 illustrates a simplified process in which a single EIS provides inbound-only communications with a server system. A server system may receive messages from multiple EIS systems and other message providers, and the communications may be outbound or bi-directional as well. Multiple resource adapters may be active at any time, with multiple possible message endpoints being in place to operate with the active resource adapters. FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an embodiment of a client/server system receiving messages from an external source. In this illustration, an EIS 205 sends messages to a server. The message is received by inbound resource adapters 210, at least one of which is configured for the EIS 205. The inbound communications are transferred pursuant to inbound contracts 215 and may be received by multiple listeners in an application server 220. FIG. 2, the application server 220 includes a first application denoted as application A 225 and a second application denoted as application B 230. As previously stated regarding the JCA specification, the message endpoints receiving asynchronous messaging are limited to message-driven Java beans (MDB), shown as a first MDB 235 for an application A 225 and a second MDB 250 for an application 230. In this illustration the message listeners then transfer data to other components as needed for processing and utilization of the received messages, with the components being shown in FIG. 2 as a first session bean (SB) 240 and a first entity bean (EB) 245 receiving data from the first MDB 235 and as a second SB 255 and a second entity bean (EB) 260 receiving data from the second MDB 250. FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an embodiment of a client/server system in which arbitrary message endpoints may receive messages from an external source. In this illustration, an EIS 305 sends messages to a server. The messages are received by inbound resource adapters 310, at least one of which is configured for the EIS 305. However, the resource adapter may or may not provide communications to a message-driven Java bean. The inbound communications are sent pursuant to inbound contracts 315 and may be received by multiple listeners in an application server 320. In the illustration shown in FIG. 3, the application server 320 includes a first application denoted as application A 325 and a second application denoted as application B 330. Under an embodiment of the invention, the message endpoints are not limited to message-driven Java beans. In this illustration, a first message endpoint is an MDB 335 for the application 325. However, a second message endpoint is an arbitrary type of listening device for application B 330. In this illustration the MDB 335 may transfer the received data, as shown by shown as a session bean (SB) 340 and an entity bean (EB) 345 receiving data from the MDB 335, and transferring the data on as needed. The second message endpoint 355 is shown transferring the data to another program component 360, which may process or utilize the received messages as needed for the application. Under an embodiment of the invention, the message subscription illustrated in the FIG. 3 is established by a versatile activation interface that allows for the use of various message listeners. Under an embodiment of the invention, the message listeners are not limited to message-driven Java beans. Under an embodiment of the invention, the activation interface allows for establishment of the message subscription in a single pass operation. FIG. 4 illustrating an embodiment of the establishment of message endpoint activation in the form of a sequence diagram. In this illustration, a server component allows establishment of a message subscription in one pass. Under an embodiment of the invention, a server component can utilize an activation interface to register itself as a consumer of messages from an external source. In an embodiment, a message subscription is established without the requirement of running a compatible container for message-driven Java beans. In FIG. 4, the program objects illustrated are a server component 405, an activation interface 410, and a resource adapter 415. According to an embodiment of the invention, the server component 405 calls the activateEndpoint( ) method 420 of the activation interface 410. According to this embodiment, the parameters passed may include the name of the resource adapter to be chosen; an appropriate message endpoint factory instance to allow simple creation of the needed message endpoints; the activation properties; and the message listener type. Upon activateEndpoint( ) method call 420, the activation interface provides for activation of the needed message endpoints 430 and finds the appropriate resource adapter for the message subscription 435, the identified adapter being resource adapter 415. The activation interface 410 dispatches an activation call, endpointActivation( ) 440, to the appropriate resource adapter 415. Upon activation, the control is returned 445 from the resource adapter and then by activateEndpoint( ) return 450 the activation of the message subscription is completed. While the message subscription is active, the resource adapter forwards any received messages from the sender, and the messages are consumed by the active message endpoints 455. Under an embodiment of the invention, specific deactivation of message endpoints may also be implemented. As illustrated in FIG. 4, at the conclusion of the message listening subscription, the server component 405 sends a deactivateEndpoint( ) request to the activation interface 410. Under an embodiment of the invention, the deactivation parameters 465 are the same as the activation parameters and identify the name of the resource adapter in operation and the type of message endpoints utilized in the message subscription. The message endpoints are deactivated 470 and a deactivation call is made to the resource adapter 475. The endpointDeactivation( ) return 480 and the deactivateEndpoint( ) return 485 confirm the completion of the message subscription deactivation. Under an embodiment of the invention, a message endpoint activation interface in a J2EE environment may be as illustrated in Table 1: TABLE 1 EndpointActivation.java package com.sap.engine.interfaces.endpoint; import javax.resource.spi.endpoint.MessageEndpointFactory; import javax.resource.ResourceException; import java.util.Properties; public interface Endpoint Activation { public void activateEndpont( String messageListenerName, MessageEndpointFactory endpointFactory, Properties activationProperties, String messageType) throws ResourceException; public void deactivateEndpont( String messageListenerName, MessageEndpointFactory endpointFactory, Properties activationProperties, String messageType) throws ResourceException; public String[ ] getAllMessageListenerNames( ); public String[ ] getSupportedMessageTypes(String raJNDIName); } In the embodiment of the invention illustrated in Table 1, a message subscription activation request (activateEndpoint) provides a message listener name; an instance of a message endpoint factory for the purpose of creating message endpoints; activation properties; and the message type to identify the message listener required. A message subscription deactivation request contains the same parameters. Under an embodiment of the invention, the use of the activation interface requires a component to provide a subscription request with sufficient parameters to allow establishment of a message subscription in one sequence of operations. In addition, the interface reflects methods to identify all active resource adapters (getAllMessageListenerNames) and to identify the message types that are supported by each resource adapter (getSupportedMessageTypes). Such methods may be utilized in connection with establishment of a message subscription to identify what resource adapters are active and to determine whether a resource adapter is compatible with a message type for a server component. FIG. 5 is a flow chart illustrating an embodiment of endpoint activation for a message subscription. In this illustration, a first method provides for identifying all running resource adapters 505. The knowledge of all running resource adapters allows a request for use of an existing adapter if this is possible. A second method provides for identification of supported message listener types for any resource adapter 510. This method allows a request for a specific message listener type that may be utilized with a server component. The first and second methods provide additional freedom for a server component to determine the best combination of available resource adapters and message listener types. Among other advantages, this process may assist a server component if a server component can work with several different message types. A message subscription request is then made, with the request specifying the resource adapter and message listener type 515. The request includes provision of a message endpoint factory instance to create the needed message endpoint. One or more message endpoints are established 520 and an activation call is made to the resource adapter 525. Upon activation of the message subscription, messages from the relevant message sender (e.g., an EIS) are transferred from the recourse adapter and are consumed by the activated message endpoint 530. Upon completion of the message subscription 535, a deactivation request is made 540 and the message endpoints are deactivated 545. Under an embodiment of the invention, the deactivation request designates the message listener type and the name of the resource adapter, which allows more flexibility in tearing down resources if the resources are no longer needed. The resource adapter then receives a deactivation call 550. It should be appreciated that reference throughout this specification to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” means that a particular feature, structure or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the present invention. Therefore, it is emphasized and should be appreciated that two or more references to “an embodiment” or “one embodiment” or “an alternative embodiment” in various portions of this specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment. Furthermore, the particular features, structures or characteristics may be combined as suitable in one or more embodiments of the invention. Similarly, it should be appreciated that in the foregoing description of exemplary embodiments of the invention, various features of the invention are sometimes grouped together in a single embodiment, figure, or description thereof for the purpose of streamlining the disclosure aiding in the understanding of one or more of the various inventive aspects. This method of disclosure, however, is not to be interpreted as reflecting an intention that the claimed invention requires more features than are expressly recited in each claim. Rather, as the following claims reflect, inventive aspects lie in less than all features of a single foregoing disclosed embodiment. Thus, the claims following the detailed description are hereby expressly incorporated into this detailed description, with each claim standing on its own as a separate embodiment of this invention.	<SOH> BACKGROUND <EOH>A conventional client/server system may receive data from multiple internal and external sources and may provide various methods for receiving such data. For example, software applications or program objects may be implemented to act as listening devices or message endpoints. A server may establish a resource adapter for the purpose of receiving messages from a particular enterprise information system (EIS), with messages from the EIS being transferred through the resource adapter and then being directed to the appropriate listening devices. A conventional client/server system may impose limitations on the types of application or objects that can act as listening devices for a server. For example, in a J2EE environment, a message endpoint for asynchronous receipt of messages is limited to a message-driven enterprise Java bean (MDB). Other types of components cannot be utilized to consume such messages. In addition, a conventional client/server system may be inefficient in the establishment of a messaging subscription. Such a process requires that certain choices be made because, for example, a system component is likely only compatible with certain message types, a resource adapter is not generally compatible with all message providers, and a resource adapter will only support certain message types. Further, when a message subscription is activated, certain compatible resource adapters may potentially already be in place during the negotiation of the subscription, but such existing adapters will not be utilized if their existence is not discovered. Similarly, the deactivation of resources will not be efficient if the message endpoints and resource adapters are not sufficiently identified in the process.	<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>A system and method for message endpoint activation is described. Under one embodiment of the invention, a method comprising identifying an active resource adapter for a server; identifying a message listener type that is supported by the active computer resource adapter; establishing a message subscription to provide messages from a message provider to a server component, a subscription request from the server component comprising the active resource adapter and the supported message listener type; and transferring messages from the message provider to a message listener component for the server component utilizing the active resource adapter. Under another embodiment of the invention, a server comprises a server component, the server component to request a subscription to receive messages from a message provider, the subscription request including a desired active resource adapter and a desired message type; and an activation interface, the activation interface to receive the request from the server component, the activation interface to send an activation call to the resource adapter; the resource adapter to transfer messages from the message provider to a message listener component of the desired message type. Under another embodiment of the invention, a server comprises means for identifying an active resource adapter for the server; means for identifying message types supported by an active resource adapter; and means for establishment of a message subscription between a server component and a message provider, wherein the means includes establishment of a message endpoint that does not comprise a message-driven Java bean.	20040528	20090324	20051215	69587.0		0	BATES, KEVIN T	MESSAGE ENDPOINT ACTIVATION	UNDISCOUNTED	0	ACCEPTED		2,004
10,856,394	ACCEPTED	Techniques for operating semiconductor devices	Techniques for data storage are provided. In one aspect, a method for writing one or more magnetic memory cells comprises the following steps. Data is written to one or more of the magnetic memory cells. It is detected whether there are any errors in the data written to the one or more magnetic memory cells. The data is rewritten to each of the one or more previously written magnetic memory cells in which an error is detected.	1. A method for writing one or more magnetic memory cells, the method comprising the steps of: writing data to one or more of the magnetic memory cells; detecting whether there are any errors in the data written to the one or more magnetic memory cells; and rewriting the data to each of the one or more previously written magnetic memory cells in which an error is detected. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one of the one or more magnetic memory cells comprises a free layer having at least two magnetic layers anti-parallel coupled by at least one spacer layer. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one of the one or more magnetic memory cells is configured to have a substantially predictable soft error rate during writing. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of repeating the steps of detecting and rewriting until at most one error is detected. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of repeating the steps of detecting and rewriting until no errors are detected. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein a probability that an error will occur in any one of the one or more magnetic memory cells is substantially equivalent to 1 - exp ⁡ [ - t τ ⁢ ⅇ - E a / kT ] , wherein τ is the attempt period, t is the length of time the magnetic memory cell has activation energy Ea, k is Boltzmann's constant and T is absolute temperature. 7. The method of claim 3, wherein the substantially predictable soft error rate of the one or more magnetic memory cells is less than or equal to about three percent. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the steps of detecting and rewriting are repeated less than or equal to ten times. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the errors are detected by comparing the data written to the one or more magnetic memory cells with input data. 10. The method of claim 1, comprising a variable write time. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of detecting further comprises the step of using error correction code to detect errors. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the step of rewriting the data to the magnetic memory cells is performed when a number of errors is greater than or equal to two. 13. A method for writing one or more memory cells, the method comprising the steps of: writing data to one or more of the memory cells; detecting whether there are any errors in the data written to the one or more memory cells using error correction code; and rewriting the data to each of the one or more previously written memory cells in which an error is detected when a number of errors detected is greater than or equal to two. 14. An apparatus for writing one or more magnetic memory cells, the apparatus comprising: a memory; and at least one processor, coupled to the memory, operative to: write data to one or more of the magnetic memory cells; detect whether there are any errors in the data written to the one or more magnetic memory cells; and rewrite the data to each of the one or more previously written magnetic memory cells in which an error is detected. 15. An article of manufacture for writing one or more magnetic memory cells, comprising a machine readable medium containing one or more programs which when executed implement the steps of: writing data to one or more of the magnetic memory cells; detecting whether there are any errors in the data written to the one or more magnetic memory cells; and rewriting the data to each of the one or more previously written magnetic memory cells in which an error is detected. 16. An integrated circuit including at least one magnetic random access memory circuit, the at least one random access memory circuit comprising: a plurality of magnetic memory cells; a plurality of bit lines and word lines for selectively accessing one or more of the memory cells; and a write circuit coupled to at least a portion of the bit lines and word lines, the write circuit being adapted to: write data to one or more of the magnetic memory cells; detect whether there are any errors in the data written to the one or more magnetic memory cells; and rewrite the data to each of the one or more previously written magnetic memory cells in which an error is detected.	FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to semiconductor devices and, more particularly, to techniques for data storage in semiconductor devices. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Certain semiconductor devices, e.g., magnetic random access memory (MRAM) devices, use magnetic memory cells to store information. Each magnetic memory cell typically comprises a submicron piece of magnetic material, e.g., having the dimensions of 300 nanometers (nm) by 600 nm in area and five nm thick. Information is stored in such semiconductor devices as an orientation of the magnetization of a free layer in the magnetic memory cell as compared to an orientation of the magnetization of a fixed (e.g., reference) layer in the memory cell. The magnetization of the free layer may be oriented parallel or anti-parallel relative to the fixed layer, representing either a logic “1” or a “0.” The orientation of the magnetization of a given layer (fixed or free) may be represented by an arrow pointing either to the left or to the right. When the magnetic memory cell is sitting in a zero applied magnetic field, the magnetization of the magnetic memory cell is stable, pointing either left or right. The application of a magnetic field can switch the magnetization of the free layer from left to right, and vice versa, to write information to the magnetic memory cell. One of the important requirements for data storage is that the magnetization of the cell not change orientation unintentionally during the writing process or when there is a zero applied field, or only a small applied field. Unfortunately, in practice, the magnetization of one or more magnetic memory cells may change orientation unintentionally, due, at least in part, to thermal activation. Thermal activation occurs when thermal energy from the environment surrounding a given cell overcomes an activation energy barrier so as to change the direction of magnetization of the magnetic memory cell. The occurrences of thermal activation should be minimized. The resulting error rate due to thermally activated switching is called the soft error rate (SER). One of the objectives in designing semiconductor devices is to minimize the operating power and area consumed by the devices. These two design objectives, namely, low operating power and small area, may be achieved by devices having a low switching field to switch such devices. A low switching field uses a low switching current, which in turn uses less power. Further, lower switching currents require smaller switches, which occupy less area. Consequently, these two design objectives are consistent with one another. However, lowering switching fields often undesirably lead to an increase in the SER. Therefore, techniques are needed for operating semiconductor devices with a low switching field, while at the same time reducing, or eliminating, the effect of soft errors. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention provides techniques for data storage. In one aspect of the invention, a method for writing one or more magnetic memory cells comprises the following steps. Data is written to one or more of the magnetic memory cells. It is detected whether there are any errors in the data written to the one or more magnetic memory cells. The data is rewritten to each of the one or more previously written magnetic memory cells in which an error is detected. A more complete understanding of the present invention, as well as further features and advantages of the present invention, will be obtained by reference to the following detailed description and drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating an exemplary free layer configuration of a magnetic memory cell having two anti-parallel coupled magnetic layers according to an embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating a sequence of top down views of a free layer comprising multiple magnetic layers engaged in a switching operation according to an embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 3 is a graph illustrating a deterministic representation of the magnetic field for switching a magnetic memory cell; FIG. 4 is a graph illustrating the activation energy for an exemplary magnetic memory cell according to an embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 5 is a graph illustrating Ea as a function of the write field according to an embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 6 is a graph illustrating the probability of soft errors as a function of the write field of a magnetic memory cell according to an embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 7 is a logical flow diagram illustrating an exemplary methodology for writing one or more magnetic memory cells according to an embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 8 is a logical flow diagram illustrating an exemplary methodology for writing one or more memory cells using error correction code according to an embodiment of the present invention; and FIG. 9 is a diagram illustrating an exemplary system for implementing one or more of the present techniques according to an embodiment of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating an exemplary free layer configuration of a magnetic memory cell having two anti-parallel coupled magnetic layers. Namely, in the exemplary configuration shown in FIG. 1, a free layer may comprise at least two magnetic layers, e.g., magnetic layers 102 and 104, anti-parallel coupled by spacer layer 106. Spacer layer 106 may comprise a transition metal. Suitable transition metals include, but are not limited to, chromium, copper, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, rhenium, osmium, iridium, platinum and combinations comprising at least one of the foregoing transition metals. A magnetic memory cell having a free layer comprising two anti-parallel coupled magnetic layers is hereinafter referred to as a “toggle magnetic memory cell.” U.S. Pat. No. 6,545,906 issued to Savtchenko et al. (hereinafter “Savtchenko”), the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein, discloses the use of such a toggle magnetic memory cell in an MRAM device. Savtchenko describes a writing process wherein a magnetic memory cell is first read to determine its state, and then, if necessary, toggled. As shown in FIG. 1, magnetic layers 102 and 104 have opposite directed magnetizations, as indicated by the vector arrows corresponding to each layer. As will be described in detail below, for example in conjunction with the description of FIG. 2, the directions of magnetization of magnetic layers 102 and 104 in the states shown, e.g., “0” and “1,” are typically directed at approximately 45 degree angles with respect to the x- and y-coordinate axes, e.g., the bit line and word line, respectively, of the magnetic memory cell. When the magnetic memory cell is switched, e.g., from a “0” state to a “1” state, or vice versa, the orientations of magnetic layers 102 and 104 reverse. Readout of a magnetic memory cell, e.g., reading the state of the cell as either a “0” or a “1,” for example, through its resistance properties, may be accomplished by tunneling into the free layer from a fixed layer of the cell. Regarding a free layer comprising multiple layers, readout of a magnetic memory cell may be accomplished by tunneling into one of the multiple layers of the free layer, e.g., magnetic layer 102 or 104, from the fixed layer. Namely, the resistance of such a tunnel junction depends primarily on the relative orientations of magnetization of the free magnetic layer as a whole and the fixed magnetic layer. FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating a sequence of top down views of a free layer comprising multiple magnetic layers engaged in a switching operation. For ease of illustration, the vectors representing the directions of magnetization of the two magnetic layers making up the free layer, e.g., magnetic layers 102 and 104 as in FIG. 1 above, are shown as being displaced from one another with a common origin. However, these vectors actually lie substantially one on top of the other. As mentioned above, each of the two magnetic layers making up the free layer have natural anisotropy directions that point at approximately 45 degrees to the x- and y-axes of the magnetic memory cell (as illustrated by the vector arrows corresponding to each layer) such that the natural directions the magnetization vectors point are also generally along approximately 45 degrees to the x- and y-axes of the magnetic memory cell. This orientation is shown in view 202 of FIG. 2. According to the exemplary technique illustrated in FIG. 2, as the magnetic memory cell is switched, the magnetic field along the y-axis of the magnetic memory cell Hy is first pulsed on causing the magnetic moments of the two magnetic layers making up the free layer (oriented anti-parallel to each other) to cant. This will create a net total moment, indicated by a solid black vector arrow, for the magnetic layers making up the free layer, as is shown in view 204 of FIG. 2. Next, the magnetic field along the x-axis of the magnetic memory cell Hx is also pulsed on, causing the net magnetic moment of the magnetic layers making up the free layer to rotate 45 degrees, as is shown in view 206 of FIG. 2. Hy is then pulsed off and the net moment of the canted magnetic layers rotates 45 degrees further, as is shown in view 208 of FIG. 2. Hx is then pulsed off and the canted magnetic layers relax back to having a direction of magnetization opposite to one another, e.g., along the 45 degree anisotropy direction, as is shown in view 210 of FIG. 2. It is important to note, however, that the two magnetic layers making up the free layer now each have a direction of magnetization opposite to the original orientation of each layer, as can be seen from a comparison of view 210 with view 202 of FIG. 2. Therefore, the magnetic memory cell has been “toggle written” by this sequence of field pulsing. FIG. 3 is a graph illustrating a deterministic representation of the magnetic field for switching a magnetic memory cell. Namely, FIG. 3 illustrates the typical operating window for a magnetic memory cell undergoing toggle writing. The sequence of field pulsing, e.g., pulsing of Hx and Hy, that constitutes the write operation is illustrated by the dashed trajectory. This trajectory must transverse toggle write region/no switch region boundary 302 in order for the magnetic memory cell to be written. With toggle writing, there is a probability that during the write operation, e.g., as described above in conjunction with the description of FIG. 2 above, the magnetic moments of the magnetic layers making up the free layer will spontaneously reverse, due to, for instance, normal thermally activated processes. This spontaneous reversal contributes to the soft error rate (SER). Therefore, there is some probability that after the write operation, the magnetic memory cell will end up in the wrong state. This probability may be acceptably small for large magnetic memory cells, e.g., 16 megabit memory, with high write currents, e.g., less than or equal to about 0.1 failures in ten years, but becomes unworkably large as magnetic memory cell size and write currents are reduced. The probability of errors, bit size and write currents are described, by way of example, in detail below. According to the techniques presented herein, writing of a magnetic memory cell can be accomplished at a smaller write field and a predicted number of soft errors are accommodated by subsequently performing a checking step to detect if the magnetic memory cell was written correctly. If the magnetic memory cell was not written correctly, it is written again. Using reduced write fields, predicting soft errors and performing checking steps to detect the soft errors will be described in detail below. A smaller write field results in a reduced activation energy barrier Ea for the magnetic memory cell during the period when the write field is applied. A reduced Ea can result in, for example, up to about three percent of the magnetic memory cells written ending up in the wrong magnetic state. Activation energy may be approximated using a single domain model and assuming that the intrinsic anisotropy is small, e.g., less than about 50 Oersted (Oe), compared to the dipole fields: ea=(h4−2h2 sin 2a+1)1/2. (1) FIG. 4 is a graph illustrating the Ea for an exemplary magnetic memory cell. Namely, the graph in FIG. 4 shows that Ea is in fact variable along the box path, which may be contrasted with the deterministic view of Ea shown, for example, in FIG. 3. In Equation 1, above, reduced units are used, as indicated by, for example, the use of ea to represent unitless activation energy. For example, ea=1 is the activation energy in zero field and h=1 is the magnitude of the applied magnetic field equal to the spin flop field Hsf. Reduced units may be converted to field units or energy units using the formulas provided in FIG. 4. For example, regarding field units, Ea=ea(2HiMsN)1/2, and regarding energy units, Hx=hx(HiM5Ath) and Hy=hy(HiMsAth), wherein A is the area of the memory cell, th is the thickness of the memory cell, Hi is the intrinsic anisotropy of the memory cell, Ms is magnetization and N is the demagnetization factor. For example, N=4π(th/b)nx, wherein b is the width of the cell and nx is the dimensionless demagnetization factor, for example, for a circle nx=0.785. The x-axis and the y-axis of the graph shown in FIG. 4 are the magnetic fields from the bit line and the word line, respectively. α represents the angle from the bit line field axis. At α=π/4, Ea goes to zero at the spin flop point (hx=hy=1/{square root}{square root over (2)}). It is to be appreciated that the bit line and word line fields are not confined to a particular orientation. To avoid soft errors, regions of reduced Ea typically are avoided. Specifically, to make the probability of unwanted reversal of the magnetic memory cell during the write operation no greater than during the storage operation, e.g., less than about 0.1 failures over a ten year period for a given exemplary 16 megabit memory, an ea≧1 should be maintained throughout the entire write path. A write path for switching the magnetic memory cell, indicated by dashed lines superimposed on the Ea graph of FIG. 4, reveals that when the word line field is first turned on to hy=hbox, and the bit line field is turned on to hx=hbox, and then the word line field is turned off, and the bit line field is turned off, the lowest Ea occurs approximately at hx=hbox and hy=hsf, or at hx=hsf and hy=hbox(as indicated by the arrows in FIG. 4). Putting these fields into Equation 1, above, provides the lowest activation energy along the write path to be approximately, ealowest=((h2box+½)2−2{square root}{square root over (2)}hbox+1)1/2 for hbox>1/{square root}{square root over (2)}. (2) Therefore, hbox should be greater than or equal to about 1.14 in order to maintain an ea≧1. However, according to the teachings presented herein, write fields may be employed that are substantially less than 1.14 (e.g., hbox<1.14). As can be seen from FIG. 4, employing a write field that is less than 1.14 results in ea<1 along some portion of the write path. Therefore, there will be some probability that the storage state of the magnetic memory cell will reverse, e.g., resulting in a nonzero SER. FIG. 5 is a graph illustrating Ea as a function of the write field. Namely, in FIG. 5, Equation 2 is shown plotted as a function of hbox. The Ea required to make the SER vanishingly small so as to be negligible, (an ea≧1) is shown by the dashed line in FIG. 5. An ea≧1 requires writing at a field of hbox≧1.14, as indicated by the arrow labeled “B.” For hbox<1.14, the activation energy decreases to zero around hbox=0.7. According to the teachings of the present invention, a write field as small as hbox≦0.8 may be used, as indicated by the arrow labeled “A,” which will reduce the power consumed by the magnetic memory cell. Employing a write field of hbox≦1.14 yields a probability P of the magnetic memory cell ending up in the wrong state, e.g., failing, as, P = 1 - exp ⁡ [ - t τ ⁢ ⅇ - E a / kT ] , ( 3 ) wherein τ is the attempt period (which is typically about 0.5 nanoseconds), t is the length of time the bit has reduced Ea, k is Boltzmann's constant and T is the absolute temperature of the magnetic memory cell. t can be approximated as a fraction of the pulse length for which Ea is substantially reduced, e.g., less than or equal to about 0.5 of the pulse length. Combining Equations 2 and 3, above, provides a good estimate of the SER. FIG. 6 is a graph illustrating the probability of soft errors as a function of the write field of a magnetic memory cell. Namely, in FIG. 6, Equation 3 is plotted as a function of the write field, normalized by a write field of hbox=1.14 that, as described above, maintains an ea≧1 (i.e., the x axis being the ratio hbox/1.14). FIG. 6 shows that operating at only 65 percent of the typical write field will result in about a three percent SER. As will be described in detail below, these three percent errors are caught during a checking step wherein incorrectly written magnetic memory cells are written a second time (e.g., rewritten). Those rewritten magnetic memory cells then are checked again, and it is probable that about three percent of those rewritten magnetic memory cells will be in error (e.g., 0.09 percent of the original number of magnetic memory cells). Those three percent of incorrectly rewritten magnetic memory cells will be rewritten a third or more time. This cycle continues until all magnetic memory cells are written correctly, for example, which may entail about one in a million magnetic memory cells needing to be written five times or more, e.g., up to about ten times or more. As a result, the write current is reduced by about 35 percent, as compared to hbox=1.14, and the write time has been increased by about five times. FIG. 7 is a logical flow diagram illustrating an exemplary methodology 700 for writing one or more magnetic memory cells, in accordance with one aspect of the invention. In step 702, addresses and data for n magnetic memory cells that are to be written are input. In step 704, the stored data is read and compared to the input data. Magnetic memory cells that require toggling are then selected. In step 706, those selected magnetic memory cells that require toggling are toggled, for example using a write field hbox<1.14. In step 708, the data stored in the magnetic memory cells are checked again. Namely, for at least those magnetic memory cells toggled in step 706, the stored data is read and compared to the input data. Any of the magnetic memory cells toggled in step 706 that are in error are selected for toggling a second time. The subset of memory cells selected for toggling again will generally be substantially smaller than the set of memory cells selected in step 706. In step 710, the process loops back to the toggling step, e.g., step 706, if any magnetic memory cells remain that are in error. The process is continued until all cells are written correctly. Typically, in step 706 about 50 percent of the magnetic memory cells are written. However, only a small fraction of the magnetic memory cells, e.g., about 0.5 P, will need to be rewritten. Further, only about 0.5 P2 of the magnetic memory cells will need to be rewritten a second time. Therefore, in general, on the jth pass, only a fraction about 0.5 Pj−1 of the magnetic memory cells will need to be written. Since P<<1, in a few iterations of the process all of the magnetic memory cells selected for toggling will be correctly written. According to the exemplary methodology illustrated in FIG. 7, the write time will be variable. Namely, in some instances all the magnetic memory cells may be written correctly on the first pass through the loop, whereas in other cases, five or six passes through the loop may be required, resulting in a longer write time. Error correction code (ECC) may be employed in the present techniques to attain a predictable write time, as will be described in detail below, for example, in conjunction with the description of FIG. 8. With ECC, data is stored along with two or more extra bits of data that are used to correct detected errors. For example, the use of six ECC bits for every 64 bits of data allow for the correction of single bit errors and the detection of double bit errors. Error correction and detection methodologies are known by those skilled in the art. However, while ECC can be employed to correct one error in the 64+six bits, by design ECC cannot correct two or more errors. Therefore, as will be described in detail below, ECC can be combined with the present techniques in a way that intentionally allows one write error to go by uncorrected, and only rewrites data if there are two or more write errors present. With toggle magnetic memory cells, soft errors only affect the magnetic memory cells being toggle written. Magnetic memory cells that are not selected or that are only half selected have no significant probability of being upset by soft errors (e.g., have no SER). Therefore, errors are only produced during the write operation of the magnetic memory cells toggled. According to the present techniques employing ECC, if one error is produced during the write operation, that error can be left uncorrected because it will be detected and corrected when the data is read out using the ECC. Thus, only if there are two or more errors, will they need to be corrected during the write operation, such as by using the exemplary methodology described above in connection with FIG. 7. Further, in an exemplary embodiment, P is chosen to be small enough, such that the probability of having three or more errors is negligibly small, e.g., less than about 0.1 failures over a ten year period for, e.g., an exemplary 16 megabit memory, and thus essentially never encountered in practice. In this way, at most one or two errors are ever preferably encountered, and the system only has to loop back to rewrite magnetic memory cells at most once, thereby providing a well defined upper limit on the write time. FIG. 8 is a logical flow diagram illustrating an exemplary methodology 800 for writing one or more memory cells using ECC. In step 802, the addresses and data for the n memory cells, e.g., magnetic memory cells, that are to be written are input. Based on this data, the ECC bits are computed, as in step 804, while at the same time the stored data and stored ECC bits are read in, as in step 806. In step 808, the stored data and ECC bits are compared to the input data to determine which magnetic memory cells need to be toggled. In step 810, those magnetic memory cells that need to be written are toggled. In step 812, the data and ECC bits are read, and the ECC is used to determine if there are two or more errors present in the written data. In step 814, if there are no errors, or if there is at most a single error, then the write operation is finished (the one error being correctable using the ECC during a read operation), as in step 816. If there are two or more errors, then the system loops back, e.g., to step 808, to compare the data again and determine which magnetic memory cells to re-toggle (e.g., rewrite), as previously explained. This loop continues until there is at most one error (the write probabilities are such that there is a vanishingly small probability more than one additional loop will be required), as is described in detail below. Therefore, there is a definite predictable maximum write cycle time associated with the exemplary methodology 800. For example, if the write field is chosen to be 75 percent of hbox=1.14, then it may be determined from the exemplary graph shown in FIG. 6, that the probability of failing is about P=3×10−8. Therefore, given an exemplary 64 bit word, the chance of there being two errors, which will need to be corrected, is roughly 2×10−12. However, the probability for there being three or more errors is less than 2×10−18, which is unlikely to occur during the lifetime of typical data storage devices. Further, the probability of there being two successive write cycles with two write errors is roughly 2×10−27, which is also unlikely to occur during the lifetime of typical data storage devices. FIG. 9 is a block diagram of an exemplary hardware implementation of one or more of the methodologies of the present invention. Apparatus 900 comprises a computer system 910 that interacts with media 950. Computer system 910 comprises a processor 920, a network interface 925, a memory 930, a media interface 935 and an optional display 940, connected together, for example, via a bus 915. Network interface 925 allows computer system 910 to connect to a network, while media interface 935 allows computer system 910 to interact with media 950, such as, but not limited to, a Digital Versatile Disk (DVD) or a hard drive. As is known in the art, the methods and apparatus discussed herein may be distributed as an article of manufacture that itself comprises a computer-readable medium having computer-readable code means embodied thereon. The computer-readable program code means is operable, in conjunction with a computer system such as computer system 910, to carry out all or some of the steps to perform one or more of the methods or create the apparatus discussed herein. For example, the computer-readable code is configured to implement a method for writing one or more magnetic memory cells, by the steps of: writing data to one or more of the magnetic memory cells; detecting whether there are any errors in the data written to the one or more magnetic memory cells; and rewriting the data to each of the one or more previously written magnetic memory cells in which an error is detected. The computer-readable medium may be a recordable medium (e.g., floppy disks, hard drive, optical disks such as a DVD, or memory cards) or may be a transmission medium (e.g., a network comprising fiber-optics, the world-wide web, cables, or a wireless channel using time-division multiple access, code-division multiple access, or other radio-frequency channel). Any medium known or developed that can store information suitable for use with a computer system may be used. The computer-readable code means is any mechanism for allowing a computer to read instructions and data, such as magnetic variations on a magnetic medium or height variations on the surface of a compact disk. Memory 930 configures the processor 920 to implement the methods, steps, and functions disclosed herein. The memory 930 could be distributed or local and the processor 920 could be distributed or singular. The memory 930 could be implemented as an electrical, magnetic or optical memory, or any combination of these or other types of storage devices. Moreover, the term “memory” should be construed broadly enough to encompass any information able to be read from or written to an address in the addressable space accessed by processor 920. With this definition, information on a network, accessible through network interface 925, is still within memory 930 because the processor 920 can retrieve the information from the network. It should be noted that each distributed processor that makes up processor 920 generally contains its own addressable memory space. It should also be noted that some or all of computer system 910 can be incorporated into an application-specific or general-use integrated circuit. In an alternative exemplary embodiment, memory 930 comprises memory array 934 having one or more magnetic memory cells. Memory 930 also comprises a write circuit 932 coupled to memory array 934 by one or more bits lines 938 and word lines 936. Write circuit 932 is adapted to perform one or more of the techniques presented herein. Optional video display 940 is any type of video display suitable for interacting with a human user of apparatus 900. Generally, video display 940 is a computer monitor or other similar video display. Although illustrative embodiments of the present invention have been described herein, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to those precise embodiments, and that various other changes and modifications may be made by one skilled in the art without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention.	<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>Certain semiconductor devices, e.g., magnetic random access memory (MRAM) devices, use magnetic memory cells to store information. Each magnetic memory cell typically comprises a submicron piece of magnetic material, e.g., having the dimensions of 300 nanometers (nm) by 600 nm in area and five nm thick. Information is stored in such semiconductor devices as an orientation of the magnetization of a free layer in the magnetic memory cell as compared to an orientation of the magnetization of a fixed (e.g., reference) layer in the memory cell. The magnetization of the free layer may be oriented parallel or anti-parallel relative to the fixed layer, representing either a logic “1” or a “0.” The orientation of the magnetization of a given layer (fixed or free) may be represented by an arrow pointing either to the left or to the right. When the magnetic memory cell is sitting in a zero applied magnetic field, the magnetization of the magnetic memory cell is stable, pointing either left or right. The application of a magnetic field can switch the magnetization of the free layer from left to right, and vice versa, to write information to the magnetic memory cell. One of the important requirements for data storage is that the magnetization of the cell not change orientation unintentionally during the writing process or when there is a zero applied field, or only a small applied field. Unfortunately, in practice, the magnetization of one or more magnetic memory cells may change orientation unintentionally, due, at least in part, to thermal activation. Thermal activation occurs when thermal energy from the environment surrounding a given cell overcomes an activation energy barrier so as to change the direction of magnetization of the magnetic memory cell. The occurrences of thermal activation should be minimized. The resulting error rate due to thermally activated switching is called the soft error rate (SER). One of the objectives in designing semiconductor devices is to minimize the operating power and area consumed by the devices. These two design objectives, namely, low operating power and small area, may be achieved by devices having a low switching field to switch such devices. A low switching field uses a low switching current, which in turn uses less power. Further, lower switching currents require smaller switches, which occupy less area. Consequently, these two design objectives are consistent with one another. However, lowering switching fields often undesirably lead to an increase in the SER. Therefore, techniques are needed for operating semiconductor devices with a low switching field, while at the same time reducing, or eliminating, the effect of soft errors.	<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>The present invention provides techniques for data storage. In one aspect of the invention, a method for writing one or more magnetic memory cells comprises the following steps. Data is written to one or more of the magnetic memory cells. It is detected whether there are any errors in the data written to the one or more magnetic memory cells. The data is rewritten to each of the one or more previously written magnetic memory cells in which an error is detected. A more complete understanding of the present invention, as well as further features and advantages of the present invention, will be obtained by reference to the following detailed description and drawings.	20040528	20090317	20051201	73045.0		0	LAMARRE, GUY J	TECHNIQUES FOR OPERATING SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES	UNDISCOUNTED	0	ACCEPTED		2,004
10,856,439	ACCEPTED	Downhole signal source	A signaling apparatus comprises a magnet and a shield moveable relative to the magnet. The shield is moveable relative to the magnet between a first position in which the magnet is relatively exposed and a second position in which the magnet is relatively shielded. The apparatus can include a synchronization signal source, a downhole sensor signal source, and/or means for modulating the magnetic field in response to the signal from any source. A method of using the signaling apparatus to locate a bottomhole assembly includes moving the shield so as to modulate the magnetic field created by the magnet, sensing the modulation of the magnetic field, and determining the location of the bottomhole assembly using the information collected. The BHA can be located using phase shift or amplitude measurements. Receivers detecting the modulated magnetic field can be at or below the earth's surface.	1. A downhole tool, comprising: a magnet; and a shield moveable relative to said magnet. 2. The tool according to claim 1 wherein said magnet comprises a permanent magnet and said magnetic shield is moveable relative to said magnet between a first position in which said magnet is relatively exposed and a second position in which said magnet is relatively shielded. 3. The tool according to claim 1 wherein said magnet comprises an electromagnet. 4. The tool according to claim 1, further including means for providing a synchronization signal and means for controlling movement of said shield in response to said signal so as to modulate the magnetic field created by said magnet. 5. The tool according to claim 4 wherein said means for controlling includes means for doubling the frequency of said synchronization signal. 6. The tool according to claim 1, further including a downhole sensor generating a signal and means for modulating the magnetic field created by said magnet in response to said signal from said downhole sensor. 7. The tool according to claim 1, further including a downhole sensor generating a sensor signal, said shield being moveable in response to said sensor signal so as to modulate the magnetic field created by said magnet. 8. A low frequency magnetic signaling device, comprising: a permanent magnet; and a magnetically permeable shield moveable relative to said magnet. 9. A method of locating a bottomhole assembly in a well, comprising: a) providing a signaling device coupled to said bottomhole assembly, said signaling device comprising a magnet and a shield moveable relative to said magnet; b) moving said shield so as to modulate the magnetic field created by said magnet; c) sensing said modulation of the magnetic field; and d) determining the location of the bottomhole assembly using information collected in step c). 10. The method according to claim 9, further including providing a synchronization signal and using said synchronization signal to control modulation by said shield of the magnetic field created by said magnet. 11. The tool according to claim 10, further including controlling said modulation in response to said synchronization signal. 12. The tool according to claim 11 wherein said controlling step includes doubling the frequency of said synchronization signal. 13. The method according to claim 11 wherein step c) includes detecting a phase shift between said synchronization signal and said modulated magnetic field. 14. The method according to claim 11 wherein step c) includes detecting amplitude variations in said modulated magnetic field. 15. The method according to claim 9, further including providing a plurality of receivers spaced apart from said bottomhole assembly, wherein step c) includes using said sensors to detect said modulation. 16. The method according to claim 15 wherein said receivers are located below the earth's surface. 17. The method according to claim 15 wherein said receivers are located at the earth's surface. 18. A method of locating a bottomhole assembly in a well, comprising: a) providing a signaling device coupled to said bottomhole assembly, said signaling device comprising a magnet and a shield moveable relative to said magnet; b) providing a synchronization signal c) using said synchronization signal to control modulation of the magnetic field created by said magnet by moving said shield in response to said signal; d) detecting said modulation of the magnetic field; and e) determining the location of the bottomhole assembly using information collected in step d). 19. The tool according to claim 18 wherein step c) includes doubling the frequency of said synchronization signal. 20. The method according to claim 18 wherein step e) includes detecting a phase shift between said synchronization signal and said modulated magnetic field. 21. The method according to claim 18 wherein step e) includes detecting amplitude variations in said modulated magnetic field. 22. The method according to claim 18, further including providing a plurality of receivers spaced apart from said bottomhole assembly, wherein step e) includes using said receivers to detect said modulation. 23. The method according to claim 22 wherein said receivers are located below the earth's surface. 24. The method according to claim 22 wherein said receivers are located at the earth's surface.	CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS Not Applicable. STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT Not Applicable. GENERAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates generally to methods and apparatus for signaling from one location to another using low frequency magnetic fields. The invention can be used to send a signal from a location near a drill bit in a well drilling operation to a receiver at the earth's surface, or to a receiver at a different location in the drillstring in the same well, or to a receiver in another well. These and other features of the invention are described in detail below. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION In common practice, when it is desired to produce hydrocarbons from a subsurface formation, a well is drilled from the surface until it intersects the desired formation. As shown in FIG. 1, a typical drilling operation entails a surface operating system 50, a work string 100 that may comprise coiled tubing or assembled lengths of conventional drill pipe, and a bottom hole assembly (BHA) 200. Surface system 50 typically includes a drilling rig 10 at the surface 12 of a well, supporting drill string 100. BHA 200 is attached to the lowermost end of work string 100. Operating system 50 is positioned at the surface adjacent to well 12 and generally includes a well head disposed atop of a well bore 18 that extends downwardly into the earthen formation 20. Borehole 18 extends from surface 16 to borehole bottom 30 and may include casing 22 in its upper zones. The productivity of formations can vary greatly, both vertically and horizontally. For example, in FIG. 1, formation 21 may be a producing formation (stratum), while formation 20 above it may be a non-producing formation. The target formation(s) have typically been mapped using various techniques prior to commencement of drilling operations and an objective of the drilling operation is to guide the drill bit so that it remains in the target formation. Thus, in many wells, the lower portion of the borehole deviates from the vertical and may even attain a substantially horizontal direction. In these circumstances, it is desirable to drill the well such that borehole 18 stays within the producing formation 21. Similarly, it is sometimes desired to guide the drilling of a well such that it parallels another well. This is the case in steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) drilling, in which steam injected through one of a pair of parallel wells warms the formation in the vicinity of the wells, lowering the viscosity of the formation fluids and allowing them to drain into the second well. The second well thus functions as a production well and typically is drilled such that it lies below the injection well. As a result of this deviated, directional, or horizontal drilling, the drill bit may traverse a sizable lateral distance between the wellhead and the borehole bottom. For this reason, and because the degree of curvature of the borehole is often not known precisely, it also becomes difficult to know the true vertical depth of the borehole bottom. Hence, it is preferred to track the position of the bit as precisely as possible in order to increase the likelihood of successfully penetrating the target formation. It is particularly desirable to accurately locate the position of the bottom hole assembly (BHA) during drilling so that corrections can be made while drilling is ongoing. Determining the precise location of the drill bit as it progresses through the formation and communication of that information from the downhole location to the surface are two significant problems that have not heretobefore been adequately addressed. Both objectives are made more difficult by the drilling operation itself, which involves at least rapid fluid flow, moving parts, and vibrations. Various methods are traditionally combined to achieve these goals. Gyroscopes and various types of sensors have been used to track bit movement and/or bit position. Electromagnetic (EM) telemetry is one technique used for transmitting information, either to the surface or to another location uphole. Other transmission techniques involve mud pulses or acoustic signaling using the drillstring as the signal carrier. Current techniques are not very accurate or rapid, however, and can result in erroneous calculations of the position of the BHA. Hence, it is desirable to provide a technique for determining the position of a bit in a subterranean formation that eliminates or at least substantially reduce the problems, limitations and disadvantages commonly associated with the known bit-tracking techniques. SUMMARY OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION The present invention provides methods and apparatus for signaling from one location to another using low frequency magnetic fields. The invention has many applications and can be used, for example, to locate the position of the bottom hole assembly during drilling. The invention can be used to send a signal from a location near a drill bit in a well drilling operation to a receiver at the earth's surface, or to a receiver at a different location in the drillstring in the same well, or to a receiver in another well. The invention can also be used for generating a signal at the earth's surface that can be detected at a downhole location, or as a telemetry transmitter for low frequency communications. In some embodiments, the apparatus of the present invention is particularly useful as a tool for sending a signal from the bit location that can be detected at the surface and used to determine the location of the bit. The present invention avoids the deficiencies of prior devices and offers an alternative way to determine the position of the BHA. In preferred embodiments, the invention includes placing a signaling apparatus at the bit and tracking its position during the entire drilling process. For this method to work, the signal source must be strong and stable enough even for deep end extended-reach wells. In certain embodiments, a synchronization signal and using said synchronization signal is provided and used to control modulation of the magnetic field created by the magnet. Controlling the modulation of the magnetic field may include doubling the frequency of, taking the absolute value of, or squaring the synchronization signal. The modulated magnetic field can be sensed by receivers that may detect a phase shift between said synchronization signal and said modulated magnetic field and or amplitude variations in said modulated magnetic field. There may be a plurality of receivers spaced apart from said bottomhole assembly, and the receivers may be located at or below the earth's surface. In alternative embodiments, the invention can also be used to generate a signal at the earth's surface that can be detected at a downhole location. In some embodiments of the present invention, the signal source may be a rare earth permanent magnet used in conjunction with a shield made of high permeability soft magnetic alloy. By precisely controlling the motion of the shield, the permanent magnet can be made to function as a precise oscillating signal source that can be tracked by magnetometers at the surface for accurate position monitoring of the BHA. In alternative embodiments, the frequency and/or phase etc. of the motion of the shield can be modulated in response to data acquired by downhole instruments using well-known digital encoding schemes, transforming the signal source into a transmitter that can communicate LWD data to surface receivers. In certain embodiments, the present invention comprises a magnet and a shield moveable relative to said magnet between a first position in which said magnet is relatively exposed and a second position in which said magnet is relatively shielded. The magnet can be an electromagnet. The present system may further comprise means for providing a synchronization signal and means for controlling movement of the shield in response to the synchronization signal so as to modulate the magnetic field created by the magnet. The means for controlling the shield movement may include means for doubling the frequency of, taking the absolute value of, and/or squaring the synchronization signal. The apparatus may further include a downhole sensor generating a signal and means for modulating the magnetic field in response to the signal from the downhole sensor. Thus, the embodiments of the invention summarized above comprise a combination of features and advantages that enable them to overcome various problems of prior devices systems and methods. The various characteristics described above, as well as other features, will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art upon reading the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments of the invention, and by referring to the accompanying drawings. It should be appreciated that the present invention is described in the context of a well environment for explanatory purposes, and that the present invention is not limited to the particular borehole thus described, it being appreciated that the present invention may be used in a variety of well bores. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS For a more detailed description of the preferred embodiments of the present invention, reference will now be made to the accompanying drawings, wherein: FIG. 1 is a schematic elevation view, partly in cross section, of a drillstring including a bottom hole assembly (BHA) in a subterranean well; FIG. 2 is a simplified perspective view of a signal source in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention; FIG. 3 is a cross sectional view of the signal source of FIG. 2 incorporated into a downhole tool; FIGS. 4 and 5 are end views of a signal source in accordance with a first alternative embodiment, in closed and open positions, respectively. FIG. 6 is a simplified view of a slotted sleeve that can be used in certain embodiments of the present invention; FIG. 7 is a plot illustrating the dependence of magnetization on temperature, where Ms is the saturation magnetization; FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram illustrating an embodiment of a system incorporating a signal source in accordance with the present invention; and FIGS. 9A-D are plots illustrating a transmitted signal (A), the same signal after squaring (B), the squared signal after filtering (C), and a comparison of all three modes through one cycle of the original signal (D). DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS In the following discussion and in the claims, the terms “including” and “comprising” are used in an open-ended fashion, and thus should be interpreted to mean “including, but not limited to . . . ”. Also, reference to “up” or “down” are made for purposes of ease of description with “up” meaning towards the surface of the wellbore and “down” meaning towards the bottom of the wellbore. In addition, in the discussion and claims that follow, it is sometimes stated that certain components or elements are “electrically connected.” By this it is meant that the components are directly or indirectly connected such that an electrical current or signal could be communicated between them. According to the present invention, the strong magnetic moment of the rare earth permanent magnet is used together with the shield made of high permeability soft magnetic alloys. By precisely controlling the motion of the shield, the permanent magnet is transformed into a precise oscillating signal source that can be tracked by magnetometers at the surface for accurate position monitoring of the BHA. Alternatively, the speed/phase etc. of the motion of the shield can be modulated with data acquired by downhole instruments through well-known digital encoding scheme, thus transform the signal source into a transmitter that can communicate LWD data to surface receivers. Referring now to FIGS. 2 and 3, one preferred embodiment of a signal source 10 in accordance with the present invention includes a permanent magnet 12, a magnetic shield 14, and a drive mechanism 16 for shifting shield 14 relative to magnet 12. Magnetic shield 14 is slidable axially into and out of surrounding engagement with magnet 12, as indicated by arrow 26. Drive mechanism 16 engages one end of shield 14 and provides the motive force needed to advance and retract the shield. Referring now particularly to FIG. 3, signal source 10 is preferably mounted inside a cylindrical non-magnetic drill collar 20, along with a drive means 30. The assembly formed in this manner preferably has a central bore 22 therethrough such that the drill collar can be included in a drill string. In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, magnet 12 is generally cylindrical and shield 14 likewise comprises a cylindrical shell. Shield 14 preferably includes an end cap 17 and a cylindrical inner surface 15 having a diameter only slightly larger than the outside diameter of magnet 12. Shield 14 is preferably moveable between first and second positions in which magnet 12 is, respectively, exposed and shielded. In FIG. 3, shield 14 is shown in an intermediate position, with magnet 12 partially exposed and partially shielded. The length of arrow 26 illustrates an approximate range of movement for shield 14. As shield 14 moves along the length of magnet 12, the fraction of magnet 12 that is exposed changes. Correspondingly, the magnetic field emanating from magnet 12 changes as shield 14 attenuates it. When magnet 12 is wholly within shield 15, the magnetic field emanating from the tool 100 will at its minimum. In certain embodiments, the movement of shield 14 relative to magnet 12 can be controlled so as to produce a sinusoidal modulation of the magnetic field that extends beyond the tool. Likewise, the movement of shield 14 can be controlled such that the magnetic field cycles in a sawtooth manner, or according to any preferred function or modulation. In an alternative embodiment of the invention, depicted in FIGS. 4 and 5, the shield consists of two or more partial circumferential sections 40, 42. Sections 40, 42 are preferably configured such that together they can be closed to form a shield that encloses the circumference of magnet 13. In still another embodiment, shown in FIG. 6, the shield can comprise two or more concentric cylindrical shells, each generally having the configuration shown at 50 and each having a plurality of longitudinal slots 52 therethrough. The magnet is disposed within the innermost shell. When the concentric shells are positioned such that the slots in each shell are aligned with the slots in the other shell(s), the magnet is exposed. Similarly, when the shells are positioned such that the slots do not align, the magnet is shielded. It will be understood that the configurations shown herein are merely illustrative of the manner in which the magnetic material and the shield could be configured. Various other arrangements of the components of the tool will be understood by those skilled in the art. Magnet In order to have the highest available magnetic energy, rare-earth based permanent magnets such as Nd/Fe/B and Sm/Co are preferred. With a magnetic energy (BxH)max in excess of 200 KJ/m3, Nd/Fe/B magnets are the strongest permanent magnets available today. Sm/Co magnets typically have a lower magnetic energy, at about 150 KJ/m3. As is known, permanent magnets are made of ferromagnetic materials. One of the characteristics of ferromagnetic materials is the existence of a critical temperature (Tc) called Curie temperature. Above this temperature, ferromagnetic materials lose their magnetization and become paramagnetic. The transition is gradual within a temperature range; even before the temperature of the magnet reaches its Curie temperature, the magnet starts to lose its magnetization. This behavior can be described by the molecular field theory that gives the temperature dependence depicted in FIG. 7. Hence, if a permanent magnet is to maintain 80% of its magnetization in the downhole environment, it must operate in temperatures no higher than 0.7 x Tc, where Tc is the Curie temperature. For Sm2Co17, Tc is 700-800° C., while it is 300-350° C. for Nd2Fe14B. Therefore, for deep wells where the bottom hole temperature is high, Sm2Co17 magnets are preferred. Shield In order to modulate the strength of the permanent magnet, shield 14 is preferably made of a magnetically soft alloy such as Mumetal® (Ni/Fe/Cu/Mo) or Supermalloy, with high magnetic permeability. Various suitable magnetically soft metals are known in the art, including CO-NETIC AA®, which has a high magnetic permeability and provides high attenuation, and NETIC S3-6®, which has a high saturation induction rating that makes it particularly useful for applications involving strong magnetic fields. NETIC S3-6 and CO-NETIC AA are trademarks of Magnetic Shield Corp., 740 N. Thomas Drive, Bensenville, Ill. 60106. In embodiments where it is desired to achieve very high attenuation ratios in a very strong field, it may be preferred to use both alloys. In these instances, the NETIC S3-6 alloy is preferably positioned closest to the source of the field so as to protect the CO-NETIC AA alloy from saturation. Alternative metals that are suitable for use in shield 14 include but are not limited to Amumetal® and Amunickel® from Amuneal Manufacturing Corp., 4737 Darrah Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 19124, USA. Motor Motive force for moving shield 14 relative to magnet 12 is preferably provided by drive means 30, which is housed inside drill collar 20. Drive means 30 is preferably an electric motor, but can be any other suitable mechanical drive device. It will be understood that, depending on the type of power source selected, it may be necessary to provide gearing and the like in order to allow drive means 30 to cause the desired movement of shield 14, whether that be rotational, translational, or other. Use of the Downhole Transmitter As mentioned above, one preferred use for a transmitter of the type disclosed herein is as a field source for a downhole absolute positioning system. The purpose of such a system is to allow a precise determination of the position of the bottomhole assembly. This can be done by using the present signal source to generate an ultralow frequency signal (0.1 Hz to 0.01 Hz, depending on depth, with greater depths requiring lower frequencies) that is extremely stable and precisely synchronized with a surface clock. The transmitter itself can be a transmitter of the type herein disclosed or a large electromagnet. A highly stable synchronization signal makes it possible to operate in a very narrow bandwidth, which in turn makes it possible to receive the signal with a minimum of noise and improves the quality of the resulting telemetry. When the present invention is used to assist in location of a bottomhole assembly, for example, it is preferably positioned in the drillstring adjacent to the BHA. The present signaling devices may not be in physical contact with the BHA, but the greater the distance between the BHA and the signaling apparatus, the less precise will be the information relating to location of the BHA. Because precise location of the signal source is achieved by a combination of phase shift and amplitude measurements, timing is particularly important in this embodiment. In other embodiments, the downhole signal source need not be synchronized to an synchronization signal. This type of system can be used when it is desired to generate a signal at the earth's surface that can be detected at a downhole location, or when the system is used as a telemetry transmitter for low frequency communications. In still other embodiments, an array of three or more surface sensors can be used locate the signal source using triangulation techniques, with or without a synchronization source.. In spite of the frequency stability requirement, it is not necessary to carry a precise clock (good to about 1 millisecond over 200 hours) downhole. Nonetheless, in some embodiments, a downhole clock may be preferred. In one embodiment, illustrated in FIG. 8, a precise clock 100 is located at the earth's surface. Clock 100 is used to synchronize a system that includes a downhole signal source in accordance with the present invention. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 8, clock 100 is electrically connected to a surface sine wave transmitter 112, which in turn is electrically connected to a surface antenna 114. Clock 100 can be an atomic clock, a clock obtained from the GPS system, an over controlled system of oscillators, or any other suitable precise clock. Still referring to FIG. 8, a signal 118 from surface antenna 114 is transmitted through the earth and are received at a downhole receiver 120. The received signal from the downhole receiver 120 is preferably passed through a preamplifier 122 into a digital-to-analog converter and then through signal processing means that use the received signal to synchronize the downhole system. In a preferred embodiment, the signal processing means comprise a CPU 124 that applies a squaring algorithm and a low pass filter to the received signal. CPU 124 also implements control logic that drives a downhole system clock. The output of the low pass filter is preferably sent to a digital-to-analog (D/A) converter 126. The output of D/A converter 126 is preferably amplified by an amplifier and then used to control drive means 30. In embodiments where an electromagnet is used, the output of the D/A converter can be used to operate to the electromagnet, preferably with amplification. Regardless of the source of the drive signal, the signal source 10 ultimately generates a signal 130 that comprises a variable magnetic field. Signal 130 is detected by a sensing device 140, which preferably comprises an array of at least two receivers 142, 144, 146, 148. Sensing device 140 may or may not be located near antenna 114. If a surface synchronization source is used, the phase and/or amplitude of the received signal 130 can be used to locate the signal source. Timing-induced errors can be mitigated by using a digital phase lock loop circuit or other suitable means. In alternative embodiments, the frequency and/or the phase of signals 130 can be modulated so as to transmit signals from the borehole bottom to the surface, such as, for example, signals indicative of measurements made by downhole sensors and/or MWD equipment. Clock 100 is preferably used to generate a sine wave at one-half the frequency of the signal that is to be transmitted by the downhole transmitter (FIG. 9A). In an alternative embodiment, the clock signal can be induced directly into the drillstring and sensed as an electric field across an insulating gap in the bottomhole assembly or by any other current-sensing means. It is well known that if a sinusoidal signal is squared, that the resulting signal contains only even harmonics of the fundamental signal. In particular, the Fourier series representation of a rectified sine wave is given by Equation (1) and is illustrated in FIG. 9B.  sin ⁡ ( ω · t )  = 2 π - 2 π · ∑ n = 1 ∞ ⁢ 2 ( 2 · n ) 2 - 1 · cos ⁡ ( 2 · n · ω · t ) ( 1 ) Whether the procedure is carried out using analog electronics or digital electronics, the concept is the same: take the absolute value of the received signal (or square it) and low pass filter it (FIG. 9C). The fundamental frequency of the resulting signal will be exactly twice that of the transmitter at the earth's surface. The signal will contain higher order harmonics which can be filtered out downhole, if desired (the higher the order of the harmonic, the more this signal will be attenuated as it propagates through the earth, back to the earth's surface). FIG. 8 illustrates one possible way of carrying a preferred procedure out using mostly digital electronics. It should be appreciated that the digital functions could be replaced with analog functions if desired, but since the frequencies used are so low, the required signal processing is well within the capabilities of present technology. FIGS. 9A-D illustrate the waveforms, individually and together (9D) that result in a preferred signal processing technique that is suitable for use in the present invention. It will be understood that any other synchronization signal source or other signal processing techniques can be used in the present invention and that the signal(s) need not be sinusoidal. Advantages Compared with active sources using active dipole source energized by alternating current, the new signal source will be stronger, more stable, and more accurate. The present signal source can be used to precisely locate a BHA while drilling. It can also be used to improve depth reference in wireline logging operations by reducing errors related to cable stretching due to thermal expansion, sticking/stuck wireline tools, etc. Coupled with digital coding schemes, the present signal source can also be employed as a transmitter to send downhole tool and or formation data to surface receivers, thus provide an additional communication channel for LWD. While certain preferred embodiments have been disclosed and described, it will be understood that various modifications may be made thereto without departing from the scope of the invention. For example, the type, size and configuration of the magnet and of the shield can be varied. Likewise, the mode of movement of the shield relative to the magnet can be altered or varied. To the extent that the claims include a sequential recitation of steps, it will be understood that those steps need not be completed in order and that it is not necessary to complete one step before commencing another.	<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>In common practice, when it is desired to produce hydrocarbons from a subsurface formation, a well is drilled from the surface until it intersects the desired formation. As shown in FIG. 1 , a typical drilling operation entails a surface operating system 50 , a work string 100 that may comprise coiled tubing or assembled lengths of conventional drill pipe, and a bottom hole assembly (BHA) 200 . Surface system 50 typically includes a drilling rig 10 at the surface 12 of a well, supporting drill string 100 . BHA 200 is attached to the lowermost end of work string 100 . Operating system 50 is positioned at the surface adjacent to well 12 and generally includes a well head disposed atop of a well bore 18 that extends downwardly into the earthen formation 20 . Borehole 18 extends from surface 16 to borehole bottom 30 and may include casing 22 in its upper zones. The productivity of formations can vary greatly, both vertically and horizontally. For example, in FIG. 1 , formation 21 may be a producing formation (stratum), while formation 20 above it may be a non-producing formation. The target formation(s) have typically been mapped using various techniques prior to commencement of drilling operations and an objective of the drilling operation is to guide the drill bit so that it remains in the target formation. Thus, in many wells, the lower portion of the borehole deviates from the vertical and may even attain a substantially horizontal direction. In these circumstances, it is desirable to drill the well such that borehole 18 stays within the producing formation 21 . Similarly, it is sometimes desired to guide the drilling of a well such that it parallels another well. This is the case in steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) drilling, in which steam injected through one of a pair of parallel wells warms the formation in the vicinity of the wells, lowering the viscosity of the formation fluids and allowing them to drain into the second well. The second well thus functions as a production well and typically is drilled such that it lies below the injection well. As a result of this deviated, directional, or horizontal drilling, the drill bit may traverse a sizable lateral distance between the wellhead and the borehole bottom. For this reason, and because the degree of curvature of the borehole is often not known precisely, it also becomes difficult to know the true vertical depth of the borehole bottom. Hence, it is preferred to track the position of the bit as precisely as possible in order to increase the likelihood of successfully penetrating the target formation. It is particularly desirable to accurately locate the position of the bottom hole assembly (BHA) during drilling so that corrections can be made while drilling is ongoing. Determining the precise location of the drill bit as it progresses through the formation and communication of that information from the downhole location to the surface are two significant problems that have not heretobefore been adequately addressed. Both objectives are made more difficult by the drilling operation itself, which involves at least rapid fluid flow, moving parts, and vibrations. Various methods are traditionally combined to achieve these goals. Gyroscopes and various types of sensors have been used to track bit movement and/or bit position. Electromagnetic (EM) telemetry is one technique used for transmitting information, either to the surface or to another location uphole. Other transmission techniques involve mud pulses or acoustic signaling using the drillstring as the signal carrier. Current techniques are not very accurate or rapid, however, and can result in erroneous calculations of the position of the BHA. Hence, it is desirable to provide a technique for determining the position of a bit in a subterranean formation that eliminates or at least substantially reduce the problems, limitations and disadvantages commonly associated with the known bit-tracking techniques.	<SOH> SUMMARY OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION <EOH>The present invention provides methods and apparatus for signaling from one location to another using low frequency magnetic fields. The invention has many applications and can be used, for example, to locate the position of the bottom hole assembly during drilling. The invention can be used to send a signal from a location near a drill bit in a well drilling operation to a receiver at the earth's surface, or to a receiver at a different location in the drillstring in the same well, or to a receiver in another well. The invention can also be used for generating a signal at the earth's surface that can be detected at a downhole location, or as a telemetry transmitter for low frequency communications. In some embodiments, the apparatus of the present invention is particularly useful as a tool for sending a signal from the bit location that can be detected at the surface and used to determine the location of the bit. The present invention avoids the deficiencies of prior devices and offers an alternative way to determine the position of the BHA. In preferred embodiments, the invention includes placing a signaling apparatus at the bit and tracking its position during the entire drilling process. For this method to work, the signal source must be strong and stable enough even for deep end extended-reach wells. In certain embodiments, a synchronization signal and using said synchronization signal is provided and used to control modulation of the magnetic field created by the magnet. Controlling the modulation of the magnetic field may include doubling the frequency of, taking the absolute value of, or squaring the synchronization signal. The modulated magnetic field can be sensed by receivers that may detect a phase shift between said synchronization signal and said modulated magnetic field and or amplitude variations in said modulated magnetic field. There may be a plurality of receivers spaced apart from said bottomhole assembly, and the receivers may be located at or below the earth's surface. In alternative embodiments, the invention can also be used to generate a signal at the earth's surface that can be detected at a downhole location. In some embodiments of the present invention, the signal source may be a rare earth permanent magnet used in conjunction with a shield made of high permeability soft magnetic alloy. By precisely controlling the motion of the shield, the permanent magnet can be made to function as a precise oscillating signal source that can be tracked by magnetometers at the surface for accurate position monitoring of the BHA. In alternative embodiments, the frequency and/or phase etc. of the motion of the shield can be modulated in response to data acquired by downhole instruments using well-known digital encoding schemes, transforming the signal source into a transmitter that can communicate LWD data to surface receivers. In certain embodiments, the present invention comprises a magnet and a shield moveable relative to said magnet between a first position in which said magnet is relatively exposed and a second position in which said magnet is relatively shielded. The magnet can be an electromagnet. The present system may further comprise means for providing a synchronization signal and means for controlling movement of the shield in response to the synchronization signal so as to modulate the magnetic field created by the magnet. The means for controlling the shield movement may include means for doubling the frequency of, taking the absolute value of, and/or squaring the synchronization signal. The apparatus may further include a downhole sensor generating a signal and means for modulating the magnetic field in response to the signal from the downhole sensor. Thus, the embodiments of the invention summarized above comprise a combination of features and advantages that enable them to overcome various problems of prior devices systems and methods. The various characteristics described above, as well as other features, will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art upon reading the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments of the invention, and by referring to the accompanying drawings. It should be appreciated that the present invention is described in the context of a well environment for explanatory purposes, and that the present invention is not limited to the particular borehole thus described, it being appreciated that the present invention may be used in a variety of well bores.	20040528	20070522	20051201	63165.0		0	THOMPSON, KENNETH L	DOWNHOLE SIGNAL SOURCE	UNDISCOUNTED	0	ACCEPTED		2,004
10,856,454	ACCEPTED	Defense against virus attacks	A method, software, and computer system for defending against virus attacks is described. Assume that a computer system receives an instruction to run an executable file. Before the computer system runs the executable file, the computer system determines if the executable file is certified to run on the computer system. If the executable file is not certified, then the computer system prevents the executable file from running. If the executable file is certified, then the computer system determines if the executable file has been modified since being certified. If the executable file has been modified, then the computer system prevents the executable file from running. If the executable file has been certified and has not been modified, then the computer system runs the executable file. Because many viruses are included in executable files, virus attacks may be prevented by requiring executable files to be certified before they can run.	1. A method of operating a computer system, the method comprising the steps of: receiving an instruction to run an executable file; determining if the executable file is certified to run on the computer system; determining if the executable file has been modified since being certified for the computer system; and running the executable file responsive to a determination that the executable file is certified to run on the computer system and that the executable file has not been modified since being certified. 2. The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of: preventing the executable file from running responsive to a determination that the executable file is not certified or that the executable file has been modified since being certified. 3. The method of claim 1 further comprising the steps of: notifying a user of the computer system if the executable file is not certified; and determining if the executable file is certified to run on another computer system. 4. The method of claim 1 further comprising the steps of: receiving a user ID and a password from a user of the computer system; validating the user based on the user ID and password; and certifying the executable file by writing a certification indicator into the executable file. 5. The method of claim 4 further comprising the steps of: determining a modification indicator for the executable file; and writing the modification indicator into the executable file. 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of determining if the executable file is certified to run on the computer system comprises the steps of: identifying a certification indicator in the executable file; identifying a computer ID for the computer system; determining if the certification indicator corresponds with the computer ID; and determining that the executable file is certified to run on the computer system if the certification indicator corresponds with the computer ID. 7. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of determining if the executable file has been modified since being certified for the computer system comprises the steps of: determining a current modification value for the executable file; identifying a modification indicator from the executable file; determining if the current modification value corresponds with the modification indicator; and determining that the executable file has been modified if the current modification value does not corresponds with the modification indicator. 8. A software product for a computer system, the software product comprising: operating system software when executed by a processing system that receives an instruction to run an executable file, determines if the executable file is certified to run on the computer system, determines if the executable file has been modified since being certified for the computer system, and runs the executable file responsive to a determination that the executable file is certified and that the executable file has not been modified since being certified; and a storage system that stores the operating system software. 9. The software product of claim 8 wherein the operating system software prevents the executable file from running responsive to a determination that the executable file is not certified or that the executable file has been modified since being certified. 10. The software product of claim 8 wherein the operating system software notifies a user of the computer system if the executable file is not certified and determines if the executable file is certified to run on another computer system. 11. The software product of claim 8 wherein the operating system software receives a user ID and a password from a user of the computer system, validates the user based on the user ID and password, and certifies the executable file by writing a certification indicator into the executable file. 12. The software product of claim 11 wherein the operating system software determines a modification indicator for the executable file and writes the modification indicator into the executable file. 13. The software product of claim 8 wherein the operating system software identifies a certification indicator in the executable file, identifies a computer ID for the computer system, determines if the certification indicator corresponds with the computer ID, and determines that the executable file is certified to run on the computer system if the certification indicator corresponds with the computer ID. 14. The software product of claim 8 wherein the operating system software determines a current modification value for the executable file, identifies a modification indicator from the executable file, determines if the current modification value corresponds with the modification indicator, and determines that the executable file has been modified if the current modification value does not corresponds with the modification indicator. 15. A computer system, comprising: a user interface configured to receive an instruction to run an executable file; and a processing system, responsive to receiving the instruction from the user interface, that determines if the executable file is certified to run on the computer system, determines if the executable file has been modified since being certified for the computer system, and runs the executable file responsive to a determination that the executable file is certified and that the executable file has not been modified since being certified. 16. The computer system of claim 15 wherein the processing system prevents the executable file from running responsive to a determination that the executable file is not certified or that the executable file has been modified since being certified. 17. The computer system of claim 15 wherein the processing system notifies a user of the computer system if the executable file is not certified and determines if the executable file is certified to run on another computer system. 18. The computer system of claim 15 wherein the processing system receives a user ID and a password from a user of the computer system, validates the user based on the user ID and password, and certifies the executable file by writing a certification indicator into the executable file. 19. The computer system of claim 15 wherein the processing system identifies a certification indicator in the executable file, identifies a computer ID for the computer system, determines if the certification indicator corresponds with the computer ID, and determines that the executable file is certified to run on the computer system if the certification indicator corresponds with the computer ID. 20. The computer system of claim 15 wherein the processing system determines a current modification value for the executable file, identifies a modification indicator from the executable file, determines if the current modification value corresponds with the modification indicator, and determines that the executable file has been modified if the current modification value does not corresponds with the modification indicator.	BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The invention is related to the field of computer systems, and in particular, to systems, methods, and software for defending against virus attacks on computer systems. 2. Statement of the Problem Many people use computers daily at work or at home. One problem hampering computer users is computer viruses. A computer virus is typically understood to mean an unwanted software program that operates on a computer to do harm to the computer. The virus may erase data files, create operating errors, or otherwise infect the computer. Computers typically operate with three main elements. A first element is the operating system that creates the environment for operating the computer. A second element is the executable files that perform a pre-defined set of actions, such as programs and script files. A third element is the data files. A majority of the computer viruses exist as executable files that run on a computer. The executable files may be sent via email, web downloads, or some other manner. When an executable file representing a virus ends up on a computer and is subsequently executed, the virus may perform a set of destructive steps on the computer. The virus may cause a loss of information on the computer, a loss of time to install patches to repair the computer harmed by the virus or to prevent future virus attacks, or other problems. Viruses may also require companies or organizations to have a staff on hand to handle virus attacks and track down those initiating the viruses. Unfortunately, there is currently no effective way to control whether an executable file is run or not once the executable file is on the computer. As long as there is no control on the execution of an executable file, the executable file runs on the computer if the computer is so instructed. If the executable file happens to be a virus, then the computer will most likely be infected with the virus. SUMMARY OF THE SOLUTION The invention solves the above and other related problems by preventing an executable file from running unless the executable file has been certified to run. Because many viruses are included in executable files, virus attacks may be prevented by requiring executable files to be certified before they can run. That way, any executable file that has been downloaded without passing through a certification process will not be allowed to run and will not be allowed to perform any unintended action on a computer. The certification process advantageously gives computers and operating systems another layer of protection against viruses. This saves on the time and money required to handle virus attacks. One embodiment of the invention describes a method of operating a computer system before the computer system runs an executable file. First, the computer system receives an instruction to run an executable file. Before the computer system runs the executable file, the computer system determines if the executable file is certified to run on the computer system. To be “certified” means that the executable file has been previously authenticated and authorized to run on a specific computer system. If the computer system determines that the executable file is not certified, then the computer system prevents the executable file from running. If the computer system determines that the executable file is certified, then the computer system determines if the executable file has been modified since being certified for the computer system. If the computer system determines that the executable file has been modified, then the computer system prevents the executable file from running. If the computer system determines that the executable file is certified for this computer system and has not been modified since being certified, then the computer system runs the executable file. The invention may include other exemplary embodiments described below. DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The same reference number represents the same element on all drawings. FIG. 1 illustrates a computer system in an exemplary embodiment of the invention. FIG. 2 is a flow chart illustrating a method of operating a computer system before the computer system runs an executable file in an exemplary embodiment of the invention. FIG. 3 is a flowchart illustrating a process in an exemplary embodiment of the invention. FIG. 4 is a flow chart illustrating another process to certify executable files in an exemplary embodiment of the invention. FIG. 5 is a flowchart illustrating another process in an exemplary embodiment of the invention. FIG. 6 is a flowchart illustrating a process for determining if an executable file is certified in an exemplary embodiment of the invention. FIG. 7 is a flowchart illustrating a process for determining if an executable file has been modified in an exemplary embodiment of the invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION FIGS. 1-7 and the following description depict specific exemplary embodiments of the invention to teach those skilled in the art how to make and use the best mode of the invention. For the purpose of teaching inventive principles, some conventional aspects of the invention have been simplified or omitted. Those skilled in the art will appreciate variations from these embodiments that fall within the scope of the invention. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the features described below can be combined in various ways to form multiple variations of the invention. As a result, the invention is not limited to the specific embodiments described below, but only by the claims and their equivalents. FIG. 1 illustrates a computer system 100 in an exemplary embodiment of the invention. Computer system 100 includes a communication interface 101, a processing system 102, a storage system 103, and a user interface 104. Storage system 103 stores operating system 110 and executable file 120. Processing system 102 operates according to operating system 110. When computer system 100 or processing system 102 is referenced in this description, the function of computer system 100 or processing system 102 may be attributed to operating system 110. Processing system 102 is linked to communication interface 101, storage system 103, and user interface 104. Computer system 100 could be comprised of a programmed general-purpose computer, such as a desktop computer or a laptop computer. Processing system 102 could comprise a computer microprocessor, logic circuit, or some other processing device. Storage system 103 could comprise a disk, tape, CD, integrated circuit, server, or some other memory device. Storage system 102 may be distributed among multiple memory devices. User interface 104 could comprise a display, keyboard, mouse, voice recognition interface, graphical display, touch-screen, or some other type of user device. Executable file 120 comprises any software, script file, or program that performs a pre-defined set of actions. Executable file 120 is shown as being stored in storage system 103, but executable file 120 may be in a “desktop” or other location of operating system 110, in an email (such as in Microsoft Outlook or another email application), or in another location that processing system 102 can access. Executable file 120 may have been loaded onto computer system 100 by a user, may have been received in an email, may have been received in a web download, etc. FIG. 2 is a flow chart illustrating a method 200 of operating computer system 100 before computer system 100 runs executable file 120 in an exemplary embodiment of the invention. In step 202, computer system 100 receives an instruction to run an executable file 120. The instruction may be from the user of computer system 100 through user interface 104, may be from an external system or device through communication interface 101, or may come from an internal application. Before computer system 100 runs the executable file 120, computer system 100 determines if the executable file 120 is certified to run on computer system 100 in step 204. To be “certified” means that the executable file has been previously authenticated and authorized to run on a specific computer system. The authentication and authorization may be done by computer system 100 or another computer system. The authentication and authorization is done by a valid user or users who are properly authorized to give such certification. If computer system 100 determines that the executable file 120 is not certified for computer system 100, then computer system 100 prevents the executable file 120 from running in step 206. Computer system 100 may perform further steps as discussed below. Computer system 100 may also delete the executable file 120. If computer system 100 determines that the executable file 120 is certified for computer system 100, then computer system 100 determines if the executable file 120 has been modified since being certified for computer system 100, in step 208. To be “modified” means that the executable file was altered, tampered with, or otherwise changed either intentionally or unintentionally. If computer system 100 determines that the executable file 120 has been modified, then computer system 100 prevents the executable file 120 from running in step 210. Computer system 100 may perform further steps as discussed below. Computer system 100 may also delete the executable file 120. If computer system 100 determines that the executable file 120 has been certified for computer system 100 and has not been modified since being certified, then computer system 100 runs the executable file 120 in step 212. Method 200 may include further steps for desired implementations. In case the executable file 120 was not executed (either because it wasn't certified to run on computer system 100 or it was modified), computer system 100 may provide additional options to the user on how to proceed (in steps 206 and 210). For instance, one option may be to re-certify the executable file 120 (see process 400 in FIG. 4). Another option may be to run the executable file 120 even if it is not certified for computer system 100 if the executable file 120 is certified to run on another computer within the same enterprise, company, university, etc. Another option may be to delete the executable file 120. FIG. 3 is a flowchart illustrating a process 300 in an exemplary embodiment of the invention. In FIG. 2, if computer system 100 determines that the executable file 120 is not certified in step 204, then computer system 100 may perform the steps of process 300. In step 302, computer system 100 notifies the user of computer system 100 that the executable file 120 is not certified. Computer system 100 may notify the user with a pop-up window or similar message. In step 304, computer system 100 determines if the executable file 120 was ever certified, such as being certified to run on another computer. If computer system 100 determines that the executable file 120 has never been certified, then computer system 100 prompts the user whether or not he/she wants to certify the executable file 120 in step in step 310. If the user wants to certify the executable file, then computer system 100 performs process 400 described as follows in FIG. 4. If computer system 100 determines that the executable file 120 is certified but not for computer system 100 in step 304, then computer system 100 notifies the user accordingly in step 306. Computer system 100 then provides options to the user on how to proceed in step 308. For instance, one option may be to certify the executable file 120 (see process 400 in FIG. 4). Another option may be to run the executable file 120 even if it is not certified for computer system 100 if the executable file 120 is certified to run on another computer within the same enterprise, company, university, etc, and it can be verified that the executable file 120 is identical to the executables installed on those trusted entities. Another option may be to delete the executable file 120. FIG. 4 is a flow chart illustrating a process 400 to certify executable files in an exemplary embodiment of the invention. Process 400 may be executed by a valid user on demand, or automatically called from one or more steps of FIG. 3. In step 402, computer system 100 prompts the user for a user ID and a password. Computer system 100 may prompt the user for other information and identification. In step 404, the computer system 100 receives the user ID and password. Computer system 100 will have a list of user IDs and passwords that identify those who are allowed or authorized to certify executable files for this computer system 100. Computer system 100 validates the user based on the user ID and password provided by the user in step 406. To validate the user means that the user is identified as one of the people allowed to certify executable files on a specific computer system. After the user is validated, computer system 100 certifies the executable file 120 by writing a certification indicator into the executable file 120 in step 408. A certification indicator comprises any values, identifiers, control characters, or codes that certify an executable file for a particular computer. The certification indicator is meant to be an indication that is maintained in the executable file 120, which shows that the executable file 120 is certified to run on computer system 100. In one example, the certification indicator may comprise a computer ID for computer system 100. Computer system 100, or its associated motherboard or operating system, may include a unique computer ID that distinguishes it from other computers. To certify the executable file 120, computer system 100 may write its unique computer ID (or an encrypted or encoded version of the computer ID) into the executable file 120, such as in a header or in meta-data of the executable file 120. Computer system 100 may also write the computer ID as part of a checksum or hash sum into the executable file 120. The certification indicator may also limit the permissions to execute the executable file 120 to a limited set of users as well as an expiration date to control when someone may need to re-certify and ensure the executable file is still safe based upon the parameters at that time. In step 410, computer system 100 determines a modification indicator for the executable file 120. A modification indicator comprises any values, identifiers, control characters, or codes that are computed based upon file properties at the time the file was certified. Some of the file properties may include a size of the file, a sum of ASCII codes of every nth value, or many other industry-standard checksum or hash sum algorithms. The properties are selected in such a way that if someone modifies or tampers with a file, then these properties would change. The modification indicator will allow computer system 100 to later determine if the executable file 120 has been modified. In step 412, computer system 100 writes the modification indicator into the executable file 120, such as in a header, in meta-data, or some other control-type portion of executable file 120. Computer system 100 may certify an entire software package at once. Therefore, each executable file in the software package does not need to be certified individually. Also, executable files that are part of the operating system 110 of computer system 100 are automatically certified and do not need to be individually certified according to process 400. FIG. 5 is a flowchart illustrating a process 500 in an exemplary embodiment of the invention. In FIG. 2, if computer system 100 determines that the executable file 120 has been modified in step 208, computer system 100 may also perform the steps of process 500. In step 502, computer system 100 notifies the user that the executable file 120 has been modified since being certified. Computer system 100 may notify the user with a pop-up window or similar message. In step 504, computer system 100 provides options to the user on how to proceed. For instance, one option may be to re-certify the executable file 120 (see process 400 in FIG. 4). Another option may be to delete the executable file 120. FIG. 6 is a flowchart illustrating a process 600 for determining if the executable file 120 is certified in an exemplary embodiment of the invention. In step 204 in FIG. 2, computer system 100 determines if the executable file 120 is certified to run on this computer system 100. Computer system 100 may use process 600 to make this determination. In step 602, computer system 100 identifies a certification indicator in the executable file 120. In one example, the certification indicator may comprise a computer ID for computer system 100. The certification indicator may be read by computer system 100 from a header, meta-data, or another other control-type portion of executable file 120. In step 604, computer system 100 identifies a computer ID for the computer. Assume for this embodiment that computer system 100, or its associated motherboard or operating system, includes a unique computer ID that distinguishes it from other computers. The computer ID is like a social security number for computers. In step 606, computer system 100 determines if the certification indicator read from the executable file corresponds with the computer ID for computer system 100. To “correspond with” may mean that the certification indicator matches the computer ID. To “correspond with” may also mean that the certification indicator and the computer ID produce the same value when passed through an algorithm or decryption process. If the certification indicator corresponds with the computer ID (and the certification has not expired if there was any expiration date maintained as part of the certification process), then computer system 100 determines that the executable file 120 is certified for computer system 100 in step 608. If the certification indicator does not correspond with the computer ID, then computer system 100 determines that the executable file 120 is not certified in step 610. FIG. 7 is a flowchart illustrating a process 700 for determining if the executable file 120 has been modified in an exemplary embodiment of the invention. In step 208 in FIG. 2, computer system 100 determines if the executable file 120 has been modified since being certified. Computer system 100 may use process 700 to make this determination. In step 702, computer system 100 determines a current modification value for the executable file 120. A current modification value comprises any value computed based upon current file properties. Some of the file properties may include a size of the file, a sum of ASCII codes of every nth value, or many other industry-standard checksum or hash sum algorithms. For instance, computer system 100 may determine the current modification value by determining a number of bytes for the executable file 120. Computer system 100 may also calculate a checksum value, a hash sum value, or some other value based on an algorithm to determine the current modification value. In step 704, computer system 100 identifies a modification indicator from the executable file 120. For instance, computer system 100 may identify the modification indicator by reading the modification indicator from a header, meta-data, or another other control-type portion of executable file 120. The modification indicator may have been written into the executable file 120 at the time of certification. In step 706, computer system 100 determines if the current modification value calculated for the executable file 120 corresponds with the modification indicator read from the executable file. To “correspond with” may mean that the current modification value matches or equals the modification indicator. To “correspond with” may also mean that the current modification value and the modification indicator produce the same value when passed through an algorithm or decryption process. Although the certification expiration date has been shown to be maintained with the certification indicators in this embodiment, the expiration details can easily be kept as part of the modification value. If the current modification value does correspond with the modification indicator, then computer system 100 determines that the executable file 120 has not been modified since being certified, in step 708. If the current modification value does not correspond with the modification indicator, then computer system 100 determines that the executable file 120 has been modified since being certified, in step 710. In summary, because many viruses are included in executable files, virus attacks may be prevented by requiring executable files to be certified before they can run. Executable files that are viruses cannot be inadvertently run according to the certification process described above. Computers and operating systems advantageously have another layer of protection against viruses.	<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>1. Field of the Invention The invention is related to the field of computer systems, and in particular, to systems, methods, and software for defending against virus attacks on computer systems. 2. Statement of the Problem Many people use computers daily at work or at home. One problem hampering computer users is computer viruses. A computer virus is typically understood to mean an unwanted software program that operates on a computer to do harm to the computer. The virus may erase data files, create operating errors, or otherwise infect the computer. Computers typically operate with three main elements. A first element is the operating system that creates the environment for operating the computer. A second element is the executable files that perform a pre-defined set of actions, such as programs and script files. A third element is the data files. A majority of the computer viruses exist as executable files that run on a computer. The executable files may be sent via email, web downloads, or some other manner. When an executable file representing a virus ends up on a computer and is subsequently executed, the virus may perform a set of destructive steps on the computer. The virus may cause a loss of information on the computer, a loss of time to install patches to repair the computer harmed by the virus or to prevent future virus attacks, or other problems. Viruses may also require companies or organizations to have a staff on hand to handle virus attacks and track down those initiating the viruses. Unfortunately, there is currently no effective way to control whether an executable file is run or not once the executable file is on the computer. As long as there is no control on the execution of an executable file, the executable file runs on the computer if the computer is so instructed. If the executable file happens to be a virus, then the computer will most likely be infected with the virus.	<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE SOLUTION <EOH>The invention solves the above and other related problems by preventing an executable file from running unless the executable file has been certified to run. Because many viruses are included in executable files, virus attacks may be prevented by requiring executable files to be certified before they can run. That way, any executable file that has been downloaded without passing through a certification process will not be allowed to run and will not be allowed to perform any unintended action on a computer. The certification process advantageously gives computers and operating systems another layer of protection against viruses. This saves on the time and money required to handle virus attacks. One embodiment of the invention describes a method of operating a computer system before the computer system runs an executable file. First, the computer system receives an instruction to run an executable file. Before the computer system runs the executable file, the computer system determines if the executable file is certified to run on the computer system. To be “certified” means that the executable file has been previously authenticated and authorized to run on a specific computer system. If the computer system determines that the executable file is not certified, then the computer system prevents the executable file from running. If the computer system determines that the executable file is certified, then the computer system determines if the executable file has been modified since being certified for the computer system. If the computer system determines that the executable file has been modified, then the computer system prevents the executable file from running. If the computer system determines that the executable file is certified for this computer system and has not been modified since being certified, then the computer system runs the executable file. The invention may include other exemplary embodiments described below.	20040528	20080520	20051215	80348.0		0	JUNG, DAVID YIUK	DEFENSE AGAINST VIRUS ATTACKS	UNDISCOUNTED	0	ACCEPTED		2,004
10,856,544	ACCEPTED	Ablation catheter with suspension system incorporating rigid and flexible components	A curved ablation catheter imparts ablative energy to target tissue, for example, along a trabecular slope, e.g., in the right atrium along the isthmus between the ostium of the inferior vena cava and the tricuspid valve. The catheter is formed with a preset curvature that, when deployed, both translates linearly and increases in radius to aid in the formation of spot or continuous linear lesions. A method of treating atrial flutter employs the curved ablation catheter.	1. A catheter for ablating a surface of endocardial tissue, the catheter comprising: a distal section of a first material hardness; an ablation electrode positioned on the distal section of the catheter; a proximal section of a second material hardness; and a suspension section of a third material hardness, the suspension section proximal and adjacent to the distal section and distal and adjacent to the proximal section; wherein the third material hardness is less than each of the first material hardness and the second material hardness. 2. The catheter of claim 1, wherein the suspension section further comprises a preset curve for orienting the distal section toward the surface of endocardial tissue. 3. The catheter of claim 1, wherein at least one of the proximal portion, the suspension portion, and the distal portion comprises a preset curve for appropriately orienting the catheter. 4. The catheter of claim 1, wherein the first material hardness is greater than the second material hardness. 5. The catheter of claim 1, wherein the first material hardness is less than the second material hardness. 6. The catheter of claim 1, wherein the first material hardness is equal to the second material hardness. 7. The catheter of claim 1, wherein when the surface is trabecular, the suspension section acts as an armature with respect to the distal section allowing the ablation electrode to maintain constant contact with the endocardial tissue while tracing the trabecular surface. 8. The catheter of claim 1, wherein the ablation electrode comprises a brush tip. 9. An ablation catheter comprising: a component wall structure of composite construction incorporating a tubular metallic braid; and a tubular plastic sleeve concentric with and enveloping the tubular metallic braid, the plastic sleeve further comprising multiple adjacent zones of varying stiffness; and an ablation electrode attached to a distal end of the component wall. 10. The ablation catheter of claim 9, wherein the adjacent zones comprise respective multiple polymeric materials of varying composition arranged collinearly with respect to each other. 11. The ablation catheter of claim 10, wherein the multiple polymeric materials comprise varying compositions of Pebax®. 12. The ablation catheter of claim 9, wherein the respective multiple polymeric materials are welded together end-to-end. 13. The ablation catheter of claim 9, wherein the component wall structure further incorporates an inner plastic tube concentric with and enveloped by the tubular metallic braid. 14. The ablation catheter of claim 13, wherein the inner plastic tube is welded to the outer plastic sleeve whereby the tubular metallic braid is encapsulated between the inner plastic tube and the outer plastic sleeve. 15. The ablation catheter of claim 13, wherein the inner plastic tube is of a uniform stiffness. 16. The ablation catheter of claim 9, wherein the ablation electrode comprises a brush tip. 17. The ablation catheter of claim 9, wherein at least one zone is sufficiently pliable to act as a suspension for the distal end of the component wall, allowing the ablation electrode to maintain constant contact with tissue while tracing a trabecular tissue surface.	BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION a. Field of the Invention The instant invention is directed toward an ablation catheter with a combination of rigid and flexible components for imparting ablative energy (e.g., radio frequency (RF) energy) to target tissue, for example, along a trabecular slope, e.g., in the right atrium along the isthmus between the ostium of the inferior vena cava and the tricuspid valve. The catheter acts as an armature suspension to aid in the formation of spot or continuous linear lesions on a trabecular surface. b. Background Art Catheters have been in use for medical procedures for many years. Catheters can be used for medical procedures to examine, diagnose, and treat while positioned at a specific location within the body that is otherwise inaccessible without more invasive procedures. During these procedures a catheter is inserted into a vessel located near the surface of a human body and is guided to a specific location within the body for examination, diagnosis, and treatment. For example, one procedure often referred to as “catheter ablation” utilizes a catheter to convey an electrical stimulus to a selected location within the human body to create tissue necrosis. Another procedure oftentimes referred to as “mapping” utilizes a catheter with sensing electrodes to monitor various forms of electrical activity in the human body. In a normal heart, contraction and relaxation of the heart muscle (myocardium) takes place in an organized fashion as electrochemical signals pass sequentially through the myocardium from the sinoatrial (SA) node located in the right atrium to the atrialventricular (AV) node and then along a well defined route which includes the His-Purkinje system into the left and right ventricles. Sometimes abnormal rhythms occur in the atrium which are referred to as atrial arrhythmia. Three of the most common arrhythmia are ectopic atrial tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, and atrial flutter. Arrhythmia can result in significant patient discomfort and even death because of a number of associated problems, including the following: (1) an irregular heart rate, which causes a patient discomfort and anxiety; (2) loss of synchronous atrioventricular contractions which compromises cardiac hemodynamics resulting in varying levels of congestive heart failure; and (3) stasis of blood flow, which increases the vulnerability to thromboembolism. It is sometimes difficult to isolate a specific pathological cause for the arrhythmia although it is believed that the principal mechanism is one or a multitude of stray circuits within the left and/or right atrium. These circuits or stray electrical signals are believed to interfere with the normal electrochemical signals passing from the SA node to the AV node and into the ventricles. Efforts to alleviate these problems in the past have included significant usage of various drugs. In some circumstances drug therapy is ineffective and frequently is plagued with side effects such as dizziness, nausea, vision problems, and other difficulties. An increasingly common medical procedure for the treatment of certain types of cardiac arrhythmia and atrial arrhythmia involves the ablation of tissue in the heart to cut off the path for stray or improper electrical signals. Such procedures are performed many times with an ablation catheter. Typically, the ablation catheter is inserted in an artery or vein in the leg, neck, or arm of the patient and threaded, sometimes with the aid of a guidewire or introducer, through the vessels until a distal tip of the ablation catheter reaches the desired location for the ablation procedure in the heart. The ablation catheters commonly used to perform these ablation procedures produce lesions and electrically isolate or render the tissue non-contractile at particular points in the cardiac tissue by physical contact of the cardiac tissue with an electrode of the ablation catheter and application of energy. The lesion partially or completely blocks the stray electrical signals to lessen or eliminate arrhythmia. One difficulty in obtaining an adequate ablation lesion using conventional ablation catheters is the constant movement of the heart, especially when there is an erratic or irregular heart beat. Another difficulty in obtaining an adequate ablation lesion is caused by the inability of conventional catheters to obtain and retain uniform contact with the cardiac tissue across the entire length of the ablation electrode surface. Without such continuous and uniform contact, any ablation lesions formed may not be adequate. It is well known that benefits may be gained by forming lesions in tissue if the depth and location of the lesions being formed can be controlled. In particular, it can be desirable to elevate tissue temperature to around 50° C. until lesions are formed via coagulation necrosis, which changes the electrical properties of the tissue. For example, when sufficiently deep lesions are formed at specific locations in cardiac tissue via coagulation necrosis, undesirable ventricular tachycardias and atrial flutter may be lessened or eliminated. “Sufficiently deep” lesions means transmural lesions in some cardiac applications. Current techniques for creating continuous linear lesions in endocardial applications include, for example, dragging a conventional catheter on the tissue, using an array electrode, or using pre-formed electrodes. Ablation catheters are not presently designed to be translated within the atria while ablating to form linear lesions. Present catheter designs either require significant technical skill on the part of the surgeon in guiding and placing the catheter by sensitive steering mechanisms. Because of the technical difficulty of operating catheters with such steering mechanisms, ablation procedures can be very time consuming, sometimes taking over three hours or more. Such an extended length of time can exacerbate patient discomfort, both physically and emotionally. In addition, x-ray fluoroscopy is often used throughout the procedure to locate the distal end of the catheter to ensure that it is in the proper location. Clinicians are therefore exposed to significant amounts of radiation on a regular basis because of the lengthy time required for these procedures with present technology. A particular difficulty encountered with existing ablation catheters is assurance of adequate tissue contact. All of these devices comprise rigid electrodes that do not always conform to the tissue surface, especially when sharp gradients and undulations are present, such as at the ostium of the pulmonary vein in the left atrium and the isthmus of the right atrium between the inferior vena cava and the tricuspid valve. Consequently, continuous linear lesions are difficult to achieve. With present rigid catheters of uniform construction, it can be quite difficult to maintain sufficient contact pressure until an adequate lesion has been formed. This problem is exacerbated on contoured or trabecular surfaces. If the contact between the electrode and the tissue cannot be properly maintained, a quality lesion is unlikely to be formed. Thus, there remains a need for an ablation instrument that addresses these issues with the existing designs and that permits the formation of uniform spot and continuous linear lesions, including transmural lesions, on smooth or contoured surfaces, and that provides an ease of use not found in previous designs. The information included in this background section of the specification, including any references cited herein and any description or discussion thereof, is included for technical reference purposes only and is not to be regarded subject matter by which the scope of the invention is to be bound. BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention is an ablation catheter that is relatively simple to operate and that provides improved linear lesions. One portion of the catheter acts as a suspension system for the distal tip from which an ablation electrode extends. The suspension system is generally a relatively pliant portion of the catheter that supports the distal end, including the electrode. The suspension system acts as an armature, similar to the armature of a phonograph holding the needle, allowing the electrode to follow the contours of tissue. The catheter is particularly advantageous for ablating a sloped, trabecular surface of endocardial tissue. One embodiment of a catheter for ablating a surface of endocardial tissue according to the present invention is composed of a distal section of a first material hardness, a proximal section of a second material hardness, and a suspension section of a third material hardness. The third material hardness is less than each of the first material hardness and the second material hardness. The suspension section proximal and adjacent to the distal section and distal and adjacent to the proximal section. An ablation means is also positioned on the distal section of the catheter. In another embodiment of the invention, the ablation catheter is formed with a component wall structure of composite construction. The wall structure incorporates a tubular metallic braid and a tubular plastic sleeve concentric with and enveloping the tubular metallic braid. The plastic sleeve has multiple adjacent zones of varying stiffness. An ablation electrode is attached to a distal end of the component wall. The adjacent zones of the plastic sleeve may be formed of respective multiple polymeric materials of varying composition arranged collinearly with respect to each other. Other features, details, utilities, and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from the following more particular written description of various embodiments of the invention as further illustrated in the accompanying drawings and defined in the appended claims. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is an isometric view of an ablation catheter according to one embodiment of the present invention with a sheath substantially cut away. FIG. 2 is an isometric view of the ablation catheter of FIG. 1 detailing several component sections of the catheter. FIG. 3 is a top isometric view of an introducer sheath for use with the ablation catheter of FIG. 1 detailing several component sections of the sheath. FIG. 4 is a bottom isometric view of the introducer sheath of FIG. 3 detailing several component sections of the sheath. FIG. 5 is an isometric view of the catheter of FIG. 1 carried within the sheath of FIG. 3. FIG. 6 is an isometric view of the catheter of FIG. 1 unfurling from within the sheath of FIG. 3. FIG. 7 is a cross-section view, taken along line 7-7 of FIG. 5, of the catheter ablation electrode carried within the sheath. FIG. 8 is a cross-section view, taken along line 8-8 of FIG. 5, of the catheter and ablation electrode within the sheath. FIG. 9 is a cross-section view, taken along line 9-9 of FIG. 6, of the catheter and ablation electrode unfurling from within the sheath. FIG. 10 is an enlarged view of the circled region of FIG. 9 detailing a brush electrode and revealing a conductor making electrical contact with the filaments comprising the brush electrode, and depicting a secondary lead (e.g., for a thermocouple) extending adjacent to the conductor and becoming embedded within the brush filaments. FIG. 11 is an isometric schematic of the various component materials forming the catheter of the present invention. FIG. 12 is a cross-section of a catheter formed of the material components of FIG. 11. FIGS. 13 and 14 are isometric schematics of the ablation catheter and sheath of FIGS. 1-10 depicting a method of creating a linear lesion in the right atrium. FIG. 15 is an isometric schematic of an alternate embodiment of the ablation catheter of the present invention with a ball electrode depicted in situ in the right atrium. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Several embodiments of an endocardial ablation system 2, including an ablation catheter 4 with an armature-type suspension system, an introducer sheath 6, and an ablation electrode 8, according to the present invention is depicted in the figures. As described further below, the endocardial ablation system 2 of the present invention provides a number of advantages, including, for example, mitigating electrode-tissue contact problems. The suspension system of the ablation catheter 4 facilitates enhanced tissue contact in difficult environments (e.g., during ablation of a contoured or trabecular surface on a beating heart), whether creating a spot lesion or a continuous linear lesion, by facilitating contact of the ablation electrode 8 with surface contours of endocardial tissue. This is particularly useful for treatment of atrial flutter where it is desirable to create a linear lesion along the trabecular slope of the isthmus between the ostium of the inferior vena cava and the tricuspid valve in the right atrium. FIG. 1 is an isometric view of one embodiment of a catheter 4, emerging from a sheath 6 that has been cut away, with an ablation electrode 8 attached to the distal end of the catheter 4. (As used herein, “proximal” refers to a direction away from the body of a patient and toward the clinician. In contrast, “distal” as used herein refers to a direction toward the body of a patient and away from the clinician.) The catheter 4, sheath 6, and ablation electrode 8 together form the endocardial ablation system 2 depicted in detail FIGS. 5-9. The catheter 4 is designed for insertion within a main lumen 10 of the sheath 6 (see FIG. 3). Axiomatically, the diameter of the main lumen 10 is sized to accommodate the outer diameter of the catheter 4. As shown in FIG. 2, the catheter 4 is a component-built catheter, in this embodiment divided into three sections, a proximal section 14, a suspension section 16, and a distal section 18. The suspension section 16 is located between the proximal section 14 and the distal section 18. In this embodiment, both the proximal section 14 and the distal section 18 are of a more rigid construction than the suspension section 16, which is comparatively pliant. While more rigid than the suspension section 16, the proximal section 14 and the distal section 18 may each have different levels of stiffness or rigidity. In other embodiments it may be desirable to include additional component sections of varying degrees of rigidity depending upon the need of the procedure to be performed. For example, a distal tip of the distal section 18 might be formed of a soft or pliable material to minimize abrasion of the endocardial tissue. If desirable, certain of the component sections may be formed with curved shapes to assist the placement of the catheter 4 based upon the anatomy of the heart. For example, as shown in FIG. 2, the distal section 18 has a slight curve at its proximal end. The suspension section 16 may also have a curve to initiate the orientation of the distal section 18 of the catheter 4 out of the lower port 28. The arc or radius of curvature of a particular section may be selected to allow the catheter 4 to appropriately “fit” in various sizes of heart cavities, to position the catheter 4 with respect to a particular tissue location for ablation application, or to orient the attached ablation electrode 8 at a particular angle or direction. However, each of the sections of the catheter 4 is pliant compared to the sheath 6 and, when introduced into the sheath 6, each of the sections of the catheter 4 is constrained by the sheath 6 and conforms to the orientation of the sheath 6. As shown in FIG. 2, the catheter 4 may be formed from sections of different materials. FIGS. 11 and 12 depict one exemplary embodiment for forming such a component catheter. The catheter wall 44 may be formed of several layers of materials to ultimately create a composite structure. In the embodiment of FIGS. 11 and 12 the catheter wall is composed of an inner tube 70 of plastic, which is initially surrounded by a cylindrical braid 72 of metal fibers, for example, stainless steel fibers. The metallic braid 72 is included in the catheter wall 44 to add stability to the catheter 4 and also to resist radial forces that might crush the catheter 4. The metallic braid 72 also provides a framework to translate torsional forces imparted by the clinician on the proximal section 14 to the distal end to rotate the catheter 4 for appropriate orientation of the ablation electrode 8. The choice of a flat, angled braid pattern for the metallic braid 72 as depicted adds hoop strength to the catheter 4 without impacting the flexibility of the catheter 4. Based upon the exemplary configuration of FIG. 2, three collinear sections of equal diameter plastic tubing abutted together surround the metallic braid 72. A first tube 74 is composed of a first plastic material, a second tube 76 is composed of a second plastic material, and a third tube 78 is composed of a third plastic material. The component plastic sections of the catheter wall 44 may be composed, for example, of Pebax® resins (AUTOFINA Chemicals, Inc., Philadelphia, Pa.), or other polyether-block co-polyamide polymers, wherein different formulas are used to create the desired material stiffness within each section of the catheter 44. These sections of different material enable the catheter 16 to have, for example, different mechanical properties (e.g., flexibility) at different locations along the catheter shaft. For example, the proximal section 14 of the catheter wall 44 may be formed by the first tube 74 having a relatively stiffer material formulation than the suspension section 16, allowing for greater transfer of control exerted at the proximal end of the catheter 4 to the distal end. The suspension section 16 may be formed by the second tube 76 having a relatively more pliant material formulation than the first tube 74 of the proximal section 14 to provide a level of suspension to the distal tip 18 as further described below. The distal section 18 may be formed by the third tube 78 having a relatively more rigid material formulation to create greater stiffness than the suspension section 16 as well to provide appropriate support to the ablation electrode 8. The inner tube 70 is generally chosen to have a relatively pliant material formulation. In an exemplary embodiment, the first tube 74 may have a hardness of 72 Shore A, the second tube may have a hardness of 55 Shore A, the third tube may have a hardness of 65 Shore A, and the inner tube may have a hardness of 40 Shore A. The distal section 18 may further be composed of a radiopaque marker to allow a clinician to visualize the position of the tip of the catheter 4 in the heart. Once the appropriate material qualities of the plastic for each of the inner, first, second, and third tubes 70, 74, 76, 78 are chosen, the catheter wall 44 can be fabricated. As previously described, the inner tube 70 is first surrounded by the metallic braid 72. The first, second, and third tubes 74, 76, 78 are then placed around the metallic braid 72 and are abutted together, end-to-end. The first, second, and third tubes 74, 76, 78 may then be covered by a shrink wrap tube (not shown), if desired, to maintain the close abutment between the adjacent ends of the first, second, and third tubes 74, 76, 78. The layered structure of the inner tube 70, the metallic braid 72, the first, second, and third tubes 74, 76, 78, and the shrink wrap is then heated to a temperature at which the plastic materials composing each of the inner, first, second, and third tubes 70, 74, 76, 78 begins to melt. The plastic of the inner tube 70 flows through the interstices of the metallic braid 72 from the inside. Similarly, the plastic of the first, second, and third tubes 74, 76, 78 flows through the interstices of the metallic braid 72 from the outside. In this manner, the inner tube 70 is welded to the first, second, and third tubes 74, 76, 78 and the metallic braid 72 is encapsulated between them to form the catheter wall 44 as shown in FIG. 12. Similarly, the adjacent ends of the first tube 74 and second tube 76 are welded together and the adjacent ends of the second tube 76 and the third tube 78 are welded together. If the shrink wrap tube is used, it encapsulates the entire catheter wall 44 of the component catheter 4. As indicated above, the various sections of the catheter 4 may be provided with preset curves. Such curvature can be imparted to the catheter 4, for example, by placing a mandrel of a desired form in the catheter 4 and thermally setting the desired curvature to the catheter wall 44. Although the catheter wall 44 depicted in the figures (and as shown in cross-section in FIG. 12) has a circular cross section, the cross-section of the catheter wall 44 may be other than circular. The introducer sheath 6 may similarly be composed of several component sections of different materials as indicated in FIGS. 3 and 4. A proximal portion 20 of the sheath 6 is connected with a spanning member 22, which is in turn connected with an anchor member 24, which forms the distal end of the sheath 6. Similar to the catheter 4, the proximal portion 20 and the anchor member 24 may be composed, for example, of Pebax® resins. In this application, the hardness of the plastic formulations may be greater than that of the catheter 4 in order to guide the catheter 4 within the main lumen 10 and anchor lumen 12 of the sheath 6. The proximal portion 20 and the anchor member 24 may be of the same or different material formulations with similar or different hardness measurements depending upon the needs of the particular procedure to be performed. The spanning member 22 may be composed of a stiffer material than both the proximal portion 20 and the anchor member 24 of the sheath 6 in order to maintain the integrity of the sheath 6. Two opposing linear slots are formed in the wall of the spanning section 22 of the sheath 6 to create the upper port 26 and the lower port 28. In one exemplary embodiment, these linear slots may each be about 3 cm in length. The formation of such linear slots in the sheath 6 weakens the wall of the sheath 6 because of the significant amount of material removed from the spanning member 22. In order to provide adequate strength, the spanning member 22 may be composed, for example, of a stainless steel tube covered with an aseptic plastic, with an arc-shaped length of material removed on opposite sides of the tube. These arc shaped lengths form the upper port 26 and the lower port 28, respectively, which are defined along the length by thin rectangular walls of remaining material. In alternate embodiments, the upper port 26 may be longer that the lower port 28 or vice versa. The proximal and distal ends of these rectangular walls are integral with tubular caps, which are attached to the proximal portion 20 of the sheath 6 on the proximal end and the anchor member 24 on the distal end. The increased structural rigidity of the spanning member 22 facilitates the stability of the sheath 6 to act as a platform for deployment of the catheter 4 from the upper port 26 and lower port 28. In an alternate embodiment, the spanning member 22 may be formed of a shape-memory metal in order to provide sufficient tensile strength and alternately flexibility to negotiate the vasculature to reach the heart and enter an atrial chamber. For example, NiTinol, a nickel-titanium (NiTi) alloy with shape-memory properties may be used for the spanning member 22. Shape-memory metals, such as NiTinol are materials that have been plastically deformed to a desired shape before use. Then upon heat application, either from the body as the catheter is inserted into the vasculature or from external sources, the fixation element is caused to assume its original shape before being plastically deformed. NiTinol and other shape-memory alloys are able to undergo a “martensitic” phase transformation that enables them to switch from a “temporary” shape to a “parent” shape at temperatures above a transition temperature. Below that temperature, the alloy can be bent into various shapes. Holding a sample in position in a particular parent shape while heating it to a high temperature programs the alloy to remember the parent shape. Upon cooling, the alloy adopts its temporary shape, but when heated again above the transition temperature the alloy automatically reverts to its parent shape. Alternately, or in addition, shape-memory materials may also be super elastic—able to sustain a large deformation at a constant temperature—and when the deforming force is released they return to their original undeformed shape. Common formulas of NiTinol have transformation temperatures ranging between −100 and +110° C., have great shape-memory strain, are thermally stable, and have excellent corrosion resistance, which make NiTinol exemplary for use in medical devices for insertion into a patient. For example, the spanning section 22 may be designed using NiTinol with a transition temperature around or below room temperature. Before use the sheath 6 is stored in a low-temperature state. By flushing the sheath 6 with chilled saline solution, the NiTinol spanning section 22 can be kept in its deformed state while positioning the sheath 6 at the desire site. When appropriately positioned, the flow of chilled saline solution can be stopped and the sheath 6 warmed by body heat, or warm saline can be substituted to allow the NiTinol to recover its “preprogrammed” shape. The anchor member 24 extends distally beyond the spanning member 22. Increased stiffness of the anchor member 24 also helps provide increased structural integrity of the sheath 6. The anchor member 24 may be pressed or anchored against tissue in a cavity of the heart, for example, an atrium wall 56 as shown in FIGS. 13-15, to help stabilize the endocardial ablation system 2 while the heart is beating. The anchor member 24 may be composed of a polymer of greater hardness and/or stiffness than the proximal portion 20 of the sheath 6 or it may even be composed of stainless steel or another suitable material to provide the desired rigidity and structural integrity. The anchor member 24 may terminate with an atraumatic distal tip 58 of a softer material to mitigate possible damage to the atrial wall 56. The distal tip 58 of the anchor member may further have a radiopaque marker to help in identifying the location of the distal end of the sheath 6 during a procedure. In the particular embodiment of FIGS. 1, 2, and 6-10, a brush electrode 8 is depicted as the ablation electrode 8. A continuous linear lesion 54 (as shown in FIGS. 13-14) is able to be formed because of the superior ability of the filaments 40 of the brush electrode 8 to maintain contact with the tissue 52 and to transfer ablative energy to the tissue 52. In an alternative embodiment, for example, as shown in FIG. 15, the catheter 4 may incorporate a ball electrode 8′ as the ablation electrode. Although not as capable of conforming to trabecular surfaces as the brush electrode 8, the ball electrode 8′ may be desired for use in certain circumstances for creating spot ablations. Other electrode tips known in the industry may alternately be used if so desired. The novel brush electrode 8 of the type depicted in FIGS. 1, 2 and 6-10 was originally disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/808,919 filed 24 Mar. 2004, entitled Brush Electrode and Method for Ablation, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety as though fully set forth herein. As shown in greater detail in FIGS. 7-10, the brush electrode 8 may be composed of a plurality of filaments 40, either conductive or nonconductive, arranged in a bundle and protruding from the distal section 18 of the catheter 4. Such a flexible brush electrode 8 provides enhanced tissue contact, particularly for use on contoured or trabecular surfaces. The filaments 40 may be constructed from a variety of different materials, including nonconductive materials, semi-conductive materials, and conductive materials. For example, the filaments 40 may be formed from metal fibers, metal plated fibers, carbon compound fibers, and other materials. Very thin, carbon fibers may be used. Relatively thicker but less conductive Thunderon® acrylic fibers (Nihon Sanmo Dyeing Company Ltd., Kyoto, Japan) may also be used for the brush electrode filaments 40. Nylon fibers coated with conductive material may also be used. Filaments 40 constructed from metal plated fibers, like coated nylon fibers, may comprise flattened areas around their outer surfaces, resulting in the filaments 40 having noncircular cross-sectional shapes. The brush filaments 40 may be insulated from each other, or they may be in electrical contact with each other. Conductive or nonconductive fluids may flow interstitially between and among the filaments 40 themselves or along the outer surface of the filaments 40. An embedded portion 48 of the filaments 40 forming the brush electrode 8 may be contained within the catheter lumen 30 at the distal tip 18 of the catheter 4 while an exposed portion 46 may extend distally from the distal tip 18. The exposed portion 46 of the brush electrode 8 may project a few millimeters from the distal tip 18 of the catheter 4. The distance that the exposed portion 46 of the brush electrode 8 extends from the distal tip 18 of the catheter 4 varies depending upon a number of factors including the composition of the filaments 40 comprising the brush electrode 8 and the particular area to be treated with the brush electrode 8. The distal tip 18 of the catheter 4 may itself be conductive or nonconductive. FIG. 7 is a cross-section view of the ablation system 2 as shown in FIG. 5 with the catheter 4 and the brush electrode 8 contained within the main lumen 10 and anchor lumen 12 of the sheath 6. FIG. 9 is similarly a cross-section view of the ablation system 2 as shown in FIG. 6, in this instance with the catheter 4 and the brush electrode 8 unfurling from the lower port 28 and upper port 26 of the sheath 6. As depicted in FIGS. 7 and 9, the catheter houses a conductor 32 having an insulated portion 34 and an uninsulated portion 36 that carries ablative energy (e.g., radio frequency current) from an energy source in a controller (not shown) to the brush electrode 8. The conductor 32 extends within the catheter lumen 30 along a longitudinal axis of the catheter 4. The conductor 32 may comprise, for example, insulated copper wire with an uninsulated portion 36 in electrical contact with the brush electrode 8. In this embodiment, the uninsulated portion 36 of the conductor 32 is formed or tied in a loop or noose 38 around the embedded portion 48 of the filaments 40 of the brush electrode 8, as shown to better advantage in FIGS. 8 and 10. At the loop or noose 38, ablative energy is transferred from the conductor 32 to the conductive filaments 40 of the brush electrode 8. In this embodiment, the uninsulated portion 36 of the conductor 32 is connected to the embedded portion 48 of the brush electrode 8 so that the connection between the conductor 32 and the brush electrode 8 is protected within the catheter wall 44. A lead 42 may extend substantially parallel to the conductor 32. A distal end of the lead 42 is embedded with the filaments 40 comprising the brush electrode 8, as shown in FIGS. 8 and 10. The lead 42, when present, may be operatively connected to a sensor embedded in the brush electrode 8 (e.g., a thermal sensor, an ultrasound sensor, or a pressure sensor). FIG. 10 is an enlarged view of the circled region of FIG. 9. As shown in FIG. 10, the brush electrode 8 may have a relatively flat working surface 50 at the distal end 32 of the brush electrode 8. In other words, in this depicted embodiment, all of the filaments 40 comprising the brush electrode 8 extend approximately the same distance from the distal section 18 of the catheter 4. Thus, the brush tip provides a relatively flat working surface 50 comprising the longitudinal ends of the filaments 40. The catheter wall 44 of the distal section 18 of the catheter 4 provides mechanical support for the filaments 40 and may also provide electrical shielding. The filaments 40 may alternatively be trimmed to provide a variety of configurations and shapes for the working surface 30 of the brush electrode 8, which may provide advantages for special applications of the brush electrode 8. For example, a blade-shape may be formed by creating an edge of longer filaments of the brush electrode 8 resulting in a line of contact with the tissue. Alternatively, the brush electrode 8 may have a wedge-shaped working surface 50 to facilitate angular placement and increase the area of the working surface 50. This configuration may be advantageous for point applications of ablative energy. As another example, the working surface 50 of the brush electrode 8 may have a concave portion or channel, which may be beneficial for wrap-around applications and provide advantages when ablating curved surfaces like the outer surface of a blood vessel. Alternatively, the working surface 50 of the brush electrode 8 may have a convex, trough-shaped tip, which may be beneficial, for example, when reaching into troughs or depressions on a contoured surface. The working surface 50 of the brush electrode 8 may also be domed, hemispherical, a frustum, or conical, coming nearly to a point at the most distal end of the brush electrode 8, with its longest filaments 40 proximal to the longitudinal axis of the catheter 4. The brush electrode 8 is depicted in many of the drawings with a circular cross section, but it may have different cross-sectional configurations. In one embodiment, conductive or nonconductive fluid may flow through the catheter lumen 30 from a fluid source (e.g., a pump and reservoir in a controller) to the brush electrode 8. When the fluid flows through the brush electrode 8, it creates a wet-brush electrode in which impinging jets of fluid traveling interstitially impact the tissue 52 at an interface between the tissue 52 and the brush electrode 8 to help control temperature changes at the interface. When using conductive fluid and either conductive or nonconductive filaments 40, the brush electrode 8 may act as a virtual electrode. If there is no direct contact between conductive filaments and the tissue 52, or the filaments 40 are entirely nonconductive, the conductive fluid flowing through the catheter lumen 30 makes the electrical contact at the interface between the brush electrode 8 and the tissue 52. The brush electrode 8 according to the present invention delivers ablative energy to the tissue via the conductive filaments 40 alone, via the conductive fluid alone, or via both the conductive filaments 40 and the conductive fluid. In the latter two configurations, the brush electrode 8 is referred to as a wet-brush electrode. Since it is possible for the conductive fluid to escape from the exposed portion of the wet-brush electrode before reaching the working surface 50 at the distal tip of the wet-brush electrode, there is some ablative energy leakage to the surrounding blood. The leakage of ablative energy to the surrounding blood is in part due to direct contact between the blood and the conductive filaments and in part due to the conductive fluid escaping between the filaments 40 to the surrounding blood, particularly when substantial splaying of the filaments 40 occurs. As the catheter 4 is further deployed from the sheath 6, the curved section 16 continues to furl and also translates linearly in the direction of the anchor member 58 as indicated by comparison of the positions of the catheter 4 in each of FIGS. 9-11. The deployment of the catheter 4 maintains the distal tip 18 and the attached ablation electrode 8 in contact with the trabecular slope 26 of the isthmus 24. The creation of a linear lesion 54 in the tissue 52 of the isthmus 64 of the right atrium 60 is depicted schematically in FIGS. 13 and 14. In this procedure, a linear series of ablation lesions is created from the annulus of the tricuspid valve 28 to the inferior vena cava 22 in the isthmus 24 of the right atrial tissue 52 bordering the Eustachian ridge. This isthmus 24 of tissue is critical to the large right atrial reentrant circuit responsible for atrial flutter. The ablation lesions 54 damage atrial tissue 52 preventing the conduction of electrical impulses through the critical isthmus 24. When the line of conduction block is complete, the atrial flutter circuit is shorted and the arrhythmia is cured. As shown in FIG. 13, the sheath 6 is positioned as desired in the heart, for example, in the right atrium 60 with the distal tip 58 of the anchor member 24 set securely against the atrial wall 56. This placement of the sheath 6 fixes the position of the ablation system 2 and minimizes movement of the ablation system 2 with respect to the heart when the heart beats. A linear lesion 54 is initiated by the deployment of the catheter 4 from the lower port 62 of the sheath 6. When moved proximally out of the anchor lumen 12 such that the ablation electrode 8 is between the spanning members 22, the distal section 18 of the catheter 4 drops from the lower port 38 as the suspension section 16 is not rigid enough to support the distal section 18. In addition, as described above, the suspension section 16 may also be formed with a preset curvature that directs the distal section out of the sheath 6 through the lower port 28. The suspension section 14 bends to create a curved or angled relationship between the proximal section 14 and the distal section 18. As the distal section 18 drops out of the lower port 28 of the sheath 6, the ablation electrode 8 is oriented toward the sloped isthmus 24 and is placed in contact with the tissue 52, initially on the isthmus 64 adjacent the tricuspid valve 68. Once the ablation electrode contacts the tissue 52, the catheter 4 may further be pushed distally to orient the distal section 18 generally orthogonally to the tissue 52. In order to achieve this orthogonal orientation, the suspension section 16 and the proximal end of the distal section 18 may push through the upper port 26 in the sheath 6. Because the suspension section 16 is of a relatively pliable construction, the suspension section 16 is able to bend easily to allow the distal section 18 to orient appropriately. By creating an orthogonal orientation, a greater surface area of the working surface 50 of the ablation electrode 8 is placed in contact with the tissue 52. Upon activation of a source of ablative energy connected with the ablation electrode 8, the tissue 52 is necrotized and a lesion 54 is formed. As the catheter 4 is further manipulated. To create a linear lesion along the isthmus 64 of the right atrium 60, the catheter 4 is further manipulated in a similar manner to both relocate the ablation electrode 8 along trabecular surface 36 of the isthmus 2 and maintain the orientation of the distal section 18 generally orthogonal to the tissue 52. From the initial position the catheter 4 may be pulled proximally through the main lumen 10. This movement relaxes the distal section 18 from. the orthogonal position and increases the angle formed by the suspension section 16 between the proximal section 14 and the distal section 18 to generally “flatten” the catheter 4. In this manner, the distal section 18, and consequently the ablation electrode 8, is pulled along the isthmus 64. Once moved proximally a small amount to reposition the ablation electrode 8, the catheter 4 may then be moved distally within the main lumen 10. The ablation electrode 8 interfaces with the tissue 52 to maintain its new position, thereby forcing the distal section 18 to again be pushed into a position generally orthogonal to the tissue 52. The distal section 18 is able to return to an orthogonal position because of the flexibility of the suspension section 16, which again forms a smaller angle between the proximal section 14 and the distal section 18 of the catheter 4. This orthogonal orientation again increases the surface area contact of the working surface 50 of the ablation electrode 8 with respect to the tissue 52. As the ablation electrode is moved along the trabecular slope 66 of the isthmus 64, the distance between the sheath 6 and the tissue 52 decreases. However, the sheath 6 does not interfere with the placement of the ablation electrode 8 because the upper port 26 allows the suspension section 16 and the distal section 18 to extend above the sheath 6 as indicated in FIG. 14. The spanning members 22 further aid the positioning of the ablation electrode 8 by restricting lateral movement of the catheter 4 with respect to the sheath 6. The pliability of the suspension section 16 acts as an armature-type suspension, allowing the ablation electrode 8 to easily follow the undulations of a trabecular surface. By maintaining a close interface between the ablation electrode 8 and the endocardial tissue 52 on the isthmus 64 along a linear path as shown in FIGS. 13 and 14, a continuous linear lesion 54 may be created. In this manner, the endocardial ablation system 2 of the present invention provides a simple mechanism to direct an ablation electrode to treat a sloped trabecular surface 26 along the isthmus 24 between the inferior vena cava 62 and the tricuspid valve 68 in the right atrium 60. The preset curves of the suspension section 16 and the distal section 18 maintain the orientation of the ablation electrode 8 toward the trabecular slope 66. Further, because of the pliability of the suspension section 16, the distal section 18 may be oriented orthogonally to the isthmus 64 at any point along the trabecular slop 66, regardless of the distance between the sheath 6 and the tissue 52 of the isthmus at a particular point. This allows the ablation catheter 8 to contact any portion of the trabecular slope 66 desired. This is achievable by merely introducing the catheter 4 into the right atrium 60 through the sheath 6 and manipulating the catheter 4 proximally and distally. Thus, the endocardial ablation system 2 of the present invention is relatively easy for a clinician to use compared to the extensive training required to manipulate a steerable catheter or other similar device. Alternatively, the ablation electrode may embody other electrode forms to achieve particular desired results. For example, FIG. 15 depicts an embodiment of the present invention in which a ball electrode 8′ is integrated with the distal section 18 of the catheter 4. A catheter 4 according to the present invention incorporating a ball electrode 8′ can similarly be manipulated in conjunction with the sheath 6 of the present invention to ablate tissue 52 and create a lesion 54. Different ablation electrodes in addition to the brush electrode 8 and ball electrode 8′ including, for example, virtual electrodes, may also be used depending upon the application or ablation effect desired. However, the advantages of the armature-type suspension system of the endocardial ablation system 2 of the present invention for maintaining tissue contact are applicable regardless of the electrode chosen for use. Although various embodiments of this invention have been described above with a certain degree of particularity, or with reference to one or more individual embodiments, those skilled in the art could make numerous alterations to the disclosed embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of this invention. It is intended that all matter contained in the above description and shown in the accompanying drawings shall be interpreted as illustrative only of particular embodiments and not limiting. All directional references (e.g., proximal, distal, upper, lower, upward, downward, left, right, lateral, front, back, top, bottom, above, below, vertical, horizontal, clockwise, and counterclockwise) are only used for identification purposes to aid the reader's understanding of the present invention, and do not create limitations, particularly as to the position, orientation, or use of the invention. Connection references (e.g., attached, coupled, connected, and joined) are to be construed broadly and may include intermediate members between a collection of elements and relative movement between elements unless otherwise indicated. As such, connection references do not necessarily infer that two elements are directly connected and in fixed relation to each other. It is intended that all matter contained in the above description or shown in the accompanying drawings shall be interpreted as illustrative only and not limiting. Changes in detail or structure may be made without departing from the basic elements of the invention as defined in the following claims.	<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>a. Field of the Invention The instant invention is directed toward an ablation catheter with a combination of rigid and flexible components for imparting ablative energy (e.g., radio frequency (RF) energy) to target tissue, for example, along a trabecular slope, e.g., in the right atrium along the isthmus between the ostium of the inferior vena cava and the tricuspid valve. The catheter acts as an armature suspension to aid in the formation of spot or continuous linear lesions on a trabecular surface. b. Background Art Catheters have been in use for medical procedures for many years. Catheters can be used for medical procedures to examine, diagnose, and treat while positioned at a specific location within the body that is otherwise inaccessible without more invasive procedures. During these procedures a catheter is inserted into a vessel located near the surface of a human body and is guided to a specific location within the body for examination, diagnosis, and treatment. For example, one procedure often referred to as “catheter ablation” utilizes a catheter to convey an electrical stimulus to a selected location within the human body to create tissue necrosis. Another procedure oftentimes referred to as “mapping” utilizes a catheter with sensing electrodes to monitor various forms of electrical activity in the human body. In a normal heart, contraction and relaxation of the heart muscle (myocardium) takes place in an organized fashion as electrochemical signals pass sequentially through the myocardium from the sinoatrial (SA) node located in the right atrium to the atrialventricular (AV) node and then along a well defined route which includes the His-Purkinje system into the left and right ventricles. Sometimes abnormal rhythms occur in the atrium which are referred to as atrial arrhythmia. Three of the most common arrhythmia are ectopic atrial tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, and atrial flutter. Arrhythmia can result in significant patient discomfort and even death because of a number of associated problems, including the following: (1) an irregular heart rate, which causes a patient discomfort and anxiety; (2) loss of synchronous atrioventricular contractions which compromises cardiac hemodynamics resulting in varying levels of congestive heart failure; and (3) stasis of blood flow, which increases the vulnerability to thromboembolism. It is sometimes difficult to isolate a specific pathological cause for the arrhythmia although it is believed that the principal mechanism is one or a multitude of stray circuits within the left and/or right atrium. These circuits or stray electrical signals are believed to interfere with the normal electrochemical signals passing from the SA node to the AV node and into the ventricles. Efforts to alleviate these problems in the past have included significant usage of various drugs. In some circumstances drug therapy is ineffective and frequently is plagued with side effects such as dizziness, nausea, vision problems, and other difficulties. An increasingly common medical procedure for the treatment of certain types of cardiac arrhythmia and atrial arrhythmia involves the ablation of tissue in the heart to cut off the path for stray or improper electrical signals. Such procedures are performed many times with an ablation catheter. Typically, the ablation catheter is inserted in an artery or vein in the leg, neck, or arm of the patient and threaded, sometimes with the aid of a guidewire or introducer, through the vessels until a distal tip of the ablation catheter reaches the desired location for the ablation procedure in the heart. The ablation catheters commonly used to perform these ablation procedures produce lesions and electrically isolate or render the tissue non-contractile at particular points in the cardiac tissue by physical contact of the cardiac tissue with an electrode of the ablation catheter and application of energy. The lesion partially or completely blocks the stray electrical signals to lessen or eliminate arrhythmia. One difficulty in obtaining an adequate ablation lesion using conventional ablation catheters is the constant movement of the heart, especially when there is an erratic or irregular heart beat. Another difficulty in obtaining an adequate ablation lesion is caused by the inability of conventional catheters to obtain and retain uniform contact with the cardiac tissue across the entire length of the ablation electrode surface. Without such continuous and uniform contact, any ablation lesions formed may not be adequate. It is well known that benefits may be gained by forming lesions in tissue if the depth and location of the lesions being formed can be controlled. In particular, it can be desirable to elevate tissue temperature to around 50° C. until lesions are formed via coagulation necrosis, which changes the electrical properties of the tissue. For example, when sufficiently deep lesions are formed at specific locations in cardiac tissue via coagulation necrosis, undesirable ventricular tachycardias and atrial flutter may be lessened or eliminated. “Sufficiently deep” lesions means transmural lesions in some cardiac applications. Current techniques for creating continuous linear lesions in endocardial applications include, for example, dragging a conventional catheter on the tissue, using an array electrode, or using pre-formed electrodes. Ablation catheters are not presently designed to be translated within the atria while ablating to form linear lesions. Present catheter designs either require significant technical skill on the part of the surgeon in guiding and placing the catheter by sensitive steering mechanisms. Because of the technical difficulty of operating catheters with such steering mechanisms, ablation procedures can be very time consuming, sometimes taking over three hours or more. Such an extended length of time can exacerbate patient discomfort, both physically and emotionally. In addition, x-ray fluoroscopy is often used throughout the procedure to locate the distal end of the catheter to ensure that it is in the proper location. Clinicians are therefore exposed to significant amounts of radiation on a regular basis because of the lengthy time required for these procedures with present technology. A particular difficulty encountered with existing ablation catheters is assurance of adequate tissue contact. All of these devices comprise rigid electrodes that do not always conform to the tissue surface, especially when sharp gradients and undulations are present, such as at the ostium of the pulmonary vein in the left atrium and the isthmus of the right atrium between the inferior vena cava and the tricuspid valve. Consequently, continuous linear lesions are difficult to achieve. With present rigid catheters of uniform construction, it can be quite difficult to maintain sufficient contact pressure until an adequate lesion has been formed. This problem is exacerbated on contoured or trabecular surfaces. If the contact between the electrode and the tissue cannot be properly maintained, a quality lesion is unlikely to be formed. Thus, there remains a need for an ablation instrument that addresses these issues with the existing designs and that permits the formation of uniform spot and continuous linear lesions, including transmural lesions, on smooth or contoured surfaces, and that provides an ease of use not found in previous designs. The information included in this background section of the specification, including any references cited herein and any description or discussion thereof, is included for technical reference purposes only and is not to be regarded subject matter by which the scope of the invention is to be bound.	<SOH> BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>The present invention is an ablation catheter that is relatively simple to operate and that provides improved linear lesions. One portion of the catheter acts as a suspension system for the distal tip from which an ablation electrode extends. The suspension system is generally a relatively pliant portion of the catheter that supports the distal end, including the electrode. The suspension system acts as an armature, similar to the armature of a phonograph holding the needle, allowing the electrode to follow the contours of tissue. The catheter is particularly advantageous for ablating a sloped, trabecular surface of endocardial tissue. One embodiment of a catheter for ablating a surface of endocardial tissue according to the present invention is composed of a distal section of a first material hardness, a proximal section of a second material hardness, and a suspension section of a third material hardness. The third material hardness is less than each of the first material hardness and the second material hardness. The suspension section proximal and adjacent to the distal section and distal and adjacent to the proximal section. An ablation means is also positioned on the distal section of the catheter. In another embodiment of the invention, the ablation catheter is formed with a component wall structure of composite construction. The wall structure incorporates a tubular metallic braid and a tubular plastic sleeve concentric with and enveloping the tubular metallic braid. The plastic sleeve has multiple adjacent zones of varying stiffness. An ablation electrode is attached to a distal end of the component wall. The adjacent zones of the plastic sleeve may be formed of respective multiple polymeric materials of varying composition arranged collinearly with respect to each other. Other features, details, utilities, and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from the following more particular written description of various embodiments of the invention as further illustrated in the accompanying drawings and defined in the appended claims.	20040527	20070731	20051201	68515.0		0	TOY, ALEX B	ABLATION CATHETER WITH SUSPENSION SYSTEM INCORPORATING RIGID AND FLEXIBLE COMPONENTS	UNDISCOUNTED	0	ACCEPTED		2,004
10,856,567	ACCEPTED	Mixture for transdermal delivery of low and high molecular weight compounds	The present invention relates to the discovery of a transdermal delivery system that can deliver high molecular weight pharmaceuticals and cosmetic agents to skin cells. A novel transdermal delivery system with therapeutic and cosmetic application and methods of use of the foregoing is disclosed.	1. A transdermal delivery system comprising: an ethoxylated oil; and a delivered agent mixed with said ethoxylated oil, wherein said ethoxylated oil contains between 10 and 19 ethoxylations/molecule. 2. The transdermal delivery system of claim 1, wherein said ethoxylated oil comprises an ethoxylated macadamia nut oil. 3. The transdermal delivery system of claim 1, wherein said ethoxylated oil comprises an ethoxylated macadamia nut oil with 16 ethoxylations/molecule. 4. The transdermal delivery system of claim 1, wherein said ethoxylated oil comprises an ethoxylated synthetic oil. 5. The transdermal delivery system of claim 1, wherein said ethoxylated oil comprises an ethoxylated meadow foam oil. 6. The transdermal delivery system of claim 1, further comprising water. 7. The transdermal delivery system of claim 1, further comprising an alcohol. 8. The transdermal delivery system of claim 1, wherein said delivered agent is less than 1,000 daltons. 9. The transdermal delivery system of claim 1, wherein said delivered agent is 1,000 daltons or greater. 10. The transdermal delivery system of claim 1, wherein said delivered agent is 10,000 daltons or greater. 11. The transdermal delivery system of claim 1, wherein said delivered agent is 100,000 daltons or greater. 12. The transdermal delivery system of claim 1, wherein said delivered agent is 300,000 daltons or greater. 13. The transdermal delivery system of claim 1, wherein said delivered agent is 500,000 daltons or greater. 14. The transdermal delivery system of claim 1, wherein said delivered agent is less than 2,000,000 daltons. 15. The transdermal delivery system of claim 1, wherein said delivered agent is a steroid. 16. The transdermal delivery system of claim 1, wherein said delivered agent is an antiviral compound. 17. The transdermal delivery system of claim 1, wherein said delivered agent is a nucleic acid. 18. The transdermal delivery system of claim 1, wherein said delivered agent is a peptide. 19. The transdermal delivery system of claim 18, wherein said peptide is less than 1,000 daltons. 20. The transdermal delivery system of claim 18, wherein said peptide is 1,000 daltons or more but less than 2,000,000 daltons. 21. The transdermal delivery system of claim 18, wherein said peptide is 100,000 daltons or greater. 22. The transdermal delivery system of claim 18, wherein said peptide is 300,000 daltons or greater. 23. The transdermal delivery system of claim 18, wherein said peptide is 500,000 daltons or greater. 24. The transdermal delivery system of claim 1, wherein said delivered agent is a non-steroidal anti inflammatory drug (NSAID). 25. The transdermal delivery system of claim 24, wherein said non-steroidal anti inflammatory drug (NSAID) is selected from the group consisting of ibuprofen (2-(isobutylphenyl)-propionic acid); methotrexate (N-[4-(2,4 diamino 6-pteridinyl-methyl] methylamino] benzoyl)-L-glutamic acid); aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid); salicylic acid; diphenhydramine (2-(diphenylmethoxy)-NN-dimethylethylamine hydrochloride); naproxen (2-naphthaleneacetic acid, 6-methoxy-9-methyl-, sodium salt, (−)); phenylbutazone (4-butyl-1,2-diphenyl-3,5-pyrazolidinedione); sulindac-(2)-5-fuoro-2-methyl-1-[[p-(methylsulfinyl)phenyl]methylene-]-1H-indene-3-acetic acid; diflunisal (2′,4′, -difluoro-4-hydroxy-3-biphenylcarboxylic acid; piroxicam (4-hydroxy-2-methyl-N-2-pyridinyl-2H-1,2-benzothiazine-2-carboxamide 1,1-dioxide, an oxicam; indomethacin (1-(4-chlorobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-methyl-H-indole-3-acetic acid); meclofenamate sodium (N-(2,6-dichloro-m-tolyl) anthranilic acid, sodium salt, monohydrate); ketoprofen (2-(3-benzoylphenyl)-propionic acid; tolmetin sodium (sodium 1-methyl-5-(4-methylbenzoyl-1H-pyrrole-2-acetate dihydrate); diclofenac sodium (2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino] benzeneatic acid, monosodium salt); hydroxychloroquine sulphate (2-{[4-[(7-chloro-4-quinolyl) amino] pentyl] ethylamino} ethanol sulfate (1:1); penicillamine (3-mercapto-D-valine); flurbiprofen ([1,1-biphenyl]-4-acetic acid, 2-fluoro-alphamethyl-, (+−,)); cetodolac (1-8-diethyl-13,4,9, tetra hydropyrano-[3-4-13] indole-1-acetic acid; mefenamic acid (N-(2,3-xylyl)anthranilic acid; and diphenhydramine hydrochloride (2-diphenyl methoxy-N,N-di-methylethamine hydrochloride). 26. The transdermal delivery system of claim 1, wherein said delivered agent is a collagen or fragment thereof. 27. The transdermal delivery system of claim 26, wherein said collagen has an approximate average molecular weight from about 2,000 daltons to about 500,000 daltons. 28. The transdermal delivery system of claim 26, wherein the therapeutically effective amount of collagen by weight or volume is 0.1% to 50.0%. 29. The transdermal delivery system of claim 26, wherein the collagen has an approximate average molecular weight of about 2,000 daltons and the therapeutically effective amount by weight or volume is 0.1% to 50.0%. 30. The transdermal delivery system of claim 26, wherein the collagen has an approximate average molecular weight of about 300,000 daltons and the therapeutically effective amount is 0.1% to 2.0%. 31. The transdermal delivery system of claim 26, wherein the collagen has an approximate average molecular weight of about 500,000 daltons and the therapeutically effective amount by weight or volume is 0.1% to 4.0%. 32. A method of transdermal delivery of a delivered agent comprising: identifying a subject in need of transdermal delivery of a delivered agent; and providing said subject a transdermal delivery system according to claim 1. 33. The method of claim 32, wherein said transdermal delivery system comprises an ethoxylated macadamia nut oil. 34. The method of claim 32, wherein said transdermal delivery system comprises an ethoxylated macadamia nut oil with 16 ethoxylations/molecule. 35. The method of claim 32, wherein said transdermal delivery system comprises an ethoxylated synthetic oil. 36. The method of claim 32, wherein said transdermal delivery system comprises an ethoxylated meadow foam oil. 37. The method of claim 32, wherein said transdermal delivery system further comprises water. 38. The method of claim 32, wherein said transdermal delivery system further comprises alcohol. 39. The method of claim 32, wherein said transdermal delivery system comprises a delivered agent that is less than 1,000 daltons. 40. The method of claim 32, wherein said transdermal delivery system comprises a delivered agent that is 1,000 daltons or greater. 41. The method of claim 32, wherein said transdermal delivery system comprises a delivered agent that is 10,000 daltons or greater. 42. The method of claim 32, wherein said transdermal delivery system comprises a delivered agent that is 100,000 daltons or greater. 43. The method of claim 32, wherein said transdermal delivery system comprises a delivered agent that is 300,000 daltons or greater. 44. The method of claim 32, wherein said transdermal delivery system comprises a delivered agent that is 500,000 daltons or greater. 45. The method of claim 32, wherein said transdermal delivery system comprises a delivered agent that is less than 2,000,000 daltons. 46. The method of claim 32, wherein said transdermal delivery system comprises a delivered agent that is a steroid. 47. The method of claim 32, wherein said transdermal delivery system comprises a delivered agent that is an antiviral compound. 48. The method of claim 32, wherein said transdermal delivery system comprises a delivered agent that is a nucleic acid. 49. The method of claim 32, wherein said transdermal delivery system comprises a delivered agent that is a peptide. 50. The method of claim 49, wherein said peptide is less than 1,000 daltons. 51. The method of claim 49, wherein said peptide is 1,000 daltons or more but less than 2,000,000 daltons. 52. The method of claim 49, wherein said peptide is 100,000 daltons or greater. 53. The method of claim 49, wherein said peptide is 300,000 daltons or greater. 54. The method of claim 49, wherein said peptide is 500,000 daltons or greater. 55. The method of claim 49, wherein said delivered agent is a non-steroidal anti inflammatory drug (NSAID). 56. The method of claim 55, wherein said non-steroidal anti inflammatory drug (NSAID) is selected from the group consisting of ibuprofen (2-(isobutylphenyl)-propionic acid); methotrexate (N-[4-(2,4 diamino 6-pteridinyl-methyl] methylamino] benzoyl)-L-glutamic acid); aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid); salicylic acid; diphenhydramine (2-(diphenylmethoxy)-NN-dimethylethylamine hydrochloride); naproxen (2-naphthaleneacetic acid, 6-methoxy-9-methyl-, sodium salt, (−)); phenylbutazone (4-butyl-1,2-diphenyl-3,5-pyrazolidinedione); sulindac-(2)-5-fuoro-2-methyl-1-[[p-(methylsulfinyl)phenyl]methylene-]-1H-indene-3-acetic acid; diflunisal (2′,4′, -difluoro-4-hydroxy-3-biphenylcarboxylic acid; piroxicam (4-hydroxy-2-methyl-N-2-pyridinyl-2H-1,2-benzothiazine-2-carboxamide 1,1-dioxide, an oxicam; indomethacin (1-(4-chlorobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-methyl-H-indole-3-acetic acid); meclofenamate sodium (N-(2,6-dichloro-m-tolyl) anthranilic acid, sodium salt, monohydrate); ketoprofen (2-(3-benzoylphenyl)-propionic acid; tolmetin sodium (sodium 1-methyl-5-(4-methylbenzoyl-1H-pyrrole-2-acetate dihydrate); diclofenac sodium (2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino] benzeneatic acid, monosodium salt); hydroxychloroquine sulphate (2-{[4-[(7-chloro-4-quinolyl) amino] pentyl] ethylamino} ethanol sulfate (1:1); penicillamine (3-mercapto-D-valine); flurbiprofen ([1,1-biphenyl]-4-acetic acid, 2-fluoro-alphamethyl-, (+−,)); cetodolac (1-8-diethyl-13,4,9, tetra hydropyrano-[3-4-13] indol-1-acetic acid; mefenamic acid (N-(2,3-xylyl)anthranilic acid; and diphenhydramine hydrochloride (2-diphenyl methoxy-N,N-di-methylethamine hydrochloride). 57. The method of claim 32, wherein said transdermal delivery system comprises a collagen or fragment thereof. 58. The method of claim 57, wherein said collagen has an approximate average molecular weight from about 2,000 daltons to about 500,000 daltons. 59. The method of claim 57, wherein the therapeutically effective amount of collagen by weight or volume is 0.1% to 50.0%. 60. The method of claim 57, wherein the collagen has an approximate average molecular weight of about 2,000 daltons and the therapeutically effective amount by weight or volume is 0.1% to 50.0%. 61. The method of claim 57, wherein the collagen has an approximate average molecular weight of about 300,000 daltons and the therapeutically effective amount is 0.1% to 2.0%. 62. The method of claim 57, wherein the collagen has an approximate average molecular weight of about 500,000 daltons and the therapeutically effective amount by weight or volume is 0.1% to 4.0%. 63. The method of claim 32, further comprising monitoring the transdermal delivery of the delivered agent. 64. A method of reducing pain or inflammation comprising: identifying a subject in need of a reduction in pain or inflammation; and providing said subject a transdermal delivery system according to claim 24. 65. A method of treating or preventing cancer and Alzheimer's disease comprising the step of identifying a subject in need of a COX enzyme inhibitor and administering to said subject a transdermal delivery system according to claims 24 or 25. 66. A method of reducing fine lines or wrinkles in the skin comprising: identifying a subject in need of a reduction in fine lines or wrinkles in the skin; and providing to said subject a transdermal delivery system according to claim 1. 67. The method of claim 66, wherein said transdermal delivery system comprises a collagen or fragment thereof. 68. The method of claim 67, wherein said collagen has an approximate average molecular weight from about 2,000 daltons to about 500,000 daltons. 69. The method of claim 67, wherein the therapeutically effective amount of collagen by weight or volume is 0.1% to 50.0%. 70. The method of claim 67, wherein the collagen has an approximate average molecular weight of about 2,000 daltons and the therapeutically effective amount by weight or volume is 0.1% to 50.0%. 71. The method of claim 67, wherein the collagen has an approximate average molecular weight of about 300,000 daltons and the therapeutically effective amount is 0.1% to 2.0%. 72. The method of claim 67, wherein the collagen has an approximate average molecular weight of about 500,000 daltons and the therapeutically effective amount by weight or volume is 0.1% to 4.0%. 73. The method of claim 67, further comprising monitoring the transdermal delivery of the delivered agent. 74. The method of claim 73, wherein the delivered agent is collagen or a fragment thereof. 75. A transdermal delivery system comprising: an ethoxylated fatty acid, ethoxylated fatty alcohol, or ethoxylated fatty amine; and a delivered agent mixed with said ethoxylated fatty acid, ethoxylated fatty alcohol, or ethoxylated fatty amine, wherein said ethoxylated fatty acid, ethoxylated fatty alcohol, or ethoxylated fatty amine contains between 10 and 19 ethoxylations/molecule. 76. The transdermal delivery system of claim 75, further comprising water. 77. The transdermal delivery system of claim 75, further comprising an alcohol. 78. The transdermal delivery system of claim 75, wherein said delivered agent is less than 1,000 daltons. 79. The transdermal delivery system of claim 75, wherein said delivered agent is 1,000 daltons or greater. 80. The transdermal delivery system of claim 75, wherein said delivered agent is 10,000 daltons or greater. 81. The transdermal delivery system of claim 75, wherein said delivered agent is 100,000 daltons or greater. 82. The transdermal delivery system of claim 75, wherein said delivered agent is 300,000 daltons or greater. 83. The transdermal delivery system of claim 75, wherein said delivered agent is 500,000 daltons or greater. 84. The transdermal delivery system of claim 75, wherein said delivered agent is less than 2,000,000 daltons. 85. The transdermal delivery system of claim 75, wherein said delivered agent is a steroid. 86. The transdermal delivery system of claim 75, wherein said delivered agent is an antiviral compound. 87. The transdermal delivery system of claim 75, wherein said delivered agent is a nucleic acid. 88. The transdermal delivery system of claim 75, wherein said delivered agent is a peptide. 89. The transdermal delivery system of claim 88, wherein said peptide is less than 1,000 daltons. 90. The transdermal delivery system of claim 88, wherein said peptide is 1,000 daltons or more but less than 2,000,000 daltons. 91. The transdermal delivery system of claim 88, wherein said peptide is 100,000 daltons or greater. 92. The transdermal delivery system of claim 88, wherein said peptide is 300,000 daltons or greater. 93. The transdermal delivery system of claim 88, wherein said peptide is 500,000 daltons or greater. 94. The transdermal delivery system of claim 75, wherein said delivered agent is a non-steroidal anti inflammatory drug (NSAID). 95. The transdermal delivery system of claim 94, wherein said non-steroidal anti inflammatory drug (NSAID) is selected from the group consisting of ibuprofen (2-(isobutylphenyl)-propionic acid); methotrexate (N-[4-(2,4 diamino 6-pteridinyl-methyl] methylamino] benzoyl)-L-glutamic acid); aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid); salicylic acid; diphenhydramine (2-(diphenylmethoxy)-NN-dimethylethylamine hydrochloride); naproxen (2-naphthaleneacetic acid, 6-methoxy-9-methyl-, sodium salt, (−)); phenylbutazone (4-butyl-1,2-diphenyl-3,5-pyrazolidinedione); sulindac-(2)-5-fuoro-2-methyl-1-[[p-(methylsulfinyl)phenyl]methylene-]-1H-indene-3-acetic acid; diflunisal (2′,4′,-difluoro-4-hydroxy-3-biphenylcarboxylic acid; piroxicam (4-hydroxy-2-methyl-N-2-pyridinyl-2H-1,2-benzothiazine-2-carboxamide 1,1-dioxide, an oxicam; indomethacin (1-(4-chlorobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-methyl-H-indole-3-acetic acid); meclofenamate sodium (N-(2,6-dichloro-m-tolyl) anthranilic acid, sodium salt, monohydrate); ketoprofen (2-(3-benzoylphenyl)-propionic acid; tolmetin sodium (sodium 1-methyl-5-(4-methylbenzoyl-1H-pyrrole-2-acetate dihydrate); diclofenac sodium (2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino] benzeneatic acid, monosodium salt); hydroxychloroquine sulphate (2-{[4-[(7-chloro-4-quinolyl)amino]pentyl]ethylamino}ethanol sulfate (1:1); penicillamine (3-mercapto-D-valine); flurbiprofen ([1,1-biphenyl]-4-acetic acid, 2-fluoro-alphamethyl-, (+−,)); cetodolac (1-8-diethyl-13,4,9, tetra hydropyrano-[3-4-13] indole-1-acetic acid; mefenamic acid (N-(2,3-xylyl)anthranilic acid; and diphenhydramine hydrochloride (2-diphenyl methoxy-N,N-di-methylethamine hydrochloride). 96. The transdermal delivery system of claim 75, wherein said delivered agent is a collagen or fragment thereof. 97. The transdermal delivery system of claim 96, wherein said collagen has an approximate average molecular weight from about 2,000 daltons to about 500,000 daltons. 98. The transdermal delivery system of claim 96, wherein the therapeutically effective amount of collagen by weight or volume is 0.1% to 50.0%. 99. The transdermal delivery system of claim 96, wherein the collagen has an approximate average molecular weight of about 2,000 daltons and the therapeutically effective amount by weight or volume is 0.1% to 50.0%. 100. The transdermal delivery system of claim 96, wherein the collagen has an approximate average molecular weight of about 300,000 daltons and the therapeutically effective amount is 0.1% to 2.0%. 101. The transdermal delivery system of claim 96, wherein the collagen has an approximate average molecular weight of about 500,000 daltons and the therapeutically effective amount by weight or volume is 0.1% to 4.0%. 102. The transdermal delivery system of claim 1, wherein said delivered agent comprises a peptide that comprises the sequence LKEKK (SEQ. ID. No. 1). 103. The transdermal delivery system of claim 102, wherein said ethoxylated oil comprises an ethoxylated macadamia nut oil. 104. The transdermal delivery system of claim 102, wherein said ethoxylated oil comprises an ethoxylated macadamia nut oil with 16 ethoxylations/molecule. 105. The transdermal delivery system of claim 102, wherein said ethoxylated oil comprises an ethoxylated synthetic oil. 106. The transdermal delivery system of claim 102, wherein said ethoxylated oil comprises an ethoxylated meadow foam oil. 107. The transdermal delivery system of claim 102, further comprising water. 108. The transdermal delivery system of claim 102, further comprising an alcohol. 109. The transdermal delivery system of claim 1, wherein said delivered agent consists of a peptide that comprises the sequence LKEKK (SEQ. ID. No. 1). 110. The transdermal delivery system of claim 1, wherein said delivered agent consists of a peptide of the sequence LKEKK (SEQ. ID. No. 1).	CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims priority to and is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/789,836, filed Feb. 27, 2004, which claims priority to and is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/183,764, filed Jun. 25, 2002, which claims priority to and is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/350,043 filed Jul. 8, 1999, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/092,061, filed Jul. 8, 1998 (now abandoned). This application also claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/510,615, filed Oct. 10, 2003. All of the above-referenced applications are hereby expressly incorporated by reference in their entireties. FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to the discovery of several formulations of a transdermal delivery system that deliver low and high molecular weight compounds, particularly drugs and cosmetic agents to a subject. A novel transdermal delivery system with therapeutic and cosmetic application is disclosed. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The skin provides a protective barrier against foreign materials and infection. In mammals this is accomplished by forming a highly insoluble protein and lipid structure on the surface of the comeocytes termed the cornified envelope (CE). (Downing et al., Dermatology in General Medicine, Fitzpatrick, et al., eds., pp. 210-221 (1993), Ponec, M., The Keratinocyte Handbook, Leigh, et al., eds., pp. 351-363 (1994)). The CE is composed of polar lipids, such as ceramides, sterols, and fatty acids, and a complicated network of cross-linked proteins; however, the cytoplasm of stratum corneum cells remains polar and aqueous. The CE is extremely thin (10 microns) but provides a substantial barrier. Because of the accessibility and large area of the skin, it has long been considered a promising route for the administration of drugs, whether dermal, regional, or systemic effects are desired. A topical route of drug administration is sometimes desirable because the risks and inconvenience of parenteral treatment can be avoided; the variable absorption and metabolism associated with oral treatment can be circumvented; drug administration can be continuous, thereby permitting the use of pharmacologically active agents with short biological half-lives; the gastrointestinal irritation associated with many compounds can be avoided; and cutaneous manifestations of diseases can be treated more effectively than by systemic approaches. Most transdermal delivery systems achieve epidermal penetration by using a skin penetration enhancing vehicle. Such compounds or mixtures of compounds are known in the art as “penetration enhancers” or “skin enhancers”. While many of the skin enhancers in the literature enhance transdermal absorption, several possess certain drawbacks in that (i) some are regarded as toxic; (ii) some irritate the skin; (iii) some have a thinning effect on the skin after prolonged use; (iv) some change the intactness of the skin structure resulting in a change in the diffusability of the drug; and (v) all are incapable of delivering high molecular weight pharmaceuticals and cosmetic agents. Clearly there remains a need for safe and effective transdermal delivery systems that can administer a wide-range of pharmaceuticals and cosmetic agents. BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Aspects of the invention concern transdermal delivery systems comprised of an ethoxylated lipid. Some formulations are used to deliver pharmaceuticals, therapeutic compounds, and cosmetic agents of various molecular weights. In several embodiments, the transdermal delivery system comprises a unique formulation of penetration enhancer (an ethoxylated oil or fatty acid, fatty alcohol, or fatty amine therein having 10-19 ethoxylations per molecule) that delivers a wide range of pharmaceuticals and cosmetic agents having molecular weights of less than 100 daltons to greater than 500,000 daltons. For example, embodiments of the transdermal delivery system include formulations that deliver a therapeutically effective amount of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), capsaicin or Boswellin-containing pain-relief solutions, other drugs or chemicals, dyes, low and high molecular weight peptides (e.g., collagens or fragments thereof), hormones, nucleic acids, antibiotics, vaccine preparations, and immunogenic preparations. Methods of making the transdermal delivery systems described herein and methods of using said compositions (e.g., the treatment and prevention of undesired human conditions or diseases or cosmetic applications) are embodiments. Some transdermal delivery system formulations are composed of a penetration enhancer that comprises an ethoxylated lipid (e.g., an ethoxylated macadamia nut oil) and a delivered agent (e.g., an amino acid, peptide, nucleic acid, protein, hydrolyzed protein, nutriceutical, chemical, or drug). An alcohol and/or water and/or an aqueous adjuvant can be mixed with the penetration enhancer to improve the solubility and/or transport of a particular delivered agent. In some embodiments, the aqueous adjuvant is a plant extract from the family of Liliaceae, such as Aloe Vera. The ethoxylated lipid that can be used in the formulations described herein can be a vegetable, nut, animal, or synthetic oil or fatty acid, fatty alcohol, or fatty amine therein having at least 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or more ethoxylations per molecule. Preferred oils include macadamia nut oil or meadowfoam (limnanthes alba). In some aspects of the invention, about 0.1% to greater than 99.0% by weight or volume is ethoxylated lipid, preferably an oil or component thereof. It should be understood that when an oil is ethoxylated, one or more of the components of the oil are ethoxylated (e.g., fatty acids, fatty alcohols, and/or fatty amines) and it is generally recognized in the field that an average number of ethoxylations for the oil and components is obtained and therefore provided. That is, the measured composition is the algebraic sum of the compositions of the species in the mix. Other embodiments of the invention include the transdermal delivery system described above, wherein about 0.1% to 15% by weight or volume is alcohol or 0.1% to 15% is water or both, or wherein about 0.1% to 85% by weight or volume is water or Aloe Vera or another aqueous adjuvant. Alcohol, water, and other aqueous adjuvants are not present in some formulations of the transdermal delivery system described herein. It has been discovered that some delivered agents (e.g., steroids) are soluble and stable in ethoxylated oil in the absence of alcohol or water and some delivered agents are soluble and stable in ethoxylated oil/alcohol emulsions, ethoxylated oil/water emulsions, ethoxylated oil/alcohol/water emulsions, and ethoxylated oil/alcohol/water/Aloe Vera emulsions. In particular, it was found that a particular Aloe Vera, alcohol, or water mixture was not essential to obtain a transdermal delivery system provided that an appropriately ethoxylated oil was mixed with the delivered agent. That is, the alcohol, water, and Aloe Vera can be removed from the formulation by using a light oil (e.g., macadamia nut oil) that has been ethoxylated to approximately 10-19 ethoxylations/molecule, desirably 11-19 ethoxylations/molecule, more desirably 12-18 ethoxylations/molecule, still more desirably 13-17 ethoxylations/molecule, preferably 14-16 ethoxylations/molecule and most preferably 15 or 16 ethoxylations/molecule. For example, some ethoxylated oils (e.g., macadamia nut oil containing 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, or 19 ethoxylations/molecule) can deliver low and high molecular weight peptides (e.g., collagen and fragments of collagen) or amino acids in the absence of alcohol and Aloe Vera. Some embodiments, however, have a ratio of ethoxylated lipid:alcohol:aqueous adjuvant selected from the group consisting of 1:1:4, 1:1:14, 3:4:3, and 1:10:25. Desirably, the transdermal delivery systems described herein contain delivered agents that are molecules with a molecular weight of less than about 6,000 daltons. In some embodiments, the transdermal delivery systems described herein contain a delivered agent that is one or more of the compounds selected from the group consisting of capsaicin, Boswellin, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), collagen, hydrolyzed collagen, peptide, amino acids, nucleic acids, alpha hydroxy acid, or alpha keto acid or salts or esters of these acids. (See U.S. Patent Publication No. 20040043047A1, herein expressly incorporated by reference in its entirety). Other desirable delivered agents include peptides or nucleic acids encoding peptides that comprise the sequence LKEKK (SEQ. ID. No. 1), in particular, the peptides disclosed in U.S. Patent Publication No. 20020082196A1, herein expressly incorporated by reference in its entirety. Still more desirable delivered agents include Phenytoin, Valproic acid, Cyclosporin A, Nifedipine, Diltiazem, Verapamil HCl, and Amoldipine, which may be used to induce collagen synthesis. (See U.S. Patent Publication No. 20040052750A1, herein expressly incorporated by reference in its entirety). Other delivered agents include, for example, hepsyls, acyclovir or other antiviral compounds, steroids such as progesterone, estrogen, testosterone, androstiene, glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate, MSM, perfumes, melasin, antibiotics, nicotin, nicotine analogs, anti-nausea medicines, such as scopolamine, and insulin. In some embodiments, however, the delivered agent is a molecule with a molecular weight of greater than 6,000 daltons (e.g., a protein, a growth factor, or a collagen). The transdermal delivery systems described herein can also include fragrances, creams, bases and other ingredients that stabilize the formulation, facilitate delivery, or protect the delivered agent from degradation (e.g., agents that inhibit DNAse, RNAse, or proteases). The formulations described herein are placed into a vessel that is joined to an applicator such that the active ingredients can be easily provided to a subject. Applicators include, but are not limited to, roll-ons, bottles, jars, tubes, sprayer, atomizers, brushes, swabs, gel dispensing devices, and other dispensing devices. Several methods of using the transdermal delivery systems are also embodiments. For example, one approach involves a method of reducing pain or inflammation by using a transdermal delivery system that comprises an anti-inflammatory molecule (e.g., an NSAID or MSM) on a subject in need of a reduction of pain or inflammation. Monitoring the reduction in inflammation may also be desired as part of a rehabilitation program. NSAIDs and other chemotherapeutic agents have also been shown to improve the health, welfare, or survival of subjects that have cancer or Alzheimer's disease. Accordingly, some embodiments concern methods of using transdermal delivery systems that comprise delivered agents (e.g., NSAIDs or other chemotherapeutic agents such as flurouracil) to treat or prevent cancer or hyperproliferative cell disorders (e.g., basal cell carcinoma or actinic keratosis.) For example, a method to improve the health, welfare, or survival of a subject that has cancer or Alzheimer's disease or a method of treating or preventing cancer or Alzheimer's disease in said subject can be conducted by using a transdermal delivery system that comprises a COX enzyme inhibitor and providing said transdermal delivery system to said subject. Some formulations of transdermal delivery systems can be used to reduce oxidative stress to cells, tissues and the body of a subject. For example, a method to improve the health, welfare, or survival of a subject that is in need of a reduction in oxidative stress to a cell, tissue, or the body as a whole involves providing to said subject a transdermal delivery system that comprises an antioxidant such as ascorbic acid, tocopherol or tocotrienol or an anti-stress compound such as Bacocalmine (Bacopa Monniera Extract obtained from Sederma Laboratories). Methods of treating or preventing diseases or conditions associated with oxidative stress or vitamin deficiency and methods of reducing an oxidative stress or a vitamin deficiency in a subject in need thereof are also embodiments. Other formulations of transdermal delivery system can be used to reduce psoriasis or eczema or a related condition or can be used to promote wound healing in a subject in need thereof. By one approach, a transdermal delivery system that comprises peptides that promote wound healing (e.g., peptides comprising the sequence LKEKK (SEQ. ID. No. 1), are provided to a subject in need of a treatment or reduction in psoriasis or eczema or a condition associated with psoriasis or eczema (e.g., allergies) or treatment of a wound. Other formulations of transdermal delivery system can be used to relax the muscles of a subject. By one approach, a transdermal delivery system that comprises a compound that relaxes the muscles (e.g., chlorzoxazone or ibuprofen) is provided to a subject in need of a muscle relaxant. Accordingly methods of treating or preventing muscle soreness are embodiments. Other formulations of transdermal delivery system can be used to raise the levels of a hormone in a subject in need thereof. By one approach, a transdermal delivery system that comprises a hormone (e.g., testosterone or estrogen or derivatives or functional analogues thereof) is provided to a subject in need thereof. Accordingly methods of treating or preventing a hormone deficiency or methods of increasing the level of a hormone in a subject using one of the transdermal delivery systems described herein are embodiments. Other formulations of transdermal delivery system can be used to raise the levels of a growth factor in a subject in need thereof. By one approach, a transdermal delivery system that comprises a growth factor (e.g., a growth factor contained in Bioserum, which is obtainable through Atrium Biotechnologies of Quebec City, Canada) is provided to a subject in need thereof. In other embodiments, a transdermal delivery system comprising a peptide that comprises the sequence LKEKK (SEQ. ID. No. 1) is provided to a subject in need of an increase in a growth factor. Accordingly methods of treating or preventing a growth factor deficiency or methods of increasing the level of a growth factor in a subject using one of the transdermal delivery systems described herein are embodiments. Other formulations of the transdermal delivery system described herein are used to brighten the skin, reduce age spots or skin discolorations, reduce stretch marks, reduce spider veins, or add dyes, inks, (e.g., tattoo ink), perfumes, or fragrances to the skin of a subject. In some embodiments, for example, transdermal delivery systems that comprise a compound that brightens the skin or reduces age spots or skin discolorations (e.g., Melaslow, a citrus-based melanin (tyrosinase) inhibitor obtainable from Revivre Laboratories of Singapore or Etioline, a skin brightener made from an extract from the Mitracarpe leaf obtainable from Krobell, USA), or a compound that reduces stretch marks (Kayuuputih Eucalyptus Oil, obtainable from Striad Laboratories) or add dyes, inks, (e.g., tattoo ink), perfumes, or fragrances are provided to the skin of a subject. It has also been discovered that ethoxylated oil by itself, preferably macadamia nut oil having 10-20 ethoxylations/molecule (i.e., 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, or 19 ethoxylations/molecule), has therapeutic and cosmetic properties. For example, application of an ethoxylated oil (macadamia nut oil having 16 ethoxylations/molecule) was found to reduce stretch marks and spider veins on a subject in need thereof. Application of an ethoxylated oil (macadamia nut oil having 16 ethoxylations/molecule) to a burn (e.g., a sun burn or a skin burn obtained from over-heated metal) was found to significantly expedite recovery from the burn, oftentimes without blistering. Accordingly, some embodiments concern a transdermal delivery system comprising an ethoxylated oil (e.g., macadamia nut oil that was ethoxylated 10-19 ethoxylations per molecule, 11-19 per molecule, 12-18 ethoxylations per molecule, 13-17 ethoxylations per molecule, 14-16 ethoxylations per molecule, or 15 ethoxylations per molecule) and these compositions are used to reduce the appearance of stretch marks and spider veins or facilitate the recovery from burns of the skin. In addition to the delivery of low and medium molecular weight delivered agents, several compositions that have high molecular weight delivered agents (e.g., collagens) and methods of use of such compositions are embodiments of the invention. Preferred formulations of the transdermal delivery system comprise a collagen (natural or synthetic) or fragment thereof at least 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 24, 30, 40, 50, 100, 250, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, 3000, 5000, or more amino acids in length and these compositions are used to reduce wrinkles and fine lines on a subject. For example, some embodiments concern a transdermal delivery system comprising an ethoxylated oil or an ethoxylated component thereof (e.g., macadamia nut oil that was ethoxylated 10-19 ethoxylations per molecule, 11-19 per molecule, 12-18 ethoxylations per molecule, 13-17 ethoxylations per molecule, 14-16 ethoxylations per molecule, or 15 ethoxylations per molecule) and a therapeutically effective amount of a collagen or fragment thereof (e.g., marine collagen). In some aspects of the invention, a transdermal delivery system comprising an ethoxylated oil and collagen also contains water and/or an alcohol and/or an aqueous adjuvant such as Aloe Vera. In different embodiments of this transdermal delivery system, the collagen has a molecular weight less than, or equal to 6,000 daltons or greater than 6,000 daltons. Thus, in some embodiments, the collagen can have an approximate molecular weight as low as 2,000 daltons or lower. In other embodiments, the molecular weight is from about 300,000 daltons to about 500,000 daltons. Further, these transdermal delivery systems can have a therapeutically effective amount of collagen or fragment thereof by weight or volume that is 0.1% to 85.0%. The collagen can be any natural or synthetic collagen, for example, Hydrocoll EN-55, bovine collagen, human collagen, a collagen derivative, marine collagen, Solu-Coll, or Plantsol, recombinant or otherwise man made collagens or derivatives or modified versions thereof (e.g., protease resistant collagens). As above, an apparatus having a vessel joined to an applicator that houses the transdermal delivery system containing collagen is also an embodiment and preferred applicators or dispensers include a roll-on or a sprayer. Accordingly, some of the embodied methods concern the reduction of wrinkles and or the improvement of skin tone by using a transdermal delivery system comprising an ethoxylated oil and a collagen and/or a fragment thereof. Some formulations to be used to reduce wrinkles and improve skin tone include an ethoxylated oil (e.g., macadamia nut oil that was ethoxylated 10-19 ethoxylations per molecule, 11-19 per molecule, 12-18 ethoxylations per molecule, 13-17 ethoxylations per molecule, 14-16 ethoxylations per molecule, or 15 ethoxylations per molecule) and a therapeutically effective amount of a collagen or fragment thereof (e.g., marine collagen) that is at least 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 24, 30, or 40 amino acids in length. Some formulations that can be used to practice the method above include a transdermal delivery system comprising an ethoxylated oil and collagen or fragment thereof, as described above, and, optionally, water and/or an alcohol and/or an aqueous adjuvant such as Aloe Vera. For example, by one approach, a method of reducing wrinkles or improving skin tone is practiced by identifying a subject in need thereof and providing said subject a transdermal delivery system, as described herein and, optionally, monitoring the subject for restoration or improvement of skin tone and the reduction of wrinkles. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION In the following disclosure, several transdermal delivery systems are described that can administer an effective amount of a pharmaceutical or cosmetic agent to the human body. Although embodiments of the invention can be used to administer low or high (or both low and high) molecular weight pharmaceuticals and cosmetic agents, preferred embodiments include transdermal delivery systems that can administer compounds having molecular weights greater than 6,000 daltons. One embodiment, for example, includes a transdermal delivery system that can administer a therapeutically effective amount of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). Another embodiment concerns a transdermal delivery system having a novel pain-relief solution (e.g., a formulation comprising capsaicin or Boswellin or both). Another aspect of the invention involves a transdermal delivery system that can administer a collagen preparation (e.g., soluble collagens, hydrolyzed collagens, and fragments of collagen). Still more embodiments concern transdermal delivery systems that can administer nucleic acids, peptides, immunogenic preparations, hepsyls, acyclovir, ribavirin, or other antiviral compounds, steroids such as progesterone, estrogen, testosterone, androstiene, glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate, MSM, perfumes, melasin, antibiotics, and insulin. These examples are provided to demonstrate that embodiments of the invention can be used to transdermally deliver both low and high molecular weight compounds and it should be understood that many other molecules can be effectively delivered to the body, using the embodiments described herein, in amounts that are therapeutically, prophylactically, or cosmetically beneficial. The embodied transdermal delivery systems described herein comprise a penetration enhancer that includes an ethoxylated lipid. It was discovered that ethoxylated lipids (e.g., ethoxylated oils) can be used as transdermal penetration enhancers in that they effectively transport low and high molecular weight compounds through the skin. It was also discovered that ethoxylated oils, by themselves, have therapeutic and cosmetic applications (e.g., the reduction of the appearance of spider veins and stretch marks or promoting expedited recovery from burns to the skin). It is also contemplated that ethoxylated fatty acids (e.g., palmitoleic acid or oleic acid) can be used in some embodiments (e.g., to fortify or supplement ethoxylated macadamia nut oil). Although an ethoxylated lipid can be created in many ways, a preferred approach involves the reaction of ethylene oxide with a vegetable, nut (e.g., macadamia nut), animal, or synthetic oil. The hydrophilic component can be by virtue of the number of ethoxylations present on the lipid molecule. Additionally, an alcohol, a nonionic solubilizer or an emulsifier may be added to improve the solubility of the delivered agent or effectiveness or fluidity of the penetration enhancer. Suitable hydrophilic components include, but are not limited to, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), dimethyl polysiloxane (DMPX), oleic acid, caprylic acid, isopropyl alcohol, 1-octanol, ethanol (denatured or anhydrous), and other pharmaceutical grade or absolute alcohols. Embodiments of the invention can also comprise an aqueous adjuvant. Aqueous adjuvants include, but are not limited to, water (distilled, deionized, filtered, or otherwise prepared), Aloe Vera juice, and other plant extracts such as chlorophyll or Spirulina. Thus, several embodiments of the invention have a penetration enhancer that includes a hydrophobic/hydrophilic component comprising an ethoxylated oil (e.g., macadamia nut oil, coconut oil, eucalyptus oil, synthetic oils, castor oil, glycerol, corn oil, jojoba oil, or emu oil) and may contain a hydrophilic component comprising an alcohol, a nonionic solubilizer, or an emulsifier (e.g., isopropyl alcohol) and/or, optionally, an aqueous adjuvant, such as water and/or Aloe Vera extract. Other materials can also be components of a transdermal delivery system of the invention including fragrance, creams, ointments, colorings, and other compounds so long as the added component does not deleteriously affect transdermal delivery of the delivered agent. It has been found that the Aloe Vera, which allows for transdermal delivery of high molecular weight delivered agents, including collagen having an average molecular weight greater than 6,000 daltons, can be removed from the formulation if a light oil (e.g., macadamia nut oil) that has been ethoxylated to the range of 10-19 ethoxylations/molecule is used. Formulations lacking Aloe Vera provide the unexpected benefit of efficient transdermal delivery, uniform application and quick penetration making these formulations superior to formulations that contain Aloe Vera. Similarly, formulations of transdermal delivery systems that lack alcohol provide the unexpected benefit of efficient transdermal delivery, uniform application, and quick penetration without the drying or irritation brought about by the alcohol. Additionally, formulations lacking water or other aqueous adjuvants provide efficient transdermal delivery while maintaining the highest possible concentration of delivered agent and, also, provide for quick penetration without the skin-drying effects seen with some formulations that contain alcohol. A molecule or a mixture of molecules (e.g., a pharmaceutical, chemical, or cosmetic agent) that are delivered to the body using an embodiment of a transdermal delivery system are termed “delivered agents”. A delivered agent that can be administered to the body using an embodiment of the invention can include, for example, a protein or peptide, a sugar, a nucleic acid, a chemical, or a lipid. Desirable delivered agents include, but are not limited to, glycoproteins, enzymes, genes, drugs, and ceramides. Preferred delivered agents include collagens or fragments thereof, NSAIDS, capsaicin, and Boswellin. In some embodiments, a transdermal delivery system comprises a combination of any two of the aforementioned delivered agents. Other delivered agents include, for example, hepsyls, acyclovir or other antiviral compounds, steroids such as progesterone, estrogen, testosterone, androstiene, glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate, MSM, perfumes, melasin, antibiotics, insulin, nicotine, nicotine analogs, peptides, amino acids, nucleic acids, antiviral compounds, and peptidomimetics. In addition to the aforementioned compositions, methods of making and using the embodiments of the invention are provided. In general, an embodiment of the invention is prepared by mixing a hydrophilic component with a hydrophobic component and an aqueous adjuvant. Depending on the solubility of the delivered agent, the delivered agent can be solubilized in either the ethoxylated oil, a hydrophobic, hydrophilic, or aqueous adjuvant or water prior to mixing. In addition to physical mixing techniques (e.g., magnetic stirring or rocker stirring) heat can be applied to help coalesce the mixture. Desirably, the temperature is not raised above 40° C. Several formulations of transdermal delivery system are within the scope of aspects of the invention. One formulation comprises a ratio of hydrophilic component:hydrophobic component:aqueous adjuvant of 3:4:3. The amount of delivered agent that is incorporated into the penetration enhancer depends on the compound, desired dosage, and application. The amount of delivered agent in a particular formulation can be expressed in terms of percentage by weight, percentage by volume, or concentration. Several specific formulations of delivery systems are provided in the Examples described herein. Methods of treatment and prevention of pain, inflammation, and human disease are also provided. In some embodiments, a transdermal delivery system comprising an NSAID, capsaicin, Boswellin or any combination thereof is provided to a patient in need of treatment, such as for relief of pain and/or inflammation. A patient can be contacted with the transdermal delivery system and treatment continued for a time sufficient to reduce pain or inflammation or inhibit the progress of disease. Additionally, a method of reducing wrinkles, removing age spots, and increasing skin tightness and flexibility is provided. By this approach, a transdermal delivery system comprising a collagen or fragment thereof or melaslow or other skin brightening agent is provided to a patient in need, the patient is contacted with the transdermal delivery system, and treatment is continued for a time sufficient to restore a desired skin tone (e.g., reduce wrinkles, age spots, or restore skin brightness, tightness and flexibility). In the disclosure below, there is provided a description of several of the delivered agents that can be incorporated into the transdermal delivery systems described herein. Delivered Agents Many different delivered agents can be incorporated into the various transdermal delivery systems described herein and a non-exhaustive description of embodiments is provided in this section. While the transdermal delivery of molecules having a molecular weight in the vicinity of 6000 daltons has been reported, it has not been possible, until the present invention, to administer molecules of greater size transdermally. (See U.S. Pat. No. 5,614,212 to D'Angelo et al., herein expressly incorporated by reference in its entirety). The described embodiments can be organized according to their ability to deliver a low or high molecular weight delivered agent. Low molecular weight molecules (e.g., a molecule having a molecular weight less than 6,000 daltons) can be effectively delivered using an embodiment of the invention and high molecular weight molecules (e.g., a molecule having a molecular weight greater than 6,000 daltons) can be effectively delivered using an embodiment of the invention. Desirably, a transdermal delivery system described herein provides a therapeutically or cosmetically beneficial amount of a delivered agent having a molecular weight of 50 daltons to less than 6,000 daltons. Preferably, however, a transdermal delivery system described herein provides a therapeutically or cosmetically beneficial amount of a delivered agent having a molecular weight of 50 daltons to 2,000,000 daltons or less. That is, a transdermal delivery system described herein, preferably, provides a delivered agent having a molecular weight of less than or equal to or greater than 50, 100, 200, 500, 1,000, 1,500, 2,000, 2,500, 3,000, 3,500, 4,000, 4,500, 5,000, 5,500, 6,000, 7,000, 8,000, 9,000, 10,000, 11,000, 12,000, 13,000, 14,000, 15,000, 16,000, 17,000, 18,000, 19,000, 20,000, 21,000, 22,000, 23,000, 24,000, 25,000, 26,000, 27,000, 28,000, 29,000, 30,000, 31,000, 32,000, 33,000, 34,000, 35,000, 36,000, 37,000, 38,000, 39,000, 40,000, 41,000, 42,000, 43,000, 44,000, 45,000, 46,000, 47,000, 48,000, 49,000, 50,000, 51,000, 52,000, 53,000, 54,000, 55,000, 56,000, 57,000, 58,000, 59,000, 60,000, 61,000, 62,000, 63,000, 64,000, 65,000, 66,000, 67,000, 68,000, 69,000, 70,000, 75,000, 80,000, 85,000, 90,000, 95,000, 100,000, 125,000, 150,000, 175,000, 200,000, 225,000, 250,000, 275,000, 300,000, 350,000, 400,000, 450,000, 500,000, 600,000, 700,000, 800,000, 900,000, 1,000,000, 1,500,000, 1,750,000, and 2,000,000 daltons. In one aspect, a low molecular weight compound (e.g., a pain relieving substance or mixture of pain relieving substances) is transdermally delivered to cells of the body using an embodiment described herein. The delivered agent can be, for example, any one or more of a number of compounds, including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) that are frequently administered systemically. These include ibuprofen (2-(isobutylphenyl)-propionic acid); methotrexate (N-[4-(2,4 diamino 6-pteridinyl-methyl] methylamino] benzoyl)-L-glutamic acid); aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid); salicylic acid; diphenhydramine (2-(diphenylmethoxy)-NN-dimethylethylamine hydrochloride); naproxen (2-naphthaleneacetic acid, 6-methoxy-9-methyl-, sodium salt, (−)); phenylbutazone (4-butyl-1,2-diphenyl-3,5-pyrazolidinedione); sulindac-(2)-5-fluoro-2-methyl-1-[[p-(methylsulfinyl)phenyl]methylene-]-1H-indene-3-acetic acid; diflunisal (2′,4′, -difluoro-4-hydroxy-3-biphenylcarboxylic acid; piroxicam (4-hydroxy-2-methyl-N-2-pyridinyl-2H-1,2-benzothiazine-2-carboxamide 1,1-dioxide, an oxicam; indomethacin (1-(4-chlorobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-methyl-H-indole-3-acetic acid); meclofenamate sodium (N-(2,6-dichloro-m-tolyl) anthranilic acid, sodium salt, monohydrate); ketoprofen (2-(3-benzoylphenyl)-propionic acid; tolmetin sodium (sodium 1-methyl-5-(4-methylbenzoyl-1H-pyrrole-2-acetate dihydrate); diclofenac sodium (2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino] benzeneatic acid, monosodium salt); hydroxychloroquine sulphate (2-{[4-[(7-chloro-4-quinolyl) amino] pentyl] ethylamino}ethanol sulfate (1:1); penicillamine (3-mercapto-D-valine); flurbiprofen ([1,1-biphenyl]-4-acetic acid, 2-fluoro-alphamethyl-, (+−.)); cetodolac (1-8-diethyl-13,4,9, tetra hydropyrano-[3-4-13] indole-1-acetic acid; mefenamic acid (N-(2,3-xylyl)anthranilic acid; and diphenhydramine hydrochloride (2-diphenyl methoxy-N, N-di-methylethamine hydrochloride). The transdermal delivery systems described herein, which contain NSAIDs, desirably comprise an amount of the compound that is therapeutically beneficial for the treatment or prevention of disease or inflammation. Several studies have determined an appropriate dose of an NSAID for a given treatment or condition. (See e.g., Woodin, RN, August: 26-33 (1993) and Amadio et al., Postgrduate Medicine, 93(4):73-97 (1993)). The maximum recommended daily dose for several NSAIDs is listed in TABLE 1. A sufficient amount of NSAID can be incorporated into a transdermal delivery system described herein such that a therapeutically effective amount of NSAID is effectively delivered to a subject. For example, about 0.5 ml of the transdermal delivery system described herein is applied in a single application. A therapeutically effective amount of ibuprofen is about 800 mg/dose. Accordingly, a 30 ml bottle containing a trandermal delivery system formulation and ibuprofen can contain 48 grams of ibuprofen such that 800 mg of ibuprofen is provided in each 0.5 ml. Because the transdermal delivery systems described herein can provide a delivered agent in a site-specific manner, a lower total dose of therapeutic agent, as compared to the amounts provided systemically, will provide therapeutic benefit. Additionally, greater therapeutic benefit can be gained by using a transdermal delivery system described herein because a greater concentration of therapeutic agent (e.g., an NSAID) can be provided to the particular site of inflammation. That is, in contrast to systemic administration, which applies the same concentration of therapeutic to all regions of the body, a transdermal delivery system can site-specifically provide the therapeutic agent and, thereby, provide a much greater regional concentration of the agent than if the same amount of therapeutic were administered systemically. TABLE 1 Agent Maximum Recommended Daily Dose Indomethacin 100 mg Ibuprofen 3200 mg Naproxen 1250 mg Fenoprofen 3200 mg Tolmetin 2000 mg Sulindac 400 mg Meclofenamate 400 mg Ketoprofen 300 mg Proxicam 10 mg Flurbiprofen 300 mg Diclofenac 200 mg Additional embodiments include a transdermal delivery system that provides a pain relieving mixture comprising capsaicin (e.g., oleoresin capsicum) or Boswellin or both. Capsaicin (8-methyl-N-vanillyl-6-nonenamide), the pungent component of paprika and peppers, is a potent analgesic. (See U.S. Pat. No. 5,318,960 to Toppo, U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,597 to Botknecht et al., and U.S. Pat. No. 5,665,378 to Davis et al., all of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties). Capsaicin produces a level of analgesia comparable to morphine, yet it is not antagonized by classical narcotic antagonists such as naloxone. Further, it effectively prevents the development of cutaneous hyperalgesia, but appears to have minimal effects on normal pain responses at moderate doses. At high doses capsaicin also exerts analgesic activity in classical models of deep pain, elevating the pain threshold above the normal value. Capsaicin can be readily obtained by the ethanol extraction of the fruit of Capsicum frutescens or Capsicum annum. Capsaicin and analogs of capsaicin are available commercially from a variety of suppliers, and can also be prepared synthetically by published methods. Aspects of the invention encompass the use of synthetic and natural capsaicin, capsaicin derivatives, and capsaicin analogs. A form of capsaicin used in several desirable embodiments is oleoresin capsicum. Oleoresin capsicum contains primarily capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin, nordihydrocapsaicin, homocapsaicin, and homodihydrocapsaicin. The term “capsaicin” collectively refers to all forms of capsaicin, capsicum, and derivatives or modifications thereof. The pungency of these five compounds, expressed in Scoville units, are provided in TABLE 2. TABLE 2 Compound Pungency × 100,000 SU Capsaicin 160 Dihydrocapsaicin 160 Nordihydrocapsaicin 91 Homocapsaicin 86 Homodihydrocapsaicin 86 The transdermal delivery systems that are formulated to contain capsaicin desirably comprise by weight or volume 0.01% to 1.0% capsaicin or 1.0% to 10% oleoresin capsicum. Preferred amounts of this delivered agent include by weight or volume 0.02% to 0.75% capsaicin or 2.0% to 7.0% oleoresin capsicum. For example, the transdermal delivery systems that contain capsaicin can comprise by weight or volume,less than or equal to 0.01%, 0.015%, 0.02%, 0.025%, 0.03%, 0.035%, 0.04%, 0.045%, 0.05%, 0.055%, 0.06%, 0.065%, 0.07%, 0.075%, 0.08%, 0.085%, 0.09%, 0.095%, 0.1%, 0.15%, 0.175%, 0.2%, 0.225%, 0.25%, 0.275%, 0.3%, 0.325%, 0.35%, 0.375%, 0.4%, 0.425%, 0.45%, 0.475%, 0.5%, 0.55%, 0.6%, 0.65%, 0.7%, 0.75%, 0.8%, 0.85%, 0.9%, 0.95%, and 1.0% capsaicin. The transdermal delivery systems of that contain capsaicin can also comprise an amount of capsaicin by weight or volume that is greater than 1.0%, such as 1.2%, 1.5%, 1.8%, 2.0%, 2.2%, 2.5%, 2.8%, 3.0%, 3.5%, 4.0%, 4.5%, and 5.0%. Similarly, the transdermal delivery systems that contain oleoresin capsicum can comprise an amount of oleoresin capsicum less than 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5%, 3.0%, 3.5%, 4.0%, 4.5%, 5.0%, 5.5%, 6.0%, 6.5%, 7.0%, 7.5%, 8.0%, 8.5%, 9.0%, 9.5%, 10.0%, 11.0%, 12.0%, and 13.0%. Boswellin, also known as Frankincense, is an herbal extract of a tree of the Boswellia family. Boswellin can be obtained, for example, from Boswellia thurifera, Boswellia carteri, Boswellia sacra, and Boswellia serrata. There are many ways to extract Boswellin and Boswellin gum resin and boswellic acids are obtainable from several commercial suppliers (a 65% solution of Boswellic acid is obtainable from Nature's Plus). Some suppliers also provide creams and pills having Boswellin with and without capsaicin and other ingredients. Embodiments of the invention comprise Boswellin and the term “Boswellin” collectively refers to Frankincense, an extract from one or more members of the Boswellia family, Boswellic acid, synthetic Boswellin, or modified or derivatized Boswellin. The transdermal delivery systems that contain Boswellin desirably comprise 0.1% to 10% Boswellin by weight or volume. Preferred amounts of this delivered agent include 1.0% to 5.0% Boswellin by weight. For example, the transdermal delivery systems that contain Boswellin can comprise by weight or volume less than or equal to 0.1%, 0.15%, 0.2%, 0.25%, 0.3%, 0.35%, 0.4%, 0.45%, 0.5%, 0.55%, 0.6%, 0.65%, 0.7%, 0.75%, 0.8%, 0.85%, 0.9%, 0.95%, 1.0%, 1.1%, 1.15%, 1.2%, 1.25%, 1.3%, 1.35%, 1.4%, 1.45%, 1.5%, 1.55%, 1.6%, 1.65%, 1.7%, 1.75%, 1.8%, 1.85%, 1.9%, 1.95%, and 2.0%, 2.1%, 2.15%, 2.2%, 2.25%, 2.3%, 2.35%, 2.4%, 2.45%, 2.5%, 2.55%, 2.6%, 2.65%, 2.7%, 2.75%, 2.8%, 2.85%, 2.9%, 2.95%, 3.0%, 3.1%, 3.15%, 3.2%, 3.25%, 3.3%, 3.35%, 3.4%, 3.45%, 3.5%, 3.55%, 3.6%, 3.65%, 3.7%, 3.75%, 3.8%, 3.85%, 3.9%, 3.95%, 4.0%,. 4.1%, 4.15%, 4.2%, 4.25%, 4.3%, 4.35%, 4.4%, 4.45%, 4.4%, 4.45%, 4.5%, 4.55%, 4.6%, 4.65%, 4.7%, 4.75%, 4.8%, 4.85%, 4.9%, 4.95%, and 5.0% Boswellin. The transdermal delivery systems that contain Boswellin can also comprise amounts of Boswellin by weight that are greater than 5.0%, such as 5.5%, 5.7%, 6.0%, 6.5%%, 6.7%, 7.0%, 7.5%, 7.7%, 8.0%, 8.5%, 8.7%, 9.0%, 9.5%, 9.7%, and 10.0% or greater. Additionally, Boswellin from different sources can be combined to compose the Boswellin component of an embodiment. For example, in one embodiment an extract from Boswellia thurifera is combined with an extract from Boswellia serrata. Additional embodiments of the invention comprise a transdermal delivery system that can administer a pain relieving solution comprising two or more members selected from the group consisting of NSAIDs, capsacin, and Boswellin. The transdermal delivery systems that include two or more members selected from the group consisting of NSAIDs, capsacin, and Boswellin desirably comprise an amount of delivered agent that can be included in a delivered agent having an NSAID, capsaicin, or Boswellin by itself. For example, if the delivered agent comprises an NSAID, the amount of NSAID that can be used can be an amount recommended in the literature (See e.g., Woodin, RN, August: 26-33 (1993) and Amadio, et al., Postgrduate Medicine, 93(4):73-97 (1993)), or an amount listed in TABLE 1. Similarly, if capsaicin is a component of the delivered agents then the transdermal delivery system can comprise by weight or volume less than or equal to 0.01%, 0.015%, 0.02%, 0.025%, 0.03%, 0.035%, 0.04%, 0.045%, 0.05%, 0.055%, 0.06%, 0.065%, 0.07%, 0.075%, 0.08%, 0.085%, 0.09%, 0.095%, 0.1%, 0.15%, 0.175%, 0.2%, 0.225%, 0.25%, 0.275%, 0.3%, 0.325%, 0.35%, 0.375%, 0.4%, 0.425%, 0.45%, 0.475%, 0.5%, 0.55%, 0.6%, 0.65%, 0.7%, 0.75%, 0.8%, 0.85%, 0.9%, 0.95%, and 1.0% capsaicin or less than 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5%, 3.0%, 3.5%, 4.0%, 4.5%, 5.0%, 5.5%, 6.0%, 6.5%, 7.0%, 7.5%, 8.0%, 8.5%, 9.0%, 9.5%, 10.0%, 11.0%, 12.0%, 13.0%, oleoresin capsicum. Further, if Boswellin is a component of the delivered agents, then the delivery system can comprise by weight or volume less than or equal to 0.1%, 0.15%, 0.2%, 0.25%, 0.3%, 0.35%, 0.4%, 0.45%, 0.5%, 0.55%, 0.6%, 0.65%, 0.7%, 0.75%, 0.8%, 0.85%, 0.9%, 0.95%, 1.0%, 1.1%, 1.15%, 1.2%, 1.25%, 1.3%, 1.35%, 1.4%, 1.45%, 1.5%, 1.55%, 1.6%, 1.65%, 1.7%, 1.75%, 1.8%, 1.85%, 1.9%, 1.95%, 2.0%, 2.1%, 2.15%, 2.2%, 2.25%, 2.3%, 2.35%, 2.4%, 2.45%, 2.5%, 2.55%, 2.6%, 2.65%, 2.7%, 2.75%, 2.8%, 2.85%, 2.9%, 2.95%, 3.0%, 3.1%, 3.15%, 3.2%, 3.25%, 3.3%, 3.35%, 3.4%, 3.45%, 3.5%, 3.55%, 3.6%, 3.65%, 3.7%, 3.75%, 3.8%, 3.85%, 3.9%, 3.95%, 4.0%,. 4.1%, 4.15%, 4.2%, 4.25%, 4.3%, 4.35%, 4.4%, 4.45%, 4.4%, 4.45%, 4.5%, 4.55%, 4.6%, 4.65%, 4.7%, 4.75%, 4.8%, 4.85%, 4.9%, 4.95%, 5.0%, 5.5%, 5.7%, 6.0%, 6.5%%, 6.7%, 7.0%, 7.5%, 7.7%, 8.0%, 8.5%, 8.7%, 9.0%, 9.5%, 9.7%, and 10.0% Boswellin. In addition to low molecular weight delivered agents, many medium molecular weight delivered agents (eg., humates) can be delivered to cells in the body by using an embodiment of the transdermal delivery system. Synthetic humates (“hepsyls”) are medium molecular weight compounds (1,000 to 100,000 daltons), which are known to be strong antiviral and antimicrobial medicaments. (See International Application Publication No. WO 9834629 to Laub, herein expressly incorporated by reference in its entirety). Hepsyls are generally characterized as polymeric phenolic materials comprised of conjugated aromatic systems to which are attached hydroxyl, carboxyl, and other covalently bound functional groups. A transdermal delivery system that can provide hepsyls to cells of the body has several pharmaceutical uses, including but not limited to, treatment of topical bacterial and viral infections. Accordingly, in another aspect of the invention, a transdermal. delivery system that can provide a medium molecular weight compound (e.g., a form of hepsyl) to cells of the body is provided. As described above, many different medium molecular weight compounds can be provided using an embodiment of a transdermal delivery system described herein and the use of a medium molecular weight hepsyl as a delivered agent is intended to demonstrate that embodiments of the invention can deliver many medium molecular weight compounds to cells of the body. In some embodiments, amino acids, peptides, nucleotides, nucleosides, and nucleic acids are transdermally delivered to cells in the body using an embodiment of the transdermal delivery system described herein. That is, any amino acid or peptide having at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, 3000, 3500, 4000, 4500, 5000, 7000, or 10, 000 or more amino acids can be incorporated into a transdermal delivery system described herein and said delivered agent can be delivered to cells in the body shortly after application of the composition. These embodiments can be used, for example, to stimulate an immune response, promote wound healing, induce collagen synthesis, or to supplement collagen. Similarly, any nucleotide or nucleoside, modified nucleotide or nucleoside, or nucleic acid having at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, 3000, 3500, 4000, 4500, 5000, 7000, or 10, 000 or more nucleotides can be incorporated into a transdermal delivery system described herein and said delivered agent can be delivered to cells in the body shortly after application of the composition. These embodiments can also be used, for example, to stimulate an immune response, promote wound healing, or induce collagen synthesis. In addition to low molecular weight delivered agents and medium molecular weight delivered agents, several high molecular weight delivered agents (e.g., glycoproteins) can be delivered to cells in the body by using an embodiment of the transdermal delivery system. Glycoproteins are high molecular weight compounds, which are generally characterized as conjugated proteins containing one or more heterosaccharides as prosthetic groups. The heterosaccharides are usually branched but have a relatively low number of sugar residues, lack a serially repeating unit, and are covalently bound to a polypeptide chain. Several forms of glycoproteins are found in the body. For example, many membrane bound proteins are glycoproteins, the substances that fill the intercellular spaces (e.g., extracellular matrix proteins) are glycoproteins, and the compounds that compose collagens, proteoglycans, mucopolysaccharides, glycosaminoglycans, and ground substance are glycoproteins. A delivery system that can administer glycoproteins to cells of the body has several pharmaceutical and cosmetic uses, including but not limited to, the restoration of skin elasticity and firmness (e.g., the reduction in the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles by transdermal delivery of collagen) and the restoration of flexible and strong joints (e.g., water retention in joints can be increased by transdermal delivery of proteoglycans). Accordingly, in another aspect of the invention, a transdermal delivery system that can administer a high molecular weight compound (e.g., a form of collagen or fragment thereof) to cells of the body is provided. As described above, many different high molecular weight compounds can be administered by using an embodiment of a transdermal delivery system of the invention and the use of a high molecular weight collagen as a delivered agent is intended to demonstrate that embodiments of the invention can deliver many high molecular weight compounds to cells of the body. Collagens exist in many forms and can be isolated from a number of sources. Additionally, several forms of collagen can be obtained commercially (e.g., Brooks Industries Inc., New Jersey). Many low molecular weight collagens can be made, for example, by hydrolysis. Several transdermal delivery systems of the invention can deliver collagens having molecular weights below 6,000 daltons. Additionally, several high molecular weight collagens exist. Some are isolated from animal or plant sources and some are synthesized or produced through techniques common in molecular biology. Several transdermal delivery systems of the invention can deliver collagens having molecular weights of 1,000 daltons to greater than 2,000,000 daltons. That is, embodiments of the transdermal delivery systems can deliver collagens having molecular weights of less than or equal to or greater than 1,000, 1,500, 2,000, 2,500, 3,000, 3,500, 4,000, 4,500, 5,000, 5,500, 6,000, 7,000, 8,000, 9,000, 10,000, 11,000, 12,000, 13,000, 14,000, 15,000, 16,000, 17,000, 18,000, 19,000, 20,000, 21,000, 22,000, 23,000, 24,000, 25,000, 26,000, 27,000, 28,000, 29,000, 30,000, 31,000, 32,000, 33,000, 34,000, 35,000, 36,000, 37,000, 38,000, 39,000, 40,000, 41,000, 42,000, 43,000, 44,000, 45,000, 46,000, 47,000, 48,000, 49,000, 50,000, 51,000, 52,000, 53,000, 54,000, 55,000, 56,000, 57,000, 58,000, 59,000, 60,000, 61,000, 62,000, 63,000, 64,000, 65,000, 66,000, 67,000, 68,000, 69,000, 70,000, 75,000, 80,000, 85,000, 90,000, 95,000, 100,000, 125,000, 150,000, 175,000, 200,000, 225,000, 250,000, 275,000, 300,000, 350,000, 400,000, 450,000, 500,000, 600,000, 700,000, 800,000, 900,000, 1,000,000, 1,500,000, 1,750,000, and 2,000,000 daltons. In some embodiments, the commercially available collagen “Hydrocoll EN-55” was provided as the delivered agent and was delivered to cells of a test subject. This form of collagen is hydrolyzed collagen and has a molecular weight of 2,000 daltons. In another embodiment, the commercially available “Ichtyocollagene” or marine collagen (Sederma or Croda of Parsippany, N.J.) was provided as the delivered agent and was delivered to a test subject. This form of soluble collagen has a molecular weight of greater than 100,000 daltons. In another embodiment, the commercially available collagen “Solu-Coll” was provided as the delivered agent and was delivered to cells of a test subject. This form of collagen is a soluble collagen having a molecular weight of 300,000 daltons. An additional embodiment includes the commercially available collagen “Plantsol”, which is obtained from yeast and has a molecular weight of 500,000 daltons. This collagen was also provided as a delivered agent and was delivered to cells of a test subject. The transdermal delivery systems that contain a form of collagen or fragment thereof desirably comprise by weight or volume between 0.1% to 85.0% of the delivered agent depending on the type and form of the collagen, its solubility, and the intended application. That is, some transdermal delivery systems comprise by weight or volume less than or equal to or greater than 0.1%, 0.15%, 0.2%, 0.25%, 0.3%, 0.35%, 0.4%, 0.45%, 0.5%, 0.55%, 0.6%, 0.65%, 0.7%, 0.75%, 0.8%, 0.85%, 0.9%, 0.95%, 1.0%, 1.25%, 1.5%, 1.75%, 2.0%, 2.25%, 2.5%, 2.75%, 3.0%, 3.25%, 3.5%, 3.75%, 4.0%,. 4.25%, 4.5%, 4.75%, 5.0%, 5.25%, 5.5%, 5.75%, 6.0%, 6.25%, 6.5%, 6.75%, 7.0%, 7.25%, 7.5%, 7.75%, 8.0% 8.25%, 8.5%, 8.75%, 9.0%, 9.25%, 9.5%, 9.75%, 10.0%, 10.25%, 10.5%, 10.75%, 11.0%,. 11.25%, 11.5%, 11.75%, 12.0%, 12.25%, 12.5%, 12.75%, 13.0%, 13.25%, 13.5%, 13.75%, 14.0%, 14.25%, 14.5%, 14.75%, 15.0%, 15.5%, 16.0%, 16.5%, 17.0%, 17.5%, 18.0%, 18.5%, 19.0%, 19.5%, 20.0%, 20.5%, 21.0%, 21.5%, 22.0%, 22.5%, 23.0%, 23.5%, 24.0%, 24.5%, 25.0%, 25.5%, 26.0%, 26.5%, 27.0%, 27.5%, 28.0%, 28.5%, 29.0%, 29.5%, 30.0%, 30.5%, 31.0%, 31.5%, 32.0%, 32.5%, 33.0%, 33.5%, 34.0%, 34.5%, 35.0%, 35.5%, 36.0%, 36.5%, 37.0%, 37.5%, 38.0%, 38.5%, 39.0%, 39.5%, 40.0%, 41.0%, 42.0%, 43.0%, 44.0%, 45.0%, 46.0%, 47.0%, 48.0%, 49.0%, 50.0%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, or 85% collagen or fragment thereof. For example, embodiments having Hydrocoll-EN55 can comprise by weight or volume less than or equal to or greater than 1.0%, 1.25%, 1.5%, 1.75%, 2.0%, 2.25%, 2.5%, 2.75%, 3.0%, 3.25%, 3.5%, 3.75%, 4.0%,. 4.25%, 4.5%, 4.75%, 5.0%, 5.25%, 5.5%, 5.75%, 6.0%, 6.25%, 6.5%, 6.75%, 7.0%, 7.25%, 7.5%, 7.75%, 8.0%, 8.25%, 8.5%, 8.75%, 9.0%, 9.25%, 9.5%, 9.75%, 10.0%, 10.25%, 10.5%, 10.75%, 11.0%,. 11.25%, 11.5%, 11.75%, 12.0%, 12.25%, 12.5%, 12.75%, 13.0%, 13.25%, 13.5%, 13.75%, 14.0%, 14.25%, 14.5%, 14.75%, 15.0%, 15.5%, 16.0%, 16.5%, 17.0%, 17.5%, 18.0%, 18.5%, 19.0%, 19.5%, 20.0%, 20.5%, 21.0%, 21.5%, 22.0%, 22.5%, 23.0%, 23.5%, 24.0%, 24.5%, 25.0%, 25.5%, 26.0%, 26.5%, 27.0%, 27.5%, 28.0%, 28.5%, 29.0%, 29.5%, 30.0%, 30.5%, 31.0%, 31.5%, 32.0%, 32.5%, 33.0%, 33.5%, 34.0%, 34.5%, 35.0%, 35.5%, 36.0%, 36.5%, 37.0%, 37.5%, 38.0%, 38.5%, 39.0%, 39.5%, 40.0%, 41.0%, 42.0%, 43.0%, 44.0%, 45.0%, 46.0%, 47.0%, 48.0%, 49.0%, 50.0%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, or 85% Hydrocoll-EN-55. Embodiments having marine collagen can comprise by weight or volume less than or equal to or greater than 1.0%, 1.25%, 1.5%, 1.75%, 2.0%, 2.25%, 2.5%, 2.75%, 3.0%, 3.25%, 3.5%, 3.75%, 4.0%, 4.25%, 4.5%, 4.75%, 5.0%, 5.25%, 5.5%, 5.75%, 6.0%, 6.25%, 6.5%, 6.75%, 7.0%, 7.25%, 7.5%, 7.75%, 8.0% 8.25%, 8.5%, 8.75%, 9.0%, 9.25%, 9.5%, 9.75%, 10.0%, 10.25%, 10.5%, 10.75%, 11.0%,. 11.25%, 11.5%, 11.75%, 12.0%, 12.25%, 12.5%, 12.75%, 13.0%, 13.25%, 13.5%, 13.75%, 14.0%, 14.25%, 14.5%, 14.75%, 15.0%, 15.5%, 16.0%, 16.5%, 17.0%, 17.5%, 18.0%, 18.5%, 19.0%, 19.5%, 20.0%, 20.5%, 21.0%, 21.5%, 22.0%, 22.5%, 23.0%, 23.5%, 24.0%, 24.5%, 25.0%, 25.5%, 26.0%, 26.5%, 27.0%, 27.5%, 28.0%, 28.5%, 29.0%, 29.5%, 30.0%, 30.5%, 31.0%, 31.5%, 32.0%, 32.5%, 33.0%, 33.5%, 34.0%, 34.5%, 35.0%, 35.5%, 36.0%, 36.5%, 37.0%, 37.5%, 38.0%, 38.5%, 39.0%, 39.5%, 40.0%, 41.0%, 42.0%, 43.0%, 44.0%, 45.0%, 46.0%, 47.0%, 48.0%, 49.0%, 50.0%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, or 85% marine collagen. Further, transdermal delivery systems that contain Solu-Coll can comprise by weight or volume less than or equal to or greater than 0.1%, 0.15%, 0.2%, 0.25%, 0.3%, 0.35%, 0.4%, 0.45%, 0.5%, 0.55%, 0.6%, 0.65%, 0.7%, 0.75%, 0.8%, 0.85%, 0.9%, 0.95%, 1.0%, 1.1%, 1.15%, 1.2%, 1.25%, 1.3%, 1.35%, 1.4%, 1.45%, 1.5%, 1.55%, 1.6%, 1.65%, 1.7%, 1.75%, 1.8%, 1.85%, 1.9%, 1.95%, or 2.0% Solu-Coll. Additionally, transdermal delivery systems that contain Plantsol can comprise by weight or volume less than or equal to or greater than 0.1%, 0.15%, 0.2%, 0.25%, 0.3%, 0.35%, 0.4%, 0.45%, 0.5%, 0.55%, 0.6%, 0.65%, 0.7%, 0.75%, 0.8%, 0.85%, 0.9%, 0.95%, 1.0%, 1.1%, 1.15%, 1.2%, 1.25%, 1.3%, 1.35%, 1.4%, 1.45%, 1.5%, 1.55%, 1.6%, 1.65%, 1.7%, 1.75%, 1.8%, 1.85%, 1.9%, 1.95%, 2.0%, 2.1%, 2.15%, 2.2%, 2.25%, 2.3%, 2.35%, 2.4%, 2.45%, 2.5%, 2.55%, 2.6%, 2.65%, 2.7%, 2.75%, 2.8%, 2.85%, 2.9%, 2.95%, 3.0%, 3.1%, 3.15%, 3.2%, 3.25%, 3.3%, 3.35%, 3.4%, 3.45%, 3.5%, 3.55%, 3.6%, 3.65%, 3.7%, 3.75%, 3.8%, 3.85%, 3.9%, 3.95%, or 4.0% Plantsol. In other embodiments of the invention, a transdermal delivery system that can provide a collagen solution comprising two or more forms of collagen (e.g., Hydro-Coll EN-55, marine collagen, Solu-coll, or Plantsol) is provided. The transdermal delivery systems that include two or more forms of collagen desirably comprise an amount of delivered agent that can be included in a delivered agent having the specific type of collagen by itself. For example, if the mixture of delivered agents comprises Hydro-Coll EN55, the amount of Hydro-Coll EN55 in the transdermal delivery system can comprise by weight or volume less than or equal to or greater than 1.0%, 1.25%, 1.5%, 1.75%, 2.0%, 2.25%, 2.5%, 2.75%, 3.0%, 3.25%, 3.5%, 3.75%, 4.0%, 4.25%, 4.5%, 4.75%, 5.0%, 5.25%, 5.5%, 5.75%, 6.0%, 6.25%, 6.5%, 6.75%, 7.0%, 7.25%, 7.5%, 7.75%, 8.0% 8.25%, 8.5%, 8.75%, 9.0%, 9.25%, 9.5%, 9.75%, 10.0%, 10.25%, 10.5%, 10.75%, 11.0%,. 11.25%,. 11.5%, 11.75%, 12.0%, 12.25%, 12.5%, 12.75%, 13.0%, 13.25%, 13.5%, 13.75%, 14.0%, 14.25%, 14.5%, 14.75%, 15.0%, 15.5%, 16.0%, 16.5%, 17.0%, 17.5%, 18.0%, 18.5%, 19.0%, 19.5%, 20.0%, 20.5%, 21.0%, 21.5%, 22.0%, 22.5%, 23.0%, 23.5%, 24.0%, 24.5%, 25.0%, 25.5%, 26.0%, 26.5%, 27.0%, 27.5%, 28.0%, 28.5%, 29.0%, 29.5%, 30.0%, 30.5%, 31.0%, 31.5%, 32.0%, 32.5%, 33.0%, 33.5%, 34.0%, 34.5%, 35.0%, 35.5%, 36.0%, 36.5%, 37.0%, 37.5%, 38.0%, 38.5%, 39.0%, 39.5%, 40.0%, 41.0%, 42.0%, 43.0%, 44.0%, 45.0%, 46.0%, 47.0%, 48.0%, 49.0%, 50.0%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, or 85% Hydrocoll-EN-55. If the mixture of delivered agents has marine collagen, then the amount of marine collagen in the delivery system can comprise by weight or volume less than or equal to or greater than 1.0%, 1.25%, 1.5%, 1.75%, 2.0%, 2.25%, 2.5%, 2.75%, 3.0%, 3.25%, 3.5%, 3.75%, 4.0%,. 4.25%, 4.5%, 4.75%, 5.0%, 5.25%, 5.5%, 5.75%, 6.0%, 6.25%, 6.5%, 6.75%, 7.0%, 7.25%, 7.5%, 7.75%, 8.0% 8.25%, 8.5%, 8.75%, 9.0%, 9.25%, 9.5%, 9.75%, 10.0%, 10.25%, 10.5%, 10.75%, 11.0%,. 11.25%, 11.5%, 11.75%, 12.0%, 12.25%, 12.5%, 12.75%, 13.0%, 13.25%, 13.5%, 13.75%, 14.0%, 14.25%, 14.5%, 14.75%, 15.0%, 15.5%, 16.0%, 16.5%, 17.0%, 17.5%, 18.0%, 18.5%, 19.0%, 19.5%, 20.0%, 20.5%, 21.0%, 21.5%, 22.0%, 22.5%, 23.0%, 23.5%, 24.0%, 24.5%, 25.0%, 25.5%, 26.0%, 26.5%, 27.0%, 27.5%, 28.0%, 28.5%, 29.0%, 29.5%, 30.0%, 30.5%, 31.0%, 31.5%, 32.0%, 32.5%, 33.0%, 33.5%, 34.0%, 34.5%, 35.0%, 35.5%, 36.0%, 36.5%, 37.0%, 37.5%, 38.0%, 38.5%, 39.0%, 39.5%, 40.0%, 41.0%, 42.0%, 43.0%, 44.0%, 45.0%, 46.0%, 47.0%, 48.0%, 49.0%, 50.0%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, or 85% marine collagen. Similarly if the mixture of delivered agents has Solu-coll, then the amount of Solu-coll in the delivery system can comprise by weight or volume less than or equal to or greater than 0.1%, 0.15%, 0.2%, 0.25%, 0.3%, 0.35%, 0.4%, 0.45%, 0.5%, 0.55%, 0.6%, 0.65%, 0.7%, 0.75%, 0.8%, 0.85%, 0.9%, 0.95%, 1.0%, 1.1%, 1.15%, 1.2%, 1.25%, 1.3%, 1.35%, 1.4%, 1.45%, 1.5%, 1.55%, 1.6%, 1.65%, 1.7%, 1.75%, 1.8%, 1.85%, 1.9%, 1.95%, or 2.0% or Solu-Coll. Further, if the mixture of delivered agents has Plantsol, then the amount of Plantsol in the delivery system can comprise by weight or volume less than or equal to or greater than 0.1%, 0.15%, 0.2%, 0.25%, 0.3%, 0.35%, 0.4%, 0.45%, 0.5%, 0.55%, 0.6%, 0.65%, 0.7%, 0.75%, 0.8%, 0.85%, 0.9%, 0.95%, 1.0%, 1.1%, 1.15%, 1.2%, 1.25%, 1.3%, 1.35%, 1.4%, 1.45%, 1.5%, 1.55%, 1.6%, 1.65%, 1.7%, 1.75%, 1.8%, 1.85%, 1.9%, 1.95%, 2.0%, 2.1%, 2.15%, 2.2%, 2.25%, 2.3%, 2.35%, 2.4%, 2.45%, 2.5%, 2.55%, 2.6%, 2.65%, 2.7%, 2.75%, 2.8%, 2.85%, 2.9%, 2.95%, 3.0%, 3.1%, 3.15%, 3.2%, 3.25%, 3.3%, 3.35%, 3.4%, 3.45%, 3.5%, 3.55%, 3.6%, 3.65%, 3.7%, 3.75%, 3.8%, 3.85%, 3.9%, 3.95%, or 4.0% Plantsol. Additionally, modified or stabilized collagens or collagen derivatives are contemplated for use in some of the embodiments described herein. Particularly preferred are collagens that are resistant to proteases. Recombinant engineering can be used to generate collagens or fragments thereof that lack protease cleavage sites for example. Resistant collagens or fragments thereof can also be prepared by incorporating D-amino acids in synthetically prepared collagens or fragments thereof. Cross-linked collagens can also be used. (See e.g., Charulatha, Biomaterials Febuary;24(5):759-67 (2003), herein expressly incorporated by reference in its entirety). Still further, amidated collagen or collagen fragments can be prepared using synthetic chemistry and these collagen derivatives can be mixed with an ethoxylated oil with or without water or alcohol so as to form a transdermal delivery system containing collagen. Several techniques to create synthetic, recombinant, or cross-linked collagens are known to those of skill in the art and many are commercially available. Still further, protease resistant fragments of collagen can be prepared and isolated using conventional techniques. By one approach, marine collagen, procollagen, or collagen obtained from human placenta is incubated with bovine serum, pepsin, or bacterial collagenase for one hour and the preparation is then separated by gel electrophoresis, size exclusion, reverse phase, or ionic exchange chromatography (e.g., FPLC or HPLC). Protease resistant fragments of collagen (e.g., 15 kDa or 30kDa; see e.g., Tasab et al., JBC 277(38):35007 (2002) or 38kDa see e.g., Odermatt et al., Biochem J. May 1;211(2):295-302 (1983) both of which are herein expressly incorporated by reference in their entireties) are separated from the hydrolytic products and these fragments are isolated from the column and concentrated (e.g., centricon filters) or lyophilized using conventional techniques. The protease resistant fragments of collagen are then incorporated into a transdermal delivery system, as described herein. Alternatively, the protease resistant domain of collagen can be prepared synthetically or obtained commercially (e.g., pepsinized collagens can also be obtained from Chemicon of Temecula, Calif.). An additional delivered agent that can be included in a transdermal delivery system is Etioline (Sederma or Croda of Parsippany, N.J.). Etioline is a tyrosinase inhibitor made from the extract Mitracarpe and bearberry that effectively whitens the skin. Formulations of a transdermal delivery system described herein containing Etioline (e.g., at 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, or 20%) are also embodiments of the invention. Another skin brightening or whitening formulation of a transdermal delivery system comprises Melaslow (Sederma of Parsippany, N.J.). Melaslow is an extract made from Citrus reticulate Blanco var. Unshiu. Melaslow is also an inhibitor of melanogenesis and formulations of a transdermal delivery system described herein containing Melaslow (e.g., at 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, or 20%) are also embodiments of the invention. An additional delivered agent that can be included in a transdermal delivery system is Matrixyl (Sederma or Croda of Parsippany, N.J.). Matrixyl is a compound comprising the peptide KTTKS (SEQ. ID. No. 2), which has been shown to stimulate collagen synthesis. See Katayama et al., J. Biol. Chem. 268, 9941 (1993). Formulations of a transdermal delivery system described herein containing Matrixyl or the peptide KTTKS (SEQ. ID. No. 2) (e.g., at 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, or 20%) are also embodiments of the invention. The section below describes the manufacture and use of several penetration enhancers that enable the delivery of both low and high molecular weight molecules to cells of the body. Penetration Enhancers A penetration enhancer included in many embodiments of the invention is comprised of two components—a hydrophobic component and a hydrophilic component. Desirably, the hydrophobic component comprises a polyether compound, such as an ethoxylated vegetable, nut, synthetic, or animal oil, which has the ability to reduce the surface tension of materials that are dissolved into it. Not wanting to be tied to any particular mechanism or mode of action and offered only to expand the knowledge in the field, it is contemplated that the attachment of poly (ethylene oxide) to the components of a particular oil occurs not on a particular functional group but rather the polyethylene oxide chains begin to grow from unsaturated C═C bonds and from the occasional glycerol unit. Because an ethoxylated oil, such as ethoxylated macadamia nut oil, is a mixture of various fatty acids, fatty alcohols, and fatty amines, the components of the oil may have varying amounts of ethoxylation. Accordingly, measurements of ethoxylation/molecule (e.g., 16 ethoxylations/molecule) are an average of the amount of ethoxylation present on the components of the oil rather than on any specific component itself. Preferred ethoxylated oils can be obtained or created from, for example, macadamia nut oil, meadowfoam, castor oil, jojoba oil, corn oil, sunflower oil, sesame oil, and emu oil. Many of these oils are commercially available from Floratech of Gilbert, Arizona or other suppliers. Alternatively, ethoxylated oils can be prepared by reacting the oil with ethylene oxide. Pure carrier oils that are suitable for ethoxylation so as to create a penetration enhancer for use with the transdermal delivery systems described herein are included in TABLES 3-17 and can be obtained from Esoteric oils Pty. Ltd., Pretoria South Africa. TABLES 3-17 also list the component fatty acids of these oils, all of which are individually suitable for ethoxylation and incorporation into an embodiment of a transdermal delivery system. That is, it is contemplated that ethoxylated fatty acids, ethoxylated fatty alcohols, and ethoxylated fatty amines, in particular ethoxylated fatty acids, ethoxylated fatty alcohols, and ethoxylated fatty amines that contain 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, or 19 ethoxylations are suitable penetration enhancers for use in the transdermal delivery systems described herein. These ethoxylated oil components can be used individually as penetration enhancers or as supplements to other penetration enhancers (e.g., ethoxylated macadamia nut oil). TABLE 3 Macadamia nut oil Fatty acids Range Myristic C14 0.6-1.6% Palmitic C16 7.0-11.0% Palmitoleic C16:1 18.0-25.0% Stearic C18 2.0-4.0% Oleic C18:1 55.0-62.0% Linoleic C18:2 1.0-4.0% Arachidic C20 2.0-4.0% Eicosenoic C20:1 2.0-4.0% TABLE 4 Apricot kernel oil Fatty acids Range Typical Palmitic C16:0 3.0-6.0% 4.28% Palmitoleic C16:1 trace-1.4% 0.70% Stearic C18:0 trace-2.0% 1.12% Oleic C18:1 55.0-70.0% 69.62% Linoleic C18:2 20.0-35.0% 23.34% Linolenic C18:3 trace-1.0% 0.22% Eicosenoic C20:1 trace-1.0% 0.18% TABLE 5 Avocado oil Fatty acids Range Typical Palmitic C16:0 12.0-20.0% 14.25% Palmitoleic C16:1 2.0-10.0% 5.84% Stearic C18:0 0.1-2.0% 0.1% Oleic C18:1 55.0-75.0% 65.4% Linoleic C18:2 9.0-17.0% 14.74% Linolenic C18:3 0.1-2.0% 0.8% TABLE 6 Evening Primrose oil Fatty acids Range Typical Palmitic C16:0 5.5-7.0% 5.9% Stearic C18:0 1.5-2.5% 1.7% Oleic C18:1 5.0-11.0% 5.8% Linoleic C18:2 70.0-77.0% 75.1% Gamma C18:3 9.0-10.9% 10.6% Linolenic Alpha C18:3 1.0% max 0.4% Linolenic Icosanoic C20:0 1.0% max 0.2% Icosenoic C20:1 1.0% max .01% TABLE 7 Grape seed oil Fatty acids Range Typical Palmitic C16:0 6.0-9.0% 6.5% Palmitoleic C16:1 less 1% 0.2% Stearic C18:0 3.0-6.0% 3.7% Oleic C18:1 12.0-25.0% 23.4% Linoleic C18:2 60.0-75.0% 65.3% Alpha C18:3 less than 1.5% 0.2% Linolenic Icosanoic C20:0 less than 0.5% 0.2% Icosenoic C20:1 less than 0.5% 0.2% Docosanoic C22:0 less than 0.3% 0.2% TABLE 8 Hazelnut oil Fatty acids Range Palmitic C16:0 4.0-8.0% Palmitoleic C16:1 0.1-0.6% Stearic C18:0 1.5-3.5% Oleic C18:1 68.0-85.0% Linoleic C18:2 7.0-15.0% Linolenic C18:3 0.1-0.5% Arachidic C20:0 0.1-0.5% Gadoleic C20:1 0.1-0.3% Behenic C22:0 3.0% MAX TABLE 9 Jojoba oil Fatty acids Range Palmitic C16:0 3.0% max Palmitoleic C16:1 1.0% max Stearic C18:0 1.0% max Oleic C18:1 5.0-15.0% Linoleic C18:2 5.0% max Linolenic C18:3 1.0% max Arachidic C20:0 0.5% max Eicosenoic C20:1 65.0-80.0% max Behenic C22:0 0.5% max Erucic C22:1 10.0-20.0% max Lignoceric C24:0 5.0% max TABLE 10 Olive oil Fatty acids Range Palmitic C16:0 5.0-12.0% Palmitoleic C16:1 1.0% max Stearic C18:0 3.5% max Oleic C18:1 65.0-80.0% Linoleic C18:2 6.0-25.0% Linolenic C18:3 1.0% max Arachidic C20:0 0.6% max Gadoleic C20:1 0.5% max Behenic C22:0 0.3% max Erucic C22:1 0.2% max TABLE 11 Pumpkin seed oil Fatty acids Range Palmitic C16:0 6.0-21.0% Stearic C18:0 3.0-8.0% Oleic C18:1 24.0-41.0% Linoleic C18:2 42.0-60.0% Linolenic C18:3 2.0% max Others 2.0% max TABLE 12 Rose hip oil Fatty acids Range Mirystic C14:0 0.0-0.3% Palmitic C16:0 3.4-4.4% Palmitoleic C16:1 0.1-0.18% Stearic C18:0 1.5-2.5% Oleic C18:1 14.0-16.0% Linoleic C18:2 43.0-46.0% Linolenic C18:3 31.0-34.0% Arachidic C20:0 0.1-0.9% Gadoleic C20:1 0.0-0.5% Eicosenoic C20:2 0.0-0.5% Behenic C22:0 0.1-0.4% TABLE 13 Safflower oil Fatty acids Range Palmitic C16:0 4.0-9.0% Palmitoleic C16:1 Trace Stearic C18:0 trace-2.5% Oleic C18:1 72.0-80.0% Linoleic C18:2 12.0-16.0% Linolenic C18:3 trace-0.5% TABLE 14 Sesame oil Fatty acids Range Palmitic C16:0 7.0-12.0% Palmitoleic C16:1 trace-0.5% Stearic C18:0 3.5-6.0% Oleic C18:1 35.0-50.0% Linoleic C18:2 35.0-50.0% Linolenic C18:3 trace-1.0% Eicosenoic C20:1 trace-1.0% TABLE 15 Sunflower oil Fatty acids Range Palmitic C16:0 5.8% Palmitoleic C16:1 0.1% Stearic C18:0 3.9% Oleic C18:1 15.9% Linoleic C18:2 71.7% Alpha Linolenic C18:3 0.6% Gamma Linolenic C18:3 0.1% Arachidic C20:0 0.3% Gadoleic C20:1 0.2% Tetracosanoic C24:0 0.5% Behenic C22:0 0.7% TABLE 16 Walnut oil Fatty acids Range Typical Palmitic C16:0 5.0-8.0% 6.0% Palmitoleic C16:1 less than 1.0% 0.1% Stearic C18:0 3.0-7.0% 4.0% Oleic C18:1 25.0-35.0% 29.8% Linoleic C18:2 45.0-60.0% 58.5% Alpha C18:3 less than 0.8% 0.4% Linolemc Arachidic C20:0 less than 0.5% 0.3% Eicosenoic C20:1 less than 0.5% 0.2% TABLE 17 Wheat germ oil Fatty acids Range Typical Palmitic C16:0 11.0-16.0% 12.5% Palmitoleic C16:1 1.0% max 0.2% Stearic C18:0 2.0-6.0% 2.5% Oleic C18:1 12.0-39.0% 27.3% Linoleic C18:2 30.0-57.0% 53.7% Linolenic C18:3 2.0-10.0% 3.0% Arachidic C20:0 1.0% max 0.4% Gadoleic C20:1 0.5% max 0.2% Behenic C22:0 1.0% max 0.1% In some embodiments, an ethoxylated oil comprises a molar ratio of ethylene oxide:oil of 35:1. A 99% pure ethylene oxide/castor oil having such characteristics can be obtained commercially (BASF) or such an ethoxylated compound can be synthesized using conventional techniques. In other embodiments, the ethoxylated oil is itself the penetration enhancer. That is, it has been discovered that oils that have been ethoxylated 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, or 19 ethoxylations/molecule are sufficiently hydrophobic and sufficiently hydrophilic to allow for transdermal delivery of a variety of delivered agents without water, alcohol, or an aqueous adjuvant. Although the ethoxylated oil can comprise at least 20-25 ethoxylations per molecule or more, preferably, the ethoxylated lipid comprises less than 20 ethoxylations per molecule, e.g., 19, 18, 17, 16, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, or 10 ethoxylations per molecule. By using a light, ethoxylated oil (e.g., macadamia nut oil containing approximately 16 ethoxylations/molecule) efficient transdermal delivery of high molecular weight collagen was observed in the absence of Aloe Vera and alcohol. Formulations of a transdermal delivery system that contain Aloe Vera and an oil with 20-30 ethoxylations/molecule are not as effective as formulations of a transdermal delivery system that contain an oil with 10-19 ethoxylations/molecule (e.g., 16 ethoxylations/molecule) but lacking Aloe Vera and alcohol. A greater reduction of fine lines and wrinkles was observed with a transdermal delivery system composed of macadamia nut oil (16 ethoxylations/molecule) and water as compared with a transdermal delivery system composed of castor oil (25 ethoxylations/molecule), water, alcohol, and Aloe Vera, for example. Unexpectedly, it was discovered that a reduction in the number of ethoxylations on a light oil produced a superior transdermal delivery product. This was unexpected because as the amount of ethoxylations on a molecule of oil decreases its miscibility with the aqueous components of the delivery system decreases. Surprisingly, formulations containing 10-19 ethoxylations/molecule were not only miscible but provided very efficient transdermal delivery in the absence of Aloe Vera. Desirable compounds often found in ethoxylated oils that are beneficial for some embodiments and methods described herein are glycerol-polyethylene glycol ricinoleate, the fatty esters of polyethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, and ethoxylated glycerol. Some of these desirable compounds exhibit hydrophilic properties and the hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) is preferably maintained between 10 and 18. Any number of methods have been devised to characterize HLB, but perhaps the most widely used is the octanol/water coefficient. (See Calculating log Poct from Structures”, by Albert J. Leo, Chemical Reviews, vol 93, pp 1281). Accordingly, some of the components of the oils in the table above and related fatty acids, fatty alcohols, and fatty amines can be ethoxylated and used as a penetration enhancer or to enhance another penetration enhancer (e.g., ethoxylated macadamia nut oil). For example, some embodiments comprise a penetration enhancer that consists of, consists essentially of, or comprises ethoxylated palmitoleic acid, ethoxylated oleic acid, ethoxylated gondoic acid, or ethoxylated erucic acid. These compounds can be prepared synthetically or isolated or purified from oils that contain large quantities of these fatty acids and the synthesized, isolated, or purified fatty acids can then be reacted with ethylene oxide. That is, a transdermal delivery system of the invention can comprise a penetration enhancer that contains, for example, ethoxylated palmitoleic acid, ethoxylated oleic acid, ethoxylated gondoic acid, or ethoxylated erucic acid, wherein the amount of one or more of the fatty acids is at least, more than, or an amount equal to 0.1%, 0.15%, 0.2%, 0.25%, 0.3%, 0.35%, 0.4%, 0.45%, 0.5%, 0.55%, 0.6%, 0.65%, 0.7%, 0.75%, 0.8%, 0.85%, 0.9%, 0.95%, 1.0%, 1.25%, 1.5%, 1.75%, 2.0%, 2.25%, 2.5%, 2.75%, 3.0%, 3.25%, 3.5%, 3.75%, 4.0%,. 4.25%, 4.5%, 4.75%, 5.0%, 5.25%, 5.5%, 5.75%, 6.0%, 6.25%, 6.5%, 6.75%, 7.0%, 7.25%, 7.5%, 7.75%, 8.0%, 8.25%, 8.5%, 8.75%, 9.0%, 9.25%, 9.5%, 9.75%, 10.0%, 10.25%, 10.5%, 10.75%, 11.0%, 11.25%, 11.5%, 11.75%, 12.0%, 12.25%, 12.5%, 12.75%, 13.0%, 13.25%, 13.5%, 13.75%, 14.0%, 14.25%, 14.5%, 14.75%, 15.0%, 15.5%, 16.0%, 16.5%, 17.0%, 17.5%, 18.0%, 18.5%, 19.0%, 19.5%, 20.0%, 20.5%, 21.0%, 21.5%, 22.0%, 22.5%, 23.0%, 23.5%, 24.0%, 24.5%, 25.0%, 25.5%, 26.0%, 26.5%, 27.0%, 27.5%, 28.0%, 28.5%, 29.0%, 29.5%, 30.0%, 30.5%, 31.0%, 31.5%, 32.0%, 32.5%, 33.0%, 33.5%, 34.0%, 34.5%, 35.0%, 35.5%, 36.0%, 36.5%, 37.0%, 37.5%, 38.0%, 38.5%, 39.0%, 39.5%, 40.0%, 40.25%, 40.5%, 40.75%, 41.0%, 41.25%, 41.5%, 41.75%, 42.0%, 42.25%, 42.5%, 42.75%, 43.0%,. 43.25%, 43.5%, 43.75%, 44.0%, 44.25%, 44.5%, 44.75%, 45.0%, 45.25%, 45.5%, 45.75%, 46.0%, 46.25%, 46.5%, 46.75%, 47.0% 47.25%, 47.5%, 47.75%, 48.0%, 48.25%, 48.5%, 48.75%, 49.0%, 49.25%, 49.5%, 49.75%, 50.0%,. 50.25%, 50.5%, 50.75%, 51.0%, 51.25%, 51.5%, 51.75%, 52.0%, 52.25%, 52.5%, 52.75%, 53.0%, 53.25%, 53.5%, 53.75%, 54.0%, 54.5%, 54.0%, 54.5%, 55.0%, 55.5%, 56.0%, 56.5%, 57.0%, 57.5%, 58.0%, 58.5%, 59.0%, 59.5%, 60.0%, 60.5%, 61.0%, 61.5%, 62.0%, 62.5%, 63.0%, 63.5%, 64.0%, 64.5%, 65.0%, 65.5%, 66.0%, 66.5%, 67.0%, 67.5%, 68.0%, 68.5%, 69.0%, 69.5%, 70.0%, 70.5%, 71.0%, 71.5%, 72.0%, 72.5%, 73.0%, 73.5%, 74.0%, 74.5%, 75.0%, 75.5%, 76.0%, 76.5%, 77.0%, 77.5%, 78.0%, 78.5%, 79.0%, 79.5%, 80.0%, 80.5%, 81%, 81.5%, 82%, 82.5%, 83%, 83.5%, 84%, 84.5%, 85%. 85.5%, 86%, 86.5%, 87%, 87.5%, 88%, 88.5%, 89%, 89.5%, 90%, 90.5%, 91%, 91.5%, 92%, 92.5%, 93% 93.5%, 94%, 94.5%, 95%, 95.5%, 96%, 96.5%, 97%, 97.5%, 98%, 98.5%, 99%, or 100% of the total fatty acid content in the composition. In some embodiments, more than one ethoxylated compound is added or another hydrophobic compound is added (e.g., Y-Ling-Y-Lang oil; Young Living Essential Oils, Lehl, Utah)) to balance or enhance the penetration enhancer. Preferred embodiments include ethoxylated macadamia nut oil that has been supplemented with ethoxylated palmitoleic acid, ethoxylated oleic acid, ethoxylated gondoic acid, or ethoxylated erucic acid. Depending on the type of delivered agent and the intended application, the amount of ethoxylated lipid(s) in the delivery system can vary. For example, delivery systems of the invention can comprise between 0.1% and 99% by weight or volume ethoxylated compound(s). That is, embodiments of the invention can comprise by weight or volume less than or equal to or greater than 0.1%, 0.15%, 0.2%, 0.25%, 0.3%, 0.35%, 0.4%, 0.45%, 0.5%, 0.55%, 0.6%, 0.65%, 0.7%, 0.75%, 0.8%, 0.85%, 0.9%, 0.95%, 1.0%, 1.25%, 1.5%, 1.75%, 2.0%, 2.25%, 2.5%, 2.75%, 3.0%, 3.25%, 3.5%, 3.75%, 4.0%,. 4.25%, 4.5%, 4.75%, 5.0%, 5.25%, 5.5%, 5.75%, 6.0%, 6.25%, 6.5%, 6.75%, 7.0%, 7.25%, 7.5%, 7.75%, 8.0% 8.25%, 8.5%, 8.75%, 9.0%, 9.25%, 9.5%, 9.75%, 10.0%, 10.25%, 10.5%, 10.75%, 11.0%,. 11.25%, 11.5%, 11.75%, 12.0%, 12.25%, 12.5%, 12.75%, 13.0%, 13.25%, 13.5%, 13.75%, 14.0%, 14.25%, 14.5%, 14.75%, 15.0%, 15.5%, 16.0%, 16.5%, 17.0%, 17.5%, 18.0%, 18.5%, 19.0%, 19.5%, 20.0%, 20.5%, 21.0%, 21.5%, 22.0%, 22.5%, 23.0%, 23.5%, 24.0%, 24.5%, 25.0%, 25.5%, 26.0%, 26.5%, 27.0%, 27.5%, 28.0%, 28.5%, 29.0%, 29.5%, 30.0%, 30.5%, 31.0%, 31.5%, 32.0%, 32.5%, 33.0%, 33.5%, 34.0%, 34.5%, 35.0%, 35.5%, 36.0%, 36.5%, 37.0%, 37.5%, 38.0%, 38.5%, 39.0%, 39.5%, 40.0%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%, ethoxylated lipid(s), preferably an ethoxylated oil or fatty acid or combination of fatty acids. The hydrophilic component of the penetration enhancer can comprise an alcohol, a non-ionic solubilizer, or an emulsifier. Compounds such as ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), dimethyl polysiloxane (DMPX), oleic acid, caprylic acid, isopropyl alcohol, 1-octanol, ethanol (denatured or anhydrous), and other pharmaceutical grade or absolute alcohols with the exception of methanol can be used. Preferred embodiments comprise an alcohol (e.g., absolute isopropyl alcohol), which is commercially available. As above, the amount of hydrophilic component in the penetration enhancer depends on the type of the delivered agent and the intended application. The hydrophilic component of a penetration enhancer of the invention can comprise between 0.1% and 50% by weight or volume. That is, a delivery system of the invention can comprise by weight or volume less than or equal to or greater than 0.1%, 0.15%, 0.2%, 0.25%, 0.3%, 0.35%, 0.4%, 0.45%, 0.5%, 0.55%, 0.6%, 0.65%, 0.7%, 0.75%, 0.8%, 0.85%, 0.9%, 0.95%, 1.0%, 1.25%, 1.5%, 1.75%, 2.0%, 2.25%, 2.5%, 2.75%, 3.0%, 3.25%, 3.5%, 3.75%, 4.0%,. 4.25%, 4.5%, 4.75%, 5.0%, 5.25%, 5.5%, 5.75%, 6.0%, 6.25%, 6.5%, 6.75%, 7.0%, 7.25%, 7.5%, 7.75%, 8.0% 8.25%, 8.5%, 8.75%, 9.0%, 9.25%, 9.5%, 9.75%, 10.0%, 10.25%, 10.5%, 10.75%, 11.0%,. 11.25%, 11.5%, 11.75%, 12.0%, 12.25%, 12.5%, 12.75%, 13.0%, 13.25%, 13.5%, 13.75%, 14.0%, 14.25%, 14.5%, 14.75%, 15.0%, 15.5%, 16.0%, 16.5%, 17.0%, 17.5%, 18.0%, 18.5%, 19.0%, 19.5%, 20.0%, 20.5%, 21.0%, 21.5%, 22.0%, 22.5%, 23.0%, 23.5%, 24.0%, 24.5%, 25.0%, 25.5%, .26.0%, 26.5%, 27.0%, 27.5%, 28.0%, 28.5%, 29.0%, 29.5%, 30.0%, 30.5%, 31.0%, 31.5%, 32.0%, 32.5%, 33.0%, 33.5%, 34.0%, 34.5%, 35.0%, 35.5%, 36.0%, 36.5%, 37.0%, 37.5%, 38.0%, 38.5%, 39.0%, 39.5%, 40.0%, 41.0%, 42.0%, 43.0%, 44.0%, 45.0%, 46.0%, 47.0%, 48.0%, 49.0%, or 50.0% hydrophilic component. In addition to a delivered agent and penetration enhancer, the transdermal delivery systems described herein can comprise an aqueous adjuvant. The section below describes the incorporation of aqueous adjuvants in formulations of transdermal delivery systems, in particular, Aloe Vera, which can enhance the delivery of both low and high molecular weight molecules to the skin cells of the body. Aqueous Adjuvants Several embodiments of the transdermal delivery system described herein comprise an aqueous adjuvant such as Aloe Vera juice or water or both. The term “Aloe” refers to the genus of South African plants of the Liliaceae family, of which the Aloe barbadensis plant is a species. Aloe is an intricate plant, which contains many biologically active substances. (Cohen, et al. in Wound Healing/Biochemical and Clinical Aspects, 1st ed. W B Saunders, Philadelphia (1992)). Over 300 species of Aloe are known, most of which are indigenous to Africa. Studies have shown that the biologically active substances are located in three separate sections of the Aloe leaf—a clear gel fillet located in the center of the leaf, in the leaf rind or cortex of the leaf and in a yellow fluid contained in the pericyclic cells of the vascular bundles, located between the leaf rind and the internal gel fillet, referred to as the latex. Historically, Aloe products have been used in dermatological applications for the treatment of burns, sores and other wounds. These uses have stimulated a great deal of research in identifying compounds from Aloe plants that have clinical activity, especially anti-inflammatory activity. (See e.g., Grindlay and Reynolds (1986) J. of Ethnopharmacology 16:117-151; Hart, et al. (1988) J. of Ethnopharmacology 23:61-71). As a result of these studies there have been numerous reports of Aloe compounds having diverse biological activities, including anti-tumor activity, anti-gastric ulcer, anti-diabetic, anti-tyrosinase activity, (See e.g., Yagi, et al. (1977) Z. Naturforsch. 32c:731-734), and antioxidant activity (International Application Serial No. PCT/US95/07404). Recent research has also shown that Aloe Vera, a term used to describe the extract obtained from processing the entire leaf, isolated from the Aloe Vera species of Aloe, can be used as a vehicle for delivering hydrocortisone, estradiol, and testosterone propionate. (See Davis, et al, JAPMA 81:1 (1991) and U.S. Pat. No. 5,708,038 to Davis)). As set forth in Davis (U.S. Pat. No. 5,708,308), one embodiment of “Aloe Vera” can be prepared by “whole-leaf processing” of the whole leaf of the Aloe barbadensis plant. Briefly, whole leaves obtained from the Aloe barbadensis plant are ground, filtered, treated with cellulase (optional) and activated carbon and lyophilized. The lyophilized powder is then reconstituted with water prior to use. Aloe Vera can be obtained commercially through Aloe Laboratories, for example. In other embodiments, the Aloe Vera is made as follows. First, the leaves are manually harvested. Next, the leaves are washed with water and the thorns on both ends are cut. The leaves are then hand-filleted so as to extract the inner part of the leaf. The inner gel is passed through a grinder and separator to remove fiber from the gel. Then the gel is put into a pasteurizing tank where L-Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C) and preservatives are added. The gel is pasteurized at 85° C. for 30 minutes. After pasteurization, the gel is put into a holding tank for about one or two days, after which the gel is sent through a ½ micron filter. Finally, the gel is cooled down through a heat exchanger and stored in a steamed, sanitized and clean 55 gallon drum. The above described sources and manufacturing methods of Aloe Vera are given as examples and not intended to limit the scope of the invention. One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that Aloe Vera is a well known term of art, and that Aloe Vera is available from various sources and manufactured according to various methods. Absolute Aloe Vera (100% pure) can also be obtained from commercial suppliers (Lily of the Desert, Irving, Tex.). Aloe Vera juice, prepared from gel fillet, has an approximate molecular weight of 200,000 to 1,400,000 daltons. Whole leaf Aloe Vera gel has a molecular weight of 200,000 to 3,000,000 depending on the purity of the preparation. Although, preferably, the embodiments of the invention having Aloe Vera comprise Aloe Vera juice, other extracts from a member of the Liliaceae family can be used (e.g., an extract from another Aloe species). Transdermal delivery systems having Aloe Vera can comprise between 0.1% to 85.0% by weight or volume Aloe Vera. That is, embodiments of the invention can comprise by weight or volume less than or equal to or greater than 0.1%, 0.15%, 0.2%, 0.25%, 0.3%, 0.35%, 0.4%, 0.45%, 0.5%, 0.55%, 0.6%, 0.65%, 0.7%, 0.7%, 0.75%, 0.8%, 0.85%, 0.9%, 0.95%, 1.0%, 1.25%, 1.5%, 1.75%, 2.0%, 2.25%, 2.5%, 2.75%, 3.0%, 3.25%, 3.5%, 3.75%, 4.0%,. 4.25%, 4.5%, 4.75%, 5.0%, 5.25%, 5.5%, 5.75%, 6.0%, 6.25%, 6.5%, 6.75%, 7.0%, 7.25%, 7.5%, 7.75%, 8.0% 8.25%, 8.5%, 8.75%, 9.0%, 9.25%, 9.5%, 9.75%, 10.0%, 10.25%, 10.5%, 10.75%, 11.0%,. 11.25%, 11.5%, 11.75%, 12.0%, 12.25%, 12.5%, 12.75%, 13.0%, 13.25%, 13.5%, 13.75%, 14.0%, 14.25%, 14.5%, 14.75%, 15.0%, 15.5%, 16.0%, 16.5%, 17.0%, 17.5%, 18.0%, 18.5%, 19.0%, 19.5%, 20.0%, 20.5%, 21.0%, 21.5%, 22.0%, 22.5%, 23.0%, 23.5%, 24.0%, 24.5%, 25.0%, 25.5%, 26.0%, 26.5%, 27.0%, 27.5%, 28.0%, 28.5%, 29.0%, 29.5%, 30.0%, 30.5%, 31.0%, 31.5%, 32.0%, 32.5%, 33.0%, 33.5%, 34.0%, 34.5%, 35.0%, 35.5%, 36.0%, 36.5%, 37.0%, 37.5%, 38.0%, 38.5%, 39.0%, 39.5%, 40.0%, 40.25%, 40.5%, 40.75%, 41.0%, 41.25%, 41.5%, 41.75%, 42.0%, 42.25%, 42.5%, 42.75%, 43.0%,. 43.25%, 43.5%, 43.75%, 44.0%, 44.25%, 44.5%, 44.75%, 45.0%, 45.25%, 45.5%, 45.75%, 46.0%, 46.25%, 46.5%, 46.75%, 47.0% 47.25%, 47.5%, 47.75%, 48.0%, 48.25%, 48.5%, 48.75%, 49.0%, 49.25%, 49.5%, 49.75%, 50.0%,. 50.25%, 50.5%, 50.75%, 51.0%, 51.25%, 51.5%, 51.75%, 52.0%, 52.25%, 52.5%, 52.75%, 53.0%, 53.25%, 53.5%, 53.75%, 54.0%, 54.5%, 54.0%, 54.5%, 55.0%, 55.5%, 56.0%, 56.5%, 57.0%, 57.5%, 58.0%, 58.5%, 59.0%, 59.5%, 60.0%, 60.5%, 61.0%, 61.5%, 62.0%, 62.5%, 63.0%, 63.5%, 64.0%, 64.5%, 65.0%, 65.5%, 66.0%, 66.5%, 67.0%, 67.5%, 68.0%, 68.5%, 69.0%, 69.5%, 70.0%, 70.5%, 71.0%, 71.5%, 72.0%, 72.5%, 73.0%, 73.5%, 74.0%, 74.5%, 75.0%, 75.5%, 76.0%, 76.5%, 77.0%, 77.5%, 78.0%, 78.5%, 79.0%, 79.5%, 80.0%, 80.5%, 81%, 81.5%, 82%, 82.5%, 83%, 83.5%, 84%, 84.5%, and 85% Aloe Vera. The amount of water in the delivery system generally depends on the amount of other reagents (e.g., delivered agent, penetration enhancer, and other aqueous adjuvants or fillers). Although water is used as the sole aqueous adjuvant in some embodiments, preferred embodiments use enough water to make the total volume of a particular preparation of a delivery system such that the desired concentrations of reagents in the penetration enhancer, aqueous adjuvant, and delivered agent are achieved. Suitable forms of water are deionized, distilled, filtered or otherwise purified. Clearly, however, any form of water can be used as an aqueous adjuvant. Transdermal delivery systems having water can comprise between 0.1% to 85.0% by weight or volume water. That is, embodiments of the invention can comprise by weight or volume less than or equal to or greater than 0.1%, 0.15%, 0.2%, 0.25%, 0.3%, 0.35%, 0.4%, 0.45%, 0.5%, 0.55%, 0.6%, 0.65%, 0.7%, 0.75%, 0.8%, 0.85%, 0.9%, 0.95%, 1.0%, 1.25%, 1.5%, 1.75%, 2.0%, 2.25%, 2.5%, 2.75%, 3.0%, 3.25%, 3.5%, 3.75%, 4.0%,. 4.25%, 4.5%, 4.75%, 5.0%, 5.25%, 5.5%, 5.75%, 6.0%, 6.25%, 6.5%, 6.75%, 7.0%, 7.25%, 7.5%, 7.75%, 8.0% 8.25%, 8.5%, 8.75%, 9.0%, 9.25%, 9.5%, 9.75%,10.0%,10.25%,10.5%,10.75%,11.0%,.11.25%,11.5%, 11.75%, 12.0%, 12.25%, 12.5%, 12.75%, 13.0%, 13.25%, 13.5%, 13.75%, 14.0%, 14.25%,14.5%,14.75%,15.0%,15.5%,16.0%,16.5%,17.0%,17.5%,18.0%,18.5%, 19.0%, 19.5%, 20.0%, 20.5%, 21.0%, 21.5%, 22.0%, 22.5%, 23.0%, 23.5%, 24.0%, 24.5%, 25.0%, 25.5%, 26.0%, 26.5%, 27.0%, 27.5%, 28.0%, 28.5%, 29.0%, 29.5%, 30.0%, 30.5%, 31.0%, 31.5%, 32.0%, 32.5%, 33.0%, 33.5%, 34.0%, 34.5%, 35.0%, 35.5%, 36.0%, 36.5%, 37.0%, 37.5%, 38.0%, 38.5%, 39.0%, 39.5%, 40.0%, 40.25%, 40.5%, 40.75%, 41.0%, 41.25%, 41.5%, 41.75%, 42.0%, 42.25%, 42.5%, 42.75%, 43.0%,. 43.25%, 43.5%, 43.75%, 44.0%, 44.25%, 44.5%, 44.75%, 45.0%, 45.25%, 45.5%, 45.75%, 46.0%, 46.25%, 46.5%, 46.75%, 47.0% 47.25%, 47.5%, 47.75%, 48.0%, 48.25%, 48.5%, 48.75%, 49.0%, 49.25%, 49.5%, 49.75%, 50.0%,. 50.25%, 50.5%, 50.75%, 51.0%, 51.25%, 51.5%, 51.75%, 52.0%, 52.25%, 52.5%, 52.75%, 53.0%, 53.25%, 53.5%, 53.75%, 54.0%, 54.5%, 54.0%, 54.5%, 55.0%, 55.5%, 56.0%, 56.5%, 57.0%, 57.5%, 58.0%, 58.5%, 59.0%, 59.5%, 60.0%, 60.5%, 61.0%, 61.5%, 62.0%, 62.5%, 63.0%, 63.5%, 64.0%, 64.5%, 65.0%, 65.5%, 66.0%, 66.5%, 67.0%, 67.5%, 68.0%, 68.5%, 69.0%, 69.5%, 70.0%, 70.5%, 71.0%, 71.5%, 72.0%, 72.5%, 73.0%, 73.5%, 74.0%, 74.5%, 75.0%, 75.5%, 76.0%, 76.5%, 77.0%, 77.5%, 78.0%, 78.5%, 79.0%, 79.5%, 80.0%, 80.5%, 81%, 81.5%, 82%, 82.5%, 83%, 83.5%, 84%, 84.5%, and 85% water. In addition to the aforementioned compositions, methods of making and using the transdermal delivery systems are described in the following section. Preparing Transdermal Delivery Systems In general, transdermal delivery systems are prepared by combining a penetration enhancer with a delivered agent and, optionally, an aqueous adjuvant. Depending on the solubility of the delivered agent, the delivered agent can be solubilized in either the hydrophobic or hydrophilic components of the penetration enhancer. In some formulations, (e.g., formulations containing oil soluble delivered agents such as steroid hormones), the delivered agent readily dissolves in the ethoxylated oil without water, alcohol, or an aqueous adjuvant. In other formulations, the delivered agent (e.g., an NSAID or collagen or fragments thereof) readily dissolves in water, which is then mixed with the ethoxylated oil. Additionally, some delivered agents can be solubilized in the aqueous adjuvant prior to mixing with the penetration enhancer. Desirably, the pH of the mixture is maintained between 3 and 11 and preferably between 5 and 9. That is, during preparation and after preparation the pH of the solution is desirably maintained at less than or equal to 3.0, 3.25, 3.5, 3.75, 4.0, 4.25, 4.5, 4.75, 5.0, 5.25, 5.5, 5.75, 6, 6.25, 6.5, 6.75, 7.0, 7.25, 7.5, 7.75, 8.0, 8.25, 8.5, 8.75, 9.0, 9.25, 9.5, 9.75, 10.0, 10.25, 10.5, 10.75, or 11.0. Several physical mixing techniques can be employed to help the delivery system coalesce. For example, a magnetic stir plate and bar can be used, however, the speed of stirring is preferably minimized so as not to drive air into the mixture and/or destroy the delivered agent (e.g., when the delivered agent is a peptide or a protein). Additionally, a rocker can be used to bring components of the delivery system together. Heat can also be applied to help coalesce the mixture but desirably, the temperature is not raised above 40° C. so that labile aqueous adjuvants or labile delivered agents are not degraded. Preferably, once the delivery system has coalesced, other components such as fragrances and colors are added or the delivery system is incorporated into a cream or ointment or a device for applying the delivery system. Several formulations of delivery system are within the scope of aspects of the invention. Desirably, the ratio of hydrophilic component:hydrophobic component:aqueous adjuvant is 3:4:3, but preferred formulations comprise 1:1:4, 1:1:14, and 1:10:25. As described above, a sufficient amount of delivered agent to suit the intended purpose is incorporated into the delivery system. The amount of delivered agent that is incorporated into the penetration enhancer depends on the compound, desired dosage, and application. In some embodiments, the transdermal delivery system is provided in a single dose application containing a pre-measured amount of the delivered agent. For example, septum sealed vials with or without an applicator (e.g., a swab) containing a pre-measured amount of transdermal delivery system (e.g., 0.5 ml) containing a pre-measured amount of a delivered agent (e.g., 400 mg of ibuprofen, 0.6 mg marine collagen, or 1 g of aspirin) are embodiments of the invention. These embodiments have significant utility because pre-determined doses of certain delivered agents facilitate appropriate treatment regimens and the individually sealed doses of the transdermal delivery system with delivered agent maintain sterility of the composition between applications. In some embodiments, the transdermal delivery system is made by providing an ethoxylated oil, mixing the ethoxylated oil with an alcohol, non-ionic solubilizer, or emulsifier so as to form a penetration enhancer, mixing the penetration enhancer with an aqueous adjuvant (e.g., an extract from a plant of the Liliaeacae family), and mixing the penetration enhancer and aqueous adjuvant with a delivered agent and thereby making the transdermal delivery system. For example, an embodiment of a transdermal delivery system comprising a pain relief solution is manufactured as follows. A solution of 2.0% to 7.0% oleoresin capsicum, 2.5 grams of Boswellin is mixed with 400 ml of absolute carpilic alcohol or isopropyl alcohol, 300 ml of ethoxylated castor oil, and 300 ml of a 100% solution of Aloe Vera. This transdermal delivery system has been observed to alleviate pain when rubbed on a targeted area. The transdermal delivery systems having a form of Hepsyl as a delivered agent desirably are comprised by weight or volume of between 0.005% to 12.0% Hepsyl, depending on the type of Hepsyl, its solubility, and the intended application. For example, embodiments having Hepsyl CA 1501C. Hepsyl CGA 1501K., and Hepsyl RA 150K can be comprised by weight or volume of 0.01-2 grams of Hepsyl delivered agent, 0-50 mL of hydrophobic penetration enhancers (e.g., ethoxylated castor oil, jojoba oil, etc.), 0-50 mL of hydrophilic penetration enhancers, nonionic solubilizers, or emulsifiers (e.g., isopropyl. alcohol, DMSO, etc.), and 0-50 mL of aqueous adjuvant (e.g., water, Aloe Vera extract, etc.). A particularly desirable embodiment of the invention is comprised of 0.1-0.5 gram of Hepsyl, 5-10 mL of ethoxylated castor oil, 5-10 mL of isopropyl alcohol, and 5-10 mL of Aloe Vera extract. By using these formulations, other delivered agents can be incorporated into a transdermal delivery system. Formulations of transdermal delivery systems having collagens are described in the examples. The following section describes several therapeutic, prophylactic and cosmetic applications. Therapeutic, Prophylactic, and Cosmetic Applications Many embodiments are suitable for treatment of subjects either as a preventive measure (e.g., to avoid pain or skin disorders) or as a therapeutic to treat subjects already afflicted with skin disorders or who are suffering pain. In general, most drugs, chemicals, and cosmetic agents that can be incorporated into a pharmaceutical or cosmetic can be formulated into a transdermal delivery system of the invention. Because the various formulations of transdermal delivery system described herein have a considerable range in hydrophobic and hydrophilic character, most drugs, chemicals, and cosmetic preparations can be incorporated therein. That is, by adjusting the amount of ethoxylation, alcohol, and water in a particular formulation most pharmaceutical and cosmetic agents are solubilized in a transdermal delivery system with little effort. Furthermore, because the transdermal delivery systems described herein can deliver a wide range of materials of both high and low molecular weight to skin cells, the utility of the transdermal delivery systems described herein is incredibly broad. The aspects of the invention that follow are for exemplary purposes only, and one of skill in the art can readily appreciate the wide spread applicability of a transdermal delivery system described herein and the incorporation of other delivered agents into a formulation of transdermal delivery system is straight forward. In one embodiment, for example, a method of treatment or prevention of inflammation, pain, or human diseases, such as cancer, arthritis, and Alzheimer's disease, comprises using a transdermal delivery system described herein that has been formulated with an NSAID. Because delivered agents such as NSAIDs, capsaicin, and Boswellin interfere and/or inhibit cyclooxygenase enzymes (COX-1 and COX-2), they provide a therapeutically beneficial treatment for cancer and Alzheimer's disease when administered by a transdermal delivery system described herein. (See U.S. Pat. No. 5,840,746 to Ducharme et al., and U.S. Pat. No. 5,861,268 to Tang et al.). By one approach, a transdermal delivery system comprising a delivered agent that is effective at reducing pain or inflammation (e.g., NSAIDS, capsaicin, Boswellin, or any combination thereof) is administered to a subject in need and the reduction in pain or inflammation is monitored. An additional approach involves identifying a subject in need of a COX enzyme inhibitor (e.g., a subject suffering from cancer or Alzheimer's disease) and administering a transdermal delivery system comprising a delivered agent that inhibits a COX enzyme (e.g., NSAIDS, capsaicin, Boswellin, or any combination thereof). Although many individuals can be at risk for contracting cancer or Alzheimer's disease, those with a family history or a genetic marker associated with these maladies are preferably identified. Several diagnostic approaches to identify persons at risk of developing these diseases have been reported. (See e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos., 5,891,857; 5,744,368; 5,891,651; 5,837,853; and 5,571,671). The transdermal delivery system is preferably applied to the skin at a region of inflammation or an area associated with pain or the particular condition and treatment is continued for a sufficient time to reduce inflammation, pain, or inhibit the progress of the disease. Typically, pain and inflammation will be reduced in 5-20 minutes after application. Cancer and Alzheimer's disease can be inhibited or prevented with prolonged use. In another method, an approach to reduce wrinkles and increase skin tightness and flexibility (collectively referred to as “restoring skin tone”) is provided. Accordingly, a transdermal delivery system comprising a form of collagen or fragment thereof as a delivered agent is provided and contacted with the skin of a subject in need of treatment. By one approach, a subject in need of skin tone restoration is identified, a transdermal delivery system comprising collagen or a fragment thereof is administered to the subject, and the restoration of the skin tone is monitored. Identification of a person in need of skin restoration can be based solely on visible inspection and the desire to have tight, smooth, and flexible skin. Treatment with the delivery system is continued until a desired skin tone is achieved. Typically a change in skin tone will be visibly apparent in 15 days but prolonged use may be required to retain skin tightness and flexibility. The form of collagen in the delivered agent can be from various sources and can have many different molecular weights, as detailed above. Preferably, high molecular weight natural collagens are used, however, recombinant collagens, modified collagens, protease resistant collagens, and fragments thereof may be used with some of the transdermal delivery systems described herein. The transdermal delivery systems described herein can be processed in accordance with conventional pharmacological and cosmetological methods to produce medicinal agents and cosmetics for administration to patients, e.g., mammals including humans. The transdermal delivery systems described herein can be incorporated into a pharmaceutical or cosmetic product with or without modification. The compositions of the invention can be employed in admixture with conventional excipients, e.g., pharmaceutically acceptable organic or inorganic carrier substances suitable for topical application that do not deleteriously react with the molecules that assemble the delivery system. The preparations can be sterilized and if desired mixed with auxiliary agents, e.g., lubricants, preservatives, stabilizers, coloring, aromatic substances and the like that do not deleteriously react with the active compounds. They can also be combined where desired with other active agents. The effective dose and method of administration of a carrier system formulation can vary based on the individual patient and the stage of the disease, as well as other factors known to those of skill in the art. Although several doses of delivered agents have been indicated above, the therapeutic efficacy and toxicity of such compounds in a delivery system of the invention can be determined by standard pharmaceutical or cosmetological procedures with experimental animals, e.g., ED50 (the dose therapeutically effective in 50% of the population) and LD50 (the dose lethal to 50% of the population). The dose ratio of toxic to therapeutic effects is the therapeutic index, and it can be expressed as the ratio, LD50/ED50. Pharmaceutical and cosmetological compositions that exhibit large therapeutic indices are preferred. The data obtained from animal studies is used in formulating a range of dosages for human use. The dosage of such compounds lies preferably within a range of circulating concentrations that include the ED50 with little or no toxicity. The dosage varies within this range depending upon the dosage form employed, sensitivity of the patient, and the route of administration. The exact dosage is chosen by the individual physician in view of the patient to be treated. Dosage and administration are adjusted to provide sufficient levels of the active moiety or to maintain the desired effect. Additional factors that may be taken into account include the severity of the disease state, age, weight and gender of the patient; diet, time and frequency of administration, drug combination(s), reaction sensitivities, and tolerance/response to therapy. Short acting compositions are administered daily whereas long acting pharmaceutical compositions are administered every 2, 3 to 4 days, every week, or once every two weeks. Depending on half-life and clearance rate of the particular formulation, the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention are administered once, twice, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten or more times per day. Routes of administration of the delivery systems of the invention are primarily topical, although it is desired to administer some embodiments to cells that reside in deep skin layers. Topical administration is accomplished via a topically applied cream, gel, rinse, etc. containing a delivery system of the invention. Compositions of delivery system-containing compounds suitable for topical application include, but are not limited to, physiologically acceptable ointments, creams, rinses, and gels. In some embodiments, the mixture of penetration enhancer, aqueous adjuvant, and delivered agent is incorporated into a device that facilitates application. These apparatus generally have a vessel joined to an applicator, wherein a transdermal delivery system of the invention is incorporated in the vessel. Some devices, for example, facilitate delivery by encouraging vaporization of the mixture. These apparatus have a transdermal delivery system of the invention incorporated in a vessel that is joined to an applicator such as a sprayer (e.g., a pump-driven sprayer). These embodiments can also comprise a propellant for driving the incorporated transdermal delivery system out of the vessel. Other apparatus can be designed to allow for a more focused application. A device that facilitates a focused application of a transdermal delivery system of the invention can have a roll-on or swab-like applicator joined to the vessel that houses the transdermal delivery system. Several devices that facilitate the administration of a delivery system of the invention have a wide range of cosmetic or therapeutic applications. The example below describes a clinical study that was performed to evaluate the efficacy of a transdermal delivery system that comprised capsaicin. EXAMPLE 1 In this example, evidence is provided that a transdermal delivery system of the invention can administer a therapeutically effective amount of a low molecular weight delivered agent (e.g., 0.225% oleoresin capsicum). A clinical study was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of a transdermal delivery system of the invention comprising 0.225% capsaicin (“EPRS”) as compared to a commercially available cream comprising Boswellin, 10% methyl salicylate, and 0.25% capsaicin. (Nature's Herbs). The two pain relief preparations were tested on six subjects who suffer from degenerative arthritis, debilitating back pain, and/or bursitis. For the first five days of the study, the subjects applied the commercially available cream three times a day. On day six, application of the commercially available cream was stopped and subjects applied the EPRS transdermal delivery system. The EPRS pain relief solution was also applied for five days, three times a day. Daily analysis of the efficacy of the particular pain relief formulations was taken by the subjects and observations such as the time of administration, odor, and therapeutic benefit were recorded after each administration. The five day use of the commercially available cream was found to provide only minimal therapeutic benefit. The cream was reported to irritate the skin, have a noxious smell, and provide little decrease in pain or increase in flexibility or range of motion. In contrast, the five day use of EPRS was reported to provide significant pain relief, relative to the relief obtained from the oral consumption of NSAIDs. Further, EPRS was reported to increase flexibility and range of motion within five to twenty minutes after application. Additionally, EPRS did not present a significant odor nor did it cause skin irritation. The results of this study demonstrate that a delivery system comprising a low molecular weight compound, capsaicin, can effectively administer the delivered agent to cells of the body where it provides therapeutic benefit. The next example describes a clinical study that was performed to evaluate the efficacy of several different formulations of transdermal delivery system that comprised low and high molecular weight collagens. EXAMPLE 2 In this example, evidence is provided that a transdermal delivery system of the invention can administer a therapeutically effective amount of a low and high molecular weight delivered agent (e.g., a low and high molecular weight collagens). A clinical study was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of several transdermal delivery systems comprising various penetration enhancers, aqueous adjuvants, and collagen delivered agents. The various transdermal delivery systems that were evaluated are provided in TABLE 18. Of the formulations that were originally screened, three were extensively evaluated by ten subjects (three men and seven women) in a single blind study. The formulations analyzed in the single blind study are indicated in TABLE 18 by a dagger. That is, the three different formulations (“P1”, “P2”, and “F4”) were evaluated. The P1 formulation comprised approximately 0.73% to 1.46% Solu-Coll, a soluble collagen having a molecular weight of 300,000 daltons. The P2 formulation comprised approximately 1.43% to 2.86% Plantsol, a plant collagen obtained from yeast having a molecular weight of 500,000 daltons. The F4 formulation comprised approximately 11.0% of HydroColl EN-55, a hydrolyzed collagen having a molecular weight of 2,000 daltons. The evaluation of the P1, P2, and F4 formulations was as follows. Left, right, and center mug-shot photographs were taken with a Pentax camera having a zoom 60× lens and Kodak-Gold 100 film before beginning the study. Shortly after, each subject was given a bottle having a formulation of transdermal delivery system and was instructed to apply the solution to the right side of the face and neck, leaving the left side untreated, twice daily for 15 days. The F4 formulation was tested first and the application was carried out after showering or washing and before application of any other product to the treated area of the face. After the 15 day period, three mug-shot photographs were again taken, the subjects recorded their observations on the effectiveness of the formulation in a questionnaire, and a 7 day period without application of a collagen product provided. The questionnaire requested the subject to assign a score (e.g., a numerical value that represents effectiveness) on characteristics of the transdermal delivery system formulation. Characteristics that were evaluated included tackiness, odor, marketability, and overall effectiveness of the formulation, as well as, whether the formulation tightened the skin, decreased lines, conditioned or softened the skin, and had any negative side-effects. The scale for the scoring was 1-10, with 1 being the worst rating and 10 being the best rating. Following the test of F4, the evaluation detailed above was conducted on the P1 formulation. Again, photographs were taken before and after the second 15 day protocol, a questionnaire evaluating the efficacy of the particular formulation was completed, and a 7 day period without application of a collagen product was provided. Further, after the test of P1, the same evaluation was conducted on the P2 formulation, photographs were taken before and after the trial, and a questionnaire evaluating the efficacy of the particular formulation was completed. The data from the three evaluation questionnaires were pooled, analyzed using a “t-table” and standard deviation calculations were made. See TABLE 19. An overall rating for each particular formulation was assigned. A perfect score by this system was a 7.875 overall rating. P1 was found to have a 4.25 overall rating (approximately 54% effective), P2 was found to have a 4.625 overall rating (approximately 59% effective), and F4 was found to have a 5.625 overall rating (approximately 71% effective). The before and after treatment photographs also revealed that the three tested transdermal delivery systems provided therapeutic benefit. A decrease in wrinkles was observed and an increase in skin tightness and firmness can be seen. That is, P1, P2, and F4 all provided therapeutic and/or cosmetic benefit in that they restored skin tone in the subjects tested. The results presented above also demonstrate that transdermal delivery systems of the invention can be used to administer high molecular weight delivered agents. TABLE 18 ECO Aloe IPA Plantsol EN-55 Solu-coll DMPX YYO Score ID 29.7%* 50.0%* 5.0%* 0* 8.3%* 0* 0* 0* 2 F-1 10.4% 79.0% 5.3% 0 8.7% 0 0 0 3 F-2 5.2% 63.0% 5.3% 0 17.4% 0 0 0 3 F-3 5.0% 70.0% 5.0% 0 11.0% 0 0 0 3+ F-4 † 4.5% 18.2% 4.6% 0 0 0.7% to 1.5% 0 0 3+ P-1 † 8.3% 8.3% 8.3% 0.7% to 1.4% 4.6% 0.3% to 0.7% 0 0 2 Y-500 0.7% 22.2% 11.1% 1.3% to 2.7% 0 0 0 0 3+ P-501 0.4% 35.7% 3.6% 1.1% to 2.1% 0 0 0 0 2 P-502 0.9% 8.7% 0 0 0 2.3% to 4.6% 0 0 1 SC-1 1.8% 18.5% 0 0 44.8% 0 0 0 3+ SC-2 1.8% 17.9% 7.1% 0 43.2% 0 0 0 3 SC-3 0.9% 9.4% 4.7% 0 34.3% 0.3% to 0.6% 0 0 1 PSCEN 1.8% 31.3% 6.3% 1.3% to 2.5% 0 0 0 0 3+ P-1A 0.8% 19.2% 3.8% 1.5% to 3.1% 0 0 7.7% 0.3% 5 P-1C 0.7% 17.9% 7.1% 1.4% to 2.9% 0 0 1.1% 0.3% 5 P-2 † 0.7% 22.2% 11.1% 1.3% to 2.7% 0 0 0 0 3+ P-501 Abbreviations: ECO - ethoxylated castor oil (BASF) Aloe - Aloe Vera (Aloe Labs; (800)-258-5380) IPA - Absolute isopropyl alcohol (Orange County Chemical, Santa Ana, California) Plantsol - Yeast extract collagen (Brooks Industries Inc., Code No. 06485) EN-55 - hydrolyzed bovine collagen (Brooks Industries Inc., Code No. 01000) SoluColl - soluble collagen (Brooks Industries Inc., Code No. 01029) DMPX - dimethyl polysiloxane (5 centistokes) (Sigma) YYO - Y-ling-Y-lang oil (Young Living Essential Oils, Lehl, Utah) ID - Identification number The percentages reflect volume to volume. † Sample used in the 45 day clinical trial. TABLE 19 Collagen T-Table standard Formulations P1 P2 F4 deviation Tackiness 5 3 10 2.94 Skin tightness 7 5 8 1.25 Odor 2 8 8 2.83 Decrease lines 2 2 1 0.47 Soften skin 8 7 4 1.7 Total skin 5 5 6 0.47 restoration Market Buying 5 7 8 1.25 Power Side effects 0 0 0 0 Total Score 4.25 4.63 5.63 1.36 (Average) Several in vitro techniques are now widely used to assess the percutaneous absorption of delivered agents. (See e.g., Bronaugh and Collier in In vitro Percutaneous absorption studies:Principle, Fundamentals. and Applications, eds. Bronaugh and Maibach, Boca Raton, Fla., CRC Press, pp237-241 (1991) and Nelson et al., J Invest. Dermatol. 874-879 (1991), herein incorporated by reference in its entirety). Absorption rates, and skin metabolism can be studied in viable skin without the interference from systemic metabolic processes. The next example describes several approaches that can be used to evaluate the ability of a particular formulation of transdermal delivery system to deliver a particular delivered agent. EXAMPLE 3 Skin barrier function can be analyzed by examining the diffusion of fluorescent and colored proteins and dextrans of various molecular weights (“markers”) across the skin of nude mice or swine. Swine skin is preferred for many studies because it is inexpensive, can be maintained at −20° C., and responds similarly to human skin. Prior to use, frozen swine skin is thawed, hair is removed, and subcutaneous adipose tissue is dissected away. Preferably, a thickness of skin that resembles the thickness of human skin is obtained so as to prepare a membrane that accurately reflects the thickness of the barrier layer. A dermatome can be pushed across the surface of the skin so as to remove any residual dermis and prepare a skin preparation that accurately reflects human skin. Elevation of temperature can also be used to loosen the bond between the dermis and the epidermis of hairless skin. Accordingly, the excised skin is placed on a hot plate or in heated water for 2 minutes at a temperature of approximately 50° C.-60° C. and the dermis is removed by blunt dissection. Chemical approaches (e.g., 2M salt solutions) have also been used to separate the dermis from the epidermis of young rodents. Many different buffers or receptor fluids can be used to study the transdermal delivery of delivered agents across excised skin prepared as described above. Preferably, the buffer is isotonic, for example a normal saline solution or an isotonic buffered solution. More physiological buffers, which contain reagents that can be metabolized by the skin, can also be used. (See e.g., Collier et al., Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 99:522-533 (1989)). Several different markers with molecular weight from 1,000 daltons to 2,000,000 daltons are commercially available and can be used to analyze the transdermal delivery systems of the invention. For example, different colored protein markers having a wide range of molecular weights (6,500 to 205,000 daltons) and FITC conjugated protein markers (e.g., FITC conjugated markers from 6,500 to 205,000 daltons) are available from Sigma (C3437, M0163, G7279, A2065, A2190, C1311, T9416, L8151, and A2315). Further, high molecular weight FITC conjugated dextrans (e.g., 250,000, 500,000, and 2,000,000 daltons) are obtainable from Sigma. (FD250S, FD500S, and FD2000S). Accordingly, in one approach, swine skin preparations, obtained as described above, are treated with a delivery system lacking a delivered agent and control swine skin preparations are treated with water. Subsequently, the skin is contacted with a 1 mM solution of a marker with a known molecular weight suspended in Ringer's solution (pH 7.4) at 37° C. After one hour, the skin is frozen and sliced at a thickness of 5 μm. The sections are counter stained with 5 μml propidium and, if the marker is FITC conjugated, the sections are analyzed by fluoresence microscopy. If the marker is a colored marker, diffusion of the marker can be determined by light microscope. The marker will be retained in the upper layers of the stratum corneum in the untreated mice but the delivery system treated mice will be found to have the dye distributed throughout the stratum corneum and any dermal layer that remains. Additionally, modifications of the experiments described above can be performed by using a delivery system comprising various molecular weight markers. Accordingly, skin preparations are treated with the delivery system comprising one or more markers and control skin preparations are treated with water. After one hour, the skin is frozen and sliced at a thickness of 5 μm. The sections can be counter stained with 5 μg/ml propidium iodide and can be analyzed by fluoresence microscopy (e.g., when a fluorescent marker is used) or alternatively, the sections are analyzed under a light microscope. The various markers will be retained in the upper layers of the stratum corneum in the untreated mice but the delivery system treated mice will be found to have the marker distributed throughout the stratum corneum and any dermal layer that remains. In another method, the transdermal water loss (TEWL) of penetration enhancer-treated skin preparations can be compared to that of untreated skin preparations. Accordingly, skin preparations are obtained, as described above, and are treated with a delivery system of the invention lacking a delivered agent (e.g., a penetration enhancer). Control skin preparations are untreated. To assess TEWL, an evaporimeter is used to analyze the skin preparation. The Courage and Khazaka Tewameter TM210, an open chamber system with two humidity and temperature sensors, can be used to measure the water evaporation gradient at the surface of the skin. The parameters for calibrating the instrument and use of the instrument is described in Barel and Clarys Skin Pharmacol. 8: 186-195 (1995) and the manufacturer's instructions. In the controls, TEWL will be low. In contrast, TEWL in penetration enhancer-treated skin preparations will be significantly greater. Further, skin barrier function can be analyzed by examining the percutaneous absorption of labeled markers (e.g., radiolabeled, fluorescently labeled, or colored) across skin preparations in a diffusion chamber. Delivery systems of the invention having various molecular weight markers, for example, the proteins and dextrans described above, are administered to swine skin preparations. Swine skin preparations are mounted in side-by-side diffusion chambers and are allowed to stabilize at 37° C. with various formulations of penetration enhancer. Donor and receiver fluid volumes are 1.5 ml. After 1 hour of incubation, a labeled marker is added to the epidermal donor fluid to yield a final concentration that reflects an amount that would be applied to the skin in an embodiment of the invention. Five hundred microliters of receiver fluid is removed at various time points, an equal volume of penetration enhancer is added to the system. The aliquot of receiver fluid removed is then analyzed for the presence of the labeled marker (e.g., fluorescent detection, spectroscopy, or scintillation counting). Control swine skin preparations are equilibrated in Ringer's solution (pH 7.4) at 37° C.; the same concentration of labeled marker as used in the experimental group is applied to the donor fluid after one hour of equilibration; and 500 μl of receiver fluid is analyzed for the presence of the marker. In the experimental group, the steady-state flux of labeled marker in the skin will be significantly greater than that of the control group. By using these approaches, several transdermal delivery systems can be evaluated for their ability to transport low and high molecular weight delivered agents across the skin. The next example describes several different formulations of transdermal delivery system that were made to comprise various delivered agents, demonstrating the wide-range of utility of aspects of the invention. EXAMPLE 4 In this example, several different formulations of transdermal delivery system containing various delivered agents are provided. The formulations described include: compositions for removing age spots and restoring skin brightness, compositions for advanced pain relief, muscle relaxers, hormone replacement products, wound healing formulations, products for reducing fine lines and wrinkles, stretch mark reducing products, growth factor products, and anti-psoriasis products. Skin brightening or age spot reducing product: Melaslow (10%) 30 ml Ethoxylated Macadamia nut oil 160 ml (16 ethoxylations/molecule) Ethanol 80 ml Water 40 ml Marine collagen (1%) 40 ml Etioline (5%) 30 ml This formulation was found to rapidly reduce the appearance of age spots in a subject that applied daily amounts of the product for thirty days. Stretch Mark Reducing Products: Formulation #1 Eucalyptus oil 400 ml Ethanol 180 ml Ethoxylated macadamia nut oil 180 ml (16 ethoxylations/molecule) Distilled water 40 ml various perfumes were added including lemon oil or 30 drops lavender or 30 drops sweet orange or 1 ml tangerine 30 drops Formulation #2 Eucalyptus oil 500 ml Ethanol 225 ml Ethoxylated macadamia nut oil 225 ml (16 ethoxylations/molecule) Distilled water 50 ml Formulation #3 Eucalyptus oil (Kayuuputih oil) 400 ml Ethanol 220 ml Ethoxylated macadamia nut oil 180 ml (16 ethoxylations/molecule) Distilled water 40 ml Y-Ling-Y-Lang 22 drops Coconut oil 3 ml These formulations were found to rapidly reduce the appearance of stretch marks in a subject that applied daily amounts of the products for thirty days. Testosterone Supplementation Products: Formulation #1 Ethanol 30 ml Ethoxylated macadamia nut oil 30 ml (16 ethoxylations/molecule) Water 20 ml Testosterone 10 ml (200 mg/ml) Coconut oil 10 drops Formulation #2 Ethanol 40 ml Ethoxylated macadamia nut oil 40 ml (16 ethoxylations/molecule) Water 5 ml Testosterone 5 ml (200 mg/ml) Coconut oil 10 drops Y-Ling-Y-Lang oil 10 drops Formulation #3 Testosterone 10 ml (200 mg/ml) Ethanol 40 ml Ethoxylated macadamia nut oil 40 ml (16 ethoxylations/molecule) Coconut oil 10 drops Y-Ling-Y-Lang oil 10 drops Water 3 ml Formulation #4 Testosterone 1,000 mg in 5 ml Ethanol 50 ml Ethoxylated macadamia nut oil 40 ml (16 ethoxylations/molecule) Water 5 ml Y-Ling-Y-Lang oil 15 drops Rain water 15 drops These formulations were found to rapidly increase the amount of testosterone in the blood of a subject that applied approximately 0.5 ml of the product daily. Pain Relief Products: Formulation #1 Ethyl alcohol 10.4 g White willow bark extract 10.4 g Glucosamine HCL 10 g MSM 10 g Chrondroitan sulfate sodium 10 g Marine collagen (1%) 100 ml Aloe Vera (whole leaf) concentrate 100 ml Ethoxylated macadamia nut oil 300 ml (16 ethoxylations/molecule) Y-Ling-Y-Lang oil 28 drops Coconut oil 3 ml Ibuprofen 16 g Formulation #2 Ibuprofen 3 g Methocarbanol 3 g Chlorzoxazone 5 g Ethanol 75 ml Macadamia nut oil 75 ml (16 ethoxylations/molecule) Aloe Vera (whole leaf) concentrate 5 ml Y-Ling-Y-Lang oil 10 drops Compounds brought into solution with slight heat. Formulation #3 Acetyl salicylic acid 22 g Ibuprofen 8.5 g Ethanol (undenatured) 500 ml Ethoxylated macadamia nut oil 400 ml (16 ethoxylations/molecule) Distilled water 100 ml Peppermint oil 20 drops Formulation #4 Acetyl salicylic acid 44 g Undenatured ethanol 800 ml Ethoxylated macadamia nut oil 200 ml (16 ethoxylations/molecule) Distilled water 40 drops Y-ling Y-lang oil 40 drops Peppermint oil 40 drops Formulation #5 Acetyl salicylic acid 44 g Undenatured ethanol 900 ml Ethoxylated macadamia nut oil 1000 ml (16 ethoxylations/molecule) Distilled water 100 ml Y-ling y-lang oil 40 drops Peppermint oil 40 drops Formulation #6 Liquid aspirin 44 g Undenatured ethanol 800 ml Ethoxylated macadamia nut oil 200 ml (16 ethoxylations/molecule) Distilled water 40 drops Y-ling y-lang oil 20 drops Peppermint oil 40 drops These formulations were found to reduce pain in several subjects within 5-20 minutes after application. Depending on the formulation, the period of pain reduction lasted from 45 minutes (e.g., acetyl salicylic acid preparations) to several hours (e.g., ibuprofen containing preparations). Skin care/anti-psoriasis/anti-eczema/wound healing Products: Formulation #1 Dmae bitartrate 22.5 g Alpha lipoic acid 5 g Ethyl alcohol 25 ml Marine collagen (1%) 25 ml Aloe Vera 25 ml Macadamia nut oil (16 ethoxylations/molecule) The Dmae bitartrate and alpha lipoic acid was brought into solution and filtered prior to mixture with the ethoxylated macadamia nut oil. Formulation #2 Ichtyocollagene (1%) 500 ml Distilled water 248 ml LKEKK (SEQ. ID. No. 1) 1 vial (about 1 ml˜10 μg) Ethoxylated macadamia nut oil 150 ml (16 ethoxylations/molecule) Ethanol 25 ml Phenochem 39 ml (i.e., a mixture of Methyl Paraben, Ethyl Paraben, Propyl Paraben, Butyl Paraben, and Isobutyl Paraben) Formulation #3 Distilled water 100 ml LKEKK (SEQ. ID. No. 1) 5 bottles (˜50 μg) Ethoxylated macadamia nut oil 40 ml (16 ethoxylations/molecule) Ethanol 5 ml These formulations were found to improve the healing of a wound (a laceration) and were found to reduce psoriasis and eczema in an afflicted subject. Products that Reduce the Appearance of Fine Lines and Wrinkles Formulation #1 Ichtyocollagene (1%) 2,990 ml Distilled water 1,483 ml Ethoxylated Macadamia nut oil 922 ml (16 ethoxylations/molecule) Ethanol 150 ml Matrixyl (8%) 236 ml Phenochem 236 ml Ethoxydiglycol 33 ml Formulation #2 Ichtyocollagene (6%) 250 ml Distilled water 124 ml Ethoxylated macadamia nut oil 78 ml (16 ethoxylations/molecule) Phenochem 20 ml Bio-ten 1 ml (Atrium Biotechnologies, Inc., Quebec, Canada) Ethanol 10 ml Formulation #3 Ichtyocollagene (1%) 500 ml Distilled water 250 ml Ethoxylated macadamia nut oil 125 ml (16 ethoxylations/molecule) Ethanol 2 ml Bio-ten 3 ml Phenochem 40 ml Formulation #4 Ichtyocollagene (1%) 2,990 ml Distilled water 1,483 ml Ethoxylated macadamia nut oil 922 ml (16 ethoxylations/molecule) Ethyl alcohol 150 ml Matrixyl 236 ml Phenochem 236 ml Formulation #5 Ichtyocollagene (1%) 1,994 ml Distilled water 999 ml Ethoxylated macadamia nut oil 675 ml (16 ethoxylations/molecule) Ethanol 100 ml Bioserum 24 ml (Atrium Biotechnologies, Inc., Quebec, Canada) Phenochem 157 ml Formulation #6 Ichtyocollagene (1%) 500 ml Distilled water 250 ml Ethoxylated macadamia nut oil 168.75 ml (16 ethoxylations/molecule) Ethanol 25 ml Bioserum 10 ml Phenochem 43.75 ml Formulation #7 Ichtyocollagene (1%) 1,000 ml Ethoxylated macadamia nut oil 338 ml (16 ethoxylations/molecule) Distilled water 500 ml Ethanol 50 ml Matrixyl 76 ml Phenochem 76 ml Formulation #8 Ichtyocollagene (1%) 22.55 ml Distilled Water 11.7 ml Ethoxylated macadamia nut oil 7 ml (16 ethoxylations/molecule) Phenochem 0.5 ml Ethanol 1.5 ml Bio Serum 1 ml TOTAL 44.25 ml Formulation #9 Ichtyocollagene (1%) 15.03 ml Distilled Water 7.8 ml Ethoxylated macadamia nut oil 4.67 ml (16 ethoxylations/molecule) Phenochem 0.333 ml Ethanol 1 ml Bio Serum 0.67 ml TOTAL 29.5 ml These formulations were found to reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles in subjects that applied the formulations daily for thirty days. It should be noted that Bioserum, which is obtainable from Atrium Biosciences, Ontario Canada, may contain one or more of the following: placental protein, amniotic fluid, calf skin extract, and serum protein. Also, phenochem may contain one or more of the following: Methyl Paraben, Ethyl Paraben, Propyl Paraben, Butyl Paraben, and Isobutyl Paraben, and sodium methylparaban imidizolidinyl urea. Additional components that may be included in some formulations of products that reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles include: igepal cephene distilled, synasol, ethoxylated glycerides, trisodium EDTA, potassium sorbate, citric acid, ascorbic acid, and distilled water. For example, one formulation contains: Collagen (Marine), Distilled Water, Igepal Cephene Distilled, Methyl Paraben, Ethyl Paraben, Propyl Paraben, Butyl Paraben, Isobutyl Paraben, Synasol, Serum Protein, Purified Water, Amniotic Fluid. Placental Protein. Calfskin Extract, Hydrolyzed Collagen Sodium Methylparaben Imidazolidinyl Urea. Ethoxylated Glycerides, Trisodium EDTA, Potassium Sorbate, Citric Acid, and Ascorbic Acid. The following example describes experiments that employed two different skin cell model systems to evaluate the ability of a transdermal delivery system containing collagen to transport collagen to skin cells. EXAMPLE 5 In this example, it is shown that a transdermal delivery system of the invention comprising marine type 1 collagen or native collagen efficiently transported the delivered agent to skin cells. Two different in vitro skin cell model systems were used, human cadaver skin and a cellulose acetate skin cell model system. Based on the physiology of the skin, three possible pathways exist for passive transport of molecules through the skin to the vascular network: (1) intercellular diffusion through the lipid lamellae; (2) transcellular diffusion through both the keratinocytes and lipid lamellae; and (3) diffusion through appendages (hair follicles and sweat ducts). The cellulose acetate skin model evaluates the ability of the delivered agent to transport using the first two pathways and the human cadaver skin evaluates the ability to use all three pathways. In brief, the transdermal delivery system comprising collagen was applied to the cellulose acetate and the human cadaver skin in a diffusion chamber and the results were recorded after 10 minutes, 30 minutes and one hour. The diffused material was analyzed by a spectrophotometer (Hitachi U2000 multiscan spectrophotometer). A portion of the diffused material was also separated on a gel by electrophoresis and the collagen was stained using a collagen-specific dye. A portion of the diffused material was also immunoprecipitated using polyclonal antibodies specific for collagens types 1-7 and the immunoprecipitates were analyzed by immunodiffusion. The table below provides the collagen concentration in the various samples of transdermal delivery systems tested. The protein concentration was determined using a micro-protein assay (Bio-Rad). TABLE 20 Protein Concentrations Sample number Native type 1 Collagen Marine type 1 collagen Sample 1 0.40 mg/ml 1.14 mg/ml Sample 2 0.44 mg/ml 1.09 mg/ml Sample 3 0.42 mg/ml 1.14 mg/ml Average 0.42 1.12 Standard error 0.011 0.017 Variance 0.0004 0.0008 Standard deviation 0.02 0.03 Penetration Analysis The transdermal delivery system containing either marine collagen or native collagen was applied to the human cadaver skin and the cellulose acetate skin model systems. The penetration studies were performed in a diffusion chamber and the results were recorded at 10 minutes, 30 minutes and an hour later. Sections of skin or cellulose acetate were stained with a collagen specific dye and a light microscope was used to visualize the transported collagen. TABLE 21 provides the results of these experiments. Note, that the native collagen appeared to penetrate the skin in less time than the marine collagen. This may be due to the differing concentrations of collagen used in the transdermal delivery systems (i.e., the concentration of the native collagen was 0.40 mg/ml and the concentration of the marine collagen was 1.14 mg/ml). Nevertheless, by one hour, almost all of both types of collagen had penetrated the skin in the model systems employed. TABLE 21 Percent Penetration as per time interval 10 20 30 60 Product Hydroderm minutes minutes minutes minutes Marine Collagen Vial A Sample A1 40% 60% 75% 95% Sample A2 40% 60% 75% 95% Sample A3 40% 60% 75% 95% Marine Collagen Vial B Sample B1 40% 60% 75% 95% Sample B1 40% 60% 75% 95% Sample B1 40% 60% 75% 95% Marine collagen Vial C Sample C1 40% 60% 75% 95% Sample C1 40% 60% 75% 95% Sample C1 40% 60% 75% 95% Native Collagen Sample 1 80% 95% Sample 2 80% 95% Sample 3 80% 95% When similar concentrations of native collagen and marine collagen were used in a transdermal delivery system, the native collagen and the marine collagen penetrated the upper three layers of the epidermis in approximately one hour. The marine collagen and the native collagen were localized in the upper three layers of the human cadaver epidermis using a collagen specific dye. A similar distribution of the collagen was confirmed by the cellulose acetate skin model. See TABLES 22 and 23. TABLE 22 Penetration in the layers of the human skin Epidermis Penetration of Epidermis layers of the Skin (Human Skin diffusion chamber study) Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Corneum lucidum Granulosum Spinosum Basale Marine collagen Vial A Sample A1 ✓ ✓ ✓ — — Sample A2 ✓ ✓ ✓ — — Sample A3 ✓ ✓ ✓ — — Marine collagen Vial B Sample B1 ✓ ✓ ✓ — — Sample B1 ✓ ✓ ✓ — — Sample B1 ✓ ✓ ✓ — — Marine collagen Vial C Sample C1 ✓ ✓ ✓ — — Sample C1 ✓ ✓ ✓ — — Sample C1 ✓ ✓ ✓ — — Native collagen Sample 1 ✓ ✓ ✓ — — Sample 2 ✓ ✓ ✓ — — Sample 3 ✓ ✓ ✓ — — Note: (✓) indicates the presence of the product in the above layers of the epidermis as determined by collagen specific staining observed by light microscopy after one hour of product application. (—) indicates absence of products in these layers of the epidermis. TABLE 23 Penetration Hydroderm in Epidermis layers of the Skin (Cellulose Acetate model skin diffusion chamber study) Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Corneum lucidum Granulosum Spinosum Basale Marine collagen Vial A Sample A1 ✓ ✓ ✓ — — Sample A2 ✓ ✓ ✓ — — Sample A3 ✓ ✓ ✓ — — Marine collagen Vial B Sample B1 ✓ ✓ ✓ — — Sample B1 ✓ ✓ ✓ — — Sample B1 ✓ ✓ ✓ — — Marine collagen Vial C Sample C1 ✓ ✓ ✓ — — Sample C1 ✓ ✓ ✓ — — Sample C1 ✓ ✓ ✓ — — Native Collagen Sample 1 ✓ ✓ ✓ — — Sample 2 ✓ ✓ ✓ — — Sample 3 ✓ ✓ ✓ — — Note: (✓) indicates the presence of the product in the above layers of the epidermis as determined by collagen specific staining observed by light microscopy after one hour of product application. (—) indicates absence of products in these layers of the epidermis. Spectrophotometric Analysis Spectrophotometric analysis of the diffused material revealed that the transdermal delivery system enabled significant transport of both types of collagens. See TABLE 24. TABLE 24 Spectral Absorbance at wavelength 280 nm Sample number Native type 1 collagen Marine type 1 collagen Sample 1 2.35 2.832 Sample 2 2.766 2.772 Sample 3 2.751 2.683 Average 2.622 2.762 Standard error 0.136 0.043 Variance 0.0557 0.0056 Standard deviation 0.24 0.07 Electrophoresis Analysis A portion of the diffused material was then separated by electrophoresis and visualized by staining with a collagen-specific dye. The penetrated marine collagen remained intact during and after the analysis because the labeled marine collagen detected in the diffused material was observed to have the same molecular weight as marine collagen that had not undergone the analysis (control sample). The results showed that the marine collagen prior to the penetration study and after the penetration study maintained its molecular structure around 500 kilodaltons (KD). The native collagen also maintained a molecular weight around 500KD before and after penetration of the epidermis, demonstrating that the native collagen that was delivered by the transdermal delivery system, like the marine collagen, remained intact into the epidermis. Immunoprecipitation Analysis When the transdermal delivery system containing marine collagen was immunoprecipitated using polyclonal antibodies specific for collagens types 1-7 before and after the penetration study, more evidence that the marine collagen remained in tact after the transdermal delivery was obtained. Immuno-diffusion studies verified that the marine collagen prior to penetration of the skin and post penetration of skin consisted mainly of type I collagen. This further confirmed that the collagen remained intact post penetration. The penetration study described above provided strong evidence that the transdermal delivery systems described herein are effective at transporting high molecular weight molecules to skin cells. It was found, for example, that marine collagen type 1 (˜500 kD) effectively penetrated the upper 3 layers of the epidermis and remained intact within an hour. These findings were supported by histology, spectrophotometric analysis, electrophoretic separation analysis, immunoprecipitation analysis, and immuno-diffusion analysis. The following example describes a clinical study that was performed, which verified that the transdermal delivery systems described herein effectively reduce wrinkles and improve skin tone in humans in need thereof. EXAMPLE 6 A clinical study was performed to evaluate the ability of a transdermal delivery system containing collagen, prepared as described herein, to reduce wrinkles and fine lines and otherwise restore skin tone to subjects in need thereof. The medial half of the facial region including the neck and the upper chest areas were assigned as the regions under investigation. During a subject's routine application of the product, three times a day, digital pictures were taken at days 0, 3, 7, 14 and 21 of the regions under investigation of the face including the symmetrical region of the face where the product was not applied. Micrometer measurements of the wrinkles were then made from the digital pictures and also from the facial areas under investigation. Subjects invited to participate in the study had facial wrinkles and were 25 years or older. Non-facial wrinkle individuals were also invited and served as the control group. The source of subjects for the study was randomly selected from the ethnically diverse population group ages ranging from 25 years to 88 years old. TABLE 25 Description of the subjects participating in the study Identification General Number Gender Ethnicity Age Description F101601 Female Hispanic 88 Distinct facial American wrinkles F101602 Female Hispanic 67 Distinct facial American wrinkles F101603 Female Hispanic 25 Distinct facial American wrinkles around the eyes F101604 Female Caucasian 28 Distinct facial wrinkles around the eye region M101605 Male Asian 40 Distinct facial wrinkles around the eye region Subjects that signed the study consent form received 30 mls of a transdermal delivery system comprising marine collagen. Micrometer measurement of the wrinkles were performed using a 10× magnification objective eye piece. The measurements were recorded and tabulated together with the digital photographs before and after application of the product. The wrinkle measurements were determined within the 3-week duration of the study. The tabulated results provided in TABLE 26, which indicates the general observations by subjects utilizing the product, and TABLE 27, which shows the wrinkle measurements. TABLE 28 shows the average percent of wrinkle reduction data generated after 21 days of application of the transdermal delivery system comprising collagen. TABLE 26 Days of product application Identification on one half of the face including the upper chest and neck regions Number Day 3 Day 7 Day 14 Day 21 F101601 Skin felt soft, and The right half of The right half of The right half of clear, when the face cleared the face cleared the face cleared compared to the up and felt up and felt up and felt other half without smooth, the slight smooth, the slight smooth, the slight product burning sensation burning sensation burning sensation application, slight was still present no longer present. no longer present. burning sensation for 3-5 minutes. for 3-5 minutes upon product application. F101602 Skin felt soft, and The right half of The right half of The right half of clear, when the face cleared the face cleared the face cleared compared to the up and felt up and felt up and felt other half without smooth, the slight smooth, the slight smooth, the slight product burning sensation burning sensation burning sensation application, slight was still present no longer present. no longer present. burning sensation for 3-5 minutes. for 3-5 minutes upon product application. F101603 Skin felt soft, and The right half of The right half of The right half of clear, when the face cleared the face cleared the face cleared compared to the up and felt up and felt up and felt other half without smooth, the slight smooth, the slight smooth, the slight product burning sensation burning sensation burning sensation application, slight was still present no longer present. no longer burning sensation for 3-5 minutes. present.. for 3-5 minutes upon product application. F101604 Skin felt soft, and The skin felt Developed rashes The rashes clear, when smooth and very in the neck cleared up, and compared to the soft in the facial region, stopped the skin had other half without region where using product. normal product product was appearance as the application, slight applied. other half in burning sensation which the product for 3-5 minutes was not applied. upon product application. M101605 Skin felt soft, and The right half of The right half of The right half of clear, when the face cleared the face cleared the face cleared compared to the up and felt up and felt up and felt other half without smooth, the slight smooth, the slight smooth, the slight product burning sensation burning sensation burning sensation application, slight was still present still present for still present for burning sensation for 3-5 minutes. 3-5 minutes. 3-5 minutes. for 3-5 minutes upon product application. TABLE 27 Average wrinkle measurements with product application on Subject's one half of the face including the upper chest and neck areas in μm Identification Regions of Number the face Day 0 Day 3 Day 5 Day 7 Day 14 Day 21 F101601 Around eyes 6 μm 6 μm 6 μm 5 μm 4.5 μm 4.5 μm Temporal cheek 7 μm 7 μm 7 μm 7 μm 6 μm 5.5 μm Chin 7.5 μm 7.5 μm 7.5 μm 7.5 μm 7.0 μm 6.5 μm Around mouth 6.5 μm 6.5 μm 6.5 μm 6.5 μm 6.0 μm 5.5 μm F101602 Around eyes 3.5 μm 3.5 μm 3.5 μm 3.5 μm 3.5 μm 3.2 μm Temporal cheek 4.1 μm 4.1 μm 4.1 μm 4.1 μm 3.9 μm 3.5 μm Chin 2.5 μm 2.5 μm 2.5 μm 2.5 μm 2.0 μm 2.0 μm Around mouth 2.0 μm 2.0 μm 2.0 μm 2.0 μm 2.0 μm 2.0 μm F101603 Around eyes 1.5 μm 1.5 μm 1.5 μm 1.5 μm 1.5 μm 1.2 μm Temporal cheek 1.0 μm 1.0 μm 1.0 μm 1.0 μm 1.0 μm 1.0 μm Chin 0.9 μm 0.9 μm 0.9 μm 0.9 μm 0.9 μm 0.85 μm Around mouth 0.5 μm 0.5 μm 0.5 μm 0.5 μm 0.5 μm 0.45 μm F101604 Around eyes 0.2 μm 0.2 μm 0.2 μm 0.2 μm 0.2 μm * Temporal cheek 1.5 μm 1.5 μm 1.5 μm 1.5 μm 1.5 μm Chin 1.0 μm 1.0 μm 1.0 μm 1.0 μm 1.0 μm Around mouth 0.5 μm 0.5 μm 0.5 μm 0.5 μm 0.5 μm M101605 Around eyes 1.5 μm 1.5 μm 1.5 μm 1.5 μm 1.5 μm 1.0 μm Temporal cheek 0.5 μm 0.5 μm 0.5 μm 0.5 μm 0.5 μm 0.3 μm Chin 1.0 μm 1.0 μm 1.0 μm 1.0 μm 1.0 μm 0.9 μm Around mouth 1.5 μm 1.5 μm 1.5 μm 1.5 μm 1.5 μm 1.2 μm Note Indicates the subject stopped using the product. TABLE 28 The percent reduction of wrinkle measurement on the regions of the face Subject's at day 21 of Hydroderm product application Identification Around Temporal Around Number eyes cheek Chin mouth F101601 25% 21.4% 13.3% 15.4% F101602 8.6% 14.6% 20.0% 0.0% F101603 20.0% 0.0% 5.6% 10.0% F101604 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% M101605 33.3% 40.0% 10% 20.0% Average % 17.42% 15.20% 9.78% 9.08% Overall On the entire facial region where 10.29% effectiveness the product was applied. The data generated from this study indicates that the overall effectiveness of transdermal delivery system comprising marine collagen as a wrinkle reducer is 10.29% when applied twice daily for 21 days. As indicated by Table 28, the percent reduction of the wrinkles varies with the various areas of the face where it is applied, with 17.4% reduction around the eye regions and 15.20% at the temporal cheeks at the high end and around 9% at the chin and mouth regions. The next example sets forth experiments that demonstrate that transdermal delivery systems containing ethoxylated oils of less than 20 ethoxylations/molecule transfer a delivered agent to the skin more effectively than transdermal delivery systems containing ethoxylated oils of 20 or more ethoxylations/molecule. EXAMPLE 7 Several transdermal delivery system formulations containing collagen (1.2 mg/ml) and an ethoxylated oil having different amounts of ethoxylations/molecule are prepared. Formulations containing ethoxylated oil of either 12, 16, 18, 20, 24, and 30 ethoxylations/molecule, water, and marine collagen (1.2 mg/ml) are made. Approximately 0.5 ml of each of these formulations are applied to human cadaver skin in a diffusion chamber and the penetration of collagen is monitored over time (e.g., 10 minutes, 30 minutes, 45 minutes and one hour). Sections of the skin are taken, stained with a collagen specific dye, and the stained sections are analyzed under a light microscope. A greater amount of collagen-specific staining will be seen in stained skin sections collected at the various time points with formulations containing less than 20 ethoxylations/molecule than with formulations containing 20 or more ethoxylations/molecule. Formulations containing less than 20 ethoxylations/molecule will also penetrate the skin faster than formulations containing 20 or more ethoxylations/molecule. In a second set of experiments, the collagen that has penetrated the skin at the various time points above is collected from the diffusion chamber and analyzed in a spectrophotometer. As above, a greater amount of collagen will be detected in samples collected at the various time points with formulations containing less than 20 ethoxylations/molecule than formulations containing 20 or more ethoxylations/molecule. Formulations containing less than 20 ethoxylations/molecule will also be observed to penetrate the skin faster than formulations containing 20 or more ethoxylations/molecule. Although the invention has been described with reference to embodiments and examples, it should be understood that various modifications can be made without departing from the spirit of the invention. Accordingly, the invention is limited only by the following claims. All references cited herein are hereby expressly incorporated by reference.	<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>The skin provides a protective barrier against foreign materials and infection. In mammals this is accomplished by forming a highly insoluble protein and lipid structure on the surface of the comeocytes termed the cornified envelope (CE). (Downing et al., Dermatology in General Medicine , Fitzpatrick, et al., eds., pp. 210-221 (1993), Ponec, M., The Keratinocyte Handbook , Leigh, et al., eds., pp. 351-363 (1994)). The CE is composed of polar lipids, such as ceramides, sterols, and fatty acids, and a complicated network of cross-linked proteins; however, the cytoplasm of stratum corneum cells remains polar and aqueous. The CE is extremely thin (10 microns) but provides a substantial barrier. Because of the accessibility and large area of the skin, it has long been considered a promising route for the administration of drugs, whether dermal, regional, or systemic effects are desired. A topical route of drug administration is sometimes desirable because the risks and inconvenience of parenteral treatment can be avoided; the variable absorption and metabolism associated with oral treatment can be circumvented; drug administration can be continuous, thereby permitting the use of pharmacologically active agents with short biological half-lives; the gastrointestinal irritation associated with many compounds can be avoided; and cutaneous manifestations of diseases can be treated more effectively than by systemic approaches. Most transdermal delivery systems achieve epidermal penetration by using a skin penetration enhancing vehicle. Such compounds or mixtures of compounds are known in the art as “penetration enhancers” or “skin enhancers”. While many of the skin enhancers in the literature enhance transdermal absorption, several possess certain drawbacks in that (i) some are regarded as toxic; (ii) some irritate the skin; (iii) some have a thinning effect on the skin after prolonged use; (iv) some change the intactness of the skin structure resulting in a change in the diffusability of the drug; and (v) all are incapable of delivering high molecular weight pharmaceuticals and cosmetic agents. Clearly there remains a need for safe and effective transdermal delivery systems that can administer a wide-range of pharmaceuticals and cosmetic agents.	<SOH> BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>Aspects of the invention concern transdermal delivery systems comprised of an ethoxylated lipid. Some formulations are used to deliver pharmaceuticals, therapeutic compounds, and cosmetic agents of various molecular weights. In several embodiments, the transdermal delivery system comprises a unique formulation of penetration enhancer (an ethoxylated oil or fatty acid, fatty alcohol, or fatty amine therein having 10-19 ethoxylations per molecule) that delivers a wide range of pharmaceuticals and cosmetic agents having molecular weights of less than 100 daltons to greater than 500,000 daltons. For example, embodiments of the transdermal delivery system include formulations that deliver a therapeutically effective amount of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), capsaicin or Boswellin-containing pain-relief solutions, other drugs or chemicals, dyes, low and high molecular weight peptides (e.g., collagens or fragments thereof), hormones, nucleic acids, antibiotics, vaccine preparations, and immunogenic preparations. Methods of making the transdermal delivery systems described herein and methods of using said compositions (e.g., the treatment and prevention of undesired human conditions or diseases or cosmetic applications) are embodiments. Some transdermal delivery system formulations are composed of a penetration enhancer that comprises an ethoxylated lipid (e.g., an ethoxylated macadamia nut oil) and a delivered agent (e.g., an amino acid, peptide, nucleic acid, protein, hydrolyzed protein, nutriceutical, chemical, or drug). An alcohol and/or water and/or an aqueous adjuvant can be mixed with the penetration enhancer to improve the solubility and/or transport of a particular delivered agent. In some embodiments, the aqueous adjuvant is a plant extract from the family of Liliaceae, such as Aloe Vera. The ethoxylated lipid that can be used in the formulations described herein can be a vegetable, nut, animal, or synthetic oil or fatty acid, fatty alcohol, or fatty amine therein having at least 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or more ethoxylations per molecule. Preferred oils include macadamia nut oil or meadowfoam ( limnanthes alba ). In some aspects of the invention, about 0.1% to greater than 99.0% by weight or volume is ethoxylated lipid, preferably an oil or component thereof. It should be understood that when an oil is ethoxylated, one or more of the components of the oil are ethoxylated (e.g., fatty acids, fatty alcohols, and/or fatty amines) and it is generally recognized in the field that an average number of ethoxylations for the oil and components is obtained and therefore provided. That is, the measured composition is the algebraic sum of the compositions of the species in the mix. Other embodiments of the invention include the transdermal delivery system described above, wherein about 0.1% to 15% by weight or volume is alcohol or 0.1% to 15% is water or both, or wherein about 0.1% to 85% by weight or volume is water or Aloe Vera or another aqueous adjuvant. Alcohol, water, and other aqueous adjuvants are not present in some formulations of the transdermal delivery system described herein. It has been discovered that some delivered agents (e.g., steroids) are soluble and stable in ethoxylated oil in the absence of alcohol or water and some delivered agents are soluble and stable in ethoxylated oil/alcohol emulsions, ethoxylated oil/water emulsions, ethoxylated oil/alcohol/water emulsions, and ethoxylated oil/alcohol/water/Aloe Vera emulsions. In particular, it was found that a particular Aloe Vera, alcohol, or water mixture was not essential to obtain a transdermal delivery system provided that an appropriately ethoxylated oil was mixed with the delivered agent. That is, the alcohol, water, and Aloe Vera can be removed from the formulation by using a light oil (e.g., macadamia nut oil) that has been ethoxylated to approximately 10-19 ethoxylations/molecule, desirably 11-19 ethoxylations/molecule, more desirably 12-18 ethoxylations/molecule, still more desirably 13-17 ethoxylations/molecule, preferably 14-16 ethoxylations/molecule and most preferably 15 or 16 ethoxylations/molecule. For example, some ethoxylated oils (e.g., macadamia nut oil containing 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, or 19 ethoxylations/molecule) can deliver low and high molecular weight peptides (e.g., collagen and fragments of collagen) or amino acids in the absence of alcohol and Aloe Vera. Some embodiments, however, have a ratio of ethoxylated lipid:alcohol:aqueous adjuvant selected from the group consisting of 1:1:4, 1:1:14, 3:4:3, and 1:10:25. Desirably, the transdermal delivery systems described herein contain delivered agents that are molecules with a molecular weight of less than about 6,000 daltons. In some embodiments, the transdermal delivery systems described herein contain a delivered agent that is one or more of the compounds selected from the group consisting of capsaicin, Boswellin, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), collagen, hydrolyzed collagen, peptide, amino acids, nucleic acids, alpha hydroxy acid, or alpha keto acid or salts or esters of these acids. (See U.S. Patent Publication No. 20040043047A1, herein expressly incorporated by reference in its entirety). Other desirable delivered agents include peptides or nucleic acids encoding peptides that comprise the sequence LKEKK (SEQ. ID. No. 1), in particular, the peptides disclosed in U.S. Patent Publication No. 20020082196A1, herein expressly incorporated by reference in its entirety. Still more desirable delivered agents include Phenytoin, Valproic acid, Cyclosporin A, Nifedipine, Diltiazem, Verapamil HCl, and Amoldipine, which may be used to induce collagen synthesis. (See U.S. Patent Publication No. 20040052750A1, herein expressly incorporated by reference in its entirety). Other delivered agents include, for example, hepsyls, acyclovir or other antiviral compounds, steroids such as progesterone, estrogen, testosterone, androstiene, glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate, MSM, perfumes, melasin, antibiotics, nicotin, nicotine analogs, anti-nausea medicines, such as scopolamine, and insulin. In some embodiments, however, the delivered agent is a molecule with a molecular weight of greater than 6,000 daltons (e.g., a protein, a growth factor, or a collagen). The transdermal delivery systems described herein can also include fragrances, creams, bases and other ingredients that stabilize the formulation, facilitate delivery, or protect the delivered agent from degradation (e.g., agents that inhibit DNAse, RNAse, or proteases). The formulations described herein are placed into a vessel that is joined to an applicator such that the active ingredients can be easily provided to a subject. Applicators include, but are not limited to, roll-ons, bottles, jars, tubes, sprayer, atomizers, brushes, swabs, gel dispensing devices, and other dispensing devices. Several methods of using the transdermal delivery systems are also embodiments. For example, one approach involves a method of reducing pain or inflammation by using a transdermal delivery system that comprises an anti-inflammatory molecule (e.g., an NSAID or MSM) on a subject in need of a reduction of pain or inflammation. Monitoring the reduction in inflammation may also be desired as part of a rehabilitation program. NSAIDs and other chemotherapeutic agents have also been shown to improve the health, welfare, or survival of subjects that have cancer or Alzheimer's disease. Accordingly, some embodiments concern methods of using transdermal delivery systems that comprise delivered agents (e.g., NSAIDs or other chemotherapeutic agents such as flurouracil) to treat or prevent cancer or hyperproliferative cell disorders (e.g., basal cell carcinoma or actinic keratosis.) For example, a method to improve the health, welfare, or survival of a subject that has cancer or Alzheimer's disease or a method of treating or preventing cancer or Alzheimer's disease in said subject can be conducted by using a transdermal delivery system that comprises a COX enzyme inhibitor and providing said transdermal delivery system to said subject. Some formulations of transdermal delivery systems can be used to reduce oxidative stress to cells, tissues and the body of a subject. For example, a method to improve the health, welfare, or survival of a subject that is in need of a reduction in oxidative stress to a cell, tissue, or the body as a whole involves providing to said subject a transdermal delivery system that comprises an antioxidant such as ascorbic acid, tocopherol or tocotrienol or an anti-stress compound such as Bacocalmine (Bacopa Monniera Extract obtained from Sederma Laboratories). Methods of treating or preventing diseases or conditions associated with oxidative stress or vitamin deficiency and methods of reducing an oxidative stress or a vitamin deficiency in a subject in need thereof are also embodiments. Other formulations of transdermal delivery system can be used to reduce psoriasis or eczema or a related condition or can be used to promote wound healing in a subject in need thereof. By one approach, a transdermal delivery system that comprises peptides that promote wound healing (e.g., peptides comprising the sequence LKEKK (SEQ. ID. No. 1), are provided to a subject in need of a treatment or reduction in psoriasis or eczema or a condition associated with psoriasis or eczema (e.g., allergies) or treatment of a wound. Other formulations of transdermal delivery system can be used to relax the muscles of a subject. By one approach, a transdermal delivery system that comprises a compound that relaxes the muscles (e.g., chlorzoxazone or ibuprofen) is provided to a subject in need of a muscle relaxant. Accordingly methods of treating or preventing muscle soreness are embodiments. Other formulations of transdermal delivery system can be used to raise the levels of a hormone in a subject in need thereof. By one approach, a transdermal delivery system that comprises a hormone (e.g., testosterone or estrogen or derivatives or functional analogues thereof) is provided to a subject in need thereof. Accordingly methods of treating or preventing a hormone deficiency or methods of increasing the level of a hormone in a subject using one of the transdermal delivery systems described herein are embodiments. Other formulations of transdermal delivery system can be used to raise the levels of a growth factor in a subject in need thereof. By one approach, a transdermal delivery system that comprises a growth factor (e.g., a growth factor contained in Bioserum, which is obtainable through Atrium Biotechnologies of Quebec City, Canada) is provided to a subject in need thereof. In other embodiments, a transdermal delivery system comprising a peptide that comprises the sequence LKEKK (SEQ. ID. No. 1) is provided to a subject in need of an increase in a growth factor. Accordingly methods of treating or preventing a growth factor deficiency or methods of increasing the level of a growth factor in a subject using one of the transdermal delivery systems described herein are embodiments. Other formulations of the transdermal delivery system described herein are used to brighten the skin, reduce age spots or skin discolorations, reduce stretch marks, reduce spider veins, or add dyes, inks, (e.g., tattoo ink), perfumes, or fragrances to the skin of a subject. In some embodiments, for example, transdermal delivery systems that comprise a compound that brightens the skin or reduces age spots or skin discolorations (e.g., Melaslow, a citrus-based melanin (tyrosinase) inhibitor obtainable from Revivre Laboratories of Singapore or Etioline, a skin brightener made from an extract from the Mitracarpe leaf obtainable from Krobell, USA), or a compound that reduces stretch marks (Kayuuputih Eucalyptus Oil, obtainable from Striad Laboratories) or add dyes, inks, (e.g., tattoo ink), perfumes, or fragrances are provided to the skin of a subject. It has also been discovered that ethoxylated oil by itself, preferably macadamia nut oil having 10-20 ethoxylations/molecule (i.e., 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, or 19 ethoxylations/molecule), has therapeutic and cosmetic properties. For example, application of an ethoxylated oil (macadamia nut oil having 16 ethoxylations/molecule) was found to reduce stretch marks and spider veins on a subject in need thereof. Application of an ethoxylated oil (macadamia nut oil having 16 ethoxylations/molecule) to a burn (e.g., a sun burn or a skin burn obtained from over-heated metal) was found to significantly expedite recovery from the burn, oftentimes without blistering. Accordingly, some embodiments concern a transdermal delivery system comprising an ethoxylated oil (e.g., macadamia nut oil that was ethoxylated 10-19 ethoxylations per molecule, 11-19 per molecule, 12-18 ethoxylations per molecule, 13-17 ethoxylations per molecule, 14-16 ethoxylations per molecule, or 15 ethoxylations per molecule) and these compositions are used to reduce the appearance of stretch marks and spider veins or facilitate the recovery from burns of the skin. In addition to the delivery of low and medium molecular weight delivered agents, several compositions that have high molecular weight delivered agents (e.g., collagens) and methods of use of such compositions are embodiments of the invention. Preferred formulations of the transdermal delivery system comprise a collagen (natural or synthetic) or fragment thereof at least 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 24, 30, 40, 50, 100, 250, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, 3000, 5000, or more amino acids in length and these compositions are used to reduce wrinkles and fine lines on a subject. For example, some embodiments concern a transdermal delivery system comprising an ethoxylated oil or an ethoxylated component thereof (e.g., macadamia nut oil that was ethoxylated 10-19 ethoxylations per molecule, 11-19 per molecule, 12-18 ethoxylations per molecule, 13-17 ethoxylations per molecule, 14-16 ethoxylations per molecule, or 15 ethoxylations per molecule) and a therapeutically effective amount of a collagen or fragment thereof (e.g., marine collagen). In some aspects of the invention, a transdermal delivery system comprising an ethoxylated oil and collagen also contains water and/or an alcohol and/or an aqueous adjuvant such as Aloe Vera. In different embodiments of this transdermal delivery system, the collagen has a molecular weight less than, or equal to 6,000 daltons or greater than 6,000 daltons. Thus, in some embodiments, the collagen can have an approximate molecular weight as low as 2,000 daltons or lower. In other embodiments, the molecular weight is from about 300,000 daltons to about 500,000 daltons. Further, these transdermal delivery systems can have a therapeutically effective amount of collagen or fragment thereof by weight or volume that is 0.1% to 85.0%. The collagen can be any natural or synthetic collagen, for example, Hydrocoll EN-55, bovine collagen, human collagen, a collagen derivative, marine collagen, Solu-Coll, or Plantsol, recombinant or otherwise man made collagens or derivatives or modified versions thereof (e.g., protease resistant collagens). As above, an apparatus having a vessel joined to an applicator that houses the transdermal delivery system containing collagen is also an embodiment and preferred applicators or dispensers include a roll-on or a sprayer. Accordingly, some of the embodied methods concern the reduction of wrinkles and or the improvement of skin tone by using a transdermal delivery system comprising an ethoxylated oil and a collagen and/or a fragment thereof. Some formulations to be used to reduce wrinkles and improve skin tone include an ethoxylated oil (e.g., macadamia nut oil that was ethoxylated 10-19 ethoxylations per molecule, 11-19 per molecule, 12-18 ethoxylations per molecule, 13-17 ethoxylations per molecule, 14-16 ethoxylations per molecule, or 15 ethoxylations per molecule) and a therapeutically effective amount of a collagen or fragment thereof (e.g., marine collagen) that is at least 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 24, 30, or 40 amino acids in length. Some formulations that can be used to practice the method above include a transdermal delivery system comprising an ethoxylated oil and collagen or fragment thereof, as described above, and, optionally, water and/or an alcohol and/or an aqueous adjuvant such as Aloe Vera. For example, by one approach, a method of reducing wrinkles or improving skin tone is practiced by identifying a subject in need thereof and providing said subject a transdermal delivery system, as described herein and, optionally, monitoring the subject for restoration or improvement of skin tone and the reduction of wrinkles. detailed-description description="Detailed Description" end="lead"?	20040528	20070522	20050127	70099.0		2	GEORGE, KONATA M	MIXTURE FOR TRANSDERMAL DELIVERY OF LOW AND HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT COMPOUNDS	UNDISCOUNTED	1	CONT-ACCEPTED		2,004
10,856,605	ACCEPTED	MONOBLOCK ASSEMBLY FOR EYEWEAR	The present invention relates to eyewear, and in particular, for a single block assembly having multiple slots and reliefs in substantial alignment for accommodation of a flange for lens attachment, a flange for arm attachment, a magnet location, and an accessory slot. The accessory slot can accommodate attachment of a variety of accessories, including a pivotal auxiliary lens assembly, a stationary auxiliary lens assembly, or a tether cord. The single block design provides a reduced profile which allows the frame to accommodate wider lenses for improved peripheral visibility and improved appearance.	1. A monoblock extension for an eyewear assembly comprising: a contoured relief for receiving a flange; a vertical slot located in generally rearward alignment with the relief; and, a horizontal slot located in general rearward alignment of the vertical slot, the horizontal slot receivable of a pivot flange of an arm. 2. The monoblock extension of claim 1, further comprising: a magnet located between the contoured relief and the vertical slot. 3. A primary lens assembly comprising: a primary frame for securing a pair of lenses in relationship to each other; the primary frame comprising; a pair of opposite upper portions having a flange attached at their ends, a pair of lower portions having a monoblock extension attached at their ends, the monoblock extensions comprising; a contoured relief for receiving the flange of the upper portion; a vertical slot located in generally rearward alignment with the relief; and, a horizontal slot located in general rearward alignment of the vertical slot, the horizontal slot receivable of a pivot flange of an arm. 4. The primary lens assembly of claim 3, further comprising: a magnet located generally between the contoured relief and the vertical slot.	TECHNICAL FIELD OF INVENTION The present invention relates to eyewear, and in particular, for a unitary assembly block for lens attachment, leg attachment, and accessory slot. The accessory slot can accommodate attachment of a variety of accessories, including a pivotal auxiliary lens assembly, a stationary auxiliary lens assembly, and a tether cord. The single block design provides a reduced profile which allows the frame to accommodate wider lenses for improved peripheral visibility and improved appearance. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION It has long been desirable to have a removable auxiliary lens assembly attached to eyeglasses. Professional baseball players have used “flip-up” auxiliary lenses for more than four decades to protect their eyes from the sun, but to allow them unrestricted vision in the event the ball was hit in their vicinity. U.S. Pat. No. 3,252,747 to Robins discloses an eyewear system specifically designed for persons who are far-sighted. The device includes an assembly in which an auxiliary frame assembly containing lenses may be rotated about the horizontal axis and remain attached to a primary assembly so as to locate the lenses the proper distance to the eyes every time the device is lowered into place. A significant disadvantage of this design is that it is unattractive, overly complicated, impossible to segregate from the primary frame, and does not accommodate anyone other than far-sighted individuals. U.S. Pat. No. 6,089,708 to Ku discloses a connecting member having spaced connecting plates for attachment to the bridge portion of a primary lens assembly. The connecting plates have magnetic members that act cooperatively with a complimentary magnetic member inserted in a hole on the bridge. The front of the connecting part has an open communication to a polygonal-shaped holding room. The auxiliary frame has connecting rods extending above the bridge portion, and supporting an intermediate portion having a polygonal shape, receivable and rotatable in the holding room. A significant disadvantage of this design is that it is unattractive, overly complicated, and resists easy and immediate removal of the auxiliary lens assembly. U.S. Pat. No. 3,238,005 to Petitto discloses the combination of a primary lens assembly and auxiliary lens assembly. The auxiliary assembly has flexible side wall projections with openings that can be assembled onto lugs (pins) extending perpendicularly from the sides of the primary assembly, allowing the auxiliary assembly to be pivoted upwards, and back downwards. Leaf springs mounted on the auxiliary assembly engage surfaces of the primary assembly to urge the auxiliary assembly into position. A significant disadvantage of this design is that it is unattractive, overly complicated, and resists easy and immediate removal of the auxiliary lens assembly. As stated, these and other mechanically clipped on devices for holding auxiliary lenses are cumbersome and unattractive. More recently, numerous attempts have been made to magnetically attach an auxiliary lens assembly to a primary lens assembly. U.S. Pat. No. 4,070,103 to Meeker discloses a primary lens assembly having a slidably attachable auxiliary lens assembly. In this device, the primary lens assembly is made of magnetizable material and auxiliary lenses are individually securable to the primary lens assembly by a magnetic band inserted in a groove on the inside surface of the individual auxiliary lens assembly. This design is not pivotal, and the auxiliary assembly must be physically removed. U.S. Pat. No. 5,416,537 to Sadler discloses a primary lens assembly having a first magnetic member attached vertically to the front surface of the primary lens assembly, and a second magnetic member attached in a corresponding position on the back surface on an auxiliary lens assembly. The magnetic members are arranged for engagement to secure the auxiliary lens assembly to the primary lens assembly. This design is not pivotal, and the auxiliary assembly must be physically removed. U.S. Pat. No. 5,568,207 to Chao also discloses a magnetically adhered auxiliary lens assembly, with the additional feature of arms extending from the side portions of the auxiliary lens assembly, over magnet retaining projections and extensions of the primary lens assembly. The arms engage with, and are supported on, the primary lens assembly extensions to prevent disengagement of the auxiliary lens assembly upon downward movement of the auxiliary lens assembly relative to the primary lens assembly. This design is not pivotal, and the auxiliary assembly must be physically removed. Auxiliary eyewear systems such as those described above require the auxiliary frame assembly be removed from the primary frame assembly, and then handled and stored separately when it is necessary for the eyeglass wearer to look only through the lenses of the primary frame assembly. They do not enjoy the advantages of the early flip-up designs, which permitted quick movement of the auxiliary assembly out of alignment with the primary assembly without separating them from the primary assembly. U.S. Pat. No. 6,474,811 to Liu discloses a magnetically attached auxiliary lens assembly in which the auxiliary assembly can be magnetically attached to the either the inside or outside of extensions having magnets on the primary assembly. The auxiliary assembly is pivotal upwards, removing the pivotal alignment of the auxiliary and primary lenses. A significant disadvantage of this design is that it is unstable, relying on tenuous repositioning, and magnetic forces alone to align and support the auxiliary assembly relative to the primary assembly. Another significant disadvantage of this design is that causes the auxiliary frame to be positioned into the forehead of the wearer, making raising the auxiliary assembly fully perpendicular to the primary assembly impractical. U.S. Pat. No. 6,301,953 to Xiao discloses an auxiliary lens assembly having pivots mounted above the lenses and attached by long, L-shaped shelter arms. The shelter arms are attached to supporting arms having magnet holding housings attached at their ends. Magnets are inset in the housings for engagement over rearwardly protruding rim lockers. One disadvantage of this design is that it is fails to limit the rotation of the auxiliary lens assembly. Another disadvantage is that it is esthetically unappealing, due in part to the long shelter arm requirement. Another disadvantage is that it relies on a bridge magnet or bride hook for stability. Another disadvantage is that the device relies on magnetic force to pull the magnetic housing forward, over a rearward protruding lens locker, requiring the user push the auxiliary frame awkwardly rearward, into the primary frame, to disengage the magnetic housing from over the lens locker. Another disadvantage is that the device is complex and expensive to manufacture. An improvement to these designs is disclosed in a co-owned and co-pending U.S. Patent application entitled “Rotatable And Removable Auxiliary Eyewear System With Snap Alignment.” The application discloses an auxiliary eyewear support system that utilizes pivotal hinges integral to the auxiliary frame, which permit rotation of the auxiliary frame from a first position in which the auxiliary lenses are substantially parallel to the primary frame lenses, to a second position in which the auxiliary frame assembly is flipped up substantially perpendicular to the orientation of the primary frame assembly. Each of these systems discloses a primary frame that has a single function attachment means for attaching a singular style of auxiliary lens assembly. In addition, most of these designs require a lens that is limited in width, so as to accommodate the attachment apparatus outside of the mechanism securing the lens to the frame. As a result, peripheral vision through the lens is limited. This can give rise to both convenience and safety issues. For example, a nearsighted person trying to change lanes on a freeway is forced to rotate their head significantly further around to allow alignment of their eye through their lens in the direction of the vehicle blind-spot. These processes increase the time required to affect the maneuver, and requires and increased time in which the direction in which the car is traveling at high speed is not visible. Problems occur again when trying to back-up a vehicle. In addition to auxiliary lens assemblies, it is often convenient to attach tethers, or chords, to a primary lens assembly to allow for temporary removal of the assembly, without the need to set them down or hold them. It is always required to provide an attachment means to the end of the chord to secure it to the eyeglass assembly. It can thus be seen that there is a need to develop a design for a primary lens assembly in which the primary frame assembly can be adapted to accept multiple styles of attachable auxiliary lens assemblies. There is also a need to provide such a device that permits insertion of wider lenses to improve peripheral vision. There is also a need to simplify the structure and assembly of primary lens assemblies. There is also a need to provide a primary lens assembly that is easily attachable to a chord that is not specially configured at its ends. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION A primary advantage of the present invention is that it provides a primary lens assembly that is adapted to receive multiple styles of auxiliary lens assemblies. Another advantage of the present invention is that it permits insertion of wider lenses to improve peripheral vision. Another advantage of the present invention it is adapted to be easily attachable to a chord that is not specially configured at its ends. Another advantage of the present invention is that it is simple and aesthetically attractive. Other advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following descriptions, taken in connection with the accompanying drawings, wherein, by way of illustration and example, an embodiment of the present invention is disclosed. As referred to hereinabove, the “present invention” refers to one or more embodiments of the present invention which may or may not be claimed, and such references are not intended to limit the language of the claims, or to be used to construe the claims in a limiting manner. In accordance with one aspect of the invention, there is provided a primary lens assembly retaining a pair of primary lenses. The primary lens assembly includes a primary frame. In a first preferred embodiment, the left and right sides of the primary frame are separated at the upper and outer sides to allow placement of the primary lenses. A flange is attached to a first end of the separation in the frame. A block is attached to the second, opposite end of the separation in the frame. It is understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that the block or the flange may be on that portion of the separation that is on top or on bottom, so long as a flange is adjacent to a block. The block has a contoured receptacle for receiving the flange. In the preferred embodiment, the flange has a hole for location of a threaded connector. The block is threaded to receive the threaded end of the threaded connector. The threaded connector attaches the separated ends of the primary frame together in a manner that compressively secures the primary lenses within the primary frame. In the preferred embodiment of the present invention, a vertical slot is located in rearward alignment with the contoured receptacle. A horizontal slot is located rearward of the vertical slot, receivable of a pivot of an arm. In this manner, general alignment of the receptacle, vertical slot, and horizontal slot provides a uniquely narrow configuration that extends further rearward than conventional designs. This permits utilization of wider lenses to achieve a higher angle of corrected peripheral vision. Additionally, it permits a single block manufacturing of a multi-functional extension. An auxiliary lens assembly retains a pair of auxiliary lenses. The auxiliary lens assembly may be attached to the primary lens assembly. In this manner, the person wearing the eyewear system has two lenses combining to alter the transmission of light to each eye. In a preferred embodiment, the primary lenses are corrective lenses and the auxiliary lenses are light transmission reducing lenses, for example, a polarizing, absorbing, refracting, photochromatic, or reflecting lenses, or any combination thereof (i.e., sunglasses). In a preferred embodiment, the primary lenses are impact resistant safety lenses and the auxiliary lenses are light transmission reducing lenses, such as welding lenses. In another preferred embodiment, the primary lenses are corrective lenses and the auxiliary lenses are corrective lenses. In another preferred embodiment, the primary lenses are corrective lenses and the auxiliary lenses are impact resistant safety lenses. In one embodiment, the auxiliary lens assembly has an arm extending rearward from the upper and outer sides of the auxiliary lens assembly. An engagement unit is attached to the end of the arm for location in the vertical slot of the primary lens assembly. In a first preferred embodiment, the engagement unit is a compressible material dimensionally wider the vertical slot, such that an interference fit is created when the auxiliary lens assembly is placed onto the primary lens assembly. In a second preferred embodiment, the engagement unit includes an auxiliary magnet for magnetic attachment to the primary lens assembly. In a more preferred embodiment, a primary magnet is located between the contoured relief and the vertical slot. The magnet provides an alternative, or additional, attachment force when an auxiliary lens assembly having an auxiliary magnet is attached to the primary lens assembly. In another preferred embodiment, a tether is passed through the vertical slot. The tether may have a knot tied in the end, or is otherwise restricted from sliding completely out of the vertical slot. In another preferred embodiment, the horizontal slot and the vertical slot form perpendicular forks, such that each slot has an opening that prevents the slot from being enclosed. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The objects and features of the invention will become more readily understood from the following detailed description and appended claims when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which like numerals represent like elements. The drawings constitute a part of this specification and include exemplary embodiments to the invention, which may be embodied in various forms. It is to be understood that in some instances various aspects of the invention may be shown exaggerated or enlarged to facilitate an understanding of the invention. FIG. 1 is an isometric view of a primary lens assembly in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 2 is an isometric view of a prior art primary lens assembly. FIG. 3 is an isometric view breakout view of the preferred embodiment disclosed in FIG. 1, illustrating the monoblock component of the present invention. FIG. 4 is an isometric view breakout view of another preferred embodiment of the present invention, illustrating a magnet mounted within the monoblock. FIG. 5 is an exploded isometric break-out view, illustrating the assembly of the primary frame assembly, including a preferred embodiment of the monoblock assembly. FIG. 6 is an isometric view breakout view of another preferred embodiment of the present invention, illustrating a magnet mounted within a monoblock configuration incorporating a vertical fork in perpendicular alignment with a horizontal fork. FIG. 7 is an isometric breakout view of another preferred embodiment of the present invention, illustrating a relieved monoblock configuration allowing easy access to a magnet. FIG. 8 is an isometric breakout view of the preferred embodiment disclosed in FIG. 7, illustrating the primary lens assembly and a non-rotatable auxiliary lens assembly attached, and illustrating mechanical and magnetic engagement between the primary lens assembly and the auxiliary lens assembly. FIG. 9 is an isometric breakout view of the preferred embodiment disclosed in FIG. 7, illustrating the primary lens assembly and a rotatable auxiliary lens assembly attached, with the auxiliary lens assembly shown in the non-rotated position. FIG. 10 is an isometric breakout view of the preferred embodiment disclosed in FIG. 9, illustrating the auxiliary lens assembly in the rotated position, and illustrating mechanical and magnetic engagement between the primary lens assembly and the auxiliary lens assembly. FIG. 11 is an isometric breakout view of the preferred embodiment shown in FIG. 10, illustrating a tether accessory attached to the vertical slot of the monoblock. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS The following description is presented to enable any person skilled in the art to make and use the invention, and is provided in the context of a particular application and its requirements. Various modifications to the disclosed embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments and applications without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. Thus, the present invention is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown, but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and features disclosed herein. The terms “right” and “left” as used herein are referenced from the perspective of a person wearing the primary and auxiliary lens assemblies. The references are intended to aide in the description of the device, and are not intended to be limiting, since the preferred embodiments of the device are generally symmetric. FIG. 1 is an isometric view of a preferred embodiment of the present invention. In this view, a primary lens assembly 10 is illustrated in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention. Primary lens assembly 10 has a pair of lenses 12. In the embodiment shown, lenses 12 are secured in place by primary frame 14. In the preferred embodiment, primary frame 14 has an upper portion 16 and a lower portion 18. A bridge portion 20 connects the left and right sides of primary frame 14 for positioning lenses 12 relative to each other, and for supporting primary lens assembly 10 on the face of the person wearing lens assembly 10. A monoblock 30 is attached to each lower portion 18 of primary frame 14. An arm 50 is attached to each monoblock 30. FIG. 2 is an isometric view of a prior-art primary lens assembly 100. In the prior art devices, an upper portion 116 and a lower portion 118 of a primary frame 114 are divided by a split at each side to allow insertion and removal of lenses 112. A bridge portion 120 connects the left and right sides of primary frame 114 for positioning lenses 112 relative to each other, and supporting primary lens assembly 110 on the face of the person wearing lens assembly 110. An upper projection portion 130 is attached to the end of each upper portion 116, above the split, by soldering or other method. A lower projection portion 132 (not visible) is attached to the end of each lower portion 118, below the split, also by soldering or other method. Lower projection portion 132 is typically near in width to the lower portion 118 surrounding lenses 112, and is insertable into a cavity, or relief, in the bottom of upper projection portion 130. A screw 134 secures lower projection portion 132 into upper projection portion 130, and thus contains lenses 112 within primary frame 114. Still referring to the prior art, left and right extensions 140 are attached to the front face of upper projection portions 130, and extend laterally outward, beyond the ends of upper projection portions 130. Extensions 140 have a radial (or angular) bend 142, beyond which they extend rearwardly of upper projection portions 130 and the rear face of primary frame 114. An arm 160 is pivotally attached to the end of the rearwardly extending portion of each extension 140. Primary frame magnets 170 may be embedded in upper projection portions 130, laterally outbound beyond of the location of screws 134 connecting upper and lower projection portions 130 and 132 respectively. Primary frame magnets 170 may alternatively be located in the rear of extensions 140, again, laterally outbound and beyond of the location upper and lower projection portions 130 and 132 respectively. Primary magnets 170 provide a magnetic attachment point for auxiliary frames (not shown). As seen from FIG. 2, the laterally outward sequence of projections 130/132, magnets 170, and radial bends 142 of extensions 140, collectively define an assembly length of primary lens assembly 110. Since the distance between arms 160 is limited to the sizes adaptable to be worn by the public, there is a consequential reduction and limitation to the width of the lenses 112. This limitation inhibits the peripheral visibility through the prior art designs. FIG. 3 is an isometric view breakout view of the preferred embodiment disclosed in FIG. 1, illustrating monoblock component 30 of the present invention, securing upper portion 16 to lower portion 18. FIG. 4 is an isometric view breakout view of another preferred embodiment of the present invention, illustrating a primary magnet 70 secured in a magnet relief 72 within monoblock 30. FIG. 5 is an exploded isometric break-out view of the embodiment disclosed in FIG. 4, illustrating primary frame assembly 10, including a preferred embodiment of monoblock 30. As seen in this view, monoblock 30 is attached to the end of lower portion 18 of frame 12. A flange 32 is attached to the end of upper portion 16 of frame 12. In the preferred embodiment, flange 32 has a countersunk screw hole 34 receivable of a screw 36. Monoblock 30 has a relief 38 for receiving flange 32. A threaded screw hole 40 is located beneath relief 38 for threaded engagement with screw 36. A vertical slot 42 is located in rearward alignment with relief 38. A horizontal slot 44 is located in rearward alignment with vertical slot 42. Horizontal slot 44 may be comprised of an upper fork 46 and a lower fork 48 as shown. In this configuration, a countersunk screw hole 50 is located on upper fork 46. A threaded screw hole 52 is located on lower fork 48, in alignment with screw hole 50. A pair of arms 60 are provided for wearing primary lens assembly 10. Each arm 60 has a pivot flange 62 at its end. A hole 64 is located on each pivot flange 62. Horizontal slot 44 is receivable of pivot flange 62. A screw 66 is provided for placement in holes 50 of upper fork 46, hole 64 of pivot flange 62, and for threaded engagement into hole 52 of lower fork 48. Assembled as described, arms 60 are pivotally attached to monoblock 30 in generally horizontal rotation. Interference between arm 60 and monoblock 30 limits the horizontal rotation of arms 60. In a preferred embodiment, a primary magnet 70 is attached in rearward alignment behind vertical slot 42. Magnet 70 may be positioned in a magnet relief 72. In the preferred embodiment, magnet relief 72 is contoured to match the preferred embodiment cylindrical shape of primary magnet 70. It is readily understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that the upper and lower arrangement between monoblock 30 and flange 32 could easily be reversed, without departing from the scope of the disclosure of the present invention. It is likewise understood that magnet 70 may be replaced with a magnetic member that is magnetically attractable to a magnet in an auxiliary frame. FIG. 6 is an isometric breakout view of another preferred embodiment of the present invention, illustrating a configuration of monoblock 30 in which slot 42 is open-ended, forming a front fork 80 and a rear fork 82 directed horizontally inward, toward the center of primary lens assembly 10. This embodiment allows side, top, or bottom access for location of magnet 70 in magnet relief 72. As configured in this embodiment, slot 42 forms a vertical slot in perpendicular alignment with horizontal slot 44. FIG. 7 is an isometric breakout view of another preferred embodiment of the present invention, illustrating a configuration of monoblock 30 in which a relief 84 is provided in front of slot 44, such that rear fork 82 is readily accessible. This embodiment allows rear access for location of magnet 70 in magnet relief 72 in rear fork 82. Slot 42 may be open ended as shown in FIG. 6, or it may be enclosed as illustrated in FIG. 7. FIG. 8 is an isometric breakout view of the preferred embodiment disclosed in FIG. 7, illustrating primary lens assembly 10 with non-rotatable auxiliary lens assembly 200 attached, and illustrating mechanical and magnetic engagement between primary lens assembly 10 and auxiliary lens assembly 200. An arm 202 extends rearward of auxiliary lens assembly frame 200. A retaining ring 204 supports an auxiliary magnet 206 (not shown). Retaining ring 204 and auxiliary magnet 206 are positioned in slot 42 of monoblock 30. This provides a mechanical engagement of retaining ring 204 and auxiliary magnet 206. In the preferred embodiment shown, monoblock 30 includes a primary magnet 70 located in relief 75, on rear fork 84. In an alternative embodiment, a compressible bushing 208 (not shown) is located in retaining ring 204 for interference fit in slot 42. FIG. 9 is an isometric breakout view of the preferred embodiment disclosed in FIG. 7, illustrating primary lens assembly 10 having a rotatable auxiliary lens assembly 200 attached, with auxiliary lens assembly 200 shown in the non-rotated position. FIG. 10 is an isometric breakout view of the preferred embodiment disclosed in FIG. 9, illustrating auxiliary lens assembly 200 in the rotated position, and illustrating mechanical and magnetic engagement between primary lens assembly 10 and auxiliary lens assembly 200. FIG. 11 is an isometric breakout view of a preferred embodiment, illustrating a tether accessory 300 attached to primary lens assembly 10 through vertical slot 42 of monoblock 30. As shown, a ball 310 at the end of tether 300 secures tether 310 in slot 42. In a preferred embodiment, ball 310 is compressible to permit compressed passage through vertical slot 42. Ball 310 may be replaced with a knot. The preferred embodiments of primary frame 102 and auxiliary frame 202 illustrated surround the entire perimeter of primary lenses 106 and 107 and auxiliary lenses 206 and 207 respectively. Alternatively, primary frame 102 may only partially surround the perimeter of primary lenses 106 and 107. Likewise, auxiliary frame 202 may only partially surround the entire perimeter of auxiliary lenses 206 and 207. Such configurations are known in the industry as “open edge.“ In another preferred embodiment, primary lenses 106 and 107 are attached directly to primary bridge 104. In this embodiment, slotted extensions 108 and 109 are attached directly to primary lenses 106 and 107. In another preferred embodiment, auxiliary lenses 206 and 207 are attached directly to auxiliary bridge 204. In this embodiment, auxiliary extensions 208 and 209 are attached directly to auxiliary lenses 206 and 207. Such configurations are known in the industry as “frameless.” Operation of The Preferred Embodiments Auxiliary lens assembly 200 may be attached to primary lens assembly 10 be lowering auxiliary lens assembly 200 onto primary lens assembly 100 such that retaining rings 204 slide into slots 42. This requires only downward movement. Referring to FIG. 5, primary frame assembly 10 of the present invention includes a preferred embodiment of monoblock 30. Monoblock 30 is attached to the end of lower portion 18 of frame 12. Monoblock 30 includes relief 38 for receiving flange 32, which is attached to the upper portion 16 of frame 12. Vertical slot 42 is located in substantial rearward alignment with relief 38. In the preferred embodiment, magnet 70 is located in substantial rearward alignment with vertical slot 42 and relief 38. Horizontal slot 44 is likewise then located in substantial rearward alignment with magnet 70, vertical slot 42, and relief 38. It is seen by the description and the illustrations that use of monoblock 30 significantly reduces the lateral space required for attachment of auxiliary devices in slots 42, magnetic engagement with magnets 70 (or magnetic materials), and the attachment of arms 60. Since the distance between arms 60 is limited to the sizes adaptable to be worn by the public, there is a consequential increase in the potential width of lenses 12. The unique configuration of the present invention provides increased peripheral visibility over the prior art designs, and a substantially different esthetic appearance to the primary lens assembly. In a first embodiment, no magnets are present in the device. In this embodiment, interference between compressible bushings 208 and vertical slot 42 of monoblock 30 secures auxiliary lens assembly 200 to primary lens assembly 10. As shown in FIG. 9 and FIG. 10 interference between compressible bushings 208 and vertical slot 42 of monoblock 30, and/or interference between retaining rings 204 and vertical slot 42 of monoblock 30, permit rotation of auxiliary lens assembly 200 between the raised and lowered positions. In a second embodiment, primary magnets 70 are located in magnet reliefs 72 in monoblock 30. Magnets 70 may alternatively be magnetic materials. In this embodiment, magnetic engagement between magnets 70 (or magnetic materials) and auxiliary magnets 206 (or magnetic materials) provides additional stability and ease of attachment of auxiliary lens assembly 200 to primary lens assembly 100. The various embodiments disclosed herein which include magnetic attraction will be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art to involve a combination of magnet-to-magnet magnetic engagement, or magnet-to-magnetic material magnetic engagement. “Magnetic material” as used herein is defined as materials subject to attraction by magnetic force, or magnetically attractable. It will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments and applications without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.	<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>It has long been desirable to have a removable auxiliary lens assembly attached to eyeglasses. Professional baseball players have used “flip-up” auxiliary lenses for more than four decades to protect their eyes from the sun, but to allow them unrestricted vision in the event the ball was hit in their vicinity. U.S. Pat. No. 3,252,747 to Robins discloses an eyewear system specifically designed for persons who are far-sighted. The device includes an assembly in which an auxiliary frame assembly containing lenses may be rotated about the horizontal axis and remain attached to a primary assembly so as to locate the lenses the proper distance to the eyes every time the device is lowered into place. A significant disadvantage of this design is that it is unattractive, overly complicated, impossible to segregate from the primary frame, and does not accommodate anyone other than far-sighted individuals. U.S. Pat. No. 6,089,708 to Ku discloses a connecting member having spaced connecting plates for attachment to the bridge portion of a primary lens assembly. The connecting plates have magnetic members that act cooperatively with a complimentary magnetic member inserted in a hole on the bridge. The front of the connecting part has an open communication to a polygonal-shaped holding room. The auxiliary frame has connecting rods extending above the bridge portion, and supporting an intermediate portion having a polygonal shape, receivable and rotatable in the holding room. A significant disadvantage of this design is that it is unattractive, overly complicated, and resists easy and immediate removal of the auxiliary lens assembly. U.S. Pat. No. 3,238,005 to Petitto discloses the combination of a primary lens assembly and auxiliary lens assembly. The auxiliary assembly has flexible side wall projections with openings that can be assembled onto lugs (pins) extending perpendicularly from the sides of the primary assembly, allowing the auxiliary assembly to be pivoted upwards, and back downwards. Leaf springs mounted on the auxiliary assembly engage surfaces of the primary assembly to urge the auxiliary assembly into position. A significant disadvantage of this design is that it is unattractive, overly complicated, and resists easy and immediate removal of the auxiliary lens assembly. As stated, these and other mechanically clipped on devices for holding auxiliary lenses are cumbersome and unattractive. More recently, numerous attempts have been made to magnetically attach an auxiliary lens assembly to a primary lens assembly. U.S. Pat. No. 4,070,103 to Meeker discloses a primary lens assembly having a slidably attachable auxiliary lens assembly. In this device, the primary lens assembly is made of magnetizable material and auxiliary lenses are individually securable to the primary lens assembly by a magnetic band inserted in a groove on the inside surface of the individual auxiliary lens assembly. This design is not pivotal, and the auxiliary assembly must be physically removed. U.S. Pat. No. 5,416,537 to Sadler discloses a primary lens assembly having a first magnetic member attached vertically to the front surface of the primary lens assembly, and a second magnetic member attached in a corresponding position on the back surface on an auxiliary lens assembly. The magnetic members are arranged for engagement to secure the auxiliary lens assembly to the primary lens assembly. This design is not pivotal, and the auxiliary assembly must be physically removed. U.S. Pat. No. 5,568,207 to Chao also discloses a magnetically adhered auxiliary lens assembly, with the additional feature of arms extending from the side portions of the auxiliary lens assembly, over magnet retaining projections and extensions of the primary lens assembly. The arms engage with, and are supported on, the primary lens assembly extensions to prevent disengagement of the auxiliary lens assembly upon downward movement of the auxiliary lens assembly relative to the primary lens assembly. This design is not pivotal, and the auxiliary assembly must be physically removed. Auxiliary eyewear systems such as those described above require the auxiliary frame assembly be removed from the primary frame assembly, and then handled and stored separately when it is necessary for the eyeglass wearer to look only through the lenses of the primary frame assembly. They do not enjoy the advantages of the early flip-up designs, which permitted quick movement of the auxiliary assembly out of alignment with the primary assembly without separating them from the primary assembly. U.S. Pat. No. 6,474,811 to Liu discloses a magnetically attached auxiliary lens assembly in which the auxiliary assembly can be magnetically attached to the either the inside or outside of extensions having magnets on the primary assembly. The auxiliary assembly is pivotal upwards, removing the pivotal alignment of the auxiliary and primary lenses. A significant disadvantage of this design is that it is unstable, relying on tenuous repositioning, and magnetic forces alone to align and support the auxiliary assembly relative to the primary assembly. Another significant disadvantage of this design is that causes the auxiliary frame to be positioned into the forehead of the wearer, making raising the auxiliary assembly fully perpendicular to the primary assembly impractical. U.S. Pat. No. 6,301,953 to Xiao discloses an auxiliary lens assembly having pivots mounted above the lenses and attached by long, L-shaped shelter arms. The shelter arms are attached to supporting arms having magnet holding housings attached at their ends. Magnets are inset in the housings for engagement over rearwardly protruding rim lockers. One disadvantage of this design is that it is fails to limit the rotation of the auxiliary lens assembly. Another disadvantage is that it is esthetically unappealing, due in part to the long shelter arm requirement. Another disadvantage is that it relies on a bridge magnet or bride hook for stability. Another disadvantage is that the device relies on magnetic force to pull the magnetic housing forward, over a rearward protruding lens locker, requiring the user push the auxiliary frame awkwardly rearward, into the primary frame, to disengage the magnetic housing from over the lens locker. Another disadvantage is that the device is complex and expensive to manufacture. An improvement to these designs is disclosed in a co-owned and co-pending U.S. Patent application entitled “Rotatable And Removable Auxiliary Eyewear System With Snap Alignment.” The application discloses an auxiliary eyewear support system that utilizes pivotal hinges integral to the auxiliary frame, which permit rotation of the auxiliary frame from a first position in which the auxiliary lenses are substantially parallel to the primary frame lenses, to a second position in which the auxiliary frame assembly is flipped up substantially perpendicular to the orientation of the primary frame assembly. Each of these systems discloses a primary frame that has a single function attachment means for attaching a singular style of auxiliary lens assembly. In addition, most of these designs require a lens that is limited in width, so as to accommodate the attachment apparatus outside of the mechanism securing the lens to the frame. As a result, peripheral vision through the lens is limited. This can give rise to both convenience and safety issues. For example, a nearsighted person trying to change lanes on a freeway is forced to rotate their head significantly further around to allow alignment of their eye through their lens in the direction of the vehicle blind-spot. These processes increase the time required to affect the maneuver, and requires and increased time in which the direction in which the car is traveling at high speed is not visible. Problems occur again when trying to back-up a vehicle. In addition to auxiliary lens assemblies, it is often convenient to attach tethers, or chords, to a primary lens assembly to allow for temporary removal of the assembly, without the need to set them down or hold them. It is always required to provide an attachment means to the end of the chord to secure it to the eyeglass assembly. It can thus be seen that there is a need to develop a design for a primary lens assembly in which the primary frame assembly can be adapted to accept multiple styles of attachable auxiliary lens assemblies. There is also a need to provide such a device that permits insertion of wider lenses to improve peripheral vision. There is also a need to simplify the structure and assembly of primary lens assemblies. There is also a need to provide a primary lens assembly that is easily attachable to a chord that is not specially configured at its ends.	<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>A primary advantage of the present invention is that it provides a primary lens assembly that is adapted to receive multiple styles of auxiliary lens assemblies. Another advantage of the present invention is that it permits insertion of wider lenses to improve peripheral vision. Another advantage of the present invention it is adapted to be easily attachable to a chord that is not specially configured at its ends. Another advantage of the present invention is that it is simple and aesthetically attractive. Other advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following descriptions, taken in connection with the accompanying drawings, wherein, by way of illustration and example, an embodiment of the present invention is disclosed. As referred to hereinabove, the “present invention” refers to one or more embodiments of the present invention which may or may not be claimed, and such references are not intended to limit the language of the claims, or to be used to construe the claims in a limiting manner. In accordance with one aspect of the invention, there is provided a primary lens assembly retaining a pair of primary lenses. The primary lens assembly includes a primary frame. In a first preferred embodiment, the left and right sides of the primary frame are separated at the upper and outer sides to allow placement of the primary lenses. A flange is attached to a first end of the separation in the frame. A block is attached to the second, opposite end of the separation in the frame. It is understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that the block or the flange may be on that portion of the separation that is on top or on bottom, so long as a flange is adjacent to a block. The block has a contoured receptacle for receiving the flange. In the preferred embodiment, the flange has a hole for location of a threaded connector. The block is threaded to receive the threaded end of the threaded connector. The threaded connector attaches the separated ends of the primary frame together in a manner that compressively secures the primary lenses within the primary frame. In the preferred embodiment of the present invention, a vertical slot is located in rearward alignment with the contoured receptacle. A horizontal slot is located rearward of the vertical slot, receivable of a pivot of an arm. In this manner, general alignment of the receptacle, vertical slot, and horizontal slot provides a uniquely narrow configuration that extends further rearward than conventional designs. This permits utilization of wider lenses to achieve a higher angle of corrected peripheral vision. Additionally, it permits a single block manufacturing of a multi-functional extension. An auxiliary lens assembly retains a pair of auxiliary lenses. The auxiliary lens assembly may be attached to the primary lens assembly. In this manner, the person wearing the eyewear system has two lenses combining to alter the transmission of light to each eye. In a preferred embodiment, the primary lenses are corrective lenses and the auxiliary lenses are light transmission reducing lenses, for example, a polarizing, absorbing, refracting, photochromatic, or reflecting lenses, or any combination thereof (i.e., sunglasses). In a preferred embodiment, the primary lenses are impact resistant safety lenses and the auxiliary lenses are light transmission reducing lenses, such as welding lenses. In another preferred embodiment, the primary lenses are corrective lenses and the auxiliary lenses are corrective lenses. In another preferred embodiment, the primary lenses are corrective lenses and the auxiliary lenses are impact resistant safety lenses. In one embodiment, the auxiliary lens assembly has an arm extending rearward from the upper and outer sides of the auxiliary lens assembly. An engagement unit is attached to the end of the arm for location in the vertical slot of the primary lens assembly. In a first preferred embodiment, the engagement unit is a compressible material dimensionally wider the vertical slot, such that an interference fit is created when the auxiliary lens assembly is placed onto the primary lens assembly. In a second preferred embodiment, the engagement unit includes an auxiliary magnet for magnetic attachment to the primary lens assembly. In a more preferred embodiment, a primary magnet is located between the contoured relief and the vertical slot. The magnet provides an alternative, or additional, attachment force when an auxiliary lens assembly having an auxiliary magnet is attached to the primary lens assembly. In another preferred embodiment, a tether is passed through the vertical slot. The tether may have a knot tied in the end, or is otherwise restricted from sliding completely out of the vertical slot. In another preferred embodiment, the horizontal slot and the vertical slot form perpendicular forks, such that each slot has an opening that prevents the slot from being enclosed.	20040528	20051213	20051215	78705.0		0	MAI, HUY KIM	MONOBLOCK ASSEMBLY FOR EYEWEAR	SMALL	0	ACCEPTED		2,004
10,856,661	ACCEPTED	System and method for capturing significant events at web portlets	System and method for logging significant events occurring at a web site portal includes a base class portlet service including a significant event catcher method having a register method and a record method, a portlet action table, and an action description table. The register method is called during portlet initialization to register one or more significant event descriptions to the action description table. The portlet, upon executing a significant event, calls the record method to record the event to the portlet action table.	1. A method for logging significant events occurring at a web site portal, comprising: providing a base class portlet service including a significant event catcher method having a register method and a record method, a portlet action table, and an action description table; initializing a portlet, including calling said register method to register one or more significant event descriptions to said action description table; operating said portlet to execute a significant event, including calling said record method to record said significant event to said portlet action table; and joining said portlet action table and said action description table to provide a joined table for analyzing said significant events. 2. The method of claim 1, including recording said significant event to said portlet action table as a light weight object. 3. The method of claim 1, including during initializing said portlet executing dynamic discovery to determine whether said base class portlet service is available to said portlet. 4. The method of claim 1, said portlet action description table including an action description for each active portlet and action identifier tuple. 5. The method of claim 4, said portlet action table including for each recorded significant event a session identifier, portlet identifier, action identifier, and time stamp. 6. The method of claim 1, said register method including: initializing a success flag to false; building a database statement for an event having a string including portlet ID, action ID, and action description; executing an attempt using said database statement to update said session action table with said event; and if successful, setting said success flag to true and returning said success flag to said portlet. 7. The method of claim 6, said record method including: initializing a success flag to false; upon determining that a session ID has not been provided to said record method for an event, logging an error message and returning to said portlet; otherwise, inserting into a database statement a string for said event including session ID, portlet ID, action ID, and time stamp; updating said portlet action table with said event; and if successful, setting said success flag to true and returning said success flag to said portlet. 8. A program storage device readable by a machine, tangibly embodying a program of instructions executable by a machine to perform operations for logging significant events occurring at a web site portal, said operations comprising: providing a base class portlet service including a significant event catcher method having a register method and a record method, a portlet action table, and an action description table; initializing a portlet, including calling said register method to register one or more significant event descriptions to said action description table; operating said portlet to execute a significant event, including calling said record method to record said significant event to said portlet action table; and joining said portlet action table and said action description table to provide a joined table for analyzing said significant events. 9. The program storage device of claim 8, said operations including recording said significant event to said portlet action table as a light weight object. 10. The program storage device of claim 8, said operations including during initializing said portlet executing dynamic discovery to determine whether said base class portlet service is available to said portlet. 11. The program storage device of claim 8, said portlet action description table including an action description for each active portlet and action identifier tuple. 12. The program storage device of claim 11, said portlet action table including for each recorded significant event a session identifier, portlet identifier, action identifier, and time stamp. 13. The program storage device of claim 8, said register method including: initializing a success flag to false; building a database statement for an event having a string including portlet ID, action ID, and action description; executing an attempt using said database statement to update said session action table with said event; and if successful, setting said success flag to true and returning said success flag to said portlet. 14. The program storage device of claim 13, said record method including: initializing a success flag to false; upon determining that a session ID has not been provided to said record method for an event, logging an error message and returning to said portlet; otherwise, inserting into a database statement a string for said event including session ID, portlet ID, action ID, and time stamp; updating said portlet action table with said event; and if successful, setting said success flag to true and returning said success flag to said portlet. 15. A system for logging significant events occurring at a web site portal, comprising: a base class portlet service including a significant event catcher method having a register method and a record method, a portlet action table, and an action description table; a portlet for calling said register method during portlet initialization to register one or more significant event descriptions to said action description table; said portlet further for executing a significant event, including calling said record method to record said significant event to said portlet action table; and a joined table for joining said portlet action table and said action description table for analyzing said significant events. 16. The system of claim 15, said portlet action description table including an action description for each active portlet and action identifier tuple. 17. The system of claim 16, said portlet action table including for each recorded significant event a session identifier, portlet identifier, action identifier, and time stamp. 18. A computer program product for logging significant events occurring at a web site portal according to the method comprising: providing a base class portlet service including a significant event catcher method having a register method and a record method, a portlet action table, and an action description table; initializing a portlet, including calling said register method to register one or more significant event descriptions to said action description table; operating said portlet to execute a significant event, including calling said record method to record said significant event to said portlet action table; and joining said portlet action table and said action description table to provide a joined table for analyzing said significant events. 19. A method for recording events on a web site, comprising registering in a base class portlet service a listing of event types from a portlet, each said event type having an associated short description; storing said listing and said short description in a first database table; thereafter logging events in a second database table by session ID, portlet ID, short description, and time stamp; and generating a human readable report from said first and second database tables.	BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Technical Field of the Invention This invention relates to call management on the web. More particularly, it relates to capturing significant events at web servers. 2. Background Art The ultimate goal of any web site built for call management is to reduce cost per call incident. This may be accomplished by diverting traditional voice calls to a self help web site or by reducing the amount of time per call. Creating a service allows the code to reside in one location which allows for a more flexible plug and play web site architecture. It also allows the code to be updated in one place (rather than changing every web page which needs to write a significant event.) Information of certain users actions on a web site may be characterized as significant events. A significant event usually includes a unique session identifier, a time stamp, an action, and a user identifier. A significant event is usually written to the database as an integer, which integer is small, light weight, and can be easily reported on, together with a time stamp. A secondary database table is usually built which matches the significant event integer to a string description. At the time of reporting, the two tables are cross referenced in order to produce a human readable report. This works well; however, it requires someone to manually update the string table before the significant events. This makes the update of the table a problem when the web site is constantly being changed and updated, especially in a portlet world. It is an object of the invention to provide an improved system and method for capturing significant events at a web site. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION A system, method, and program storage device are provided for recording events on a web site by registering in a base class portlet service a listing of event types from a portlet, each having an associated short description; storing the listing and short description in a first database table; thereafter logging events in a second database table by session ID, portlet ID, short description, and time stamp; and generating a human readable report from the first and second database tables. In accordance with an aspect of the invention, there is provided a computer program product configured to be operable to provide a base class service for registering and recording significant events occurring at a portlet. Other features and advantages of this invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of the presently preferred embodiment of the invention, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a high level system diagram illustrating the base class portlet service of the preferred embodiment of the invention. FIG. 2 illustrates the portlet action table of FIG. 1. FIG. 3 illustrates the action description table of FIG. 1. FIG. 4 illustrates the method of an exemplary embodiment of the invention for capturing significant events at web portlets. FIG. 5 is a high level system diagram illustrating a program storage device readable by a machine, tangibly embodying a program of instructions executable by a machine to perform method steps for catching significant events at web portlets. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS With the use of the web, reducing the cost per call involves harvesting the information of users' actions on the web site as significant events. The present invention provides a system, method, and program storage device for capturing and harvesting information of users' actions on a web site 100. Such user's actions are significant events 120. A portal is a Web site that provides end users with a single point of access to Web-based resources by aggregating those resources in one place and by requiring that users log in only to the portal itself, and not to each portlet they use. A portlet is a special, reusable servlet, such as a JAVA servlet, that appears as a defined region on a portal page. It is typical for a portal page to contain many portlets. Referring to FIG. 1, base class, such as a Java class, provides generic functions, or methods, to all portlets that wish to use them. The base class is part of a portlet service 130, which is a block of executable code accessible to all portlets 104-106. A significant catcher function 132 is one of the functions, or methods, that the base class offers to any portlet, and it includes a register method 131 and a record method 133. Its role is to capture and log significant events 120 performed by participating portlets. A significant event catcher 132 is a web service which can be installed independently of portlets 104-106. A portlet 104 may use dynamic discovery to decide if a requested web service 130 is available, and if it is not available to allow or enable a web administrator to quickly decide not to report any events. A significant event 120 includes a unique session identifier 121, a time stamp 122, an action 123, and a user identifier 124. It is desirable to provide for writing light weight objects 165 into a database 134 when writing significant events 120. A base class portlet service 130 is provided, accessible to any portlet 104-106, which provides significant catching functions that perform this task, available for use by multiple portlets, such as portlets 104, 105. As is represented by line 155, significant event catcher function 132 gathers events from all of the participating portlets 104-105 in the portal 102 and writes them to a selected group of significant event database tables 134, 136. The information may then be retrieved by technicians, administrators, or business people at user station 144 with proper access to the tables 134, 136. As is represented by line 165, lightweight objects are inserted into database 134. A significant event 120 is written to database 134 as an integer (which is small, light weight, and can be easily reported on) with a time stamp 122. A secondary database table, the action description table 136, matches the significant event integer to a string description. As is represented by lines 161, 162, at the time of reporting, the two tables 134, 136 are cross referenced by data analysis tool (which may be a portlet) to produce a human readable report for display at user station 144. As is represented by lines 153, 154, participating portlets 104, 105 auto-register significant events 134 and corresponding descriptions 136. In a portlet's initConcrete method 114, 115, respectively, significant events are registered which could be logged during the life cycle of the portlet. The initConcrete method 114 for a particular portlet 104 is only called once when the web server 100 loads the portlet 104. This is not a per user operation, but is done at the web server 100 level. This allows significant event catcher 132 to be dynamic based upon what is installed on the system. In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, the two database tables 134, 136 are COMMON.SESSION_ACTIONS, the portlet action table 134, and COMMON.ACTION_VALUE the action description table 136. These tables have the following fields: COMMON.ACTION_VALUES PORTLET_ID 125 ACTION_ID 123 ACTION_DESC 126 COMMON.SESSION_ACTIONS SESSION_ID 121 PORTLET_ID 125 ACTION_ID 123 TIME_STAMP 122 Referring to FIG. 3, action description table 136 provides a complete description for each action 123 defined in each portlet 104, 105. Each action is identified by a short, convenient integer value 123. These integer values must be unique within a portlet 104. However, they need not be unique across portlets 104, 105. Referring to 2, portlet action table 134 provides a log of every action performed by every portlet 104, 105 which has registered actions 123 (line 151 shows such for portlet 104). Each row in table 134 provides an action logging portlet's session ID 121, portlet ID 125, action ID 123, and time stamp 122 of the action. The two tables 134, 136 can be joined as table 142 for business users at station 144 to monitor what actions were performed by particular portlets 104, 105, and when they were performed. The business user at user station 144 can query and view this information through a high level data analysis tool 140, such as a custom application (even a portlet) that displays the joined data 142. The initConcrete method gets executed once during the initialization of a concrete instance of a portlet. A concrete instance of a portlet is a running instance of a portlet that behaves according to a set of configuration parameters. A portlet can have multiple concrete instances that behave differently depending upon its configuration parameters. The initConcrete method performs the following steps in registering a significant event. Again, the registering of a significant event occurs only once in a portlet's lifecycle. STEP 1: The portlet looks at its portal-administrator-defined settings and reads the value of a flag called RECORD_SIGNIFICANT_EVENTS. The flag's value can be “true” or “false” STEP 2: If the flag is true, the portlet calls registerEvent (in the base class service 130) for every kind of significant event the development team wishes to capture. Pseudocode for registerEvent is set forth in Table 1. Referring to FIG. 4, a portlet 104 in this architecture undergoes a typical flow to participate in the registration and logging process, as follows: In step 201, as is represented by line 151, portlet 104 calls register method 131 to register a significant event to portlet action table 136. In step 202, portlet service 130 updates action description table 136, in this example with the new event represented by action ID=1 123 of table 136 from contract administration portlet 104. In step 203, portlet service 130 determines if there are more significant events to register, and in this example loops through steps 201 and 202 three more times to register contract administration portlet 104 action ID 2 and action ID 3, and then feedback portlet 105 action ID 1, and so on until no more events are to be registered. In step 204, web site portal 102 detects a significant event 119 from some user 118, and in step 205 portlet 104 calls record method 133 to log, as is represented by line 153, corresponding significant event 120. In step 206, significant event catcher function 132 catches event 120 and portlet service 130 updates portlet action table 134 with objects 165 representing that significant event 120. In the example of 2 B, an action ID=1 123 is logged from contract administration portlet 104 and action ID=1 123 is logged from feedback portlet 105 (as is represented by lines 154, 165.) The flowchart in FIG. 4 captures the interplay between a portlet and the portlet service that contains the base class (which in turn contains the significant event catching methods 132, including the register method 131 and record method 133). Tables 1 and 2 set forth pseudocode for the significant event catching 132 functions, or methods, performed by the base class 130. There are two methods 131, 133, one to register a significant event, and one to record a significant event. The former occurs during step 201. The latter occurs during step 205. The portlet is the caller of both methods. TABLE 1 REGISTER METHOD public boolean registerEvent (String portletId, int eventId, String eventDescription) { // Initialize the successful flag to false. This will // be returned back to the caller. boolean successful = false; // Put the SQL statement in a string String sqlString = “insert into ” + m_dbSchema + “.ACTION_VALUES (PORTLET_ID, ACTION_ID, ACTION_DESC) VALUES(\’” + portletId + “\‘, ” + eventId + “, \‘” + eventDescription + “\‘)”; // Create a data store so we can do our database work. DataStore ds = new DataStore ( . . . ); // Try to update the database session action table with // the event. try { ds.executeUpdate (sqlString); // Since we made it here, it means that everything // worked correctly so we want to inform the // caller that the event got written. successful = true; } catch { . . . } return (successful); } TABLE 2 RECORD METHOD public boolean recordEvent (String sessionId, String portletId, int eventId) { // Initialize the successful flag to false. This will // be returned back to the caller. boolean successful = false; // If we do not have a session ID, we have a problem so // log an error message and return back to the caller. if ((sessionId == null) \|\| (sessionId.length( ) == 0)) { // log error message . . . } // We have a session ID so write to the database. else { // Put the SQL statement in a string String sqlString = “insert into ” + m_dbSchema + “.SESSION_ACTIONS (SESSION_ID, PORTLET_ID, ACTION_ID, TIME_STAMP) VALUES(\‘” + sessionId + “\‘, \’” + portletId + “\‘, ” + eventId + “, CURRENT TIMESTAMP)”; // Create a data store so we can do our database // work. DataStore ds = new DataStore ( . . . ); // Update the database session action table with // the event. try { ds.executeUpdate (sqlString); successful = true; } catch { . . . } } return (successful); } The two functions of Tables 1 and 2 write to tables 136 and 134, respectively. Further referring to FIG. 4 in connection with FIG. 1, upon initialization each participating portlet 104-105 in steps 201-203 registers all of its significant events via the base class service 130 available to all participating portlets 104-105. Base class 130 in turn updates action description table 136 with the significant event long descriptions 126 and corresponding short integer descriptions 123. After initialization and during the normal execution of portlet 104, for example, when user 118 or other actor performs a significant event 119 (120), portlet 104 logs this significant event 120 via its integer value action ID 123, with base class service 130. In turn, base class service 130 updates the portlet action table 134 with the integer value 123, time stamp 122, portlet ID 125, and session ID 121. By way of example, the code of Table 3 registers (steps 201-203) a few significant events in a portlet. TABLE 3 SIGNIFICANT EVENTS REGISTRATION Public Method Name: initConcrete Purpose: This method is called to initialize the AbstractPortletController. It is responsible for creating the resources for the instance of the class. @param PortletSettings Portlet settings from the portlet @return none @throws UnavailableException public void initConcrete(PortletSettings settings) throws UnavailableException { MSCBaseClassService baseClassService = get MSCBaseClassService( ); // If initConcrete has been configured to record // significant events, the significant event actions // need to be registered in a cross reference table. // This will self register the values, so the table // need not be manually maintained. if (baseClassService.shouldRecordSignificantEvents (settings)) { baseClassService.registerSignificantEvent ( getPortletConfig ( ), ADDCCMSUSER_SIGNIFICANT_EVENT, “CCMS user successfully added.”); baseClassService.registerSignificantEvent ( getPortletConfig ( ), ADDECIUSER_SIGNIFICANT_EVENT, “ECI user successfully added.”); baseClassService.registerSignificantEvent ( getPortletConfig ( ), DELETECCMSUSER_SIGNIFICANT_EVENT, “CCMS user successfully deleted.”); baseclassService.registerSignificantEvent ( getPortletConfig ( ), DELETEECIUSER_SIGNIFICANT_EVENT, “ECI user successfully deleted.”); baseClassService.registerSignificantEvent ( getPortletConfig ( ), MODIFYCCMSUSER_SIGNIFICANT_EVENT, “CCMS user successfully modified.”); baseClassService.registerSignificantEvent ( getPortletConfig ( ), MODIFYECIUSER_SIGNIFICANT_EVENT, “ECI user successfully modified.”); } // Call super.initConcrete( ) to make sure any // markup language specific initConcrete logic // will be executed. super.initConcrete (settings) ; } Table 4 sets forth example code for logging a significant event. TABLE 4 SIGNIFICANT EVENT LOGGING // typically done in an action class baseClassService.recordSigniticantEvent ( request.getPortletSession ( ), portletConfig, ContractAdminPortlet. ADDCCMSUSER_SIGNIFICANT_EVENT); With respect to dynamic discovery, when a portlet records a significant event, it goes through the following steps: STEP 1: The portlet looks at its portal-administrator-defined settings and reads the value of a flag called RECORD_SIGNIFICANT_EVENTS. The flag's value can be “true” or “false” STEP 2: If the flag is true, the portlet records its significant event by calling the proper method in the base class service. The RECORD_SIGNIFICANT_EVENTS flag can be set during development time by the developer, or by the portal administrator in runtime after the portlet has been deployed on a portal. The portlet queries this flag at runtime. The present invention decouples the significant event gather service 130 from portlets 114-116, allowing for more flexibility as well as better code reuse. The significant event catcher 132 is a service 130 which may be installed or not at server 100. Using the dynamic look up of the web services 130 allows this to behave like a plug and play component, which allows people to have reuse within the web environment 100. The code 130 is located in one place allowing for better updates. This could be enlarged to be a corporate wide repository as long as each significant event 120 remains light weight and the calls to do the actual write 165 remain quick. No manual update is required inasmuch as auto registering by service 130 of significant events 134 and their descriptions 136 is provided, thus allowing the code applications at portals 104-106 to self register (lines 151, 152) their events 123 and descriptions 126. This is especially important in the portlet world, where systems 100 are dynamic and can be changed easily and quickly. Advantages Over the Prior Art It is an advantage of the invention that there is provided an improved system and method for capturing significant events at a web site. Alternative Embodiments It will be appreciated that, although specific embodiments of the invention have been described herein for purposes of illustration, various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Referring to FIG. 5 E, in particular, it is within the scope of the invention to provide a computer program product or program element, or a program storage or memory device 210 such as a solid or fluid transmission medium, magnetic or optical wire, tape or disc, or the like, for storing signals readable by a machine as is illustrated by line 212, for controlling the operation of a computer 214 according to the method of the invention and/or to structure its components in accordance with the system of the invention. Further, each step of the method may be executed on any general purpose computer, such as IBM Systems designated as zSeries, iSeries, xSeries, and pSeries, or the like and pursuant to one or more, or a part of one or more, program elements, modules or objects generated from any programming language, such as C++, Java, Pl/1, Fortran or the like. And still further, each said step, or a file or object or the like implementing each said step, may be executed by special purpose hardware or a circuit module designed for that purpose. Accordingly, the scope of protection of this invention is limited only by the following claims and their equivalents.	<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>1. Technical Field of the Invention This invention relates to call management on the web. More particularly, it relates to capturing significant events at web servers. 2. Background Art The ultimate goal of any web site built for call management is to reduce cost per call incident. This may be accomplished by diverting traditional voice calls to a self help web site or by reducing the amount of time per call. Creating a service allows the code to reside in one location which allows for a more flexible plug and play web site architecture. It also allows the code to be updated in one place (rather than changing every web page which needs to write a significant event.) Information of certain users actions on a web site may be characterized as significant events. A significant event usually includes a unique session identifier, a time stamp, an action, and a user identifier. A significant event is usually written to the database as an integer, which integer is small, light weight, and can be easily reported on, together with a time stamp. A secondary database table is usually built which matches the significant event integer to a string description. At the time of reporting, the two tables are cross referenced in order to produce a human readable report. This works well; however, it requires someone to manually update the string table before the significant events. This makes the update of the table a problem when the web site is constantly being changed and updated, especially in a portlet world. It is an object of the invention to provide an improved system and method for capturing significant events at a web site.	<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>A system, method, and program storage device are provided for recording events on a web site by registering in a base class portlet service a listing of event types from a portlet, each having an associated short description; storing the listing and short description in a first database table; thereafter logging events in a second database table by session ID, portlet ID, short description, and time stamp; and generating a human readable report from the first and second database tables. In accordance with an aspect of the invention, there is provided a computer program product configured to be operable to provide a base class service for registering and recording significant events occurring at a portlet. Other features and advantages of this invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of the presently preferred embodiment of the invention, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.	20040528	20080226	20051215	61028.0		0	CONTINO, PAUL F	SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR CAPTURING SIGNIFICANT EVENTS AT WEB PORTLETS	UNDISCOUNTED	0	ACCEPTED		2,004
10,856,665	ACCEPTED	Ion-detecting sensors comprising plasticizer-free copolymers	Plasticizer-free ion-detecting sensors for detecting a target ion in a sample are provided. The sensor comprises a plasticizer-free copolymer comprised of polymerized units of methacrylate monomers and a polymerizable ion exchanger, wherein the methacrylated monomers have pendent alkyl groups of different length and wherein the functionalized ion-exchanger is grafted into the copolymer through covalent linkages. The ion exchanger comprises a C-derivative of a halogenated closo-dodecacarborane anion having a polymerizable moiety. Sensors of this invention include carrier-based ion-selective electrodes or optodes such as thin film ion-specific optodes, particle-based optodes, or bulk optodes.	1. An ion-detecting sensor for detecting a target ion in a sample, comprising (i) a plasticizer-free copolymer matrix comprising polymerized units of methacrylate monomers and an ion exchanger comprising a functionalized C-derivative of a closo-dodecacarborane anion, wherein said functionalized ion exchanger is grafted onto the copolymer through covalent linkages; and (ii) an ionophore for detecting the target ion, wherein said methacrylate monomers have R1 or R2 pendant alkyl groups wherein R1 is any of C1-3 alkyl groups and R2 is any of C4-12 alkyl groups. 2. The ion-detecting sensor of claim 1, wherein R1 is any of C1-2 alkyl groups, and R2 is any of C8-12 alkyl groups. 3. The ion-detecting sensor of claim 2, wherein R1 is a C1 alkyl group, and R2 is a C10 alkyl group. 4. The ion-detecting sensor of claim 1, wherein said ion exchanger has the structure: wherein R4 is a substituent comprising a double bond. 5. The ion-detecting sensor of claim 4, wherein R4 is —(C═O)CH═CH2. 6. The ion-detecting sensor of claim 1, wherein the matrix is in a form of membrane. 7. The ion-detecting sensor of claim 6, wherein the ion-detecting sensor is a carrier-based ion-selective electrode. 8. The ion-detecting sensor of claim 6, wherein the sensor is a thin film ion-specific optode. 9. The ion-detecting sensor of claim 6, wherein the sensor is a bulk optode. 10. The ion-detecting sensor of claim 1, wherein the polymer is in a form of particles. 11. The ion-detecting sensor of claim 10, wherein the sensor is a particle-based optode. 12. The ion-detecting sensor of claim 1, wherein said ionophore is selective for calcium ions. 13. The ion-detecting sensor of claim 1, further comprising an indicator ionophore. 14. The ion-detecting sensor of claim 13, wherein the indicator ionophore is selected from a group consisting of a pH indicating chromoionophore, a chromoionophore, a fluoroionophore, a pH indicator, and a pH indicating fluoroionophore. 15. The ion detective sensor of claim 1, wherein the target ion selected from a group consisting of H+, Li+, Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+. 16. The ion-detecting sensor of claim 1, wherein the sample is a body fluid selected from the group consisting of whole blood, spinal fluid, blood serum, urine, saliva, semen, and tears. 17. The ion-detecting sensor of claim 1, wherein said copolymer is blended with poly(vinyl chloride) and a plasticizer. 18. The ion-detecting sensor of claim 1, wherein said ionophore is a functionalized ionophore. 19. The ion-detecting sensor of claim 18, wherein at least a portion of the functionalized ionophore is grafted onto the copolymer through covalent linkage. 20. The ion-detecting sensor of claim 19, wherein said functionalized ionophore is wherein R3 is a substituent comprising an unsaturated group. 21. The ion-detecting sensor of claim 20 wherein R3 is —O(C═O)CH═CH2. 22. The ion-detecting sensor of claim 18, wherein said functionalized ionophore is a hydrophilic crown ether. 23. The ion-detecting sensor of claim 22, wherein said crown ether is 4′-acryloylamidobenzo-15-crown-5 or 4′-acyloylamidobenzo-18-crown-6. 24. A ion-detecting sensor for detecting a target cation in a sample, comprising an ion exchanger covalently grafted into a plasticizer-free co-polymer, wherein said ion exchanger is a derivative of a halogenated carborane anion having a polymerizable moiety. 25. The ion-detecting sensor of claim 24, wherein said polymerizable ion exchanger has the structure: wherein R4 is a substituent comprising a double bond. 26. The ion-detecting sensor of claim 25, wherein R4 is —(C═O)CH═CH2. 27. A method of preparing a plasticizer-free co-polymer responsive to a target ion, comprising: (a) combining: (i) methacrylate monomers having R1 or R2 pendant alkyl groups, wherein R1 is any of C1-3 alkyl groups and R2 is any of C4-12 alkyl groups; (ii) an ion exchanger comprising a functionalized C-derivative of a closo-dodecacarborane anion having a polymerizable moiety; (iii) an ionophore selective for said target ion; (iv) a cross-linking monomer; and (v) a polymerization initiator; and (b) treating said combination under conditions that allow said methacrylate monomers and said closo-dodecacarborane anion to copolymerize. 28. The method of claim 27, wherein said closo-dodecacarborane anion has the structure wherein R4 is a substituent comprising a double bond. 29. The method of claim 28, wherein R4 is —(C═O)CH═CH2. 30. The method of claim 27 further comprising blending said copolymer with poly(vinyl chloride) and a plasticizer. 31. The method of claim 27, wherein R1 is any of C1-2 alkyl groups and R2 is any of C8-12 alkyl groups. 32. The method of claim 27, wherein said ionophore is a functionalized ionophore. 33. The method of claim 32 wherein said functionalized ionophore has the structure: wherein R3 is a substituent comprising an unsaturated group. 34. The method of claim 33, wherein R3 is —O(C═O)CH═CH2. 35. The method of claim 32, wherein said functionalized ionophore is a hydrophilic crown ether. 36. The method of claim 35, wherein said crown ether is 4′-acryloylamidobenzo-15-crown-5 or 4′-acyloylamidobenzo-18-crown-6. 37. The method of claim 32, wherein at least of portion of said ionophore is grafted onto the copolymer. 38. A plasticizer-free co-polymer prepared by the method of claim 27. 39. A sensor comprising a plasticizer-free co-polymer prepared by the method of claim 27. 40. A polymerizable closo-dodecacarborane having the structure: wherein R4 is a substituent comprising a double bond. 41. The polymerizable dodecacarborane of claim 40, wherein R4 is —(C═O)CH═CH2. 42. A graft plasticizer-free copolymer having selectivity for a target ion, comprising (i) a copolymer comprising polymerized units of methacrylate monomers; (ii) an ionophore selective for the target ion; and (iii) an ion exchanger comprising a C-derivative of a closo-dodecacarborane anion having a polymerizable moiety, wherein ion exchanger is grafted onto the copolymer through covalent linkages. 43. The graft copolymer of claim 42, wherein said ion exchanger has the structure: wherein R4 is a substituent comprising a double bond. 44. The graft copolymer of claim 43, wherein R4 is —(C═O)CH═CH2. 45. The graft copolymer of claim 42, wherein said ionophore is a functionalized ionophore. 46. The graft copolymer of claim 45, wherein said ionophore has the structure: wherein R3 is a substituent comprising an unsaturated group. 47. The graft copolymer of claim 45, wherein said functionalized ionophore is a hydrophilic crown ether. 48. The graft copolymer of claim 47, wherein said ionophore is 4′-acryloylamidobenzo-15-crown-5. 49. The graft copolymer of claim 47, wherein said ionophore is 4′-acryloylamidobenzo-18-crown-6. 50. The graft copolymer of claim 45, wherein at least a portion of said ionophore is grafted onto the copolymer. 51. A method of preparing a polymerizable ion exchanger having the structure: wherein R4 is a substituent comprising a double bond said method comprising: adding TBSCl to a solution of 2-iodoethanol and a base to produce I(CH2)2OTBS; adding said I(CH2)2OTBS to a mixture of n-butyl lithium and [ME3NH][closo-CB11H12 in an anhydrous solvent to form an intermediate; removing said anhydrous solvent to form a residue; adding Me3NHCl to said residue to produce [Me3NH][TBSO(CH2)2CB11H12]; treating said [Me3NH][TBSO(CH2)2CB11H12] with HCl in an anhydrous solvent to produce [Me3NH][HO(CH2)2CB11H12]; adding acryloyl chloride to a solution of [Me3NH][HO(CH2)2CB11H12] and a base in an anhydrous solvent to produce [Me3NH][CH2CHCOO(CH2)2CB11H12].	CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS The present invention is a Continuation-in-Part of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/384,097, filed Mar. 7, 2003, which is a Continuation-in-Part of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/313,090, filed Dec. 5, 2002, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The present invention also claims priority to Provisional Application No. 60/473,677, filed on May 28, 2003, entitled “A Co-Polymerized Dodecacarborane Anion as Covalently Attached Cation-Exchanger in Ion-Selective Sensors,” which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention is related to systems for detecting target ions in a sample, and more specifically, to ion sensors comprising an ion exchanger covalently grafted to a plasticizer-free co-polymer. 2. Description of the Prior Art Throughout this application, various references are referred to within parentheses. Disclosures of these publications in their entireties are hereby incorporated by reference into this application to more fully describe the state of the art to which this invention pertains. Full bibliographic citation for these references may be found at the end of this application, preceding the claims. Highly selective chemical sensors based on molecular recognition and extraction principles are a very important, well understood class of sensors.1,2 Ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) and optodes in particular have found widespread use in clinical laboratories3 and are being explored for numerous other applications. Traditionally, these sensors are based on hydrophobic plasticized polymeric membranes or films that are doped with one or more ionophores in addition to a lipophilic ion-exchanger. Each of these components plays an important role to the sensor response.2,4 The hydrophobicity of the polymer assures that spontaneous, non-specific electrolyte extraction from the sample is suppressed. At the same time, the membrane matrix must act as a solvent of low viscosity for all active sensing components in the film. Each ionophore acts as a lipophilic complexing agent, and the ion-exchanger is responsible to extract the analyte ions from the sample to the membrane to satisfy electroneutrality. In many ways, the basic composition and function of these ISEs still mimics that of early liquid membrane electrodes, where all components were simply dissolved in an organic solvent. However, modern ion sensors are moving towards drastic miniaturization and these sensors are often in contact with relatively lipophilic sample environments such as undiluted whole blood. Microelectrodes have been used for a long time to probe intracellular ion compositions and are also used for chemical profiling and chemical microscopy.5 Microsphere optodes with varying compositions are today developed in view of the measurement of biological and clinical samples.6 Optical sensing spheres that are a few hundred nanometers in diameter are currently explored for intracellular ion measurements.7 These important applications expect that cross-contamination of sensors and leaching of active components from the sensor membrane are reduced or even eliminated. Earlier work has focused on improving the lipophilicity of all sensing components for improved lifetime of these sensors. There is likely a practical limit to synthesizing ionophores and plasticizers with longer alkyl chains to make them more lipophilic,8 since they still must remain soluble in the polymeric membrane phase. One solution to the problem of insufficient retention has been the covalent attachment of all active sensing components onto the polymeric backbone. Over the years, plasticizer-free ion-selective membranes based on different materials have been evaluated. Suitable matrices include polyurethanes,9 polysiloxanes,10,11 silicone rubber,12,13 polythiophenes,14 polyacrylates,15 epoxyacrylates,16 sol-gels,17,18 methacrylic-acrylic copolymers19-22 and methacrylate copolymers.23,24 Among these, the methacrylic-acrylic copolymers and methacrylate copolymers, which are synthesized via free radical-initiated mechanisms, are attractive because various monomer combinations and the numerous polymerization methods are available to create polymers with different physical and mechanical properties. Of the plasticizer-free copolymers reported, a methyl methacrylate and decyl methacrylate copolymer (MMA-DMA) has been studied by Peper et al. (U.S. Patent Publication No. 2003/0217920) as a promising matrix, with functional ISEs23 and optodes25 reported for Li+, Na+, K+, Ca 2+, and Mg2+. Early work towards covalent attachment of ionophores made use of functionalized poly(vinyl chloride)26,27, which could not be used without plasticizer. In later work, Na+, K+ and Pb2+ selective ionophores were covalently grafted to a polysiloxane matrix and applied to the fabrication of CHEMFET sensors.10,28 Another notable direction in ionophore grafting by the sol-gel technique has been introduced by Kimura, with demonstrated applications to serum measurements.17,18 Recently, neutral ionophores were covalently attached by Pretsch and coworkers to a polyurethane membrane matrix in view of reducing ion fluxes across the membrane.29 In other recent reports, two hydrophilic crown ether-type potassium-selective ionophores, 4′-acryloylamidobenzo-15-crown-5 (AAB15C5) and 4′-acryloylamidobenzo-18-crown-6 (AAB18C6),20 a sodium-selective ionophore, 4-tertbutyl calix[4]arene tetraacetic acid tetraethyl ester,21 as well as a new calcium ionophore N,N-dicyclohexyl-N′-phenyl-N′-3-(2-propenoyl)oxyphenyl-3-oxapentanediamide (AU-1; see FIG. 1)24 have been copolymerized with other acrylate monomers by a simple one-step solution polymerization method. The simplicity of this procedure constitutes an important advantage over most other methods described above. These polymers containing grafted ionophores showed comparable selectivity and improved lifetime compared to ISEs with free, unbound ionophore present. Numerous promising approaches are therefore available to obtain plasticizer-free polymers containing covalently attached ionophores. Unlike the grafting of ionophores, the covalent attachment of ion-exchangers has been much less explored. Reinhoudt reported on the covalent attachment of the tetraphenylborate anion, TPB−10,28 and Kimura also successfully attached a cation-exchanger (TPB−)17 as well as an anion-exchanger (tetradecyldimethyl(3-trimethoxysilylpropyl)ammonium chloride) into a sol-gel matrix.18 Unfortunately, it is known that the unsubstituted tetraphenylborate is highly susceptible to decomposition by acid hydrolysis, oxidants and light.30-32 It was also reported that ppb levels of mercury ions in aqueous solution can cause rapid decomposition of sodium tetraphenylborate and potassium tetrakis-(4-chlorophenyl) borate in plasticized PVC membranes.33 Therefore, the reported covalent attachments of a simple tetraphenylborate may likely not solve these inherent problems. Although the highly substituted derivatives, such as sodium tetrakis[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]borate (NaTFPB) have a much improved stability, the borates can still be protonated under acidic conditions and subsequently hydrolyze.32 A decrease in selectivity and response slopes of ion-selective membranes after prolonged exposure to a continuous water flow was observed, which was explained on the basis of the change of ionophore and ion exchanger (NaTFPB) ratio caused by slow degradation of the borate anions.10 In addition, the preparation of highly substituted borate anions, especially asymmetric analogs, is quite difficult and synthetically complex.34,35 A further modification of these compounds, such as the preparation of polymerizable derivatives has never been reported. It was recently shown that carboranes can be used as alternative cation-exchangers in ion selective sensors.36-38 Carboranes are a relatively new class of weakly coordination anions based on an extremely stable boron cluster framework (CB11H12−), as shown in FIG. 1. Carboranes are weakly coordinating anions that are based on a relatively stable boron cluster framework. They also have versatile functionalization chemistry, as both the boron-vertexes and carbon vertex can be chemically modified.39,40 The B-H bonds of the parent closo-dodecacarborane (CB11H12−) are somewhat hydridic and suitable for electrophilic substitution such as halogenation. Chlorinated, brominated and iodinated carborane anions at boron atoms have been prepared by solid-state synthesis.36,37 Recently, halogenated dodecacarboranes were found to be improved cation-exchanger in terms of lipophilicity and chemical stability. These boron derivatives have a much higher lipophilicity compared to the water-soluble unsubstituted parent carborane anion, and were demonstrated to be very promising alternatives to the tetraphenylborates.36 In contrast, the C-H bond in the carborane anion is somewhat acidic. It was reported that C-lithiation of CB11H12− followed by treatment with alkyl, silyl, or phosphine halides leads to different carbon derivatives.40 Such carborane anions are quite inert chemically and electrochemically and exhibit no absorbance in the UV-Vis range. These compounds have weak coordination and ion-pair formation properties, which are attractive for ion sensing applications. Furthermore, both the boron-vertexes and carbon vertex can be quite easily modified chemically.39,40 However, the commercially available cesium carborane (CsCB11H12) is water-soluble and its poor lipophilicity limits its application as ion-exchanger. In our laboratory, therefore, a number of more lipophilic B-halogenated carborane anions were recently synthesized, and many showed nearly identical ion-exchange and improved retention properties compared to the best tetraphenylborate available, tetrakis[3,5-(trifluoromethyl)]phenyl borate (TFPB−).36,37 In addition to potentially unparalleled lipophilicity, the carboranes possess many other characteristics that make them suitable for electrochemical applications. For example, they are not susceptible to acid and base hydrolysis and they are relatively inert to electrochemical oxidation (.about 2.0 V vs. ferrocene/ferrocenium at Pt in dichloromethane) (67). High Ih symmetry and tangentially delocalized σ-bonding make the carboranes one of the most chemically stable classes of compounds in chemistry. Furthermore, their bulky size (nearly 1 nm in diameter) and sufficient charge delocalization meet the criteria imposed for sufficient ion-exchanging. Another advantage, important for bulk optode studies, is their lack of absorption in the UV-Vis spectrum. Therefore, it is desirable to further study the carboranes for developing a more robust ion-exchanger to be used in chemical sensors. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention provides a new polymerizable carborane derivative that is covalently attached onto a hydrophobic polymer matrix for use in ion-selective electrodes and optodes. More specifically, one aspect of this invention is based on the discovery that copolymers of methacrylate monomers and a novel polymerizable dodecacarborane anion derivative are suitable matrices for preparing polymers comprising grafted ion exchangers, referred to as “graft polymers.” The graft polymers of this invention can be used to prepare sensors such as ISE's and optodes for detecting target ions in a sample. In one embodiment, an ion-detecting sensor for detecting a target ion in a sample comprises (i) a copolymer matrix comprising polymerized units of methacrylate monomers and an ion exchanger comprising a functionalized C-derivative of a closo-dodecacarborane anion, wherein said functionalized ion exchanger is grafted onto the copolymer through covalent linkages; and (ii) an ionophore for detecting the target ion, wherein said methacrylate monomers have R1 or R2 pendant alkyl groups wherein R1 is any of C1-3 alkyl groups and R2 is any of C4-12 alkyl groups. Preferably the methacrylate monomers comprise different pendant alkyl groups R1 and R2, wherein R1 may be any of C1-3 alkyl group, and R2 may be any of C4-12 alkyl group. In one embodiment, the plasticizer-free co-polymer is blended with poly(vinyl chloride) and a plasticizer. Alternatively, the polymer includes monomer units in addition to methacrylate monomers, such as acrylate monomers. The present invention further provides a novel C-derivative of the closo-dodecacarborane anion (CB11H12−) having a polymerizable group suitable for use as a chemically stable cation-exchanger. Accordingly, this invention further provides a novel polymerizable derivative of a dodecacarborane, said derivative having the structure (I): wherein R4 is a substituent comprising a double bond. In one embodiment, R4 is —(C═O)CH═CH2. This novel derivative can be co-polymerized with methacrylate monomers to prepare a plasticizer-free polymer with cation-exchange properties. The resulting co-polymer comprising the covalently grafter dodecacarborane derivative can be conveniently blended with traditional plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) or with non-crosslinked methacrylic polymers to provide solvent cast films that are clear and homogenous and that can be doped with ionophores. In one embodiment, the ionophore is a functionalized ionophore. According to one embodiment, at least a portion of the functionalized ionophore is grafted to the co-polymer by covalent bonds. Examples of functionalized ionophores include derivatives of 3-oxapentandiaminde-type calcium ionophore comprising a polymerizable moiety, and hydrophilic crown ether-type ionophores. In another embodiment, the functionalized ionophore is a 3-oxapentandiaminde derivative having the structure II wherein R3 is a polymerizable moiety such as an acrylic group. The co-polymer matrices of the present invention may be in a form of membranes or particles. The ion-detecting sensors of the present invention may also include an indicator ionophore. In another embodiment, the present invention also provides the first plasticizer-free ion selective membrane selective for divalent ions, wherein both the ionophore and the ion-exchanger are covalently attached to the polymer, thereby forming an all polymeric sensing matrix with no leachable components. This invention further provides a method of preparing a co-polymer matrix, comprising: a) combining: (i) methacrylate monomers having R1 or R2 pendant alkyl groups, wherein R1 is any of C1-3 alkyl groups and R2 is any of C4-12 alkyl groups; (ii) an ion exchanger comprising a functionalized C-derivative of a closo-dodecacarborane anion having a polymerizable group; (iii) an ionophore selective for said target ion; (iv) a cross-linking monomer; and (v) a polymerization initiator; and (b) treating said combination under conditions that allow said methacrylate monomers and said functionalized closo-dodecacarborane anion to copolymerize. The sensors of the present invention may be carrier-based ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) or optodes such as thin film ion-specific optodes, particle-based optodes, or bulk optodes. Ion-specific optodes include miniaturized sensing platforms such as sensing films immobilized on the end of optical fibers, self-referencing microspheres, and nanaoscale intracellular probes. Additional features and advantages of this invention shall be set forth in part in the description that follows, and in part will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon examination of the following specification or may be learned by the practice of the invention. The advantages and novel features of this invention may be realized and attained by means of the instrumentalities, combinations, and methods particularly pointed out in the appended claims. DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES The above-mentioned and other features of this invention and the manner of obtaining them will become more apparent, and will be best understood by reference to the following description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. These drawings depict only a typical embodiment of the invention and do not therefore limit its scope, and serve to add specificity and detail. In the Figures: FIG. 1 shows the structures of Na-ionophore (X), chromoionophore ETH 5294, calcium ionophore AU-1, the tetraphenylborate derivative NaTFPB, and the closo-dodecacarborane anion. FIG. 2 shows the reaction scheme for the synthesis of the polymerizable carborane anion trimethylammonium 2-carborane ethyl acrylate (TMCA). FIG. 3 is a graph of % absorbance change verses time (hours) for PVC-DOS (2:1) optode films containing Na-ionophore (X), ETH 5294, and grafted carborane anions (curve A), or free carborane anions (curve B), monitored by the change in absorbance of the protonated form at 650 nm. FIG. 4 is a graph of the normalized optode response curves and selectivity of PVC-DOS film containing Na-ionophore (X), MMA-DMA-TMCA and the chromoionophore ETH 5294 towards sodium (open circles), magnesium, potassium and calcium ions measured at pH 7.46 (n=5). The lines are theoretically predicted responses according to Equation 2, with log Kexch=−4.80 for Na+ (n=1), −7.85 for K+ (n=1), −17.50 for Ca2+ (n=1), and −17.55 for Mg2+ (n=1). FIGS. 5A and 5B are graphs showing the response time comparison of PVC-DOS optode thin films containing Na-ionophore (X), ETH 5294, and either NaTFPB in addition to 15 wt % blank MMA-DMA (5A) and TMCA covalently grafted to MMA-DMA (5B). The absorbance values were recorded at 650 nm. Concentrations were changed between 10−4 M and 10−3 M Na+ at a flow rate of 5 mL/min. FIGS. 6A and 6B are a calibration curves and corresponding experimental time traces, respectively, for the EMF measurements of an all-polymeric plasticizer-free calcium-selective membrane with both ionophore (AU-1) and ion-exchanger (TMCA) covalently grafted to the MMA-DMA polymer. The indicated calcium chloride concentrations in the sample range from 10−5 M to 1 M. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION One aspect of this invention is based on the discovery that copolymers of methacrylate monomers and a functionalized dodecacarborane anion derivative are suitable matrices for preparing polymers comprising grafted ion exchangers, referred to as “graft polymers.” The graft polymers of this invention can be used to prepare sensors such as ISE's and optodes for detecting target ions in a sample. In one embodiment, an ion-detecting sensor for detecting a target ion in a sample comprises (i) a copolymer matrix comprising polymerized units of methacrylate monomers and an ion exchanger comprising a functionalized C-derivative of a closo-dodecacarborane anion, wherein said functionalized ion exchanger is grafted onto the copolymer through covalent linkages; and (ii) an ionophore for detecting the target ion, wherein said methacrylate monomers have R1 or R2 pendant alkyl groups wherein R1 is any of C1-3 alkyl groups and R2 is any of C4-12 alkyl groups. The copolymer may comprise a random distribution of immobilized ion exchanger within the polymer chain. This invention further provides a novel C-derivative of the closo-dodecacarborane anion (CB11H12−) having a polymerizable group as a chemically stable cation-exchanger. The term “closo-dodecacarborane” refers to a closed carborane cage comprised of 11 boron atoms and one carbon atom. More specifically, this invention further provides a novel polymerizable derivative of a dodecacarborane, said derivative having the structure (I): where R4 is a polymerizable moiety. The terms “polymerizable ion exchanger,” “functionalized ion exchanger” and “functionalized dodecarborane” are used interchangeably and refer to an ion exchanger having a polymerizable reactive functional group which allows the ion exchanger to become covalently bonded to a copolymer. Examples of such functional groups include, but are not limited to, carbon-carbon double bonds such as acrylic and methacrylic groups, carbon-carbon triple bonds, and carbonyl groups. The functional group is required to allow the ion exchanger to react with a reactive group of the copolymer, such as a carbon-carbon double bond, so as to form covalent linkages, whereby the ion exchanger becomes covalently grafted onto the copolymer. In one embodiment, the ion exchanger is trimethylammonium 2-carborane ethylacrylate (TMCA), where R4 is —C═O)CH═CH2. It was discovered that a co-polymer of methacrylate monomers comprising a covalently grafted novel ion exchanger of this invention exhibits mechanical properties suitable for the fabrication of plasticizer-free ion-selective membrane electrodes and bulk optode films. In addition, the sensors were found to be suitable for the physiological assessment of ions at neutral pH. For example, when ISE sensors were prepared with graft copolymers comprising MMA-DMA-TMCA, graft copolymers (i.e., TMCA covalently grafted into a MMA-DMA copolymer matrix), the sensors exhibited excellent response times (i.e., less than 5 minutes) relative to MMA-DMA copolymers containing free TMCA. Sensors containing MMA-DMA-TMCA also exhibited mechanical properties suitable for the fabrication of plasticizer-free ion-selective membrane electrodes and bulk optode films by solvent casting and spin coating techniques. Further, the copolymers of this invention have improved ion selectivity relative to similar methacrylate copolymers containing free (unbound) TMCA as well as conventional plasticized polymers containing the TMCA. Similarly, the copolymers of this invention demonstrated improved response times relative to conventional plasticizer-containing polymers. The ion-detecting sensors of this invention offer several advantages when compared to conventional sensors. For example, anchoring the ion exchanger to the polymer by way of a covalent bond reduces diffusion of the ion exchanger across the polymer membrane relative to polymers containing unbound ion exchangers, which in turn improves the detection limit of the sensor. The copolymer matrix of this invention includes a copolymer of the novel functionalized dodecarborane derivative and methacrylate monomers with different pendant alkyl groups R1 and R2, wherein R1 may be any of C1-3 alkyl group, and R2 may be any of C4-12 alkyl group, as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/313,090, which is specifically incorporated herein by reference. As used herein, the term “alkyl” refers to a saturated linear or branched-chain monovalent hydrocarbon radical of one to twelve carbon atoms, wherein the alkyl radical may be optionally substituted independently with one or more substituents described below. Examples of alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, isopentyl, tert-pentyl, hexyl, isohexyl, and the like. In accordance with embodiments of the present invention, preferably R1 is a C1-2 alkyl group, and R2 is a C8-12 alkyl group. In one embodiment, methyl methacrylate and decyl methacrylate monomers are used for forming a methyl methacrylate-decyl methacrylate (MMA-DMA) copolymer matrix of the present invention. Methacrylate monomers of the present invention are commercially available from, for example, Polysciences, Inc. (Warrington, Pa.). Alternatively, the methacrylate monomers can be prepared by standard methods known in the art or via thermally initiated free radical solution polymerization as described in copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/313,090, which is incorporated herein by reference. The terms “polymer” and “copolymer” are used interchangeably and refer to a chemical compound or mixture of compounds formed by polymerization and comprising repeating monomer units, wherein the polymer can comprise one type of monomer unit or can contain two or more different monomer units. The co-polymer matrices of this invention further include an ionophore selective for the target ion to be detected. In one embodiment, the ionophore is a functionalized ionophore having a polymerizable group. In this embodiment, at least a portion of the functionalized ionophore may be covalently grafted onto a plasticizer-free matrix by copolymerizing the ionophore with methacrylate monomers such as MMA and DMA monomers, and the copolymer may comprise a random distribution of immobilized ionophore within the MMA-DMA polymer chain. The terms “covalently grafted ionophore,” “covalently anchored ionophore,” and “covalently immobilized ionophore” are used interchangeably herein and refer to an ionophore that is attached to a polymer through covalent bonds. The terms “functionalized ionophore” refers to an ionophore having a reactive functional group which allows the ionophore to become covalently bonded to a copolymer. Examples of such functional groups include, but are not limited to, carbon-carbon double bonds such as acrylic and methacrylic groups, carbon-carbon triple bonds, and carbonyl groups. A “polymerizable ionophore” is a functionalized ionophore comprising a polymerizable functional group. The copolymers of the present invention which include a covalently grafted ionophore may be used in connection with a wide variety of ionophores for detecting different target ions, provided that the ionophore contains a functional group that allows it to be covalently grafted or anchored to a polymer matrix. The functional group is required to allow the ionophore to react with a reactive group of the copolymer, such as a carbon-carbon double bond, so as to form covalent linkages, whereby the ionophore becomes covalently grafted onto the copolymer. Examples of functionalized ionophores suitable for purposes of this invention include hydrophilic crown ether-type ionophores, such as 4′-acryloylamidobenzo-15-crown-5 and 4′-acryloylamidobenzo-18-crown-6. Hydrophilic crown ethers of the type described herein are well known in the art and are commercially available or may be prepared using conventional synthetic techniques. When the functionalized ionophore is a hydrophilic crown ether, the ionophore is added in an amount between about 1-2% by weight. When the functionalized ionophore is AU-1, the ionophore is added in an amount between about 1% and 5% by weight, with 5% being preferred. Other example of functionalized ionophores suitable for this invention include functionalized derivative of a 3-oxapentandiaminde-type calcium ion-selective ionophore, said derivative having the structure II: where R3 is a substituent comprising an unsaturated group. In one embodiment, R3 is a polymerizable acrylic group —O(C═O)CH═CH2, and this compound is referred to herein as AU-1, and which is described in U.S. Publication No. 2003/021,691, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. The copolymers of the present invention comprising a covalently grafted novel ion exchanger of this invention may be made in accordance with methods known in the art or the methods described herein. For example, in one embodiment the graft copolymer is prepared by thermally initiated free radical solution polymerization of a mixture of methacrylate monomers and a functionalized ion exchanger as described herein in detail in Example 2. The solution further includes an ionophore, which may be a functionalized ionophore. Alternatively, other methods known in the art may be used to covalently graft the exchanger to the matrix. For example, a sol-gel technique may be used to prepare the graft copolymer. Another approach involves directly grafting the ion exchanger onto an existing polymer with active sites. Yet another approach involves blending two different polymers together, with one of them containing the grafted ion exchanger. Alternatively, a solution containing methacrylated monomers and the functionalized ion exchanger of this invention can be irradiated with an electron beam to cause polymerization and covalent attachment of the functionalized ion exchanger onto the methacrylate copolymer. The amount of each monomeric subunit needed to produce copolymers with a desired glass transition temperature Tg for optimal mechanical strength may be calculated using the Fox equation. The Tg is typically determined experimentally with a differential scanning calorimeter, a standard instrument for this purpose. Polymers with very low Tg values are normally much softer and more difficult to handle mechanically. A sufficient amount of a functionalized ion exchanger of this invention is combined with the copolymer to obtain the desired improvement in desired properties of the copolymer, such as ion selectivity and response time. Such properties may be quantitatively measured by well-known test methods. The precise minimum amount of functionalized ion exchanger required to produce a significant enhancement of such properties will, of course, vary depending upon the chemical compositions, structures, and molecular weights of the components employed as well as the extent of grafting achieved. In general, however, it will be advantageous to use at least one part by weight of the functionalized ion exchanger for every 100 parts by weight of the copolymer. The conditions necessary to achieve at least partial grafting of the components of the polymer composition will vary depending upon the reactivities of the individual components. For example, when the ion exchanger and/or ionophore comprises an acrylic functional group (as with the ion exchanger TMCA and the ionophore AU-1) which can react with the methacrylate monomer unit of the copolymer, then the grafting conditions may comprise a thermal or photoinitiated co-polymerization in an organic solvent such as benzene. For example, when TMCA was grafted onto MMA-DMA, the amount of TMCA that polymerized with the MMA and DMA monomers was measured to be about 61%. In one embodiment, the graft copolymers of this invention may be blended, admixed, or combined with other polymers to obtain blends having improved properties or performance characteristics. For example, the polymer composition when blended with poly(vinyl chloride) and a plasticizer has the beneficial effect of increasing the response time of the graft polymer. The relative proportion of PVC-plasticizer to graft polymer composition may be varied as desired, preferably from about 90:10 to 80:20 on a weight basis. The graft polymers of the present invention may be used to fabricate plasticizer-free ion-selective membranes or particles for a variety of sensors including, but not limited to, carrier-based ion-selective electrodes (ISEs), thin film ion-specific optodes, particle-based optodes, and bulk optodes, ultraminiaturized ion-specific probes and nanoscale intracellular probes, and low detection limit sensors. Examples of ultraminiaturized ion-specific probes sensing films immobilized on the end of optical fibers and self-referencing microspheres. For example, a graft polymer of this invention may be used to fabricate polymer membranes of an ISE in accordance with methods described in Example 2 of the present invention or any other methods known to one skilled in the art. Polymers of this invention may also be used to fabricate thin films to be used in a thin film ion-specific optode or to fabricate microsphere particles to be used in particle-based optodes in accordance with methods known in the art. The electrodes and optodes may be prepared, for example, by solvent casting and spin coating techniques. When an ion-detecting sensor of the present invention is in a form of optodes, the sensor further includes an indicator ionophore. Examples of indicator ionophores include, but are not limited to, a pH indicating chromoionophore, a chromoionophore, a fluoroionophore, a pH indicator, or a pH indicating fluoroionophore. The ion-detecting sensors of the present invention may be used for detecting ions of all types of body fluid samples. Examples of the samples include, but are not limited to, whole blood, spinal fluid, blood serum, urine, saliva, semen, tears, etc. The fluid sample can be assayed neat or after dilution or treatment with a buffer. EXAMPLES Reagents. Trimethylammonium chloride, butyl lithium, 2-iodoethanol, butyldimethylsilyl chloride (TBSCl), imidazole, acryloyl chloride and triethylamine were of the highest grade from Aldrich (Milwaukee, Wis.). Cesium carborane was purchased from Strem Chemicals (Newburyport, Mass.). N,N-Dicyclohexyl-N′-phenyl-N′-3-(2-propenoyl)oxyphenyl-3-oxapentanediamide (AU-1) was synthesized as reported.24 All solvents used for syntheses were obtained from Fisher Scientific (Pittsburgh, Pa.) and dried before using. The monomers methyl methacrylate, 99.5% and n-decyl methacrylate, 99% were obtained from Polysciences, Inc. (Warrington, Pa.). The polymerization initiator 2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile, 98%, (AIBN) was obtained from Aldrich. Benzene, dichloromethane and 1,4-dioxane were reagent grade and obtained from Fisher. Benzene and dichloromethane were purified by fractional distillation after refluxing with calcium hydride for 4 h. Inhibitors were removed from the monomers by washing with a caustic solution containing 5% (w/v) NaOH and 20% NaCl in a 1:5 ratio (monomer:caustic solution) and water. The organic phase was separated and dried with anhydrous Na2SO4. This purification process has previously been reported.≦AIBN was recrystallized from warm methanol prior to use. 4-tert-butylcalix[4]arene tetraacetic acid tetraethyl ester (Na-ionophore X), 9-(diethylamino)-5-octadecanoylimino-5H-benzo[a]phenoxazine (chromoionophore I, ETH 5294), sodium tetrakis[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]borate (NaTFPB), Cyanoaqua-cobyrinic acid heptakis(2-phenylethyl ester) (Nitrite ionophore I), o-nitrophenyloctylether (NPOE), bis(2-ethylhexyl)sebacate (DOS), high molecular weight poly(vinyl chloride), tetrahydrofuran (THF) and all salts were purchased in Selectophore or puriss quality from Fluka (Milwaukee, Wis.). Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (TRIS) was of ACS grade from Aldrich. Chloride salts of sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium were of puriss. quality from Fluka. Aqueous solutions were prepared by dissolving the appropriate salts in Nanopure purified water (18 MΩ cm). The invention is further illustrated by the following non-limiting examples. All scientific and technical terms have the meanings as understood by one with ordinary skill in the art. The specific examples which follow illustrate the methods in which the compositions of the present invention may be prepared and are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the invention. The methods may be adapted to variation in order to produce compositions embraced by this invention but not specifically disclosed. Further, variations of the methods to produce the same compositions in somewhat different fashion will be evident to one skilled in the art. Example 1 Synthesis of Trimethylammonium 2-carborane ethylacrylate (TMCA) Preparation of I(CH2)2OTBS (1): To a solution of 2-iodoethanol (3 g, 17 mmol) and imidazole (1.74 g, 25 mmol) in 20 mL anhydrous dichloromethane was added TBSCl (2.82 g, 18.7 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight (12 hours). The reaction mixture was washed with water (2×10 mL), brine (10 mL) and dried over Na2SO4. Removal of the solvent afforded pure product I(CH2)2OTBS (1) (5.6 g, 98% yield, MW: 286.02). Preparation of [Me3NH][TBSO(CH2)2-CB11H11] (2): n-Butyllithium (5.5 mmol) was added to a solution of [Me3NH][closo-CB11H12] (0.2 g, 1 mmol) in 15 mL anhydrous THF at 0° C. under N2. The mixture was brought to room temperature and stirred for 1 hour. Compound 1 (0.372 g, 1.3 mmol) in 3 mL THF was added dropwise in a period of 5 min. After the reaction was stirred at room temperature for 15 hour, the solvent was removed. Me3NHCl (6 mmol) in 10 mL water was added to the residue. A pale yellow solid was formed. Filtration gave mainly the desired product. Further purification was done by column chromatography (CH2Cl2:CH3CN=4:1) and afforded the white solid [Me3NH][TBSO(CH2)2-CB11H11] (2) (0.25 g, 50% yield, MW: 361.26). 1H NMR: δH (250 MHz; CDCl3) 4.28 (m, 2 H), 3.77 (m, 2H), 3.44 (s, 9H), 2.60-0.60 (m, 11H), 0.91 (s, 9H), 0.15 (s, 6H); 13C NMR: δC (62.9 MHz; CDCl3) 68.8, 58.3, 54.8, 51.7, 26.3, 18.6, −5.5. Preparation of [Me3NH][HO(CH2)2-CB11H11] (3): Compound 2 (0.15 g 0.40 mmol) was dissolved in 5 mL THF, and 5 mL of 1 N HCl was added. The reaction solution was stirred at room temperature for 4 hour. The solvent was removed and a white solid precipitated from the aqueous solution. Filtration gave pure product 3 (0.10 g, 90% yield, MW: 194.33). 1H NMR: δH (250 MHz; CDCl3) 4.22 (br, 1H), 4.17 (m, 2H), 3.73 (m, 2H), 3.44 (s, 9H), 2.62-0.58 (m, 11H); 13C NMR: δC (62.9 MHz; CDCl3) 68.5, 56.5, 54.4, 51.2. Preparation of [Me3NH][CH2CHCOO(CH2)2-CB11H11] (TMCA) (4) The above solid was dissolved in 10 mL THF at 0° C. Et3N (0.66 mmol) was added. To this solution, acryloyl chloride (0.50 mmol) in 2 mL THF was added dropwise by a syringe. The reaction was stirred at the same temperature for 0.5 hours after which time it was warmed to room temperature over 1 hour. The solvent was removed and 20 mL EtOAc was added. The solution was washed with water and brine and dried over Na2SO4. The solvent was removed and the residue was purified by column chromatography (CH2Cl2:CH3CN=3:1) to give the final product TMCA (4) as a white solid (80 mg, 50% yield, MW: 301.25). 1H NMR: δH (250 MHz; CDCl3) 6.58 (dd, 1H), 6.27 (dd, 1H), 5.88 (dd, 1H), 4.02 (m, 2H), 3.57 (m, 2H), 3.44 (s, 9H), 2.42-0.78 (m, 11H). Example 2 Polymer Synthesis All polymers were synthesized via thermally initiated free radical solution polymerization. The amount of methyl methacrylate and n-decyl methacrylate used was the same as reported previously.23 For polymers containing grafted Ca2+-selective ionophores, 5 wt % AU-1 was used. For polymers containing grafted cation-exchanger, 2 wt % TMCA (50 mg, 66 mmol/kg) was used. Calculated amounts of MMA (0.48 g) and DMA (1.97 g)23 were added to 5 mL of dry benzene for AU-1 or ethyl acetate for TMCA. The solution was purged with N2 for 10 min before adding 5.1 mg of AIBN. The homogeneous solution was continuously stirred and the temperature was ramped to 90° C., which was maintained for 16 hours. After the reaction was complete, the solvent was evaporated and the polymer redissolved in 10 mL of dioxane. Aliquots of polymer solution (2 mL) were added to 100 mL of distilled water under vigorous stirring. The white precipitate was collected and dissolved in 25 mL of dichloromethane and washed with water. The organic phase was separated and followed by water removal with anhydrous Mg2SO4 and filtering. The solvent was evaporated and the resultant transparent polymer was dried under ambient laboratory conditions. By analyzing the peak intensities for the counter-cation of the carborane according to the reported method,19,24 the concentration of the grafted TMCA in MMA-DMA polymer was estimated from the 1H NMR spectrum as 40 mmol/kg (61% yield). Example 3 ISE Membrane Preparation and Potentiometric Measurements Ionophore-free ISE membranes were prepared by dissolving 10 wt % MMA-DMA polymer with grafted TMCA, 90 wt % PVC and plasticizer (DOS or NPOE) (1:2) to give a total cocktail mass of 140 mg in 1.5 mL of THF. Nitrite selective membranes contained 10 mmol/kg Nitrite-ionophore I, 10 wt % MMA-DMA polymer with grafted TMCA, 90 wt % PVC and NPOE (1:2) to give a total cocktail mass of 140 mg in 1.5 mL THF. For the plasticizer-free membrane with grafted calcium ionophore AU-1 and grafted ion-exchanger TMCA, the cocktail contained 35 mg MMA-DMA-AU-1, 30 mg MMA-DMA-TMCA and 75 mg blank MMA-DMA polymer in 1.5 mL THF. Cocktails were poured into glass rings (2.2 cm i.d.) affixed onto glass microscope slides. The solvent was evaporated overnight to give a transparent membrane. The plasticizer free MMA-DMA membrane was soaked in water for 1 hour and carefully peeled from the glass slide with a scalpel. The membranes containing TMCA were preconditioned in 1 mM LiOH for 5 hours in order to extract trimethylammonium into the aqueous solution. The membranes were then conditioned overnight in 0.01 M MgCl2 or 0.01 M NaCl solutions. Discs 6 mm in diameter were cut from the parent membranes and mounted into Philips electrode bodies (IS-561, Glasbläserei Möller, Zurich, Switzerland). 0.01 M MgCl2 was used as the inner filling solution for the unbiased selectivity measurements41 of ionophore-free membranes and plasticizer-free membranes with grafted AU-1 and TMCA. 0.01 M NaCl was used as the inner filling solution for the measurements of Nitrite-ionophore I based membranes. The electrodes were measured in different sample solutions versus a Ag/AgCl reference electrode with a 1 M LiOAc bridge electrolyte. All of the experimental results are the average of at least three electrodes, with calculated standard deviations. Example 4 Optode Leaching Experiments For optode thin films in leaching experiments, a total of 300 mg membrane components containing 20 mmol/kg Na-ionophore (X), 10 mmol/kg free TMCA or 45 mg MMA-DMA-TMCA, 6 mmol/kg ETH 5294, PVC and DOS (1:2) were dissolved in 1.75 mL THF. A 200-μL aliquot of the cocktail was transferred with a syringe onto a quartz disk placed in a spin-coating device.42 For each cocktail, two films of the same composition were cast. The films were placed in a flow-through cell after drying in air for 1 hour. The flow cell was then mounted into a Hewlett-Packard 8452A diode array UV-visible spectrophotometer. 1 mM TRIS-HCl buffer (pH 7.46) was used to continuously flow through the cell at a rate of 1.2 mL/min. Absorption spectra were recorded between 300 and 800 nm at 1 minute intervals. Example 5 Response Time Experiments The optode thin films (from a total of 300 mg membrane components) were prepared by the same spin-coating device as in the procedures described above. Optode I contained 20 mmol/kg Na-ionophore (X), 10 mmol/kg NaTFPB, 5 mmol/kg ETH 5294, 15 wt % blank MMA-DMA, 85 wt % PVC and DOS (1:2). Optode II contained 20 mmol/kg Na-ionophore (X), 15 wt % mg MMA-DMA-TMCA, 5 mmol/kg ETH 5294, 85 wt % PVC and DOS (1:2). The films were placed in a flow-through cell and measured by UV-Vis. A flow rate of 5 mL/min was used for rapid solution exchange. About 0.5 min was needed to replace the solution in the flow-through cell. Example 6 Optode Na+ Response For the Na-ionophore (X)-based optode, the spin-coated films were prepared with the same procedure and composition as described above. The 2-3 μm-thick spin-coated films were equilibrated in different sample solutions containing chloride salts of sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium with 1 mM TRIS buffer (pH 7.46) and characterized by fluorescence spectroscopy as previously reported.6,43 All the data points are the average of five measurements, with calculated standard deviations. Results and Discussion The present invention provides a novel, polymerizable C-derivatized carborane anion (TMCA), which was synthesized according to the procedure shown in FIG. 2. Unlike the synthesis of boron derivatives, the commercially available cesium carborane (CsCB11H12) could not be used for the direct lithiation at the carbon atom due to the marked insolubility of Cs[1-Li CB11H12] which inhibits the subsequent substitution chemistry.44 Therefore, it was important to first convert the parent CsCB11H12 into a trimethylammonium salt, which was then reacted with butyllithium to produce a soluble form of the C-litho derivative, 1-LiCB11H12−. The by-products, butane and trimethylamine, could be easily removed by evaporation. Treatment of this litho-derivative in situ with TBSCl protected 2-iodoethanol provided the C-alkyl derivative 3 that could be precipitated by the addition of trimethylammonium chloride. After removal of the protecting group by acid-hydrolysis, compound 3 was reacted with acryloyl chloride to obtain the polymerizable carborane anion 4 (TMCA) with trimethylammonium as counter cation. This new derivative has a good solubility in ethyl acetate and cocanuld be copolymerized with methyl methacrylate and decyl methacrylate in ethyl acetate by a one-step solution polymerization. The polymer with grafted carborane anions was transparent and elastic, similar to unmodified MMA-DMA copolymer. On the other hand, it was softer and stickier than blank MMA-DMA, with an increased tendency to deform under mechanical or hydrodynamic pressure. The covalent attachment of the ion-exchanger was confirmed by performing leaching experiments from optode films. Thin PVC-DOS films contained a Na+ ionophore, the H+-chromoionophore ETH 5294 and either the covalently attached or the dissolved carborane ion-exchanger. The UV/Vis spectrum of the chromoionophore shows protonated and deprotonated absorption maxima at 650 nm and 550 nm, respectively.45 In a pH 7.46 buffer without Na+, the chromoionophore is protonated in the presence of cation-exchanger (R−). As the cation-exchanger leaves the film due to insufficient lipophilicity, a hydrogen ion must be extracted from the chromoionophore to satisfy electroneutrality. This slow deprotonation process can be conveniently followed by UV/Vis spectroscopy.32 For the films with unsubstituted carborane CsCB11H12 as cation-exchanger, the chromoionophore could never be protonated due to the high solubility of cesium carborane in aqueous solution. FIG. 3 shows the observed leaching behavior, under continuous flowing conditions, of PVC-DOS films containing either the free or the covalently attached carborane anion derivative TMCA. Compared to the unsubstituted cesium carborane, the polymerizable carborane anion (TMCA) has an improved lipophilicity since protonation of the chromoionophore can be observed. Still, it eventually leached out of the film quantitatively as shown in FIG. 3, trace B. In order to have a direct comparison to the PVC-DOS films containing the free ion-exchanger, the optode films with grafted carborane anion were prepared by doping 15 wt % MMA-DMA-TMCA into PVC-DOS. The resulting films were transparent and homogenous. The trace of absorbance with time (FIG. 3, trace A) shows that the absorbance for ETH 5294 was stable for 16 hours under the same conditions and flow rate as for trace B. This strongly confirms that the ion-exchanger was indeed covalently attached to the polymer matrix and that the resulting optode films show much improved lifetimes. It is known that the linear MMA-DMA polymer has some similarity to DOS plasticized membranes such as an abundance of ester groups and a comparable dielectric constant.23 The mixing of some MMA-DMA polymer with excess PVC-DOS can produce compatible and homogenous membranes that do not show significant changes in membrane and diffusion properties.23 A rapid leaching of free polymerizable carborane derivative (TMCA) in PVC-DOS membrane containing 15 wt % blank MMA-DMA was also observed and indicated that the free carborane anion cannot be physically entrapped in such a matrix (data not shown). Therefore, trace A in FIG. 3 strongly suggests that the ion-exchanger was indeed covalently attached to the polymer matrix. To further study the basic ion-exchange properties of the grafted carborane anion, the response of a Na+selective optode was measured. The PVC-DOS film contained a sodium selective ionophore, ETH 5294 and MMA-DMA-TMCA. The MMA-DMA polymer with grafted carborane anions was quite soft so it was blended with other polymer materials with improved physical and mechanical properties such as the MMA-DMA copolymer or plasticized PVC. However, in most cases completely plasticizer-free methacrylate copolymer optode films showed slower diffusion behavior and much longer response time than plasticized PVC films.25 It has been reported that relatively fast response times (less than 15 minutes) could be obtained if 10 wt % MMA-DMA polymer with a covalently attached calcium ionophore was blended with PVC and DOS.24 Therefore, PVC-DOS was used as an initial model polymer matrix and plasticizer to evaluate the basic properties of the covalently attached carborane anion. In the present invention, a 15 wt % MMA-DMA copolymer with grafted TMCA was mixed with 85 wt % PVC and DOS. The sensing principle for such an optode containing a neutral sodium ionophore L forming a complex with stoichiometry “n,” a H+-chromoionophore “Ind,” and a cation-exchanger “R−” is based on an ion-exchange mechanism between an analyte I+ and H+ as shown in Equation 1:42 IndH+(org)+nL(org)+I+(aq)+R−(org)==Ind(org)+nLI+(org)+H+(aq)+R−(org) (1) The organic film phase and the aqueous phase are indicated as (org) and (aq), respectively. The equilibrium according to Equation 1 can only be observed over the entire measuring range if all of the covalently attached ion-exchanger is chemically accessible. Successful recording of an optode response curve, therefore, should be evidence that covalently attached ion-exchangers are truly useful in ion sensor applications. The sodium activity in a given sample was determined by using the fluorescence emission of the neutral chromoionophore ETH 5294. Peaks at 647 and 680 nm, corresponding to the deprotonated and protonated forms of the chromoionophore, respectively, were used to monitor ion exchange. As sodium ions enter the film, hydrogen ions are exchanged out of the film and the chromoionophore is deprotonated to conserve electroneutrality. Again, this leads to a measurable change in its fluorescence properties. This corresponds to a decrease in fluorescence intensity at 680 nm, and conversely, an increase in the deprotonated emission peaks at 647 nm. By taking the ratio of these two emission peaks, a response curve may be generated. The use of ratiometric fluorescence measurements to normalize response curves in term of degree of protonation of the chromoionophore has been reported.43,46 The response of the films based on the ion-exchange equilibrium according to Equation 1, given as a function of the experimentally accessible mole fraction of unprotonated chromoionophore, α, and ion activities of the two ions (αI and αH) is written as shown in Equation 2:42,47 α 1 = ( z 1 ⁢ K exch ) - 1 ⁢ ( α ⁢ ⁢ a H ) / ( 1 / α ) ) zI ⁢ [ R T - - ( 1 - α ) ⁢ C T ] { L - ( R T - - ( 1 - α ) ⁢ C T ) ⁢ ( n / z 1 ) } n ( 2 ) where LT, CT and RT− are the total concentrations of ionophore, chromoionophore and lipophilic ion-exchanger, respectively, zI is the charge of the analyte (for sodium, zI=1), and Kexch is the ion-exchange constant (to describe Equation 1). The observed response curve of the optode film towards Na+ and the observed selectivity to potential interferences (K+, Mg2+, Ca2+) are shown in FIG. 4. The data points correspond to mean experimental values (n=5) with the error bars denoting standard deviations (often smaller than plot symbols). The lines describe the theoretical curves according to Equation 2. The response curve generated with Na-ionophore (X), ETH 5294 and MMA-DMA-TMCA- corresponds very well to the theoretically predicted response, which confirms that the cation-exchanger remains fully functional in a covalently bound state. The observed ion-exchange constant was found to be log Kexch=−4.8. The selectivity coefficient of Na+ over K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+ was determined in 1 M solutions as logkOsel of −3.05, −4.84, −4.79 (at half protonation of the chromoionophore).47 In contrast, PVC-DOS films containing the ionophore, the chromoionophore ETH 5294 and free polymerizable carborane derivative (TMCA) as ion exchanger could not give optimal sodium response. The films could initially be protonated in pH 7.4 buffer without sodium ions, but gradually became deprotonated in the same solution because the ion exchangers leached out of the films due to the insufficient lipophilicity of the compound. Similarly, PVC-DOS films with both ionophores but without any added ion exchanger could not be protonated at pH 7.4, as expected. In FIGS. 5A and 5B, the response times of the optode films containing free and grafted ion-exchangers are compared by using a flow-through cell and UV-Vis detection. Optode I (FIG. 5A) contained the sodium ionophore and free ion exchanger NaTFPB in a matrix consisting of 15 wt % blank MMA-DMA and 85 wt % PVC-DOS. Optode II (FIG. 5B) contained the same ionophore in a matrix of 15 wt % MMA-DMA with grafted ion-exchanger TMCA and 85 wt % PVC-DOS. It was reported that the covalent attachment of the chromoionophore in PVC slowed the response of the film.27 As shown in FIGS. 5A and 5B, upon a 10-fold increase or decrease of Na+ concentration, optode I (with free ion exchanger) showed response times of less than 5 min. Under the same conditions optode II (with grafted ion exchanger) exhibited longer response times, with a deprotonation time of about 15 minutes. This is reasonably fast in view of further miniaturization, and compares well to other optodes with immobilized ionophore.27 The result indicates that the different deprotonation rates are not due to the mixing of the different polymer materials but rather to the covalent attachment of active components in the polymer. In addition, the covalent attachment of the ion-exchanger did not appear to slow the response time of the sensor dramatically if it is blended with plasticized PVC. The optode experiments suggest that the methacrylate polymer with grafted carborane anion appears to be a suitable cation-exchanger for ion-selective sensors. In addition to the optical experiments, the potentiometric response and selectivity of membranes with grafted carborane anion in ion-selective membranes were evaluated. First, ionophore-free membranes containing only ion-exchanger were measured potentiometrically because ion pairing effects have their strongest influence on membrane selectivity under such conditions.32 Three different ion-exchangers, grafted TMCA, free TFPB− and free UBC− were compared. A PVC-DOS membrane with 10% MMA-DMA-TMCA as ion-exchanger again appeared to be clear and homogeneous upon visual inspection. The membrane had response times comparable to the plasticized PVC membranes with free ion-exchangers. Slopes and selectivity of the membranes were determined by unbiased selectivity measurements (Table 1).48 PVC-DOS membranes with MMA-DMA-TMCA exhibited Nernstian or near-Nernstian slopes to all the ions measured. The selectivity pattern observed with the copolymer membrane was the same as that demonstrated elsewhere for an all-MMA-DMA matrix containing NaTFPB.23 In ionophore-free membranes the selectivity is dictated by the hydration enthalpies of the sample ions.2 As shown in Table 1, the selectivity pattern indeed followed the increase of the lipophilicity of the cations. This indicates that the ion-exchange properties of covalently attached carborane anions are similar to those found in established PVC-DOS membranes containing NaTFPB. TABLE 1 Slopes and selectivity coefficients of ionophore-free PVC-DOS membranes containing different cation-exchangers Grafted TMCA TFPB−37 UBC−37 ions slope logKNa,Jpot slope logKNa,Jpot slope logKNa,Jpot Mg2+ 22.1 ± 1.5 −3.15 ± 0.05 24 ± 3 −2.37 ± 0.08 22.7 ± 0.7 −2.91 ± 0.03 Ca2+ 28.5 ± 2.4 −2.94 ± 0.01 28 ± 1 −2.0 ± 0.1 29 ± 2 −2.57 ± 0.04 Li+ 58.5 ± 0.1 −0.43 ± 0.01 58.4 ± 0.5 −0.27 ± 0.02 57.6 ± 0.2 −0.14 ± 0.01 Na+ 59.8 ± 0.3 0 58.9 ± 0.7 0 56.5 ± 0.1 0 K+ 60.6 ± 0.1 0.26 ± 0.02 59.1 ± 0.6 0.55 ± 0.02 56.6 ± 0.1 0.45 ± 0.01 The MMA-DMA polymer with grafted carborane anion was also tested in charged carrier based ion-selective membrane. It is known that the electrically charged ionophore does in principle not require an ion-exchanger to maintain electroneutrality in the membrane and to yield functional sensors.49 However, the use of an ion-exchanger with opposite charge to the ionophore may induce the highest possible selectivity of the electrode by creating a defined amount of uncomplexed ionophore.50 To further demonstrate the function of the grafted ion-exchanger, the nitrite ionophore I was taken as an example of a positively charged ionophore (see FIG. 1). It has been reported that NO2− (I) based membranes with anion-exchanger (TDMACl) result in the loss of nitrite selectivity; instead, the membranes showed selectivity according to the Hofmeister series.50 On the contrary, the addition of cation-exchangers could improve the selectivity by more than one logarithmic unit. The overall ratio of KTFPB was found to be optimal between 10 and 60 mol %.50 In the present invention, PVC-NPOE membranes without any additives and with grafted carborane anions were measured potentiometrically. Their selectivities are compared to the literature values of TFPB− based membranes in Table 2. The selectivity of the membrane with only NO2− (I) was repeated in the present invention, with results that were close to the literature values. By adding grafted TMCA as cation-exchanger, the selectivity of NO2− over SO42−, OAc−, Cl−, NO3− and ClO4− improved by almost one order of magnitude. The selectivity values were also very close to the example having with an optimized amount of KTFPB. These results again demonstrate the function and capability of MMA-DMA polymers with covalently attached carboranes. TABLE 2 Slopes and selectivities of Nitrite ionophore I based PVC-NPOE membranes containing either no ionic sites, NaTFPB or grafted TMCA 37 mol % No sites50 TFPB−50 No sites With grafted TMCA J logKNO2,Jpot logKNO2,Jpot logKNO2,Jpot slope logKNO2,Jpot SO42− −3.1 −4.1 −3.14 ± 0.05 — −4.14 ± 0.08 OAc− −3.0 −3.8 −2.72 ± 0.08 — −3.71 ± 0.06 Cl− −3.0 −3.7 −3.07 ± 0.08 32.3 ± 1.1 −3.67 ± 0.03 NO3− −2.7 −3.4 −2.80 ± 0.04 48.2 ± 2.3 −3.52 ± 0.08 ClO4− −1.0 −1.8 −0.55 ± 0.02 53.3 ± 0.5 −1.68 ± 0.01 SCN− 0.4 0.3 0.42 ± 0.07 58.4 ± 0.3 0.17 ± 0.09 NO2− 0 0 0 56.8 ± 1.0 0 As discussed, plasticized PVC membranes are not really desired in view of an application in biological samples, especially when sensors are drastically miniaturized. Therefore, the ultimate goal is the fabrication of all-polymeric sensing membranes that contain no leachable components. Some work in this direction has already been reported. Polysiloxane based CHEMFET10 and modified sol-gel17 sensors where both ionophore and ion-exchanger were covalently immobilized have been described. Such membranes exhibited Nemstian responses and good selectivities for Na+ and K+. However, such CHEMFET sensors based on polysiloxane with grafted lead ionophore and cation-exchanger had no linear response to Pb2+, which at the time was explained by the insufficient exchange of Pb2+ with K+ (the counter ions of borates) because the divalent charge of Pb2+ could presumably not be efficiently compensated by the covalently attached ion-exchanger.28 The present invention provides the first calcium selective plasticizer-free ion-selective membrane with covalently attached ionophore and ion-exchanger by using a blend of MMA-DMA-AU-1, MMA-DMA-TMCA and blank MMA-DMA polymer. The response slopes and selectivities are shown in Table 3 and FIG. 6A. TABLE 3 Slopes and selectivities of plasticizer-free MMA-DMA membranes containing either free or grafted calcium ionophore (AU-1) and ion-exchangers Grafted Grafted AU-1 and free Free AU-1 and TMCA NaTFPB24 AU-1 and NaTFPB24 J slope logKCa,Jpot slope logKCa,Jpot slope logKCa,Jpot Mg2+ 14.6 ± 2.0 <−3.21 ± 0.05 20.3 ± 2.3 <−4.6 ± 0.1 25.2 ± 2.2 <−5.8 ± 0.2 Na+ 30.2 ± 1.8 <−3.34 ± 0.02 36.8 ± 2.5 <−3.3 ± 0.2 45.3 ± 1.5 <−3.5 ± 0.1 K+ 33.0 ± 2.1 <−3.15 ± 0.03 38.5 ± 1.1 <−4.3 ± 0.1 49.7 ± 1.4 <−4.2 ± 0.2 Ca2+ 29.5 ± 0.9 0 32.1 ± 1.0 0 31.6 ± 1.8 0 The plasticizer-free, all-polymeric membrane, with all active components covalently grafted, showed a Nernstian response slope to calcium ions but sub-Nernstian responses to the interfering ions, which was also observed for MMA-DMA-AU-1 membrane with free NaTFPB. As a result, the selectivities of the membrane with both active components grafted appear to be inferior to the membranes with free components. Sub-Nemstian response slopes toward interfering ions yield only upper limits for selectivity coefficients.48 FIG. 6B shows the potential-time traces for the membrane upon changing calcium chloride concentrations in the range of 10−5 to 1 M. The membrane shows a relatively fast response time, which suggests that sufficient mobility of the active components can be maintained in the membranes with covalently attached components. The required mobility for ion-selective electrodes is clearly much smaller than that required for optical sensors, because no appreciable membrane concentration changes occur in the Nemstian response range.2 The ion mobility in the membrane is kept reasonable high by the low glass transition temperature of the polymer. Therefore, such all-polymeric membranes likely do not contain truly immobilized species, but rather non-leachable components with a limited mobility adequate for ion-selective electrode applications. Conclusions Covalent attachment of active sensing components into methacrylic polymers forms a promising route to improve on limits of ion sensors in view of miniaturization and their application in biological samples. The present invention provides a polymerizable carborane ion-exchanger shown to possess characteristics that makes it an attractive replacement for the traditional tetraphenylborate derivatives currently used in the art. Earlier routes to covalent attachment of cation-exchangers have utilized tetraphenylborates, which are difficult to synthesize and likely still suffer from chemical instability. To demonstrate the utility of the novel carborane derivative of the present invention, leaching experiments and optode response curves were evaluated. The results support the notion that TMCA was covalently attached to the co-polymer, since only the freely dissolved derivative leached out of the thin film optode in a matter of hours. Ion-exchange optode response functions with films containing the grafted carborane followed theoretical predictions perfectly, and exhibited response times that were comparably fast to established systems. This demonstrated that the covalently attached carborane acted as a functional, homogeneously dissolved ion-exchanger with no apparent complications. Ion-selectivities are most drastically influenced by ion pairing processes in the absence of ionophore in the membrane. The corresponding potentiometric experiments did not reveal any unusual selectivity differences for the system of the present invention compared to membranes containing tetraphenylborates. The novel carborane derivative of this invention was also shown to be useful in improving the selectivity of charged-carrier based membranes, analogous to tetraphenylborates. These results demonstrate the fabrication of an all-polymeric calcium-selective membrane, with no plasticizer and no leachable components. The component of the co-polymer matrices of this invention are likely not truly immobile, but rather are part of a flexible, non-crosslinked polymeric network with a low glass transition temperature. A sufficiently high ion mobility is apparently preserved to ensure reliable potentiometric measurements. The present invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from its essential characteristics. The described embodiment is to be considered in all respects only as illustrative and not as restrictive. The scope of the invention is, therefore, indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description. All changes, which come within the meaning and range of the equivalence of the claims, are to be embraced within their scope. The words “comprise,” “comprising,” “include,” “including,” and “includes” when used in this specification and in the following claims are intended to specify the presence of stated features, integers, components, or steps, but they do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, components, steps, or groups thereof. (1) Bühlmann, P.; Pretsch, E.; Bakker, E. Chem. Rev. 1998, 98, 1593. (2) Bakker, E.; Bühlmann, P.; Pretsch, E. Chem. Rev. 1997, 97, 3083. (3) Collison, M. E.; Meyerhoff, M. E. Anal. Chem. 1990, 62, A425. (4) Morf, W. E. The Principles of Ion-Selective Electrodes and of Membrane Transport; Elsevier: New York, 1981. (5) Horrocks, B. R.; Mirkin, M. V.; Pierce, D. T.; Bard, A. J.; Nagy, G.; Toth, K. Anal. Chem. 1993, 65, 1213. (6) Tsagkatakis, I.; Peper, S.; Bakker, E. Anal. Chem. 2001, 73, 6083. (7) Brasuel, M.; Kopelman, R.; Miller, T. J.; Tjalkens, R.; Philbert, M. A. Anal. Chem. 2001, 73, 2221. (8) Gehrig, P.; Rusterholz, B.; Simon, W. 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(43) Tsagkatakis, I.; Peper, S.; Bakker, E. Anal. Chem. 2001, 73, 315. (44) Knoth, W. H. Inorg. Chem. 1971, 10, 598. (45) Bakker, E.; Lerchi, M.; Rosatzin, T.; Rusterholz, B.; Simon, W. Anal. Chim. Acta 1993, 278, 211. (46) Shortreed, M.; Bakker, E.; Kopelman, R. Anal. Chem. 1996, 68, 2656. (47) Bakker, E.; Simon, W. Anal. Chem. 1992, 64, 1805. (48) Bakker, E.; Pretsch, E.; Bühlmann, P. Anal. Chem. 2000, 72, 1127. (49) Schulthess, P.; Ammann, D.; Kräutler, B.; Caderas, C.; Stepánek, R.; Simon, W. Anal. Chem. 1985, 57, 1397. (50) Schaller, U.; Bakker, E.; Spichiger, U. E.; Pretsch, E. Anal. Chem. 1994, 66, 391.	<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>1. Field of the Invention The present invention is related to systems for detecting target ions in a sample, and more specifically, to ion sensors comprising an ion exchanger covalently grafted to a plasticizer-free co-polymer. 2. Description of the Prior Art Throughout this application, various references are referred to within parentheses. Disclosures of these publications in their entireties are hereby incorporated by reference into this application to more fully describe the state of the art to which this invention pertains. Full bibliographic citation for these references may be found at the end of this application, preceding the claims. Highly selective chemical sensors based on molecular recognition and extraction principles are a very important, well understood class of sensors. 1,2 Ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) and optodes in particular have found widespread use in clinical laboratories 3 and are being explored for numerous other applications. Traditionally, these sensors are based on hydrophobic plasticized polymeric membranes or films that are doped with one or more ionophores in addition to a lipophilic ion-exchanger. Each of these components plays an important role to the sensor response. 2,4 The hydrophobicity of the polymer assures that spontaneous, non-specific electrolyte extraction from the sample is suppressed. At the same time, the membrane matrix must act as a solvent of low viscosity for all active sensing components in the film. Each ionophore acts as a lipophilic complexing agent, and the ion-exchanger is responsible to extract the analyte ions from the sample to the membrane to satisfy electroneutrality. In many ways, the basic composition and function of these ISEs still mimics that of early liquid membrane electrodes, where all components were simply dissolved in an organic solvent. However, modern ion sensors are moving towards drastic miniaturization and these sensors are often in contact with relatively lipophilic sample environments such as undiluted whole blood. Microelectrodes have been used for a long time to probe intracellular ion compositions and are also used for chemical profiling and chemical microscopy. 5 Microsphere optodes with varying compositions are today developed in view of the measurement of biological and clinical samples. 6 Optical sensing spheres that are a few hundred nanometers in diameter are currently explored for intracellular ion measurements. 7 These important applications expect that cross-contamination of sensors and leaching of active components from the sensor membrane are reduced or even eliminated. Earlier work has focused on improving the lipophilicity of all sensing components for improved lifetime of these sensors. There is likely a practical limit to synthesizing ionophores and plasticizers with longer alkyl chains to make them more lipophilic, 8 since they still must remain soluble in the polymeric membrane phase. One solution to the problem of insufficient retention has been the covalent attachment of all active sensing components onto the polymeric backbone. Over the years, plasticizer-free ion-selective membranes based on different materials have been evaluated. Suitable matrices include polyurethanes, 9 polysiloxanes, 10,11 silicone rubber, 12,13 polythiophenes, 14 polyacrylates, 15 epoxyacrylates, 16 sol-gels, 17,18 methacrylic-acrylic copolymers 19-22 and methacrylate copolymers. 23,24 Among these, the methacrylic-acrylic copolymers and methacrylate copolymers, which are synthesized via free radical-initiated mechanisms, are attractive because various monomer combinations and the numerous polymerization methods are available to create polymers with different physical and mechanical properties. Of the plasticizer-free copolymers reported, a methyl methacrylate and decyl methacrylate copolymer (MMA-DMA) has been studied by Peper et al. (U.S. Patent Publication No. 2003/0217920) as a promising matrix, with functional ISEs 23 and optodes 25 reported for Li + , Na + , K + , Ca 2+ , and Mg 2+ . Early work towards covalent attachment of ionophores made use of functionalized poly(vinyl chloride) 26,27 , which could not be used without plasticizer. In later work, Na + , K + and Pb 2+ selective ionophores were covalently grafted to a polysiloxane matrix and applied to the fabrication of CHEMFET sensors. 10,28 Another notable direction in ionophore grafting by the sol-gel technique has been introduced by Kimura, with demonstrated applications to serum measurements. 17,18 Recently, neutral ionophores were covalently attached by Pretsch and coworkers to a polyurethane membrane matrix in view of reducing ion fluxes across the membrane. 29 In other recent reports, two hydrophilic crown ether-type potassium-selective ionophores, 4′-acryloylamidobenzo-15-crown-5 (AAB15C5) and 4′-acryloylamidobenzo-18-crown-6 (AAB18C6), 20 a sodium-selective ionophore, 4-tertbutyl calix[4]arene tetraacetic acid tetraethyl ester, 21 as well as a new calcium ionophore N,N-dicyclohexyl-N′-phenyl-N′-3-(2-propenoyl)oxyphenyl-3-oxapentanediamide (AU-1; see FIG. 1 ) 24 have been copolymerized with other acrylate monomers by a simple one-step solution polymerization method. The simplicity of this procedure constitutes an important advantage over most other methods described above. These polymers containing grafted ionophores showed comparable selectivity and improved lifetime compared to ISEs with free, unbound ionophore present. Numerous promising approaches are therefore available to obtain plasticizer-free polymers containing covalently attached ionophores. Unlike the grafting of ionophores, the covalent attachment of ion-exchangers has been much less explored. Reinhoudt reported on the covalent attachment of the tetraphenylborate anion, TPB −10,28 and Kimura also successfully attached a cation-exchanger (TPB − ) 17 as well as an anion-exchanger (tetradecyldimethyl(3-trimethoxysilylpropyl)ammonium chloride) into a sol-gel matrix. 18 Unfortunately, it is known that the unsubstituted tetraphenylborate is highly susceptible to decomposition by acid hydrolysis, oxidants and light. 30-32 It was also reported that ppb levels of mercury ions in aqueous solution can cause rapid decomposition of sodium tetraphenylborate and potassium tetrakis-(4-chlorophenyl) borate in plasticized PVC membranes. 33 Therefore, the reported covalent attachments of a simple tetraphenylborate may likely not solve these inherent problems. Although the highly substituted derivatives, such as sodium tetrakis[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]borate (NaTFPB) have a much improved stability, the borates can still be protonated under acidic conditions and subsequently hydrolyze. 32 A decrease in selectivity and response slopes of ion-selective membranes after prolonged exposure to a continuous water flow was observed, which was explained on the basis of the change of ionophore and ion exchanger (NaTFPB) ratio caused by slow degradation of the borate anions. 10 In addition, the preparation of highly substituted borate anions, especially asymmetric analogs, is quite difficult and synthetically complex. 34,35 A further modification of these compounds, such as the preparation of polymerizable derivatives has never been reported. It was recently shown that carboranes can be used as alternative cation-exchangers in ion selective sensors. 36-38 Carboranes are a relatively new class of weakly coordination anions based on an extremely stable boron cluster framework (CB 11 H 12 − ), as shown in FIG. 1 . Carboranes are weakly coordinating anions that are based on a relatively stable boron cluster framework. They also have versatile functionalization chemistry, as both the boron-vertexes and carbon vertex can be chemically modified. 39,40 The B-H bonds of the parent closo-dodecacarborane (CB 11 H 12 − ) are somewhat hydridic and suitable for electrophilic substitution such as halogenation. Chlorinated, brominated and iodinated carborane anions at boron atoms have been prepared by solid-state synthesis. 36,37 Recently, halogenated dodecacarboranes were found to be improved cation-exchanger in terms of lipophilicity and chemical stability. These boron derivatives have a much higher lipophilicity compared to the water-soluble unsubstituted parent carborane anion, and were demonstrated to be very promising alternatives to the tetraphenylborates. 36 In contrast, the C-H bond in the carborane anion is somewhat acidic. It was reported that C-lithiation of CB 11 H 12 − followed by treatment with alkyl, silyl, or phosphine halides leads to different carbon derivatives. 40 Such carborane anions are quite inert chemically and electrochemically and exhibit no absorbance in the UV-Vis range. These compounds have weak coordination and ion-pair formation properties, which are attractive for ion sensing applications. Furthermore, both the boron-vertexes and carbon vertex can be quite easily modified chemically. 39,40 However, the commercially available cesium carborane (CsCB 11 H 12 ) is water-soluble and its poor lipophilicity limits its application as ion-exchanger. In our laboratory, therefore, a number of more lipophilic B-halogenated carborane anions were recently synthesized, and many showed nearly identical ion-exchange and improved retention properties compared to the best tetraphenylborate available, tetrakis[3,5-(trifluoromethyl)]phenyl borate (TFPB − ). 36,37 In addition to potentially unparalleled lipophilicity, the carboranes possess many other characteristics that make them suitable for electrochemical applications. For example, they are not susceptible to acid and base hydrolysis and they are relatively inert to electrochemical oxidation (.about 2.0 V vs. ferrocene/ferrocenium at Pt in dichloromethane) (67). High I h symmetry and tangentially delocalized σ-bonding make the carboranes one of the most chemically stable classes of compounds in chemistry. Furthermore, their bulky size (nearly 1 nm in diameter) and sufficient charge delocalization meet the criteria imposed for sufficient ion-exchanging. Another advantage, important for bulk optode studies, is their lack of absorption in the UV-Vis spectrum. Therefore, it is desirable to further study the carboranes for developing a more robust ion-exchanger to be used in chemical sensors.	<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>The present invention provides a new polymerizable carborane derivative that is covalently attached onto a hydrophobic polymer matrix for use in ion-selective electrodes and optodes. More specifically, one aspect of this invention is based on the discovery that copolymers of methacrylate monomers and a novel polymerizable dodecacarborane anion derivative are suitable matrices for preparing polymers comprising grafted ion exchangers, referred to as “graft polymers.” The graft polymers of this invention can be used to prepare sensors such as ISE's and optodes for detecting target ions in a sample. In one embodiment, an ion-detecting sensor for detecting a target ion in a sample comprises (i) a copolymer matrix comprising polymerized units of methacrylate monomers and an ion exchanger comprising a functionalized C-derivative of a closo-dodecacarborane anion, wherein said functionalized ion exchanger is grafted onto the copolymer through covalent linkages; and (ii) an ionophore for detecting the target ion, wherein said methacrylate monomers have R 1 or R 2 pendant alkyl groups wherein R 1 is any of C 1-3 alkyl groups and R 2 is any of C 4-12 alkyl groups. Preferably the methacrylate monomers comprise different pendant alkyl groups R 1 and R 2 , wherein R 1 may be any of C 1-3 alkyl group, and R 2 may be any of C 4-12 alkyl group. In one embodiment, the plasticizer-free co-polymer is blended with poly(vinyl chloride) and a plasticizer. Alternatively, the polymer includes monomer units in addition to methacrylate monomers, such as acrylate monomers. The present invention further provides a novel C-derivative of the closo-dodecacarborane anion (CB 11 H 12 − ) having a polymerizable group suitable for use as a chemically stable cation-exchanger. Accordingly, this invention further provides a novel polymerizable derivative of a dodecacarborane, said derivative having the structure (I): wherein R 4 is a substituent comprising a double bond. In one embodiment, R 4 is —(C═O)CH═CH 2 . This novel derivative can be co-polymerized with methacrylate monomers to prepare a plasticizer-free polymer with cation-exchange properties. The resulting co-polymer comprising the covalently grafter dodecacarborane derivative can be conveniently blended with traditional plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) or with non-crosslinked methacrylic polymers to provide solvent cast films that are clear and homogenous and that can be doped with ionophores. In one embodiment, the ionophore is a functionalized ionophore. According to one embodiment, at least a portion of the functionalized ionophore is grafted to the co-polymer by covalent bonds. Examples of functionalized ionophores include derivatives of 3-oxapentandiaminde-type calcium ionophore comprising a polymerizable moiety, and hydrophilic crown ether-type ionophores. In another embodiment, the functionalized ionophore is a 3-oxapentandiaminde derivative having the structure II wherein R 3 is a polymerizable moiety such as an acrylic group. The co-polymer matrices of the present invention may be in a form of membranes or particles. The ion-detecting sensors of the present invention may also include an indicator ionophore. In another embodiment, the present invention also provides the first plasticizer-free ion selective membrane selective for divalent ions, wherein both the ionophore and the ion-exchanger are covalently attached to the polymer, thereby forming an all polymeric sensing matrix with no leachable components. This invention further provides a method of preparing a co-polymer matrix, comprising: a) combining: (i) methacrylate monomers having R 1 or R 2 pendant alkyl groups, wherein R 1 is any of C 1-3 alkyl groups and R 2 is any of C 4-12 alkyl groups; (ii) an ion exchanger comprising a functionalized C-derivative of a closo-dodecacarborane anion having a polymerizable group; (iii) an ionophore selective for said target ion; (iv) a cross-linking monomer; and (v) a polymerization initiator; and (b) treating said combination under conditions that allow said methacrylate monomers and said functionalized closo-dodecacarborane anion to copolymerize. The sensors of the present invention may be carrier-based ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) or optodes such as thin film ion-specific optodes, particle-based optodes, or bulk optodes. Ion-specific optodes include miniaturized sensing platforms such as sensing films immobilized on the end of optical fibers, self-referencing microspheres, and nanaoscale intracellular probes. Additional features and advantages of this invention shall be set forth in part in the description that follows, and in part will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon examination of the following specification or may be learned by the practice of the invention. The advantages and novel features of this invention may be realized and attained by means of the instrumentalities, combinations, and methods particularly pointed out in the appended claims.	20040528	20070605	20050120	67379.0		0	SODERQUIST, ARLEN	ION-DETECTING SENSORS COMPRISING PLASTICIZER-FREE COPOLYMERS	MICRO	1	CONT-ACCEPTED		2,004
10,856,706	ACCEPTED	Method for bit-byte synchronization in sampling a data string	Bit and byte synchronization for sampling and decoding a data string is provided a single data field u. The data string x has pre-pended to it a short string of is (ones), followed by u to yield a string y= . . . 1111, u, x. The string is pre-coded by convolution with 1/(1⊕D2). PRML-sampling of y starts at an initial phase, and vectors are obtained from that string by sampling at pre-selected phases following the initial sampling point. The vectors of y are compared with vectors corresponding to PRML samples of an initial set of bits in u obtained at predetermined phases. The pair of y, u vectors exhibiting the minimum Euclidian distance yields a sampling correction value by which the initial sampling phase is corrected and a new initial sampling point preceding x is determined. Here, bit and byte synchronization have been achieved and sampling of x proceeds at the corrected phase, from the new initial sampling point.	1. A method for synchronization of data detection with a stream of encoded digital data, comprising: establishing u, where u is a predetermined bit-byte synchronization pattern of bits; obtaining a plurality of vectors uj by sampling u at predetermined PRML (partial-response, maximum-likelihood) phases; receiving a string of digital data y, where y= . . . 1111, u, x, and x is a string of PRML- encoded data; producing from y a string of samples v at sampling points f, f+1, f+2, . . . before the start of u; determining a plurality of Euclidian distances di,j between a sequence vi of samples and each of the vectors uj; finding a minimum Euclidian distance of the plurality of Euclidian distances; calculating a correction value based on the minimum Euclidian distance; correcting the sampling points by the correction value; and sampling y at the corrected sampling points. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the string of digital data is a precoded string of digital data (1/(1⊕D2))·y, where (D denotes modulo-2 addition. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the determining step includes: if a first of the plurality of Euclidian distances exceeds a predetermined threshold, incrementing i and repeating the determining step; otherwise, denominating the first Euclidian distance as a first minimum Euclidian distance mi; and then: i. finding the next minimum Euclidian distance mi+1 following the first Euclidian distance; and ii. if mi>mi+1 incrementing i and repeating step I; otherwise iii. denominating mi as the minimum Euclidian distance of the plurality of Euclidian distances. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein: the calculating step includes denominating j0 such that the minimum Euclidian distance of the plurality of Euclidian distances is mi=di,j0; and the correcting step includes correcting f by f←f−(j0/8) such that the corrected sampling points are f+i+n, f+i+(n+1), f+i+(n+2) . . . . 5. The method of claim 4, further including: producing a sampled sequence w=w0, w1, w2, . . . by sampling the pre-coded string at the corrected sampling points; and applying maximum likelihood decoding to w to obtain an estimate of x. 6. The method of claim 2, wherein the determining step includes: if a first of the plurality of Euclidian distances exceeds a predetermined threshold, incrementing i and repeating the determining step; otherwise, performing the finding step by assembling a group of minimal Euclidian distances in the plurality of Euclidian distances. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein: the calculating step includes interpolating among the group of minimal Euclidian distances, and denominating the result, r, of the interpolating step as the minimum Euclidian distance of the plurality of Euclidian distances. the correcting step includes correcting f by f←f−(r−1) such that the corrected sampling points are f+i+n, f+i+(n+1), f+i+(n+2) . . . . 8. The method of claim 7, further including: producing a sampled sequence w=w0, w1, w2, . . . by sampling the pre-coded string at the corrected sampling points; and applying maximum likelihood decoding to w to obtain an estimate of x. 9. The method of claim 7, wherein the calculating step includes: testing values in the group of minimal Euclidian distances to determine a range of minimal Euclidian distances; if the range exceeds a predetermined value, interpolating among the group of minimal Euclidian distances, and denominating the result, r, of the interpolating step as the minimum Euclidian distance of the plurality of Euclidian distances; otherwise interpolating among selected minimal Euclidian distances in the group of minimal Euclidian distances, and denominating the result, r, of the interpolating step as the minimum Euclidian distance of the plurality of Euclidian distances; 10. The method of step 9, wherein the correcting step includes correcting f by f←f−(r−1) such that the corrected sampling points are f+i+n, f+i+(n+1), f+i+(n+2) . . . 11. The method of claim 10, further including: producing a sampled sequence w=w0, w1, w2, . . . by sampling the pre-coded string at the corrected sampling points; and applying maximum likelihood decoding to w to obtain an estimate of x. 12. In a data storage apparatus, a data synchronization procedure comprising: establishing u, where u is a predetermined bit-byte synchronization pattern of bits; obtaining a plurality of vectors uj by sampling u at predetermined PRML (partial-response, maximum-likelihood) phases; receiving a string of digital data for storage, where the string is . . . 1111, u, x, and x is a string of PRML-encoded data; pre-coding the string of digital data with (1/(1⊕D2)) to produce a pre-coded string y, where ⊕ denotes modulo-2 addition; storing y on a data storage medium in the storage apparatus; reading y from the storage medium as a string of samples vat sampling points f, f+1, f+2, . . . before the start of u; determining a plurality of Euclidian distances di,j between a sequence vi of samples and each of the vectors uj; finding a minimum Euclidian distance of the plurality of Euclidian distances; calculating a correction value based on the minimum Euclidian distance; correcting the sampling points by the correction value; and sampling y at the corrected sampling points. 13. The procedure of claim 12, further including: producing a sampled sequence w=w0, w1, w2, . . . by sampling y at the corrected sampling points; and applying maximum likelihood decoding to w to obtain an estimate of x. 14. The procedure of claim 13, wherein the determining step includes: if a first of the plurality of Euclidian distances exceeds a predetermined threshold, incrementing i and repeating the determining step; otherwise, denominating the first Euclidian distance as a first minimum Euclidian distance mi; and then: i. finding the next minimum Euclidian distance mi+1 following the first Euclidian distance; and ii. if mi>mi+1 incrementing i and repeating step i; otherwise iii. denominating mi as the minimum Euclidian distance of the plurality of Euclidian distances. 15. The procedure of claim 14, wherein: the calculating step includes denominating j0 such that the minimum Euclidian distance of the plurality of Euclidian distances is mi=di,j0; and the correcting step includes correcting f by f←f−(j0/8) such that the corrected sampling points are f+i+n, f+i+(n+1), f+i+(n+2) . . . . 16. The procedure of claim 13, wherein the determining step includes: if a first of the plurality of Euclidian distances exceeds a predetermined threshold, incrementing i and repeating the determining step; otherwise, performing the finding step by assembling a group of minimal Euclidian distances in the plurality of Euclidian distances. 17. The procedure of claim 16, wherein: the calculating step includes interpolating among the group of minimal Euclidian distances, and denominating the result, r, of the interpolating step as the minimum Euclidian distance of the plurality of Euclidian distances. the correcting step includes correcting f by f←f−(r−1) such that the corrected sampling points are f+i+n, f+i+(n+1), f+i+(n+2) . . . . 18. The procedure of claim 17, wherein the calculating step includes: testing values in the group of minimal Euclidian distances to determine a range of minimal Euclidian distances; if the range exceeds a predetermined value, interpolating among the group of minimal Euclidian distances, and denominating the result, r, of the interpolating step as the minimum Euclidian distance of the plurality of Euclidian distances; otherwise interpolating among selected minimal Euclidian distances in the group of minimal Euclidian distances, and denominating the result, r, of the interpolating step as the minimum Euclidian distance of the plurality of Euclidian distances; 19. The procedure of claim 18, wherein the correcting step includes correcting f by f←f−(r−1) such that the corrected sampling points are f+i+n, f+i+(n+1), f+i+(n+2). 20. The procedure of claims 15, 17, and 19, wherein n=20.	BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The invention relates to data coding, and particularly to data coding for achieving bit and byte synchronization using a single data field. Bit synchronization refers to the synchronization of a clock for receiving or reading incoming data with the data being received or read. Normally, bit synchronization is achieved when a field of, say, 1s (ones), is written as the data is stored (or transmitted) in a partial-response, maximum-likelihood sequence (“PRML”) channel, and it is sampled using an acquisition loop. In a PRML channel, byte synchronization refers to a field with a data pattern in the data that marks the first bit of a symbol. For byte synchronization, this field is followed by a pattern that, when recognized, determines the start of data. Thus, data can be sampled and the information retrieved in the usual form. As pointed out in U.S. Pat. No. 6,089,749, the conventional byte synchronization approach has the disadvantage of a long synchronization pattern, with a significant possibility of synchronization failure. The '749 patent proposes a byte synchronization scheme using a byte synchronization pattern between 16 and 18 bits in length. Our purpose is to unify both the bit synchronization and byte synchronization fields into a single field and achieve bit and byte synchronization simultaneously using the single field (“bit-byte synchronization”). The idea is that the new field is short, allowing for significant savings in magnetic disk real estate. Alternatively, the new field can be used in a hybrid way. In order to combat events like thermal asperity (TA) that wipes out a whole synchronization field, a dual synchronization architecture has been proposed: the bit-byte synchronization field is repeated twice, so if the first bit-byte synchronization field is wiped out, then the system relies on the second one to achieve synchronization. One of the problems associated with TA is loss of both bit and byte synchronization. For that reason, it would be useful to have a synchronization field that recovers bit and byte synchronization simultaneously. Such a capability is disclosed in the following specification. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION This invention combines bit and byte synchronization into a single data field u. A data string x has pre-pended to it a short string of 1s (ones), followed by u to yield a string y= . . . 1111, u, x. The string y is normally precoded by convolving it with 1/(1⊕D2), where the symbol ⊕ denotes modulo 2 addition and the operator D denotes a delay of one, D2 a delay of 2, etc. Thus, for a string x0,x1,x2,x3 . . . then (1⊕D2)(x0,x1,x2,x3 . . . ) denotes the string: x0,x1,x0⊕x2,x1⊕x3,x2⊕x4 . . . The operation 1/(1⊕D2) denotes the inverse of 1⊕D2. PRML-sampling of y starts at an initial phase, and vectors are obtained from that string by sampling at pre-selected phases following the initial sampling point. The vectors of y are compared with vectors corresponding to PRML samples of an initial set of bits in u obtained at predetermined phases. The pair of y, u vectors exhibiting the minimum Euclidian distance yields a sampling correction value by which the initial sampling phase is corrected and a new initial sampling point preceding x is determined. Here, bit and byte synchronization have been achieved and sampling of x proceeds at the corrected phase, from the new initial sampling point. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1A is a partially schematic diagram of a magnetic disk with tracks and sectors in which data is stored. FIG. 1B is a diagram showing a prior art format of data stored on the disk with separate fields for bit and byte synchronization patterns. FIG. 2 is a diagram showing data stored on the disk with a single field for a bit-byte synchronization pattern. FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a data transmission system in which the method of the invention is executed. FIG. 4 is a flow diagram illustrating a first embodiment of the method of the invention. FIG. 5 is a flow diagram illustrating a second embodiment of the method of the invention. FIG. 6 is a flow diagram illustrating a third embodiment of the method of the invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Refer to FIGS. 1A and 1B in which a storage disk 100 has data stored on at least one surface 110 in a plurality of tracks (one of which is indicated by 112), each of which is divided into a plurality of sectors (one of which is indicated by 114). Previously, data sectors stored as shown in FIG. 1A had the format illustrated in FIG. 1B. In FIG. 1B, a data sector 120 has a data section 121 with data and a header section 122 with separate fields 123 and 124. The field 123 holds a bit synchronization pattern and the data field 124 holds a byte synchronization pattern. The invention is represented by the data string format of FIG. 2 where a data sector 130 has a data section 131 with data and a header section 132 with a single field 133 holding a single synchronization pattern for bit-byte synchronization. In the discussion that follows, a 20-bit bit-byte synchronization pattern is set forth to illustrate certain principles. However, it will be clear to those skilled in the art that the ideas and algorithms to be presented can be adapted to a bit-byte synchronization pattern of any size. The bit-byte synchronization pattern is preceded by a sufficient number of is such that sampling starts before the pattern is encountered. The exemplary 20-bit bit-byte synchronization pattern is: u=(10110111111011011111) (1) The string . . . 1111, u, x is transmitted, where x is the data. Sampling of the string starts at any moment prior to u. The idea is that once u is read, both byte synchronization and very close bit-synchronization have been achieved. The method of bit-byte synchronization proceeds as follows. Consider the string y=. . . 1111, u, x, with u and x as described above. The first step is to precode y by convolving it with 1/(1⊕D2), where ⊕ denotes modulo-2 addition. This precoded string is then sampled at an initial unknown point f using PRML. In a noiseless environment, when the first 16 bits of u, are sampled, i.e., (1011011111101101), at phases 0, 0.125, 0.25, 0.375, 0.5, 0.625, 0.75 and 0.875 respectively using PRML, the following 8 vectors are obtained (notice that precoding makes the samples of u0 below coincide in absolute value with the first 16 bits of u): u _ 0 = ⁢ ( 1 , 0 , - 1 , 1 , 0 , - 1 , 1 , 1 , - 1 , - 1 , 1 , 0 , - 1 , 1 , 0 , - 1 ) u _ 1 = ⁢ ( 1.11 , - 0.29 , - 0.82 , 1.12 , - 0.29 , - 0.84 , 1.19 , 0.78 , ⁢ - 1.18 , - 0.76 , 1.1 , - 0.29 , - 0.82 , 1.12 , - 0.29 , - 0.84 ) u _ 2 = ⁢ ( 1.13 , - 0.57 , - 0.57 , 1.15 , - 0.56 , - 0.61 , 1.32 , 0.54 , ⁢ - 1.31 , - 0.51 , 1.13 , - 0.57 , - 0.58 , 1.15 , - 0.56 , - 0.62 ) u _ 3 = ⁢ ( 1.09 , - 0.81 , - 0.3 , 1.1 , - 0.8 , - 0.36 , 1.41 , 0.27 , ⁢ - 1.4 , - 0.21 , 1.1 , - 0.81 , - 0.3 , 1.12 , - 0.79 , - 0.37 ) u _ 4 = ⁢ ( 0.98 , - 0.99 , 0 , 0.99 , - 0.98 , - 0.08 , 1.44 , 0 , ⁢ - 1.44 , 0.08 , 0.98 , - 1 , 0 , 1 , - 0.97 , - 0.09 ) u _ 5 = ⁢ ( 0.8 , - 1.11 , 0.3 , 0.8 , - 1.1 , 0.21 , 1.4 , - 0.27 , ⁢ - 1.41 , 0.36 , 0.8 , - 1.12 , 0.3 , 0.81 , - 1.08 , 0.2 ) u _ 6 = ⁢ ( 0.56 , - 1.15 , 0.59 , 0.57 , - 1.13 , 0.51 , 1.31 , - 0.54 , ⁢ - 1.32 , 0.61 , 0.56 , - 1.15 , 0.58 , 0.57 , - 1.13 , 0.5 ) u _ 7 = ⁢ ( 0.3 , - 1.12 , 0.82 , 0.29 , - 1.1 , 0.76 , 1.18 , - 0.78 , ⁢ - 1.19 , 0.84 , 0.29 , - 1.12 , 0.82 , 0.29 , - 1.1 , 0.76 ) Consider m=min{d(ui, uj), 0≦i≦j≦7}, where d(ui, uj) denotes the Euclidean distance between ui and uj. The 16-bit vector (1011011111101101) was chosen in such a way that it maximizes m. Of course other choices are possible, but this vector is the one that gives the best results with the algorithms for bit-byte synchronization to be described next. However, this is only a preferred embodiment and several others are obvious to those skilled in the art. FIG. 3 illustrates a data transmission system in which the invention may be practiced. In this regard, a data transmission system is one that communicates encoded data between two entities. The data transmission system may be, for example, a broadcast or guided wire telecommunication system. Preferably, the system is a component of a disk drive in which data is prepared for storage, stored on one or more magnetic disks, retrieved from disk storage, and processed for use. The system includes a PRML encoder 300 that receives and encodes a stream of data to produce a data stream x. The data stream is formatted by a formatter 302 into a string y, where y=1111, u, x. The string y is pre-coded by a pre-coder 304, which produces a pre-coded string (1/(1⊕D D2))·y. The pre-coded string passes through a noisy channel 306 (such as by being written to and read from one or more data storage disks) whence it is received by a sampler 308, which produces PRML samples of the now noisy pre-coded string, with sampling starting at some arbitrary point and producing a string of samples at points f, f+1, f+2, . . . before the start of u. A synchronizer 310 receives the samples and uses pre-determined samples uj of u to determine bit/byte synchronization. When synchronization is found, the synchronizer adjusts the sampling points and indicates that synchronization is achieved to the sampler 308 and a PRML detector 320. The sampler adjusts and resets sampling, and the PRML detector applies PRML decoding to the adjusted sampled data to produce an estimate of the data stream x. The data stream x may then be decoded. The synchronizer operates by implementing one of the following algorithms. Algorithm 2.1 Assume the string . . . 1111, u, x, where u is defined in (1) and x is random data. This string is precoded by convolution with 1/(1⊕D2) and PRML sampling of the precoded string starts at points f, f+1, f+2, . . . before the start of u, where the initial sampling point f is random and unknown. The sampled signal will be possibly subject to noise. Denote this sampled and possibly noisy signal by v0, v1, v2, . . . . Then, the algorithm proceeds as follows: Set i←0. BACK: For each 0≦j≦7, let vi, =(vi, vi+1, . . . , vi+15) and di,j=d(vi, uj;). If di,j≦2 then go to NEXT, else Set i←i+1 and go to BACK. NEXT: Let mi=min{di,j, 0≦j≦7}, and mi+=min{d+lj, 0<j<7}. If mi>mi+1, then set if i←1 and go to BA CK. Let jo be such that mi=di,jo. Reset the phase as f←f−(j0/8). Start sampling the data at sampling points f+i+20, f+i+21, f+i+22 . . . to obtain a sampled sequence w=w0, w1, w2, . . . . Apply maximum likelihood decoding to w to obtain an estimate of x. An example of Algorithm 2.1 is as follows. Example 2.1 Assume the string . . . 1111, u, x=( . . . 11111011011111101101111111011 . . . ) where u is defined in (1). Precoding this string yields 1/(1⊕D2)( . . . 1111,u,x)=( . . . 11001001001100100100110011100 . . . ) Next, assume that sampling starts at point 0.35 (which is unknown) and the following samples are obtained: −0.05 −0.2 −1.34 −0.29 1.1 −0.77 −0.35 1.11 −0.76 −0.42 1.39 0.33 −1.39 −0.28 1.1 −0.77 −0.36 1.12 −0.76 −0.43 1.39 0.33 −1.39 −0.3 1.3 0.63 −0.34 −1.23 −0.6 . . . By adding white gaussian noise with a variance of 0.06 to the samples above, for instance, the following samples may be obtained: −0.09 −0.12 −1.37 −0.22 1.12 −0.75 −0.38 1.07 −0.74 −0.46 1.31 0.35 −1.3 −0.29 1.02 −0.86 −0.38 1.21 −0.69 −0.47 1.37 0.27 −1.37 −0.31 1.25 0.7 −0.25 −1.33 −0.57 . . . =v0v1 . . . v28 By applying at each step the algorithm, notice that for each 0≦j≦7 and vi=(vi, vi+1, . . . vi+l5), di,j=d(vi, uj) gives: i di,0 di,1 di,2 di,3 di,4 di,5 di,6 di,7 0 9.44 12.78 16.57 20.83 25.18 29.27 33.1 36.33 1 17.13 13.03 9.56 6.95 5.4 4.91 5.61 7.36 2 47.94 47.08 44.55 41.28 36.97 31.81 26.23 21.01 3 16.24 21.67 26.96 32.24 36.85 40.5 43.16 44.81 4 4.86 2.03 0.4 0.1 1.15 3.5 7.11 11.62 It can be seen that the minimum is achieved at d4,3. Therefore, the phase will be corrected in ⅜=0.375. Since the original (unknown) sampling point was 0.35, this sampling point is reset as 0.35−0.375=−0.025. Since i=4, sampling starts at points f+i+20,f+i+21,f+i+22 . . . =23.975 ,24.975 , 25.975. Notice that for perfect bit-byte synchronization, it would be necessary to sample at points 24, 25, 26. The bit-byte synchronization method described in Algorithm 2.1 provides useful results. However, even in a noiseless situation, an error of 0.06 (or 6%) is common. Although such an error is not catastrophic, the noise can easily make synchronization even more difficult. One way to make the sampling more precise is by increasing the number of comparison vectors ui. In the preferred embodiment described above these vectors are obtained by sampling at skips of 0.125. Smaller sample intervals may be taken. Of course doing so would increase the complexity of the system. FIG. 4 illustrates a method 400 according to Algorithm 2.1. The method is represented by a flow diagram with the understanding that it would be embodied either as a processor program comprising a series or sequence of commands executed by the synchronizer 310 of FIG. 3. Preferably, the method 400 operates on a string . . . 1111, u, x, and is preceded by pre- coding the string as discussed above, which produces the pre-coded data string y. The method begins in step 410 by sampling the string to obtain the sample vectors v0, v1, v2, . . . at the sampling points f, f+1, f+2, . . . before the start of u. An iteration counter i is initialized in step 412. Then, in step 414 the Euclidian distance di,j is taken between a current sample vector vi and each of eight sample vectors of u. According to the test in step 416, if the Euclidian distance di,j is greater than 2, the method increments i by one and loops back through 414; otherwise, the method goes to step 420. In step 420, a first minimum Euclidian distance mi is the minimum di,j calculated with vi, and a second minimum Euclidian distance mi+1 is the minimum di+1,j calculated with vi+1. The minimum mi is searched for in decision 421 by comparing the current mi with mi+1 and, if necessary, incrementing i and looping through steps 420, 421 and 422 until the minimum mi is found. The minimum value of mi is used in step 423 to calculate a value (j0/8) with which to adjust the sampling points. With the adjustment, a sampled sequence w is obtained in step 424 from which an estimate of the data string x is derived by maximum likelihood decoding. Another alternative is to perform an interpolation process. One way to do this is to take, instead of the smallest sampled value, a number of smallest ones (for example, the three smallest ones) and interpolate between them. This process will be described in the next algorithm. Algorithm 2.2 Assume the string . . . 1111, u, x, where u was defined in (1) and x is random data. This string is precoded by convolution with 1/(1⊕D2). Then, PRML sampling of the precoded string starts at points f, f+1, f+2 . . . before the start of u, where the initial sampling point f is random and unknown. The sampled signal will possibly be subject to noise. Denote this sampled and possibly noisy signal by v0, vi, v2, . . . . Then, proceed as follows: Set i←0. BACK: For each 0≦j≦7, let vi, =(vi, vi+1, . . . , vi+15) and di,j=d(vi, uj). If di,j≦2 then go to NEXT, else, Set i←i+1 and go to BACK. NEXT: Consider the vector of distances of length 16: d _ = ⁢ ( d i + 1 , 0 , d i + 1 , 1 , … ⁢ , d i + 1 , 7 , d i , 0 , d i , 1 , … ⁢ , ⁢ d i , 7 ) = ⁢ ( d 0 , d 1 , … ⁢ , d 15 ) Now, consider l, 0≦l≦13 such that d1, d1+1, d1+2, are the smallest values in d (without loss of generality, it may be assumed that these three values are consecutive, although this assumption is not necessary to the operation of the algorithm). Consider the vector of length 16: a _ = ( 0 , 0.125 , 0.25 , … ⁢ , 0.875 , 1 , 1.125 , … ⁢ , 1.875 ) = ( a 0 , a 1 , … ⁢ , a 15 ) Let r = ⅆ l + 1 ⁢ ⅆ l + 2 ⁢ a l + ⅆ l ⁢ ⅆ 1 + 2 ⁢ a l + 1 + ⅆ l ⁢ ⅆ l + 1 ⁢ a l + 2 ⅆ l + 1 ⁢ ⅆ l + 2 ⁢ + ⅆ l ⁢ ⅆ l + 2 ⁢ + ⅆ l ⁢ ⅆ l + 1 Make f←f−(r−1). Start sampling the data at sampling points f+i+20, f+i+21, f+i+22 . . . to obtain a sampled sequence w=w0, w1, w2, . . . Apply maximum likelihood decoding to w to obtain an estimate of x. Example 2.2 As an example of Algorithm 2.2, similarly to Example 2.1, assume a string: . . . 1111, u, x=( . . . 11111011011111101101111101010 . . . ), where u was defined in (1). Precoding this string, we obtain 1 1 ⊕ D 2 ⁢ ( … ⁢ ⁢ 1111 , , u _ , x _ ) = ( … ⁢ ⁢ 11001001001100100100110001000 ⁢ ⁢ … ⁢ ) Next, assuming that sampling of the precoded string starts at the unknown initial point 1.97, the following samples are obtained: −0.97 −0.05 0.96 0.06 −1.03 0.96 0.06−1.03 0.94 1.04 −0.95 −1.05 0.96 0.06 −1.03 0.96 0.06 −1.03 0.94 1.04 −0.95 −1.03 −0.04 0.98 0.06 −1.01 −0.04 0.98 0.04 . . . By adding white gaussian noise with a variance of 0.06 to the samples above, for instance, the following samples may be obtained: −0.96 −1.01 0.98 0.2 −0.96 1.02 −0.04 −0.92 0.86 0.94 −0.87 −1.1 0.92 0.04 −1.09 0.87 0.01 −1.09 0.99 0.96 −0.96 −0.99 0.02 0.94 0.12 −1.03 −0.12 1.01 0.08 . . . =v0 v1 . . . . . . By applying at each step the algorithm, notice that for each 0≦j≦7 and vi=(vi, vi+1, . . . , vi+15), di,j=d(vi, uj) gives: i di,0 di,1 di,2 di,3 di,4 di,5 di,6 di,7 0 40.44 36.57 31.75 26.82 21.76 16.8 12.31 8.86 1 32.23 36.81 40.22 42.97 44.37 44.33 43.01 40.85 2 0.14 1.13 3.36 6.79 11.11 16.11 21.61 27.17 3 29.98 24.76 19.22 14 9.24 5.21 2.19 0.5 Notice that, according to Algorithm 2.2, di,j≦2 is achieved at i=2, so d _ = ⁢ ( d i + 1 , 0 , d i + 1 , 1 , … ⁢ , d i + 1 , 7 , d i , 0 , d i , j , … ⁢ , ⁢ d i , 7 ) = ⁢ ( 29.98 , 24.76 , 19.22 , 14 , 9.24 , 5.21 , 2.19 , 0.5 , ⁢ 0.14 , 1.13 , 3.36 , 6.79 , 11.11 , 16.11 , 21.61 , 27.17 ) Manifestly, 1=7, thus, (al, al+, al+2)=(0.875, 1, 1.125) and (dl, dl+1, dl+2)=(0.5, 0.14,1.13). This gives, r = ⅆ l + 1 ⁢ ⅆ l + 2 ⁢ a l + ⅆ l ⁢ ⅆ 1 + 2 ⁢ a l + 1 + ⅆ l ⁢ ⅆ l + 1 ⁢ a l + 2 ⅆ l + 1 ⁢ ⅆ l + 2 ⁢ + ⅆ l ⁢ ⅆ l + 2 ⁢ + ⅆ l ⁢ ⅆ l + 1 = 0.99 Since the initial (unknown) sampling point was 1.97 and i=2, according to Algorithm 2.2,f is reset to f←f−(r−1)=1.97−(0.99 −1)=1.98 and sampling starts at points f+i+20, f+i+21, f+i+22 . . . =23.98, 24.98, 25.98, . . . . Again, notice that for perfect bit-byte synchronization, one would need to sample at points 24, 25, 26, . . . FIG. 5 illustrates a method 530 according to Algorithm 2.2. The method is represented by a flow diagram with the understanding that it would be embodied either as a processor program comprising a series or sequence of commands executed by the synchronizer 310 of FIG. 2. Preferably, the method 530 operates on a string . . .1111, u, x, and is preceded by pre-coding the string as discussed above, which produces the pre-coded data string y. The method begins in step 410 by sampling the string to obtain the sample vectors v0, v1, v2, . . . at the sampling points f, f+1, f+2, . . . before the start of u. An iteration counter i is initialized in step 412. Then, in step 414 the Euclidian distance dij is taken between a current sample vector vi and each of eight sample vectors of u. According to the test in step 416, if the Euclidian distance di,j is greater than 2, the method increments i by one and loops back through 414; otherwise, the method goes to step 531. In step 531, a vector d of sixteen Euclidian distances is calculated with vi and uj and the three smallest values of d are selected in step 532. The sixteen unit vector a is accessed in step 533 and the elements of a at the same vector locations as the three smallest values of d are combined with the three smallest values of d in step 534 to obtain a value r representing interpolation among the three smallest values of d. The value of r is used to adjust the initial sampling point f in step 535. With the adjustment, a sampled sequence w is obtained in step 536 from which an estimate of the data string x is derived by maximum likelihood decoding. The next algorithm introduces a modification that makes it slightly more efficient than Algorithm 2.2. Algorithm 2.3 Assume the string . . . 1111, u, x, where u was defined in (1) and x is random data. This string is precoded by convolution with 1/(1⊕D2) and PRML sampling of the precoded string starts at points f, f+1, f+2, . . . before the start of u, where the initial sampling point f is random and unknown. The sampled signal will be possibly subject to noise. Denote this sampled and possibly noisy signal by v0, v1, v2, . . . Then, proceed as follows: Set i←0 BACK: For each 0≦j≦7, let vi=(vi, vi+1, . . . , vi+15) and di,j=d(vi, uj). If di,j≦2, then go to NEXT, else, Set if i←i+1 and go to BACK. NEXT: Consider the vector of distances of length 16 d _ = ⁢ ( d i + 1 , 0 , d i + 1 , 1 , … ⁢ , d i + 1 , 7 , d i , 0 , d i , 1 , … ⁢ , ⁢ d i , 7 ) ⁢ ( d 0 , d 1 , … ⁢ , d 15 ) Consider 1, 0≦l≦13 such that dl+1 is the smallest value in d and, without loss of generality, dl, dl+1, and dl+2 are the three smallest values in d. Consider the vector of length 16: a _ = ( 0 , 0.125 , 0.25 , … ⁢ , 0.875 , 1 , 1.125 , … ⁢ , 1.875 ) = ( a 0 , a 1 , … ⁢ , a 15 ) If dl+2≦2dl or dl≦2dl+2, let r = ⅆ l + 1 ⁢ ⅆ l + 2 ⁢ a l + ⅆ l ⁢ ⅆ l + 2 ⁢ a l + 1 + ⅆ l ⁢ ⅆ l + 1 ⁢ a l + 2 ⅆ l + 1 ⁢ ⅆ l + 2 ⁢ + ⅆ l ⁢ ⅆ l + 2 ⁢ + ⅆ l ⁢ ⅆ l + 1 Otherwise , let ⅆ l + 1 ⁢ a l + ⅆ l ⁢ a l + 1 ⅆ l ⁢ a l + 1 Make f←f−(r−1). Start sampling the data at sampling points f+i+20, f+i+21, f+i+22 . . . to obtain a sampled sequence w=w0, w1, w2, . . . Apply maximum likelihood decoding to w to obtain an estimate of x. Example 2.3 This example describes the same situation as Example 2.2, where 1=7, (al, al+1, al+2)=(0.875, 1, 1.125) and (dl, dl+1, dl+2)=(0.5, 0.14,1.13). Notice that dl+2=1.3>2(0.5)=2dl. Thus, according to Algorithm 2.3: r = ⅆ l + 1 ⁢ a l + ⅆ l ⁢ a l + 1 ⅆ l ⁢ a l + 1 = 0.97 Since the initial (unknown) sampling point was 1.97 and i=2, according to Algorithm 2.3, f is reset according to f←f−(r−1)=1.97−(0.97−1)=2 and sampling starts at points f+i+20, f+i+21, f+i+22 . . . =24,25,26, . . . . Thus, perfect bit-byte synchronization occurs in this case. FIG. 6 illustrates a method 650 according to Algorithm 2.3. The method is represented by a flow diagram with the understanding that it would be embodied either as a processor program comprising a series or sequence of commands executed by the synchronizer of FIG. 152. Preferably, the method 650 operates on a string . . . 1111, u, x, and is preceded by pre-coding the string as discussed above, which produces the pre-coded data string y. The method begins in step 410 by sampling the string to obtain the sample vectors v0, v1, v2, . . . at the sampling points f, f+1, f+2, . . . before the start of u. An iteration counter i is initialized in step 412. Then, in step 414 the Euclidian distance di,j is taken between a current sample vector vi and each of eight sample vectors of u. According to the test in step 416, if the Euclidian distance di,j is greater than 2, the method increments i by one and loops back through 414; otherwise, the method goes to step 531. In step 531, a vector d of sixteen Euclidian distances is calculated with vi and uj and the three smallest values of d are selected in step 532. The sixteen unit vector a is accessed in step 533 and the elements of a at the same vector locations as the three smallest values of d are obtained. In decision 651, the first and third of the three smallest values of d are compared. If the variance between the two values exceeds a threshold, r is calculated in step 534 by interpolation among the three smallest values of d as in FIG. 3C. Otherwise, r is calculated in step 652 by interpolation between only the two smallest values of d. The value of r is used to adjust the initial sampling point f in step 653. With the adjustment, a sampled sequence w is obtained in step 654 from which an estimate of the data string x is derived by maximum likelihood decoding. Representative simulation results obtained using Algorithms 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3 are tabulated below. In all cases, white Gaussian noise with a variance of 0.06 was added. A number of tests were run for each algorithm and for each case to measure how far away the results were from perfect bit-synchronization (byte synchronization was correct in all cases). For instance, in Example 2.1 this number is 0.025, in Example 2.2 it is 0.02 and in Example 2.3 it is is 0. The average of all these numbers, the standard deviation, the worst case and the percentage of cases above 0.05 are shown in the following table. Average Variance Number bit Percentage Algor- of of Synch Standard Worst above ithm AWGN Tests Error Deviation Case 0.05 2.1 0.06 437018 0.03 0.02 0.1 15% 2.2 0.06 100190 0.015 0.01 0.06 0.006% 2.3 0.06 255355 0.01 0.008 0.06 0.001%	<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>The invention relates to data coding, and particularly to data coding for achieving bit and byte synchronization using a single data field. Bit synchronization refers to the synchronization of a clock for receiving or reading incoming data with the data being received or read. Normally, bit synchronization is achieved when a field of, say, 1s (ones), is written as the data is stored (or transmitted) in a partial-response, maximum-likelihood sequence (“PRML”) channel, and it is sampled using an acquisition loop. In a PRML channel, byte synchronization refers to a field with a data pattern in the data that marks the first bit of a symbol. For byte synchronization, this field is followed by a pattern that, when recognized, determines the start of data. Thus, data can be sampled and the information retrieved in the usual form. As pointed out in U.S. Pat. No. 6,089,749, the conventional byte synchronization approach has the disadvantage of a long synchronization pattern, with a significant possibility of synchronization failure. The '749 patent proposes a byte synchronization scheme using a byte synchronization pattern between 16 and 18 bits in length. Our purpose is to unify both the bit synchronization and byte synchronization fields into a single field and achieve bit and byte synchronization simultaneously using the single field (“bit-byte synchronization”). The idea is that the new field is short, allowing for significant savings in magnetic disk real estate. Alternatively, the new field can be used in a hybrid way. In order to combat events like thermal asperity (TA) that wipes out a whole synchronization field, a dual synchronization architecture has been proposed: the bit-byte synchronization field is repeated twice, so if the first bit-byte synchronization field is wiped out, then the system relies on the second one to achieve synchronization. One of the problems associated with TA is loss of both bit and byte synchronization. For that reason, it would be useful to have a synchronization field that recovers bit and byte synchronization simultaneously. Such a capability is disclosed in the following specification.	<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>This invention combines bit and byte synchronization into a single data field u. A data string x has pre-pended to it a short string of 1s (ones), followed by u to yield a string y= . . . 1111, u, x. The string y is normally precoded by convolving it with 1/(1⊕D 2 ), where the symbol ⊕ denotes modulo 2 addition and the operator D denotes a delay of one, D 2 a delay of 2, etc. Thus, for a string x 0 ,x 1 ,x 2 ,x 3 . . . then (1⊕D 2 )(x 0 ,x 1 ,x 2 ,x 3 . . . ) denotes the string: x 0 ,x 1 ,x 0 ⊕x 2 ,x 1 ⊕x 3 ,x 2 ⊕x 4 . . . The operation 1/(1⊕D 2 ) denotes the inverse of 1⊕D 2 . PRML-sampling of y starts at an initial phase, and vectors are obtained from that string by sampling at pre-selected phases following the initial sampling point. The vectors of y are compared with vectors corresponding to PRML samples of an initial set of bits in u obtained at predetermined phases. The pair of y, u vectors exhibiting the minimum Euclidian distance yields a sampling correction value by which the initial sampling phase is corrected and a new initial sampling point preceding x is determined. Here, bit and byte synchronization have been achieved and sampling of x proceeds at the corrected phase, from the new initial sampling point.	20040528	20080617	20051201	73332.0		0	NGUYEN, LEON VIET Q	METHOD FOR BIT-BYTE SYNCHRONIZATION IN SAMPLING A DATA STRING	UNDISCOUNTED	0	ACCEPTED		2,004
10,856,737	ACCEPTED	Sunscreen composition	There is provided a composition comprising one or more photoactive compounds and one or more optimization agents. Surprisingly, the composition requires a small amount of optimization agent to efficiently optimize the polarity, critical wavelength, SPF, PFA, Star Rating, photostability, or any combinations thereof, of the composition. Subsequently, an efficient sunscreen composition is achieved.	1. A photoprotective composition comprising: one or more sunscreen agents; and one or more optimizing agents selected from the group consisting of diol, alcohol, glycol, polyhydric alcohol, any derivatives thereof, and any combinations thereof. 2. The photoprotective composition of claim 1, wherein said one or more sunscreen agents is selected from the group consisting of p-aminobenzoic acid, p-aminobenzoic acid salts, p-aminobenzoic acid derivatives, anthranilates, salicylates, glyceryl ester, dipropyleneglycol esters, cinnamic acid derivatives, dihydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, camphor, camphor derivatives, trihydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, hydrocarbons, dibenzalacetone, benzalacetophenone, naptholsulfonates, dihydroxy-naphthoic acid, dihydroxy-naphthoic acid salts; o-hydroxydiphenyldisulfonates, p-hydroxydiphenyldisulfonates, coumarin derivatives, diazoles, quinine salts, quinoline derivatives, hydroxy-substituted benzophenones, methoxy-substituted benzophenones, uric acids, vilouric acids, tannic acid, tannic acid derivatives, hydroquinone, benzophenones, avobenzone, 4-isopropyidibenzoylmethane, butylmethoxydibenzoylmethane, octocrylene, 4-isopropyl-dibenzoylmethane, metal oxides, titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, and any combinations thereof. 3. The photoprotective composition of claim 1, wherein said one or more sunscreen agents are present in an amount about 1 wt. % to about 40 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composition. 4. The photoprotective composition of claim 1, wherein said one or more optimizing agents are one or more diols, glycols, and any combinations thereof. 5. The photoprotective composition of claim 1, wherein said one or more optimizing agents are one or more glycols selected from the group consisting of pentylene glycol (1,2-pentanediol), neopentyl glycol (neopentanediol), caprylyl glycol (1,2-octanediol), ethoxydiglycol, butylene glycol monopropionate, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, PEG-7 methyl ether, octacosanyl glycol, arachidyl glycol, benzyl glycol, cetyl glycol (1,2-hexanediol), C14-18 glycol, C15-18 glycol, lauryl glycol (1,2-dodecanediol), butoxydiglycol, 1,10-decanediol, ethyl hexanediol, or any combinations thereof. 6. The photoprotective composition of claim 1, wherein said one or more optimizing agents are one or more glycols selected from the group consisting of 1,2-pentanediol, 1,2-octanediol, and any combination thereof. 7. The photoprotective composition of claim 1, wherein said one or more optimizing agents is present in said composition in an amount about 0.1 wt. % to about 40 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composition. 8. The photoprotective composition of claim 1, wherein said one or more optimizing agents is present in said composition in an amount about 0.1 wt. % to about 10 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composition. 9. The photoprotective composition of claim 1, wherein said one or more optimizing agents, taken alone or in combination, has a dielectric constant greater than about 10.5. 10. The photoprotective composition of claim 1, wherein said one or more optimizing agents, taken alone or in combination, has a dielectric constant greater than about 13. 11. The photoprotective composition of claim 1, wherein said composition further comprises one or more components selected from the group consisting of solvent, water, emulsifier, thickening agent, emollient, SPF booster, moisturizer, humectant, film former/waterproofing agent, bio-active, pH adjuster/chelating agent, preservative, fragrance, effect pigment, color additive, lubricant, elastomer, and any combinations thereof. 12. A photoprotective composition comprising: one or more sunscreen agents; and one or more optimizing agents, wherein said one or more optimizing agents, taken alone or in combination, has a dielectric constant greater than about 13. 13. The photoprotective composition of claim 12, wherein said one or more sunscreen agents is selected from the group consisting of p-aminobenzoic acid, p-aminobenzoic acid salts, p-aminobenzoic acid derivatives, anthranilates, salicylates, glyceryl ester, dipropyleneglycol esters, cinnamic acid derivatives, dihydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, camphor, camphor derivatives, trihydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, hydrocarbons, dibenzalacetone, benzalacetophenone, naptholsulfonates, dihydroxy-naphthoic acid, dihydroxy-naphthoic acid salts; o-hydroxydiphenyldisulfonates, p-hydroxydiphenyldisulfonates, coumarin derivatives, diazoles, quinine salts, quinoline derivatives, hydroxy-substituted benzophenones, methoxy-substituted benzophenones, uric acids, vilouric acids, tannic acid, tannic acid derivatives, hydroquinone, benzophenones, avobenzone, 4-isopropyldibenzoylmethane, butylmethoxydibenzoylmethane, octocrylene, 4-isopropyl-dibenzoylmethane, metal oxides, titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, and any combinations thereof. 14. The photoprotective composition of claim 12, wherein said one or more sunscreen agents are present in an amount about 1 wt. % to about 40 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composition. 15. The photoprotective composition of claim 12, wherein said one or more optimizing agents are one or more diol, glycol, alcohol, polyhydric alcohol, any derivatives thereof, and any combinations thereof, and any combinations thereof. 16. The photoprotective composition of claim 12, wherein said one or more optimizing agents are one or more glycols selected from the group consisting of pentylene glycol, neopentyl glycol, caprylyl glycol, 1,2-octanediol, etoxydiglycol, butylene glycol monopropionate, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, PEG-7 methyl ether, octacosanyl glycol, arachidyl glycol, benzyl glycol, cetyl glycol, C14-18 glycol, C15-18 glycol, lauryl glycol, butoxydiglycol, 1,10-decanediol, ethyl hexanediol, and any combinations thereof. 17. The photoprotective composition of claim 12, wherein said one or more optimizing agents are one or more glycols selected from the group consisting of 1,2-pentanediol, 1,2-octanediol, and any combination thereof. 18. The photoprotective composition of claim 12, wherein said one or more optimizing agents is present in said composition in an amount about 0.1 wt. % to about 40 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composition. 19. The photoprotective composition of claim 12, wherein said one or more optimizing agents is present in said composition in an amount about 0.1 wt. % to about 10 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composition. 20. The photoprotective composition of claim 12, wherein said composition further comprises one or more components selected from the group consisting of solvent, water, emulsifier, thickening agent, emollient, SPF booster, moisturizer, humectant, film former/waterproofing agent, bio-active, pH adjuster/chelating agent, preservative, fragrance, effect pigment, color additive, lubricant, elastomer, and any combinations thereof. 21. A photoprotective composition comprising: one or more sunscreen agents; and one or more optimizing agents, wherein said one or more optimizing agents increase a SPF of said composition by at least 25% compared to a composition without said one or more optimization agents. 22. The photoprotective composition of claim 21, wherein said one or more optimizing agents increase a SPF of said composition by at least about 30% compared to a composition without said one or more optimization agents. 23. The photoprotective composition of claim 21, wherein said one or more sunscreen agents is selected from the group consisting of p-aminobenzoic acid, p-aminobenzoic acid salts, p-aminobenzoic acid derivatives, anthranilates, salicylates, glyceryl ester, dipropyleneglycol esters, cinnamic acid derivatives, dihydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, camphor, camphor derivatives, trihydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, hydrocarbons, dibenzalacetone, benzalacetophenone, naptholsulfonates, dihydroxy-naphthoic acid, dihydroxy-naphthoic acid salts; o-hydroxydiphenyldisulfonates, p-hydroxydiphenyldisulfonates, coumarin derivatives, diazoles, quinine salts, quinoline derivatives, hydroxy-substituted benzophenones, methoxy-substituted benzophenones, uric acids, vilouric acids, tannic acid, tannic acid derivatives, hydroquinone, benzophenones, avobenzone, 4-isopropyldibenzoylmethane, butylmethoxydibenzoylmethane, octocrylene, 4-isopropyl-dibenzoylmethane, metal oxides, titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, and any combinations thereof. 24. The photoprotective composition of claim 21, wherein said one or more sunscreen agents are present in an amount about 1 wt. % to about 40 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composition. 25. The photoprotective composition of claim 21, wherein said one or more optimizing agents are one or diol, glycol, alcohol, polyhydric alcohol, any derivatives thereof, and any combinations thereof, and any combinations thereof. 26. The photoprotective composition of claim 21, wherein said one or more optimizing agents are one or more glycols selected from the group consisting of pentylene glycol (1,2-pentanediol), neopentyl glycol (neopentanediol), caprylyl glycol (1,2-octanediol), ethoxydiglycol, butylene glycol monopropionate, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, PEG-7 methyl ether, octacosanyl glycol, arachidyl glycol, benzyl glycol, cetyl glycol (1,2-hexanediol), C14-18 glycol, C15-18 glycol, lauryl glycol (1,2-dodecanediol), butoxydiglycol, 1,10-decanediol, ethyl hexanediol, or any combinations thereof. 27. The photoprotective composition of claim 21, wherein said one or more optimizing agents are one or more glycols selected from the group consisting of 1,2-pentanediol, 1,2-octanediol, and any combination thereof. 28. The photoprotective composition of claim 21, wherein said one or more optimizing agents is present in said composition in an amount about 0.1 wt. % to about 40 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composition. 29. The photoprotective composition of claim 21, wherein said one or more optimizing agents is present in said composition in an amount about 0.1 wt. % to about 10 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composition. 30. The photoprotective composition of claim 21, wherein said one or more optimizing agents, taken alone or in combination, has a dielectric constant greater than about 10.5. 31. The photoprotective composition of claim 21, wherein said one or more optimizing agents, taken alone or in combination, has a dielectric constant greater than about 13. 32. The photoprotective composition of claim 21, wherein said composition further comprises one or more components selected from the group consisting of solvent, water, emulsifier, thickening agent, emollient, SPF booster, moisturizer, humectant, film former/waterproofing agent, bio-active, pH adjuster/chelating agent, preservative, fragrance, effect pigment, color additive, lubricant, elastomer, and any combinations thereof. 33. A photoprotective composition comprising: one or more sunscreen agents; and one or more optimizing agents, wherein said one or more optimizing agents increase a PFA of said composition by at least 10% compared to a composition without said one or more optimization agents 34. The photoprotective composition of claim 33, wherein said one or more optimizing agents increase a PFA of said composition by at least about 85% compared to a composition without said one or more optimization agents. 35. The photoprotective composition of claim 33, wherein said one or more sunscreen agents is selected from the group consisting of p-aminobenzoic acid, p-aminobenzoic acid salts, p-aminobenzoic acid derivatives, anthranilates, salicylates, glyceryl ester, dipropyleneglycol esters, cinnamic acid derivatives, dihydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, camphor, camphor derivatives, trihydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, hydrocarbons, dibenzalacetone, benzalacetophenone, naptholsulfonates, dihydroxy-naphthoic acid, dihydroxy-naphthoic acid salts; o-hydroxydiphenyldisulfonates, p-hydroxydiphenyldisulfonates, coumarin derivatives, diazoles, quinine salts, quinoline derivatives, hydroxy-substituted benzophenones, methoxy-substituted benzophenones, uric acids, vilouric acids, tannic acid, tannic acid derivatives, hydroquinone, benzophenones, avobenzone, 4-isopropyldibenzoylmethane, butylmethoxydibenzoylmethane, octocrylene, 4-isopropyl-dibenzoylmethane, metal oxides, titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, and any combinations thereof. 36. The photoprotective composition of claim 33, wherein said one or more sunscreen agents are present in an amount about 1 wt. % to about 40 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composition. 37. The photoprotective composition of claim 33, wherein said one or more optimizing agents are one or more diol, glycol, alcohol, polyhydric alcohol, any derivatives thereof, and any combinations thereof, and any combinations thereof. 38. The photoprotective composition of claim 33, wherein said one or more optimizing agents are one or more glycols selected from the group consisting of pentylene glycol (1,2-pentanediol), neopentyl glycol (neopentanediol), caprylyl glycol (1,2-octanediol), ethoxydiglycol, butylene glycol monopropionate, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, PEG-7 methyl ether, octacosanyl glycol, arachidyl glycol, benzyl glycol, cetyl glycol (1,2-hexanediol), C14-18 glycol, C15-18 glycol, lauryl glycol (1,2-dodecanediol), butoxydiglycol, 1,10-decanediol, ethyl hexanediol, or any combinations thereof. 39. The photoprotective composition of claim 33, wherein said one or more optimizing agents are one or more glycols selected from the group consisting of 1,2-pentanediolpentylene glycol, 1,2-octanediol, and any combination thereof. 40. The photoprotective composition of claim 33, wherein said one or more optimizing agents is present in said composition in an amount about 0.1 wt. % to about 40 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composition. 41. The photoprotective composition of claim 33, wherein said one or more optimizing agents is present in said composition in an amount about 0.1 wt. % to about 10 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composition. 42. The photoprotective composition of claim 33, wherein said one or more optimizing agents, taken alone or in combination, has a dielectric constant greater than about 10.5. 43. The photoprotective composition of claim 33, wherein said one or more optimizing agents, taken alone or in combination, has a dielectric constant greater than about 13. 44. The photoprotective composition of claim 33, wherein said composition further comprises one or more components selected from the group consisting of solvent, water, emulsifier, thickening agent, emollient, SPF booster, moisturizer, humectant, film former/waterproofing agent, bio-active, pH adjuster/chelating agent, preservative, fragrance, effect pigment, color additive, lubricant, elastomer, and any combinations thereof. 45. A photoprotective composition comprising: a synergistic combination of one or more optimization agents and octocrylene, wherein, as a result of said synergistic combination, said photoprotective composition has an increase in a UVA photostability of at least about 10%, an increase in a UVB photostability of at least about 10% and a decrease in a critical wavelength as compared to a composition without said synergistic combination of octocrylene and one or more optimization agents. 46. The photoprotective composition of claim 45, wherein said synergistic combination of one or more optimization agents and octocrylene is present in a weight ratio of one or more optimization agents to octocrylene of about 0.1 to about 10. 47. The photoprotective composition of claim 45, further comprising one or more sunscreen agents selected from the group consisting of p-aminobenzoic acid, p-aminobenzoic acid salts, p-aminobenzoic acid derivatives, anthranilates, salicylates, glyceryl ester, dipropyleneglycol esters, cinnamic acid derivatives, dihydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, camphor, camphor derivatives, trihydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, hydrocarbons, dibenzalacetone, benzalacetophenone, naptholsulfonates, dihydroxy-naphthoic acid, dihydroxy-naphthoic acid salts; o-hydroxydiphenyldisulfonates, p-hydroxydiphenyldisulfonates, coumarin derivatives, diazoles, quinine salts, quinoline derivatives, hydroxy-substituted benzophenones, methoxy-substituted benzophenones, uric acids, vilouric acids, tannic acid, tannic acid derivatives, hydroquinone, benzophenones, avobenzone, 4-isopropyldibenzoylmethane, butylmethoxydibenzoylmethane, 4-isopropyl-dibenzoylmethane, metal oxides, titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, and any combinations thereof. 48. The photoprotective composition of claim 47, wherein said one or more sunscreen agents are present in an amount about 1 wt. % to about 40 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composition. 49. The photoprotective composition of claim 45, wherein said one or more optimizing agents are one or more diol, glycol, alcohol, polyhydric alcohol, any derivatives thereof, and any combinations thereof, and any combinations thereof. 50. The photoprotective composition of claim 45, wherein said one or more optimizing agents are one or more glycols selected from the group consisting of pentylene glycol (1,2-pentanediol), neopentyl glycol (neopentanediol), caprylyl glycol (1,2-octanediol), ethoxydiglycol, butylene glycol monopropionate, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, PEG-7 methyl ether, octacosanyl glycol, arachidyl glycol, benzyl glycol, cetyl glycol (1,2-hexanediol), C14-18 glycol, C15-18 glycol, lauryl glycol (1,2-dodecanediol), butoxydiglycol, 1,10-decanediol, ethyl hexanediol, or any combinations thereof. 51. The photoprotective composition of claim 45, wherein said one or more optimizing agents are one or more glycols selected from the group consisting of 1,2-pentanediol, 1,2-octanediol, and any combination thereof. 52. The photoprotective composition of claim 45, wherein said one or more optimizing agents is present in said composition in an amount about 0.1 wt. % to about 40 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composition. 53. The photoprotective composition of claim 45, wherein said one or more optimizing agents is present in said composition in an amount about 0.1 wt. % to about 10 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composition. 54. The photoprotective composition of claim 45, wherein said composition further comprises one or more components selected from the group consisting of solvent, water, emulsifier, thickening agent, emollient, SPF booster, moisturizer, humectant, film former/waterproofing agent, bio-active, pH adjuster/chelating agent, preservative, fragrance, effect pigment, color additive, lubricant, elastomer, and any combinations thereof. 55. A photoprotective composition comprising: one or more dibenzoylmethane derivatives; one or more additional sunscreen agents; and one or more optimization agents, wherein said one or more dibenzoylmethane derivatives is present in a molar ratio between about 0.016M to about 0.193M, and wherein said one or more optimization agents to said one or more dibenzoylmethane derivatives are present in said composition in a molar ratio of about 0.5 to about 400. 56. The photoprotective composition of claim 55, wherein said one or more dibenzoylmethane derivatives is present in a molar ratio between about 0.048M to about 0.096M. 57. The photoprotective composition of claim 55, wherein said one or more optimization agents to said one or more dibenzoylmethane derivatives are present in said composition in a molar ratio of about 0.5 to about 10. 58. The photoprotective composition of claim 55, wherein said one or more dibenzoylmethane derivatives is selected from the group consisting of avobenzone, 4-isopropyldibenzoylmethane, butylmethoxydibenzoylmethane, 4-isopropyl-dibenzoylmethane, and any combinations thereof. 59. The photoprotective composition of claim 55, wherein said one or more additional sunscreen agents are selected from the group consisting of p-aminobenzoic acid, p-aminobenzoic acid salts, p-aminobenzoic acid derivatives, anthranilates, salicylates, glyceryl ester, dipropyleneglycol esters, cinnamic acid derivatives, dihydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, camphor, camphor derivatives, trihydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, hydrocarbons, dibenzalacetone, benzalacetophenone, naptholsulfonates, dihydroxy-naphthoic acid, dihydroxy-naphthoic acid salts; o-hydroxydiphenyidisulfonates, p-hydroxydiphenyldisulfonates, coumarin derivatives, diazoles, quinine salts, quinoline derivatives, hydroxy-substituted benzophenones, methoxy-substituted benzophenones, uric acids, vilouric acids, tannic acid, tannic acid derivatives, hydroquinone, benzophenones, octocrylene, metal oxides, titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, and any combinations thereof. 60. The photoprotective composition of claim 55, wherein said one or more dibenzoylmethane derivatives are present in an amount about 0.5 wt. % to about 6 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composition. 61. The photoprotective composition of claim 55, wherein said one or more additional sunscreen agents are present in an amount about 1 wt. % to about 40 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composition. 62. The photoprotective composition of claim 55, wherein said one or more optimizing agents are one or more diol, glycol, alcohol, polyhydric alcohol, any derivatives thereof, and any combinations thereof, and any combinations thereof. 63. The photoprotective composition of claim 55, wherein said one or more optimizing agents are one or more glycols selected from the group consisting of pentylene glycol (1,2-pentanediol), neopentyl glycol (neopentanediol), caprylyl glycol (1,2-octanediol), ethoxydiglycol, butylene glycol monopropionate, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, PEG-7 methyl ether, octacosanyl glycol, arachidyl glycol, benzyl glycol, cetyl glycol (1,2-hexanediol), C14-18 glycol, C15-18 glycol, lauryl glycol (1,2-dodecanediol), butoxydiglycol, 1,10-decanediol, ethyl hexanediol, or any combinations thereof. 64. The photoprotective composition of claim 55, wherein said one or more optimizing agents are one or more glycols selected from the group consisting of 1,2-pentanediol, 1,2-octanediol, and any combination thereof. 65. The photoprotective composition of claim 55, wherein said one or more optimizing agents is present in said composition in an amount about 0.1 wt. % to about 40 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composition. 66. The photoprotective composition of claim 55, wherein said one or more optimizing agents is present in said composition in an amount about 0.1 wt. % to about 10 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composition. 67. The photoprotective composition of claim 55, wherein said composition further comprises one or more components selected from the group consisting of solvent, water, emulsifier, thickening agent, emollient, SPF booster, moisturizer, humectant, film former/waterproofing agent, bio-active, pH adjuster/chelating agent, preservative, fragrance, effect pigment, color additive, lubricant, elastomer, and any combinations thereof. 68. A photoprotective composition comprising: one or more sunscreen agents; and one or more optimizing agents selected from the group consisting of 1,2-octanediol, 1,2-pentanediol, and combinations thereof, wherein said one or more optimizing agents optimizes one or properties selected from the group consisting of polarity, critical wavelength, SPF, PFA, Star Rating, photostability, and any combinations thereof, of said composition. 69. The photoprotective composition of claim 68, wherein said one or more sunscreen agents is selected from the group consisting of p-aminobenzoic acid, p-aminobenzoic acid salts, p-aminobenzoic acid derivatives, anthranilates, salicylates, glyceryl ester, dipropyleneglycol esters, cinnamic acid derivatives, dihydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, camphor, camphor derivatives, trihydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, hydrocarbons, dibenzalacetone, benzalacetophenone, naptholsulfonates, dihydroxy-naphthoic acid, dihydroxy-naphthoic acid salts; o-hydroxydiphenyldisulfonates, p-hydroxydiphenyidisulfonates, coumarin derivatives, diazoles, quinine salts, quinoline derivatives, hydroxy-substituted benzophenones, methoxy-substituted benzophenones, uric acids, vilouric acids, tannic acid, tannic acid derivatives, hydroquinone, benzophenones, avobenzone, 4-isopropyldibenzoylmethane, butylmethoxydibenzoylmethane, octocrylene, 4-isopropyl-dibenzoylmethane, metal oxides, titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, and any combinations thereof. 70. The photoprotective composition of claim 68, wherein said one or more sunscreen agents are present in an amount about 1 wt. % to about 40 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composition. 71. The photoprotective composition of claim 68, wherein said one or more optimizing agents is present in said composition in an amount about 0.1 wt. % to about 40 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composition. 72. The photoprotective composition of claim 68, wherein said one or more optimizing agents is present in said composition in an amount about 0.1 wt. % to about 10 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composition. 73. The photoprotective composition of claim 68, wherein said composition further comprises one or more components selected from the group consisting of solvent, water, emulsifier, thickening agent, emollient, SPF booster, moisturizer, humectant, film former/waterproofing agent, bio-active, pH adjuster/chelating agent, preservative, fragrance, effect pigment, color additive, lubricant, elastomer, and any combinations thereof. 74. A method of providing an efficient photoprotective composition comprising the steps of: formulating a photoprotective composition with one or more sunscreen agents and one or more optimizing agents, wherein said photoprotective composition has one or more optimized properties selected from the group consisting of polarity, critical wavelength, SPF, PFA, Star Rating, photostability, and any combinations thereof. 75. The method of claim 74, wherein said one or more sunscreen agents is selected from the group consisting of p-aminobenzoic acid, p-aminobenzoic acid salts, p-aminobenzoic acid derivatives, anthranilates, salicylates, glyceryl ester, dipropyleneglycol esters, cinnamic acid derivatives, dihydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, camphor, camphor derivatives, trihydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, hydrocarbons, dibenzalacetone, benzalacetophenone, naptholsulfonates, dihydroxy-naphthoic acid, dihydroxy-naphthoic acid salts; o-hydroxydiphenyldisulfonates, p-hydroxydiphenyidisulfonates, coumarin derivatives, diazoles, quinine salts, quinoline derivatives, hydroxy-substituted benzophenones, methoxy-substituted benzophenones, uric acids, vilouric acids, tannic acid, tannic acid derivatives, hydroquinone, benzophenones, avobenzone, 4-isopropyidibenzoylmethane, butylmethoxydibenzoylmethane, octocrylene, 4-isopropyl-dibenzoylmethane, metal oxides, titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, and any combinations thereof. 76. The method of claim 74, wherein said one or more sunscreen agents are present in an amount about 1 wt. % to about 40 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composition. 77. The method of claim 74, wherein said one or more optimizing agents are one or more diol, glycol, alcohol, polyhydric alcohol, any derivatives thereof, and any combinations thereof, and any combinations thereof. 78. The method of claim 74, wherein said one or more optimizing agents are one or more glycols selected from the group consisting of pentylene glycol (1,2-pentanediol), neopentyl glycol (neopentanediol), caprylyl glycol (1,2-octanediol), ethoxydiglycol, butylene glycol monopropionate, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, PEG-7 methyl ether, octacosanyl glycol, arachidyl glycol, benzyl glycol, cetyl glycol (1,2-hexanediol), C14-18 glycol, C15-18 glycol, lauryl glycol (1,2-dodecanediol), butoxydiglycol, 1,10-decanediol, ethyl hexanediol, or any combinations thereof. 79. The method of claim 74, wherein said one or more optimizing agents are one or more glycols selected from the group consisting of pentylene glycol, 1,2-octanediol, and any combination thereof. 80. The method of claim 74, wherein said one or more optimizing agents is present in said composition in an amount about 0.1 wt. % to about 40 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composition. 81. The method of claim 74, wherein said one or more optimizing agents is present in said composition in an amount about 0.1 wt. % to about 10 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composition. 82. The method of claim 74, wherein said one or more optimizing agents, taken alone or in combination, has a dielectric constant greater than about 10.5. 83. The method of claim 74, wherein said one or more optimizing agents, taken alone or in combination, has a dielectric constant greater than about 13. 84. The method of claim 74, wherein said composition further comprises one or more components selected from the group consisting of solvent, water, emulsifier, thickening agent, emollient, SPF booster, moisturizer, humectant, film former/waterproofing agent, bio-active, pH adjuster/chelating agent, preservative, fragrance, effect pigment, color additive, lubricant, elastomer, and any combinations thereof. 85. A method for optimizing a polarity, critical wavelength, SPF, PFA, Star Rating, photostability, and any combinations thereof, in a photoprotective composition comprising the step of: formulating said photoprotective composition with one or more sunscreen agents and one or more optimization agents. 86. The method of claim 85, wherein said one or more sunscreen agents is selected from the group consisting of p-aminobenzoic acid, p-aminobenzoic acid salts, p-aminobenzoic acid derivatives, anthranilates, salicylates, glyceryl ester, dipropyleneglycol esters, cinnamic acid derivatives, dihydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, camphor, camphor derivatives, trihydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, hydrocarbons, dibenzalacetone, benzalacetophenone, naptholsulfonates, dihydroxy-naphthoic acid, dihydroxy-naphthoic acid salts; o-hydroxydiphenyldisulfonates, p-hydroxydiphenyldisulfonates, coumarin derivatives, diazoles, quinine salts, quinoline derivatives, hydroxy-substituted benzophenones, methoxy-substituted benzophenones, uric acids, vilouric acids, tannic acid, tannic acid derivatives, hydroquinone, benzophenones, avobenzone, 4-isopropyldibenzoylmethane, butylmethoxydibenzoylmethane, octocrylene, 4-isopropyl-dibenzoylmethane, metal oxides, titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, and any combinations thereof. 87. The method of claim 85, wherein said one or more sunscreen agents are present in an amount about 1 wt. % to about 40 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composition. 88. The method of claim 85, wherein said one or more optimizing agents are one or more diol, glycol, alcohol, polyhydric alcohol, any derivatives thereof, and any combinations thereof, and any combinations thereof. 89. The method of claim 85, wherein said one or more optimizing agents are one or more glycols selected from the group consisting of pentylene glycol (1,2-pentanediol), neopentyl glycol (neopentanediol), caprylyl glycol (1,2-octanediol), ethoxydiglycol, butylene glycol monopropionate, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, PEG-7 methyl ether, octacosanyl glycol, arachidyl glycol, benzyl glycol, cetyl glycol (1,2-hexanediol), C14-18 glycol, C15-18 glycol, lauryl glycol (1,2-dodecanediol), butoxydiglycol, 1,10-decanediol, ethyl hexanediol, or any combinations thereof. 90. The method of claim 85, wherein said one or more optimizing agents are one or more glycols selected from the group consisting of 1,2-pentanediol, pentylene glycol, 1,2-octanediol, and any combination thereof. 91. The method of claim 85, wherein said one or more optimizing agents is present in said composition in an amount about 0.1 wt. % to about 40 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composition. 92. The method of claim 85, wherein said one or more optimizing agents is present in said composition in an amount about 0.1 wt. % to about 10 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composition. 93. The method of claim 85, wherein said one or more optimizing agents, taken alone or in combination, has a dielectric constant greater than about 10.5. 94. The method of claim 85, wherein said one or more optimizing agents, taken alone or in combination, has a dielectric constant greater than about 13. 95. The method of claim 85, wherein said composition further comprises one or more components selected from the group consisting of solvent, water, emulsifier, thickening agent, emollient, SPF booster, moisturizer, humectant, film former/waterproofing agent, bio-active, pH adjuster/chelating agent, preservative, fragrance, effect pigment, color additive, lubricant, elastomer, and any combinations thereof.	RELATED APPLICATION This application claims priority to pending U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/474,362 filed on May 29, 2003, which is incorporated in its entirety by reference herein. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates generally to a photoprotective composition. More particularly, the present invention relates to a sunscreen composition having optimized polarity, critical wavelength, SPF PFA, photostability, Star Rating, or any combinations thereof. The present invention also relates generally to a method of optimizing photoprotective compositions. 2. Description of the Prior Art Sunscreen compositions are applied to the skin to protect the skin from the sun's ultraviolet rays that can lead to erythema, a reddening of the skin also known as sunburn. Sunlight or ultraviolet radiation in the UV-B range has a wavelength of 290 nm to 320 nm and is known to be the primary cause of sunburn. Ultraviolet rays at a wavelength of 320 nm to 400 nm, known as UV-A radiation, produces tanning of the skin. However, in the process of doing so, the UV-A rays can damage or harm the skin. Besides the immediate malady of sunburn, excessive sunlight exposure can lead to skin disorders. For instance, prolonged and constant exposure to the sun may lead to actinic keratoses and carcinomas. Another long-term effect is premature aging of the skin. This condition is characterized by skin that is wrinkled, cracked and has lost its elasticity. As stated above, sunscreens are typically formulated with the goal of inhibiting skin damage from the sun's rays. The sunscreen composition filters or blocks the harmful UV-A and UV-B rays that can damage and harm the skin. It is believed that sunscreen agents accomplish this by absorbing the UV-A and/or UV-B rays. Typically, the above-described UV-B filters are combined with the above-described UV-A filters in a solution with other lipophilic or oily ingredients and solvents to form an oil phase. The solvents are used to dissolve the sunscreen actives into the oil phase. Typically, but not necessarily, the oil phase is dispersed with the help of emulsifiers and stabilizers into an aqueous solution composed primarily of water, to make an emulsion, which becomes the final sunscreen composition. One problem associated with the use of UV filters, and especially those that are rapidly-degrading photoactive compounds, is that they are not photostable and will degrade rapidly and exponentially when exposed to UV radiation. The organic UV-A filters most commonly used in commercial sunscreen compositions are the dibenzoylmethane derivatives, particularly 4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4′-methoxydibenzoylmethane (also called avobenzone, sold under the brand name PARSOL 1789). Other dibenzoylmethane derivatives described as UV-A filters are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,489,057; 4,387,089 and 4,562,067, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference. It is also well known that the above described UV-A filters, particularly the dibenzoylmethane derivatives, can suffer in rapid photochemical degradation, when used alone or when combined with the above-described most commercially used UV-B filters. Thus, the efficiency of the sunscreen composition (i.e., SPF, PFA, critical wavelength, Star Rating) containing these photoactive compounds is compromised, unless the photodegradation is controlled by improving the photostability of the system in UVA and/or UVB regions. By controlling the polarity of the solvent used in a sunscreen composition, the rate of photodecay of the photoactive compounds in the composition can be controlled. By controlling the polarity, greater stability is imparted to the photoactive compounds, thus resulting in a more stable overall composition. The dielectric constant, for example, is a good indicator or measure of polarity in a composition. This is due to the fact that the dielectric constant is a measure of both inherent and inducible dipole moments. In addition, polar solvents tend to decrease the energy required to excite a pi-bonding electron, and increase the energy required to excite a non-bonding electron. This phenomenon is called “state switching” and is a mechanism by which photoactive compounds absorb UV radiation. By enhancing the state switching in a photoprotective or sunscreen composition, a more efficient UV absorbing composition can result. It is also known that the use of different solvents in sunscreen formulations may increase or decrease the effectiveness of a sunscreen chemical. The shifts (hypsochromic to the lower wavelength or bathochromic to higher wavelength) in the UV spectrum are due to the relative degrees of solvation by the solvent of the ground state and the excited state of the chemical. It has been found in the prior art that as the polarity of a solvent system including a dissolved, rapidly-photodegradable compound is increased, the rate of photodecay initially decreases, but then increases again as the polarity is further increased. Thus, a photodegradable compound in solution will degrade as a second-order function of the overall polarity of the solution. Currently accepted photochemical theory provides the possibility that the mechanism by which a photodegradable compound is stabilized is the transfer of a photonically-excited electron to a nearby molecule of the same or different species (see, e.g., N. J. Turro, Modem Molecular Photochemistry, Chapter 9, Benjamin/Cummings Publ. Co., Menlo Park, Calif. (1991)), incorporated by reference herein. Additional photochemical theory is believed to coincide with the electron transfer theory of Professor Rudolph A. Marcus of the California Institute of Technology, for which he received the 1992 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, incorporated by reference herein. U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,485,713 and 6,537,529 to Bonda et al., consistent with the above-described theory, discloses the use of amides, malates and bis-urethanes in a solvent system to control the polarity of the solvent system in a sunscreen composition. The use of these specific components results in an oil phase having a dielectric constant no greater than about 12. The named components are used in an oil-in-water sunscreen composition in an amount about 0.1% to about 40% by weight of the total weight of the composition, and more preferably about 3 wt. % to about 20 wt. %. In addition to the above, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2004/0057916 A1 to Bonda et al. discloses polymers and compounds including a diphenylmethylene or a 9H-fluorene moiety for use in sunscreen compositions to photostabilize UVA sunscreen actives. Critical wavelength is another important aspect in optimizing the performance of a photoprotective composition. In 1994, Diffey described the Critical Wavelength in vitro method, which is based on the absorption spectrum of a sunscreen product obtained via UV substrate spectrophotometry (Diffey B L (1994) A Method for Broad-Spectrum Classification of Sunscreens. Intl J Cosmet Sci, 16: 47-52), which is incorporated by reference herein. The absorption spectrum of a sunscreen is characterized by an index, namely critical wavelength, which is the wavelength where the integral of the spectral absorbance curve reached 90% of the integral from 290 nm to 400 nm. The critical wavelength method is used to determine the breadth of UV protection and is the recommended method for the evaluation of long wave efficacy of sunscreen products. Therefore, by optimizing the critical wavelength properties of a photoprotective composition, enhanced photoprotection may result. Another measure of a sunscreen composition's efficiency is the Star Rating (UVA/UVB Ratio) according to the Boots Star Rating System (4-star that was recently revised to 5 star category). The Star Rating is calculated as an indicator of the UVA absorbance properties of a sunscreen product, relative to UVB as described in the Revised Guidelines to the practical measurement of UVA:UVB ratios according to Boots Star Rating System. The calculation of the UVA:UVB absorbance ratio will typically yield values from zero (equal to no UVA absorbance) up to 1.0 (UVA absorbance equal to UVB). What is absent in the prior art is a photoprotective composition having one or more agents that differ from the prior art that are capable of optimizing at least one of the following properties: polarity, critical wavelength, SPF, PFA, Star Rating, or any combinations thereof, in the oil phase, water phase, both phases, or the final sunscreen formulation; thus resulting in a more efficient and photostable photoprotective composition. The present invention addresses this shortcoming by providing an efficient photoprotective composition having one or more optimization agents capable of optimizing at least one of the following properties: polarity, critical wavelength, SPF, PFA, Star Rating, photostability or any combinations thereof, in the oil phase, water phase, both phases of the composition, or the final sunscreen formulation. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is an object of the present invention to provide an efficient photoprotective composition. It is another object of the present invention to provide such a composition that is a sunscreen composition. It is still another object of the present invention to provide such a composition having one or more optimization agents capable of optimizing the polarity, critical wavelength, SPF, PFA, Star Rating, photostability, or any combinations thereof of the oil phase, water phase, both oil and water phases, of the composition. It is another object of the present invention to provide such a composition where the one or more optimization agents are lipophilic, hydrophilic, or both. It is still another object of the present invention to provide such a composition where the one or more optimization agents have a dielectric constant greater than about 10.5. It is still another object of the present invention to provide such a composition where the one or more optimization agents have a dielectric constant greater than about 13. It is a further object of the present invention to provide such a composition where the one or more optimization agents are one or more alcohols, such as, for example, glycols, diols, or any derivatives thereof. These and other objects of the present invention are achieved by a composition comprising one or more photoactive compounds and one or more optimization agents. Surprisingly, the composition requires a small amount of optimization agent to efficiently optimize the polarity, critical wavelength, SPF, PFA, Star Rating, photostability, or any combinations thereof, of the composition. Subsequently, an efficient sunscreen composition is achieved. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES FIG. 1 is a graph depicting the UVA photostability of compositions according to the present invention and comparative examples; FIG. 2 is a graph depicting the UVB photostability of compositions according to the present invention and comparative examples; FIG. 3 is a graph depicting the critical wavelength of compositions according to the present invention and comparative examples; FIG. 4 is a graph depicting the UVA photostability of compositions with a synergistic combination of optimizing agent and octocrylene according to the present invention; FIG. 5 is a graph depicting the critical wavelength of compositions with a synergistic combination of optimizing agent and octocrylene according to the present invention; FIG. 6 is a fusion graph depicting the photostability of avobenzone in a photoprotective composition according to the present invention; and FIG. 7 is another fusion graph depicting the photostability of avobenzone in a photoprotective composition according to the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The present invention provides photoprotective compositions that are uniquely formulated with one or more optimization agents that results in the optimization of one or more of the following properties: polarity, critical wavelength, SPF, PFA, Star Rating (UVA/UVB Ratio), photostability, or any combinations thereof, of the composition. Photoprotective compositions according to the present invention include, but are not limited to, sunscreens, cosmetics, paints, coatings, and the like. A photoactive compound, as used herein, is a compound that responds to UV radiation photoelectrically. Examples of photoactive compounds include, but are not limited to, UV filters, pigments, or dyes. By way of example, the present invention is illustrated herein by reference to a sunscreen composition for use on mammalian hair and/or skin. It is to be understood, however, that the principles set forth below apply equally to any photoprotective composition. According to the present invention, a sunscreen composition is provided having one or more photoactive agents and one or more optimization agents. The resulting sunscreen composition is photostable and possesses optimized polarity, critical wavelength, SPF, PFA, Star Rating, photostability, or any combinations thereof, which results in a more efficient UV radiation-absorbing composition. The one or more photoactive agents suitable for use in the sunscreen composition of the present invention include one or more UV filters. Suitable UV filters may include, but are not limited to, one or more compounds selected from the following categories (with specific examples): p-aminobenzoic acid, its salts and its derivatives (ethyl, isobutyl, glyceryl esters; p-dimethylaminobenzoic acid); anthranilates (o-aminobenzoates; methyl, menthyl, phenyl, benzyl, phenylethyl, linalyl, terpinyl, and cyclohexenyl esters); salicylates (octyl, amyl, phenyl, benzyl, menthyl (homosalate), glyceryl, and dipropyleneglycol esters); cinnamic acid derivatives (menthyl and benzyl esters, alpha-phenyl cinnamonitrile; butyl cinnamoyl pyruvate); dihydroxycinnamic acid derivatives (umbelliferone, methylumbelliferone, methylaceto-umbelliferone); camphor derivatives (3-benzylidene, 4-methylbenzylidene, polyacrylamidomethyl benzylidene, benzalkonium methosulfate, benzylidene camphor sulfonic acid, and terephthalylidene dicamphor sulfonic acid); trihydroxycinnamic acid derivatives (esculetin, methylesculetin, daphnetin, and the glucosides, esculin and daphnin); hydrocarbons (diphenylbutadiene, stilbene); dibenzalacetone and benzalacetophenone; naptholsulfonates (sodium salts of 2-naphthol-3,6-disulfonic and of 2-naphthol-6,8-disulfonic acids); dihydroxy-naphthoic acid and its salts; o- and p-hydroxydiphenyldisulfonates; coumarin derivatives (7-hydroxy, 7-methyl, 3-phenyl); diazoles (2-acetyl-3-bromoindazole, phenyl benzoxazole, methyl naphthoxazole, various aryl benzothiazoles); quinine salts (bisulfate, sulfate, chloride, oleate, and tannate); quinoline derivatives (8-hydroxyquinoline salts, 2-phenylquinoline); hydroxy- or methoxy-substituted benzophenones; uric and vilouric acids; tannic acid and its derivatives; hydroquinone; benzophenones (oxybenzone, sulisobenzone, dioxybenzone, benzoresorcinol, 2,2′,4,4′-tetrahydroxybenzophenone, 2,2′-dihydroxy-4,4′-dimethoxybenzophenone, octabenzone), dibenzoylmethane derivatives, avobenzone, 4-isopropyldibenzoylmethane, butylmethoxydibenzoylmethane, 4-isopropyl-dibenzoylmethane, octocrylene, drometrizole trisiloxane, and metal oxides (titanium dioxide, zinc oxide). In one embodiment of the invention a photoactive compound is selected from the group consisting of UV-A filters, UV-B filters, or any combinations thereof. In a cosmetically-acceptable sunscreen embodiment for use on human skin, a photoactive compound preferably is selected from approved (if regulated), cosmetically-acceptable UV-A filters, UV-B filters, or any combinations thereof. For example, for a product marketed in the United States, preferred cosmetically-acceptable photoactive compounds and concentrations (by way of example, reported as a percentage by weight of the total cosmetic sunscreen composition) include: aminobenzoic acid (also called para-aminobenzoic acid and PABA; 15% or less), avobenzone (also called butyl methoxy dibenzoylmethane; 3% or less), cinoxate (also called 2-ethoxyethyl p-methoxycinnamate; 3% or less), dioxybenzone (also called benzophenone-8; 3% or less), homosalate (15% or less), menthyl anthranilate (also called menthyl 2-aminobenzoate; 5% or less), octocrylene (also called 2-ethylhexyl-2-cyano-3,3 diphenylacrylate; 10% or less), octyl methoxycinnamate (7.5% or less), octyl salicylate (also called 2-ethylhexyl salicylate; 5% or less), oxybenzone (also called benzophenone-3; 6% or less), padimate O (also called octyl dimethyl PABA; 8% or less), phenylbenzimidazole sulfonic acid (water soluble; 4% or less), sulisobenzone (also called benzophenone-4; 10% or less), titanium dioxide (25% or less), trolamine salicylate (also called triethanolamine salicylate; 12% or less), and zinc oxide (25% or less). Other preferred cosmetically-acceptable photoactive compounds and concentrations (by way of example, percent by weight of the total cosmetic sunscreen composition) include diethanolamine methoxycinnamate (10% or less), ethyl-[bis(hydroxypropyl)]aminobenzoate (5% or less), glyceryl aminobenzoate (3% or less), 4-isopropyl dibenzoylmethane (5% or less), 4-methylbenzylidene camphor (6% or less), terephthalylidene dicamphor sulfonic acid (10% or less), and sulisobenzone (also called benzophenone-4, 10% or less). For a product marketed in the European Union, preferred cosmetically-acceptable photoactive compounds and concentrations (by way of example, reported as a percentage by weight of the total cosmetic sunscreen composition) include: PABA (5% or less), camphor benzalkonium methosulfate (6% or less), homosalate (10% or less), benzophenone-3 (10% or less), phenylbenzimidazole sulfonic acid (8% or less, expressed as acid), terephthalidene dicamphor sulfonic acid (10% or less, expressed as acid), butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane (5% or less), benzylidene camphor sulfonic acid (6% or less, expressed as acid), octocrylene (10% or less, expressed as acid), polyacrylamidomethyl benzylidene camphor (6% or less), ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate (10% or less), PEG-25 PABA (10% or less), isoamyl p-methoxycinnamate (10% or less), ethylhexyl triazone (5% or less), drometrizole trielloxane (15% or less), diethylhexyl butamido triazone (10% or less), 4-methylbenzylidene camphor (4% or less), 3-benzylidene camphor (2% or less), ethylhexyl salicylate (5% or less), ethylhexyl dimethyl PABA (8% or less), benzophenone-4 (5%, expressed as acid), methylene bis-benztriazolyl tetramethylbutylphenol (10% or less), disodium phenyl dibenzimidazole tetrasulfonate (10% or less, expressed as acid), bis-ethylhexyloxyphenol methoxyphenol triazine (10% or less), methylene bisbenzotriazolyl tetramethylbutylphenol (10% or less, also called TINOSORB M), and bisethylhexyloxyphenol methoxyphenyl triazine.(10% or less, also called TINOSORB S), Mexoryl XL (also called drometrizole trisiloxane, 15% or less), Mexoryl SX (15% or less). The one or more photoactive compounds are present in the composition in an amount about 1% to about 40% by weight of the total weight of the sunscreen composition. The amount of sunscreen agent in the composition can vary in the above range depending on the sun protection factor (SPF) desired. Usually, the higher the SPF, the greater the total amount of sunscreen agent used in the composition. However, as demonstrated herein, the present invention provides the possibility of formulating a photoprotective composition with an increased or boosted SPF without the inclusion of additional sunscreen agent or increasing the total amount of sunscreen agent in the composition. Preferably, the one or more sunscreen agents are included at about 2 wt. % to about 35 wt. % to achieve a SPF of about 2 to about 50. More preferably, the one or more sunscreen agents are included in an amount about 4 wt. % to about 30 wt. % to achieve a SPF value of about 4 to about 45. The composition of the present invention must include one or more optimization agents. It has been unexpectedly found that the inclusion of one or more optimization agents according to the present invention in a sunscreen composition results in a stable, efficient composition. The one or more optimization agents may be present in a photoprotective composition according to the present invention from about 0.1 wt. % to about 40 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composition. Preferably, the one or more optimization agents are present from about 0.5 wt. % to about 15 wt. %, and more preferably from about 1 wt. % to about 11 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composition. Surprisingly, it has been found that only small amounts of the one or more optimization agents, on the order of about 0.1 wt. % to about 10 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composition, are required to effect the desired optimization of polarity, critical wavelength, SPF, PFA, Star Rating (UVA/UVB Ratio), photostability, or any combinations thereof, in the composition. Preferably, the one or more optimization agents, taken alone or in combination, have a dielectric constant greater than about 10.5. More preferably, the one or more optimization agents, taken alone or in combination, have a dielectric constant greater than about 13. Suitable optimization agents for use in the present invention may include, but are not limited to, diols, alcohols, glycols, polyhydric alcohols, polyhydric alcohol derivatives having one or more hydroxyl groups, or any combinations thereof. Preferably, the one or more optimization agents are one or more alcohols. More preferably, the one or more optimization agents are one or more diols, glycols, or any combinations thereof. Most preferably, diols are 1,2-diols. Suitable glycols for use in the invention include, but are not limited to, pentylene glycol (1,2-pentanediol), neopentyl glycol (neopentanediol), caprylyl glycol (1,2-octanediol), etoxydiglycol, butylene glycol monopropionate, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, PEG-7 methyl ether, octacosanyl glycol, arachidyl glycol, benzyl glycol, cetyl glycol (1,2-hexanediol), C14-18 glycol, C15-18 glycol, lauryl glycol (1,2-dodecanediol), butoxydiglycol, 1,10-decanediol, ethyl hexanediol, or any combinations thereof. It is believed that glycols, such as those listed above, have a dielectric constant greater than about 10.5. Determining the polarity of a mixture or an emulsion can be performed in various ways. For example, determining a polarity can include measuring a property that is a function of polarity, such as a dielectric constant. Measurement of a dielectric constant of a liquid can be performed by various sensors, such as immersion probes, flow-through probes, and cup-type probes, attached to various meters, such as those available from the Brookhaven Instruments Corporation of Holtsville, N.Y. (e.g., model BI-870) and the Scientifica Company of Princeton, N.J. (e.g. models 850 and 870). For consistency of comparison, preferably all measurements for a particular filter system are performed at substantially the same sample temperature, e.g., by use of a water bath. Generally, the measured dielectric constant of a substance will increase at lower temperatures and decrease at higher temperatures. Dielectric Constants of the following glycols and their derivatives have been measured (see Table 1). TABLE 1 Dielectric Constants Trade Name/ Dielectric Constant, Glycols/derivatives Manufacturer 23° C. Pentylene Glycol Hydrolite-5/Symrize 18.2 Diethylene Glycol ™ DB Solvent/ 10.59 Monobutyl Ether Eastman 1,2-Hexanediol and Symdiol 68/Symrize 13.07 1,2-Octanediol (50:50 mixture) Ethoxydiglycol Educol-421/MMP 13.69 Butylene Glycol BG Monopropionate/ 11.72 Monopropionate MMP 1,2-Octanediol LexGard O/Inolex 10.61 (Caprylyl Glycol) (measured at 30° C.)* 1,2-Hexanediol 15.1 Polyethylene Glycol-7 Sasol 13.1 Methyl Ether *Solid at room temperature (23 C.). It has been surprisingly found that the inclusion of one or more optimization agents in a composition according to the present invention results in a SPF boost on the order of at least 25% as compared to a composition without one or more optimization agents. Particularly, a SPF boost on the order of at least about 30% is experienced by a composition according to the present invention. In order to evaluate the unexpected SPF boost in photoprotective compositions by the one or more optimization agents according to the present invention, by way of example, the performance of 1,2-octanediol (caprylyl glycol) and pentylene glycol in vivo was evaluated. The following formulations outlined in Table 2 were tested in SPF studies (static and Very Water Resistant (VWR)). The SPF was determined using the method outlined in the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Final Monograph for sunscreen testing published in the Federal Register, Vol. 64, No. 98, May 21, 1999, which is incorporated by reference herein. Referring to Table 2 below, the differences among the formulations are the presence or absence of 1,2-octanediol (caprylyl glycol) and/or octocrylene. TABLE 2 Sunscreen Compositions MF2822-1 MF2822-2 MF2770-114 Chemical/INCI/USP Name Trade Name % w/w % w/w % w/w Octinoxate Neo Heliopan AV 7.50 7.50 7.50 Octyl Salicylate Neo Heliopan OS 5.00 5.00 5.00 Homosalate Escalol 567 5.00 5.00 5.00 Avobenzone Parsol 1789 3.00 3.00 3.00 Octocrylene NONE NONE 2.50 Purified Water 60.03 65.03 62.53 Neopentyl Glycol Diheptanoate Lexfeel 7 5.00 5.00 5.00 1,2-Octanediol LexGard O 5.00 NONE NONE Tapioca Starch Stabilex T 2.50 2.50 2.50 Acrylates/C12-22 Alkylmethacrylate Copolymer Allianz OPT 2.50 2.50 2.50 Glycerin Emery 917 2.00 2.00 2.00 Phenoxyethanol (and) Methylparaben (and) Phenonip 1.00 1.00 1.00 Butylparaben (and) Ethylparaben (and) Propylparaben (and) Isopropylparaben Triethanolamine TEA 99% 0.53 0.53 0.53 PEG-20 Almond Glycerides Crovol A-40 0.35 0.35 0.35 Acrylates/C10-30 AlkylAcrylate Crosspolymer Pemulen TR-2 0.27 0.27 0.27 Carbomer Ultrez 10 0.15 0.15 0.15 Tocopheryl Acetate (USP) Tocopheryl Acetate 0.05 0.05 0.05 Disodium EDTA Dissolvine Na2S 0.07 0.07 0.07 Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Extract Aloe Oil Extract 101 0.05 0.05 0.05 100.00 100.00 100.00 The results of the SPF tests are outlined below in Tables 3 through 5. TABLE 3 Results for MF2822-1 SPF Static SPF VWR Average SPF (N = 5) 37.06 35.00 Standard Deviation 2.20 0.00 Standard Error 0.98 0.00 t (one-tail) 2.132 2.132 A 2.10 0.00 SPF Label 34.96 35.00 TABLE 4 Results for MF2822-2 SPF SPF Static VWR Average SPF (N = 5) 28.38 28.38 Standard Deviation 1.65 1.65 Standard Error 0.74 0.74 t (one-tail) 2.132 2.132 A 1.57 1.57 SPF Label 26.81 26.81 TABLE 5 Results for MF2770-114 SPF SPF Static VWR Average SPF (N = 21) 37.02 36.25 Standard Deviation 2.98 2.29 Standard Error 0.65 0.50 t (one-tail) 1.725 1.725 A 1.12 0.86 SPF Label 35.00 35.00 The results of SPF tests demonstrate that the addition of 5 wt. % of 1,2-octanediol (caprylyl glycol) to the sunscreen formulation provided an SPF boost of more than 8 SPF units (about 30.5%) when compared to the formulation without 1,2-octanediol (caprylyl glycol). Sunscreen formulation with 5 wt. % of 1,2-octanediol (caprylyl glycol) and without octocrylene has a SPF VWR of 35.0, which is the same as the formulation with 2.5 wt. % of octocrylene and without 1,2-octanediol. Overall, the inclusion of one or more optimization agents according to the present invention, such as, for example, 1,2-octanediol (caprylyl glycol), in a sunscreen formulation results in a significant SPF boost. In addition, the inclusion of one or more optimization agents in a sunscreen formulation can result in a composition having a desired SPF with less amount of sunscreen active in the composition. EXAMPLE 2 The following additional example demonstrates the effectiveness of the present invention in providing a stable and efficient photoprotective composition. A comparison of a composition according to the present invention (Comp. B) having a optimizing agent (in this case pentylene glycol) to one not having an optimization agent (Comp. A) is set forth below. The test methodology used to determine SPF is the same as that described above with respect to Example 1. TABLE 6 Sunscreen Compositions With and Without Pentylene Glycol Weight % INCI Adopted Name Comp. A Comp. B Water 62.3773 60.8773 Octyl Methoxycinnamate 7.5000 7.5000 Ethylhexyl Salicylate 5.0000 5.0000 C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate 5.0000 5.0000 Benzophenone-3 4.1000 4.1000 Isopropyl Myristate 4.0000 4.0000 Cocoglycerides 3.5000 3.5000 Glycerin 2.0000 2.0000 Acrylates/C12-22 Alkylmethylacrylate 2.0000 2.0000 Copolymer Butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane 1.5000 1.5000 Pentylene Glycol NONE 1.5000 Phenoxyethanol (and) Methylparaben (and) 1.0000 1.0000 Butylparaben (and) Ethylparaben (and) Propylparaben (and) Isobutylparaben Triethanolamine 0.6500 0.6500 PEG-20 Almond Glycerides 0.3500 0.3500 Acrylates C10-30 Alkyl Acrylate Crosspolymer 0.3000 0.3000 Fragrance 0.2000 0.2000 Carbomer 0.1500 0.1500 Xanthan Gum 0.1000 0.1000 Disodium EDTA 0.0700 0.0700 Tocopheryl Acetate 0.0500 0.0500 Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Extract 0.0500 0.0500 Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil 0.0500 0.0500 (and) Chamomile Recutita (Matricaria) Extract Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil 0.0500 0.0500 (and) Lavandula Angustifolia (Lavender) Extract Yellow 5 0.0020 0.0020 Green 5 0.0007 0.0007 TOTAL: 100.0000 100.0000 Average SPF Static in vivo <25.68 31.76 Average SPF VWR in vivo <24.12 31.22 As is evident from this example, the inclusion of optimization agent according to the present invention, such as 1.5 wt. % pentylene glycol (1,2-pentanediol) in the sunscreen formulation (Comp. B), results in an increase in SPF by more that 6 units (about 29%) due to the increased polarity of the oil phase. While, as noted above, it has been unexpectedly found that one or more optimization agents according to the present invention boost SPF, it has also been unexpectedly found that the one or more optimization agents also photostabilize UVA sunscreens, such as avobenzone and its derivatives, and UVB sunscreens. As a result, both UVA and UVB protection is optimized. This is demonstrated by way of Example 3 below. EXAMPLE 3 Test compositions were prepared with octocrylene (Positive control), glycols, glycol derivatives, or isopropyl myristate (Negative control) added to the following sunscreen components: AVOBENZONE-3 g; HOMOSALATE—15 g; OCTYL SALICYLATE—5 g, thus imitating the oil phase of a sunscreen formulation (see Table 7): TABLE 7 Compositions DEC, # ADDITIVE: g 23 C. Positive Octocrylene 5 7.89 Control 1 2 Pentylene Glycol 5 10.5 3 Ethoxydiglycol (Diethylene 5 8.59 glycol monoethyl ether) 4 BG Monopropionate 5 8 5 1,2-Octanediol (Caprylyl Glycol) 5 8.1 Negative Isopropyl Myristate 5 6.15 Control 6 7 1,2-Hexanediol + 1,2-Octanediol 5 7.8 8 Diethylene Glycol Monobutyl 5 7.6 Ether 9 1,2-Hexanediol 5 8 10 Octocrylene + 1,2-Octanediol 2.5 + 2.5 7.8 Negative No additives 0 7.03 Control 11 12 PEG-7 Methyl Ether 5 7.69 13 Octocrylene 2.5 7.79 14 Octocrylene and PEG-7 Methyl 2.5 + 2.5 8.36 Ether 15 Octocrylene + 1,2-Octanediol + 2.5 + 1.25 + 1.25 8.39 PEG-7 Methyl Ether Referring to Table 7 above, the compositions were applied on Vitro-Skin (0.6 mg/cm2) and irradiated. The irradiation dose was 5 MEDs repeated 4 times (=20 MEDs total). Retained Absorbance at 370 nm (UVA photostability, FIG. 1), 310 nm (UVB photostability, FIG. 2) and critical wavelength (Table 8, FIG. 3) were determined for each composition before and after each irradiation dose in order to determine their photostability. For each sunscreen composition, the filter system was blended with the solvent system to form an oil phase. Next, the dielectric constant of the oil phase was measured. Dielectric constant measurements were performed with a Scientifica Model 850 dielectric constant meter. The resulting sunscreen oil phases were tested for photostability by measuring absorbance on a Labsphere UV-1000S Ultraviolet Transmittance Analyzer before and after irradiation with a Solar Light Company model 16S solar simulator (equipped with a WG 320 filter to transmit radiation greater than 290 nm) in 5 MED (105 mJ/cm.sup.2) increments up to 20 MED cumulative dose. Output was monitored by a PMA 2105 UV-B DCS Detector (biologically weighted) and controlled by a PMA 2100 Automatic Dose Controller (Solar Light Co.). A synthetic skin substrate was used for testing the sunscreen compositions (VITRO-SKIN substrate by IMS, Inc. of Milford, Conn.). To prepare the substrate, a 300 g solution of 44 g of glycerin and 256 g of deionized water was added to an IMS hydrating chamber, and a sheet of VITRO-SKIN was placed in the hydrating chamber for approx. 16 hours. Several 6.5 cm squares were cut from the hydrated VITRO-SKIN and used for absorbance measurements. To prepare slides for testing, sunscreen composition is drawn or placed into a pipette. The test composition is uniformly applied to VITRO-SKIN square (0.6 mg/cm2). This application dose of the oil phase, 0.6 mg/cm2, corresponds to the application dose of 2 mg/cm2 of sunscreen formulation (typically the concentration of the oil phase in the sunscreen formulation is about 30%). The VITRO-SKIN square was then placed on a foam block, and the test material was spread by finger (covered with a latex glove or finger cot), first in a circular motion, then by a side-to-side motion during which the VITRO-SKIN is deformed by the pressure. The square was then mounted in a slide holder and allowed to dry for about 15 to 20 minutes. To test photostability, a slide was positioned on the UV transmittance analyzer using registration marks, and a scan of 1 sq. cm spot on the slide was performed. The slide was then transferred to a holder placed adjacent to the solar simulator and, using a calipers, was positioned such that the beam of UV radiation exiting the solar simulator illuminated the same 1 cm spot on the slide. The following software settings were used: UV-B—290-320 nm; UV-A—320-400 nm; SPF—290-400 nm; Spectral Irradiance; Noon, July 3, Albuquerque, N.Mex.; SPF Spectral Irradiance and Erythermal Effectiveness settings as set by manufacturer. Following an exposure of 5 MED, the slide was again placed in position on the UV transmittance analyzer, and a scan of the exposed spot was performed. The procedure was repeated on the same 1 cm spot on the slide until the desired total radiation dosage was achieved. TABLE 8 Critical Wavelength Critical Wavelength, CW MED ADDITIVE: Amount, g # 0 5 10 15 20 Octocrylene (Positive Control) 5 1 380 377 377 377 377 Pentylene Glycol 5 2 381 378 376 369 355 Etoxydiglycol 5 3 379 378 373 369 367 BG Monopropionate 5 4 378 376 373 365 363 1,2-Octanediol 5 5 382 381 379 378 376 Isopropyl Myristate (Negative Control) 5 6 378 375 370 355 350 1,2-Hexanediol + 1,2-Octanediol 5 7 379 376 370 358 348 Diethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether 5 8 379 377 373 364 357 1,2-Hexanediol 5 9 378 375 367 356 349 Octocrylene + 1,2-Octanediol 2.5 + 2.5 10 381 380 380 379 379 No additives (Negative Control) 0 11 380 377 370 364 362 PEG-7 Methyl Ether 5 12 380 377 370 361 351 Octocrylene (Positive Control) 2.5 13 381 378 378 377 376 octocrylene and PEG-7 Methyl Ether 2.5 + 2.5 14 380 378 378 378 378 Octocrylene + 1,2-Octanediol + PEG-7 Methyl Ether 2.5 + 1.25 + 1.25 15 381 380 379 379 379 As is evident by the results outlined in the graphs of FIGS. 1 and 2, as well as Table 8 and the graph of FIG. 3, it was unexpectedly found that the polarity of an oil phase alone is not just a single factor that affects the photostability of UVA sunscreens, such as avobenzone and its derivatives. Glycol or glycol derivative structure may also play a very important role in photostability. For example, sunscreen compositions containing 1,2-octanediol, BG monopropionate and 1,2-hexanediol have very similar dielectric constants (8.0-8.1). However, only 1,2-octanediol most effectively stabilizes avobenzone. It stabilizes avobenzone by increasing the retained absorbance at 370 nm, 310 nm, and minimizing the decrease of Critical Wavelength (CW) after UV irradiation. It was also found unexpectedly that certain glycols, for example, pentylene glycol, ethoxydiglycol, BG monopropionate and 1,2-hexanediol can improve the photostability of UVB sunscreens at 310 nm without the significant improvement of the photostability of avobenzone at 370 nm and also critical wavelength. Mechanisms of photostabilizing UVA and UVB sunscreens by diols, glycols and their derivatives may include, but are not limited to, external stabilization by hydrogen bonding. In addition, the one or more optimization agents, such as, for example, caprylyl glycol and pentylene glycol (most preferred optimizing agents) do not have σ-π bonds and unsaturated groups in their molecular structures. In addition, most preferred optimizing agents (caprylyl glycol and pentylene glycol) are 1,2-diols. EXAMPLE 4 Referring to Table 2 above, the PFA of MF2822-1 and MF2822-2 compositions was measured by JCIA Method (methods described in co-pending patent application Ser. No. 10/779,314, filed Feb. 13, 2004, which is incorporated in its entirety by reference herein). PFA value is an indicator of a sunscreen's protection in UVA region, which is associated with photoaging, as opposed to the UVB region, which is associated with sunburn. PFA is also is related to the degree of photostabilization of UVA sunscreens, such as avobenzone and its derivatives. So a PFA boost to a sunscreen composition will directly correlate with higher UVA efficacy of a sunscreen as well as a higher degree of photostabilization of a UVA sunscreen. It has been unexpectedly found that the inclusion of one or more optimization agents in a photoprotective composition according to the present invention results in a PFA boost to the composition, as compared to a composition without one or more optimization agents. A PFA boost on the order on at least 10% is experienced by the compositions according to the present invention. Particularly, a PFA boost on the order of greater than about 50% is experienced, and more particularly a PFA boost of greater than about 85% is experienced by a composition according to the present invention, as compared to a composition without one or more optimization agents. PFA values for MF2822-1 and MF 2822-2 are outlined in Table 9 below. TABLE 9 Average PFA Values MF2822-1 MF2822-2 10.34 5.51 The results of PFA tests have shown that the addition of 5 wt. % of 1,2-octanediol to the sunscreen formulation provided a PFA (PPD, JCIA) boost by almost 5 PFA units (about 88%) when compared to the formulation without 1,2-octanediol. In addition to the above-described unexpected features of the present invention, it has also unexpectedly been found that there exists a synergistic effect on the photostability of UVA sunscreen, such as avobenzone and its derivatives, when octocrylene and one or more optimization agents, such as 1,2-octanediol (caprylyl glycol) are both present in a sunscreen composition. As a result of this synergistic effect, a photoprotective composition according to the present invention possesses at least a 10% increase in UVA photostability, at least a 10% increase in UVB photostability and a decrease in critical wavelength, as compared to a composition without the synergistic combination according to the present invention. The one or more optimization agents to octocrylene may be present in a photoprotective composition in a weight ratio of about 0.01 to about 100. Preferably, the synergistic combination is present in a ratio between about 0.1 to about 10, and more preferably about 0.5 to about 5. EXAMPLE 5 Referring to Table 10 below, octocrylene and/or 1,2-octanediol were added to the following sunscreen components: AVOBENZONE-3 g; HOMOSALATE-15 g; OCTYL SALICYLATE-5 g; which are intended to resemble an oil phase of a sunscreen composition. It is noted that the base composition #'s 1, 5, 10 and 11 are described in Table 2 above. TABLE 10 Compositions ADDITIVE: g Table 2 Comp. Octocrylene (Positive 5 1 Control) 1,2-Octanediol 5 5 Octocrylene + 1,2-Octanediol 2.5 + 2.5 10 No additives (Negative 0 11 Control) The above compositions were applied on Vitro-Skin (0.6 mg/cm2) and irradiated. The irradiation dose was 5 MEDs repeated 4 times (=20 MEDs total). Retained Absorbance at 370 nm (Table 11 and FIG. 4), 310 nm (Table 12) and critical wavelength (Table 13 and FIG. 5) were determined for each composition before and after each irradiation dose in order to determine their photostability. The methodology is described above in more detail in Example 3. TABLE 11 UVA Photostability UVA Photostability 370 nm MED ADDITIVE: Amount, g # 0 5 10 15 20 Octocrylene 5 1 100 75 66 63 61 (Positive Control) 1,2-Octanediol 5 5 100 89.9 72.9 58.9 45.1 Octocrylene + 2.5 + 2.5 10 100 83 74 65 64 1,2-Octanediol No additives 0 11 100 64 29 16 12 (Negative Control) TABLE 12 UVB Photostability UVB Photostability, 310 nm MED ADDITIVE: Amount, g # 0 5 10 15 20 Octocrylene 5 1 100 82 72.5 67 66 (Positive Control) 1,2-Octanediol 5 5 100 90.4 82.8 80.4 77.1 Octocrylene + 2.5 + 2.5 10 100 97.4 93.4 85.3 85 1,2-Octanediol No additives 0 11 100 86 78.3 72 71 (Negative Control) TABLE 13 Critical Wavelength Critical Wavelength, CW MED ADDITIVE: Amount, g # 0 5 10 15 20 Octocrylene 5 1 380 377 377 377 377 (Positive Control) 1,2-Octanediol 5 5 382 381 379 378 376 Octocrylene + 2.5 + 2.5 10 381 380 380 379 379 1,2-Octanediol No additives 0 11 380 377 370 364 362 (Negative Control) As is evident from the above tables, in conjunction with graphs set forth in FIGS. 4 and 5, the composition with 2.5 g octocrylene and 2.5 g of 1,2 octanediol, provides better photostabilization of avobenzone than 5 g of octocrylene alone. Therefore, there is an unexpected synergistic effect on the photostabilization of avobenzone by using both octocrylene and 1,2 octanediol. Surprisingly, the UVB photostabilization is also achieved by the synergistic effect of the combination of octocrylene and 1,2 octanediol. In addition, unexpectedly, the critical wavelength of the composition including the synergistic combination of octocrylene and 1,2 octanediol has been stabilized. In another embodiment of the present invention, it has been surprisingly found that certain molar ratios of the one or more optimization agents according to the present invention to one or more dibenzoylmethane derivatives, such as avobenzone, results in a highly photostable composition. Suitable molar ratio ranges for dibenzoylmethane derivative, according to the present invention are between about 0.016M to about 0.193M. Preferably, the molar range is between about 0.048M to about 0.096M. The dibenzoylmethane derivative is present in the composition in an amount about 0.5 wt. % to about 6 wt. %. Suitable molar ratios for the one or more optimization agents to dibenzoylmethane derivative is between about 0.5 to about 400. Preferable, the molar ratio of one or more optimization agent to dibenzoylmethane derivative is about 0.5 to about 100 and more preferably about 0.5 to 10. This embodiment of the present invention is demonstrated below in Example 6, with avobenzone as the dibenzoylmethane derivative. EXAMPLE 6 In order to determine the impact of the concentration of avobenzone, from 0.04842 M to 0.0968 M (Factor 1) and different molar ratios of 1,2-octanediol (caprylyl glycol) to avobenzone, from 0 to 10 (Factor 2), on the photostability of avobenzone in the different sunscreen compositions, numerous studies were conducted. Three designs of experiments that represent central composite designs (CCDs) and D.O.E. Fusion 7.2.2 software were employed. Experimental Set-Up The CCD type of design was used to determine the effect of two factors: concentration of Avobenzone and the molar ratio 1,2-octanediol/avobenzone on the photostability of avobenzone in the different sunscreen compositions. Two responses were measured: the retained absorbance (%) of a sunscreen composition at 370 nm (UVA) and the same measurement at 310 nm (UVB) after irradiation dose of 15 MED. TABLE 14 Ranges for the Two Experimental Factors Factor Range Avobenzone Concentration 0.04842M to 0.0968M Glycol/Avo Molar Ratio 0 to 10 Table 15 below presents the experimental CCD set-up used. The second column presents the experimental order in which the experiments were carried out, since order randomization is necessary TABLE 15 Experimental CCD Factor 2 Factor 1 B:Molar Ratio Std Run A:Avobenzone M Glycol:Avo 1 8 0.055505 1.4645 2 10 0.089715 1.4645 3 7 0.055505 8.5355 4 12 0.089715 8.5355 5 1 0.04842 5 6 13 0.0968 5 7 6 0.07261 0 8 11 0.07261 10 9 3 0.07261 5 10 9 0.07261 5 11 4 0.07261 5 12 2 0.07261 5 13 5 0.07261 5 The same order of experiments was run in the different set-ups. As a result, two categorical factors were added: Oxybenzone (absent or present at a predetermined constant level) and Octocrylene (absent or present at a predetermined constant level). Table 16 presents the three set-ups as well as the numbers of the formulation tables and response tables. TABLE 16 Full Experimental Runs Avobenzone and Formu- Glycol/Avo lation Results CCD Oxybenzone Octocrylene Table Table DOE 1 Yes Absent Absent Table 17 Table 18 DOE 2 Yes Present Absent Table 19 Table 20 DOE 3 Yes Present Present Table 21 Table 22 Response surface equalization were fitted to both responses (retained absorbance at 370 nm and retained absorbance at 310 nm, both after an irradiation dose of 15 MED). The significant factors were selected. Response 1: Retained Absorbance at 370 nm After Irradiation at 15 MED The response surface model indicates a high fit (R2=0.9534). The presence of Oxybenzone in the system (model oil phase) gives the highest boost in retain absorbance at 370 nm and 15 MED exposure, as demonstrated by the graph in FIG. 6. An interaction between the presence of oxybenzone and the level of the glycol/avobenzone ratio was observed. This may suggest that at a high level of glycol/avobenzone oxybenzone may interact with the glycol and affect the stability of avobenzone. There is a significant effect of the glycol/avobenzone ratio. This effect shows a statistically significant improvement in the measured response and it is stronger for lower concentration of avobenzone. Higher concentrations of avobenzone help a better retention. The presence of octocrylene helps the absorbance retention 370 nm, but not as significant as in the case of oxybenzone. This effect seems to be enhanced at higher level glycol/avobenzone ratios. The graph of FIG. 7 demonstrates these results. Response 2: Retain Absorbance at 310 nm After Irradiation at 15 MED The response surface model indicates a moderate fit (R2=0.6668). Oxybenzone helps retention at 310 nm where a mild jump in response especially at the lower levels of glycol/avobenzone ratio. Octocrylene also gives mild a gain in absorbency especially at higher levels of glycol/avobenzone and low levels of avobenzone. The higher concentration of avobenzone has a positive impact on the response, especially in the presence of octocrylene. TABLE 17 DOE 1 Formulations RUN #: DOE 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 MODEL OF OIL PHASE: Homosalate 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 Octyl Salicylate 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Avobenzone 1.5 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 1.7 1.7 2.3 2.8 2.3 2.8 3 1,2-Octanediol 3.5 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 0 6.9 1.2 5.3 1.9 10.6 11 7 Neopentyl Glycol 9 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.4 11.7 5.4 11.1 6.4 9.3 1.1 0 4 Diheptanoate QS to 30 g 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 TABLE 18 UVA and UVB Photostabilization for DOE 1 Factor 2 Dielectic Retained Abs, % Retained Abs, % DOE 1 Factor 1 B:Molar Ratio Constant at 370 nm after 15 at 310 nm after 15 Run A:Avo, M Octanediol:Avo 23 C. MED MED 1 0.04842 5 6.1 20 65 2 0.07261 5 6.64 25 73 3 0.07261 5 6.64 30 76 4 0.07261 5 6.64 29 79 5 0.07261 5 6.64 26 77 6 0.07261 0 5.58 13 61 7 0.055505 8.5355 6.78 26 67 8 0.055505 1.4645 5.69 17 62 9 0.07261 5 6.64 27 74 10 0.089715 1.4645 6.11 17 66 11 0.07261 10 7.8 33 77 12 0.089715 8.5355 8.08 24 72 13 0.0968 5 7.24 31 76 TABLE 19 DOE 2 RUN #: DOE 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 MODEL OF OIL PHASE: Homosalate 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 Octyl Salicylate 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Oxybenzone 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 Avobenzone 1.5 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 1.7 1.7 2.3 2.8 2.3 2.8 3 1,2-Octanediol 3.5 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 0 6.9 1.2 5.3 1.9 10.6 11 7 Neopentyl Glycol 9 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.4 11.7 5.4 11.1 6.4 9.3 1.1 0 4 Diheptanoate QS to 36 g 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 TABLE 20 UVA and UVB Photostabilization for DOE 2 Factor 2 Dielectic Retained Abs, % Retained Abs, % DOE 2 Factor 1 B:Molar Ratio Constant at 370 after 15 at 370 after 15 Run A:Avo, M Octanediol:Avo 23 C. MED MED 1 0.04842 5 7.2 47 70 2 0.07261 5 7.7 62 81 3 0.07261 5 7.7 60 79 4 0.07261 5 7.7 62 80 5 0.07261 5 7.7 62 81 6 0.07261 0 6.7 44 63 7 0.055505 8.5355 7.9 56 75 8 0.055505 1.4645 6.7 51 74 9 0.07261 5 7.7 61 79 10 0.089715 1.4645 7.2 61 79 11 0.07261 10 8.7 58 78 12 0.089715 8.5355 8.9 51 66 13 0.0968 5 8.1 63 85 TABLE 21 DOE 3 RUN #: DOE 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 MODEL OF OIL PHASE: Homosalate 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 Octyl Salicylate 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Oxybenzone 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 Octocrylene 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 Avobenzone 1.5 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 1.7 1.7 2.3 2.8 2.3 2.8 3 1,2-Octanediol 3.5 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 0 6.9 1.2 5.3 1.9 10.6 11 7 Neopentyl Glycol 9 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.4 11.7 5.4 11.1 6.4 9.3 1.1 0 4 Diheptanoate QS to 38.5 g 38.5 38.5 38.5 38.5 38.5 38.5 38.5 38.5 38.5 38.5 38.5 38.5 38.5 TABLE 22 UVA and UVB Photostabilization for DOE 3 Retained Retained Abs, % Abs, % Factor 2 Dielectic at 370 nm at 310 nm DOE 3 Factor 1 B:Molar Ratio Constant after 15 after 15 Run A:Avo, M Octanediol:Avo 23 C. MED MED 1 0.04842 5 7.40 54 78 2 0.07261 5 8.10 61 85 3 0.07261 5 8.10 63 79 4 0.07261 5 8.10 63 81 5 0.07261 5 8.10 63 81 6 0.07261 0 7.10 60 72 7 0.055505 8.5355 8.10 77 97 8 0.055505 1.4645 7.10 47 72 9 0.07261 5 8.10 63 81 10 0.089715 1.4645 7.40 60 70 11 0.07261 10 8.90 63 81 12 0.089715 8.5355 9.20 66 82 13 0.0968 5 8.50 62 75 The overall analysis of the results of DOE 1, 2 and 3 shows that 1,2-octanediol (caprylyl glycol) significantly improves the photostability of sunscreens at 310 nm (UVB sunscreens) and at 370 nm (UVA sunscreens such as Avobenzone). The concentration of avobenzone, molar ratio of 1,2-octanediol (caprylyl glycol) to avobenzone and also other sunscreens that are present in the sunscreen composition significantly influence the degree of photostabilization at 310 nm and 370 nm provided by 1,2-octanediol. It should be understood that while many of the embodiments of the present invention were exemplified above through the testing and analysis of oil phases of a photoprotective composition, the unexpected results are even more enhanced in final photoprotective compositions (versus just an oil phase alone), due in part to the inclusion of additional components, such as those described below. Additional Components The one or more optimization agents are preferably included in a solvent system used to dissolve the one or more photoactive compounds. As used herein, a solvent system includes all of the compounds used to dissolve the one or more photoactive compounds. By way of example, the solvent system for cosmetic sunscreen compositions will include lipophilic compounds for dissolving oil miscible photoactive compounds and hydrophilic compounds for dissolving water miscible photoactive compounds. In a preferred embodiment, the solvent system includes one or more optimization agents that are both oil miscible and water miscible. Such agents offer a distinct advantage when formulating the sunscreen composition, as the need for separate oil and water miscible solvents is reduced or eliminated. In addition to the one or more optimization agents, the solvent system may include, but is not limited to, one or more solvents, such as C12-C15 alkyl benzoates, capric triglycerides, caprylic triglycerides, diethylhexyl adipate, diethylhexyl malate, diethylhexyl 2,6-naphthalate, ethylhexyl palmitate, ethylhexyl stearate, isoeicosane, isopropyl myristate, isopropyl palmitate, mineral oil, octyldodecyl neopentanoate, polyisobutene, PPG-2 myristyl ether propionate, cocoglycerides, isostearyl linoleate, diisopropyl adipate, myristyl ether myristate, octyl palmitate, propylene glycol ricinoleate, cetyl esters, propylene glycol laurate, or any combinations thereof. Although not necessary, it is preferred that the one or more solvents, when used with photoactive compounds such as those identified above, have a dielectric constant of about 1 to about 12. By using highly polar solvents, in addition to dissolving the one or more photoactive compounds, the solvents may contribute to the overall polarity of the composition. In addition to the one or more photoactive compounds and the one or more optimizing agents, any well-known cosmetically-acceptable additives, such as, for example, water, emulsifier, thickening agent, emollient, SPF booster, moisturizer, humectant, film former/waterproofing agent, bio-active (functional) ingredient, pH adjuster/chelating agent, preservative, fragrance, effect pigment, color additive, lubricant, elastomer, or any combinations thereof, and/or other common cosmetic formulation additives for solubility of sunscreen active compounds, emulsification, thickening and to provide other skin enhancement, e.g., moisturizing properties, may be included in the sunscreen composition. The compositions of the present invention preferably include water. The water is present in the compositions of the present invention in an amount about 40 wt. % to about 90 wt. %, and preferably about 50 wt. % to about 80 wt. %, of the total weight of the compositions. The compositions of the present invention may include one or more emulsifiers. The one or more emulsifiers suitable for use in the present invention include, but are not limited to, acrylates crosspolymer, acrylates/C10-30 alkylacrylate crosspolymer, acrylates/vinyl isodecanoate crosspolymer, polyacrylic acid, sodium polymethacrylate, sodium polyacrylate, polyacrylates, cetyl alcohol, cetearyl alcohol, oleth-10, diethylhexyl esters, sorbitan oleate, sorbitan sesquioleate, sorbitan isostearate, sorbitan trioleate, PEG-20 almond glycerides, polyglyceryl-3-diisostearate, polyglycerol esters of oleic/isostearic acid, polyglyceryl-6 hexaricinolate, polyglyceryl-4-oleate, polygylceryl-4 oleate/PEG-8 propylene glycol cocoate, sodium glyceryl oleate phosphate, hydrogenated vegetable glycerides phosphate, or any combinations thereof. The amount of emulsifier present in the compositions of the present invention is about 0.01 wt. % to about 10 wt. % of the total weight of the composition. Preferably, the emulsifier is present in an amount about 0.1 wt. % to about 5 wt. % of the total weight of the composition. In an alternative embodiment, the sunscreen composition of the present invention may be formulated to be emulsifier free, which can improve water resistance of the sunscreen formulation and reduce its irritation potential. One or more thickening agents that may be used in the compositions of the present invention. Suitable thickening agent includes, but is not limited to, one or more stabilizers, synthetic and natural gum or polymer products, polysaccharide thickening agents, associative thickeners, anionic associative rheology modifiers, nonionic associative rheology modifiers, oil-thickening agents, acrylates/C10-30 alkyl acrylate crosspolymer, acrylates/aminoacrylates/C10-30 alkyl PEG-20 itaconate copolymer, acrylates copolymer, acrylates/steareth-20 methacrylate copolymer, acrylates/beheneth-25 methacrylate copolymer, PEG-150/decyl alcohol/SMDI copolymer, PVP, PVM/MA decadiene crosspolymer, carbomer, PEG crosspolymer, acrylates/palmeth-25 acrylates copolymer, polysaccharides, polyacrylates, polyether-1, sodium magnesium silicate, sodium carbomer, sodium polyacrylate, sodium polymethacrylate, sodium polyacryloyldimethyl taurate, sodium acryloyldimethyl taurate copolymer, sodium carragenan, sodium carboxymethyl dextran, hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cyclodextran, bentonites, trihydroxystearin, aluminum-magnesium hydroxide stearate, xanthan gum, or any combinations thereof. The amount of thickening agent present in the compositions of the present invention is about 0.01 wt. % to about 10 wt. % of the total weight of the composition. Preferably, the thickener is present in an amount about 0.1 wt. % to about 5 wt. % of the total weight of the composition. The present compositions may include one or more emollients. An emollient provides a softening, protective or soothing effect on the skin surface and is generally considered safe for topical use. It also helps control the rate of evaporation and the tackiness of the compositions. Suitable emollients include, for example, cocoglycerides, cyclomethicone, dimethicone, dicapryl maleate, caprylic/capric triglyceride, isopropyl myristate, octyl stearate, isostearyl linoleate, lanolin oil, coconut oil, cocoa butter, olive oil, avocado oil, aloe extracts, jojoba oil, castor oil, fatty acid such as oleic and stearic, fatty alcohol such as cetyl and hexadecyl, diisopropyl adipate, hydroxybenzoate esters, benzoic acid esters of C9-C15 alcohols, isononyl iso-nonanoate, alkanes such as mineral oil, silicone such as dimethyl polysiloxane, ether such as polyoxypropylene butyl ether and polyoxypropylene cetyl ether, C12-C15 alkyl benzoate, or any combinations thereof. The total amount of emollient present in the compositions is typically about 0.1 wt. % to about 30 wt. % of the total weight of the composition. Preferably, emollient is present in an amount about 1 wt. % to about 20 wt. % of the total weight of the composition. The pH of the compositions of the present invention may be adjusted by one or more basic pH adjusters and/or chelating agents. For example, sodium hydroxide, triethanolamine, EDTA salts, or any combinations thereof are suitable pH adjusters/chelating agents that may be included in the sunscreen compositions of the present invention. An effective amount of a pH adjuster and/or chelating agent is included to adjust the pH of the final compositions to about 3 to about 9. Preferably, the pH is adjusted to about 5 to about 8 and more preferably about 6 to about 7. One or more humectants may be used in the compositions of the present invention. Suitable humectants include, but are not limited to, glycerin, pentylene glycol, hexylene glycol, propylene glycol, butylene glycol, sorbitol, PEG-4, or any combinations thereof. One or more humectants may be included in the compositions of the present invention in an amount about 0.1 wt. % to about 15 wt. % of the total weight of the composition. Preferably, humectant is present in an amount about 1 wt. % to about 5 wt. % of the total weight of the composition. The present compositions may include one or more SPF boosters. SPF booster itself is not an active ingredient, but is designed to enhance the effectiveness of the sunscreen actives present in the formulation. Suitable SPF boosters include, but are not limited to, styrene/acrylates copolymer, sodium bentonites, highly purified white sodium bentonites, montmorillonite, hydrogels, fluorene derivatives, ester derivatives of cyano(9H-fluoren-9-ylidene), amides, malates, bis-urethanes, or any combinations thereof. A preferred styrene/acrylates copolymer for use in the present invention is sold under the trade name SunSpheres® by Rohm and Haas Company. When present, the one or more SPF boosters may be included in the compositions of the present invention in an amount about 1 wt. % to about 6 wt. % of the total weight of the composition. Preferably, SPF booster is present in an amount about 2 wt. % to about 3 wt. % of the total weight of the composition. Another component that may be used in the compositions of the present invention is a film former/waterproofing agent. The film former/waterproofing agent is a hydrophobic material that imparts film forming and waterproofing characteristics to the emulsion. Suitable film former/waterproofing agent for use in the compositions of the present invention include, but is not limited to, acrylates/acrylamide copolymer, acrylates copolymer, acrylates/C12-22 alkylmethacrylate copolymer, polyethylene, waxes, VP/Dimethiconylacrylate/Polycarbamyl polyglycol ester, butylated PVP, PVP/Hexadecene copolymer, octadecene/MA copolymer, PVP/Eicosene copolymer, tricontanyl PVP, Brassica Campestris/Aleuritis Fordi Oil copolymer, decamethyl cyclopentasiloxane (and) trimethylsiloxysilicate, or any combinations thereof. One or more film formers/waterproofing agents may be present in the compositions of the present invention in an amount about 0.1 wt. % to about 5 wt. % of the total weight of the composition. Preferably, the one or more film formers/waterproofing agents is present in the compositions of the present invention in an amount about 1 wt. % to about 3 wt. % of the total weight of the composition. In addition, it has been unexpectedly found that the acrylates/C12-22 alkylmethacrylate copolymer may protect the lipids in a user's skin by imparting structure to the epidermal lipids in the skin (stratum corneum) and sebaceous lipids (sebum) and preventing them from depletion. As a result, it is believed that the acrylates/C12-22 alkylmethacrylate copolymer may enhance and help to maintain the barrier properties of the lipid barrier in stratum corneum. Therefore, the compositions of the present invention may exhibit moisturizing and anti-inflammatory properties without a need for including moisturizers and/or anti-inflammatory agents in the compositions. One or more preservatives may be included in the compositions of the present invention. The preservative protects the compositions from microbial contamination and/or oxidation. As such, the preservative can include an antioxidant. Preservatives, such as diazolidinyl urea, iodopropynyl butylcarbamate, chloromethylisotiazolinone, methylisothiazolinone, vitamin E and its derivatives including vitamin E acetate, vitamin C, butylated hydroxytoluene, butylparaben, ethylparaben, methylparaben, propylparaben, isobutylparaben, phenoxyethanol, or any mixtures thereof, may be included as a preservative in a composition of the present invention. About 0.01 wt. % to about 2 wt. % of preservative may be included in a composition of the present invention. Preferably, one or more preservatives total about 0.5 wt. % to about 1.5 wt. % of the total weight of the composition. The compositions of the present invention may also have other optional additives including bio-active (functional) ingredients. For instance, one or more plant extracts, fruit extracts, vegetable extracts, algae extracts, sugars, polysaccharides, lipids, proteins, peptides, aminoacids, aminoacid derivatives, absorbents, elastomers, for example DC 9011 silicone elastomer blend (Dow Corning) (cyclopentasiloxane (and) PEG-12 (and) dimethicone crosspolymer), salicylic acid, alpha and beta hydroxy acids, oil and water soluble vitamins including vitamins A, C, and E and their derivatives, or any mixtures thereof, may be included in the sunscreen compositions. When present, the optional additives may be included in the present composition in an amount about 0.001 wt. % to about 10 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composition. The compositions can be produced as lotions, creams, ointments, gels, solid sticks, emulsions, aerosols, solutions, dispersions, or any other forms of cosmetic compositions. Further aspects of the invention may become apparent to those skilled in the art from a review of the detailed description set forth above. It should be understood that the disclosure is merely illustrative, and is not intended to limit the invention to the specific embodiments described.	<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates generally to a photoprotective composition. More particularly, the present invention relates to a sunscreen composition having optimized polarity, critical wavelength, SPF PFA, photostability, Star Rating, or any combinations thereof. The present invention also relates generally to a method of optimizing photoprotective compositions. 2. Description of the Prior Art Sunscreen compositions are applied to the skin to protect the skin from the sun's ultraviolet rays that can lead to erythema, a reddening of the skin also known as sunburn. Sunlight or ultraviolet radiation in the UV-B range has a wavelength of 290 nm to 320 nm and is known to be the primary cause of sunburn. Ultraviolet rays at a wavelength of 320 nm to 400 nm, known as UV-A radiation, produces tanning of the skin. However, in the process of doing so, the UV-A rays can damage or harm the skin. Besides the immediate malady of sunburn, excessive sunlight exposure can lead to skin disorders. For instance, prolonged and constant exposure to the sun may lead to actinic keratoses and carcinomas. Another long-term effect is premature aging of the skin. This condition is characterized by skin that is wrinkled, cracked and has lost its elasticity. As stated above, sunscreens are typically formulated with the goal of inhibiting skin damage from the sun's rays. The sunscreen composition filters or blocks the harmful UV-A and UV-B rays that can damage and harm the skin. It is believed that sunscreen agents accomplish this by absorbing the UV-A and/or UV-B rays. Typically, the above-described UV-B filters are combined with the above-described UV-A filters in a solution with other lipophilic or oily ingredients and solvents to form an oil phase. The solvents are used to dissolve the sunscreen actives into the oil phase. Typically, but not necessarily, the oil phase is dispersed with the help of emulsifiers and stabilizers into an aqueous solution composed primarily of water, to make an emulsion, which becomes the final sunscreen composition. One problem associated with the use of UV filters, and especially those that are rapidly-degrading photoactive compounds, is that they are not photostable and will degrade rapidly and exponentially when exposed to UV radiation. The organic UV-A filters most commonly used in commercial sunscreen compositions are the dibenzoylmethane derivatives, particularly 4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4′-methoxydibenzoylmethane (also called avobenzone, sold under the brand name PARSOL 1789). Other dibenzoylmethane derivatives described as UV-A filters are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,489,057; 4,387,089 and 4,562,067, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference. It is also well known that the above described UV-A filters, particularly the dibenzoylmethane derivatives, can suffer in rapid photochemical degradation, when used alone or when combined with the above-described most commercially used UV-B filters. Thus, the efficiency of the sunscreen composition (i.e., SPF, PFA, critical wavelength, Star Rating) containing these photoactive compounds is compromised, unless the photodegradation is controlled by improving the photostability of the system in UVA and/or UVB regions. By controlling the polarity of the solvent used in a sunscreen composition, the rate of photodecay of the photoactive compounds in the composition can be controlled. By controlling the polarity, greater stability is imparted to the photoactive compounds, thus resulting in a more stable overall composition. The dielectric constant, for example, is a good indicator or measure of polarity in a composition. This is due to the fact that the dielectric constant is a measure of both inherent and inducible dipole moments. In addition, polar solvents tend to decrease the energy required to excite a pi-bonding electron, and increase the energy required to excite a non-bonding electron. This phenomenon is called “state switching” and is a mechanism by which photoactive compounds absorb UV radiation. By enhancing the state switching in a photoprotective or sunscreen composition, a more efficient UV absorbing composition can result. It is also known that the use of different solvents in sunscreen formulations may increase or decrease the effectiveness of a sunscreen chemical. The shifts (hypsochromic to the lower wavelength or bathochromic to higher wavelength) in the UV spectrum are due to the relative degrees of solvation by the solvent of the ground state and the excited state of the chemical. It has been found in the prior art that as the polarity of a solvent system including a dissolved, rapidly-photodegradable compound is increased, the rate of photodecay initially decreases, but then increases again as the polarity is further increased. Thus, a photodegradable compound in solution will degrade as a second-order function of the overall polarity of the solution. Currently accepted photochemical theory provides the possibility that the mechanism by which a photodegradable compound is stabilized is the transfer of a photonically-excited electron to a nearby molecule of the same or different species (see, e.g., N. J. Turro, Modem Molecular Photochemistry, Chapter 9, Benjamin/Cummings Publ. Co., Menlo Park, Calif. (1991)), incorporated by reference herein. Additional photochemical theory is believed to coincide with the electron transfer theory of Professor Rudolph A. Marcus of the California Institute of Technology, for which he received the 1992 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, incorporated by reference herein. U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,485,713 and 6,537,529 to Bonda et al., consistent with the above-described theory, discloses the use of amides, malates and bis-urethanes in a solvent system to control the polarity of the solvent system in a sunscreen composition. The use of these specific components results in an oil phase having a dielectric constant no greater than about 12. The named components are used in an oil-in-water sunscreen composition in an amount about 0.1% to about 40% by weight of the total weight of the composition, and more preferably about 3 wt. % to about 20 wt. %. In addition to the above, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2004/0057916 A1 to Bonda et al. discloses polymers and compounds including a diphenylmethylene or a 9H-fluorene moiety for use in sunscreen compositions to photostabilize UVA sunscreen actives. Critical wavelength is another important aspect in optimizing the performance of a photoprotective composition. In 1994, Diffey described the Critical Wavelength in vitro method, which is based on the absorption spectrum of a sunscreen product obtained via UV substrate spectrophotometry (Diffey B L (1994) A Method for Broad-Spectrum Classification of Sunscreens. Intl J Cosmet Sci, 16: 47-52), which is incorporated by reference herein. The absorption spectrum of a sunscreen is characterized by an index, namely critical wavelength, which is the wavelength where the integral of the spectral absorbance curve reached 90% of the integral from 290 nm to 400 nm. The critical wavelength method is used to determine the breadth of UV protection and is the recommended method for the evaluation of long wave efficacy of sunscreen products. Therefore, by optimizing the critical wavelength properties of a photoprotective composition, enhanced photoprotection may result. Another measure of a sunscreen composition's efficiency is the Star Rating (UVA/UVB Ratio) according to the Boots Star Rating System (4-star that was recently revised to 5 star category). The Star Rating is calculated as an indicator of the UVA absorbance properties of a sunscreen product, relative to UVB as described in the Revised Guidelines to the practical measurement of UVA:UVB ratios according to Boots Star Rating System. The calculation of the UVA:UVB absorbance ratio will typically yield values from zero (equal to no UVA absorbance) up to 1.0 (UVA absorbance equal to UVB). What is absent in the prior art is a photoprotective composition having one or more agents that differ from the prior art that are capable of optimizing at least one of the following properties: polarity, critical wavelength, SPF, PFA, Star Rating, or any combinations thereof, in the oil phase, water phase, both phases, or the final sunscreen formulation; thus resulting in a more efficient and photostable photoprotective composition. The present invention addresses this shortcoming by providing an efficient photoprotective composition having one or more optimization agents capable of optimizing at least one of the following properties: polarity, critical wavelength, SPF, PFA, Star Rating, photostability or any combinations thereof, in the oil phase, water phase, both phases of the composition, or the final sunscreen formulation.	<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>It is an object of the present invention to provide an efficient photoprotective composition. It is another object of the present invention to provide such a composition that is a sunscreen composition. It is still another object of the present invention to provide such a composition having one or more optimization agents capable of optimizing the polarity, critical wavelength, SPF, PFA, Star Rating, photostability, or any combinations thereof of the oil phase, water phase, both oil and water phases, of the composition. It is another object of the present invention to provide such a composition where the one or more optimization agents are lipophilic, hydrophilic, or both. It is still another object of the present invention to provide such a composition where the one or more optimization agents have a dielectric constant greater than about 10.5. It is still another object of the present invention to provide such a composition where the one or more optimization agents have a dielectric constant greater than about 13. It is a further object of the present invention to provide such a composition where the one or more optimization agents are one or more alcohols, such as, for example, glycols, diols, or any derivatives thereof. These and other objects of the present invention are achieved by a composition comprising one or more photoactive compounds and one or more optimization agents. Surprisingly, the composition requires a small amount of optimization agent to efficiently optimize the polarity, critical wavelength, SPF, PFA, Star Rating, photostability, or any combinations thereof, of the composition. Subsequently, an efficient sunscreen composition is achieved.	20040528	20060321	20050120	72654.0		1	DODSON, SHELLEY A	SUNSCREEN COMPOSITION	UNDISCOUNTED	0	ACCEPTED		2,004
10,856,825	ACCEPTED	Folding chair with metal inserts	The invention provides a plastic folding chair compromising a support frame, a main frame and a seat frame. The support frame further comprises a pair of parallel rear legs. Each rear leg is reinforced by an internal insert and may haves a rear surface incorporating a wedge that facilitates stacking.	1. A flat-folding plastic chair comprising: a main frame, a support frame and a seat frame; the main frame hinged to an upper portion of the support frame; the seat frame pivotally attached to and supported by a seat pivot member located in an intermediate portion of the main frame; the support frame being fabricated from molded plastic and having two legs, each leg reinforced by an internal insert. 2. The chair of claim 1, wherein: the upper portion of support frame further comprises a channel for receiving a pivot member; each reinforcement having an upper section in which is formed a transverse opening for cooperating with the channel and receiving the pivot member. 3. The chair of claim 1, wherein: the support frame has integral lower and upper cross members. 4. The chair of claim 3, wherein: the reinforcement extends at least between the lower and upper cross members. 5. The chair of claim 1, wherein: the main frame has left and right legs and each is reinforced by a second internal insert. 6. The chair of claim 5, wherein: the second insert is located in the intermediate portion in the area of the seat pivot member. 7. The chair of claim 1, wherein: the seat frame has side members that are each reinforced by an internal seat frame insert. 8. The chair of claim 7, wherein: the internal metal seat frame inserts are each formed with a transverse through opening for receiving the seat pivot member. 9. A flat-folding plastic chair comprising: a main frame, a support frame and a seat frame; the main frame hinged to an upper portion of the support frame; the seat frame pivotally attached to and supported by a seat pivot member located in an intermediate portion of the main frame; the support frame being fabricated from molded plastic and having two legs, each leg having a rear surface, at the bottom of which is a stacking wedge. 10. The chair of claim 9, wherein: the wedge is shaped like a wave that blends smoothly from the rear surface to a region of maximum height. 11. The chair of claim 10, wherein: the region of maximum height is located toward the top of the leg. 12. The chair of claim 10, wherein: a rear surface of the wedge is gently concave and includes a transition to a short flat surface that is adjacent to the region of maximum height. 13. The chair of claim 9 wherein: the wedge occupies substantially a full width of each leg. 14. The chair of claim 9, wherein: when the chairs are stacked, the wedges interfere with a transverse footrest of an adjacent chair. 15. A flat-folding plastic chair comprising: a main frame, a support frame and a seat frame; the main frame hinged to an upper portion of the support frame; the seat frame pivotally attached to and supported by a seat pivot member located in an intermediate portion of the main frame; seat frame being fabricated from molded plastic and having two legs, each leg reinforced by an internal insert. 16. The chair of claim 15, wherein: the insert is located in the intermediate portion in the area of the seat pivot member. 17. The chair of claim 15, wherein: the seat frame has side members that are each reinforced by an internal seat frame insert. 18. The chair of claim 17, wherein: the internal seat frame inserts are each formed with a transverse through opening for receiving the seat pivot member. 19. The chair of claim 1, wherein: the insert further comprises a metal tube of rectangular cross section. 20. The chair of claim 1, wherein: gas is blown into the insert during the injection molding process.	FIELD OF THE INVENTION The invention pertains to folding chairs and more particularly to a plastic folding chair with metal inserts located in strategic locations. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Folding chairs are in wide use. One popular use for a folding chair is the rental or hire market. Such chairs are used by businesses that rent chairs for quick deployment and collection, at functions where chairs would not otherwise be present. Traditional folding chairs are wooden although plastic folding chairs are known. Particularly for the rental or hire market, folding chairs must be sturdy and capable of absorbing abusive handling. Further, the chairs must be stackable so they may be stored and transported economically. It is also preferred that stacks of chairs be susceptible to greater rather than lesser heights during storage and transport. It is important that chairs do not slide off their stack as this can result to inconvenience and injury. One such folding plastic chair shown in U.S. Pat. No. 6,099,073. Note that this type of folding chair fails to precisely resemble traditional wooden folding chairs because of the presence of prominent special molded-in features. Further, it is known that people will tend to rock on this type of chair and that when doing so, excessive stresses are placed on, particularly, the rear legs. This can result in deformation, damage or breakage to the chair. Accordingly, the useful lifetime of the chair is reduced and therefore the profitability of the rental business is reduced. Some plastic chairs are uncomfortable. Another type of plastic folding chair is seen in U.S. Pat. No. 6,592,182. This type of chair has no metal reinforcement in the seat or along the legs. As mentioned above, rocking on this type of chair can result in excessive stresses, for example, on the rear legs. OBJECTS AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is an object of the invention to provide a plastic folding chair with enhanced mechanical properties. It is also an object of the invention, which provides a plastic folding chair with stable stacking characteristic. Accordingly, the invention provides a plastic folding chair compromising a support frame, a main frame and a seat frame. The support frame further comprises a pair of parallel legs and each of the legs is reinforced with an internal, molded in, metal reinforcement. Another embodiments of the inventions, the left and right side elements of the seat are also reinforced with a metal insert. It is also an object of the invention to provide a plastic folding chair with stable stacking characteristics. Accordingly, some embodiments provide a plastic folding chair compromising a support frame, a main frame and a seat frame. The support frame further comprises a pair of parallel rear legs. Each rear leg has a rear surface and the lower end of the rear surface incorporates a wedge that facilitates stacking. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING Figures FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a chair according to the teachings of the present invention; FIG. 2 is a perspective view of the chair shown in FIG. 1, in a folded flat position; FIG. 3 is a bottom plan view of a seat element; FIG. 4 is a side elevation of the element depicted in FIG. 3; FIG. 5 is a rear elevation of a support frame; FIG. 6 is a bottom plan view of a seat frame; FIG. 7 is a side elevation of this seat frame depicted in FIG. 6; FIG. 8 is a plan view of a support frame metal insert; FIG. 9 is a plan view of a metal insert for a seat frame; FIG. 9a is a cross sectional view of a metal insert for a seat frame; FIG. 10 is a cross sectional view of a portion of the support frame showing the positioning of the metal insert with a retaining pin; FIG. 11 is a plan view of a plug; FIG. 12 is a perspective view of a stacking wedge; FIG. 13 is a perspective view of stacked chairs according to the teachings of the present invention; and FIG. 14 is a perspective view showing partial width stacking wedges. BEST MODE AND OTHER EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION As shown in FIG. 1, a flat-folding plastic chair 10 comprises a support frame 11, a main frame 12 and a seat frame 13. A metal rod or other seat pivot memberl4 extends between an intermediate portion of the left and right sides or legs of the main frame 12 and the seat frame 13 pivots about this rod 14. The pivoting movement of the seat is inhibited by an upper cross member 53 of the support frame so that the unfolded chair is stable. The support frame 11 pivots about the main frame 12 by the use of a pair of cap screws and fastening heads 15 which are set flush or below the surface of the main frame and support frame. Two opposed and inward facing channels 16 are formed in the support frame 11 and guide a pair of integral pins formed in the rear of seat frame 13. The main frame 12 has a close resemblance to the main frames of wooden chairs. It comprises left and right legs 17, 18 a lower transverse cross member or foot rest 19 a transverse seat supporting cross member 20 and an upper cross member or backrest 21. The backrest may be conveniently contoured for user comfort. As shown in FIG. 2, the chair is capable of folding flat. In some embodiments, recesses 22 may be formed into the under side of the seat frame 13 to accommodate the seat support 20 which is integral with the main frame 12. Also visible in FIG. 2 is a scallop 23 formed in the underside of the seat frame along the central portion of the seat's front cross member 24. This scallop or depression 23 cooperates with a pivoting lever 30 that is attached to the underside 31 of the padded seat insert 31 of the padded seat insert 32. As shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 the seat insert or element 32 comprises a ridged base 33 that is preferably covered in a flexible textile sheet 34. A foam pad 35 may be interposed between the outer cover 34 and the ridged base or support 33. The seat insert 32 also features a seat brace 36 in the form of a wooden block having a transverse channel 37. The length of the block 36 is adapted to fit between the side members of the seat such that the groove 37 may lie on top of and engage the rod 14. The perimeter of the seat insert or element 32 is supported by the upper surface of the seat 13. The seat insert 32 is retained by the pivoting lever 30 when it engages the seat frame in the area of the scallop 23 and also by virtue of a tang and fastener 38 that essentially traps the rod 14 in the grove 37. As shown in FIG. 5, the support frame 11 comprises a pair of left and right side members or legs 51 which are interconnected by an integral lower cross member 52 and upper cross member 53. The upper cross member 53 serves the important purpose of taking the stress imposed by the rear of the pivoting seat frame when weight is placed in front of the rod 14 and on the seat frame. Importantly, each of the side members 51 is reinforced with an insert 152. It will be understood that other metals such as aluminum may be used to save weight. Even high strength polymers or composites may be used. We use steel here as an example. As shown in FIGS. 5, 8 and 10, the steel insert 152 (for the support frame) preferably comprises a rectangular or square tube shaped channel that extends nearly the length of the entire side member or leg 51. It will be understood that the term “rectangle” technically includes square sections. It may include a number of optional openings 55 along its length for weight reduction. The steel or other reinforcement may also include secondary openings 56 which are used in the positioning of the insert within the mold in which the support frame is fabricated using holder pins. In some embodiments the square or rectangular tube inserts are capped and provided without the vent holes 55. This method alleviates the need for gas injection. As shown in FIG. 10, a plastic positioning pin 100 has a bottom 101 which can frictionally engage the secondary holes 56 and support the insert within a mold and away from the mold wall prior to and during the injection molding process. Other positioning devices 105 are located in openings 106 formed in the insert 152. Preferably these openings 106 are located on the opposite side of the insert 152 from the positioning pins 100. The positioning devices 105 act as a spacer between the mold cavity and the insert 152 and thereby maintain the accurate positioning of the insert in the mould cavity. In practice the insert with pins 100 and spacer devices 105 in inserted into the mould cavity with the pins entering retaining holes in the cavity. At the end of the molding process, the support frame 11 with pins 100 is removed from the mold and the shaft of the pin 102 is removed below 103(a) its base 103 or preferably above the base 103(a) so that the remainder of the pin is almost flush with the surface 104 of the support frame. Also note that the insert 152 carries a pair of openings 58 at its upper end that register with the transverse channel 59 that is used to receive the cap screw or other pivot member 15. Thus a significant load bearing and pivoting portion of the support frame is essentially reinforced by the insert 152 with regard to its contact with the main frame 18. It is also an advantage that, during the injection molding of the steel reinforced frames of the present invention, pressurized nitrogen be injected into the interior or exterior of the steel channel. This reduces the weight of the chair and the amount of plastic consumed. As shown in FIG. 5a, a longitudinal air pocket 111 is formed by injecting (dry) nitrogen into the steel channel during plastic injection. Any air entry opening in the surface of the molded part is permanently covered by a small cap 110 as shown in FIG. 11. Similarly to the arrangement shown in FIG. 5, a metal insert in the form of a square or rectangular tube can be used to stiffen and strengthen the front leg portions of the main frame 11. As shown in FIG. 1, a full-length metal insert 25 can be inserted into a mould cavity before the leg is molded. It is particularly advantageous that the insert be drilled transversely to accept the fastener 15 about which the legs 12 pivot and if necessary, to accept the rod 14. In some embodiments, only that portion of the main frame or front leg 12 adjacent to the fastener 15 is reinforced by a shorter length 26 of insert or reinforcement. Other areas of the legs such as the area of the seat pivot 27 or the expanses of leg between the pivots can be selectively reinforced with short inserts. This method of reinforcement provides stress relief in key areas but weighs less than using full-length inserts. As shown in FIGS. 6 and 7, the seat frame 13 comprises seat frame side members 61 which are interconnected by a front portion 62 and a rear portion 63. In preferred embodiments, only the two side members of the seat 61 are reinforced with “U” shaped (or even “L” shaped) channel 64 as shown in FIG. 6 and 9. Because FIG. 6 is a view from the bottom of the seat frame, scallop 23 is clearly visible as is the thin upper thinned section 164 that engages the pivoting lever 30 (shown in FIG. 4). The under side features a network of reinforcing ribs 65 which surround each of the webs which define the upper surface of the seat frame. The ribs also locate the arms 64a of the “U” shaped channels 64. A boss 66 traverses the parallel ribs 65 which define the side members and provides a thickened portion for a receiving a transverse bore or opening 67 through which the rod 14 passes. The under side of the seat frame also features alignment pins 68 which extend away from the underside of the seat frame 13 and engage with the internal edges of a support frame of an adjacent folding chair when the two are in a stacking position. The alignment pin 68 resists lateral movement and assist in the stabilization of the stack. The rear transverse element 63 of the seat frame 13 further comprises a ridge 70 that extends upwardly from the upper surface 71 of the seat frame 13. The ridge 70 is used to make contact with the support frame's upper cross member 53. In some embodiments the front and rear transverse elements of the seat 62, 63 can be reinforced with steel channels 64 just as described with reference to the side members 61. In some embodiments a single steel frame-like insert reinforcement can be used in place of four separate channels 64. As shown in FIGS. 12-14, a stacking wedge 40 is located toward or at the bottom of the rear-facing surface of each of the rear legs 11. The wedge 40 resembles a wave that blends smoothly from the rear surface 41 to a maximum height 42 that occurs toward the top of the leg. In preferred embodiments, the rear surface 43 of the wedge is gently concave and includes a transition 44 to a short flat surface 45 that is adjacent to the area of maximum height 42. It is preferred that the wedge or wave 40 occupies substantially the full width 46 of each leg 11. Wedges of this configuration are easy to clean after outdoor use. As shown in FIG. 13, when the chairs are stacked, the wedges 40 interfere with the footrest 19 of an adjacent chair. This mechanical interference stabilizes adjacent chairs and therefore a stack of chairs that incorporate the above referenced features. A shown in FIG. 14, the stacking wedge 40 may be partial width across the leg and need not extend the full width of the leg. Accordingly, what has been disclosed is a ridged and rugged folding plastic chair having metallic inserts in key locations. The primary requirement for metallic reinforcement occurs in the side members of the support frame but is also particularly advantageous in the seat as previously discussed. Other advantages of the invention include the stacking wedges 40. While the invention has been described with reference to particular details of construction, these should be understood as examples and not as limitations to the scope of the invention as expressed in the claims.	<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>Folding chairs are in wide use. One popular use for a folding chair is the rental or hire market. Such chairs are used by businesses that rent chairs for quick deployment and collection, at functions where chairs would not otherwise be present. Traditional folding chairs are wooden although plastic folding chairs are known. Particularly for the rental or hire market, folding chairs must be sturdy and capable of absorbing abusive handling. Further, the chairs must be stackable so they may be stored and transported economically. It is also preferred that stacks of chairs be susceptible to greater rather than lesser heights during storage and transport. It is important that chairs do not slide off their stack as this can result to inconvenience and injury. One such folding plastic chair shown in U.S. Pat. No. 6,099,073. Note that this type of folding chair fails to precisely resemble traditional wooden folding chairs because of the presence of prominent special molded-in features. Further, it is known that people will tend to rock on this type of chair and that when doing so, excessive stresses are placed on, particularly, the rear legs. This can result in deformation, damage or breakage to the chair. Accordingly, the useful lifetime of the chair is reduced and therefore the profitability of the rental business is reduced. Some plastic chairs are uncomfortable. Another type of plastic folding chair is seen in U.S. Pat. No. 6,592,182. This type of chair has no metal reinforcement in the seat or along the legs. As mentioned above, rocking on this type of chair can result in excessive stresses, for example, on the rear legs.	<SOH> OBJECTS AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>It is an object of the invention to provide a plastic folding chair with enhanced mechanical properties. It is also an object of the invention, which provides a plastic folding chair with stable stacking characteristic. Accordingly, the invention provides a plastic folding chair compromising a support frame, a main frame and a seat frame. The support frame further comprises a pair of parallel legs and each of the legs is reinforced with an internal, molded in, metal reinforcement. Another embodiments of the inventions, the left and right side elements of the seat are also reinforced with a metal insert. It is also an object of the invention to provide a plastic folding chair with stable stacking characteristics. Accordingly, some embodiments provide a plastic folding chair compromising a support frame, a main frame and a seat frame. The support frame further comprises a pair of parallel rear legs. Each rear leg has a rear surface and the lower end of the rear surface incorporates a wedge that facilitates stacking.	20040601	20051129	20050120	74582.0		3	WHITE, RODNEY BARNETT	FOLDING CHAIR WITH METAL INSERTS	SMALL	0	ACCEPTED		2,004
10,857,046	ACCEPTED	Check valve with locked restraint mechanism	Check valves including components having a straightforward and simple design allowing the components to be scaled down to an extremely small size without losing functionality or performance of the check valve.	1. A check valve capable of being seated within a conduit, the check valve comprising: a casing having a front end a back end and an interior cavity oriented generally along a longitudinal axis of the check valve, the casing further including: a pair of diametrically opposed slots formed in the casing, the slots extending along a length of the casing from the back end to divide the back end into a pair of wings, a pair of ramps formed in each of the wings on an interior surface of the casing, a pair of holes formed in each of the wings through the casing adjacent to the ramps, and a seat section formed near the front end; a stopper capable of seating within the seat section; a spring for fitting within the interior cavity and having a first end and a second end, the first end capable of engaging the stopper and biasing the stopper into the seat section; and a restraining mechanism, including, a spherical base capable of engaging the second end of the spring, a centering shaft for extending along the longitudinal axis at least partially through a center of the spring, and a pair of locking ears extending generally radially outward from the longitudinal axis; wherein the restraining mechanism may be mounted within the casing by forcing the restraining mechanism into the interior cavity with the locking ears riding down the pair of ramps and seating within the pair of holes, the pair of slots allowing the wings to spread apart to accommodate the width of the restraining mechanism from an end of one locking ear to an end of the other locking ear, the wings springing back substantially to their unbiased position when the pair of locking ears are seated within the pair of holes. 2. A check valve as recited in claim 1, the spring being compressed between the stopper and the spherical base upon mounting of the restraining mechanism within the casing. 3. A check valve as recited in claim 1, fluid flow in the direction from the back end of the casing to the front end of the casing further biasing the stopper into the seat to prevent fluid flow in that direction. 4. A check valve as recited in claim 1, fluid flow above a predetermined cracking pressure in the direction from the front end of the casing to the back end of the casing biasing the stopper out of the seat to allow fluid flow in that direction. 5. A check valve as recited in claim 1, wherein the diameter of the check valve is provided to be mounted within a conduit with an approximately ⅛th inch inner diameter. 6. A check valve as recited in claim 1, wherein an outer diameter of the casing includes barbs for anchoring the check valve in the position at which it is inserted into the conduit. 7. A check valve capable of being seated within a conduit, the check valve comprising: a casing having a front end a back end and an interior cavity oriented generally along a longitudinal axis of the check valve, the casing further including: a pair wings formed at a back end of the casing, the wings capable of resiliently spreading apart from each other, at least one ramp formed in at least one of the wings on an interior surface of the casing, at least one hole formed through at least one of the wings, the at least one hole being adjacent to the at least one ramp, and a seat section formed near the front end; a stopper capable of seating within the seat section; a spring for fitting within the interior cavity and having a first end and a second end, the first end capable of engaging the stopper and biasing the stopper into the seat section; and a restraining mechanism, including, a spherical base capable of engaging the second end of the spring, a centering shaft for extending along the longitudinal axis at least partially through a center of the spring and preventing buckling of the spring as it compresses, and at least one locking ear extending generally radially outward from the longitudinal axis for riding down the at least one ramp into the at least one hole to mount the restraining mechanism within the casing. 8. A check valve as recited in claim 7, the spring being compressed between the stopper and the spherical base upon mounting of the restraining mechanism within the casing. 9. A check valve as recited in claim 7, fluid flow in the direction from the back end of the casing to the front end of the casing further biasing the stopper into the seat to prevent fluid flow in that direction. 10. A check valve as recited in claim 7, fluid flow above a predetermined cracking pressure in the direction from the front end of the casing to the back end of the casing biasing the stopper out of the seat to allow fluid flow in that direction. 11. A check valve as recited in claim 7, wherein the diameter of the check valve is provided to be mounted within a conduit with an approximately ⅛th inch inner diameter. 12. A check valve as recited in claim 7, wherein an outer diameter of the casing includes barbs for anchoring the check valve in the position at which it is inserted into the conduit. 13. A check valve as recited in claim 7, the casing further comprising one or more barbs for securing the check valve within the conduit in which the check valve is capable of fitting.	BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to check valves for one-way flow control and pressure relief within tubing, and in particular to check valves which may be anchored in place through the use of a barbed casing and check valves including components having a straightforward and simple design allowing the components to be scaled down to an extremely small size without losing functionality or performance of the check valve. 2. Description of the Related Art Check valves are used in a wide variety of applications to provide accurate, reliable one-way fluid flow control and pressure relief. Applications in which check valves are typically used include medical diagnostic and treatment equipment, gas analysis equipment, filtration, beverage dispensing, semiconductor fabrication, chemical processing and many others. While many configurations are known, a typical check valve is comprised of an annular disc, or poppet, mounted for axial translation within the cavity of a housing. A biasing mechanism such as a spring is provided to bias the poppet into a sealing position which prevents fluid flow through the valve. When mounted in a pipe, tubing or other fluid flow conduit, fluid flow acting on the poppet in the same direction as the force exerted by the biasing mechanism further increases the pressure on the seal to prevent fluid flow in that direction. On the other hand, fluid flow of sufficient pressure acting on the poppet in the opposite direction as the force exerted by the biasing mechanism overcomes the force of the spring to move the poppet out of its seat to thereby create a path for fluid to flow through the valve. The pressure at which fluid overcomes the force of the spring to unseat the poppet and allow flow through the valve is referred to as the cracking pressure. One problem in conventional check valves relates to mounting the valve within the flow conduit. Conventional valves that are merely seated in a pipe or tubing tend to dislodge and move under fluid pressure. While it is known to machine a cavity into the conduit for seating the valve, such machining is adds time and expense to the provision of the valve. Another problem with conventional check valves is that the moving parts are not easily scaled down for small inner diameter (“id”) conduits. As the applications in which check valves are used call for smaller and smaller conduit ids, redesign of the check valve has become necessary. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is therefore an advantage of embodiments of the present invention to provide a check valve having a design which may be easily scaled down for use in small id conduits. It is another advantage of the present invention to provide a check valve where the poppet and spring are self-aligning within the cavity of the housing. It is a further advantage of the present invention to provide a check valve having a range of reliable and controllable cracking pressures. It is a still further advantage of the present invention to provide a check valve which is well suited to automated assembly. It is another advantage of embodiments of the present invention to provide a check valve which may easily and quickly mounted in a fixed position within a conduit without machining. These and other advantages are provided by the present invention, which in embodiments relate to a check valve including a casing having a front end a back end and an interior cavity oriented generally along a longitudinal axis of the check valve. The casing includes a pair wings formed by slots at a back end of the casing, the wings capable of resiliently spreading apart from each other. The casing further includes a pair of ramps formed in wings on an interior surface of the casing, and a pair of holes formed through the wings and being adjacent to the at least one ramp. A seat section is further formed in the interior surface of the casing near the front end. This embodiment of the check valve further includes a stopper capable of seating within the seat section, a spring for fitting within the interior cavity and having a first end capable of engaging the stopper and biasing the stopper into the seat section, and a restraining mechanism. The restraining mechanism includes a spherical base capable of engaging the second end of the spring, a centering shaft for extending along the longitudinal axis at least partially through a center of the spring and preventing buckling of the spring as it compresses, and a pair of locking ears extending generally radially outward from the longitudinal axis of the check valve. During assembly, the restraining mechanism is forced down into the internal cavity of the casing so that the locking ears ride down the ramps and into the holes to mount the restraining mechanism within the casing. In this position, the spring is compressed to maintain the stopper within the seat section. Each of the above described components within the casing are self aligning during assembly, thus making the current design particularly well suited for automated assembly. Moreover, the simple design allows the components to be scaled down to an extremely small size without losing functionality or performance of the check valve. A check valve according to this design may be used in conduits having an inner diameter of approximately ⅛th inch. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The present invention will now be described reference the drawings, in which: FIG. 1 is a side view of a check valve according to an embodiment of the present invention seated within a conduit such as tubing; FIG. 2 is an exploded perspective view of the check valve shown in FIG. 1. FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional front view of the casing according to the embodiment shown in FIG. 1; FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional side view of the casing of the check valve shown in FIG. 1; FIG. 5 is a perspective view from a first angle of the check valve shown in FIG. 1; and FIG. 6 is a perspective view from a second angle of a check valve according to the embodiment of FIG. 1. DETAILED DESCRIPTION The present invention will now be described with reference to FIGS. 1 through 6, which embodiments relate to check valve which may be securely located within a conduit and which has a design capable of operating in narrow ID conduits. It is understood that the present invention may be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as being limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete and will fully convey the invention to those skilled in the art. Indeed, the invention is intended to cover alternatives, modifications and equivalents of these embodiments, which are included within the scope and spirit of the invention as defined by the appended claims. Furthermore, in the following detailed description of the present invention, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. However, it will be clear to those of ordinary skill in the art that the present invention may be practiced without such specific details. Referring now to FIG. 1, there is shown a check valve 100 fixedly seated within a conduit 102. Conduit 102 may for example be polymer tubing such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) tubing. However, it is understood the conduit 102 may be formed of other materials used for tubing, pipes and other conduits in which embodiments of the present invention is provided. Moreover, the check valve 100 may be mounted within a variety of other mounting designs, such as fittings and manifolds. As will be explained hereinafter, check valve 100 has a construction which anchors it into the position in which it is inserted within conduit 102, and remains there after insertion and during use. As seen for example in FIG. 2, check valve 100 may include a casing 104 including a front end 112 and a back end 114. The casing 104 receives a stopper 108 held in position by a restraining mechanism 106 and a spring 116. The casing 104 and restraining mechanism 106 may be formed of various polymers such as for example polypropylene in embodiments of the present invention. The casing 104 and/or restraining mechanism 106 may be formed of a variety of other materials in alternative embodiments including for example nylon, acrylic, Delrin®, PVDF, polycarbonate and Ultem®. Still further materials may include various rubbers and elastimers. Stopper 108 may be formed of Buna-N, but may be formed of other materials in alternative embodiments such as for example ethylene, propylene, Viton®, Alfas and Kalrez®. Spring 116 may for example be 316 stainless steel standard. Other spring materials are contemplated. Restraining mechanism 106 includes a centering shaft 130 for fitting over at least a portion of spring 116, and a pair of locking ears 132 for fitting within a pair of holes 140 on casing 104 as explained hereinafter. The restraining mechanism 106 further includes a spherical base member 136 against which an end of spring 116 is supported upon assembly. Although called a spherical base and shown as being generally spherical in the figures, it is understood that the spherical base may have shapes other than generally spherical in alternative embodiments. The centering shaft 130 extends from the base member 136 and may be circular in cross-section, having a diameter near to the inner diameter of spring 116. The centering shaft may have cross-sectional shapes other than circular in alternative embodiments, such as for example square. The locking ears 132 extend from opposite sides of the base member 136, generally perpendicularly to the centering shaft 130. The locking ears may be circular in cross-section, having a diameter near to the diameter of holes 140, but locking ears may have cross-sectional shapes other than circular in alternative embodiments, such as for example square. The stopper 108 may be spherical. Casing 104 will now be described with respect to the front view of FIG. 3, the side view of FIG. 4 and the perspective views of FIGS. 5-6. It is understood that check valve 100 may be located in conduit 102 at any angular orientation along the check valves longitudinal axis, and the use of the terms “front” and “side” with respect to FIGS. 3 and 4 denotes nothing more than at the two views from perspectives 90° apart from each other along the longitudinal axis of casing 104. Casing 104 includes a pair of slots 142. The slots define a pair of semi-circular wings 144 near the back section 114 of casing 104. Casing 104 further includes a pair of holes 140 defined one in each of semi-circular wings 144, and a pair of ramps 146 formed on the interior surfaces of wings 144, adjacent to holes 140. As seen in FIGS. 3 and 4, the front end 112 of casing 104 includes a seat 120 formed in the interior surface of casing 104 which gets narrower toward front end 112. The ID of the seat at its narrower sections is smaller than the OD of the stopper 108. The seat may be conical or other shapes. To assemble check valve 100, the casing 104 may be held vertically, back end 114 facing upward, and stopper 108 is inserted into the back end 114 where is falls into position within seat 120. Restraining mechanism 106 with spring 116 seated on centering shaft 130 is then inserted through back end 114 of casing 104. During insertion, when locking ears 132 contact with the back end 114 of casing 104, restraining mechanism 106 is rotated about the longitudinal axis of check valve 100 until locking ears 132 align with and are received within indents 145 (labeled on FIGS. 2 and 5). The indents are useful to allow alignment of the ears 132 with the ramps 146, which are adjacent the indents 145. At this point the restraining mechanism 106 is further inserted into casing 104 until the locking ears clear ramps 146 and are received within holes 140. At this point, restraining mechanism 106 is locked within casing 104. Ramps 146 have surfaces which taper inward so that as restraining mechanism 106 is pushed down into casing 104 and locking ears 132 ride down ramps 146, wings 144 spread apart to accommodate the width of restraining mechanism 106 from the end of one locking ear 132 to the end of the opposite locking ear 132. Wings 144 are allowed to resiliently spread outward by virtue of slots 142. Once locking ears 132 are received within holes 140, wings 144 spring back to the unbiased position shown in the figures to lock the ears within the holes. It is understood that one of the locking ears 132 may be omitted from the restraining mechanism and one of the ramps 146 and the adjacent hole 130 may be omitted in an alternative embodiment, so that the single locking ear rides down the single ramp and into the single hole to lock the restraining mechanism within the casing. With ears 132 locked in holes 140 and the restraining mechanism 106 locked within casing 104, spring 116 is compressed between stopper 108 in seat 120 on one end, and spherical base 136 of restraining mechanism 106 on the other. With stopper 108 securely positioned within seat 120, fluid flow in the direction of arrow B (FIG. 1) from the back end 114 to the front end 112 is prevented. Conversely, flow in the direction of arrow A sufficient to overcome the force of spring 116 biasing stopper 108 into seat 120 will allow flow through the valve. Although not shown, it is understood that the shape of the surfaces on the interior of casing 204 may be reversed with respect to that shown in FIGS. 1 through 6 in an alternative embodiment. In this embodiment, stopper 108 resides adjacent the back end 114 of the casing, and the wings 144 are in the front end 112 of the casing. In such an embodiment, flow is allowed in the direction opposite that allowed by the valve of FIGS. 1-6. Similarly, flow is prevented in the direction opposite that prevented by the valve of FIGS. 1-6. The design of check valve 100 is self-aligning and particularly well suited to automated assembly. In particular, stopper 108 naturally seats within seat 120 upon insertion into casing 104 and the ends of spring 116 naturally align against stopper 108 and the spherical base 136 upon insertion. Additionally, centering shaft 130 of restraining mechanism 106 maintains spring 116 centered within the cavity on the interior of casing 104. Similarly, centering shaft 130 aligns the restraining mechanism 106, and maintains ears 132 in a generally horizontal position perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the casing 104, as the restraining mechanism is inserted into casing 104. When locking ears 132 engage back end 114, the restraining mechanism may be rotated along the longitudinal axis until the ears align with indents 145, at which point the restraining mechanism may be further inserted into the casing. Thus, the indents naturally align the restraining mechanism to the casing. Rotation of less than 180° will be required to align ears 132 within indents 145. Once ears 132 are aligned with indents 145, the indents 145 ensure that the ears 132 will be aligned with and received within slots 146 and holes 140. The end of spring 116 also positions around the spherical surface of spherical base 136 to maintain locking mechanism 106 in a center position once locking ears 132 are positioned through the holes 140. In this manner, each of the components inserted within casing 104 are self-aligning and particularly well suited to automated assembly. The casing is also suited for automation in that the slots 142 allow the casing to be aligned during automated assembly. It is understood however that the assembly of check valve 104 as described above may be accomplished automatedly or manually. Assembly may also be accomplished with the casing 104 held in the horizontal position in alternative embodiments. There is a further feature of check valve 104 that cracking pressures may be precisely controlled. In particular, centering shaft 130 ensures straight compression of spring 116 and prevents spring 116 from moving laterally during compression which may otherwise allow spring 116 to contact the interior walls of casing 104. Centering shaft 130 prevents portions of spring 116 from moving laterally, which lateral movement would otherwise vary the degree to which spring 116 is compressed and, accordingly, the force with which stopper 108 is held within seat 120. Additionally, if portions of spring 116 were allowed to move laterally into contact with the interior surfaces of casing 104, such frictional engagement would also unpredictably vary the forces with which spring 116 holds stopper 108 within seat 120. As centering shaft 130 prevents such lateral movement, the force with which spring 116 holds stopper 108 within seat 120 may be accurately provided, and accordingly, the cracking pressure of check valve 104 may be precisely controlled. In embodiments of the present invention, the cracking pressure may for example range between 0.5 psi to 20 psi in alternative embodiments of the check valve. It is understood that the cracking pressure of check valve 100 may be less than 0.5 psi and greater than 20 psi in alternative embodiments. The cracking pressure of check valve 100 for fluid flow in the direction of arrow A may be precisely controlled by controlling the length of check valve 100 and spring 116 as well as the spring constant of spring 116. Additionally, the simple design of each of the components of check valve 100 allows the components to be scaled down to an extremely small size without losing functionality or performance of the check valve. For example, check valve 100 may be used in a one-eighth inch inner diameter conduit 102. It is understood that check valve 100 may be used with conduits larger than or smaller than one-eighth inch in alternative embodiments. Casing 104 may include one or more barbs 124 similar to barbs 124 for securely positioning check valve 100 in a fixed position within conduit 102. Each barb is formed of a conical section having a diameter which increases from the front to the back of the conical section as shown in the figures. The smaller diameter front sections allows the barbed housing to be inserted into a conduit 102, but the larger diameter back sections prevent the casing from moving once positioned. In embodiments of the present invention, check valve 100 may be used in conduits having an inner diameter of approximately one-eighth inch. For such embodiments, the narrower sections of each barb may be approximately one-eighth inch outer diameter, while the large sections of the barb may be slightly larger than one-eighth inch outer diameter, such as for example three-sixteenths of an inch. It is understood that check valve 100 may be sized to fit within conduits larger or smaller than one-eighth inch in alternative embodiments. Moreover, it is understood that the size difference of the narrower and wider sections of each barb 124 relative to the inner diameter of the conduit may be greater or lesser than that described above. In the embodiment shown, casing 104 includes two barbed sections 124. It is understood that there may be greater than or less than two barbed sections in alternative embodiments of the present invention. Moreover, while both barbed sections are shown as being identical to each other, it is understood that the barbed sections need not be identical to each other in alternative embodiments of the present invention. In the embodiment shown, all portions of the barbs 124 have an annular cross-section in a plane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the casing. It is understood that cross-section in a plane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis may have shapes other than annular in alternative embodiments to match non-circular contours of section of the conduit 102 in which the check valve is located. Although the invention has been described in detail herein, it should be understood that the invention is not limited to the embodiments herein disclosed. Various changes, substitutions and modifications may be made thereto by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention as described and defined by the appended claims.	<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to check valves for one-way flow control and pressure relief within tubing, and in particular to check valves which may be anchored in place through the use of a barbed casing and check valves including components having a straightforward and simple design allowing the components to be scaled down to an extremely small size without losing functionality or performance of the check valve. 2. Description of the Related Art Check valves are used in a wide variety of applications to provide accurate, reliable one-way fluid flow control and pressure relief. Applications in which check valves are typically used include medical diagnostic and treatment equipment, gas analysis equipment, filtration, beverage dispensing, semiconductor fabrication, chemical processing and many others. While many configurations are known, a typical check valve is comprised of an annular disc, or poppet, mounted for axial translation within the cavity of a housing. A biasing mechanism such as a spring is provided to bias the poppet into a sealing position which prevents fluid flow through the valve. When mounted in a pipe, tubing or other fluid flow conduit, fluid flow acting on the poppet in the same direction as the force exerted by the biasing mechanism further increases the pressure on the seal to prevent fluid flow in that direction. On the other hand, fluid flow of sufficient pressure acting on the poppet in the opposite direction as the force exerted by the biasing mechanism overcomes the force of the spring to move the poppet out of its seat to thereby create a path for fluid to flow through the valve. The pressure at which fluid overcomes the force of the spring to unseat the poppet and allow flow through the valve is referred to as the cracking pressure. One problem in conventional check valves relates to mounting the valve within the flow conduit. Conventional valves that are merely seated in a pipe or tubing tend to dislodge and move under fluid pressure. While it is known to machine a cavity into the conduit for seating the valve, such machining is adds time and expense to the provision of the valve. Another problem with conventional check valves is that the moving parts are not easily scaled down for small inner diameter (“id”) conduits. As the applications in which check valves are used call for smaller and smaller conduit ids, redesign of the check valve has become necessary.	<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>It is therefore an advantage of embodiments of the present invention to provide a check valve having a design which may be easily scaled down for use in small id conduits. It is another advantage of the present invention to provide a check valve where the poppet and spring are self-aligning within the cavity of the housing. It is a further advantage of the present invention to provide a check valve having a range of reliable and controllable cracking pressures. It is a still further advantage of the present invention to provide a check valve which is well suited to automated assembly. It is another advantage of embodiments of the present invention to provide a check valve which may easily and quickly mounted in a fixed position within a conduit without machining. These and other advantages are provided by the present invention, which in embodiments relate to a check valve including a casing having a front end a back end and an interior cavity oriented generally along a longitudinal axis of the check valve. The casing includes a pair wings formed by slots at a back end of the casing, the wings capable of resiliently spreading apart from each other. The casing further includes a pair of ramps formed in wings on an interior surface of the casing, and a pair of holes formed through the wings and being adjacent to the at least one ramp. A seat section is further formed in the interior surface of the casing near the front end. This embodiment of the check valve further includes a stopper capable of seating within the seat section, a spring for fitting within the interior cavity and having a first end capable of engaging the stopper and biasing the stopper into the seat section, and a restraining mechanism. The restraining mechanism includes a spherical base capable of engaging the second end of the spring, a centering shaft for extending along the longitudinal axis at least partially through a center of the spring and preventing buckling of the spring as it compresses, and a pair of locking ears extending generally radially outward from the longitudinal axis of the check valve. During assembly, the restraining mechanism is forced down into the internal cavity of the casing so that the locking ears ride down the ramps and into the holes to mount the restraining mechanism within the casing. In this position, the spring is compressed to maintain the stopper within the seat section. Each of the above described components within the casing are self aligning during assembly, thus making the current design particularly well suited for automated assembly. Moreover, the simple design allows the components to be scaled down to an extremely small size without losing functionality or performance of the check valve. A check valve according to this design may be used in conduits having an inner diameter of approximately ⅛ th inch.	20040528	20060404	20051201	98327.0		0	KRISHNAMURTHY, RAMESH	CHECK VALVE WITH LOCKED RESTRAINT MECHANISM	SMALL	0	ACCEPTED		2,004
10,857,051	ACCEPTED	Baseball bunting target system and method	A batter training and protection system and method are shown. A protector for protecting an infield area is provided with a plurality of indicia situated thereon or integrally formed therein to define a plurality of target areas, respectively. The indicia may comprise a plurality of material segments, a plurality of colors, patterns, graphics or the like in order to define the plurality of target areas at which a player may practice bunting a baseball.	1. A bunting target system comprising: at least one bunting target for placing on a surface and for providing a batter with a target area at which the batter may bunt a baseball wherein said at least one bunting target lies in a first imaginary plane that is generally parallel to a second imaginary plane of said surface and permitting a bunted baseball to roll on it. 2. The bunting target system as recited in claim 1 wherein said at least one bunting target comprises at least one indicia. 3. The bunting target system as recited in claim 1 wherein said at least one bunting target comprises at least one material segment. 4. The bunting target system as recited in claim 3 wherein said at least one material segment comprises at least one indicia. 5. The baseball training system as recited in claim 2 wherein said at least one indicia comprises a shape of said bunting target. 6. The baseball training system as recited in claim 2 wherein said at least one indicia comprises a color integrally formed or applied to said bunting target. 7. The baseball training system as recited in claim 3 wherein said color is red, yellow or green. 8. The baseball training system as recited in claim 1 wherein said at least one bunting target is defined by a cover that defines a plurality of target zones. 9. The baseball training system as recited in claim 8 wherein said plurality of target zones define at least one of a bunt-for-hit area, a sacrifice bunt area or a bad-bunt area. 10. The baseball training system as recited in claim 8 wherein said plurality of target zones are defined by at least one color is integrally formed in said bunting target to identify at least one of said plurality of target zones. 11. The baseball training system as recited in claim 8 wherein said at least one color is integrally formed in said cover material and identifies at least one of said bunt-for-hit area, sacrifice bunt area or a bad-bunt area. 12. The baseball training system as recited in claim 9 wherein said color is yellow, green or red. 13. The baseball training system as recited in claim 1 wherein said system comprises: a plurality of covers that cooperate to define said bunting target for training a player to hit a baseball to a plurality of target zones; and a plurality of indicia associated with said plurality of covers, respectively. 14. The baseball training system as recited in claim 13 wherein said plurality of covers may be detachably fastened together. 15. The baseball training system as recited in claim 13 wherein said plurality of covers are permanently fastened together. 16. The baseball training system as recited in claim 14 wherein said plurality of covers, when fastened together, define a trapezoid. 17. The baseball training system as recited in claim 15 wherein said plurality of covers, when fastened together, define a trapezoid. 18. The baseball training system as recited in claim 13 wherein said plurality of indicia are defined by a shape of said plurality of covers. 19. The baseball training system as recited in claim 13 wherein a plurality of said plurality of covers comprise different dimension. 20. The baseball training system as recited in claim 13 wherein a plurality of said plurality of indicia comprise different dimensions. 21. The baseball training system as recited in claim 13 wherein said plurality of indicia are defined by a plurality of colors, respectively, integrally formed in said plurality of covers. 22. The baseball training system as recited in claim 21 wherein said colors are at least one of the following: red, yellow or green. 23. The baseball training system as recited in claim 13 wherein said plurality of predetermined areas comprise at least one of a bunt-for-hit area, a sacrifice bunt area or a bad-bunt area. 24. The baseball training system as recited in claim 23 wherein said plurality of covers comprises a plurality of colors integrally formed in said plurality for covers to identify at least one of said bunt-for-hit area, sacrifice bunt area or a bad-bunt area. 25. The baseball training system as recited in claim 24 wherein said plurality of colors are yellow, green or red, respectively. 26. The baseball training system as recited in claim 13 wherein said plurality of predetermined covers correspond to at least one of a bunt-for-hit zone, a sacrifice bunt zone and a bad-bunt zone. 27. The baseball training system as recited in claim 5 wherein said plurality of covers defines a bunt-for-hit zone indicia associated with said bunt-for-hit zone, a sacrifice bunt zone indicia associated with said sacrifice bunt zone, and a bad-bunt zone indicia associated with said bad bunt zone. 28. The baseball training system as recited in claim 27 wherein said bunt-for-hit zone indicia, said sacrifice bunt zone indicia and said bad-bunt zone indicia each comprise a color. 29. The baseball training system as recited in claim 1 wherein said at least one bunting target defines a third base target for positioning in operative relationship with a third baseline. 30. The baseball training system as recited in claim 29 wherein said at least one bunting target defines a plurality of boundary edges that are generally parallel to said third baseline when said at least one cover is situated over said predetermined area. 31. The baseball training system as recited in claim 18 wherein said shape is polygonal and defines at least one of a rectangle, triangle, trapezoid or parallelogram. 32. The baseball training system as recited in claim 18 wherein said plurality of covers define a bunt-for-hit zone cover for positioning adjacent a third baseline, a first sacrifice bunt zone cover for positioning adjacent said bunt-for-hit zone, and a second sacrifice bunt zone cover for positioning adjacent a first baseline. 33. The baseball training system as recited in claim 14 wherein said plurality of covers each comprise a fastener for detachably fastening said plurality of covers together to another cover. 34. The baseball training system as recited in claim 1 wherein said at least one bunting target comprises a fastener for detachably fastening said at least one bunting target to a support. 35. The baseball training system as recited in claim 34 wherein said support is a tarp. 36. The baseball training system as recited in claim 34 wherein said fastener is Velcro. 37. The baseball training system as recited in claim 15 wherein said plurality of covers are permanently secured together by welding or sewing. 38. The baseball training system as recited in claim 1 wherein said bunting target comprises a vinyl coated polyester mesh material. 39. The baseball training system as recited in claim 1 wherein said bunting target comprises a solid fabric material. 40. The baseball training system as recited in claim 15 wherein said plurality of covers are secured together permanently by weld or sewing. 41. The baseball training system as recited in claim 14 wherein said plurality of covers are detachably secured together. 42. The baseball training system as recited in claim 41 wherein said plurality of covers are detachably fastened together with Velcro. 43. The baseball training system as recited in claim 1 wherein said at least one bunting target is detachably or permanently fastened, secured or adhered to a field protector. 44. The baseball training system as recited in claim 1 wherein said at least one bunting target defines a protector for facilitating protecting the surface on which it is placed from bunted baseballs. 45. The baseball training system as recited in claim 1 wherein said at least one bunting target defines either a trapezoid or rectangle. 46. A method for training a batter to bunt a baseball; providing a trainer for positioning on an infield; said trainer comprising a plurality of target zones at which the batter may bunt the baseball; and throwing a baseball at the batter so that the batter may hit the baseball at one of said plurality of target zones. 47. The method as recited in claim 46 wherein said plurality of target zones are defined by a plurality of indicia, respectively. 48. The method as recited in claim 47 wherein said plurality of indicia are a plurality of colors. 49. The method as recited in claim 18 wherein said plurality of indicia comprise at least one of the following: yellow, red or green. 50. The method as recited in claim 46 wherein said plurality of target zones are defined by indicia that are integral with said trainer. 51. The method as recited in claim 46 wherein said method comprises the step of: providing a trainer that comprises a plurality of target zones defining a third base zone, a sacrifice bunt zone, a bad-bunt zone and a first base zone. 52. The method as recited in claim 51 wherein said plurality of target zones are defined by a plurality of indicia, respectively. 53. The method as recited in claim 52 wherein said plurality of indicia are defined by a plurality of colors. 54. The method as recited in claim 53 wherein said plurality of colors comprise a first color associated with said third base zone and a second color associated with said first bad-bunt zone. 55. The method as recited in claim 54 wherein said first color is yellow and said second color is red. 56. The method as recited in claim 46 wherein said method comprises the step of: defining said plurality of target zones to extend along radial lines from said batter's box; wherein at least one of said plurality of target zones enlarges as it moves along one of said radial lines away from said batter's box. 57. The method as recited in claim 46 wherein said method comprises the step of: defining said plurality of target zones to extend along radial lines from said batter's box; wherein a plurality of said plurality of target zones enlarges as it moves along one of said radial lines away from said batter's box. 58. The method as recited in claims 46, wherein said method further comprises the step of: providing a trainer having a plurality of material segments to define said plurality of target zones and that cooperate to define a predetermined shape. 59. The method as recited in claim 58, wherein said predetermined shape is polygonal. 60. The method as recited in claim 58, wherein said predetermined shape is a trapezoid. 61. The method as recited in claim 46, wherein said method further comprises the step of: providing a trainer that comprises a material that protects the ground and is water-resistant. 62. A method for training a player to bunt a baseball to a predetermined area on a baseball field comprising the steps of: providing a target that defines an at least one target zone at which the player may selectively bunt the baseball; and positioning the target in an infield area so that when the baseball is pitched at the player, the player may bunt it toward one of the plurality of target zones. 63. The method for training the player as recited in claim 62 wherein said method further comprises the step of: defining said at least one target zone by a plurality of colors, respectively. 64. The method for training the player as recited in claim 62 wherein said method further comprises the step of: defining said at least one target zone by a plurality of material segments, respectively. 65. The method for training the player as recited in claim 62 wherein said target comprises a protector for protecting said infield area. 66. The method for training the player as recited in claim 64 wherein said at least one target zone provides a plurality of target zones defined by a plurality of material segments, respectively. 67. A baseball field comprising: a baseball field; a bunting target panel having a plurality of bunting targets situated on the field. 68. The baseball field as recited in claim 67 wherein the bunting target comprises a plurality of indicia to define said plurality of bunting targets. 69. The baseball field as recited in claim 67 wherein said plurality of indicia comprise colors or patterns. 70. An infield protector and bunting trainer for protecting an infield area of a baseball field and for facilitating training a player to bunt a baseball, comprising: a protector for placing on said infield area; and a plurality of target zones for defining a plurality of targets at which a player may throw or hit a baseball. 71. A baseball training system comprising: a material comprising a predetermined shape; and at least one indicia associated with the material for defining at least one target zone to facilitate training a baseball player. 72. The baseball training system as recited in claim 71 wherein said material comprises a plurality of indicia associated with the material for defining a plurality of target zones, respectively. 73. The baseball training system as recited in claim 71 wherein said material comprises a plurality of segments to define a plurality of target zones. 74. A baseball training system comprising a trainer for placing at an infield area; and a plurality of indicia associated with said trainer for defining a plurality of target zones for training a batter where to bunt a baseball. 75. The baseball training system as recited in claim 74 wherein said plurality of indicia are areas on said material defined by colors or material segments.	BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to baseball and, more particularly, to a target system and method for training a player to bunt a baseball to predetermined zones or targets and also for protecting an infield area of a baseball field. Baseball is a game played with a wooden bat and a hard or soft ball by two opposing teams of nine players, each team playing alternately in the field and at bat. When a ball is hit by a player at bat, the player runs a course of four bases laid out in a diamond pattern in order to score, which is why it is important for batters to be proficient at hitting a baseball. One type of hit is the full swing hit and another type of hit is the bunt. During the bunt, a pitched ball is hit with less than a full swing and with an upper hand of a player supporting the middle of the bat, so that the ball rolls slowly in front of the infielders. During batting practice, a player practices bunting softly such that the ball rolls slowly in front of the area directly in front of home plate. This is sometimes referred to as a sacrifice bunt and is designed to advance a runner from first base to second base at the expense of a sacrificial ground out by the batter. Some batters are so adept at bunting a baseball that they can bunt the ball for a hit. This type of bunt is typically hit along and in front of the third baseline in “fair” territory. Whether a bunt is a sacrifice bunt or a bunt-for-hit bunt is usually determined by the direction of the bunted ball and its rolling speed. During batting practice, each player takes a turn at hitting baseballs pitched to him or her by a pitcher. Batting practice takes place at daily team practice sessions and before each game. Typically, each team averages about twenty players. During each practice session, each player takes at least ten full swings and three practice bunts, resulting in at least 200 hits that take place per session and 400 before a game, which represents the total number of hits for both teams. Many of the balls hit in the full swing session take a downward trajectory, thus hitting the turf area in the infield inside the base paths. In baseball, this is called a “grounder.” It is believed that up to half of the hit balls are grounders. As a result, the grass in the infield area directly in front of home base is subjected to great wear and stress during each pre-game practice period. Added to this pre-game wear is the wear of the weekly 500-800 balls impacting the same infield grass area during daily practice of the home team. The overall stress of these continued impacts, in aggregate, results in the degradation of the quality of turf in the infield area directly in front of the home base batting area. To combat this damage to the infield area, many teams use a mesh fabric to cover the area in front of home base during batting practice. To keep the mesh fabric down in the wind and to protect the players from tripping over the edges, the infield mesh protectors were anchored to the ground via steel stakes through grommets in the edge of the protector spaced approximately three feet apart. To help batters aim their bunts in practice, cones similar to traffic cones have been used. The cones are placed in the infield where a batter would attempt to hit a bunt at the cone. This type of product has not been commercially successful because of the potential safety problem in that during a full swing portion of a batting practice session, a ground ball glancing off a target could injure a defensive player. There is needed, therefore, a system and method for improving bunting proficiency and, if desired, for providing protection for the infield area. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is, therefore, an object of the invention to provide at least one or a plurality of indicia for providing well-defined target zone(s) or area(s) to train a player where to hit sacrifice bunts and bunts-for-hits. Another object of an embodiment is to provide a bunting target that can be placed on a surface, either outdoors or indoors, and that provides one or more target zones at which a player may hit a baseball. The bunting target may be used on any desired surface, such as a baseball infield or diamond, batting cage area, gymnasium floor or other surface, such that a baseball may be bunted onto the target and permitted to roll thereon. Another object of one embodiment is to provide a protector, protection means or a protection system and method for protecting the infield area and simultaneously providing the aforementioned target zone(s) or areas. Another object of one embodiment is to provide a baseball training system and method that provides a plurality of indicia that may be placed on the ground or on another tarp, for providing a plurality of well-defined target zones. In one embodiment, the indicia may comprise a plurality of patterns or colors, respectively, that define the plurality of target area or zones. For example, a yellow color may be used to identify and segment the target zone or area along third baseline and which defines a bunt-for-hit area, and a green color may be used to identify and define a sacrifice bunt area, and a red color may be used to identify a bad-bunt area, target or zone. In one aspect, this invention comprises an infield protector and bunting trainer for protecting an infield area of a baseball field and for facilitating training a player to bunt a baseball, comprising: a protector for placing on the infield area, and a plurality of target zones for defining a plurality of targets at which a player may throw or hit a baseball. In another aspect, this invention comprises a baseball training system comprising: a material comprising a predetermined shape, and at least one indicia associated with the material for defining at least one target zone to facilitate training a baseball player. In yet another aspect, this invention comprise a baseball training system comprising a trainer for placing at an infield area, and a plurality of indicia associated with the trainer for defining a plurality of target zones for training a batter where to bunt a baseball. In still another aspect, this invention comprises a method for training a batter to bunt a baseball, providing a trainer for positioning on an infield, the trainer comprising a plurality of target zones at which the batter may bunt the baseball, and throwing a baseball at the batter so that the batter may hit the baseball at one of the plurality of target zones. In yet another aspect, this invention comprises a bunting target system comprising: at least one bunting target for placing on a surface and for providing a batter with a target area at which the batter may bunt a baseball wherein the at least one bunting target lies in a first imaginary plane that is generally parallel to a second imaginary plane of the surface and permitting a bunted baseball to roll on it. In still another aspect, this invention comprises a method for training a player to bunt a baseball to a predetermined area on a baseball field comprising the steps of: providing a target that defines an at least one target zone at which the player may selectively bunt the baseball, and positioning the target in an infield area so that when the baseball is pitched at the player, the player may bunt it toward one of the plurality of target zones. In yet another aspect, this invention comprises a baseball field comprising: a baseball field, a bunting target panel having a plurality of bunting targets situated on the field. Other objects and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following description, the accompanying drawings and the appended claims. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a view of a bunting target or trainer situated at an infield area of a baseball field; FIG. 2 is plan view of the bunting target or trainer shown in FIG. 1 and further illustrating a plurality of indicia A-D; FIG. 3 is a view similar to FIG. 1 showing the plurality of indicia A-D comprising a plurality of colors, respectively; FIG. 4 is a plan view of the embodiment shown in FIG. 3; FIG. 5 is plan view of the bunting target showing various features of the target, including a web material situated in a seam; FIG. 6 is a bottom view of the bunting target shown in FIG. 5; FIG. 7 is a front view of the embodiment shown in FIG. 5; FIG. 8 is a rear view of the embodiment shown in FIG. 5; FIG. 9 is a left side view of the embodiment shown in FIG. 5; FIG. 10 is a right side view of the embodiment shown in FIG. 5; FIG. 11 is a plan view of another embodiment showing a weight situated in the seam of the bunting target; FIG. 12 is a sectional view taken along the line 12-12 in FIG. 5; FIG. 13 is a view of an embodiment illustrating a plurality of segments that form the bunting target to be detachable from each other; FIG. 14 is a view of a bunting target having fasteners or fastening means for securing the target to an existing tarp or sheet; FIG. 15 illustrates a bunting target applied to an existing tarp; FIG. 16 illustrates a plurality of bunting targets that are situated adjacent one another; FIG. 17 is an illustration of a process for making the bunting target; FIG. 18 is another embodiment showing a plurality of indicia applied to a precut material; FIG. 19 is a view similar to FIG. 18, showing an indicia applied to an existing tarp; FIG. 20 is a view illustrating another process for applying the indicia to a sheet which is then detachably or permanently secured to an existing sheet similar to the illustration shown in FIG. 14; FIG. 21 is another plan view of a bunting target according to another embodiment, showing a parallelogram-shaped bunt zones along first and third baselines, including grommets situated in the seam for staking the target to the ground or for aligning the target with other grommets on an adjacent target or tarp so that both may be staked to the ground; FIG. 22 is a front view of the embodiment shown in FIG. 21; FIG. 23 is a rear view of the embodiment shown in FIG. 21; FIG. 24 is a left side view of the embodiment shown in FIG. 21; FIG. 25 is a right side view of the embodiment shown in FIG. 21; and FIG. 26 is a bottom view of the embodiment shown in FIG. 21. FIG. 27 is a plan view of another embodiment of the invention, showing various features of the target, without grommets situated in the seam; FIG. 28 is a bottom view of the embodiment shown in FIG. 27; FIG. 29 is a front view of the embodiment shown in FIG. 27; FIG. 30 is a rear view of the embodiment shown in FIG. 27; FIG. 31 is a left side view of the embodiment shown in FIG. 27; and FIG. 32 is a right side view of the embodiment shown in FIG. 27. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Referring to FIGS. 1-32, a baseball training system 10 for training a player 12 (FIG. 1) to hit or bunt a baseball 14 will now be described. The invention will be described and shown as used with an infield area 16 of a baseball field 18, but it is to be understood that it could be used on a practice field, indoor area, a batting cage area or other suitable area if desired. As is well known, the typical baseball field 18 comprises a first baseline 20 and a third baseline 22. It is desirable to help players 12 become more proficient at aiming their hits and bunts during batting practice to a bunting target or trainer 11 comprising at least one or a plurality of different target areas or zones 24, 26 and 28 and 30 that are defined by a plurality of indicia A-D, respectively, and described more particularly later herein. The target zone 24 corresponds to a bunt-for-hit area or zone where the batter 12 bunts the baseball 14 with the intention of obtaining a hit, rather than a sacrifice out. The target areas or zones 26 and 30 are sacrifice bunt areas that provide a plurality of targets at which the player 12 bunts the baseball 14 with the intention of advancing a runner on base, while knowing that he will probably be thrown out at first base. The fourth area or zone 28 in the embodiment being described is a bad-bunt area or zone at which the player 12 should avoid bunting the baseball 14 because of the high probability that the player 12 will be thrown out at first base or the runner on first base will be thrown out at second base, or both. Except for the target zone or area 24, the target zones 26-30 increase in their lateral size along their width (labeled by double arrow X in FIG. 2) as they extend radially away from home plate 50. The target zone 24 (FIG. 1) defines a parallelogram that retains substantially the same width (labeled with arrow Y in FIG. 2) along its entire length. The plurality of target zones 24-30 provide a plurality of distinct, visible targets at which player 12 may practice hitting and bunting the baseball 14. In the embodiment being described, four target zones 24-30 are shown, but it should be understood that more or fewer target zones 24-30 may be provided. Referring now to FIGS. 1 and 2, an embodiment of the invention comprises at least one or a plurality of material targets, sections, segments or covers 32, 34, 36 and 38. The targets 32-38 comprise the plurality of indicia A, B, C, and D, respectively, that in turn, identify and define the target zones 24-30 mentioned earlier. In the embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2, the plurality of indicia are identified for ease of understanding by the letters A, B, C and D. The indicia A-D define the various target zones or areas 24-30, respectively. The plurality of indicia A-D provide the player 12 with a plurality of distinct and visible target regions, zones or areas 24-30 at which a batter may hit or bunt the ball 14. In the embodiment being described, the system 10 comprises one indicia A-D associated with each of the targets 32-38, respectfully, but it should be understood that more than one indicia A-D may be used with the targets 32-38 and some of the targets 32-38 may be provided without any indicia A-D. The indicia A-D define predetermined shapes and sizes that generally correspond to the shapes and sizes of the desired target areas or zones 24-30 that may be selected by a person, such as a baseball coach. In the embodiment being described, target 32 defines an overall shape and area that is different from the shapes and areas of targets 34-38, but it should be understood that the targets 32-38 may comprise the same or similar shapes and areas if desired. For example, it may be desirable to provide a target having the shape of target 32 along the first baseline to provide a bunt-for-hit area target. Thus, the targets 32-38 whether used separately or in combination (either detached or secured together), provide targets on whatever surface they are place, such as the field 18 or infield area, batting cage area, the ground, a floor (e.g., a gymnasium floor or arena floor or any surface or practice area). In one embodiment, targets 32-38 are fastened or coupled together at the seams 40, 42 and 44 with a heat weld or sewn seam, as best shown in FIG. 12. In another embodiment illustrated in FIG. 13, the targets 32-38 may be detachably fastened together with a suitable fastener 39, such as Velcro® fasteners 39, but other fasteners could be used, such as snaps (not shown), zippers (not shown) and the like. As illustrated in FIG. 16, some or all of the targets 32-38 may be placed on the ground adjacent one another and not fastened together at all if desired. For ease of illustration, the embodiment will be described assuming the targets 32-38 are permanently fastened together at seams 40, 42 and 44, as illustrated in FIGS. 1-4. The indicia A-D may be any suitable indicia for providing the player 12 with a bunting target or a visual image of the various target zones 24-30. For example, FIGS. 3 and 4 illustrate each of the targets 32-38 comprising a predetermined or preselected color indicia integrally formed in the targets 32-38. In the illustration shown in FIGS. 3-4, the targets 32-38 are yellow, green, red and green, respectively, to identify the various target areas 24-30. The indicia A-D may be the same or different, with the importance being that the indicia A-D provide the player 12 with a visual image or display of the various target zones 24-30 at which the player 12 is being trained to bunt the baseball 14. The target zones lie in a plane that is generally parallel to the ground or other surface on which the targets 32-38 are situated, as illustrated in FIGS. 21-26 which shows a plurality of indicia A-E. The indicia A-D do not have to encompass the entire area defined by targets 32-38. For example, the indicia A-D could be distinct divider lines or boundary lines (not shown) along the seams 40, 42, and 44 that separate and define the zones 24-30 or even pictures or an image in the zones 24-30. Thus, the indicia A-D and targets 32-38, zones 24-30 and could be any suitable size, shape, pattern, color, lines, art, graphics, painting, texture, fabric for providing the player 12 with a visual image of the various target zones or areas 24-30. Also, the indicia A-D may have the same or a different shape, size or configuration from the zones 24-30 and targets 32-38. It should be understood that the indicia A-D may be placed on, applied to, secured to or fastened to any existing one-piece tarp or sheet, as illustrated in FIGS. 14 and 15, with the indicia A-D defining the target zones 24-30. Thus, in another embodiment of Applicant's invention, there is provided the plurality of targets, zones or areas 24-30 applied to or integral with a one-piece material. In the illustrations of FIGS. 1-4, the targets 32-38 embody and define the indicia A-D, and the indicia A-D define the target zones 24-30 at which the player 12 bunts the baseball. FIGS. 5-12 illustrate various end, side and sectional views illustrating the indicia A-D, such as the colors being integral with the various targets 32-38. The embodiments shown in FIGS. 3-12 illustrate the indicia A-D comprising colors applied to or integral with the targets 32-38, but again, the indicia A-D associated with the targets 32-38 may comprise other indicia, such as separators, patterns (not shown), graphic patterns, graphics, colors, lines, pictures or images applied to the targets 32-38 or integral therewith. Also, more or fewer indicia A-D may be used depending upon the number of targets or zones 24-30 to be defined. For example, in the embodiment shown in FIGS. 21-26, the bunt zone 32-1 is provided along first baseline and this is defined by indicia E. The important feature is that the indicia A-D are provided to define the targets or zones 24-30 that provide the batter 12 with a visual image and visually perceptible target zones or areas 24-30 that correspond to the aforementioned bunt-for-hit zone, sacrifice bunt zones and bad-bunt zone. Although not shown, audible sounds, sensors or other indicators may be provided or used with the bunting target 11 in order to notify the player 12 of the zone 24-30 in which he or she hit the baseball 14. As shown in FIGS. 12 and 13, note that target 32 comprises a plurality of edges 32a-32d, target 34 comprises edges 34a-34d, target 36 comprises edges 36a-36d and target 38 comprises edges 38a-38d as shown. After the targets 32-38 are situated adjacent each other or are fastened together, either permanently or detachably, they define the bunting target 11 having a perimeter 48 defined by the edges 38b, 38c, 36c, 34c, 32c, 32a, 32d, 34d, 36d and 38d. As shown, the bunting target 11 defines a trapezoid shape in the illustration being described. In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 1-12 and 14, the targets 32-38 are illustrated as being permanently fastened together at seams 40, 42 and 44 to define the bunting target 11. FIG. 13 illustrates the targets 32-38 being detachably fastened together by a suitable fastener 39, such as Velcro@. FIG. 16 illustrates the targets 32-38 neither detachably nor permanently fastened together, but being situated adjacent one another as mentioned earlier. FIG. 15 illustrates the bunting target 11 defined by the indicia A-D which are applied to or integral with a continuous, one-piece material, such as a sheet or tarp 70 of any preselected shape or size. In this illustration, the indicia A-D is applied to the sheet or tarp 70 by, for example, affixing, adhering, painting or embossing the indicia A-D onto the material sheet or tarp 70. Alternatively, the bunting target 11 may be provided in either a one-piece or multi-piece construction having an adhesive (not shown) or gum surface (not shown) for affixing bunting target 11 to tarp 70. In another embodiment illustrated in FIG. 14, the bunting target 11 may be laid over or attached to an existing tarp or field protector 52 using suitable fasteners 54 and 56, such as Velcro®. It should be understood that the bunting target 11 has multiple features and functions. It comprises the indicia A-D, which defines the plurality of target zones 24-30, respectively, and it may be provided in a durable and/or water-proof material that protects the infield area 16 from weather and/or damage from the numerous practice bunts and grounders that are hit at the plurality of target zones 24-30 during practice or warm up before a game. In one embodiment, the targets 32-38 and the bunting target 11 are a mesh material comprised of a vinyl coated polyester. It should be understood, however, that the material may be made using a fabric or other polymer material (either solid or mesh) if desired. Referring now to FIGS. 6 and 12, note that bunting target 11 comprises a sewn seam or hem 60 on its exterior perimeter 48 defined by edges 11a, 11b, 11c and 11d. The seam 60 contains a web of material 62 that provides strength to the perimeter 48. In one embodiment, the bunting target 11 may be provided with a plurality of grommets 64 at spaced intervals along the perimeter 48. The grommets 64 receive a stake for staking the bunting target 11 to the ground. Although not shown, the grommets 64 may be aligned with other grommets (not shown) on an existing tarp and staked with a common stake (not shown), such as in the embodiments shown and described in FIGS. 13 and 14. FIGS. 27-32 illustrate another embodiment without the use of grommets 64, and FIG. 11 illustrates another bunting target 11 that comprises a weight 66, such as a chain, in the seam 60 to weight the bunting target 11 down and to reduce or eliminate the need for the grommets 64 and stakes. It should be understood that each of the indicia A-D and plurality of targets 32-38 may comprise a predetermined or preselected area and shape. When the target 32 or bunting target 11 is situated in the infield 16, the edges 32a and 32b become aligned with and generally parallel to the third baseline 22 as shown. This provides the batter 12 with a well-defined “alley,” target zone or area 24 defining the bunt-for-hit area or zone 24 at which the player 12 may attempt to hit the ball 14. In the embodiment being described, the dimensions and areas of the targets 32-38 and bunting target 11 are as follows: Reference Number Dimension/Area Target 32 area 140 square feet Edge 32a 28′ 4″ Edge 32b 28′ 4″ Edge 32c 7′ 0″ Edge 32d 7′ 0″ Target 34 area 187 square feet Edge 34a 28′ 4″ Edge 34b 20′ 11″ Edge 34c 17′ 10″ Edge 34d 2′ 7″ Target 36 area 233 square feet Edge 36a 20′ 11″ Edge 36b 20′ 11″ Edge 36c 17′ 8″ Edge 36d 5′ 6″ Target 38 area 328 square feet Edge 38a 20′ 11″ Edge 38b 28′ 4″ Edge 38c 23′ 2″ Edge 38d 9′ 7″ Bunting target 11 area 888 square feet Edge 11a 64′ 0″ Edge 11b 24′ 0″ Edge 11c 28′ 3″ Edge 11d 28′ 3″ T (FIG. 8) Fabric Thickness = .016″ Cover Edge Thickness = 1″± W1 (FIG. 2) 24′ 0″ W2 (FIG. 2) 64′ 0″ A1 (FIG. 2) 7′ 0″ A2 (FIG. 2) 7′ 0″ B1 (FIG. 2) 16′ 2″ B2 (FIG. 2) 2′ 7″ C1 (FIG. 2) 17′ 8″ C2 (FIG. 2) 5′ 6″ D1 (FIG. 2) 23′ 2″ D2 (FIG. 2) 9′ 7″ Although the bunting target 11 has been shown and described as comprising the four indicia A-D integral with the targets 32-38, respectively, that define the four target zones or areas 24-30, it should be understood that more or fewer indicia A-D or targets 32-38 could be provided if desired. For example, it is anticipated that on a professional baseball level, more indicia A-D may be provided to fine tune the professional player's ability to bunt the baseball 14 toward more particular zones, areas or targets on the infield 16. As mentioned earlier, the bunting target 11 comprises the indicia A-D formed in and defining the plurality of targets 32-38 that correspond to the plurality of target zones or areas 24-30 and the targets 32-38 may be permanently or detachably fastened together in the manner described herein to provide the bunting target 11. In another embodiment, a single integral tarp, sheet or cover 52 (FIG. 15), without welds or seams 40, 42 and 44, (FIG. 2), may be used to define the bunting target 11, with the plurality of target zones or areas 24-30, respectively, being defined by indicia A-D applied to the cover or integrally formed therein. The tarp, sheet or cover 52 may be provided in any desired dimension, thickness, shape or size. Thus, a unique feature of Applicant's invention is that it provides indicia A-D that are applied to or integral with the single segment or integral with the various segments or targets 32-38 to define the plurality of target zones or areas 24-30. As alluded to earlier, each target 32-38 may comprise more than one indicia A-D, which means that each target 32-38 may define more than one of the target zones 24-30. As mentioned earlier, a feature of the embodiment being described is that one or more of the targets 32-38 and/or bunting target 11 may simultaneously define protection means or a protector for protecting an area that they cover from damage from ground balls or balls that are bunted or hit toward the areas 24-30. The bunting target 11 may also be provided in a water resistant material to simultaneously protect the field 18 from rain. As alluded to earlier and as illustrated in FIG. 14, the targets 32-38 may be placed on top of or even adhered or fastened to an existing field protector, such as the tarp 52. For example, the targets 32-38 may be permanently or detachably fastened together and placed on or secured to the tarp 70, which may comprise Velcro® 54, 56 that enables the bunting target 11 to be detachably fastened to the tarp 52. Several processes and methods for manufacturing the bunting target 11 and embodiments previously described will now be described relative to FIGS. 17-20. In FIG. 17, a plurality of supply rolls 80, 82 and 84 having a supply of the material having the indicia A-D, such as the colors mentioned earlier, integrally formed therein is provided. The materials 80-84 are provided to a cutter or cutting station 86 where they cut to the shape selected which are the polygonal shapes in the embodiment being described. The various segments, sections and targets 32-38 are transferred to a welding station where they are heat welded to form the seams 40-44 described earlier herein. The various targets 32-38 comprise the indicia A-D as shown and define the bunting target 11 which is then situated at a seaming station where the web 62 is placed and the seam 60 (FIG. 12) is folded at station 90 as shown. The bunting target 11 is then transferred to the sewing station 92 where the double stitch 61 may be applied to the bunting target 11 to seal the seam 60 created at the station 90. The sewn bunting target 11 is then transferred to a grommet station 94 where the grommets 64 are placed at the ends of the seams 40, 42 and 44 and in the corners of the bunting target 11 illustrated. Referring now to FIG. 18, another method or procedure for manufacturing the bunting target 11 comprising the indicia A-D is shown. The process begins with a supply of material 96 that is cut to the predetermined or desired shape of the bunting target 11 at a cutting station 98. The cut material is then transferred to an indicia station 100, where the indicia A-D are applied to the bunting target 11. In this regard, the indicia station 100 may apply the indicia A-D by means of painting, embossing, labeling, securing or other means in order to define the target areas 32-38 as described earlier herein. FIG. 19 refers to yet another process and method for applying and creating a bunting target 11 on the conventional tarp 70. The conventional tarp 70 is subjected to an application of the indicia by applying indicia A-D thereto in the manner described earlier herein (e.g., by painting, embossing, adhesive or the like). FIG. 20 illustrates still another process and method for manufacturing a conventional tarp or cover 52 with the bunting target 11. In this embodiment, the application station 104 applies the various indicia A-D to an existing material, such as a material having an adhesive or the aforementioned fasteners 54, 56 (FIG. 14) that is then applied to the cover or tarp 52 to provide the tarp 52 with the plurality of target areas 32-38 as shown. A method for training a batter to bunt a baseball will now be described. The targets 32-38 are assembled to provide the bunting target 11, which is situated or placed in front of a batter's box on an indoor area or outdoor area, such as in front of a batting cage or on the infield area 16 illustrated in FIGS. 1-4. Referring back to FIGS. 1-4, if the bunting target 11 is used on the baseball field 18, then it is placed in the infield area 16 bounded by first baseline 20, the pitcher's mound 21, third base 22 and home plate 50. The indicia A-D associated with the targets 32-38 define the desired plurality of target zones 24-30, respectively. A pitcher 13 or batting machine (not shown) throws the baseball 14 toward the batter 12 so that the batter 12 may practice bunting the baseball 14 at one of the target zones 24-30. For example, if the batter 12 is practicing bunting the baseball 14 toward the bunt-for-hit target zone 24, defined by indicia A in FIGS. 1 and 2, the batter 12 bunts the ball toward the target zone 24, which is identified by the color yellow in illustration. The player 12 may then attempt to hit pitched balls 14 at the same zone 24 or one or more of the other zones 26-30. Advantageously, this system and method provide means for training a player to bunt or hit a baseball 14 toward a particular target area 24-30. If the bunting target 11 and the targets 32-38 making up the bunting target 11, whether used alone or fastened together, are made of a durable material of the type described herein, then the targets 32-38 and bunting target 11 will serve the dual purpose of protecting the field from balls hit or bunted at the target zones 24-30. Other objects and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following description, the accompanying drawings and the appended claims.	<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>This invention relates to baseball and, more particularly, to a target system and method for training a player to bunt a baseball to predetermined zones or targets and also for protecting an infield area of a baseball field. Baseball is a game played with a wooden bat and a hard or soft ball by two opposing teams of nine players, each team playing alternately in the field and at bat. When a ball is hit by a player at bat, the player runs a course of four bases laid out in a diamond pattern in order to score, which is why it is important for batters to be proficient at hitting a baseball. One type of hit is the full swing hit and another type of hit is the bunt. During the bunt, a pitched ball is hit with less than a full swing and with an upper hand of a player supporting the middle of the bat, so that the ball rolls slowly in front of the infielders. During batting practice, a player practices bunting softly such that the ball rolls slowly in front of the area directly in front of home plate. This is sometimes referred to as a sacrifice bunt and is designed to advance a runner from first base to second base at the expense of a sacrificial ground out by the batter. Some batters are so adept at bunting a baseball that they can bunt the ball for a hit. This type of bunt is typically hit along and in front of the third baseline in “fair” territory. Whether a bunt is a sacrifice bunt or a bunt-for-hit bunt is usually determined by the direction of the bunted ball and its rolling speed. During batting practice, each player takes a turn at hitting baseballs pitched to him or her by a pitcher. Batting practice takes place at daily team practice sessions and before each game. Typically, each team averages about twenty players. During each practice session, each player takes at least ten full swings and three practice bunts, resulting in at least 200 hits that take place per session and 400 before a game, which represents the total number of hits for both teams. Many of the balls hit in the full swing session take a downward trajectory, thus hitting the turf area in the infield inside the base paths. In baseball, this is called a “grounder.” It is believed that up to half of the hit balls are grounders. As a result, the grass in the infield area directly in front of home base is subjected to great wear and stress during each pre-game practice period. Added to this pre-game wear is the wear of the weekly 500 - 800 balls impacting the same infield grass area during daily practice of the home team. The overall stress of these continued impacts, in aggregate, results in the degradation of the quality of turf in the infield area directly in front of the home base batting area. To combat this damage to the infield area, many teams use a mesh fabric to cover the area in front of home base during batting practice. To keep the mesh fabric down in the wind and to protect the players from tripping over the edges, the infield mesh protectors were anchored to the ground via steel stakes through grommets in the edge of the protector spaced approximately three feet apart. To help batters aim their bunts in practice, cones similar to traffic cones have been used. The cones are placed in the infield where a batter would attempt to hit a bunt at the cone. This type of product has not been commercially successful because of the potential safety problem in that during a full swing portion of a batting practice session, a ground ball glancing off a target could injure a defensive player. There is needed, therefore, a system and method for improving bunting proficiency and, if desired, for providing protection for the infield area.	<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>It is, therefore, an object of the invention to provide at least one or a plurality of indicia for providing well-defined target zone(s) or area(s) to train a player where to hit sacrifice bunts and bunts-for-hits. Another object of an embodiment is to provide a bunting target that can be placed on a surface, either outdoors or indoors, and that provides one or more target zones at which a player may hit a baseball. The bunting target may be used on any desired surface, such as a baseball infield or diamond, batting cage area, gymnasium floor or other surface, such that a baseball may be bunted onto the target and permitted to roll thereon. Another object of one embodiment is to provide a protector, protection means or a protection system and method for protecting the infield area and simultaneously providing the aforementioned target zone(s) or areas. Another object of one embodiment is to provide a baseball training system and method that provides a plurality of indicia that may be placed on the ground or on another tarp, for providing a plurality of well-defined target zones. In one embodiment, the indicia may comprise a plurality of patterns or colors, respectively, that define the plurality of target area or zones. For example, a yellow color may be used to identify and segment the target zone or area along third baseline and which defines a bunt-for-hit area, and a green color may be used to identify and define a sacrifice bunt area, and a red color may be used to identify a bad-bunt area, target or zone. In one aspect, this invention comprises an infield protector and bunting trainer for protecting an infield area of a baseball field and for facilitating training a player to bunt a baseball, comprising: a protector for placing on the infield area, and a plurality of target zones for defining a plurality of targets at which a player may throw or hit a baseball. In another aspect, this invention comprises a baseball training system comprising: a material comprising a predetermined shape, and at least one indicia associated with the material for defining at least one target zone to facilitate training a baseball player. In yet another aspect, this invention comprise a baseball training system comprising a trainer for placing at an infield area, and a plurality of indicia associated with the trainer for defining a plurality of target zones for training a batter where to bunt a baseball. In still another aspect, this invention comprises a method for training a batter to bunt a baseball, providing a trainer for positioning on an infield, the trainer comprising a plurality of target zones at which the batter may bunt the baseball, and throwing a baseball at the batter so that the batter may hit the baseball at one of the plurality of target zones. In yet another aspect, this invention comprises a bunting target system comprising: at least one bunting target for placing on a surface and for providing a batter with a target area at which the batter may bunt a baseball wherein the at least one bunting target lies in a first imaginary plane that is generally parallel to a second imaginary plane of the surface and permitting a bunted baseball to roll on it. In still another aspect, this invention comprises a method for training a player to bunt a baseball to a predetermined area on a baseball field comprising the steps of: providing a target that defines an at least one target zone at which the player may selectively bunt the baseball, and positioning the target in an infield area so that when the baseball is pitched at the player, the player may bunt it toward one of the plurality of target zones. In yet another aspect, this invention comprises a baseball field comprising: a baseball field, a bunting target panel having a plurality of bunting targets situated on the field. Other objects and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following description, the accompanying drawings and the appended claims.	20040527	20070109	20051201	97957.0		1	CHAMBERS, MICHAEL S	BASEBALL BATTER TRAINING METHOD	SMALL	0	ACCEPTED		2,004
10,857,064	ACCEPTED	LICENSE PLATE FRAME	License plate frames having recessed areas in the frame surface which form characters, words, and/or graphics, and having an adhered layer of material of contrasting color on the frame surface.	1-9. (canceled) 10. A method of forming a vehicle license plate frame, comprising the steps of: (a) forming a frame body having a first color, wherein the frame body comprises a substantially planar surface and at least one character formed by a recessed surface in the frame body; and (b) adhering a contrast layer comprising an adhesive substance and a coloring agent having a second color to the substantially planar surface of the frame body and not to the recessed surface, wherein the second color contrasts with the first color. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein at least one recessed surface forms a complete character. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein the recessed surface and the substantially planar surface meet at a substantially non-radiused edge. 13. A method of forming a vehicle license plate frame, comprising the steps of: (a) forming a frame body having a first color, wherein the frame body comprises a substantially planar surface and at least one character formed by a recessed surface in the frame body; and (b) adhering a contrast layer comprising an adhesive substance and a coloring agent having a second color to the substantially planar surface of the frame body and not to the recessed surface, wherein the second color contrasts with the first color, by: (i) providing a hot stamp foil having a transfer surface and a working surface, the transfer surface comprising a layer of colored material; (ii) placing the transfer surface of the hot stamp foil onto the substantially planar surface; and (iii) applying heat and pressure to the working surface of the hot stamp foil, thereby forming the layer of colored material on the substantially planar surface of the frame body. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the hot stamp foil has a surface area sufficient to cover the substantially planar surface of the frame body. 15. A method of forming a vehicle license plate frame, comprising the steps of: (a) forming a frame body having a first color, wherein the frame body comprises: (i) a substantially planar surface; and (ii) a character formed in a recessed surface in the frame body, wherein the character comprises an upper surface; and (b) adhering a contrast layer comprising an adhesive substance and a coloring agent having a second color to the substantially planar surface of the frame body and to the upper surface of the character but not to the recessed surface, wherein the second color contrasts with the first color. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the recessed surface joins the substantially planar surface of the frame body at a substantially non-radiused edge. 17. A method of forming a vehicle license plate frame, comprising the steps of: (a) forming a frame body having a first color, wherein the frame body comprises: (i) a substantially planar surface; and (ii) a character formed in a recessed surface in the frame body, wherein the character comprises an upper surface; and (b) adhering a contrast layer comprising an adhesive substance and a coloring agent having a second color to the substantially planar surface of the frame body and to the upper surface of the character but not to the recessed surface, wherein the second color contrasts with the first color, by: (i) providing a hot stamp foil having a transfer surface and a working surface, the transfer surface comprising a layer of colored material; (ii) placing the transfer surface of the hot stamp foil onto the substantially planar surface; and (iii) applying heat and pressure to the working surface of the hot stamp foil, thereby forming the layer of colored material on the substantially planar surface of the frame body. 18. (canceled)	BACKGROUND Decorative license plate frames, in particular those for automobile license plates, frequently include words or decorative symbols on their surfaces. For example, automobile dealerships often include their names on license plate frames as a form of advertisement. One method of forming words or symbols on a frame surface is to screen print them on a flat surface of a molded frame. Words can also be bonded or otherwise attached to a surface of a frame. A further method of forming words on a license plate frame is to integrally mold them on the surface of a plastic frame. Letters formed in this way are raised above a flat surface of the frame, and a layer of contrasting colored material is applied to the letters' raised surface. These methods of forming characters in a license plate frame, however, suffer from several drawbacks. Screen printed lettering, for example, lacks the visual depth of a raised letter. Raised lettering, however, is subject both to fading due to sun exposure as well as to physical wear. Bonded lettering is subject to the strength and durability of the adhesive or other means used to attach the lettering to a frame, and such lettering may become detached from the frame over time. SUMMARY The license plate frames described herein overcome the drawbacks of prior license plate frames through the use of recessed areas in a frame surface and an adhered layer of material having a contrasting color. The present frames for a vehicle license plate include a substrate having a substantially planar surface, a contrast layer adhered to this surface which has a contrasting color compared with the color of the surface, and one or more recessed portions in the substrate. The frames are preferably made from a plastic material having a thickness of between about 120 and about 135 thousandths of an inch, and the recessed portions in the substrate are preferably about 50 thousandths of an inch deep. The recessed portions meet the surface of the substrate at a substantially non-radiused edge and form or highlight one or more characters in the frame. The recessed portions can form complete letters or other characters, or can in addition include a contrasting portion to form part of a character. Such a contrasting portion has an upper surface which is substantially coplanar with the substantially planar surface of the substrate, and the contrast layer is adhered to this surface. The contrasting portion can alternatively form a complete character, in which case the recessed portion provides a contrasting background for the character. Such frames can be made by forming a frame body having a substantially planar surface and at least one character formed by a recessed surface in the frame body, and then adhering a contrast layer to the substantially planar surface of the frame body and not to the recessed surface. The frame body has a first color, and the contrast layer has a second color that contrasts with the first. Preferably, at least one recessed surface forms a complete letter or other character. The contrast layer can be adhered through the use of a hot stamp foil. A transfer surface of the hot stamp foil comprising a layer of colored material is placed onto the substantially planar surface of the frame body, after which heat and pressure are applied to a working surface (the other side) of the hot stamp foil, thereby forming the layer of colored material on the substantially planar surface of the frame body. The recessed surface and the substantially planar surface preferably meet at a substantially non-radiused edge in order to facilitate removal of the hot stamp foil from the surface of the frame. In an alternative to this method, a character can be formed by a raised surface present in a recessed surface of the frame body. The raised surface is substantially coplanar with the substantially planar surface of the frame body, and the contrast layer is formed on this raised surface at the same time as on the substantially planar surface. The recessed surface in this embodiment can serve as a background to a character formed by the raised surface, or alternatively the raised service can help to form a character outlined by the recessed surface. DRAWINGS These and other features, aspects and advantages of the present invention will become better understood with regard to the following description, appended claims, and accompanying figures where: FIG. 1 is a plan view of a frame having recessed characters. FIG. 2 is a sectional view of the frame of FIG. 1 along line 2-2. FIG. 3 is a plan view of a frame having raised characters surrounded by recessed areas of the frame. FIG. 4 is a sectional view of the frame of FIG. 3 along line 4-4. All dimensions specified in this disclosure are by way of example only and are not intended to be limiting. Further, the proportions shown in these Figures are not necessarily to scale. As will be understood by those with skill in the art with reference to this disclosure, the actual dimensions of any device or part of a device disclosed in this disclosure will be determined by their intended use. DETAILED DESCRIPTION The vehicle license plate frames described herein provide an improved combination of surface features and character display features compared with prior frames. The present frames 10, for example, comprise characters 20 formed in recessed areas 14 of a frame body 12 which are not subject to as much wear or exposure to the elements compared with raised lettering on a frame. The frame body 12, for supporting or containing a vehicle license plate, comprises a substrate 13 having a substantially planar outer surface 15. Recessed portions 14 in the frame body 12 are molded, cut, or otherwise formed in the substrate 13. As used herein, “recessed portion” refers to an area of the frame body 12 having a surface which extends below the plane of the substantially planar surface 15 of the substrate 13, i.e. away from the substantially planar surface 15 in the direction of the rear surface of the frame 10. The recessed portions 14 of the frame 10 and the substantially planar surface 15 of the substrate 13 meet and are joined at an edge 17 of the substantially planar surface 15. The wall or walls 18 defining the recessed portion 14 extend away from this edge 17, preferably at an angle of less than about 90 degrees from the substrate surface 15, such as an angle of about 85 degrees, though walls extending at a less steep angle are also practicable with an injection molded frame. In a preferred embodiment, a recessed portion 14 includes a base 19 comprising a surface in the recessed portion 14 connected to the walls 18. The base 19 can preferably be planar and parallel to the substantially planar outer surface 15. The material of the frame body 12, which is preferably monochromatic, has a first color. The recessed portions 14 formed in the frame body 12 thus have this first color. The frame body 12 further includes a layer of material 16 adhered to the substantially planar surface 15 which has a second color that contrasts with the first color of the frame body 12. The term “contrast” and variations thereof is used herein to refer to colors which can be distinguished by an average human observer with good vision (i.e., approximately 20/20 vision, with or without correction) in mid-day outdoor lighting conditions when placed side by side with each other. The term “colors” refers to any hue in the visible spectrum and includes black, white, and gray, as well as various finishes such as matte, glossy, and metallic. Contrast generally increases with increased difference in color wavelengths. For example, red color having a wavelength of 700 nanometers generally contrasts more with yellow having a wavelength of 580 nanometers than with orange having a wavelength of 620 nanometers. When the contrasting colors are black, white and/or gray, contrast can be measured as the difference in brightness between the lightest and darkest shades. The edge 17 joining the recessed portions 14 and the substantially planar surface 15 of the substrate 13 is substantially non-radiused, i.e. is a sharp edge. When a contrast layer 16 is applied to the frame 10 from a transfer sheet comprising an ink or other coloring agent, such as a hot stamp foil, and the transfer sheet is subsequently removed from the surface 15 of the frame, the use of a substantially non-radiused edge results in a clean separation between the coloring agent adhered to the frame 10 and the coloring agent remaining on the transfer sheet. The resulting outer edge 11 of the contrast layer 16 is thereby given a generally smooth appearance. The edges 17, if they are slightly radiused (for example, due to manufacturing tolerances and variations), should have a radius which is less than the depth of the recessed portion 14, that is, the distance from the plane of the substantially planar surface 15 to the base 19 of the recessed portion 14. Preferably the radius is less than half of this depth, and more preferably less than a tenth of this depth. The characters 20 of the frame can be formed by recessed portions 14 in the substrate 13 of the frame 10. As used herein, the term “character” refers to any number, letter, punctuation mark, picture or other symbol or graphic image that can be formed by a recess in the surface of the frame body 12 and the contrast layer 16. A character 20 can be formed completely by the recessed portion 14, or a further contrasting portion 24 that borders or falls within the recessed portion 14 can be used in addition to form a character 20, as described below. In one embodiment, the frame 10 includes one or more discontinuous recessed portions 14, and the recessed portions 14 form either the entire character 20 or at least a portion of the character 20. For example, as shown in FIG. 1, a complete character 20 depicting the letter “L” (in the word DEALER) can be formed entirely from a recessed portion 14, i.e., the boundaries of the letter comprise the boundaries between the recessed portion 14 and the surface of the frame substrate 13. For some characters 20, however, a contrasting portion 24 within the character 20 is needed in order to form the character 20. For example, in order to form the letter “A” as shown in FIG. 1, a small contrasting portion 24 within the recessed portion forming the letter is required, i.e. the roughly triangular segment 22, in order to form the recessed crossbar 23 of the letter. In order to form such a contrasting portion 24 within the recessed portion 14 of the character 20, the contrasting portion 24 includes a character upper surface 26 which is substantially coplanar with the surface 15 of the substrate 13. In this way, the same contrast layer 16 adhered to the substrate 13 can likewise be adhered to the character upper surface 26. In an alternative embodiment, the contrasting portion 24 forms a complete character 20. For example, the characters 20 shown in FIG. 3 comprise a character upper surface 26 overlayed by a contrast layer 16 (as shown in FIG. 4). In this embodiment, the contrasting portion 24 which forms a character 20 can be entirely within a recessed portion 14 as shown in FIG. 3, or alternatively the character 20 can be joined to the substrate 13 by a joining portion (not illustrated). The recessed portion 14 in this embodiment thus forms a background which highlights the characters 20 formed by the contrasting portion 24. Frames are designed to provide support to the license plates with which they are used and are generally attached to the license plates and/or to the vehicles for which the license plates are issued. For example, the frame 10 shown in FIG. 1 includes screw holes 30 for receiving screws (not shown). In order to mount the frame 10 and a license plate, the screws are placed through screw holes 30 and then through corresponding holes provided in the license plate. The frame 10 and license plate can then be placed together onto the surface of a vehicle having two corresponding holes for receiving the screws. The screws are then lined up with the holes in the vehicle and rotated in order to screw them into the vehicle holes. Frames 10 can have two holes 30 as shown in FIGS. 1 and 3, or alternatively can be provided with further holes for engaging screws or other mounting means (or even with only one hole). Four-hole automobile license plates and frames are commonly used. Other ways of securing a frame 10 and license plate to a vehicle can also be employed, though it is preferred that the frame 10 and license plate be removably secured to a vehicle (as is the case when screws are used). The rear surface (not shown) of the frame 10 is in contact with the front surface (i.e. the surface designed to be viewed) of a license plate when the frame 10 and license plate are secured to a vehicle. The rear surface can have attached thereto clips, hooks, or other means for further securing the license plate to the frame 10. Additionally or alternatively, a lip (not shown) extending away from the front surface of the frame 10 can be provided along the periphery of the frame 10 in order to help retain a license plate. To form a frame 10 as described herein, a frame body 12 is formed from a suitable material, such as plastic, i.e. a synthetic or semisynthetic polymer material that can be molded or extruded into objects. Preferably, a plastic material such as high impact polystyrene or ABS is used, and the frame body 12 is injection molded. A minimum wall thickness on the frame 10 of 0.075 inch to 0.100 inch is preferably maintained to achieve optimum filling of the mold during the injection molding process and to minimize the tendency of the molded part to warp. In this embodiment, the face of the frame body 12 carrying the characters 20 to be displayed preferably has a thickness (“t” in FIGS. 2 and 4) of between about 120 and 135 thousandths of an inch. While the use of a substrate 13 having a lesser thickness is possible, this range has been found to produce a desireable visual quality in the recessed characters 20. Recessed portions 14 formed in frames 10 of this thickness are preferably about 50 thousandths of an inch deep, i.e. the base 19 of such a recessed portion 14 is about 50 thousandths of an inch from the plane of the substantially planar surface 15 of the substrate 13. Any characters 20 formed within such a recessed portion 14 thus preferably rise approximately 50 thousandths of an inch high from the base 19 of the recessed portion 14, so that the character upper surface 26 is substantially coplanar with the surface 15 of the frame substrate 13. The characters 20 of the frame 10 are preferably formed together with (e.g., integrally molded with) the rest of the frame body 12, though they could also be formed afterward by cutting into the frame body 12, such as by machine cutting. In order to apply the contrast layer 16 to the substrate surface 15 and any character upper surfaces 26, a hot stamp foil is preferably brought into contact with these surfaces. As used herein, a “hot stamp foil” refers to a transfer sheet comprising an ink or other coloring agent in a hot melting type adhesive layer of the transfer sheet, as is known in the art. The use of multiple coloring agents can allow an image to be formed in the adhesive layer. The adhesive layer itself is formed on a transfer surface of the transfer sheet, with the opposite surface of the transfer sheet comprising a working surface capable of withstanding the heat and pressure required to transfer the adhesive layer to another surface, and capable of transferring sufficient heat through the transfer sheet for this purpose. In order to form a contrast layer 16 on the surface 15 of a frame body 12, the transfer surface of the hot stamp foil is placed in contact with the substantially planar substrate surface 15, and the working surface of the hot stamp foil is contacted by a heated surface of approximately 400 degrees Fahrenheit which is also capable of applying pressure, such as a roller or a hydraulic press. Pressure of up to four tons is applied to the working surface for several seconds, after which the hot stamp foil is pulled away from the frame 10, leaving a layer of colored material 16 from the transfer surface of the hot stamp foil adhered to the frame 10. When the edges 17 between the recessed portions of the frame surface and the substantially planar portion of the frame surface are sharp edges, the edges of the contrast layer are clean, i.e. they conform to the edges 17 of the characters 20. The contrast layer 16 formed by such colored material should have a color which contrasts with the color of the substrate 13, so that a character 20 formed in or by a recessed surface 14 in the substrate 13 can be distinguished by a viewer. In one embodiment, the substrate 13 is black, and the contrast layer has a metallic color, such as chrome, silver, or gold. Preferably, the hot stamp foil has a surface area sufficient to cover all of the substantially planar surface 13 of the frame body 12. The hot stamp foil and the coloring agent used in the hot stamp foil can be any of a number of different foils and coloring agents known to the art. For example, mylar foil containing a silicone dye can be used. Preferably, a hot stamp foil which creates a metallic appearance on the surface of the frame, such as the brushed chrome foil made by ITW Foils (5 Malcolm Hout Drive, Newburyport, Mass. 01950), is used. Although the use of a hot stamp foil to transfer a colored layer to a frame 10 is preferred, other methods of producing the contrast layer 16 on the frame surface 15 can be used. The contrast layer 16 should generally comprise an adhesive substance and a coloring agent. The adhesive substance is one capable of holding materials together by surface attachment. Laminating, the use of cold stamp foils, and other methods for creating a colored surface can also be employed to produce the contrast layer 16. EXAMPLE 1 Frame with Characters Formed by Recessed Portions A frame for an automobile license plate having characters formed by the recessed portions of the frame, such as the Edge FX frame (manufactured by Perrin Manufacturing Co., 1020 Bixby Drive, Industry, Calif. 91745-1703), was formed. The frame body was approximately 120 thousandths of an inch thick and was rectangular, having two shorter parallel sides approximately 6 inches in length and two longer parallel sides approximately 12 inches in length. Recessed letters similar to those shown in FIG. 1 were formed in the front surface of one of the longer sides in order to form the word PRINCETON, while the word RUGBY was formed in the other long side with such recessed letters. The front surface was about ½ wide along the shorter sides and between ⅝ of an inch and 1 inch wide along the longer sides, the width being such as to cover the edges of a license plate placed in the frame. Four holes for retaining screws were formed, two in each of the longer sides. Adhered to the front surface of the frame was a layer of metallic colored material transferred by a hot stamp foil technique from a brushed chrome foil made by ITW Foils. The edges between the recessed areas of the frame surface and the substantially planar front surface were sharp, and the walls forming the recessed areas extended away from the front surface of the frame at approximately an 85 degree angle. These walls extended approximately 50 thousandths of an inch from the front surface of the frame before reaching a lower surface roughly parallel with the front surface of the frame. The frame substrate was black in color, so the layer of chrome-colored material contrasted with the black-colored recessed letters. A lip was formed around the outer periphery of the frame body which extended toward the rear surface of the frame at approximately a 90 degree angle to the front surface of the frame. The lip extended approximately 5/16 of an inch from the front surface and was approximately ⅛ of an inch thick. Two retainer clips were formed in the lip along the longer side which comprised the word RUGBY in order to help retain a license plate. EXAMPLE 2 Frame with Characters Formed Within a Recessed Portion A frame having characters formed within the recessed portions of the frame, such as the Panel FX frame (manufactured by Perrin Manufacturing Co., 1020 Bixby Drive, Industry, Calif. 91745-1703), was formed. The frame was identical to the frame of Example 1, except that raised letters similar to those shown in FIG. 3 (rather than recessed letters) were formed in one of the longer sides of the frame in order to form the word “Panel Fx”, while the words “Put Your Name Here” were formed in the other long side with such letters. The recessed portion of the front surface of the frame formed a black background which provided contrast to the chrome-colored letters. EXAMPLE 3 Manufacturing a Frame A frame body as described in Example 1 was injection molded from impact polystyrene with an overall nominal wall thickness of 0.135″ and a minimum wall thickness in the lettering of 0.085″ to facilitate the filling of the part and minimize warping. A roll of brushed chrome foil made by ITW Foils was unrolled so as to expose an unused portion of the foil, and the transfer surface (i.e., the surface containing the colored adhesive material) was placed into contact with the substantially planar front surface of the frame. A heated platen at 400 degrees Fahrenheit was pressed against the opposite surface of the hot stamp foil for 2 seconds. The foil was then pulled away from the frame, leaving the front surface covered by a layer of chrome-colored adhesive material. The frame and adhesive layer were allowed to cool for 3 seconds in order to allow the adhesive layer to harden on the frame. Although the present invention has been discussed in considerable detail with reference to certain preferred embodiments, other embodiments are possible. Therefore, the scope of the appended claims should not be limited to the description of preferred embodiments contained in this disclosure. All references cited herein are incorporated by reference to their entirety.	<SOH> BACKGROUND <EOH>Decorative license plate frames, in particular those for automobile license plates, frequently include words or decorative symbols on their surfaces. For example, automobile dealerships often include their names on license plate frames as a form of advertisement. One method of forming words or symbols on a frame surface is to screen print them on a flat surface of a molded frame. Words can also be bonded or otherwise attached to a surface of a frame. A further method of forming words on a license plate frame is to integrally mold them on the surface of a plastic frame. Letters formed in this way are raised above a flat surface of the frame, and a layer of contrasting colored material is applied to the letters' raised surface. These methods of forming characters in a license plate frame, however, suffer from several drawbacks. Screen printed lettering, for example, lacks the visual depth of a raised letter. Raised lettering, however, is subject both to fading due to sun exposure as well as to physical wear. Bonded lettering is subject to the strength and durability of the adhesive or other means used to attach the lettering to a frame, and such lettering may become detached from the frame over time.	<SOH> SUMMARY <EOH>The license plate frames described herein overcome the drawbacks of prior license plate frames through the use of recessed areas in a frame surface and an adhered layer of material having a contrasting color. The present frames for a vehicle license plate include a substrate having a substantially planar surface, a contrast layer adhered to this surface which has a contrasting color compared with the color of the surface, and one or more recessed portions in the substrate. The frames are preferably made from a plastic material having a thickness of between about 120 and about 135 thousandths of an inch, and the recessed portions in the substrate are preferably about 50 thousandths of an inch deep. The recessed portions meet the surface of the substrate at a substantially non-radiused edge and form or highlight one or more characters in the frame. The recessed portions can form complete letters or other characters, or can in addition include a contrasting portion to form part of a character. Such a contrasting portion has an upper surface which is substantially coplanar with the substantially planar surface of the substrate, and the contrast layer is adhered to this surface. The contrasting portion can alternatively form a complete character, in which case the recessed portion provides a contrasting background for the character. Such frames can be made by forming a frame body having a substantially planar surface and at least one character formed by a recessed surface in the frame body, and then adhering a contrast layer to the substantially planar surface of the frame body and not to the recessed surface. The frame body has a first color, and the contrast layer has a second color that contrasts with the first. Preferably, at least one recessed surface forms a complete letter or other character. The contrast layer can be adhered through the use of a hot stamp foil. A transfer surface of the hot stamp foil comprising a layer of colored material is placed onto the substantially planar surface of the frame body, after which heat and pressure are applied to a working surface (the other side) of the hot stamp foil, thereby forming the layer of colored material on the substantially planar surface of the frame body. The recessed surface and the substantially planar surface preferably meet at a substantially non-radiused edge in order to facilitate removal of the hot stamp foil from the surface of the frame. In an alternative to this method, a character can be formed by a raised surface present in a recessed surface of the frame body. The raised surface is substantially coplanar with the substantially planar surface of the frame body, and the contrast layer is formed on this raised surface at the same time as on the substantially planar surface. The recessed surface in this embodiment can serve as a background to a character formed by the raised surface, or alternatively the raised service can help to form a character outlined by the recessed surface.	20040528	20051108	20051201	68349.0		3	HOGE, GARY CHAPMAN	LICENSE PLATE FRAME	SMALL	0	ACCEPTED		2,004
10,857,215	ACCEPTED	Low-energy charged particle detetor	A low energy charged particle detector having a diode with a first layer and a top layer physically coupled to the first layer. The intersection between the first layer and the top layer defines a junction. The top layer is composed of a two-dimensional material such as a chalcogen-based material, providing an electrically passivated exposed outer surface opposite to the junction. The outer surface is exposed to receive low-energy charged particles from external sources. An appropriate control circuit is coupled to the diode, and operable to recognize the incidence of a particle upon the outer surface as a change in current or voltage potential.	1. A low energy charged particle detector comprising: a diode having: a first layer with a first connectivity; a top layer with a second connectivity physically coupled to the first layer with a junction therebetween, the top layer composed of a two-dimensional material providing an electrically passivated exposed outer surface opposite the junction; and a control circuit coupled to the diode. 2. The low energy charged particle detector of claim 1, wherein the outer surface has minimal dangling bonds. 3. The low energy charged particle detector of claim 1, wherein the control circuit further includes a biasing circuit. 4. The low energy charged particle detector of claim 3, wherein the top layer is biased relative to the first layer. 5. The low energy charged particle detector of claim 1, wherein the outer surface is a charged particle receiving surface. 6. The low energy charged particle detector of claim 1, further including a current detector circuit operable to detect current through the junction in response to a low energy particle striking the outer surface. 7. The low energy charged particle detector of claim 1, wherein the diode is an avalanche diode, Schottky diode, PIN diode or PN diode. 8. The low energy charged particle detector of claim 1, wherein the top layer is a two-dimensional chalcogen-based material. 9. The low energy charged particle detector of claim 1, wherein the first and top layers each comprise multiple layers. 10. The low energy charged particle detector of claim 1, further including a charged particle transparent protective layer disposed upon the outer surface. 11. A low energy charged particle detector comprising: a cathodoconductive device having; an electrically insulating substrate; a top layer disposed upon the substrate, the top layer composed of a two-dimensional material providing an electrically passivated exposed outer surface, the top layer having a first end, and opposite thereto, a second end; at least one first electrode disposed proximate to the first end of, and in electrical contact with, the top layer; at least one second electrode disposed proximate to the second end of, and in electrical contact with, the top layer; a control circuit coupled to the first and second electrodes. 12. The low energy charged particle detector of claim 11, wherein the control circuit further includes a voltage source providing a bias voltage across the first and second electrodes. 13. The low energy charged particle detector of claim 11, wherein the outer surface is a charged particle receiving surface. 14. The low energy charged particle detector of claim 11, further including a current detector circuit operable to detect current between the first and second electrodes in response to a low energy particle striking the outer surface. 15. The low energy charged particle detector of claim 11, wherein the top layer is a two-dimensional chalcogen-based material. 16. The low energy charged particle detector of claim 11, wherein the top layer is comprised of multiple layers. 17. The low energy charged particle detector of claim 11, further including a charged particle transparent protective layer disposed upon the outer surface. 18. A low energy charged particle detector comprising: a cathodotransistor device having: a first layer; a top layer composed of a two-dimensional material providing an electrically passivated exposed outer surface; an intermediate layer disposed between the first layer and the top layer; at least one junction between the first layer and the top layer, defined by the intermediate layer; a first voltage potential coupled to the top layer; and a second voltage potential, unequal to the first voltage potential coupled to the first layer. 19. The low energy charged particle detector of claim 18, wherein the second voltage potential is ground. 20. The low energy charged particle detector of claim 18, wherein the first voltage potential negatively biases the top layer. 21. The low energy charged particle detector of claim 18, wherein the junction provides a conduction barrier under no incidence of charged particles upon the outer surface, the conduction barrier being diminished under an incidence of charged particles upon the outer surface. 22. The low energy charged particle detector of claim 18, wherein the outer surface is a charged particle receiving surface. 23. The low energy charged particle detector of claim 18, wherein the top layer is a two-dimensional chalcogen-based material. 24. The low energy charged particle detector of claim 18, further including a current detector circuit operable to detect current through the cathodotransistor device in response to a low energy particle striking the outer surface. 25. The low energy charged particle detector of claim 18, further including a charged particle transparent protective layer disposed upon the outer surface.	FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates generally to charged particle detectors, and in particular to the detection of low-energy atomic or nuclear particles such as electrons with semiconductor low-energy particle detectors. BACKGROUND The detection of low-energy particles is a task relevant to many fields. Such fields non-exclusively include electron microscopy, astronomy and electron beam lithography. In certain applications, it may also be desirable for surface analysis devices to utilize low-energy charged particle detection. Additionally, there is often a need for low-energy charged particle detectors in scientific experiments and applications. Various types of detectors have been used for these applications. They include scintillation-based detectors such as Everhart-Thornley detectors that convert low-energy charged particles into photons and then convert the photons into an electrical signal; solid-state devices akin to photodiodes or phototransistors (cathododiodes or cathodotransistors); cathodconductivity devices, and MSM devices (described in an article by G. D. Meier et al, J. Vac. Sci. Tech. B14, 3821 (1996)). Cathododiodes may be made in the form of pn-junctions, pin-junctions, avalanche diodes or Schottky barriers. Typically, when a charged particle such as an electron is incident upon a semiconductor layer in the cathododiode, it creates electron-hole pairs. The functional properties of a semiconductor result, in part, from providing electrons in different energy states separated by bands or gaps of no energy states. The highest occupied band is a valence band and the lowest unoccupied band is a conduction band, with a gap existing in between. As used, the terms “highest” and “lowest” refer to energy levels and not physical vertical separation. When an electron or other ionizing radiation strikes a semiconductor detector, it will excite electrons present in the valence band of the detector into the conduction band, consequently leaving holes in the valence band. This process is known as the creation of electron-hole (“EH”) pairs. The creation of an electron-hole pair provides two charge carriers that are opposite in polarity (an electron and a hole). With respect to these carriers, the non-dominant carrier is typically referred to as the minority carrier while the dominant carrier is referred to as the majority carrier. The roll of an electron as a minority or majority carrier is determined by the device configuration. Solid-state detectors typically provide an electrical field via a depletion region (a built in field) and/or an applied potential as a means for separating these carriers. It is understood and appreciated that certain types of devices, such as cathodoconductivity devices do not provide a depletion region. Charged particles created in such an electric field (built in or applied) will tend to be swept out of it. For example, in a pn-diode after an EH pair is created a positive charge carrier will be swept towards the p-type region by the depletion layer's electric field, and a negative charge carrier will be swept towards the n-type region by the depletion layer's electric field. In a diode, including a cathododiode, the movement of these charge carriers constitutes a current that can be measured. For the current induced by the generation of EH pairs to be measured, the resulting charge carriers must survive for a duration of time sufficient to permit them to be swept across the depletion region. The penetration depth of low-energy particles incident upon a semiconductor is quite short. For example, the penetration depth, or Grun range, of electrons with less than 1 keV of energy is less than 10 nm in most semiconductors. At 100 eV the penetration depth is typically only a few nanometers, or less. As such, the EH pairs that are created are created very close to the surface of the semiconductor. Conventional semiconductor fabrication processes typically generate defects such as dangling or frustrated bonds at the surface. These and other surface defects, (such as, for example oxidation) cause problems such as surface recombination, surface band-bending, surface traps and other surface related conditions that can thwart the detection of the EH pair, by causing charge carriers created close to the surface to recombine before they are swept across the depletion region. Cathodotransistors also rely on the creation of EH pairs and the consequent changes in carrier densities. These changes in carrier density affect the height of the energy barriers between layers of the device that gate a flow of carriers across the layers. Like the cathododiodes described above, the performance of the cathodotransistors is adversely impacted when the generated carriers (the EH pairs) are generated in close proximity to a surface that causes most of the carriers to recombine quickly. Thus, cathodotransistors can also have a low efficiency in the detection of low-energy charged particles. Similarly, the efficiency of cathodoconductivity-based devices can be adversely impacted by semiconductor surfaces that reduce the lifetime of generated carriers. Scintillating materials also tend to radiate less efficiently when stimulated by low-energy charged particles due to common occurrence of surface defects. In addition, many of the above-described devices are susceptible to having large dark, or leakage, currents that make it difficult to detect the signal currents generated by the low-energy particles. Hence, there is a need for a low-energy particle detector semiconductor device that overcomes one or more of the drawbacks identified above. SUMMARY The present disclosure advances the art and overcomes problems articulated above by providing a low-energy particle detector. In particular, and by way of example only, according to an embodiment of the present invention, this invention provides a low energy charged particle detector including a diode having; a top layer with a first connectivity; a first layer with a second connectivity physically coupled to the top layer with a rectifying junction therebetween, the top layer composed of a two-dimensional material providing an electrically passivated exposed outer surface opposite the junction; and a control circuit coupled to the diode. In yet another embodiment, this invention provides a low energy charged particle detector including a cathodoconductive device having: an electrically insulating substrate; a top layer disposed upon the substrate, the top layer composed of a two-dimensional material providing an electrically passivated exposed outer surface, the top layer having a first end and opposite thereto a second end; at least one first electrode disposed proximate to the first end of and in electrical contact with the top layer; at least one second electrode disposed proximate to the second end of and in electrical contact with the top layer; a control circuit coupled to the first and second electrodes. In yet another embodiment, this invention provides a low energy charged particle detector including: a cathodotransistor device having: a first layer; a top layer composed of a two-dimensional material providing an electrically passivated exposed outer surface; an intermediate layer disposed between the first layer and the top layer; at least one junction between the first layer and the top layer, defined by the intermediate layer; a first voltage potential coupled to the top layer; and a second voltage potential, unequal to the first voltage potential coupled to the first layer. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a conceptual side view illustration of a low-energy particle detector according to one embodiment; FIG. 2 is a conceptual side view illustration of a low-energy particle detector according to another embodiment; FIG. 3 is a conceptual side view illustration of a low-energy particle detector according to yet another embodiment; FIG. 4 conceptually illustrates and compare conventional 3-D crystal structures and resulting interfaces; FIG. 5 conceptually illustrates a conventional 2-D crystal structure and resulting surface; FIG. 6 is a perspective view of the embodiment shown in FIG. 1; and FIG. 7 is a perspective view of the embodiment shown in FIG. 2. DETAILED DESCRIPTION Before proceeding with the detailed description, it is to be appreciated that the present teaching is by way of example, not limitation. The concepts herein are not limited to use or application with a specific type of low-energy charged particle detector. Thus, although the instrumentalities described herein are for the convenience of explanation, shown and described with respect to exemplary embodiments, it will be appreciated that the principals herein may be equally applied in other types of low-energy particle detection. Referring now to the drawings, and more particularly to FIG. 1, there is shown a portion of a low-energy charged particle detector (LECPD) 100, according to one embodiment. More specifically, the LECPD 100 includes a diode 102 and a control circuit 108 coupled to the diode 102. The control circuit 108 may also be referred to as a detection circuit. The diode 102 may be any type that provides a built-in field for separating charged carriers, such as a PN junction, PIN junction, Schottky barrier device or other type of “electronic valve” as such devices are known in the art. The diode 102 includes a top layer 106 with a first electrical connectivity and a first layer 104 with a second electrical connectivity physically coupled to the top layer 106. Such coupling may be achieved by depositing the top layer 106 directly on top of the fir the first layer 104. The point of contact between the top layer 106 and the first layer 104 provides an interface, also known as a junction 110. The electrical connectivity of each layer 104 and 106 is determined by factors such as differences in carrier concentrations, carrier types, and or band structures. A built-in field may result from factors such as differences in carrier concentrations, carrier, or band structure in each layer 104 and 106. An external circuit (not shown) may superimpose an addition applied field on the built-in field, or provide a carrier separating field when the structure does not otherwise provide a built in field. To advantageously improve longevity of EH pairs and thus improve the detection of low-energy particles, the top layer 106 is composed of a two-dimensional material providing an electrically passivated outer surface 112 opposite the junction 110. The term “electrically passivated” will be more fully discussed and described below following the physical description of the LECPD 100. As used herein, the terms “two-dimensional materials,” “two-dimensional layer,” “2-D material,” “2-D layer,” “2-D film” and “2-D substrate” refer to anisotropically bonded materials, including materials that form layers adhered internally by strong internal bonding, such as strong covalent or ionic bonds, and connected to adjacent layers by relatively weak interlayer bonds, primarily van der Waals forces or, alternatively, relatively weak covalent or ionic bonds. Two-dimensional layers typically exhibit relatively strong internal bonding within layers, primarily due to the covalent or ionic forces that may be referred to as a van der Waals layering effect. See, e.g., Jaegermann et al, “Electronic Properties of van der Waals-epitaxy Films and Surfaces,” Physics and Chemistry of Materials with Low-Dimensional Structures, vol. 24, pp. 317-402. Thus, 2-D layers are formed that can be easily terminated in an atomic sense (see FIGS. 4 and 5 and discussion below). More specifically, easily terminated structures have surfaces that are relatively free from defects such as dangling bonds and recombination or trapping sites. Many chalcogen-based materials, based on selenium, tellurium or sulphur, form structures that exhibit this van der Waals layering effect. Preferably, the top layer 106 is a 2-D chalcogen-based material. “Chalcogens” is the name given the elements of group 6 in the periodic table. Group 6 consists of oxygen (O), sulfur (S), selenium (Se), tellurium (Te), and radioactive polonium (Po). As is discussed below, a 2-D chalcogen based top layer 106 advantageously minimizes dangling bonds at the outer surface 112 that would otherwise frustrate the detection of EH pairs. The electrically passivated outer surface 112 is exposed for the purpose of receiving low-energy particles. Under appropriate circumstances a protective casing may be provided to substantially enclose and protect the LECPD 100. However, to perform the intended function of low-energy particle detection, it is understood that the protective casing will not enclose the exposed surface 112. FIG. 6 is a perspective view of the LECPD 100 shown in FIG. 1. As shown, a casing 600 substantially encloses and protects diode 102 and control circuit 108. The outer surface 112 is substantially unencumbered or otherwise unshielded by other components of the LECPD 100 that might interfere with, block, deflect, or inhibit externally generated low-energy particles from reaching the external surface 112. Moreover, casing 600 of the LECPD 100 will provide a substantially unobstructed window or aperture 602, permitting substantially unencumbered, direct, access to the outer surface 112 by low-energy charged particles emanating from an external source (not shown). For example, if the LECPD 100 is employed in an electron microscope or astronomical device, the LECPD 100 will be so positioned so that the outer surface 112 is presented to an intended source of low-energy particles. Returning again to FIG. 1, in at least one embodiment, the first layer 104 is N-type, such as resulting from n-type doping as known within the art, for instance, whereas the top layer 106 is P-type, such as resulting from p-type doping as known within the art. In an alternative embodiment, the first layer 104 is p-type and the top layer 106 is n-type. Low-energy particles and/or electrons, such as low-energy charged particles 114 that are incident upon the outer surface 112 may excite EH pairs within top layer 106, and more specifically near the outer surface 112 of the diode 102. EH pairs may be represented as “e− h+”. More simply stated, when low-energy charged particles strike the outer surface 112 of the diode 102, the impacting particle may excite an electron (e−) out of its energy level, leaving a hole (h+). The electron and the hole are commonly referred to as generated carriers—each having an opposite charge. Some fraction of the generated carriers of one charge (either the electrons or the holes) will be swept across the junction 110 under the influence of the built-in field. The term “collection efficiency” is commonly applied to this behavior. In normal operation it is the minority carriers that will be swept across the junction 110. The collection efficiency is dependent upon, among other things, the recombination rate and carrier mobility in and around the area of the outer surface 112 upon which the low-energy charged particles are incident upon and the effect of the built-in field within the diode 102. To assist with the sweeping of the carriers across the junction 110, in at least one embodiment, an additional field (not shown) is applied across the junction 110 by control circuit 108. More specifically, in at least one embodiment the control circuit 108 further includes a biasing circuit (not shown) operable to bias the top layer 106 relative to the first layer 104, to promote the flow of carriers (electrons or holes), depending upon the material used. The use of a reverse bias is preferred so as to help reduce the likelihood of leakage current through the diode 102. In at least one embodiment the LECPD 100 is reverse biased by external control circuit 108 so that the minority carriers that are generated by the incident particles 114 are swept toward the junction 110. The electrons that reach the pn junction 110 will be swept across the junction 110. Moreover, minority carriers that do not recombine with the majority carriers before reaching the junction 110 are swept across the junction 110, causing a current to flow in the external control circuit 108. Detection of the carriers as they move or attempt to move across the junction 110 may be accomplished by at least two different methods. Under a first method, the detection is accomplished by monitoring a current flow through diode 102. More specifically, in at least one embodiment, the control circuit 108 is established with a low input impedance. The current that results from the carriers passing across the junction 110 can be monitored as a signal current flowing into the control circuit 108. More specifically the control circuit 108 is also a detection circuit. Under a second method, the detection is accomplished by monitoring the change in voltage potential developed across the diode 102. More specifically, in at least one embodiment, the control circuit 108 is established with a high input impedance. As low-energy charged particles 114 impact upon the outer surface 112 and release EH pairs, the EH pairs will separate by the built-in field of the diode 102. In this configuration, there will be no applied potential as the first layer 104 and top layer 106 of the diode 102 will establish their own potential. As the carriers are generated and flow towards one side or the other, a charge within the diode 102 will develop and start to counter the built-in field, eventually reaching a steady state. The resulting electrostatic potential between the outer surface 112 and the bottom 116 of the first layer 104 can be measured as a difference in voltage potential. Turning now to FIG. 2, provided is a conceptual illustration of a LECPD 100 operating as a cathodoconductive device 200. An electrically insulating substrate 202, such as silicon with an oxidized top layer, is provided as a base for the cathodoconductive device 200. A top layer 206 is disposed upon the substrate 202. The top layer 206 is substantially equivalent to the top layer 106, shown and described in to FIG. 1. Specifically top layer 206 is composed of a 2-D material providing an electrically passivated outer surface 112, opposite to the substrate 202. The top layer 206 is further described as having a first end 204 and a second end 208. As with top layer 106 FIG. 1, the top layer 206 of FIG. 2 is preferably a 2-D chalcogen-based material. A plurality of spaced electrodes are provided in direct electrical contact with the top layer 206. More specifically, in at least one embodiment, a first electrode 210 is disposed proximate to the first end 204 and a second electrode 212 is disposed proximate to the second end 208. The 2-D material of the top layer 206 may be deposited over or under the first and second electrodes 210, 212. A control circuit 214 is coupled to the first and second electrodes 210, 212. In at least one embodiment, the control circuit 214 includes a voltage source such as power supply 216 that applies a bias voltage across the first and second electrodes 210, 212. This bias voltage induces an electric field, represented as arrow 218, in the plane of the top layer 206. The power supply 216 may be fabricated on the substrate 202, and/or be an integrated part of the control circuit 214, or it may be provided from an externally connected source. As with the top layer 106 shown in FIG. 1, the electrically passivated outer surface 112 is exposed for the purpose of receiving low-energy particles, such as charged particles 114. As shown in FIG. 7, under appropriate circumstances, a protective casing 600 may be provided to substantially enclose and protect the LECPD 100. However to perform the intended function of low-energy particle detection, it is understood that the protective casing will not entirely enclose the LECPD device. Specifically, any such casing or external shell supporting the LECPD 100 will provide a substantially unobstructed window or aperture 602, permitting substantially unencumbered access to the outer surface 112 by low-energy charged particles 114 emanating from an expected external source. Low-energy particles, such as charged particles 114, that are incident upon the outer surface 112 excite EH pairs near the outer surface 112 of the top layer 206. These carriers (holes and electrons) are accelerated by the electric field 218 towards either electrode 210 or 212, depending upon the charge of their respective charges and the direction of the applied voltage field, i.e., as represented by arrow 218. This movement of the electron and hole carriers represents a current flow within the top layer 206. This current may be detected by a control circuit 108 to provide an output signal indicating particle detection. More specifically, the control circuit 214 of LECPD 100 provides a current detector 220 that is operable to detect current between the first and second electrodes in response to a low-energy particle such as charged particles 114 striking the outer surface 112. Turning now to FIG. 3, provided is a conceptual illustration of LECPD 100 operating as a cathodotransistor device 300. The cathodotransistor device 300 operates in a similar fashion to the diode 102 described above in FIG. 1. As shown, three semiconductor layers are provided. Specifically, a first layer 302 is provided. A top layer 306, substantially equivalent to the top layer 206 in FIG. 2 and the top layer 106 in FIG. 1, is also provided. More specifically, the top layer 306 is composed of a 2-D material, providing an electrically passivated exposed outer surface 112. As with the embodiments shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, the top layer 306 is preferably a 2-D chalcogen-based material. As above, the outer surface 112 is a charged particle receiving surface set to receive unobstructed low-energy charged particles 114 emanating from an external source. A protective case may be provided in a substantially similar manner as shown and described with respect to FIGS. 6 and 7 above, specifically protecting the LECPD 100 while providing substantially unencumbered access to outer surface 112 by charged particles 114. An intermediate layer 304 is disposed between the first layer 302 and the top layer 306. The top layer 306, intermediate layer 304 and first layer 302 are typically arranged as p-n-p layers or n-p-n layers, achieved with appropriate doping as is known in the art. In FIG. 3, the layers are arranged as n-p-n, with carriers moving through the layers. The top layer 306 is biased relative to the first layer 302. A control circuit 308 is electrically coupled to the top layer 306 and the first layer 302. A bias may be achieved by the control circuit 308 providing a first voltage potential to the top layer 306 and a second voltage potential to the first layer 302. The bias is achieved by providing a second voltage potential that is unequal to the first voltage potential. In an alternative embodiment, a separate voltage source 312 is directly connected to top layer 306 and first layer 302 is connected to a ground potential 314. As indicated, first layer 302 and top layer 306 are preferably of the same type, p or n, while the intermediate layer 304 is of the opposite type, n or p. As a result, a junction 316 is provided at the interface of top layer 306 and intermediate layer 304, and another junction 318 is provided at the interface of intermediate layer 304 and first layer 302. Junctions 316 and 318 are heterotype junctions as the layers on either side have different carrier types. By comparison, if intermediate layer 304 and first layer 302 were of the same type with top layer 306 being of a different type, junction 318 would be a homotype junction. Either type of junction may be used in an embodiment of the invention. More specifically, at least one junction 316 and or 318 located between the first layer 302 and the top layer 306 is defined by the intermediate layer 304. It is noted that the type of carrier used is one aspect for properly designing the LECPD 100. More generally, the LECPD 100 as shown in FIGS. 1 and 3 is designed with an appropriate combination of layers, wherein each layer has an appropriate thickness, band gap, electron affinity, and carrier concentration. Thus, the type of material used for the layers, and whether the junctions between the layers are heterotype or homotype junctions, is as important in designing the LECPD 100 as the type of carrier employed. In addition, for conceptual simplicity and ease of discussion, each layer in each figure is illustrated as a single layer; however, it is understood that each layer itself may be comprised of multiple layers which function together as a contiguous layer. As the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 3 operates as a cathodotransistor, the intermediate layer 304 acts as a floating base, which is controlled by low-energy charged particles 114 impacting upon the exposed outer surface 112. The cathodotransistor device 300 is active, or dynamic, in that the effective resistance between the source and the collector can change because of a change in conditions, specifically the presence or absence of low-energy charged particles 114 impacting upon the outer surface 112. Without the incidence of charged particles 114 incident upon the outer surface 112, a barrier to the flow of majority carriers (in this case electrons) between the top layer 306 and the first layer 302 exists at either junction 316 or junction 318. For example, when the majority carriers in layer 306 are electrons this barrier is in the form of an increase in the energy of the conduction band in going from the top layer 306 to the intermediate layer 304. With the n-p-n configuration as shown, the incidence of low-energy charged particles 114 upon the outer surface 112 generates EH pairs. The selected materials for the three layers are chosen specifically to provide an overall device band structure with at least the following two properties. First, a band offset at one of the interfaces (316 or 318) that acts as a barrier to conduction to the majority carrier from the top layer 306. Second, a potential well is established for the carriers of the other type (in this case holes) in the middle layer. The potential well is caused by either a maximum in the valance band or a minimum in the conduction band, the appropriate maximum or minimum values determined by the materials involved. In at least one embodiment, based upon appropriate combinations of materials, bandgaps, electron affinities, doping levels, and doping types, and appropriate combinations thereof, the generated holes will diffuse to and collect in the potential well formed by intermediate layer 304 as a maximum in the valence band. The resulting increased hole density in the intermediate layer 304 will lower the energy of the conduction band in this layer and thereby lower the barrier to electron conduction at the junction 316. The cathodotransistor 300 therefore exhibits an effective change in resistance when low-energy charged particles 114 are incident upon outer surface 112, as compared to when low-energy charged particles 114 are not incident upon outer surface 112. As a result of this change in resistance, a current flows between the first and second voltage potentials, and this current is detected by control circuit 308. A current detector provided by the control circuit 308 is operable to detect current through the cathodotransistor 300 in response to a low-energy particle 114 striking the outer surface 112. As stated above with respect to the embodiments shown in FIGS. 1, 2 and 3, the LECPD 100 preferably utilizes 2-D chalcogen-based materials as top layer 106, 206 and 306 to provide an electrically passivated exposed outer surface. This characteristic is based upon the advantageous nature of chalcogen-based materials having weak van der Waals bonding between the internal layers of the materials. FIG. 4 illustrates a conventional epitaxial structure 400 between two 3-dimensional crystals 402, 404 with different physical structures. Strong, direct covalent bonds join crystal 402 to crystal 404, yet because of the structural differences, these bonds may be stressed, shown as angled bonds 406. In addition, defects such as dangling bonds 408 may occur where a crystal lattice mismatch occurs between the two materials. These dangling bonds and mismatches in the crystal lattice demonstrate that the materials are not uniformly terminated in an atomic sense. The dangling bond 408 will be repeated many times at the interface between the two materials 402 and 404, and will cause discontinuities, stresses and strains in the junction interface that will result in electrically active defects that inhibit the propagation and longevity of EH pairs necessary for low-energy particle detection. In addition, the stresses and strains in the junction interface may propagate through the crystal structure to result in dangling bonds, and recombination or trapping sites at the outer surface 112. In contrast, FIG. 5 shows a crystalline structure 500 involving two sheets 502, 504 of 2-D materials. Sheet 502 consists of two atomic layers 506 and 508 of a first element tightly bonded with an atomic layer 510 of a second element. Similarly, sheet 504 contains two atomic layers 512 and 514 of a third element tightly bonded with an atomic layer 516 of a fourth element. Bonding of the elements within each sheet takes place primarily by covalent or ionic forces. Thicker films, or layers of each material consist of stacks of sheets primarily bonded by weak van der Waals forces (not shown). The two sheets 502 and 504 are also loosely bonded at the heterointerface 518 primarily by van der Waals forces. This bonding is sufficient to give orientation to a heteroepitaxial film, but is too weak to cause any substantial strain at the heterointerface 518. Such bonding also does not result in or provide frustrated or dangling bonds such as are shown in FIG. 4. Moreover, the two sheets 502 and 504 are easily terminated. In comparison with the crystal structure shown in FIG. 4, it is appreciated that the structure of FIG. 5 provides minimal dangling bonds. This type of layered bonding results in two-dimensional (2-D) epitaxial layers with relatively clean and inert interfaces that minimize defects, stress and strain at the interfaces and result in the growth of more defect-free films. Moreover, as discussed above, this class of materials is characterized by strong covalent or ionic bonding within layers and primarily weak van der Waals bonding between internal layers. For example, the compounds InSe, InTe, GaSe, and GaS, can exist in a crystal structure that consists of sheets comprised of four planes of atoms that repeat in the sequence of chalocogen-M-M-chalcogen, where M is Ga or In. One such class of 2-D materials is known as the so-called layered van der Waals compounds. These include: the III-VI compounds InTe, InSe, GaSe, GaS, and the hexagonal (metastable) form of GaTe; the IV-VI compounds GeS, GeSe, SnS, SnSe, SnS2, SnSe2, and SnSe2-xSx; the metal dichalcogenides SnS2, SnSe2, WS2, WSe2, MoS2, MoSe2; the transition metal chalcogenides TiS2, TiS3, ZrS2, ZrS3, ZrSe2, ZrSe3, HfS2, HfS3, HfSe3, and HfSe3; certain modifications, e.g., certain crystalline structures of Ga2S3, Ga2Se3, Ga2Te3, In2Se3, In2S3, In2Te3, GeS2, GeAs2, and Fe3S4, and ternary materials having a 2-D layer structure, including ternary chalcogenides having a 2-D layer structure, such as ZnIn2S4 and MnIn2Se4. The bonds within each of these four atomic layer sheets tend to be strong covalent or ionic bonds. However, there are primarily only weak van der Waals bonds between the chalcogen layers at the top and bottom of each four plane sheet. It is this weak van der Waals bonding that provides many of the advantages of the LECPD 100. Specifically, the free surfaces of the 2-D layered materials providing the outer surfaces 112 are typically free of dangling covalent or ionic bonds that plague the surface electronic properties of many conventional semiconductors, such as silicon. As a beneficial consequence, the surfaces of these 2-D materials have been observed to be relatively free of problems due to surface recombination, surface band-bending, Fermi level pinning and electronic surface traps. These conditions typically result in shorter carrier lifetimes, lower carrier mobilities, and carrier densities that are either too high or too low, defect levels in the bandgaps, frustrations in the intentional p or n doping of the layers, and other undesirable conditions. Simply stated, the surfaces provided by these 2-D materials are electrically passivated against these problems. These factors are particularly important in the detection of low-energy charged particles 114, as EH pairs caused by low-energy charged particles 114 impacting upon the outer surface 112 are created close to the outer surface 112. The existence of defects in the outer surface 112 would frustrate the detection of these EH pairs. In addition, the junctions 110 and 316 illustrated in FIG. 1 and FIG. 3, respectively, as they exist between the 2-D materials providing the outer surface 112 and a first layer 104, 302 of FIGS. 1 and 3, respectively, also have fewer electronic and structural inconsistencies than junctions between two non 2-D materials. The advantageous benefit of utilizing 2-D materials is most evident with respect to the top layer 106, 206, 306 of FIGS. 1, 2 and 3 respectively. Although the use of a 2-D material for the first layer 104, 304 of FIGS. 1 and 3 respectively further improves the operation of the LECPD 100, under appropriate circumstance, such as to improve electrical connectivity properties, the first layer 104 and 304 may be composed of a 3-D material. In such cases the inherent inconsistencies between the 2-D and 3-D interface are not as critical at the junction interface 110, 316 and 318 of FIGS. 1 and 3 respectively as opposed to the outer surface 112. Because uniformity of outer surface 112 is an advantageous characteristic of the LECPD 100, under appropriate circumstances it may be desired to provide a thin protective layer over the outer surface 112. For example, such a protective layer may be provided to guard against oxidation or evaporation of certain chalcogen-based materials. Such a protective layer is preferably charged particle transparent, such as layer of low mass-density carbon, for example. In other words, although it provides a layer of physical protection to the outer surface 112, the protective layer does not obstruct or otherwise substantially reduce the energy delivered by low-energy charged particles 114 to the outer surface 112. Changes may be made in the above methods, systems and structures without departing from the scope thereof. It should thus be noted that the matter contained in the above description and/or shown in the accompanying drawings should be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense. The following claims are intended to cover all generic and specific features described herein, as well as all statements of the scope of the present method, system and structure, which, as a matter of language, might be said to fall therebetween.	<SOH> BACKGROUND <EOH>The detection of low-energy particles is a task relevant to many fields. Such fields non-exclusively include electron microscopy, astronomy and electron beam lithography. In certain applications, it may also be desirable for surface analysis devices to utilize low-energy charged particle detection. Additionally, there is often a need for low-energy charged particle detectors in scientific experiments and applications. Various types of detectors have been used for these applications. They include scintillation-based detectors such as Everhart-Thornley detectors that convert low-energy charged particles into photons and then convert the photons into an electrical signal; solid-state devices akin to photodiodes or phototransistors (cathododiodes or cathodotransistors); cathodconductivity devices, and MSM devices (described in an article by G. D. Meier et al, J. Vac. Sci. Tech. B14, 3821 (1996)). Cathododiodes may be made in the form of pn-junctions, pin-junctions, avalanche diodes or Schottky barriers. Typically, when a charged particle such as an electron is incident upon a semiconductor layer in the cathododiode, it creates electron-hole pairs. The functional properties of a semiconductor result, in part, from providing electrons in different energy states separated by bands or gaps of no energy states. The highest occupied band is a valence band and the lowest unoccupied band is a conduction band, with a gap existing in between. As used, the terms “highest” and “lowest” refer to energy levels and not physical vertical separation. When an electron or other ionizing radiation strikes a semiconductor detector, it will excite electrons present in the valence band of the detector into the conduction band, consequently leaving holes in the valence band. This process is known as the creation of electron-hole (“EH”) pairs. The creation of an electron-hole pair provides two charge carriers that are opposite in polarity (an electron and a hole). With respect to these carriers, the non-dominant carrier is typically referred to as the minority carrier while the dominant carrier is referred to as the majority carrier. The roll of an electron as a minority or majority carrier is determined by the device configuration. Solid-state detectors typically provide an electrical field via a depletion region (a built in field) and/or an applied potential as a means for separating these carriers. It is understood and appreciated that certain types of devices, such as cathodoconductivity devices do not provide a depletion region. Charged particles created in such an electric field (built in or applied) will tend to be swept out of it. For example, in a pn-diode after an EH pair is created a positive charge carrier will be swept towards the p-type region by the depletion layer's electric field, and a negative charge carrier will be swept towards the n-type region by the depletion layer's electric field. In a diode, including a cathododiode, the movement of these charge carriers constitutes a current that can be measured. For the current induced by the generation of EH pairs to be measured, the resulting charge carriers must survive for a duration of time sufficient to permit them to be swept across the depletion region. The penetration depth of low-energy particles incident upon a semiconductor is quite short. For example, the penetration depth, or Grun range, of electrons with less than 1 keV of energy is less than 10 nm in most semiconductors. At 100 eV the penetration depth is typically only a few nanometers, or less. As such, the EH pairs that are created are created very close to the surface of the semiconductor. Conventional semiconductor fabrication processes typically generate defects such as dangling or frustrated bonds at the surface. These and other surface defects, (such as, for example oxidation) cause problems such as surface recombination, surface band-bending, surface traps and other surface related conditions that can thwart the detection of the EH pair, by causing charge carriers created close to the surface to recombine before they are swept across the depletion region. Cathodotransistors also rely on the creation of EH pairs and the consequent changes in carrier densities. These changes in carrier density affect the height of the energy barriers between layers of the device that gate a flow of carriers across the layers. Like the cathododiodes described above, the performance of the cathodotransistors is adversely impacted when the generated carriers (the EH pairs) are generated in close proximity to a surface that causes most of the carriers to recombine quickly. Thus, cathodotransistors can also have a low efficiency in the detection of low-energy charged particles. Similarly, the efficiency of cathodoconductivity-based devices can be adversely impacted by semiconductor surfaces that reduce the lifetime of generated carriers. Scintillating materials also tend to radiate less efficiently when stimulated by low-energy charged particles due to common occurrence of surface defects. In addition, many of the above-described devices are susceptible to having large dark, or leakage, currents that make it difficult to detect the signal currents generated by the low-energy particles. Hence, there is a need for a low-energy particle detector semiconductor device that overcomes one or more of the drawbacks identified above.	<SOH> SUMMARY <EOH>The present disclosure advances the art and overcomes problems articulated above by providing a low-energy particle detector. In particular, and by way of example only, according to an embodiment of the present invention, this invention provides a low energy charged particle detector including a diode having; a top layer with a first connectivity; a first layer with a second connectivity physically coupled to the top layer with a rectifying junction therebetween, the top layer composed of a two-dimensional material providing an electrically passivated exposed outer surface opposite the junction; and a control circuit coupled to the diode. In yet another embodiment, this invention provides a low energy charged particle detector including a cathodoconductive device having: an electrically insulating substrate; a top layer disposed upon the substrate, the top layer composed of a two-dimensional material providing an electrically passivated exposed outer surface, the top layer having a first end and opposite thereto a second end; at least one first electrode disposed proximate to the first end of and in electrical contact with the top layer; at least one second electrode disposed proximate to the second end of and in electrical contact with the top layer; a control circuit coupled to the first and second electrodes. In yet another embodiment, this invention provides a low energy charged particle detector including: a cathodotransistor device having: a first layer; a top layer composed of a two-dimensional material providing an electrically passivated exposed outer surface; an intermediate layer disposed between the first layer and the top layer; at least one junction between the first layer and the top layer, defined by the intermediate layer; a first voltage potential coupled to the top layer; and a second voltage potential, unequal to the first voltage potential coupled to the first layer.	20040528	20061212	20051201	64962.0		0	GAGLIARDI, ALBERT J	LOW-ENERGY CHARGED PARTICLE DETECTOR	UNDISCOUNTED	0	ACCEPTED		2,004
10,857,439	ACCEPTED	Devices and methods for biomaterial production	An apparatus and a method for isolating a biologic product, such as plasmid DNA, from cells. The method involves lysing cells in a controlled manner separate insoluble components from a fluid lysate containing cellular components of interest, followed by membrane chromatographic techniques to purify the cellular components of interest. The process utilizes a unique lysis apparatus, ion exchange and, optionally, hydrophobic interaction chromatography membranes in cartridge form, and ultrafiltration. The process can be applied to any biologic product extracted from a cellular source. The process uses a lysis apparatus, including a high shear, low residence-time mixer for advantageously mixing a cell suspension with a lysis solution, a hold time that denatures impurities, and an air-sparging bubble mixer that gently yet thoroughly mixes lysed cells with a neutralization/precipitation buffer and floats compacted precipitated cellular material.	1. A device for mixing a first fluid with at least an additional fluid, comprising: a mixing chamber; a first inlet through which the first fluid is introduced into the mixing chamber; one or more additional inlets through which the additional fluid is introduced into the mixing chamber; a means for introducing gas bubbles into the mixing chamber, wherein the gas bubbles are introduced at a rate sufficient to cause substantial mixing of the first fluid with the additional fluid; and an outlet through which the first fluid and the additional fluid exit after becoming substantially mixed, wherein the first fluid comprises suspended cells, lysed cells, or cellular components, and the additional fluid comprises lysis solution, neutralization solution, precipitation solution, or a combination thereof. 2. The device of claim 1, further comprising a vent for allowing excess gas to escape from the mixing chamber. 3. The device of claim 1, wherein the mixing chamber comprises a vertical column with a vent disposed at the top of the column, wherein the first inlet and the one or more additional inlets enter the mixing chamber near the bottom of the column, wherein the bubbles are sparged in from the bottom of the column, wherein the outlet exits the mixing chamber near the top of the column, and wherein excess gas exits through the vent. 4. A method of lysing cells with a high shear, low residence-time mixing device, comprising: providing a fluid containing a cell suspension; providing a lysis solution; and flowing the lysis solution and the fluid containing the cell suspension through the high shear, low residence-time mixing device, wherein the residence-time is less than or equal to about one second, wherein there is sufficient contact of the cells and the lysis solution to provide for lysis of the cells, and wherein a cell lysate is produced. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the cells contain plasmids. 6. The method of claim 4, wherein the lysis solution comprises a lysis agent selected from the group consisting of an alkali, an acid, a detergent, an organic solvent, an enzyme, a chaotrope, a denaturant, and a mixture thereof. 7. The method of claim 4, wherein the lysis solution comprises an alkali, a detergent, or a combination thereof. 8. The method of claim 4, where in the high shear, low residence-time mixing device is an in-line rotor/stator mixer. 9. The method of claim 4, wherein the cells contain plasmids, the lysis solution comprises an alkali, a detergent, or a combination thereof, and the high shear, low residence-time mixing device is an in-line rotor/stator mixer. 10. A method of mixing a first fluid with at least an additional fluid in a chamber, comprising: flowing the first fluid and the additional fluid through the chamber; and introducing gas bubbles into the chamber, wherein the bubbles are introduced at a rate sufficient to cause the first fluid and the additional fluid to become substantially mixed, wherein the first fluid comprises suspended cells, lysed cells, or cellular components, and wherein the second fluid comprises buffer solution, salt solution, lysis solution, neutralization solution, precipitation solution, or a combination thereof. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the chamber is a bubble mixer. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein the chamber is the device of claim 1. 13. The method of claim 10, wherein the gas bubbles comprise air. 14. The method of claim 10, wherein the gas bubbles comprise an inert gas. 15. The method of claim 10, wherein the first fluid contains lysed plasmid-containing cells. 16. The method of claim 10, wherein the lysed cells are lysed with an alkali, a detergent, or a combination thereof. 17. The method of claim 10, wherein the additional fluid comprises potassium acetate, ammonium acetate, acetic acid, or a combination thereof. 18. The method of claim 10, wherein the additional fluid causes precipitation of cellular components from the first fluid, to produce a mixture of precipitated cellular components and clarified cell lysate. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein a portion of the gas bubbles become substantially trapped in the precipitated cellular components, facilitating flotation of the precipitated cellular components. 20. The method of claim 18, further comprising the step of separating the precipitated cellular components from the clarified cell lysate. 21. The method of claim 20, further comprising the step of purifying the clarified cell lysate to recover a cellular component of interest. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the purifying the clarified cell lysate comprises subjecting the clarified lysate to one or more purification steps selected from the group consisting of ion exchange, hydrophobic interaction, size exclusion, reverse phase purification, endotoxin depletion, affinity purification, adsorption to silica, glass, or polymeric materials, expanded bed chromatography, mixed mode chromatography, displacement chromatography, hydroxyapatite purification, selective precipitation, aqueous two-phase purification, DNA condensation, thiophilic purification, ion-pair purification, metal chelate purification, filtration through nitrocellulose, and ultrafiltration. 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the purification step is ion exchange and wherein the ion exchange is anion exchange. 24. The method of claim 23, wherein the anion exchange uses a membrane. 25. The method of claim 21, wherein the purifying the clarified cell lysate comprises: subjecting the clarified cell lysate to an ion exchange membrane; and subjecting the clarified cell lysate to a hydrophobic interaction membrane. 26. The method of claim 21, wherein the cellular component of interest is a plasmid. 27. A method for purifying plasmid from a lysate, comprising: subjecting the lysate to an anion exchange membrane to provide a first purified material; subjecting the first purified material to a hydrophobic interaction membrane to provide a second purified material; and subjecting the second purified material to ultrafiltration. 28. A method for precipitating and separating cellular components from a first fluid, comprising: mixing a first fluid containing cellular components with a second fluid, wherein the second fluid comprises neutralization/precipitation fluid causing precipitation of some or all of the cellular components to produce a fluid mixture; introducing gas bubbles into the fluid mixture, wherein the gas bubbles are introduced at a rate sufficient to cause substantial mixing of the fluid mixture, and wherein a portion of the gas bubbles become substantially trapped within the precipitated cellular components, to produce a slurry; and subjecting the slurry to a vacuum to produce a mixture of precipitated cellular components and clarified cell lysate. 29. The method of claim 28, wherein the mixing steps are performed in a bubble mixer. 30. The method of claim 28, wherein the mixing steps are performed in the device of claim 1. 31. The method of claim 28, wherein the first fluid contains lysed plasmid-containing cells. 32. The method of claim 31, wherein the cells are lysed with an alkali, a detergent, or a combination thereof. 33. The method of claim 28, wherein the second fluid comprises potassium acetate, ammonium acetate, acetic acid, or a combination thereof. 34. The method of claim 28, further comprising the step of separating the precipitated cellular components from the clarified cell lysate. 35. The method of claim 34, further comprising the step of purifying the clarified cell lysate to recover a cellular component of interest. 36. The method of claim 35, wherein the purifying the clarified cell lysate comprises subjecting the clarified lysate to one or more purification steps selected from the group consisting of ion exchange, hydrophobic interaction, size exclusion, reverse phase purification, endotoxin depletion, affinity purification, adsorption to silica, glass, or polymeric materials, expanded bed chromatography, mixed mode chromatography, displacement chromatography, hydroxyapatite purification, selective precipitation, aqueous two-phase purification, DNA condensation, thiophilic purification, ion-pair purification, metal chelate purification, filtration through nitrocellulose, and ultrafiltration. 37. The method of claim 36, wherein the purification step is ion exchange and wherein the ion exchange is anion exchange. 38. The method of claim 37, wherein the anion exchange uses a membrane. 39. The method of claim 35, wherein the purifying the clarified cell lysate comprises: subjecting the clarified cell lysate to an ion exchange membrane; and subjecting the clarified cell lysate to a hydrophobic interaction membrane. 40. The method of claim 35, wherein the cellular component of interest is a plasmid. 41. A method of preparing a clarified cell lysate containing a cellular component of interest, comprising: flowing a cell suspension and a lysis solution through a high shear, low residence-time mixing device to produce a mixed cell suspension and lysis solution, wherein the residence-time is less than or equal to about one second; transporting the mixed cell suspension and lysis solution to a bubble mixing device through a holding coil, wherein the transporting occurs over a defined transit time sufficient to allow substantially complete cell lysis without permanently denaturing the cellular components of interest, to produce a cell lysate solution; flowing the cell lysate solution and a neutralization/precipitation solution through the bubble mixing device, wherein gas bubbles are introduced at a rate sufficient to cause substantial mixing of the cell lysate solution with the neutralization/precipitation solution, to produce a precipitated lysate solution containing precipitated cellular components; holding the precipitated lysate solution for a time sufficient to allow a majority of the precipitated cellular components to form a floating layer; and recovering the clarified cell lysate containing the cellular components of interest by draining or pumping the clarified cell lysate while leaving the precipitated cellular components behind. 42. The method of claim 41, wherein the high shear, low residence-time mixing device is an in-line rotor/stator mixer. 43. The method of claim 41, wherein the bubble mixing device is the device of claim 1. 44. The method of claim 41, wherein the cell suspension contains plasmid-containing cells. 45. The method of claim 41, wherein the lysis solution comprises a lysis agent selected from the group consisting of an alkali, an acid, a detergent, an organic solvent, an enzyme, a chaotrope, a denaturant, and a mixture thereof. 46. The method of claim 41, wherein the neutralization/precipitation solution comprises potassium acetate, ammonium acetate, acetic acid, or a combination thereof. 47. The method of claim 41, further comprising the step of purifying the clarified cell lysate to recover a cellular component of interest. 48. The method of claim 47, wherein the purifying the clarified cell lysate comprises subjecting the clarified lysate to one or more purification steps selected from the group consisting of ion exchange, hydrophobic interaction, size exclusion, reverse phase purification, endotoxin depletion, affinity purification, adsorption to silica, glass, or polymeric materials, expanded bed chromatography, mixed mode chromatography, displacement chromatography, hydroxyapatite purification, selective precipitation, aqueous two-phase purification, DNA condensation, thiophilic purification, ion-pair purification, metal chelate purification, filtration through nitrocellulose, and ultrafiltration. 49. The method of claim 48, wherein the purification step is ion exchange and wherein the ion exchange is anion exchange. 50. The method of claim 49, wherein the anion exchange uses a membrane. 51. The method of claim 47, wherein the purifying the clarified cell lysate comprises: subjecting the clarified cell lysate to an ion exchange membrane; and subjecting the clarified cell lysate to a hydrophobic interaction membrane. 52. The method of claim 47, wherein the cellular component of interest is a plasmid. 53. A method of preparing a clarified cell lysate containing a cellular component of interest, comprising: flowing a cell suspension and a lysis solution through a high shear, low residence-time mixing device to produce a mixed cell suspension and lysis solution, wherein the residence-time is less than or equal to about one second; transporting the mixed cell suspension and lysis solution to a bubble mixing device through a holding coil, wherein the transporting occurs over a defined transit time sufficient to allow substantially complete cell lysis without permanently denaturing the cellular components of interest, to produce a cell lysate solution; flowing the cell lysate solution and a neutralization/precipitation solution through the bubble mixing device, wherein gas bubbles are introduced at a rate sufficient to cause substantial mixing of the cell lysate solution with the neutralization/precipitation solution, to produce a precipitated lysate solution containing precipitated cellular components; holding the precipitated lysate solution for a time sufficient to allow a majority of the precipitated cellular components to form a floating layer; applying a vacuum to the precipitated lysate solution to produce a mixture of precipitated cellular components and clarified cell lysate; and recovering the clarified cell lysate containing the cellular components of interest by draining or pumping the clarified cell lysate while leaving the precipitated cellular components behind. 54. The method of claim 53, wherein the high shear, low residence-time mixing device is an in-line rotor/stator mixer. 55. The method of claim 53, wherein the bubble mixing device is the device of claim 1. 56. The method of claim 53, wherein the cell suspension contains plasmid-containing cells. 57. The method of claim 53, wherein the lysis solution comprises a lysis agent selected from the group consisting of an alkali, an acid, a detergent, an organic solvent, an enzyme, a chaotrope, a denaturant, and a mixture thereof. 58. The method of claim 53, wherein the neutralization/precipitation solution comprises potassium acetate, ammonium acetate, acetic acid, or a combination thereof. 59. The method of claim 53, further comprising the step of purifying the clarified cell lysate to recover a cellular component of interest. 60. The method of claim 59, wherein the purifying the clarified cell lysate comprises subjecting the clarified lysate to one or more purification steps selected from the group consisting of ion exchange, hydrophobic interaction, size exclusion, reverse phase purification, endotoxin depletion, affinity purification, adsorption to silica, glass, or polymeric materials, expanded bed chromatography, mixed mode chromatography, displacement chromatography, hydroxyapatite purification, selective precipitation, aqueous two-phase purification, DNA condensation, thiophilic purification, ion-pair purification, metal chelate purification, filtration through nitrocellulose, and ultrafiltration. 61. The method of claim 60, wherein the purification step is ion exchange and wherein the ion exchange is anion exchange. 62. The method of claim 61, wherein the anion exchange uses a membrane. 63. The method of claim 59, wherein the purifying the clarified cell lysate comprises: subjecting the clarified cell lysate to an ion exchange membrane; and subjecting the clarified cell lysate to a hydrophobic interaction membrane. 64. The method of claim 59, wherein the cellular component of interest is a plasmid DNA. 65. An apparatus for isolating cellular component of interest from cells comprising: (a) a first tank in fluid communication with a mixer, wherein the first tank is used for holding a suspension of cells having the cellular component of interest; (b) a second tank in fluid communication with the mixer, wherein the second tank is used for holding a lysis solution; (d) a holding coil in fluid communication with the mixer; and (e) a bubble-mixer chamber with a top and a bottom having: (i) a first inlet in fluid communication with the holding coil; (ii) a second inlet in fluid communication with a third tank, wherein the third tank is used for holding a precipitation solution, a neutralization solution, or a mixture thereof, (iii) a third inlet in fluid communication with a gas source; (iv) a vent; and (v) an outlet in fluid communication with a fourth tank, wherein the fourth tank is used for separating precipitated cellular components from fluid cell lysate; wherein, the mixer is a high-shear, low-residence-time-mixing-device, wherein the residence-time is less than or equal to about one second; the suspension of cells having the plasmid DNA from the first tank is allowed to flow into the mixer; the lysis solution from the second tank is allowed to flow into the mixer; a lysate-mixture is allowed to flow from the mixer into the holding coil; the lysate-mixture from the holding coil is allowed to flow into the bubble-mixer chamber; the precipitation solution, the neutralization solution, or the mixture thereof from the third tank is allowed to flow into the bubble-mixer chamber; and a suspension containing the cellular component of interest is allowed to flow from the bubble-mixer chamber into the fourth tank. 66. The apparatus of claim 65, further comprising: a first pump for transporting the suspension of cells having the cellular component of interest from the first tank into the mixer; a second pump for transporting the lysis solution from the second tank into the mixer; a third pump for transporting the precipitation solution, the neutralization solution, or the mixture thereof, from the third tank into the bubble-mixer chamber. 67. The apparatus of claim 66, wherein the first pump and the second pump are combined in a dual head pump allowing the suspension of cells having the cellular component of interest and the lysis solution to be simultaneously pumped to the mixer having a linear flow rate of about 0.1-1 ft/second. 68. The apparatus of claim 66, further comprising: a Y-connector having a first bifurcated branch, a second bifurcated branch and an exit branch, wherein the first tank is in fluid communication with the first bifurcated branch of the Y-connector through the first pump; the second tank is in fluid communication with the second bifurcated branch of the Y-connector through the second pump; and the mixer is in fluid communication with the exit branch of the Y-connector, wherein the first and second pumps provide a linear flow rate of about 0.2 to 2 ft/second for a contacted fluid exiting the Y-connector. 69. The apparatus of claim 65, wherein gravity, pressure, vacuum, or a mixture thereof, is used for: transporting the suspension of cells having the cellular component of interest from the first tank into the mixer; transporting the lysis solution from the second tank into the mixer; and transporting the precipitation solution, the neutralization solution, or the mixture thereof, from the third tank into the bubble-mixer chamber. 70. The apparatus of claim 65, wherein the bubble-mixer chamber comprises: a closed vertical column with the vent at the top of the column; the first inlet entering the bubble-mixer chamber being proximal to the bottom of a first side of the closed vertical column; the second inlet entering the bubble-mixer chamber being proximal to the bottom on a second side and opposite of the first inlet; the third inlet entering the bubble-mixer chamber being proximal to the bottom and about in the middle of the first and second inlets; and the outlet exiting the bubble mixing chamber being proximal to the top of the closed vertical column. 71. The apparatus of claim 70, wherein the third inlet further comprises a sintered sparger inside the closed vertical column. 72. The apparatus of claim 65, wherein the mixer comprises a device that mixes in a flow through mode having a rotor/stator mixer or emulsifier and linear flow rates from about 0.1 L/min to about 20 L/min. 73. The apparatus of claim 65, wherein, at a fixed linear flow rate, the holding coil comprises tubing having a length and a diameter sufficient to allow the lysate-mixture leaving the mixer about 2 to about 8 minutes contact time with the holding coil before the lysate-mixture can enters the bubble-mixer chamber. 74. The apparatus of claim 65, wherein the fourth tank further comprises an impeller mixer sufficient to provide uniform mixing of fluid without disturbing a flocculent precipitate. 75. The apparatus of claim 65, further comprising a vacuum pump in communication with the fourth tank. 76. The apparatus of claim 65, further comprising: a third pump in fluid communication with the fourth tank; a first filter in fluid communication with the third pump; a second filter in fluid communication with the first filter; and a fifth tank for holding a clarified lysate. 77. The apparatus of claim 76, wherein the first filter has a particle size limit of about 5-10 μm and the second filter has a cut of about 0.2 μm. 78. The apparatus of claim 65, wherein the cellular component of interest comprises a plasmid DNA. 79. An apparatus for gas bubble mixing of a first solution with at least a second solution, the apparatus comprising: (a) a chamber having at least: (i) a first inlet port for dispensing the first solution into the chamber; (ii) a second inlet port for dispensing the second solution into the chamber; and (iii) a third inlet port for dispensing a mixing gas into the chamber; (b) a vent, and (c) an outlet port for dispensing a gas mixed suspension out of the chamber; wherein, the first solution comprises lysed cells having cellular component of interest; the second solution is a precipitation solution, a neutralization solution, or a mixture thereof; and the gas mixed suspension comprises the cellular component of interest in solution and cellular debris in a suspended precipitate. 80. The apparatus of claim 79, wherein the chamber further comprises: a closed vertical column with the vent proximal to the top of the column; the first inlet entering the bubble-mixer chamber being proximal to the bottom of a first side of the closed vertical column; the second inlet entering the bubble-mixer chamber being proximal to the bottom on a second side and opposite of the first inlet; the third inlet entering the bubble-mixer chamber being proximal to the bottom and about in the middle of the first and second inlets; and the outlet exiting the bubble mixing chamber being proximal to the top of the closed vertical column. 81. The apparatus of claim 79, wherein the third inlet further comprises a sintered sparger inside the closed vertical column. 82. A method of substantially separating cellular component of interest from a cell lysate comprising: (a) delivering a first fluid into a chamber, wherein the first fluid comprises the cell lysate; (b) delivering a second fluid into the chamber, wherein the second fluid is a precipitation solution, a neutralization solution, or a combination thereof; (c) mixing the first fluid and the second fluid in the chamber with gas bubbles forming a gas mixed suspension, wherein the gas mixed suspension comprises the cellular component of interest in a third fluid and the cellular debris is in a precipitate that is less dense than the third fluid; (d) floating the precipitate on top of the third fluid; (e) removing the precipitate from the third fluid forming a clarified-third fluid, whereby the cellular component of interest in the clarified-third solution is substantially separated from cellular debris in the precipitate. 83. The method of claim 82, further comprising: filtering the clarified-third fluid with a filter, wherein the filter has a particle size limit in the range of about 0.2 μm to about 10 μm. 84. The method of claim 82, further comprising: purifying the clarified-third fluid with one or more purification steps selected from a group consisting of: ion exchange, hydrophobic interaction, size exclusion, reverse phase purification, endotoxin depletion, affinity purification, adsorption to silica, glass, or polymeric materials, expanded bed chromatography, mixed mode chromatography, displacement chromatography, hydroxyapatite purification, selective precipitation, aqueous two-phase purification, DNA condensation, thiophilic purification, ion-pair purification, metal chelate purification, filtration through nitrocellulose, or ultrafiltration. 85. The method of claim 82, wherein the first solution further comprises a lysing agent selected from a group consisting of: an alkali, an acid, a detergent, an organic solvent, an enzyme, a chaotrope, or a denaturant. 86. The method of claim 82, wherein the precipitation solution, or the neutralization solution is a solution of potassium acetate, ammonium acetate, or a mixture thereof. 87. The method of claim 82, wherein the gas bubbles are compressed air or an inert gas. 88. The method of claim 82, wherein the chamber comprises: a first inlet port for dispensing the first fluid into the chamber; a second inlet port for dispensing the second fluid into the chamber; and a third inlet port for dispensing a mixing gas into the chamber; a vent, and an outlet port for dispensing the gas mixed suspension out of the chamber. 89. The method of claim 85, wherein the chamber comprises: a closed vertical column with the vent proximal to the top of the column; the first inlet port entering the chamber being proximal to the bottom of a first side of the closed vertical column; the second inlet port entering the chamber being proximal to the bottom on a second side and opposite of the first inlet port; the third inlet entering the chamber being proximal to the bottom and about in the middle of the first inlet port and the second inlet port; and the outlet port exiting the chamber being proximal to the top of the closed vertical column. 90. The method of claim 86, wherein the third inlet port further comprises a sintered sparger inside the closed vertical column. 91. The method of claim 86, wherein more than 90% by weight of the cellular debris is in the precipitate. 92. The method of claim 86, wherein more than 99% by weight of the cellular debris is in the precipitate. 93. A method for isolating a plasmid DNA from cells comprising: (a) mixing a suspension of cells having the plasmid DNA with a lysis solution in a high-shear, low-residence-time-mixing-device for a first period oftime forming a cell lysate fluid; (b) incubating the cell lysate fluid for a second period of time in a holding coil forming a cell lysate suspension; (c) delivering the cell lysate suspension into a chamber; (d) delivering a precipitation fluid, a neutralization solution, or a combination thereof, into the chamber; (e) mixing the cell lysate suspension and the precipitation solution, the neutralization solution, or the combination thereof, in the chamber with gas bubbles forming a gas mixed suspension, wherein the gas mixed suspension comprises an unclarified lysate and a precipitate having the plasmid DNA in the unclarified lysate whereby the cellular debris is in the precipitate and wherein the precipitate is less dense than the unclarified lysate; (f) floating the precipitate on top of the unclarified lysate; (g) removing the unclarified lysate from the precipitate forming a clarified lysate, whereby the plasmid DNA is substantially separated from cellular debris (h) precipitating the plasmid DNA from the clarified lysate forming a precipitated plasmid DNA; and (i) resuspending the precipitated plasmid DNA in an aqueous solution; wherein the first period of time is equal to or less than about 1 second; and the second period of time is in a range of about 2 to 8 minutes. 94. The method of claim 93, further comprising: filtering the clarified lysate with a filter, wherein the filter has a particle size limit in the range of about 0.2 μm to about 10 μm. 95. The method of claim 93, further comprising: purifying the clarified lysate with one or more purification steps selected from a group consisting of: ion exchange, hydrophobic interaction, size exclusion, reverse phase purification, endotoxin depletion, affinity purification, adsorption to silica, glass, or polymeric materials, expanded bed chromatography, mixed mode chromatography, displacement chromatography, hydroxyapatite purification, selective precipitation, aqueous two-phase purification, DNA condensation, thiophilic purification, ion-pair purification, metal chelate purification, filtration through nitrocellulose, or ultrafiltration. 96. The method of claim 93, wherein the lysis solution further comprises a lysing agent selected from a group consisting of: an alkali, an acid, a detergent, an organic solvent, an enzyme, a chaotrope, or a denaturant. 97. The method of claim 93, wherein the precipitation solution, or the neutralization solutioin, is a solution of potassium acetate, ammonium acetate, or a mixture thereof. 98. The method of claim 93, wherein the gas bubbles are compressed air or an inert gas. 99. The method of claim 93, wherein the chamber comprises: a first inlet port for dispensing the first fluid into the chamber; a second inlet port for dispensing the second fluid into the chamber; and a third inlet port for dispensing a mixing gas into the chamber; a vent, and an outlet port for dispensing the gas mixed suspension out of the chamber. 100. The method of claim 99, wherein the chamber comprises: a closed vertical column with the vent proximal to the top of the column; the first inlet port entering the chamber being proximal to the bottom of a first side of the closed vertical column; the second inlet port entering the chamber being proximal to the bottom on a second side and opposite of the first inlet port; the third inlet entering the chamber being proximal to the bottom and about in the middle of the first inlet port and the second inlet port; and the outlet port exiting the chamber being proximal to the top of the closed vertical column. 101. The method of claim 100, wherein the third inlet port further comprises a sintered sparger inside the closed vertical column. 102. The method of claim 97, wherein more than 90% by weight of the cellular debris is in the precipitate. 103. The method of claim 97, wherein more than 99% by weight of the cellular debris is in the precipitate.	RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/474,749, entitled “Devices and Methods for Biomaterial Production,” filed on May 30, 2003, having Hebel et al., listed as inventors, the entire content of which is hereby incorporated by reference. BACKGROUND The present invention relates to an apparatus and scalable methods of lysing cells. The invention also relates to methods of isolating and purifying cellular components from lysed cells. The invention is particularly suited for scalable lysis of plasmid-containing bacterial cells, and subsequent preparation of large quantities of substantially purified plasmid. The resulting plasmid is suitable for a variety of uses, including but not limited to gene therapy, plasmid-mediated hormonal supplementation or other therapy, DNA vaccines, or any other application requiring substantial quantities of purified plasmid. Over the last five years, there has been an increased interest in the field of plasmid processing. The emergence of the non-viral field has caused researchers to focus on a variety of different methods of producing plasmids. Because plasmids are large and complex macromolecules, it is not practical to produce them in large quantities through synthetic means. Instead, they must be initially produced in biological systems, and subsequently isolated and purified from those systems. In virtually all cases, biological production of plasmids takes the form of fermenting Escherichia coli (E. coli) cells containing the plasmid of interest. A number of techniques for fermenting plasmid-containing E. coli cells have been known by those skilled in the art for many years. Many fermentation processes have been published, are well known and are available in the public domain. Cell lysis and the subsequent treatment steps used to prepare a process stream for purification are the most difficult, complex and important steps in any plasmid process. It is in this process step where yield and quality of the plasmid of interest are primarily determined for each run. The search for an optimal method, one that is continuous and truly scalable, has been an obstacle in getting acceptable processes with commercial applicability. There are a variety of ways to lyse bacterial cells. Well-known methods used at laboratory scale for plasmid purification include enzymatic digestion (e.g. with lysozyme), heat treatment, pressure treatment, mechanical grinding, sonication, treatment with chaotropes (e.g. guanidinium isothiocyante), and treatment with organic solvents (e.g. phenol). Although these methods can be readily practiced at small scale, few have been successfully adapted for large-scale use in preparing plasmids. Methods such as pressure treatment, mechanical grinding, or sonication can be difficult to implement at large scale. Moreover, Carlson et al. (1995, Biotechnol. Bioeng. 48, 303-315) have shown that such mechanical methods can lead to unacceptable plasmid degradation. Methods involving chaotropes and/or organic solvents are problematic to scale up because these chemicals are typically toxic, flammable, and/or explosive. Handling and disposing of such chemicals is manageable at small scale, but generally creates substantial problems at large scale. U.S. Pat. No. 6,197,553 describes a large-scale lysis technique involving treatment with lysozyme and heat. However, this technique requires carefully controlled heating and cooling of the enzymatically-treated bacterial cells to achieve lysis. The technique also has disadvantages in that it requires the use of an animal-derived enzyme (lysozyme), which can be expensive and is a potential source of biological contamination. Using animal-derived materials is quickly becoming unacceptable when preparing plasmids or other cellular components of interest for human or veterinary applications. Currently, the preferred method for lysing bacteria for plasmid purification is through the use of alkali and detergent. This technique was originally described by Birnboim and Doly (1979, Nucleic Acids Res. 7, 1513-1523). A commonly used variation of this procedure, as described on pp. 1.38-1.39 of Sambrook et al. (Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd Ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.), is to suspend bacterial cells in 10 mL of a resuspension solution, consisting of 50 mM glucose, 25 mM Tris, pH 8.0, 10 mM EDTA. The suspension is mixed with 20 mL of a lysis solution, consisting of 0.2 N NaOH, 1% sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) and incubated for 5-10 minutes. During this period, the cells lyse and the solution becomes highly viscous. The high pH denatures both the host genomic DNA and the plasmid DNA. The SDS forms complexes with cellular proteins, lipids, and membrane components, some of which are tightly associated with the host genomic DNA. The lysate-mixture is next treated with 15 mL of an ice-cold neutralization/precipitation solution, consisting of 3 M potassium acetate that has been adjusted to pH 5.5 with acetic acid. This acidified mixture is incubated on ice for 5-10 minutes, in part to allow plasmid DNA to renature. During this time, a white flocculent precipitate is formed. The precipitate comprises potassium SDS, which is poorly soluble under these conditions. In addition, the precipitate contains host genomic DNA, proteins, lipids, and membrane components, which remain bound to the SDS. The precipitate is subsequently removed by filtration or centrifugation, yielding a clarified lysate containing the desired plasmid, which can be subjected to various purification procedures. This lysis method has very distinct advantages over those described above. In addition to providing efficient release of plasmid molecules from the cells, this procedure provides substantial purification of the plasmid by removing much of the host protein, lipids, and genomic DNA. Removal of genomic DNA is particularly valuable, since it can be difficult to separate it from plasmid DNA by other means. These advantages have made this a preferred method for lysing bacterial cells during plasmid purification at laboratory scale. Unfortunately, this method presents significant challenges for scaling up. First, thorough mixing of suspended cells with lysis solution is easily managed at small scale by simply vortexing or repeatedly inverting the vessel containing the cells. However, this is impractical at large scale, where volumes may be in the range of tens or hundreds of liters. Common techniques for mixing large volumes of liquid, such as batch impeller mixing, are problematic because as some cells begin to lyse after initial mixing, they release genomic DNA that dramatically increases solution viscosity. This increase in viscosity significantly interferes with further mixing. A second challenge is that excessive incubation at high pH after addition of alkaline lysis solution can lead to permanent denaturation of the plasmid, making it unsuitable for most subsequent uses. It is therefore necessary to ensure that the lysed cells are thoroughly mixed with neutralization/precipitation solution within a relatively narrow time frame, typically within 5-10 minutes. It is also well known that mixing at this step must be gentle (i.e. low shear). Vigorous (i.e. high shear) mixing at this step releases substantial amounts of material from the flocculent precipitate into the plasmid-containing solution. This includes large amounts of host genomic DNA and endotoxins. These substances are difficult to separate from the plasmid during subsequent purification. Thus, while complete mixing is required to precipitate all of the SDS-associated impurities and renature all of the plasmid, mixing should also be as gentle as possible. This is easily accomplished at small scale by timed addition of neutralization/precipitation solution using hand mixing techniques such as gentle swirling or inversion of the containers. In contrast, rapid yet gentle mixing is difficult to achieve at large scale. Low shear stirring or impeller mixing in batch mode requires relatively long times to achieve complete mixing, which could result in unacceptably high levels of permanently denatured plasmid. More rapid techniques such as high speed impeller mixing are likely to result in unacceptably high levels of genomic DNA and endotoxin in the plasmid-containing solution. It has previously been believed that mixing a cell suspension and a lysis solution must be performed at very low shear. This has been particularly claimed in regard to mixing suspensions of plasmid-containing bacteria with lysis solutions comprising alkali and detergent. For example, Wan et al., in U.S. Pat. No. 5,837,529, in discussing methods of lysing plasmid-containing cells with alkali or enzymes, contend that it is crucial to handle such lysates very gently to avoid shearing genomic DNA. Similarly, Nienow et al., in U.S. Pat. No. 6,395,516, in discussing the challenges of alkaline lysis, claim that too vigorous mixing at any stage of the procedure may lead to fragmentation of genomic DNA, which may substantially contaminate the final purified product. Yet again, Bridenbaugh et al., in U.S. Patent Application No. 2002/0198372, emphasize the need for gentle mixing of cells with lysis solution. These concerns have led such investigators to develop ostensibly scalable means to gently mix suspended cells with lysis solutions. For instance, U.S. Pat. No. 5,837,529 and U.S. Patent Application No. 2002/0198372 each contemplate using static mixers to achieve continuous low shear mixing, while U.S. Patent Application No. 6,395,516 contemplates using a designed vessel for controlled mixing in batch mode. Such methods have clear drawbacks. In one regard, while striving to minimize excessive shear, mixing of the cell suspension with the lysis solution may be incomplete. In another regard, using static mixers limits process flexibility. As described in U.S. Pat. No. 2002/0198372, it is necessary to optimize the number of static mixing elements, as well as the flow rates of the fluids passing through the elements. Such optimization restricts the amount of material that may be processed in a given time with the optimized static mixing apparatus. This limits the ability to increase process scale, unless a new, higher-capacity static mixing apparatus is constructed and optimized. Use of batch mixing vessels, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,395,516, has comparable drawbacks. Achieving complete mixing in all regions of a batch mixing vessel is well known by those of skill in the art to be challenging. Furthermore, batch mixing vessels are poorly suited for applications that require a controlled exposure time wherein the cell suspension is contacted with the lysis solution. In particular, it is well known that prolonged exposure of plasmid-containing cells to alkali may lead to the formation of excessive amounts of permanently denatured plasmid, which is generally inactive, undesirable, and difficult to subsequently separate from biologically active plasmid. Typically, it is desirable to limit such exposure times to about 10 minutes or less. Achieving such limited exposure times is difficult or impossible using large scale batch mixing. Removal of the flocculent precipitate is yet another challenge in scaling up alkaline lysis. Complete removal is desirable to eliminate the genomic DNA and other impurities trapped in the precipitate. At the same time, the precipitate must not be subjected to excessive shear. Otherwise, large amounts of genomic DNA, endotoxins, and other impurities are released from the precipitate and contaminate the plasmid-containing solution. At laboratory scale, the precipitate is readily removed by simple filtration, batch centrifugation, or both. However, batch centrifugation is highly impractical at large scale. Continuous centrifugation at large scale is also unsuitable because it subjects the precipitate to high shear stress, releasing unacceptable levels of impurities. Filtration at large scale is problematic due to the somewhat gelatinous, cheese-like consistency of the precipitate, which readily clogs even depth or bag filters. Notwithstanding the above challenges, a variety of investigators have developed claimed improvements of the alkaline lysis method, or otherwise attempted to adapt it into a scalable production process. Kresheck and Altschuler, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,625,053, describe the use of non-ionic alkyldimethylphosphine oxide detergents in place of SDS. Use of these detergents is claimed to offer certain advantages relevant to large-scale preparation of pharmaceutical grade plasmid. However, the claimed improvements do not address the scalability issues described above. Thatcher et al., in U.S. Pat. No. 5,981,735, describe a modification where the amount of NaOH added to the suspended cells is carefully controlled to ensure that the pH remains approximately 0.1 pH units below the point that results in substantial permanent denaturation of plasmid. This approach may address the issue of time-dependent generation of permanently denatured plasmid, but requires very precise pH control, which can be difficult at large scale. Furthermore, the preferred pH level must be determined in advance for each plasmid and host cell combination. Most importantly, this approach does not address the challenges of handling and mixing large liquid volumes. Wan et al., in U.S. Pat. No. 5,837,529, describe a process of lysing cells, comprising the use of static mixers to mix suspended cells with a lysis solution (e.g. 0.2 N NaOH, 1% SDS), as well as to mix lysed cells with a precipitating solution (e.g. 3 M potassium acetate, pH 5.5). Static mixers are claimed to be particularly advantageous by providing a high degree of mixing at a relatively low shear, and are also amenable to a continuous flow-through process. A similar process using static mixers is described by Bridenbaugh et al. in WO 00/05358. Such procedures offer certain advantages, but drawbacks remain. As shown in WO 00/05358, both the number of static mixing elements and the solution linear flow rates must be carefully controlled at each stage. Using too few mixing elements or a low linear flow rate leads to inadequate mixing and poor plasmid yields. Using too many elements or a high linear flow rate leads to excessive shearing and release of genomic DNA into solution. These parameters must be experimentally optimized, and any efforts to increase process scale require re-optimization of element number and flow rate, limiting process flexibility and the robustness of this method for routine use. Marquet et al. (1995, Biopharm 8, 26-37) describe the use of batch mixers originally designed for use in the food industry. They claim that these mixers can provide thorough mixing at low shear rates, making them suitable for use during large-scale alkaline lysis of plasmid-containing cells. However, batch mixing of large fluid volumes in tanks is often very difficult to scale up, particularly when there are dramatic differences in fluid viscosity, or when mixing itself leads to dramatic increases in viscosity. Batch mixing is also problematic when coupled with short, time-sensitive incubation steps. All of these concerns pertain to alkaline lysis, making batch mixing particularly unsuitable. Thus, despite the efforts of previous investigators, there is still a clear need for new and improved procedures to perform alkaline lysis at large scale. A preferred process would address a series of key challenges, including: (1) thorough, rapid, and robust mixing of cells and lysis solution, to efficiently lyse cells and release plasmid; (2) time-controlled incubation of lysed cells in alkali, to prevent permanent plasmid denaturation; (3) thorough, rapid, and gentle mixing of alkaline lysate with neutralization/precipitation solution, to efficiently precipitate contaminating cellular components without releasing excess genomic DNA and endotoxin into the plasmid-containing solution; and (4) efficient yet gentle removal of the flocculent precipitate, again without releasing excess genomic DNA and endotoxin into the plasmid-containing solution. Furthermore, such a preferred process would be readily scalable, robust, suitable for use in all applications, would contain no animal derived products, and would be cost effective. There is also a need for improved procedures for purifying plasmids from large-scale microbial cell lysates. In particular, the emerging fields of non-viral gene therapy, plasmid-mediated therapy and DNA vaccines require gram or even kilogram amounts of purified plasmid suitable for pharmaceutical use. It is thus necessary to purify plasmids away from the primary impurities remaining in the lysate, including residual genomic DNA, RNA, protein, and endotoxin. An ideal process should provide substantially pure material in high yield, be easy to scale up, involve a minimal number of steps, and be simple and inexpensive to perform. Any use of enzymes or animal-derived products should be avoided, as such reagents tend to be expensive and more importantly, are potential sources of contamination. Similarly, use of alcohols and organic solvents is to be avoided, as they are generally toxic, flammable, explosive, and difficult to dispose of in large quantities. Known or suspected toxic, mutagenic, carcinogenic, teratogenic, or otherwise harmful compounds should not be used. Finally, the process should avoid the need for expensive equipment such as large scale or continuous centrifuges, or gradient producing chromatography skids. Various attempts have been made to develop a plasmid purification process that meets these ideals. For example, Horn et al., in U.S. Pat. No. 5,707,812, describe an integrated process involving alkaline lysis, filtration with diatomaceous earth, concentration and desalting by ultrafiltration/diafiltration (UF/DF), overnight precipitation of plasmid with 8% polyethylene glycol (PEG) 8000, centrifugation, resuspension, precipitation of impurities with 2.5 M ammonium acetate, centrifugation, precipitation of plasmid with isopropanol, centrifugation, resuspension, anion exchange column chromatography in the presence of 1% PEG 8000 on Q Sepharose™ (Amersham Biosciences Corp., Piscataway, N.J.) with step elution, plasmid precipitation with isopropanol, centrifugation, resuspension, and gel filtration column chromatography on Sephacryl™ S-1000 (Amersham Biosciences Corp., Piscataway, N.J.). Plasmid yields, quality, and purity were not described. Similar processes are disclosed by Marquet et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 5,561,064. These processes are not easily scaled, due to the multiple plasmid precipitations and centrifugations. In addition, achieving adequate resolution with gel filtration column chromatography typically requires relatively large columns. Use of isopropanol in multiple steps is another disadvantage of this process. U.S. Pat. No. 5,990,301, issued to Colpan et al., describes an integrated process involving alkaline lysis, clarification by centrifugation and filtration, incubation with salt (NaCl) and nonionic detergent, anion exchange by DEAE column chromatography, isopropanol precipitation, centrifugation, and resuspension. The resulting plasmid was reported to contain “no detectable” RNA, genomic DNA, or endotoxin, but detection methods and limits were not described. This process has numerous scalability issues. DEAE resins typically have relatively low capacity for plasmid. Furthermore, using isopropanol precipitation and centrifugation for product concentration and desalting is not feasible at large scale. U.S. Pat. No. 6,197,553, issued to Lee and Sagar, describes an integrated process involving cell wall digestion with lysozyme, lysis by passing through a flow-through heat exchanger to heat the cell suspension to about 80° C., clarification by centrifugation, diafiltration, treatment with RNase, diafiltration, anion exchange column chromatography on POROS® PI/M (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.) with NaCl gradient elution, reverse phase chromatography on POROS® R2/M with isopropanol gradient elution, and UF/DF. Final product contained 2.9% genomic DNA, <1% protein, <1% RNA, and endotoxin levels of 2.8 endotoxin units (EU) per milligram of plasmid. However, this process suffers from the use of two enzymes (lysozyme and RNase), gradient-based anion exchange chromatography, and gradient-based reverse phase chromatography using isopropanol. These present substantial scalability and/or regulatory issues. U.S. Pat. No. 6,410,274, issued to Bhikhabhai, describes a process involving alkaline lysis, filtration, precipitation of RNA and genomic DNA with CaCl2, centrifugation, filtration, anion exchange column chromatography on Q Sepharose™ XL (Amersham Biosciences Corp., Piscataway, N.J.) with step elution, and further anion exchange column chromatography on Source™ 15Q (Amersham Biosciences Corp., Piscataway, N.J.) with step elution. Final product was reported to contain 0.6% genomic DNA (by PCR), 100% supercoiled plasmid (by anion exchange high performance liquid chromatography, “HPLC”), and no detectable RNA (by reverse phase HPLC), protein (by Micro BCA™ assay, Pierce Biotechnology, Rockford, Ill.), or endotoxin (by limulus amebocyte lysate, “LAL”). The use of two successive anion exchange steps is an obvious inefficiency of this process. Furthermore, the process relies on column chromatographic techniques, which involve expensive hardware and resins. WO 00/05358, submitted by Bridenbaugh et al., describes a process where plasmid-containing cells are resuspended in the presence of RNase. A continuous lysis procedure is described, where the resuspended cells and an alkaline lysis solution are simultaneously pumped through a static mixer to achieve lysis. The lysate is then mixed with potassium acetate precipitation solution via a second static mixer. The precipitated lysate then passes into a continuous centrifuge to remove the flocculent precipitate, resulting in a clarified lysate. Clarified lysate is filtered to remove fine particulates and purified by anion exchange column chromatography using Fractogel® TMAE-650M (Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany). The anion exchange eluate is then passed through glass and nylon filters, which are claimed to help remove endotoxin and genomic DNA. Purified plasmid was then concentrated and desalted by UF/DF, and sterilized by filtration. Final endotoxin levels were 16.2 EU/mg. Residual RNA, protein, and genomic DNA were said to routinely be <2%, <0.1%, and <1%, respectively. Use of continuous centrifugation is a significant drawback of this process, due to high shear rates and subsequent release of excess genomic DNA into solution, as well as the high cost of such equipment. Use of RNase is a further drawback of this process from a regulatory standpoint. U.S. Patent Application No. 2001/0034435, submitted by Nochumson et al., describes a process where plasmid-containing cells are lysed with alkali and SDS in a continuous process using static mixers. The lysate is neutralized by continuous addition (via a second set of static mixers) of a neutralization/precipitation solution. The neutralized lysate is held for 6-12 hours at 4° C. to precipitate the majority of the RNA. The flocculent precipitate and the precipitated RNA are removed by centrifugation and/or filtration, and the plasmid-containing solution is subjected to anion exchange column chromatography using Fractogel® TMAE-650S (Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany). Plasmid is then eluted and subjected to hydrophobic interaction chromatography (“HIC”), also in column format, using Octyl Sepharose™ 4FF (Amersham Biosciences Corp., Piscataway, N.J.). Under appropriate conditions, genomic DNA, RNA, and endotoxin bind to the resin, while plasmid passes through. After HIC, the product is concentrated and desalted by UF/DF, and sterile filtered. Detailed information on yields and purity were not described in this application. However, plasmid binding capacities for the resins are relatively low (1-3 mg/mL for the anion exchange, and <1 mg/mL for the HIC if used in binding mode), and again, there is a reliance on column chromatography. Varley et al. (1999, Bioseparation 8, 209-217) describe a process consisting of optimized alkaline lysis with RNase treatment, bag depth filtration, expanded bed anion exchange chromatography, ultrafiltration, and size exclusion chromatography. Similar processes are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,981,735 by Thatcher et al. In these processes, the pH during alkaline lysis was carefully controlled at a point just below the empirically determined level that leads to permanent plasmid denaturation. The investigators claim that this allows extended incubation in alkali, presumably to maximize lysis and/or to degrade RNA without damaging plasmid. Impurities were reported to be <2% genomic DNA (by PCR), 0.2% RNA (by HPLC), <0.1% protein, and 2.5 EU/mg endotoxin. However, the process contains several undesirable elements, including use of RNase, bag depth filtration, column-based anion exchange, and size exclusion chromatography. Performing the controlled alkaline lysis requires carefully determining the ideal pH for a given combination of host, plasmid, and growth conditions, suggesting that this step may not be very robust. As the above examples suggest, column chromatography is often a preferred element in plasmid purification. Anion exchange chromatography is well suited for separating plasmids from certain impurities such as proteins, because plasmids, like all nucleic acids, have a high negative charge density. Thus, many known plasmid purification processes include an anion exchange step. However, anion exchange chromatography is less suited for separating plasmids from other nucleic acids with similar negative charge densities, such as genomic DNA or RNA. Thus, anion exchange chromatography is frequently combined with another chromatographic step to achieve sufficiently pure plasmid. As discussed above, these may include size exclusion chromatography, reverse phase chromatography, hydrophobic interaction chromatography, and even additional anion exchange chromatography. Other chromatographic techniques are also known. For example, Wils and Ollivier, in WO 97/35002, disclose methods for purifying plasmids with ceramic hydroxyapatite. Comparable methods are disclosed by Yamamoto in U.S. Pat. No. 5,843,731. Ion-pair or matched ion chromatography may be used, as disclosed, for example, by Gjerde et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 5,986,085. Silica, glass beads, or glass fibers may also be used, as disclosed, for example, by Padhye et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 5,808,041, by Woodard et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 5,650,506, and by Woodard et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 5,693,785. Alternatively, magnetic beads or particles may be used, as disclosed, for example, by Reeve and Robinson in U.S. Pat. No. 5,665,554, and by Hawkins in U.S. Pat. No. 5,898,071. Affinity methods are also known, with examples being disclosed by Ji and Smith in U.S. Pat. No. 5,591,841, and by Cantor et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 5,482,836. Despite the frequent use of column chromatography, there remain substantial limitations to this general technique. Chromatography resins are often expensive, and must be carefully packed into specially designed column hardware. Reproducibly packing large-scale chromatography columns is a significant challenge, as discussed by Rathore et al. (2003, Biopharm International, March, 30-40). Furthermore, in regards to plasmids, traditional chromatography resins typically offer relatively low binding capacities. For example, Levy et al. (2000, Trends Biotechnol. 18, 296-305) examined a variety of commercially available anion exchange resins and found that all exhibited plasmid binding capacities of about 5 mg/mL or less, with most exhibiting capacities of about 2 mg/mL or less. Moreover, accessibility to binding sites for large molecules like plasmids is mostly by diffusion and resins have a limited pressure drop resulting in low throughput, making these steps time consuming, costly and impractical. Thus, it is desirable to develop a purification process that retains the advantages of column chromatography while avoiding its drawbacks. Use of membrane chromatography offers a potential solution. Membrane-based techniques typically offer substantially higher binding capacities, as well as very high flow rates. Expensive large-scale column hardware is not required. In addition, the difficulties associated with column packing are avoided, as well as the need for costly cleaning validation studies. Certain previous investigators have disclosed membrane-based methods for purifying plasmids. For instance, Nieuwkerk et al., in U.S. Pat. No. 5,438,128, describe the use of an assembly containing a plurality of stacked microporous anion exchange membranes for purifying nucleic acids, including plasmids. However, their method is described for relatively small-scale purification of up to several hundred micrograms of plasmid. Furthermore, although the purified plasmid was stated to be RNA and protein free, there was no disclosure that the provided methods could substantially eliminate genomic DNA or endotoxin. Demmer and Nussbaumer, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,235,892, disclose a method of purifying nucleic acids, including plasmids, from a solution containing endotoxin, using a microporous weakly basic anion exchange membrane. Similarly, in WO 01/94573, Yang et al. Claim a process involving two (or more) separate membranes, wherein one binds plasmid and the second binds endotoxin. The investigators state that their methods provide plasmid that is suitable for use in many pharmaceutical applications, but no data is provided to support this statement. Thus, none of the disclosed membrane-based purification processes is demonstrably adequate for preparing substantially pure plasmid that is acceptable for pharmaceutical, veterinary, or agricultural applications. There is therefore a need for a purification process that employs membrane-based chromatographic separations, avoids column chromatography, and provides substantially pure plasmids or other biologically active molecules of interest. SUMMARY The present invention relates to a process for lysing cells in a controlled manner so as to efficiently separate insoluble components from a fluid lysate containing cellular components of interest, followed by membrane chromatographic techniques to purify the cellular components of interest. This process utilizes a unique lysis apparatus, ion exchange and, optionally, hydrophobic interaction chromatography membranes in cartridge form, and ultrafiltration. This process is optimized for the production of plasmids, but can be applied to any biologic product extracted from a cellular source. Advantageously, the process uses no animal derived products, organic solvents or carcinogens, and is rapid and cost effective. The process is operable to extract and purify plasmids from E. Coli bacteria, and provides material suitable for a variety of uses, including the clinical and commercial production of pharmaceutical products. The disclosed process uses a lysis apparatus, including a high shear, low residence-time mixer for advantageously mixing a cell suspension with a lysis solution, a hold time that denatures impurities, and an air-sparging bubble mixer that gently yet thoroughly mixes lysed cells with a neutralization/precipitation buffer and floats compacted precipitated cellular material. The floating precipitated cellular material can be readily removed from the remaining fluid by the simple expedient of draining or pumping the fluid from beneath the floating precipitate, allowing cellular components of interest to subsequently be purified from the fluid (preferably) or from the precipitate. The method for producing a cellular component of interest from a cell population comprises subjecting the cell population to the disclosed cell lysis and separation apparatus and methods to prepare a clarified lysate. The cellular components of interest are purified from the clarified lysate by subjecting it to an ion exchange cartridge, optionally followed by a hydrophobic interaction cartridge. Following purification, ultrafiltration/diafiltration is performed to concentrate and desalt the substantially purified material. If desired, the purified material may then be subjected to sterile filtration to provide a sterile, substantially purified material. The present invention offers numerous benefits over previously disclosed methods. In one aspect, the present invention discloses an improved way to mix a cell suspension with a lysis solution. Clearly, it is desirable to achieve complete mixing of a cell suspension with a lysis solution, so that substantially all of the cells become lysed and release the cellular components of interest into the lysate for subsequent purification. Incomplete mixing of a cell suspension with a lysis solution may result in a substantial portion of the cells remaining intact. This will result in suboptimal yields of the cellular components of interest, increasing product costs and requiring higher production scales to recover a desired amount of final product. The current invention recognizes that low shear mixing of a cell suspension and a lysis solution is not necessary, even for the demanding application of lysing plasmid-containing cells with alkali. Thus, the current invention provides for methods of mixing a cell suspension and a lysis solution using a high shear, low residence-time mixing device. The high shear nature of the described method ensures substantially complete mixing of the cell suspension and the lysis solution. The low residence-time provided by the described method avoids subjecting cellular components released by the lysing cells to extended periods of high shear. In a preferred embodiment, the mixing is performed in a continuous flow-through mode, which provides substantial advantage in processing large volumes, and is particularly advantageous in controlling time of exposure to the lysis solution. Unlike static mixing, the present invention provides great process flexibility. Substantially complete mixing is not dependent on fluid flow rates, and the agitation rate of the mixing device is easily adjusted. Thus, one skilled in the art will readily recognize that fluid flow rates through the high shear, low residence-time mixing device can be varied over a wide range. This provides substantial freedom to increase the amount of material processed in a given time without modifying the apparatus. In another aspect, the present invention discloses an improved method for mixing a cell lysate with one or more additional fluids while avoiding shearing of sensitive components. For example, whereas the present invention discloses that plasmid-containing cells may be mixed with an alkaline lysis solution under high shear conditions, it remains true that subsequent mixing steps involving the lysed cell solution must be performed under low shear conditions. In particular, it is common to mix alkaline lysates of plasmid-containing cells with a neutralizing and precipitating solution that simultaneously neutralizes the alkali and precipitates various cellular components. The neutralization prevents formation of permanently denatured plasmid, while the precipitation sequesters large amounts of genomic DNA, endotoxin, protein, lipids, lipopolysaccharides, cell wall and membrane components into the a flocculent solid material. It is well known that vigorous or high shear mixing at this step releases excessive amounts of genomic DNA, endotoxin, and other impurities into the plasmid-containing solution. These impurities are difficult to subsequently purify away from the biologically active plasmid. Thus, it is highly desirable to perform this step using a gentle, low shear mixing process. At the same time, it is necessary to achieve substantially complete mixing at this step. Otherwise, some portions of the plasmid will be subjected to alkali for excessive times and become permanently denatured. Similarly, insufficient mixing may lead to incomplete precipitation of cellular components, complicating subsequent efforts to prepare substantially purified plasmid. As discussed above, previous investigators have attempted to address these needs using techniques such as static mixing or low shear batch mixing. The drawbacks to these techniques are described above and are readily apparent to one skilled in the art. The present invention discloses the use of a bubble mixer for mixing cell lysates with fluids such as neutralization/precipitation solutions. The present invention also discloses a bubble mixing device that may be used to perform the disclosed method. Advantageously, the method and device disclosed herein use gas bubbles to achieve thorough mixing of the fluids. Simultaneously, some of the gas bubbles become trapped in the resulting precipitated cellular components. This facilitates floating of the precipitated material, advantageously aiding its later separation from the fluid containing the cellular components of interest. This is a noteworthy benefit of the present invention. Another aspect of the present invention provides integrated methods for preparing a clarified lysate containing cellular components of interest, as well as an apparatus useful for performing the methods. In this aspect, the individually disclosed methods described above are combined into a continuous process comprising: (1) mixing a cell suspension with a lysis solution using a high shear, low residence-time mixer; (2) passing the mixed cell suspension and lysis solution through a holding coil to provide a fixed exposure time sufficient to provide substantially complete cell lysis and genomic DNA denaturation; (3) mixing the lysed cells with a solution such as a neutralization/precipitation solution using a bubble mixer, thereby trapping gas bubbles with precipitated cellular components; and (4) collecting the resulting material into a settling tank. Advantageously, these steps are performed as a continuous process, offering the operator substantial flexibility and ease of performance. In further embodiments, the material collected in the settling tank is held for a time sufficient to allow the precipitated cellular components to form a floating layer. Formation of this layer is aided by the entrapped bubbles introduced by the bubble mixer. Optionally, a vacuum may be applied to the material in the settling tank to further compact the precipitated cellular components and degas the fluid. Subsequently, the fluid maybe separated from the precipitated cellular components by pumping or draining it from beneath the precipitated cellular components. The resulting separated fluid comprises a clarified lysate that may then be subjected to various methods to substantially purify the cellular components of interest present in the lysate. An advantage of the disclosed invention is that flocculent precipitated cellular components are separated from the fluid without resorting to depth filtration or centrifugation. In another aspect, the present invention discloses methods for purifying cellular components of interest from lysed cells. In a preferred embodiment, the cellular components of interest are plasmids, and the cells are plasmid-containing cells. The methods utilize ion exchange membrane purification, optionally followed by a second membrane purification that removes endotoxin and RNA, to provide a substantially purified product. Preferably, the ion exchange takes the form of anion exchange. Preferably, the second membrane purification takes the form of hydrophobic interaction. Additional steps such as ultrafiltration/diafiltration and sterile filtration may be performed to concentrate, desalt, and sterilize the cellular component of interest. Advantageously, the methods disclosed herein avoid the use of traditional column chromatography, which employs expensive chromatography resins and column hardware, is typically limited by poor binding capacity, and is typically limited to low fluid flow rates. In contrast, the membrane based purification methods disclosed herein offer reduced cost, high binding capacity, and high flow rates, resulting in a superior purification process. The purification process is further demonstrated to produce plasmid products substantially free of genomic DNA, RNA, protein, and endotoxin. In a particularly preferred embodiment, all of the described aspects of the current invention are advantageously combined to provide an integrated process for preparing substantially purified cellular components of interest from cells. Again, the cells are most preferably plasmid-containing cells, and the cellular components of interest are most preferably plasmids. The substantially purified plasmids are suitable for various uses, including, but not limited to, gene therapy, plasmid-mediated therapy, as DNA vaccines for human, veterinary, or agricultural use, or for any other application that requires large quantities of purified plasmid. In this aspect, all of the advantages described for individual aspects of the present invention accrue to the complete, integrated process, providing a highly advantageous method that is rapid, scalable, and inexpensive. Enzymes and other animal-derived or biologically sourced products are avoided, as are carcinogenic, mutagenic, or otherwise toxic substances. Potentially flammable, explosive, or toxic organic solvents are similarly avoided. One aspect of the present invention is an apparatus for isolating plasmid DNA from a suspension of cells having both plasmid DNA and genomic DNA. An embodiment of the apparatus comprises a first tank and second tank in fluid communication with a mixer. The first tank is used for holding the suspension cells and the second tank is used for holding a lysis solution. The suspension of cells from the first tank and the lysis solution from the second tank are both allowed to flow into the mixer forming a lysate mixture or lysate fluid. The mixer comprises a high shear, low residence-time mixing device with a residence time of equal to or less than about 1 second. In a preferred embodiment, the mixing device comprises a flow through, rotor/stator mixer or emulsifier having linear flow rates from about 0.1 L/min to about 20 L/min. The lysate-mixture flows from the mixer into a holding coil for a period of time sufficient to lyse the cells and forming a cell lysate suspension, wherein the lysate-mixture has resident time in the holding coil in a range of about 2-8 minutes with a continuous linear flow rate. The cell lysate suspension is then allowed to flow into a bubble-mixer chamber for precipitation of cellular components from the plasmid DNA. In the bubble mixer chamber, the cell lysate suspension and a precipitation solution or a neutralization solution from a third tank are mixed together using gas bubbles, which forms a mixed gas suspension comprising a precipitate and an unclarified lysate or plasmid containing fluid. The precipitate of the mixed gas suspension is less dense than the plasmid containing fluid, which facilitates the separation of the precipitate from the plasmid containing fluid. The precipitate is removed from the mixed gas suspension to give a clarified lysate having the plasmid DNA, and the precipitate having cellular debris and genomic DNA. In a preferred embodiment, the bubble mixer-chamber comprises a closed vertical column with a top, a bottom, a first, and a second side with a vent proximal to the top of the column. A first inlet port of the bubble mixer-chamber is on the first side proximal to the bottom of the column and in fluid communication with the holding coil. A second inlet port of the bubble mixer-chamber is proximal to the bottom on a second side opposite of the first inlet port and in fluid communication with a third tank, wherein the third tank is used for holding a precipitation or a neutralization solution. A third inlet port of the bubble mixer-chamber is proximal to the bottom of the column and about in the middle of the first and second inlets and is in fluid communication with a gas source the third inlet entering the bubble-mixer-chamber. A preferred embodiment utilizes a sintered sparger inside the closed vertical column of the third inlet port. The outlet port exiting the bubble mixing chamber is proximal to the top of the closed vertical column. The outlet port is in fluid communication with a fourth tank, wherein the mixed gas suspension containing the plasmid DNA is allowed to flow from the bubble-mixer-chamber into the fourth tank. The fourth tank is used for separating the precipitate of the mixed gas suspension having a plasmid containing fluid, and can also include an impeller mixer sufficient to provide uniform mixing of fluid without disturbing the precipitate. A fifth tank is used for a holding the clarified lysate or clarified plasmid containing fluid. The clarified lysate is then filtered at least once. A first filter has a particle size limit of about 5-10 μm and the second filter has a cut of about 0.2 μm. Although gravity, pressure, vacuum, or a mixture thereof can be used for transporting: suspension of cells; lysis solutions; precipitation solutions; neutralization solutions; or mixed gas suspensions from any of the tanks to mixers, holding coils or different tanks, pumps are utilized in a preferred embodiments. In a more preferred embodiment, at least one pump having a linear flow rate of at least 0.1-1 ft/second is used. In another specific embodiment, a Y-connector having a having a first bifurcated branch, a second bifurcated branch and an exit branch is used to contact the cell suspension and the lysis solutions before they enter the high shear, low residence-time mixing device. The first tank holding the cell suspension is in fluid communication with the first bifurcated branch of the Y-connector through the first pump and the second tank holding the lysis solution is in fluid communication with the second bifurcated branch of the Y-connector through the second pump. The high shear, low residence-time mixing device is in fluid communication with an exit branch of the Y-connector, wherein the first and second pumps provide a linear flow rate of about 0.1 to 2 ft/second for a contacted fluid exiting the Y-connector. Another specific aspect of the present invention is a method of substantially separating plasmid DNA and genomic DNA from a bacterial cell lysate. The method comprises: delivering a cell lysate into a chamber; delivering a precipitation fluid or a neutralization fluid into the chamber; mixing the cell lysate and the precipitation fluid or a neutralization fluid in the chamber with gas bubbles forming a gas mixed suspension, wherein the gas mixed suspension comprises the plasmid DNA in a fluid portion (i.e. an unclarified lysate) and the genomic DNA is in a precipitate that is less dense than the fluid portion; floating the precipitate on top of the fluid portion; removing the fluid portion from the precipitate forming a clarified lysate, whereby the plasmid DNA in the clarified lysate is substantially separated from genomic DNA in the precipitate. In preferred embodiments: the chamber is the bubble mixing chamber as described above; the lysing solution comprises an alkali, an acid, a detergent, an organic solvent, an enzyme, a chaotrope, or a denaturant; the precipitation fluid or the neutralization fluid comprises potassium acetate, ammonium acetate, or a mixture thereof; and the gas bubbles comprise compressed air or an inert gas. Additionally, the decanted-fluid portion containing the plasmid DNA is preferably further purified with one or more purification steps selected from a group consisting of: ion exchange, hydrophobic interaction, size exclusion, reverse phase purification, endotoxin depletion, affinity purification, adsorption to silica, glass, or polymeric materials, expanded bed chromatography, mixed mode chromatography, displacement chromatography, hydroxyapatite purification, selective precipitation, aqueous two-phase purification, DNA condensation, thiophilic purification, ion-pair purification, metal chelate purification, filtration through nitrocellulose, or ultrafiltration. A preferred specific aspect, a method for isolating a plasmid DNA from cells comprising: mixing a suspension of cells having the plasmid DNA and genomic DNA with a lysis solution in a high-shear-low-residence-time-mixing-device for a first period of time forming a cell lysate fluid; incubating the cell lysate fluid for a second period of time in a holding coil forming a cell lysate suspension; delivering the cell lysate suspension into a chamber; delivering a precipitation/neutralization fluid into the chamber; mixing the cell lysate suspension and the a precipitation/neutralization fluid in the chamber with gas bubbles forming a gas mixed suspension, wherein the gas mixed suspension comprises an unclarified lysate containing the plasmid DNA and a precipitate containing the genomic DNA, wherein the precipitate is less dense than the unclarified lysate; floating the precipitate on top of the unclarified lysate; removing the precipitate from the unclarified lysate forming a clarified lysate, whereby the plasmid DNA is substantially separated from genomic DNA; precipitating the plasmid DNA from the clarified lysate forming a precipitated plasmid DNA; and resuspending the precipitated plasmid DNA in an aqueous solution. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a summary flowchart of the steps described herein for isolating a cellular component of interest such as a plasmid, beginning with cell fermentation and leading to bulk purified product. FIG. 2 is a diagram of the apparatus used herein for continuous cell lysis and neutralization/precipitation. FIG. 3 is a diagram of the bubble mixer disclosed herein. FIG. 4 is a diagram of solid/liquid separation. FIG. 5 is a flowchart of product purification, concentration/desalting, and sterile filtration. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS It will be readily apparent to one skilled in the art that various substitutions and modifications may be made in the invention disclosed herein without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. As used herein, the term “a” or “an” may refer to one or more than one. As used herein in the claims, when used in conjunction with the word “comprising”, the words “a” or “an” may mean one or more than one. As used herein, “another” may mean at least a second or more. As used herein, the term “alkali” refers to a substance that provides a pH greater than about 8 when a sufficient quantity of the substance is added to water. The term alkali includes, but is not limited to, sodium hydroxide (NaOH), potassium hydroxide (KOH), or lithium hydroxide (LiOH). As used herein, the term “detergent” refers to any amphipathic or surface-active agent, whether neutral, anionic, cationic, or zwitterionic. The term detergent includes, but is not limited to, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), Triton® (polyethylene glycol tert-octylphenyl ether, Dow Chemical Co., Midland, Mich.), Pluronic® (ethylene oxide/propylene oxide block copolymer, BASF Corp., Mount Olive, N.J.), Brij® (polyoxyethylene ether, ICI Americas, Bridgewater, N.J.), 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate (CHAPS), 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-2-hydroxy-1-propanesulfonate (CHAPSO), Tween® (polyethylene glycol sorbitan, ICI Americas, Bridgewater, N.J.), bile acid salts, cetyltrimethylammonium, N-lauroylsarcosine, Zwittergent® (n-alkyl-N,N-dimethyl-3-ammonio-1-propanesulfonate, Calbiochem, San Diego, Calif.), etc. As used herein, the term “ion exchange” refers to a separation technique based primarily on ionic interactions between a molecule or molecules of interest, and a suitable ion exchange material. Although the ion exchange material may most commonly take the form of a chromatography resin or membrane, it may be any material suitable for performing separations based on ionic interactions. The term ion exchange encompasses anion exchange, cation exchange, and combinations of both anion and cation exchange. As used herein, the term “anion exchange” refers to a separation technique based primarily on ionic interactions between one or more negative charges on a molecule or molecules of interest, and a suitable positively charged anion exchange material. Although the anion exchange material may most commonly take the form of a chromatography resin or membrane, it may be any material suitable for performing separations based on the described ionic interactions. As used herein, the term “cation exchange” refers to a separation technique based primarily on ionic interactions between one or more positive charges on a molecule or molecules of interest, and a suitable negatively charged cation exchange material. Although the cation exchange material may most commonly take the form of a chromatography resin or membrane, it may be any material suitable for performing separations based on the described ionic interactions. As used herein, the terms “hydrophobic interaction” and “HIC” refer to a separation technique based primarily on hydrophobic interactions between a molecule or molecules of interest, and a suitable primarily hydrophobic or hydrophillic material. Although the primarily hydrophobic or hydrophilic material may most commonly take the form of a chromatography resin or membrane, it may be any material suitable for performing separations based on hydrophobic interactions. As used herein, the term “plasmid” refers to any distinct cell-derived nucleic acid entity that is not part of or a fragment of the host cell's primary genome. As used herein, the term “plasmid” may refer to either circular or linear molecules composed of either RNA or DNA. The term “plasmid” may refer to either single stranded or double stranded molecules, and includes nucleic acid entities such as viruses and phages. As used herein, the term “genomic DNA” refers to DNA derived from the genome of a host cell. As used herein, the term includes DNA molecules comprising all or any part of the host cell primary genome, whether linear or circular, single stranded or double stranded. As used herein, the term “endotoxin” refers to lipopolysaccharide material that is derived from Gram-negative bacteria and that causes adverse effects in animals. Endotoxin can typically be detected by the limulus amebocyte lysate (“LAL”) assay. As used herein, the term “high shear, low residence-time mixer” describes any device that subjects a fluid or fluids, such as biological fluid or fluids (containing, among others, plasmids, cell suspension, lysis solution, proteins, peptides, amino acids, nucleic acids, others, or a mixture thereof) to brief periods of high shear, at a shear rate of at least 4000/sec, resulting in substantially complete mixing of all elements and components of the fluid or fluids in about 1 second or less. As used herein, the term “chromatography” includes any separation technique that involves a molecule or molecules interacting with a matrix. The matrix may take the form of solid or porous beads, resin, particles, membranes, or any other suitable material. Unless otherwise specified, chromatography includes both flow-through and batch techniques. As used herein, the term “precipitation” refers to the process whereby one or more components present in a solution, suspension, emulsion or similar state form a solid material. As used herein, the terms “precipitation solution” and “precipitating solution” refer to any solution, suspension, or other fluid that induces precipitation. Unless otherwise specified, a precipitation solution may also provide neutralization. As used herein, the term “neutralization” refers to a process whereby the pH of an acidic or an alkaline material is brought near to neutrality. Typically, neutralization brings the pH into a range of about 6 to about 8. As used herein, the terms “neutralization solution” and “neutralizing solution” refer to any solution, suspension, or other fluid which results in neutralization when mixed with an acidic or an alkaline material. Unless otherwise specified, a neutralization solution may also provide precipitation. As used herein, the term “neutralization/precipitation solution” refers to any solution, suspension or other fluid that provides both neutralization and precipitation. As used herein, the term “cellular components” includes any molecule, group of molecules, or portion of a molecule derived from a cell. Examples of cellular components include, but are not limited to, DNA, RNA, proteins, plasmids, lipids, carbohydrates, monosaccharides, polysaccharides, lipopolysaccharides, endotoxins, amino acids, nucleosides, nucleotides, and so on. As used herein, the term “membrane,” as used with respect to chromatography or separations methods and materials, refers to any substantially continuous solid material having a plurality of pores or channels through which fluid can flow. A membrane may, without limitation, comprise geometries such as a flat sheet, pleated or folded layers, and cast or cross-linked porous monoliths. By contrast, when used in reference to a cell component, the term “membrane” refers to all or a part of the lipid-based envelope surrounding a cell. As used herein, the term “bubble mixer” refers to any device that uses gas bubbles to mix two or more unmixed or incompletely mixed materials. As used herein, the term “cell suspension” refers to any fluid comprising cells, cell aggregates, or cell fragments. As used herein, the term “cell lysate” refers to any material comprising cells, wherein a substantial portion of the cells have become disrupted and released their internal components. As used herein, the term “lysis solution” refers to any solution, suspension, emulsion, or other fluid that causes lysis of contacted cells. As used herein, the term “clarified lysate” refers to a lysate that has been substantially depleted of visible particulate solids. As used herein, the term “macroparticulate” refers to solid matter comprising particles greater than or about 100 μm in diameter. As used herein, the term “microparticulate” refers to solid matter comprising particles less than about 100 μm in diameter. As used herein, the terms “ultrafiltration” and “UF” refer to any technique in which a solution or a suspension is subjected to a semi-permeable membrane that retains macromolecules while allowing solvent and small solute molecules to pass through. Ultrafiltration may be used to increase the concentration of macromolecules in a solution or suspension. Unless otherwise specified, the term ultrafiltration encompasses both continuous and batch techniques. As used herein, the terms “diafiltration” and “DF” refer to any technique in which the solvent and small solute molecules present in a solution or a suspension of macromolecules are removed by ultrafiltration and replaced with different solvent and solute molecules. Diafiltration may be used to alter the pH, ionic strength, salt composition, buffer composition, or other properties of a solution or suspension of macromolecules. Unless otherwise specified, the term diafiltration encompasses both continuous and batch techniques. As used herein, the terms “ultrafiltration/diafiltration” and “UF/DF” refer to any technique or combination of techniques that accomplishes both ultrafiltration and diafiltration, either sequentially or simultaneously. One aspect of the present invention relates to a method for lysing cells in a controlled manner so as to extract cellular components of interest. The cells may be any cells containing cellular components of interest. Preferably, they are microbial cells. More preferably, they are E. coli cells. The cells may be produced or generated by any means, but are preferably generated by fermentation. Methods for fermenting cells are well known to those skilled in the art. The present invention may be employed to extract any cellular component of interest from cells. Preferably, these will be macromolecules such as plasmids or proteins. More preferably, they are plasmids. Thus, in one preferred embodiment, the present invention relates to an advantageous method for lysing plasmid-containing E. coli cells so as to extract the plasmids. Another aspect of the present invention relates to a method for purifying cellular components of interest from a cell lysate. The cell lysate may be a lysate of any type of cells containing the cellular components of interest. Further, the cell lysate may be produced by any means known to one of skill in the art. Preferably, the lysate comprises lysed plasmid-containing cells. More preferably, the lysate comprises plasmid-containing cells lysed with alkali, detergent, or a combination thereof. Preferably, the cellular components of interest are plasmids. FIG. 1 presents an overall summary of an especially preferred embodiment that combines all aspects of the present invention. In the first step, cells of interest are produced and harvested. Preferably, the cells are produced by fermentation. Any fermentation method may be used, and it is well within the abilities of one skilled in the art to prepare sufficient quantities of the cells of interest. In particularly preferred embodiments, the cells are E. coli containing a high copy number plasmid of interest, and the plasmid-containing cells are fermented to high density using batch or fed batch techniques. Methods for preparing such plasmid-containing E. coli cells and performing such batch or fed-batch fermentation are well known to those skilled in the art. The cells are harvested by any means, such as centrifugation or filtration, to form a cell paste. Such harvesting methods are well known to those skilled in the art. Furthermore, those skilled in the art will recognize that harvested cells or cell paste may be processed immediately, or stored in a frozen or refrigerated state for processing at a later date. In the second step, cells are lysed to release their contents, including the cellular components of interest, into solution. Preferred methods for performing this step are disclosed herein, and are described in detail below. In the third step, solid cell debris and precipitated cellular components are separated from a clarified lysate. Preferred methods for performing this step are disclosed herein, and are described in detail below. In the fourth step, solutions containing the cellular components of interest are subjected to ion exchange chromatography. Preferably, this is performed using a membrane-based approach. Preferably, this is anion exchange membrane chromatography. Specific methods for performing this step are further disclosed in detail below. In the fifth step, the partially purified material resulting from ion exchange chromatography is subjected to hydrophobic interaction chromatography. Preferably, this is performed using a membrane-based approach. Specific methods for performing this step are further disclosed in detail below. In certain embodiments, this step may be omitted. In the sixth step, the material resulting from hydrophobic interaction chromatography (if performed) or from ion exchange chromatography (if HIC is omitted) is subjected to ultrafiltration and diafiltration, to concentrate the cellular components of interest, and to remove excess salts from the solution. Use of ultrafiltration/diafiltration is well known to those of skill in the art, especially for biological macromolecules such as proteins or plasmids. In the seventh step, the concentrated and desalted product is optionally subjected to sterile filtration, for example to render it suitable for pharmaceutical uses. Again, methods for performing this step are well within the knowledge of those skilled in the art. The result of these steps is a bulk preparation of substantially purified cellular components of interest. Preferably, these cellular components are plasmids. More preferably, they are substantially free of genomic DNA, RNA, protein, and endotoxin. FIG. 2 is a diagram of the apparatus used for cell lysis. In particular, the apparatus is suitable for a continuous process involving contacting a cell suspension with a lysis solution, mixing the contacted fluids using a high shear, low residence-time mixer, passing the lysate-mixture through a holding coil for a determined time sufficient to provide substantially complete cell lysis and genomic DNA denaturation without permanently denaturing cellular components of interest, mixing the resulting cell lysate with a precipitating solution using a bubble mixer, and collecting the resulting material in a settling tank. Cells containing a biologically active molecule of interest are made into a suitable suspension and loaded into a tank (201 in FIG. 2). The cells may be suspended in any suitable solution. Preferably the cells are plasmid-containing E. coli cells. The suspension solution preferably contains a moderate concentration of buffer, a moderate concentration of a chelating agent, or both. Most preferably, the suspension solution comprises about 25 mM Tris and about 10 mM Na2EDTA, at a pH of about 8. In a preferred embodiment, the cell suspension is prepared by suspending a known weight of cell paste with a known weight of suspension buffer. Preferably, one part cell paste is resuspended in about 4-10 parts buffer, more preferably with about 6-8 parts buffer. The optical density of the resulting cell suspension is preferably about 50-80 OD600 units. More preferably it is about 60-70 OD600 units. A lysis solution is loaded into a tank (202 in FIG. 2). The lysis solution preferably contains one or more lysis agents, such as an alkali, an acid, an enzyme, an organic solvent, a detergent, a chaotrope, a denaturant, or a mixture of two or more such agents. More preferably, the lysis solution comprises an alkali, a detergent, or a mixture thereof. Suitable alkalis include, but are not limited to, NaOH, LiOH, or KOH. Detergents may be nonionic, cationic, anionic, or zwitterionic. Suitable detergents include, but are not limited to, SDS, Triton®, Tween®, Pluronic®, Brij®, and CHAPS, CHAPSO, bile acid salts, cetyltrimethylammonium, N-lauroylsarcosine, and Zwittergent®. Selection of suitable alkali or detergent will be well within the ordinary skill of the art. In a preferred embodiment, the lysis solution comprises NaOH and SDS. The NaOH concentration is preferably about 0.1 to about 0.3 N, and more preferably about 0.2 N. The SDS concentration is preferably about 0.1% to about 5%, and more preferably about 1%. Cell suspension and lysis solution are retrieved from tanks 201 and 202 (respectively) using a pump (203 in FIG. 2), and brought into contact through a “Y” connector (204 in FIG. 2). In a preferred embodiment, equal volumes of cell suspension and lysis solution are pumped at equal flow rates using a dual head pump, as shown. However, those of skill in the art will recognize that cell suspension and lysis solutions of different volumes may be pumped at different rates, using individual pumps, if so desired. Such variations are well within the scope of the current invention. In a preferred embodiment, cell suspension and lysis solution are simultaneously pumped through a dual head pump at a linear flow rate of about 0.1-1 ft/s, more preferably about 0.2-0.5 ft/s. The contacted fluids preferably exit the “Y” connector at about 0.2-2 ft/s, more preferably about 0.4-1 ft/s. After exiting the “Y” connector, the contacted cell suspension and lysis solution are passed through a high shear, low residence-time mixer (205 in FIG. 2). The mixer may be any device that provides rapid, high shear mixing while minimizing the residence time during which a given portion of the fluids are exposed to high shear. Preferably, the device mixes in a flow through mode (as opposed to a batch mode). In a preferred embodiment, the mixer is a rotor/stator mixer or an emulsifier. Those of skill in the art will recognize that a variety of such high shear, low residence-time mixers are commercially available. Such mixers are generally characterized by their ability to subject fluids to high shear microenvironments for very short periods of time, typically less than or about one second. Use of any such mixers is well within the scope of the present invention. In a preferred embodiment, the mixer is a Silverson L4R rotor/stator mixer fitted with a standard Emulsor screen and an In-line assembly (Silverson Machines, East Longmeadow, Mass.). In this embodiment, the rotor is preferably operated at a speed of 500-900 rpm, more preferably at a speed of 700-800 rpm. Such a mixer is suitable for processing a wide volume of cell suspensions. The L4R model by example can process fluids at flow rates from about 0.1 to about 20 L/min. However, one skilled in the art will recognize that larger scale mixers may be substituted for processing substantially greater volumes of cell suspension. Such substitution will be readily accomplished by one skilled in the art with no more than ordinary experimentation. An advantage of using a high shear, low residence-time mixer, as provided herein, is that high shear is applied virtually instantaneously on two or more fluids, which provides superior mixing with a very short residence-time. Preferably, the residence-time will be less than or about one second. More preferably, the resident-time will be less than or about 100 ms. This short residence-time ensures that extracted cellular components are not deteriorated by excessive exposure to high shear conditions. A further advantage is that the mixers provided herein can readily accommodate different fluid flow rates, and provide the flexibility of adjustable speed mixing rotors. Such mixers are thus more flexible and useful than other in-line mixers such as static mixers. It is a novel finding of the present invention that the use of such high shear mixers is not detrimental when performing lysis procedures that were previously considered shear sensitive, such as when lysing plasmid-containing cells with alkali and detergent. Material exiting the high shear, low residence-time mixer next passes through a holding coil (206 in FIG. 2). This coil comprises a length of tubing sufficient to provide that the fluid passes through the coil for a determined time. The function of the coil is to provide sufficient and consistent contact time between the cells and the lysis agent(s) to ensure substantially complete lysis. At the same time, the coil ensures that contact time is not so long as to have negative consequences. In a preferred embodiment, where the cells are plasmid-containing cells and the lysis solution comprises an alkali, it is desirable to ensure that exposure to alkali lasts long enough to achieve substantially complete cell lysis as well as substantially complete denaturation of proteins, genomic DNA, and other cellular components. However, it is also desirable that exposure to alkali not be so prolonged as to result in substantial amounts of permanently denatured plasmid. The holding coil provided in the present apparatus allows this contact time to be controlled. Preferably this contact time is about 2 to about 10 minutes, more preferably about 4 to about 6 minutes. The desired contact time may be provided by a suitable combination of coil length, coil inner diameter (ID), and linear flow rate. Selecting a suitable combination of these parameters will be well within the ability of one skilled in the art. In a preferred embodiment, the length and diameter of the holding coil are such that the desired exposure time is achieved when lysed cells are flowed through at the desired rate. Preferably, the holding coil is about 50 feet in length, with an inner diameter of about 0.625 inches. In this embodiment, the lysed cells preferably exit the high shear, low residence-time mixer and pass through the holding coil at about 0.17 ft/s, providing a contact time of about 5 minutes. Lysed cells exiting the holding coil enter a bubble mixer (207 in FIG. 2). Simultaneously, a pump (209 in FIG. 2) delivers a neutralization/precipitation solution from a tank (208 in FIG. 2) into the bubble mixer. Also simultaneously, compressed gas from a tank (210 in FIG. 2) is sparged into the bottom of the bubble mixer. As the lysed cell solution enters the bubble column mixer, at least one additional solution is added. This may be a neutralization solution, a precipitation solution, or a combination thereof, that is the neutralization/precipitation solution. The determining factor of a solution to selectively precipitation unwanted or wanted cellular components is based upon total ionic concentration, and the ion or ions selected. Typically acetate salts are used for this purpose. The type of salt and concentration will also have an effect on the final pH of the resulting mixture. The pH of the solution may further be controlled through the addition of an acid, such as acetic acid. This acid may be added to the neutralizing solution or be directly added as an additional port on the bubble column mixer into the process stream to achieve independent control of neutralization and precipitation. In some cases it is advantageous to neutralize the mixture first, and precipitate at a later step, if further additions are desired, such as compaction agents. Under certain circumstances, it is advantageous to determine through calculation and experimental procedure a single solution (neutralization/precipitation solution) with the appropriate ions, ion strength, and final pH that can accomplish both the functions of neutralization of the lysed cell solution, as well as selectively precipitate certain cellular components. FIG. 3 shows a detailed diagram of a preferred embodiment of the bubble mixer. As shown, lysed cells enter the mixer at the bottom from one side (301 in FIG. 3), while neutralization/precipitation solution enters at the bottom from the opposite side (302 in FIG. 3). Compressed gas (306 in FIG. 3) is sparged in through a sintered sparger positioned approximately at the point where the fluid streams meet (303 in FIG. 3). Lysed cells and neutralization solution flow vertically up a column and exit through an outlet port on the side near the top (304 in FIG. 3). The passage of the gas bubbles through the vertical column of liquid serves to mix the lysed cells with the neutralization/precipitation solution. An advantage of the present invention is that the mixing provided by the rising gas bubbles is thorough but sufficiently gentle to avoid excessive fragmentation of sensitive components such as genomic DNA or endotoxins. As the neutralization/precipitation solution mixes with the cell lysate, cellular components become precipitated. A further advantage of the present invention is that some of the gas bubbles become trapped in the resulting precipitate, facilitating its later separation from the fluid fraction. A snorkel is provided at the top of the bubble mixer to vent excess gas (305 in FIG. 3). In the embodiment used in the examples provided, the bubble mixer has the following dimensions: the lower inlet ports are 0.625 inch in in ternal diameter (“ID”); the sintered sparger is 1 inch tall with a diameter of 0.5 inch; the actual column area where mixing occurs is 1.375 inches ID and 24 inches tall; the outlet port is 1.375 inches ID; and the snorkel provided for excess gas and any foam is 12 inches tall with a 1.375 inch ID. However, one skilled in the art will recognize that larger or smaller scale mixers or alternate dimensions or geometries may be substituted for processing different volumes of solutions or solutions with differing properties such as, but not limited to, viscosity, density, and others. One skilled in the art will also recognize that various means for introducing gas bubbles may be used. As a non-limiting example, in place of a sintered sparger, the gas may be introduced through a plurality of small holes engineered into the walls, sides, or bottom of the mixer. Such substitutions will be readily accomplished by one skilled in the art, and are within the scope of the present invention. It will be readily apparent to one skilled in the art that the bubble mixer provided in the present invention is beneficial for mixing any fluid of interest with one or more additional fluids. Examples of fluids of interest include, but are not limited to, cell suspensions, cell lysates, and fluids containing cellular components of interest. Examples of additional fluids include, but are not limited to, buffer solutions, salt solutions, lysis solutions, neutralization solutions, precipitation solutions, neutralization/precipitation solutions, and so on. Any number of fluids can be mixed, simply by providing an appropriate number of inlet ports. Thus, while two inlet ports are a preferred embodiment, one skilled in the art may readily provide a bubble mixer comprising three or more inlet ports, permitting mixing of three or more fluids. Such modifications are clearly encompassed within the current invention. Furthermore, one skilled in the art will recognize that the precise geometry and design of the bubble mixer provided herein may be readily altered. Again, such alterations are within the scope of the current invention. The bubble mixer provided herein is particularly beneficial in mixing a cell lysate and a neutralizing/precipitating solution without excessively shearing sensitive components. In a preferred embodiment, the cell lysate comprises plasmid-containing cells lysed with an alkali, a detergent, or a mixture thereof, and the neutralizing/precipitating solution neutralizes the alkali and precipitates cellular components such as proteins, membranes, endotoxins, and genomic DNA. Preferably, the alkali is NaOH, the detergent is SDS, and the neutralization/precipitation solution comprises potassium acetate, ammonium acetate, acetic acid, or a combination thereof. More preferably, the neutralization/precipitation solution comprises an unbuffered solution containing about 1 M potassium acetate and about 7 M ammonium acetate. In contrast to the traditional neutralization/precipitation solution comprising about 3 M potassium acetate at a pH of about 5, this preferred neutralization/precipitation solution offers at least two advantages. First, after mixing with an alkaline lysate, the pH of the resulting crude lysate is about 8. This is preferable to the acidic pH provided by the traditional neutralization/precipitation solution, since it is well known that prolonged incubation of plasmids and other DNAs in acidic conditions can lead to depurination. A second advantage is that the high concentration of ammonium acetate provided in the preferred neutralization/precipitation solution helps to precipitate excess RNA from the crude lysate solution, which aids in obtaining a substantially purified plasmid product. This RNA precipitation is enhanced at lower temperatures. Hence, in a preferred embodiment, the neutralization/precipitation solution is provided in a chilled form at about 2-8° C. A particular advantage of the bubble mixer and the associated mixing methods disclosed herein is that alkaline lysates of plasmid-containing cells may be mixed with neutralization/precipitation solutions in a manner which avoids excessive release of genomic DNA and endotoxins into the plasmid-containing solution. A further advantage is that as the bubbles mix the fluids, a portion of the bubbles become substantially trapped in the precipitated material. These entrapped gas bubbles aid in floating the precipitated material, facilitating its later separation from the clarified lysate, as provided in detail below. One skilled in the art will be able to determine suitable rates for flowing solutions through the bubble mixer using no more than ordinary experimentation. Preferably, lysed cells and neutralization/precipitation solution are flowed into the bubble mixer at equal rates of about 0.1-1 ft/s each, more preferably at about 0.2-0.5 ft/s each. One skilled in the art will be able to readily determine suitable rates for flowing gas through the bubble mixer. Preferably, gas flow rates are at least about 1 standard liter per minute (slpm), more preferably at least about 2 slpm. Any suitable gas may be used, including, but not limited to, air, nitrogen, argon, carbon dioxide, and so on. Preferably the gas is filtered compressed air. However, in certain applications, it may be preferable to use an inert gas such as nitrogen or argon, especially if any of the solutions or any components of the solutions are determined to be oxygen sensitive. Use of such inert gases is within the scope of the current invention. With reference to FIG. 2, the slurry of fluid cell lysate and precipitated cellular components exits the bubble mixer and is collected in a settling tank (211 in FIG. 2). The slurry may be held in the settling tank for a time sufficient to achieve substantially complete separation of the precipitated cellular components from the fluid cell lysate. Preferably, the precipitated components float, aided by the entrapped gas bubbles introduced by the bubble mixer. In a preferred embodiment, a vacuum may be applied to the settling tank. This procedure partially compacts the floating flocculent precipitate, aiding its subsequent separation and also allowing a greater percentage of clarified cell lysate to be recovered in later steps. As a further advantage, application of a vacuum at this step aids in degassing the lysate, which is desirable prior to subsequent purification steps. Preferably, the applied vacuum is at least about 15 inches of Hg, more preferably at least about 20 inches of Hg, most preferably at least about 25 inches of Hg. In a preferred embodiment, the slurry is held in the settling tank for about 6 to about 24 hours, more preferably for about 12-18 hours. Preferably, the vacuum is maintained throughout this holding period. Preferably, the slurry is also chilled to less than about 15° C. during the holding period, more preferably to about 2-8° C., to aid in precipitating RNA or other impurities. In one embodiment, the crude cell lysate may be gently mixed during the holding period, such as by an impeller mixer operated at a low rpm, sufficient to provide uniform mixing and cooling of the fluid without disturbing the flocculent precipitate. Selecting suitable equipment and operating parameters to achieve these desired mixing conditions will be well within the abilities of one skilled in the art. A variety of modifications may be made to the apparatus described in FIG. 2, without departing from the spirit of the present invention. For example, the tanks shown in FIG. 2 may be any type of container suitable for holding the indicated materials. Examples of suitable containers include, but are not limited to, disposable or reusable plastic bags as well as rigid vessels made of plastic, stainless steel, or other suitable material. Similarly, although it is convenient and preferable to transport fluids using pumps, as shown, other methods may also be used, including but not limited to flowing by gravity, pressure, vacuum, or any other means. In addition, although a “Y” connector is preferred for contacting the cell suspension and the lysis solution, any method that delivers the cell suspension and the lysis solution to the high shear, low-residence time mixing device in the appropriate proportions may be used. As an example, and without limiting the scope of the present invention, the cell suspension and the lysis solution may be separately fed into the high shear, low-residence time mixing device through independent intake ports. Furthermore, although it is preferable to use a compressed gas tank to introduce gas bubbles into the bubble mixer, any method that provides gas flow adequate to achieve the desired mixing may be used. All such modifications to the described apparatus are within the scope of the present invention. FIG. 4 provides a schematic diagram of solid/liquid separation. The settling tank shown as tank 211 in FIG. 2 is relabled in FIG. 4 as tank 401, and contains the crude cell lysate solution, with the floating precipitated cellular components. If used, vacuum is applied using a vacuum pump (402 in FIG. 4), as described above. Prior to beginning solid/liquid separation, any vacuum applied to the tank is carefully released. Fluid cell lysate is then collected from the tank using a pump (403 in FIG. 4). At this point, the fluid comprises a clarified lysate that is substantially free of cellular debris and macroparticulate solid matter. It is an advantage of the present invention that the clarified lysate is separated from the precipitated cellular components without resorting to centrifugation or macroparticulate filtration techniques. Such techniques require expensive equipment, and are often impractical and difficult to scale up. Furthermore, subjecting the precipitated cellular components to centrifugation or macrofiltration may lead to excessive release of genomic DNA, endotoxins, or other components into the clarified lysate. These can be difficult to subsequently separate from cellular components of interest in the clarified lysate, particularly in the preferred case where the cellular components of interest are plasmids. The present invention avoids these undesirable events. Thus the present invention provides for advantageously separating a clarified cell lysate from precipitated cellular components. One skilled in the art will recognize that various purification techniques may be applied to either the clarified lysate or the precipitated cellular components provided by the above methods. Such purification techniques may be used to provide a substantially pure preparation of a cellular component of interest. The cellular component of interest may be purified from the precipitated cellular components provided above, or from the clarified lysate. Preferably, the cellular component of interest is purified from the clarified lysate. Preferably, the cellular component of interest is a plasmid that is present in the clarified lysate. In this preferred embodiment, any of a variety of purification procedures may be applied, either individually or in combination, to provide substantially purified plasmids. Such purification procedures include, but are not limited to, ion exchange, hydrophobic interaction, size exclusion, reverse phase purification, endotoxin depletion, affinity purification, adsorption to silica, glass, or polymeric materials, expanded bed chromatography, mixed mode chromatography, displacement chromatography, hydroxyapatite purification, selective precipitation, aqueous two-phase purification, DNA condensation, thiophilic purification, ion-pair purification, metal chelate purification, filtration through nitrocellulose, and ultrafiltration. One skilled in the art will be able to apply any known purification technique to a clarified lysate prepared according to the present invention, with no more than ordinary experimentation. In the preferred embodiment wherein the cellular components of interest are present in the clarified lysate, it is advantageous to pass the clarified lysate through one or more microparticulate filters and collect it in a holding tank (406 in FIG. 4). Preferably, clarified lysate is retrieved from tank 401 and subjected to microparticulate filtration as a continuous operation. Alternately, clarified lysate may be retrieved from tank 401 and collected in an intermediate vessel. Microparticulate filtration may then be performed as an independent operation. Preferably, the settling tank 401 is fitted with a sight glass, allowing an operator to observe the position of the liquid level and the precipitated cellular components. Pumping of material from the tank is monitored visually, and halted before the precipitated cellular components enter the line. This prevents clogging of the subsequent microparticulate filters. Preferably, about one to about three microparticulate filters may be used in succession, with the first filter removing larger particles, and subsequent filters removing successively smaller particles. As shown in FIG. 4, two filters in series are preferred. In a preferred embodiment, the first filter (404 in FIG. 4) is a pre-filter with a particle size limit of about 5 to about 10 μm, more preferably about 10 μm. The second filter (405 in FIG. 4) is preferably a membrane filter with a cut-off of about 0.2 μm. However, one skilled in the art will recognize that details such as the number of filters used, as well as their particle size limits, may be readily varied. Furthermore, one skilled in the art will be able to determine situations where no filtration is required, in which case the filter units shown in FIG. 4 may be omitted. Any combination of filters, including no filters at all, is contemplated to be within the scope of the present invention. As before, various modifications may be made to the apparatus depicted in FIG. 4. Such modifications include, but are not limited to, alternate means for transporting fluids, alternate means for applying a vacuum, and alternate containers for holding the described materials. All such modifications are within the abilities of one skilled in the art, and are within the scope of the present invention. FIG. 5 depicts a flowchart of the product purification process, beginning with clarified or filtered lysate and ending with bulk purified product. Advantageously, the process is based entirely on membrane separation steps, and avoids any column chromatography. As a result, the process has high capacity, high fluid flow rates, is inexpensive, scalable, and can be performed easily and rapidly. The product to be purified may be any cellular component of interest. Preferably, it is a macromolecule such as a protein or a plasmid. More preferably it is a plasmid. The lysate used as a starting material for the purification process may be produced by any suitable means. Preferably, the lysate is prepared according to the methods and apparatus provided in the present invention. However, one skilled in the art will be aware of many other methods to produce cell lysates, and will be able to apply the present purification process to such lysates using no more than ordinary experimentation. In the first purification step, the lysate is applied to an ion exchange membrane. The cellular component of interest may bind to the membrane, while impurities flow through or are washed off of the membrane to separate them from the product of interest. Alternatively, the product may flow through the membrane, while impurities are retained. In a preferred embodiment, the product binds to the membrane. In such a case, it is preferable to ensure that the ionic strength of the lysate is low enough to provide substantially complete binding of the cellular component of interest to the ion exchange membrane. If necessary, this can be accomplished by diluting a high ionic strength lysate with a sufficient quantity of water or other low ionic strength solution. After washing to remove weakly bound impurities, the product is eluted from the membrane. Preferably, the elution is accomplished by flowing a salt solution through the membrane. The salt solution has a strength, concentration, or conductivity sufficient to overcome the binding of the product to the membrane. The product is thus recovered in the eluate. In the second purification step, the partially purified product recovered from the ion exchange membrane is optionally subjected to a hydrophobic interaction membrane. The product may bind to the membrane, while impurities flow through or are washed off, or the product may flow through while impurities bind. In a preferred embodiment, the product flows through. The eluate from the ion exchange membrane may be conditioned prior to flowing onto the hydrophobic interaction membrane. Typically, such conditioning involves adding a desired amount of a desired salt. Ammonium sulfate is preferred, in an amount suitable to provide binding of the product or the impurities, as desired. This step may be omitted from the process for certain applications. Purified product recovered from the hydrophobic interaction membrane is then subjected to ultrafiltration/diafiltration to concentrate the product, remove excess salts, and if desired, change the composition of the diluent. Methods for performing ultrafiltration/diafiltration are well known to those of skill in the art, and have been employed for biologically active molecules such as proteins and plasmids for many years. Tangential flow filtration is preferred, but batch methods are also known. Any such method that meets the practitioner's need may be employed. Concentrated desalted product recovered in the retentate from the ultrafiltration/diafiltration is optionally subjected to sterile filtration, if a sterile product is desired. Methods for sterile filtration are well known to those of skill in the art, and any such method may be selected. The resulting material comprises a substantially purified cellular component of interest. The product may be used for a variety of purposes, including, but not limited to, pharmaceutical, veterinary, or agricultural applications. One skilled in the art will recognize that the purification process provided herein may be applied to a wide variety of cellular components of interest, while still retaining the described benefits. Details of the process, including the preferred nature of the membranes used, and the preferred conditions for using them, will depend on the nature of the product of interest. Preferably, the product is a plasmid, and the lysate is prepared from plasmid-containing cells. More preferably, the plasmid-containing cells are lysed with alkali, detergent, or a combination thereof, and the alkaline lysate is subsequently neutralized and precipitated with potassium acetate, ammonium acetate, acetic acid, or a combination thereof. Most preferably, the lysate is prepared by the methods and apparatus provided in the present invention. Although any ion exchange membrane may be suitable, preferably it is an anion exchange membrane. More preferably, it is a strong anion exchange membrane, comprising quaternary amine groups. Examples of such membranes include, but may not be limited to the Mustang™ Q (Pall Corp., East Hills, N.Y.), Sartobind® Q (Sartorius, Goettingen, Germany), and Intercept™ Q (Millipore, Billerica, Mass.). Similarly, the hydrophobic interaction membrane may be any such membrane that binds either cellular components of interest or impurities based primarily on hydrophobic interactions. The following discussion provides a detailed description of the preferred embodiments when purifying a plasmid from a lysate prepared by the methods and apparatus provided herein. This description is in no way intended to limit the scope of the present invention, as one skilled in the art will be able to adjust the described purification process to accommodate any suitable cellular component of interest, using no more than ordinary experimentation. Such adjustments may include, but are not limited to, selecting different membranes; selecting different solution conditions for conditioning, loading, washing, or eluting membranes; selecting different flow rates; etc. Details of such selections will be primarily dictated by the nature and properties of the cellular component of interest. All such embodiments are intended to be encompassed by the present invention. Preferably, where plasmid-containing cells are lysed according to the methods and apparatus provided herein, the ion exchange membrane purification step comprises purification using a Pall Mustang™ Q cartridge. Preferably, the clarified, filtered lysate is adjusted to a conductivity of less than about 85 mS/cm by dilution with a suitable amount of purified water. More preferably, the conductivity is adjusted to about 80-85 mS/cm. Preferably, an amount of purified water equal to about 1.5-times the lysate volume is used for dilution. The Mustang™ Q cartridge is conditioned by flowing a suitable Q equilibration/wash solution through it. Preferably, the Q equilibration/wash solution comprises about 0.67 M NaCl. All solutions may also include a buffering agent, a chelating agent, or a combination thereof. Preferably, these solutions contain about 10 mM Tris and about 1 mM Na2EDTA, with a pH of about 8. Preferably, Q equilibration/wash solution is pumped through the cartridge at about 180-350 bed volumes per hour (BV/hr). Diluted lysate is then pumped onto the cartridge, preferably at less than about 1,200 BV/hr, more preferably at about 450-700 BV/hr. The loaded cartridge is then washed with Q equilibration/wash buffer, preferably at a flow rate of about 180-350 BV/hr. Washing is preferably continued until the absorbance at 260 nm (A260) of the effluent returns to approximately baseline. Plasmid is eluted with a solution that preferably comprises about 1 M NaCl, about 10 mM Tris, about 1 mM Na2EDTA, and about pH 8. Elution is preferably performed at a flow rate of 140-350 BV/hr, more preferably at 160-210 BV/hr. Preferably, elution is continued until the A260 of the eluate returns to about baseline. Alternately, an empirically determined elution volume may be applied. The eluate is collected for subsequent purification using hydrophobic interaction. Optionally, when purifying plasmid according to the present invention, the eluate from the Pall Mustang™ Q cartridge is next subjected to further purification using a hydrophobic interaction membrane. Preferably, the membrane is any of a class of “hydrophilic” cartridges (HIC). The cartridge is preferably conditioned by flowing a HIC equilibration/wash solution comprising concentrated ammonium sulfate through it. Preferably, the HIC equilibration/wash solution comprises about 2.4 M ammonium sulfate, about 10 mM Tris, about 1 mM Na2EDTA, and about pH 8. Preferably, the conductivity of the HIC equilibration/wash solution is about 240-260 mS/cm, more preferably about 245-255 mS/cm. The eluate from the ion exchange membrane is preferably conditioned by diluting it with about 2 volumes of a solution comprising about 4.1 M ammonium sulfate. The conductivity of the resulting diluted eluate is preferably about 240-260 mS/cm, more preferably about 245-255 mS/cm. The diluted eluate is flowed through the conditioned HIC cartridge, preferably at a flow rate of about 100-200 BV/hr. The flow-through is collected for subsequent ultrafiltration/diafiltration. Optionally, the HIC cartridge may be washed with water, and the wash solution recovered to analyze the impurities removed from the product. Purified product recovered from the hydrophobic interaction membrane is concentrated and desalted by ultrafiltration/diafiltration. It will be well within the ability of one skilled in the art to perform ultrafiltration/diafiltration using known methods. Ultrafiltration/diafiltration membranes may be selected based on nominal molecular weight cut-off (“NMWCO”) so as to retain the product of interest in the retentate, while allowing low molecular weight materials such as salts to pass into the filtrate. One skilled in the art will be able to select such membranes based on the size and nature of the product of interest, coupled with no more than ordinary experimentation. In a preferred embodiment, where the product is a plasmid about 1-8 kb in size, ultrafiltration/diafiltration is performed using a Pall Centramate™ unit, and the membranes used are Pall Omega™ suspended screen membrane cassettes with a NMWCO of 100 kD. Preferably, the plasmid is concentrated to at least about 2.5 mg/mL. Any buffering solution or sterile water may be used during the final buffer exchange step, and will affect the final pH and conductivity of the product. Concentrated, desalted product may, if desired, be further subjected to sterile filtration. Various methods for performing such an operation are well known, and will be within the capability of those skilled in the art. Where the product is a plasmid, sterile filtration may preferably be performed using a Pall AcroPak™ 200 filter with a 0.22 μm cut-off. The resulting purified, concentrated, desalted, sterile-filtered plasmid is substantially free of impurities such as protein, genomic DNA, RNA, and endotoxin. Residual protein, as determined by bicinchoninic acid assay (Pierce Biotechnology, Rockford, Ill.) will preferably be less than about 1% (by weight), and more preferably less than or equal to about 0.1%. Residual endotoxin, as determined by limulus amebocyte lysate (“LAL”) assay, will preferably be less than about 100 endotoxin units per milligram of plasmid (EU/mg). More preferably, endotoxin will be less than about 50 EU/mg, most preferably less than about 20 EU/mg. Residual RNA is preferably less than or about 5% by weight, more preferably less than or about 1% (by agarose gel electrophoresis or hydrophobic interaction HPLC). Residual genomic DNA is preferably less than about 5% by weight, more preferably less than about 1% (by agarose gel electrophoresis or slot blot). In one embodiment, the present invention comprises all of the methods and apparatus described herein, as outlined in FIG. 1. One skilled in the art will recognize that the present invention may be modified by adding, subtracting, or substituting selected steps or methods. All such modifications are contemplated to be part of the present invention. Thus, in one embodiment, the present invention provides for methods of lysing cells by mixing a cell suspension with a lysis solution using a high shear, low residence-time mixing device. In another embodiment, the invention provides for methods of mixing a cell suspension, a cell lysate, or a fluid containing cellular components of interest with one or more additional fluids using a bubble mixer. In a further embodiment, the invention provides for mixing a cell lysate with a precipitating solution using a bubble mixer, while simultaneously entrapping gas bubbles in the precipitated cellular components. In yet another embodiment, the present invention provides for a device comprising a bubble mixer that may be used to practice the above methods. Still further, the present invention provides for methods of lysing cells, comprising a combination of mixing a cell suspension with a lysis solution using a high shear, low residence-time mixer, followed by mixing the lysed cells with a precipitating solution using a bubble mixer. In another embodiment, the invention provides for a method to separate precipitated cellular components from a fluid lysate, comprising entrapping gas bubbles in the precipitated cellular components using a bubble mixer, collecting the materials in a tank, allowing the precipitated cellular components to form a floating layer, optionally applying a vacuum to compact the precipitated components and degas the lysate, and recovering the fluid lysate by draining or pumping it out from underneath the precipitated components. In yet another embodiment, the present invention provides a method for purifying cellular components of interest from a cell lysate, comprising subjecting the lysate to an ion exchange membrane, optionally a hydrophobic interaction membrane, an ultrafiltration/diafiltration procedure, and optionally, a sterile filtration procedure. Each of the current embodiments, as well as any combination of one or more embodiments, is further encompassed by the present invention. The innovative teachings of the present invention are described with particular reference to the steps disclosed herein with respect to the production of plasmids. However, it should be understood and appreciated by those skilled in the art that the use of these steps and processes with respect to the production of plasmids provides only one example of the many advantageous uses and innovative teachings herein. Various non-substantive alterations, modifications and substitutions can be made to the disclosed process without departing in any way from the spirit and scope of the invention. The following examples are provided to illustrate the methods and devices disclosed herein, and should in no way be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention. EXAMPLE 1 E. coli cells containing plasmid pAV0124 were fermented to high density and recovered by centrifugation. Approximately 4.0 kg (wet weight) of cell paste was suspended in a resuspension buffer comprising 25 mM Tris, 10 mM Na2EDTA, pH 8, to a final volume of approximately 28 L. The resulting cell suspension had an OD600 of 65.8. This cell suspension was pumped at 300 mL/min into one side of a “Y” connector. Simultaneously, lysis solution comprising 0.2 N NaOH and 1% SDS was pumped at 300 mL/min into the other side of the “Y” connector. The combined fluids exiting the “Y” connector were immediately passed through a Silverson Model L4R rotor/stator mixer fitted with a standard Emulsor Screen and an In-line assembly. The mixer was operated at a rotor speed of 765 rpm. The fluid exiting the rotor/stator mixer was passed through a 50-foot, 0.625 inch ID holding coil. At a total flow rate of approximately 600 mL/min, transit time through the holding coil was approximately 5 minutes, which allowed for complete cell lysis. Cell lysate exiting the holding coil entered a bubble mixer as shown in FIG. 3. Simultaneously, cold (approximately 4° C.) neutralization/precipitation solution comprising 1 M potassium acetate and 7 M ammonium acetate was independently pumped into the bubble mixer at 600 mL/min. The lysate and neutralization/precipitation solutions were flowed vertically up the mixing column and through the outlet near the top. While the solutions passed through the mixing column, compressed air was introduced into the bottom of the column at a rate of approximately 2 slpm through a sintered sparger designed to provide a constant stream of fine bubbles. Untrapped air was vented through the top of the column. As the cell lysate and neutralization/precipitation solutions passed through the column, they were continuously mixed by the turbulence of the rising bubbles. This was evidenced by the formation of a white, flocculent precipitate comprising potassium SDS, denatured cellular proteins, bound lipids and cell wall components, and associated genomic DNA. The neutralized precipitated lysate exiting the bubble mixer was collected in a settling container. This process was operated in a continuous mode until the entire cell suspension had been lysed, neutralized and precipitated, and collected in the settling tank. Total solution volumes included 28 L of cell suspension, a 5 L wash of the resuspension tank with resuspension buffer, 33 L of lysis solution, and 56 L of neutralization/precipitation solution, for a total volume of approximately 122 L. After collection, the material in the settling tank was observed through a sight glass in the side of the settling tank. The flocculent precipitate could be seen rising to the surface of the liquid, aided by clearly visible air bubbles that were entrapped in the solids. A vacuum of approximately 28 in. (Hg) was applied to the settling tank, leading to some compaction of the floating precipitate and degassing of the fluid lysate. The material was held under vacuum in the settling tank at room temperature for approximately 17 hours. The vacuum was then slowly vented to avoid disrupting the compacted precipitate. The plasmid-containing clarified lysate was carefully pumped from the tank through a sanitary fitting at the bottom. The liquid and precipitate levels in the tank were visually monitored through the sight glass, and pumping was halted in time to ensure that the precipitate did not exit the tank. Approximately 106 L of clarified lysate was recovered. This was subjected to 5 μm filtration, followed by 0.2/m final filtration. A portion of the lysate was lost during filtration, due to clogging of the filters. As a result, approximately 80 L of filtered lysate was obtained. A small sample of this material was taken for plasmid concentration analysis, and the remainder of the filtered lysate was then diluted with approximately 140 L of purified water, in preparation for further purification. Plasmid concentration in the filtered lysate (prior to dilution) was estimated by anion exchange HPLC to be approximately 41 μg/mL, corresponding to approximately 3300 mg of total plasmid. EXAMPLE 2 The filtered, diluted lysate from Example 1 was further purified by anion exchange. A 260 mL bed volume Pall Mustang™ Q cartridge was equilibrated with 4 L of Q equilibration/wash solution, comprising 10 mM Tris, 1 mM Na2EDTA, 0.67 M NaCl, pH 8. 220 L of material prepared in Example 1 was pumped onto the Q cartridge at a flow rate of approximately 2-3 L/min. After loading, the cartridge was washed with equilibration buffer at approximately 1 L/min until the A260 of the effluent approached baseline. Plasmid was eluted from the cartridge with Q elution buffer, comprising 10 mM Tris, 1 mM Na2EDTA, 1 M NaCl, pH 8, pumped at 800 mL/min. Absorbance of the cartridge effluent at 260 nm was monitored and recorded using a strip-chart recorder. Elution was terminated when the A260 returned to baseline. Total eluate volume was approximately 7.0 L and contained a total of approximately 3900 mg of DNA based on A260 (assuming a 1 mg/mL solution of DNA has an A260 of 1.0 in a 1 cm path length cell). The Q eluate was further purified by hydrophobic interaction. The conductivity of the eluate was brought to approximately 250 mS/cm by adding 13.9 L of 4.1 M ammonium sulfate. A 60 mL bed volume HIC cartridge was equilibrated with approximately 1.3 L of 2.4 M ammonium sulfate, pumped at 400 mL/min. The conditioned Q eluate was then pumped through the HIC cartridge at approximately 200 mL/min. The flow-through contained approximately 3800 mg of DNA by A260. A portion of the HIC flow-through material, corresponding to approximately 2700 mg of DNA, was concentrated and desalted by ultrafiltration/diafiltration (“UF/DF”), using a Pall Centramate™ cassette holder fitted with four Pall Omega™ suspended screen membrane cassettes, with an area of 1 ft2 per cassette and a nominal molecular weight cut-off of 100 kD. 826 mL of bulk retentate was recovered, with a DNA concentration of 2.6 mg/mL (by A260). The UF/DF apparatus was washed once with water for injection (“WFI”), yielding 291 mL at a concentration of 1.6 mg/mL. Combined DNA recovery after UF/DF was approximately 2600 mg. A portion of the UF/DF material, corresponding to approximately 2300 mg of DNA, was subjected to sterile filtration bypassing through a Pall AcroPak™ 200, 0.22 μm filter. A total of 893 mL of final product was recovered, at a DNA concentration of 2.5 mg/mL, corresponding to a total of 2200 mg. The final product was subjected to a battery of tests for purity and quality. Residual protein levels were ≦0.1% by bicinchoninic acid (“BCA”) assay. Residual RNA was ≦0.3% by hydrophobic interaction HPLC. Residual genomic DNA was approximately 0.2% by agarose gel electrophoresis. Endotoxin levels were 5 EU/mg by limulus amebocyte lysate. These values compare favorably with those provided by previously disclosed methods, and indicate that plasmids prepared by the methods disclosed herein are suitable for a variety of uses, including, but not limited to, human or veterinary gene therapy, non-viral plasmid-mediated therapy, and DNA vaccine applications. EXAMPLE 3 E. coli cells containing plasmid pAV0124 were fermented to high density and recovered by centrifugation. Approximately 3.8 kg (wet weight) of cell paste was suspended in 31.6 L of resuspension buffer, to an OD600 of 79.4. Lysis, neutralization/precipitation, and collection in the settling tank were performed as in Example 1. Flow rates were 300 mL/min for cell suspension and lysis solution, and 600 mL/min for neutralization/precipitation solution. The Silverson L4R, fitted as before, was operated at a rotor speed of 747 rpm. Transit time through the holding coil between lysis and neutralization/precipitation was approximately 5 minutes. Compressed air was sparged through the bubble mixer at 2 slpm. Total fluid volumes included 26.6 L of cell suspension, 5 L of resuspension tank wash with resuspension buffer, 31.6 L of lysis solution, and 53.2 L of neutralization/precipitation solution, for a nominal total of 116.4 L. Once all of the material was collected in the settling tank, a vacuum of 26 in. Hg was applied, and the tank was chilled and held for approximately 18.3 hours at 2-8° C. Crude lysate was recovered and filtered as before, yielding 85 L of clarified lysate. A small sample of the filtered lysate was taken for plasmid concentration analysis (see below), and the remainder was diluted with 135 L of purified water, yielding a total of 220 L of cleared, filtered, diluted lysate. HPLC analysis indicated the plasmid concentration in the undiluted filtered lysate was approximately 37 μg/mL, corresponding to approximately 3100 mg of total plasmid. For comparison, a small sample of the same cell paste was lysed at bench scale, using the same resuspension, lysis, and neutralization/precipitation solutions in proportions comparable to the large scale lysis. Gentle hand mixing was used at all steps. The plasmid concentration in the hand mixed lysate was estimated to be 42 μg/mL, comparable to the concentration in the large scale lysate. This demonstrates that the large scale lysis procedure is effective in releasing plasmid from the cells. Furthermore, the comparability of these results with those obtained in Example 1 demonstrates the reproducibility and robustness of the disclosed inventions. EXAMPLE 4 The clarified, filtered, diluted lysate from Example 3 was further purified by Pall Mustang™ Q anion exchange membrane chromatography. After sanitization and regeneration, a 260 mL bed volume cartridge was equilibrated with 4 L of Q equilibration/wash solution, as in Example 2. 220 L of material prepared in Example 3 was pumped onto the Q cartridge at a flow rate of 2 L/min. The cartridge was washed with 4 L of Q equilibration/wash solution at 1.2 L/min. Plasmid was then eluted from the cartridge with Q elution solution, pumped at 600 mL/min. Eluate absorbance at 260 nm was monitored and recorded using a strip-chart recorder, and elution was terminated when A260 returned to baseline. Total eluate volume was 4.0 L, with a DNA concentration of 0.89 mg/mL (by A260). Total DNA recovered was approximately 3600 mg. The Q eluate was concentrated and desalted by ultrafiltration/diafiltration, using a Pall Centramate™ cassette holder fitted with four Pall Omega™ suspended screen membrane cassettes, with an area of 1 ft2 per cassette and a nominal molecular weight cut-off of 100 kD. 679.3 mL of bulk retentate was recovered, with a DNA concentration of 4.1 mg/mL (by A260). The UF/DF rig was washed twice with WFI. Wash 1 yielded 187.8 mL with a concentration of 1.7 mg/mL. Wash 2 yielded 257.7 mL with a concentration of 0.55 mg/mL. Bulk retentate was combined with all of washes 1 and 2, plus an additional 179.9 mL of WFI. This resulted in 1275.5 mL of final product at a concentration of 2.5 mg/mL, for a final recovery of 3200 mg of plasmid. Purity analysis of the final product indicated that residual protein was ≦0.1%, and residual genomic DNA was approximately 0.1%, comparable to what was observed in Example 2. RNA and endotoxin levels were higher than in the previous example, at 6% and 142 EU/mg, respectively. These results demonstrate that the HIC step may be omitted if higher levels of RNA and endotoxin impurities are acceptable. They further demonstrate that the HIC step is particularly effective in removing residual RNA and endotoxin for critical applications. EXAMPLE 5 Samples from the above listed examples were subjected to analysis by agarose gel electrophoresis to further confirm the quality of the product and relative quantity of impurities. The agarose gel was significantly overloaded with plasmid. The gel was designed to detect trace amounts of nucleic acid impurities in the plasmid bulk product. The locations of contaminating genomic DNA and RNA were noted as very faint bands in the final product samples. The percentage of impurities visualized on this gel was consistent with the quantified values provided by other methods. A constant mass gel was also loaded with reasonably consistent amounts of supercoiled plasmid in each lane. The gel compared the current lysis technique to the classic hand lysis method, both in terms of the quantity and quality of product extracted. Further lanes showed the removal of impurities at different steps of the process, as well as an enrichment of the supercoiled form. A sample prepared by vigorous hand lysis showed large amounts of contaminating genomic DNA and RNA. The amount of impurities in the samples containing filtered lysate was comparable to that in the samples containing plasmid prepared by gentle hand lysis. Samples containing plasmid that was further subjected to ion exchange chromatography showed even less impurities, as did the samples containing the bulk drug substance. Both batches verify the consistency of the process. The embodiments provided herein illustrate an apparatus and methods for isolating plasmid DNA from cells. One skilled in the art readily appreciates that this invention is well adapted to carry out the objectives and obtain the ends and advantages mentioned as well as those inherent therein. The entire apparatus, bubble mixer-chamber, methods, procedures, and techniques described herein are presently representative of the preferred embodiments and are intended to be exemplary and are not intended as limitations of the scope. Changes therein and other uses will occur to those skilled in the art which are encompassed within the spirit of the invention or defined by the scope of the claims. REFERENCES CITED The following U.S. Patent documents and publications are incorporated by reference herein. U.S. Patent Documents U.S. Pat. No. 5,438,128 Method for Rapid Purification of Nucleic Acids Using Layered Ion-Exchange Membranes, Nieuwkerk U.S. Pat. No. 5,482,836 DNA Purification by Triplex-Affinity Capture and Affinity Capture Electrophoresis, Cantor U.S. Pat. No. 5,561,064 Production of Pharmaceutical-Grade Plasmid DNA, Marquet U.S. Pat. No. 5,591,841 Rapid Purification of Circular DNA by Triplex-Mediated Affinity Capture, Ji U.S. Pat. No. 5,625,053 Method of Isolating Purified Plasmid DNA Using a Nonionic Detergent Solution, Kresheck U.S. Pat. No. 5,650,506 Modified Glass Fiber Membranes Useful for DNA Purification by Solid Phase Extraction, Woodard U.S. Pat. No. 5,665,554 Magnetic Bead Precipitation Method, Reeve U.S. Pat. No. 5,693,785 Purification of DNA on Hydroxylated Silicas, Woodard U.S. Pat. No. 5,707,812 Purification of Plasmid DNA During Column Chromatography, Horn U.S. Pat. No. 5,808,041 Nucleic Acid Purification Using Silica Gel and Glass Particles, Padhye U.S. Pat. No. 5,837,529 Method for Lysing Cells, Wan U.S. Pat. No. 5,843,731 Method for Purifying Plasmid DNA on Calcium Phosphate Compound, Yamamoto U.S. Pat. No. 5,898,071 DNA Purification and Isolation Using Magnetic Particles, Hawkins U.S. Pat. No. 5,981,735 Method of Plasmid DNA Production and Purification, Thatcher U.S. Pat. No. 5,986,085 Matched Ion Polynucleotide Chromatography (MIPC) Process for Separation of Polynucleotide Fragments, Gjerde U.S. Pat. No. 5,990,301 Process for the Separation and Purification of Nucleic Acids from Biological Sources, Colpan U.S. Pat. No. 6,011,148 Methods for Purifying Nucleic Acids, Bussey U.S. Pat. No. 6,197,553 Method for Large Scale Plasmid Purification, Lee U.S. Pat. No. 6,235,892 Process for the Purification of Nucleic Acids, Demmer U.S. Pat. No. 6,395,516 Vessel for Mixing a Cell Lysate, Nienow U.S. Pat. No. 6,410,274 Plasmid DNA Purification Using Divalent Alkaline Earth Metal Ions and Two Anion Exchangers, Bhikhabhai US 2001/0034435 Process and Equipment for Plasmid Purification, Nochumson US 2002/0198372 Methods for Purifying Nucleic Acids, Bridenbaugh Foreign Patent Documents WO 97/35002 Purification of Pharmaceutical-Grade Plasmid DNA, Wils WO 98/30685 Purification and/or Concentration of DNA by Cross-Flow Filtration, Separation of Endotoxins from a Nucleic Acid Preparation, Kuhne WO 00/05358 Methods for Purifying Nucleic Acids, Bridenbaugh WO 01/94573 Processing of Plasmid-Containing Fluids, Yang WO 04/024283 Apparatus and Method for preparative scale purification of nucleic acids, AU-Yeung, Other References Birnboim and Doly, 1979, Nucleic Acids Res. 7, 1513-1523. Carlson et al., 1995, Biotechnol. Bioeng. 48, 303-315. Levy et al., 2000, Trends Biotechnol. 18, 296-305. Marquet et al., 1995, Biopharm 8, 26-37. Rathore et al., 2003, Biopharm International, March, 30-40. Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd Ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. Varley et al., 1999, Bioseparation 8, 209-217.	<SOH> BACKGROUND <EOH>The present invention relates to an apparatus and scalable methods of lysing cells. The invention also relates to methods of isolating and purifying cellular components from lysed cells. The invention is particularly suited for scalable lysis of plasmid-containing bacterial cells, and subsequent preparation of large quantities of substantially purified plasmid. The resulting plasmid is suitable for a variety of uses, including but not limited to gene therapy, plasmid-mediated hormonal supplementation or other therapy, DNA vaccines, or any other application requiring substantial quantities of purified plasmid. Over the last five years, there has been an increased interest in the field of plasmid processing. The emergence of the non-viral field has caused researchers to focus on a variety of different methods of producing plasmids. Because plasmids are large and complex macromolecules, it is not practical to produce them in large quantities through synthetic means. Instead, they must be initially produced in biological systems, and subsequently isolated and purified from those systems. In virtually all cases, biological production of plasmids takes the form of fermenting Escherichia coli ( E. coli ) cells containing the plasmid of interest. A number of techniques for fermenting plasmid-containing E. coli cells have been known by those skilled in the art for many years. Many fermentation processes have been published, are well known and are available in the public domain. Cell lysis and the subsequent treatment steps used to prepare a process stream for purification are the most difficult, complex and important steps in any plasmid process. It is in this process step where yield and quality of the plasmid of interest are primarily determined for each run. The search for an optimal method, one that is continuous and truly scalable, has been an obstacle in getting acceptable processes with commercial applicability. There are a variety of ways to lyse bacterial cells. Well-known methods used at laboratory scale for plasmid purification include enzymatic digestion (e.g. with lysozyme), heat treatment, pressure treatment, mechanical grinding, sonication, treatment with chaotropes (e.g. guanidinium isothiocyante), and treatment with organic solvents (e.g. phenol). Although these methods can be readily practiced at small scale, few have been successfully adapted for large-scale use in preparing plasmids. Methods such as pressure treatment, mechanical grinding, or sonication can be difficult to implement at large scale. Moreover, Carlson et al. (1995, Biotechnol. Bioeng. 48, 303-315) have shown that such mechanical methods can lead to unacceptable plasmid degradation. Methods involving chaotropes and/or organic solvents are problematic to scale up because these chemicals are typically toxic, flammable, and/or explosive. Handling and disposing of such chemicals is manageable at small scale, but generally creates substantial problems at large scale. U.S. Pat. No. 6,197,553 describes a large-scale lysis technique involving treatment with lysozyme and heat. However, this technique requires carefully controlled heating and cooling of the enzymatically-treated bacterial cells to achieve lysis. The technique also has disadvantages in that it requires the use of an animal-derived enzyme (lysozyme), which can be expensive and is a potential source of biological contamination. Using animal-derived materials is quickly becoming unacceptable when preparing plasmids or other cellular components of interest for human or veterinary applications. Currently, the preferred method for lysing bacteria for plasmid purification is through the use of alkali and detergent. This technique was originally described by Birnboim and Doly (1979, Nucleic Acids Res. 7, 1513-1523). A commonly used variation of this procedure, as described on pp. 1.38-1.39 of Sambrook et al. ( Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2 nd Ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.), is to suspend bacterial cells in 10 mL of a resuspension solution, consisting of 50 mM glucose, 25 mM Tris, pH 8.0, 10 mM EDTA. The suspension is mixed with 20 mL of a lysis solution, consisting of 0.2 N NaOH, 1% sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) and incubated for 5-10 minutes. During this period, the cells lyse and the solution becomes highly viscous. The high pH denatures both the host genomic DNA and the plasmid DNA. The SDS forms complexes with cellular proteins, lipids, and membrane components, some of which are tightly associated with the host genomic DNA. The lysate-mixture is next treated with 15 mL of an ice-cold neutralization/precipitation solution, consisting of 3 M potassium acetate that has been adjusted to pH 5.5 with acetic acid. This acidified mixture is incubated on ice for 5-10 minutes, in part to allow plasmid DNA to renature. During this time, a white flocculent precipitate is formed. The precipitate comprises potassium SDS, which is poorly soluble under these conditions. In addition, the precipitate contains host genomic DNA, proteins, lipids, and membrane components, which remain bound to the SDS. The precipitate is subsequently removed by filtration or centrifugation, yielding a clarified lysate containing the desired plasmid, which can be subjected to various purification procedures. This lysis method has very distinct advantages over those described above. In addition to providing efficient release of plasmid molecules from the cells, this procedure provides substantial purification of the plasmid by removing much of the host protein, lipids, and genomic DNA. Removal of genomic DNA is particularly valuable, since it can be difficult to separate it from plasmid DNA by other means. These advantages have made this a preferred method for lysing bacterial cells during plasmid purification at laboratory scale. Unfortunately, this method presents significant challenges for scaling up. First, thorough mixing of suspended cells with lysis solution is easily managed at small scale by simply vortexing or repeatedly inverting the vessel containing the cells. However, this is impractical at large scale, where volumes may be in the range of tens or hundreds of liters. Common techniques for mixing large volumes of liquid, such as batch impeller mixing, are problematic because as some cells begin to lyse after initial mixing, they release genomic DNA that dramatically increases solution viscosity. This increase in viscosity significantly interferes with further mixing. A second challenge is that excessive incubation at high pH after addition of alkaline lysis solution can lead to permanent denaturation of the plasmid, making it unsuitable for most subsequent uses. It is therefore necessary to ensure that the lysed cells are thoroughly mixed with neutralization/precipitation solution within a relatively narrow time frame, typically within 5-10 minutes. It is also well known that mixing at this step must be gentle (i.e. low shear). Vigorous (i.e. high shear) mixing at this step releases substantial amounts of material from the flocculent precipitate into the plasmid-containing solution. This includes large amounts of host genomic DNA and endotoxins. These substances are difficult to separate from the plasmid during subsequent purification. Thus, while complete mixing is required to precipitate all of the SDS-associated impurities and renature all of the plasmid, mixing should also be as gentle as possible. This is easily accomplished at small scale by timed addition of neutralization/precipitation solution using hand mixing techniques such as gentle swirling or inversion of the containers. In contrast, rapid yet gentle mixing is difficult to achieve at large scale. Low shear stirring or impeller mixing in batch mode requires relatively long times to achieve complete mixing, which could result in unacceptably high levels of permanently denatured plasmid. More rapid techniques such as high speed impeller mixing are likely to result in unacceptably high levels of genomic DNA and endotoxin in the plasmid-containing solution. It has previously been believed that mixing a cell suspension and a lysis solution must be performed at very low shear. This has been particularly claimed in regard to mixing suspensions of plasmid-containing bacteria with lysis solutions comprising alkali and detergent. For example, Wan et al., in U.S. Pat. No. 5,837,529, in discussing methods of lysing plasmid-containing cells with alkali or enzymes, contend that it is crucial to handle such lysates very gently to avoid shearing genomic DNA. Similarly, Nienow et al., in U.S. Pat. No. 6,395,516, in discussing the challenges of alkaline lysis, claim that too vigorous mixing at any stage of the procedure may lead to fragmentation of genomic DNA, which may substantially contaminate the final purified product. Yet again, Bridenbaugh et al., in U.S. Patent Application No. 2002/0198372, emphasize the need for gentle mixing of cells with lysis solution. These concerns have led such investigators to develop ostensibly scalable means to gently mix suspended cells with lysis solutions. For instance, U.S. Pat. No. 5,837,529 and U.S. Patent Application No. 2002/0198372 each contemplate using static mixers to achieve continuous low shear mixing, while U.S. Patent Application No. 6,395,516 contemplates using a designed vessel for controlled mixing in batch mode. Such methods have clear drawbacks. In one regard, while striving to minimize excessive shear, mixing of the cell suspension with the lysis solution may be incomplete. In another regard, using static mixers limits process flexibility. As described in U.S. Pat. No. 2002/0198372, it is necessary to optimize the number of static mixing elements, as well as the flow rates of the fluids passing through the elements. Such optimization restricts the amount of material that may be processed in a given time with the optimized static mixing apparatus. This limits the ability to increase process scale, unless a new, higher-capacity static mixing apparatus is constructed and optimized. Use of batch mixing vessels, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,395,516, has comparable drawbacks. Achieving complete mixing in all regions of a batch mixing vessel is well known by those of skill in the art to be challenging. Furthermore, batch mixing vessels are poorly suited for applications that require a controlled exposure time wherein the cell suspension is contacted with the lysis solution. In particular, it is well known that prolonged exposure of plasmid-containing cells to alkali may lead to the formation of excessive amounts of permanently denatured plasmid, which is generally inactive, undesirable, and difficult to subsequently separate from biologically active plasmid. Typically, it is desirable to limit such exposure times to about 10 minutes or less. Achieving such limited exposure times is difficult or impossible using large scale batch mixing. Removal of the flocculent precipitate is yet another challenge in scaling up alkaline lysis. Complete removal is desirable to eliminate the genomic DNA and other impurities trapped in the precipitate. At the same time, the precipitate must not be subjected to excessive shear. Otherwise, large amounts of genomic DNA, endotoxins, and other impurities are released from the precipitate and contaminate the plasmid-containing solution. At laboratory scale, the precipitate is readily removed by simple filtration, batch centrifugation, or both. However, batch centrifugation is highly impractical at large scale. Continuous centrifugation at large scale is also unsuitable because it subjects the precipitate to high shear stress, releasing unacceptable levels of impurities. Filtration at large scale is problematic due to the somewhat gelatinous, cheese-like consistency of the precipitate, which readily clogs even depth or bag filters. Notwithstanding the above challenges, a variety of investigators have developed claimed improvements of the alkaline lysis method, or otherwise attempted to adapt it into a scalable production process. Kresheck and Altschuler, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,625,053, describe the use of non-ionic alkyldimethylphosphine oxide detergents in place of SDS. Use of these detergents is claimed to offer certain advantages relevant to large-scale preparation of pharmaceutical grade plasmid. However, the claimed improvements do not address the scalability issues described above. Thatcher et al., in U.S. Pat. No. 5,981,735, describe a modification where the amount of NaOH added to the suspended cells is carefully controlled to ensure that the pH remains approximately 0.1 pH units below the point that results in substantial permanent denaturation of plasmid. This approach may address the issue of time-dependent generation of permanently denatured plasmid, but requires very precise pH control, which can be difficult at large scale. Furthermore, the preferred pH level must be determined in advance for each plasmid and host cell combination. Most importantly, this approach does not address the challenges of handling and mixing large liquid volumes. Wan et al., in U.S. Pat. No. 5,837,529, describe a process of lysing cells, comprising the use of static mixers to mix suspended cells with a lysis solution (e.g. 0.2 N NaOH, 1% SDS), as well as to mix lysed cells with a precipitating solution (e.g. 3 M potassium acetate, pH 5.5). Static mixers are claimed to be particularly advantageous by providing a high degree of mixing at a relatively low shear, and are also amenable to a continuous flow-through process. A similar process using static mixers is described by Bridenbaugh et al. in WO 00/05358. Such procedures offer certain advantages, but drawbacks remain. As shown in WO 00/05358, both the number of static mixing elements and the solution linear flow rates must be carefully controlled at each stage. Using too few mixing elements or a low linear flow rate leads to inadequate mixing and poor plasmid yields. Using too many elements or a high linear flow rate leads to excessive shearing and release of genomic DNA into solution. These parameters must be experimentally optimized, and any efforts to increase process scale require re-optimization of element number and flow rate, limiting process flexibility and the robustness of this method for routine use. Marquet et al. (1995, Biopharm 8, 26-37) describe the use of batch mixers originally designed for use in the food industry. They claim that these mixers can provide thorough mixing at low shear rates, making them suitable for use during large-scale alkaline lysis of plasmid-containing cells. However, batch mixing of large fluid volumes in tanks is often very difficult to scale up, particularly when there are dramatic differences in fluid viscosity, or when mixing itself leads to dramatic increases in viscosity. Batch mixing is also problematic when coupled with short, time-sensitive incubation steps. All of these concerns pertain to alkaline lysis, making batch mixing particularly unsuitable. Thus, despite the efforts of previous investigators, there is still a clear need for new and improved procedures to perform alkaline lysis at large scale. A preferred process would address a series of key challenges, including: (1) thorough, rapid, and robust mixing of cells and lysis solution, to efficiently lyse cells and release plasmid; (2) time-controlled incubation of lysed cells in alkali, to prevent permanent plasmid denaturation; (3) thorough, rapid, and gentle mixing of alkaline lysate with neutralization/precipitation solution, to efficiently precipitate contaminating cellular components without releasing excess genomic DNA and endotoxin into the plasmid-containing solution; and (4) efficient yet gentle removal of the flocculent precipitate, again without releasing excess genomic DNA and endotoxin into the plasmid-containing solution. Furthermore, such a preferred process would be readily scalable, robust, suitable for use in all applications, would contain no animal derived products, and would be cost effective. There is also a need for improved procedures for purifying plasmids from large-scale microbial cell lysates. In particular, the emerging fields of non-viral gene therapy, plasmid-mediated therapy and DNA vaccines require gram or even kilogram amounts of purified plasmid suitable for pharmaceutical use. It is thus necessary to purify plasmids away from the primary impurities remaining in the lysate, including residual genomic DNA, RNA, protein, and endotoxin. An ideal process should provide substantially pure material in high yield, be easy to scale up, involve a minimal number of steps, and be simple and inexpensive to perform. Any use of enzymes or animal-derived products should be avoided, as such reagents tend to be expensive and more importantly, are potential sources of contamination. Similarly, use of alcohols and organic solvents is to be avoided, as they are generally toxic, flammable, explosive, and difficult to dispose of in large quantities. Known or suspected toxic, mutagenic, carcinogenic, teratogenic, or otherwise harmful compounds should not be used. Finally, the process should avoid the need for expensive equipment such as large scale or continuous centrifuges, or gradient producing chromatography skids. Various attempts have been made to develop a plasmid purification process that meets these ideals. For example, Horn et al., in U.S. Pat. No. 5,707,812, describe an integrated process involving alkaline lysis, filtration with diatomaceous earth, concentration and desalting by ultrafiltration/diafiltration (UF/DF), overnight precipitation of plasmid with 8% polyethylene glycol (PEG) 8000, centrifugation, resuspension, precipitation of impurities with 2.5 M ammonium acetate, centrifugation, precipitation of plasmid with isopropanol, centrifugation, resuspension, anion exchange column chromatography in the presence of 1% PEG 8000 on Q Sepharose™ (Amersham Biosciences Corp., Piscataway, N.J.) with step elution, plasmid precipitation with isopropanol, centrifugation, resuspension, and gel filtration column chromatography on Sephacryl™ S-1000 (Amersham Biosciences Corp., Piscataway, N.J.). Plasmid yields, quality, and purity were not described. Similar processes are disclosed by Marquet et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 5,561,064. These processes are not easily scaled, due to the multiple plasmid precipitations and centrifugations. In addition, achieving adequate resolution with gel filtration column chromatography typically requires relatively large columns. Use of isopropanol in multiple steps is another disadvantage of this process. U.S. Pat. No. 5,990,301, issued to Colpan et al., describes an integrated process involving alkaline lysis, clarification by centrifugation and filtration, incubation with salt (NaCl) and nonionic detergent, anion exchange by DEAE column chromatography, isopropanol precipitation, centrifugation, and resuspension. The resulting plasmid was reported to contain “no detectable” RNA, genomic DNA, or endotoxin, but detection methods and limits were not described. This process has numerous scalability issues. DEAE resins typically have relatively low capacity for plasmid. Furthermore, using isopropanol precipitation and centrifugation for product concentration and desalting is not feasible at large scale. U.S. Pat. No. 6,197,553, issued to Lee and Sagar, describes an integrated process involving cell wall digestion with lysozyme, lysis by passing through a flow-through heat exchanger to heat the cell suspension to about 80° C., clarification by centrifugation, diafiltration, treatment with RNase, diafiltration, anion exchange column chromatography on POROS® PI/M (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.) with NaCl gradient elution, reverse phase chromatography on POROS® R2/M with isopropanol gradient elution, and UF/DF. Final product contained 2.9% genomic DNA, <1% protein, <1% RNA, and endotoxin levels of 2.8 endotoxin units (EU) per milligram of plasmid. However, this process suffers from the use of two enzymes (lysozyme and RNase), gradient-based anion exchange chromatography, and gradient-based reverse phase chromatography using isopropanol. These present substantial scalability and/or regulatory issues. U.S. Pat. No. 6,410,274, issued to Bhikhabhai, describes a process involving alkaline lysis, filtration, precipitation of RNA and genomic DNA with CaCl 2 , centrifugation, filtration, anion exchange column chromatography on Q Sepharose™ XL (Amersham Biosciences Corp., Piscataway, N.J.) with step elution, and further anion exchange column chromatography on Source™ 15Q (Amersham Biosciences Corp., Piscataway, N.J.) with step elution. Final product was reported to contain 0.6% genomic DNA (by PCR), 100% supercoiled plasmid (by anion exchange high performance liquid chromatography, “HPLC”), and no detectable RNA (by reverse phase HPLC), protein (by Micro BCA™ assay, Pierce Biotechnology, Rockford, Ill.), or endotoxin (by limulus amebocyte lysate, “LAL”). The use of two successive anion exchange steps is an obvious inefficiency of this process. Furthermore, the process relies on column chromatographic techniques, which involve expensive hardware and resins. WO 00/05358, submitted by Bridenbaugh et al., describes a process where plasmid-containing cells are resuspended in the presence of RNase. A continuous lysis procedure is described, where the resuspended cells and an alkaline lysis solution are simultaneously pumped through a static mixer to achieve lysis. The lysate is then mixed with potassium acetate precipitation solution via a second static mixer. The precipitated lysate then passes into a continuous centrifuge to remove the flocculent precipitate, resulting in a clarified lysate. Clarified lysate is filtered to remove fine particulates and purified by anion exchange column chromatography using Fractogel® TMAE-650M (Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany). The anion exchange eluate is then passed through glass and nylon filters, which are claimed to help remove endotoxin and genomic DNA. Purified plasmid was then concentrated and desalted by UF/DF, and sterilized by filtration. Final endotoxin levels were 16.2 EU/mg. Residual RNA, protein, and genomic DNA were said to routinely be <2%, <0.1%, and <1%, respectively. Use of continuous centrifugation is a significant drawback of this process, due to high shear rates and subsequent release of excess genomic DNA into solution, as well as the high cost of such equipment. Use of RNase is a further drawback of this process from a regulatory standpoint. U.S. Patent Application No. 2001/0034435, submitted by Nochumson et al., describes a process where plasmid-containing cells are lysed with alkali and SDS in a continuous process using static mixers. The lysate is neutralized by continuous addition (via a second set of static mixers) of a neutralization/precipitation solution. The neutralized lysate is held for 6-12 hours at 4° C. to precipitate the majority of the RNA. The flocculent precipitate and the precipitated RNA are removed by centrifugation and/or filtration, and the plasmid-containing solution is subjected to anion exchange column chromatography using Fractogel® TMAE-650S (Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany). Plasmid is then eluted and subjected to hydrophobic interaction chromatography (“HIC”), also in column format, using Octyl Sepharose™ 4FF (Amersham Biosciences Corp., Piscataway, N.J.). Under appropriate conditions, genomic DNA, RNA, and endotoxin bind to the resin, while plasmid passes through. After HIC, the product is concentrated and desalted by UF/DF, and sterile filtered. Detailed information on yields and purity were not described in this application. However, plasmid binding capacities for the resins are relatively low (1-3 mg/mL for the anion exchange, and <1 mg/mL for the HIC if used in binding mode), and again, there is a reliance on column chromatography. Varley et al. (1999, Bioseparation 8, 209-217) describe a process consisting of optimized alkaline lysis with RNase treatment, bag depth filtration, expanded bed anion exchange chromatography, ultrafiltration, and size exclusion chromatography. Similar processes are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,981,735 by Thatcher et al. In these processes, the pH during alkaline lysis was carefully controlled at a point just below the empirically determined level that leads to permanent plasmid denaturation. The investigators claim that this allows extended incubation in alkali, presumably to maximize lysis and/or to degrade RNA without damaging plasmid. Impurities were reported to be <2% genomic DNA (by PCR), 0.2% RNA (by HPLC), <0.1% protein, and 2.5 EU/mg endotoxin. However, the process contains several undesirable elements, including use of RNase, bag depth filtration, column-based anion exchange, and size exclusion chromatography. Performing the controlled alkaline lysis requires carefully determining the ideal pH for a given combination of host, plasmid, and growth conditions, suggesting that this step may not be very robust. As the above examples suggest, column chromatography is often a preferred element in plasmid purification. Anion exchange chromatography is well suited for separating plasmids from certain impurities such as proteins, because plasmids, like all nucleic acids, have a high negative charge density. Thus, many known plasmid purification processes include an anion exchange step. However, anion exchange chromatography is less suited for separating plasmids from other nucleic acids with similar negative charge densities, such as genomic DNA or RNA. Thus, anion exchange chromatography is frequently combined with another chromatographic step to achieve sufficiently pure plasmid. As discussed above, these may include size exclusion chromatography, reverse phase chromatography, hydrophobic interaction chromatography, and even additional anion exchange chromatography. Other chromatographic techniques are also known. For example, Wils and Ollivier, in WO 97/35002, disclose methods for purifying plasmids with ceramic hydroxyapatite. Comparable methods are disclosed by Yamamoto in U.S. Pat. No. 5,843,731. Ion-pair or matched ion chromatography may be used, as disclosed, for example, by Gjerde et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 5,986,085. Silica, glass beads, or glass fibers may also be used, as disclosed, for example, by Padhye et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 5,808,041, by Woodard et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 5,650,506, and by Woodard et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 5,693,785. Alternatively, magnetic beads or particles may be used, as disclosed, for example, by Reeve and Robinson in U.S. Pat. No. 5,665,554, and by Hawkins in U.S. Pat. No. 5,898,071. Affinity methods are also known, with examples being disclosed by Ji and Smith in U.S. Pat. No. 5,591,841, and by Cantor et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 5,482,836. Despite the frequent use of column chromatography, there remain substantial limitations to this general technique. Chromatography resins are often expensive, and must be carefully packed into specially designed column hardware. Reproducibly packing large-scale chromatography columns is a significant challenge, as discussed by Rathore et al. (2003, Biopharm International , March, 30-40). Furthermore, in regards to plasmids, traditional chromatography resins typically offer relatively low binding capacities. For example, Levy et al. (2000, Trends Biotechnol. 18, 296-305) examined a variety of commercially available anion exchange resins and found that all exhibited plasmid binding capacities of about 5 mg/mL or less, with most exhibiting capacities of about 2 mg/mL or less. Moreover, accessibility to binding sites for large molecules like plasmids is mostly by diffusion and resins have a limited pressure drop resulting in low throughput, making these steps time consuming, costly and impractical. Thus, it is desirable to develop a purification process that retains the advantages of column chromatography while avoiding its drawbacks. Use of membrane chromatography offers a potential solution. Membrane-based techniques typically offer substantially higher binding capacities, as well as very high flow rates. Expensive large-scale column hardware is not required. In addition, the difficulties associated with column packing are avoided, as well as the need for costly cleaning validation studies. Certain previous investigators have disclosed membrane-based methods for purifying plasmids. For instance, Nieuwkerk et al., in U.S. Pat. No. 5,438,128, describe the use of an assembly containing a plurality of stacked microporous anion exchange membranes for purifying nucleic acids, including plasmids. However, their method is described for relatively small-scale purification of up to several hundred micrograms of plasmid. Furthermore, although the purified plasmid was stated to be RNA and protein free, there was no disclosure that the provided methods could substantially eliminate genomic DNA or endotoxin. Demmer and Nussbaumer, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,235,892, disclose a method of purifying nucleic acids, including plasmids, from a solution containing endotoxin, using a microporous weakly basic anion exchange membrane. Similarly, in WO 01/94573, Yang et al. Claim a process involving two (or more) separate membranes, wherein one binds plasmid and the second binds endotoxin. The investigators state that their methods provide plasmid that is suitable for use in many pharmaceutical applications, but no data is provided to support this statement. Thus, none of the disclosed membrane-based purification processes is demonstrably adequate for preparing substantially pure plasmid that is acceptable for pharmaceutical, veterinary, or agricultural applications. There is therefore a need for a purification process that employs membrane-based chromatographic separations, avoids column chromatography, and provides substantially pure plasmids or other biologically active molecules of interest.	<SOH> SUMMARY <EOH>The present invention relates to a process for lysing cells in a controlled manner so as to efficiently separate insoluble components from a fluid lysate containing cellular components of interest, followed by membrane chromatographic techniques to purify the cellular components of interest. This process utilizes a unique lysis apparatus, ion exchange and, optionally, hydrophobic interaction chromatography membranes in cartridge form, and ultrafiltration. This process is optimized for the production of plasmids, but can be applied to any biologic product extracted from a cellular source. Advantageously, the process uses no animal derived products, organic solvents or carcinogens, and is rapid and cost effective. The process is operable to extract and purify plasmids from E. Coli bacteria, and provides material suitable for a variety of uses, including the clinical and commercial production of pharmaceutical products. The disclosed process uses a lysis apparatus, including a high shear, low residence-time mixer for advantageously mixing a cell suspension with a lysis solution, a hold time that denatures impurities, and an air-sparging bubble mixer that gently yet thoroughly mixes lysed cells with a neutralization/precipitation buffer and floats compacted precipitated cellular material. The floating precipitated cellular material can be readily removed from the remaining fluid by the simple expedient of draining or pumping the fluid from beneath the floating precipitate, allowing cellular components of interest to subsequently be purified from the fluid (preferably) or from the precipitate. The method for producing a cellular component of interest from a cell population comprises subjecting the cell population to the disclosed cell lysis and separation apparatus and methods to prepare a clarified lysate. The cellular components of interest are purified from the clarified lysate by subjecting it to an ion exchange cartridge, optionally followed by a hydrophobic interaction cartridge. Following purification, ultrafiltration/diafiltration is performed to concentrate and desalt the substantially purified material. If desired, the purified material may then be subjected to sterile filtration to provide a sterile, substantially purified material. The present invention offers numerous benefits over previously disclosed methods. In one aspect, the present invention discloses an improved way to mix a cell suspension with a lysis solution. Clearly, it is desirable to achieve complete mixing of a cell suspension with a lysis solution, so that substantially all of the cells become lysed and release the cellular components of interest into the lysate for subsequent purification. Incomplete mixing of a cell suspension with a lysis solution may result in a substantial portion of the cells remaining intact. This will result in suboptimal yields of the cellular components of interest, increasing product costs and requiring higher production scales to recover a desired amount of final product. The current invention recognizes that low shear mixing of a cell suspension and a lysis solution is not necessary, even for the demanding application of lysing plasmid-containing cells with alkali. Thus, the current invention provides for methods of mixing a cell suspension and a lysis solution using a high shear, low residence-time mixing device. The high shear nature of the described method ensures substantially complete mixing of the cell suspension and the lysis solution. The low residence-time provided by the described method avoids subjecting cellular components released by the lysing cells to extended periods of high shear. In a preferred embodiment, the mixing is performed in a continuous flow-through mode, which provides substantial advantage in processing large volumes, and is particularly advantageous in controlling time of exposure to the lysis solution. Unlike static mixing, the present invention provides great process flexibility. Substantially complete mixing is not dependent on fluid flow rates, and the agitation rate of the mixing device is easily adjusted. Thus, one skilled in the art will readily recognize that fluid flow rates through the high shear, low residence-time mixing device can be varied over a wide range. This provides substantial freedom to increase the amount of material processed in a given time without modifying the apparatus. In another aspect, the present invention discloses an improved method for mixing a cell lysate with one or more additional fluids while avoiding shearing of sensitive components. For example, whereas the present invention discloses that plasmid-containing cells may be mixed with an alkaline lysis solution under high shear conditions, it remains true that subsequent mixing steps involving the lysed cell solution must be performed under low shear conditions. In particular, it is common to mix alkaline lysates of plasmid-containing cells with a neutralizing and precipitating solution that simultaneously neutralizes the alkali and precipitates various cellular components. The neutralization prevents formation of permanently denatured plasmid, while the precipitation sequesters large amounts of genomic DNA, endotoxin, protein, lipids, lipopolysaccharides, cell wall and membrane components into the a flocculent solid material. It is well known that vigorous or high shear mixing at this step releases excessive amounts of genomic DNA, endotoxin, and other impurities into the plasmid-containing solution. These impurities are difficult to subsequently purify away from the biologically active plasmid. Thus, it is highly desirable to perform this step using a gentle, low shear mixing process. At the same time, it is necessary to achieve substantially complete mixing at this step. Otherwise, some portions of the plasmid will be subjected to alkali for excessive times and become permanently denatured. Similarly, insufficient mixing may lead to incomplete precipitation of cellular components, complicating subsequent efforts to prepare substantially purified plasmid. As discussed above, previous investigators have attempted to address these needs using techniques such as static mixing or low shear batch mixing. The drawbacks to these techniques are described above and are readily apparent to one skilled in the art. The present invention discloses the use of a bubble mixer for mixing cell lysates with fluids such as neutralization/precipitation solutions. The present invention also discloses a bubble mixing device that may be used to perform the disclosed method. Advantageously, the method and device disclosed herein use gas bubbles to achieve thorough mixing of the fluids. Simultaneously, some of the gas bubbles become trapped in the resulting precipitated cellular components. This facilitates floating of the precipitated material, advantageously aiding its later separation from the fluid containing the cellular components of interest. This is a noteworthy benefit of the present invention. Another aspect of the present invention provides integrated methods for preparing a clarified lysate containing cellular components of interest, as well as an apparatus useful for performing the methods. In this aspect, the individually disclosed methods described above are combined into a continuous process comprising: (1) mixing a cell suspension with a lysis solution using a high shear, low residence-time mixer; (2) passing the mixed cell suspension and lysis solution through a holding coil to provide a fixed exposure time sufficient to provide substantially complete cell lysis and genomic DNA denaturation; (3) mixing the lysed cells with a solution such as a neutralization/precipitation solution using a bubble mixer, thereby trapping gas bubbles with precipitated cellular components; and (4) collecting the resulting material into a settling tank. Advantageously, these steps are performed as a continuous process, offering the operator substantial flexibility and ease of performance. In further embodiments, the material collected in the settling tank is held for a time sufficient to allow the precipitated cellular components to form a floating layer. Formation of this layer is aided by the entrapped bubbles introduced by the bubble mixer. Optionally, a vacuum may be applied to the material in the settling tank to further compact the precipitated cellular components and degas the fluid. Subsequently, the fluid maybe separated from the precipitated cellular components by pumping or draining it from beneath the precipitated cellular components. The resulting separated fluid comprises a clarified lysate that may then be subjected to various methods to substantially purify the cellular components of interest present in the lysate. An advantage of the disclosed invention is that flocculent precipitated cellular components are separated from the fluid without resorting to depth filtration or centrifugation. In another aspect, the present invention discloses methods for purifying cellular components of interest from lysed cells. In a preferred embodiment, the cellular components of interest are plasmids, and the cells are plasmid-containing cells. The methods utilize ion exchange membrane purification, optionally followed by a second membrane purification that removes endotoxin and RNA, to provide a substantially purified product. Preferably, the ion exchange takes the form of anion exchange. Preferably, the second membrane purification takes the form of hydrophobic interaction. Additional steps such as ultrafiltration/diafiltration and sterile filtration may be performed to concentrate, desalt, and sterilize the cellular component of interest. Advantageously, the methods disclosed herein avoid the use of traditional column chromatography, which employs expensive chromatography resins and column hardware, is typically limited by poor binding capacity, and is typically limited to low fluid flow rates. In contrast, the membrane based purification methods disclosed herein offer reduced cost, high binding capacity, and high flow rates, resulting in a superior purification process. The purification process is further demonstrated to produce plasmid products substantially free of genomic DNA, RNA, protein, and endotoxin. In a particularly preferred embodiment, all of the described aspects of the current invention are advantageously combined to provide an integrated process for preparing substantially purified cellular components of interest from cells. Again, the cells are most preferably plasmid-containing cells, and the cellular components of interest are most preferably plasmids. The substantially purified plasmids are suitable for various uses, including, but not limited to, gene therapy, plasmid-mediated therapy, as DNA vaccines for human, veterinary, or agricultural use, or for any other application that requires large quantities of purified plasmid. In this aspect, all of the advantages described for individual aspects of the present invention accrue to the complete, integrated process, providing a highly advantageous method that is rapid, scalable, and inexpensive. Enzymes and other animal-derived or biologically sourced products are avoided, as are carcinogenic, mutagenic, or otherwise toxic substances. Potentially flammable, explosive, or toxic organic solvents are similarly avoided. One aspect of the present invention is an apparatus for isolating plasmid DNA from a suspension of cells having both plasmid DNA and genomic DNA. An embodiment of the apparatus comprises a first tank and second tank in fluid communication with a mixer. The first tank is used for holding the suspension cells and the second tank is used for holding a lysis solution. The suspension of cells from the first tank and the lysis solution from the second tank are both allowed to flow into the mixer forming a lysate mixture or lysate fluid. The mixer comprises a high shear, low residence-time mixing device with a residence time of equal to or less than about 1 second. In a preferred embodiment, the mixing device comprises a flow through, rotor/stator mixer or emulsifier having linear flow rates from about 0.1 L/min to about 20 L/min. The lysate-mixture flows from the mixer into a holding coil for a period of time sufficient to lyse the cells and forming a cell lysate suspension, wherein the lysate-mixture has resident time in the holding coil in a range of about 2-8 minutes with a continuous linear flow rate. The cell lysate suspension is then allowed to flow into a bubble-mixer chamber for precipitation of cellular components from the plasmid DNA. In the bubble mixer chamber, the cell lysate suspension and a precipitation solution or a neutralization solution from a third tank are mixed together using gas bubbles, which forms a mixed gas suspension comprising a precipitate and an unclarified lysate or plasmid containing fluid. The precipitate of the mixed gas suspension is less dense than the plasmid containing fluid, which facilitates the separation of the precipitate from the plasmid containing fluid. The precipitate is removed from the mixed gas suspension to give a clarified lysate having the plasmid DNA, and the precipitate having cellular debris and genomic DNA. In a preferred embodiment, the bubble mixer-chamber comprises a closed vertical column with a top, a bottom, a first, and a second side with a vent proximal to the top of the column. A first inlet port of the bubble mixer-chamber is on the first side proximal to the bottom of the column and in fluid communication with the holding coil. A second inlet port of the bubble mixer-chamber is proximal to the bottom on a second side opposite of the first inlet port and in fluid communication with a third tank, wherein the third tank is used for holding a precipitation or a neutralization solution. A third inlet port of the bubble mixer-chamber is proximal to the bottom of the column and about in the middle of the first and second inlets and is in fluid communication with a gas source the third inlet entering the bubble-mixer-chamber. A preferred embodiment utilizes a sintered sparger inside the closed vertical column of the third inlet port. The outlet port exiting the bubble mixing chamber is proximal to the top of the closed vertical column. The outlet port is in fluid communication with a fourth tank, wherein the mixed gas suspension containing the plasmid DNA is allowed to flow from the bubble-mixer-chamber into the fourth tank. The fourth tank is used for separating the precipitate of the mixed gas suspension having a plasmid containing fluid, and can also include an impeller mixer sufficient to provide uniform mixing of fluid without disturbing the precipitate. A fifth tank is used for a holding the clarified lysate or clarified plasmid containing fluid. The clarified lysate is then filtered at least once. A first filter has a particle size limit of about 5-10 μm and the second filter has a cut of about 0.2 μm. Although gravity, pressure, vacuum, or a mixture thereof can be used for transporting: suspension of cells; lysis solutions; precipitation solutions; neutralization solutions; or mixed gas suspensions from any of the tanks to mixers, holding coils or different tanks, pumps are utilized in a preferred embodiments. In a more preferred embodiment, at least one pump having a linear flow rate of at least 0.1-1 ft/second is used. In another specific embodiment, a Y-connector having a having a first bifurcated branch, a second bifurcated branch and an exit branch is used to contact the cell suspension and the lysis solutions before they enter the high shear, low residence-time mixing device. The first tank holding the cell suspension is in fluid communication with the first bifurcated branch of the Y-connector through the first pump and the second tank holding the lysis solution is in fluid communication with the second bifurcated branch of the Y-connector through the second pump. The high shear, low residence-time mixing device is in fluid communication with an exit branch of the Y-connector, wherein the first and second pumps provide a linear flow rate of about 0.1 to 2 ft/second for a contacted fluid exiting the Y-connector. Another specific aspect of the present invention is a method of substantially separating plasmid DNA and genomic DNA from a bacterial cell lysate. The method comprises: delivering a cell lysate into a chamber; delivering a precipitation fluid or a neutralization fluid into the chamber; mixing the cell lysate and the precipitation fluid or a neutralization fluid in the chamber with gas bubbles forming a gas mixed suspension, wherein the gas mixed suspension comprises the plasmid DNA in a fluid portion (i.e. an unclarified lysate) and the genomic DNA is in a precipitate that is less dense than the fluid portion; floating the precipitate on top of the fluid portion; removing the fluid portion from the precipitate forming a clarified lysate, whereby the plasmid DNA in the clarified lysate is substantially separated from genomic DNA in the precipitate. In preferred embodiments: the chamber is the bubble mixing chamber as described above; the lysing solution comprises an alkali, an acid, a detergent, an organic solvent, an enzyme, a chaotrope, or a denaturant; the precipitation fluid or the neutralization fluid comprises potassium acetate, ammonium acetate, or a mixture thereof; and the gas bubbles comprise compressed air or an inert gas. Additionally, the decanted-fluid portion containing the plasmid DNA is preferably further purified with one or more purification steps selected from a group consisting of: ion exchange, hydrophobic interaction, size exclusion, reverse phase purification, endotoxin depletion, affinity purification, adsorption to silica, glass, or polymeric materials, expanded bed chromatography, mixed mode chromatography, displacement chromatography, hydroxyapatite purification, selective precipitation, aqueous two-phase purification, DNA condensation, thiophilic purification, ion-pair purification, metal chelate purification, filtration through nitrocellulose, or ultrafiltration. A preferred specific aspect, a method for isolating a plasmid DNA from cells comprising: mixing a suspension of cells having the plasmid DNA and genomic DNA with a lysis solution in a high-shear-low-residence-time-mixing-device for a first period of time forming a cell lysate fluid; incubating the cell lysate fluid for a second period of time in a holding coil forming a cell lysate suspension; delivering the cell lysate suspension into a chamber; delivering a precipitation/neutralization fluid into the chamber; mixing the cell lysate suspension and the a precipitation/neutralization fluid in the chamber with gas bubbles forming a gas mixed suspension, wherein the gas mixed suspension comprises an unclarified lysate containing the plasmid DNA and a precipitate containing the genomic DNA, wherein the precipitate is less dense than the unclarified lysate; floating the precipitate on top of the unclarified lysate; removing the precipitate from the unclarified lysate forming a clarified lysate, whereby the plasmid DNA is substantially separated from genomic DNA; precipitating the plasmid DNA from the clarified lysate forming a precipitated plasmid DNA; and resuspending the precipitated plasmid DNA in an aqueous solution.	20040527	20070703	20050120	99824.0		1	BEISNER, WILLIAM H	DEVICES AND METHODS FOR BIOMATERIAL PRODUCTION	SMALL	0	ACCEPTED		2,004
10,857,522	ACCEPTED	Method of and system for scalable mobile-terminal platform	A mobile-terminal platform system includes an application subsystem and an access subsystem. The access subsystem includes hardware and software for providing connectivity services. The application subsystem includes hardware and software for providing user-application services. The application subsystem and the access subsystem communicate via a defined interface. Each of the application subsystem and the access subsystem may be independently scaled. This abstract is provided to comply with rules requiring an abstract that allows a searcher or other reader to quickly ascertain subject matter of the technical disclosure. This abstract is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit the scope or meaning of the claims.	1. A mobile-terminal platform system comprising: an application subsystem comprising hardware and software for providing user-application services; an access subsystem comprising hardware and software for providing connectivity services; wherein the application subsystem and the access subsystem communicate via a defined interface; and wherein each of the application subsystem and the access subsystem may be independently scaled. 2. The mobile-terminal platform system of claim 1, wherein the application subsystem comprises a middleware adapted to allow application developers to access the application subsystem and the access subsystem. 3. The mobile-terminal platform system of claim 1, wherein scaling of the application subsystem does not decrease functionality of the access subsystem. 4. The mobile-terminal platform system of claim 1, wherein scaling of the access subsystem does not decrease functionality of the application subsystem 5. The mobile-terminal platform system of claim 1, wherein the application developers may only access the mobile-terminal platform system via the middleware. 6. The mobile-terminal platform system of claim 1, wherein the application subsystem and the access subsystem operate on different clocks. 7. The mobile-terminal platform system of claim 6, wherein an access subsystem clock is more accurate than an application subsystem clock. 8. The mobile-terminal platform system of claim 1, wherein the application subsystem comprises: an interface service stack; an operation service stack; an application-platform service stack; a man-machine interface and multimedia stack; and a multimedia protocol stack. 9. The mobile-terminal platform system of claim 1, wherein the access subsystem comprises: a communication-standard access service stack; a data-communications service stack; a basic service stack; and an interface service stack. 10. The mobile-terminal platform system of claim 9, wherein: the communication-standard service stack is adapted to operate according to at least one wireless-communication standard; the data-communications service stack is adapted to provide at least one of sockets services and communication-port services; the basic service stack is adapted to provide general access services; and the interface service stack is adapted to permit the access subsystem to communicate with the application subsystem. 11. The mobile-terminal platform system of claim 10, wherein the at least one wireless-communication standard comprises at least one of GSM, GPRS, EDGE, and WCDMA. 12. The mobile-terminal platform system of claim 8, wherein: the interface service stack is adapted to permit the application subsystem to communicate with the access subsystem; the operation service stack is adapted to provide system control, system data handling, component management, and proxy management; the application-platform service is adapted to provide at least one of SMS/EMS service, cell broadcast service, phone book service, platform accessory services, clock service, and positioning application service; the man-machine interface and multimedia stack is adapted to provide at least one of user interface services, audio services and control, voice control services, graphics services, image services, camera services, and video services; and the multimedia protocol stack is adapted to provide application protocol services. 13. The mobile-terminal platform system of claim 12, wherein the application protocol services comprise multimedia protocol services, WAP protocol services, OBEX protocol services, and BLUETOOTH application services. 14. The mobile-terminal platform system of claim 1, wherein the access subsystem may be adapted to be used in a stand-alone mode. 15. A method of creating a mobile-terminal platform system, the method comprising: providing an application subsystem comprising hardware and software for providing user-application services; providing an access subsystem comprising hardware and software for providing connectivity services; inter-operably connecting the application subsystem and the access subsystem via a defined interface; independently scaling at least one of the application subsystem and the access subsystem; and permitting access to the access subsystem and the application subsystem only via a middleware. 16. The method of claim 15, further comprising: upgrading functionality of the application subsystem; and wherein the step of upgrading the functionality of the application subsystem does not decrease the functionality of the access subsystem. 17. The method of claim 15, further comprising: updating software for the application subsystem; and re-using software previously developed for at least one of the access subsystem and the application subsystem. 18. The method of claim 15, further comprising optimizing the application subsystem to perform high-performance tasks. 19. The method of claim 15, further comprising optimizing the access subsystem to perform tasks involving strict real-time requirements. 20. The method of claim 15, wherein the access subsystem and the application subsystem are on the same chip. 21. The method of claim 15, wherein the access subsystem and the application subsystem are not on the same chip. 22. The method of claim 15, further comprising: upgrading functionality of the access subsystem; and wherein the step of upgrading the functionality of the access subsystem does not decrease the functionality of the application subsystem 23. The method of claim 15, further comprising: updating software for the access subsystem; and re-using software previously developed for at least one of the access subsystem and the application subsystem.	CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This patent application claims priority from and incorporates by reference the entire disclosures of: 1) U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/510,578, filed on Oct. 10, 2003 and bearing Docket No. 53807-00083USPL; and 2) U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/510,558, filed on Oct. 10, 2003 and bearing Docket No. 53807-00084USPL. This patent application incorporates by reference the entire disclosure of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/359,835, filed on Feb. 7, 2003 and bearing Docket No. 53807-00045USPT. This patent application incorporates by reference the entire disclosure of a U.S. patent application entitled Mobile-Terminal Gateway, filed on the same date as this patent application and bearing Docket No. 53807-00083USPT. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Technical Field The present invention generally relates to mobile-terminal platform systems, and more particularly, but not by way of limitation, to mobile-terminal platform systems that are readily scalable with respect to both access services and application services. 2. History of Related Art Since cellular telecommunications systems were first introduced in the 1980's, mobile terminals utilized in the cellular telecommunications systems have become increasingly complex. Mobile terminals were initially designed to primarily provide voice telephony services. In later years, mobile terminals were developed that also included the ability to transfer user data not related to that of a voice telephone call. Such user data included, for example, data to be transferred over a dial-up network connection initiated via a personal computer. Currently, so-called third generation (3G) systems are being developed. 3G systems combine high-speed access with traditional voice communications and provide a user with access to internet browsing, streaming audio/video, positioning, video conferencing, as well as many other capabilities other than traditional voice telephony. The Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) was established in an effort to ensure compatibility among several 3G systems being developed around the world. The Universal Mobile Telephone System (UMTS) is being developed by 3GPP to provide a 3G system that includes terrestrial and satellite systems capable of delivering voice, data, and multimedia anywhere in the world. The drastically-increased functionality that is being included in cellular telecommunications systems via the 3GPP standardization has placed substantial demands on mobile-terminal developers to be used in the cellular telecommunications systems. This demand is exacerbated by the fact that a mobile terminal is a so-called resource-scarce environment that is limited in size, memory, and power. Mobile-terminal developers have traditionally designed, fabricated, and marketed substantially-complete mobile terminals that include all of the hardware and software needed for basic terminal operation, as well as the hardware and software needed to provide the features and capabilities desired by the developer or a particular user based upon their perception of market needs. As market demand has increased for mobile terminals with additional capabilities not traditionally found in mobile terminals, such as, for example, multimedia, including cameraphone features, mp3 players, videophony features, short range wireless communication features, such as, for example, BLUETOOTH, and Universal Serial Bus (USB) connectivity, the traditional mobile-terminal design, fabrication, and marketing approaches have not been able to provide the flexibility to quickly adapt to rapid changes in market demands or satisfy the diverse requirements of multiple users. There is, accordingly, a need for a method of and system for a scalable mobile-terminal platform that addresses the demands discussed above. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION A mobile-terminal platform system includes an application subsystem and an access subsystem. The access subsystem includes hardware and software for providing connectivity services. The application subsystem includes hardware and software for providing user-application services. The application subsystem and the access subsystem communicate via a defined interface. Each of the application subsystem and the access subsystem may be independently scaled. A method of creating a mobile-terminal platform system includes providing an application subsystem and providing an access subsystem. The application subsystem includes hardware and software for providing user-application services. The access subsystem includes hardware and software for providing connectivity services. The application subsystem and the access subsystem are inter-operably connected via a defined interface. At least one of the application subsystem and the access subsystem may be independently scaled. Access to the access subsystem and the application subsystem is permitted only via a middleware of the application subsystem. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS A more complete understanding of the present invention may be obtained by reference to the following Detailed Description of Exemplary Embodiments of the Invention, when taken in conjunction with the accompanying Drawings, wherein: FIG. 2 is a functional block diagram of the access subsystem of the mobile-terminal platform system shown in FIG. 1; FIG. 3 is a functional block diagram of the application subsystem of the mobile-terminal platform system shown in FIG. 1; FIG. 4 illustrates a low-cost mobile-terminal implementation adapted to operate in accordance with GSM/GPRS/EDGE; FIG. 5 illustrates a low-cost mobile-terminal implementation adapted to operate in accordance with GSM/GPRS/EDGE/WCDMA; and FIG. 6 illustrates a high-functionality mobile-terminal implementation adapted to operate according to GSM/GPRS/EDGE/WCDMA. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION Embodiment(s) of the present invention will now be described more fully with reference to the accompanying Drawings. The invention may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. The invention should only be considered limited by the claims as they now exist and the equivalents thereof. FIG. 1 is a logical-view block diagram of a mobile-terminal platform system 100. The mobile-terminal platform system 100 may be optimized for low total cost and adapted for scalability in cost and functionality. The mobile-terminal platform system 100 is adapted to permit reuse of previously-made software investments. The mobile-terminal platform system 100 may be adapted to support a wide product range from, for example, automotive applications to so-called smart phones. The architecture of the mobile-terminal platform system 100 includes a functional split between an access subsystem 102 and an application subsystem 104. The functional split may be viewed as a separation between standardized communication protocols handled by the access subsystem 102 and end-user functionality handled by the application subsystem 104. The functional split may also be viewed as a separation between real-time control handled by the access subsystem 102 and high-performance execution handled by the application subsystem 104. High-performance execution refers to so-called best-effort execution, while real-time control refers to control in which meeting deadlines in a timely fashion is important. The functional split permits a more predictable performance estimate on the application subsystem 104 relative to platform systems that do not employ a functional split. The functional split may be used to permit the application subsystem 104 and the access subsystem 102 to be independently optimized and integrated for different responsibilities handled by the access subsystem 102 and the application subsystem 104, respectively. The functional split may be used to permit the access subsystem 102 to handle critical functionality for type approval of the mobile-terminal platform system 100 and also to permit the access subsystem 102 to be utilized in a stand-alone mode as part of, for example, a telematics solution. The functional split may also permit use of various different operating systems on the access subsystem 102 and the application subsystem 104, such as, for example, OSE, SYMBIAN OS, or WINDOWS CE. However, the functional split need not be a mere adaptation towards an operating system in which the operating system only treats the access subsystem 102 as a modem, but can instead be, for example, a gateway as discussed in detail in a U.S. patent application entitled Mobile-Terminal Gateway, filed on the same date as this patent application and bearing Docket No. 53807-00083USPT. The functional split may also be adapted to permit the access subsystem 102 to serve as a trusted entity that checks code to be loaded on the application subsystem 104 before the code is run on the application subsystem 104. The application subsystem 104 may be either untrusted or not-completely trusted. The mobile-terminal platform system 100 includes a plurality of service stacks 106-122, each of which includes integrated hardware and software components that provide various functionalities of the mobile-terminal platform system 100. The service stacks 106-122 include a plurality of service stacks 106-112, which are part of the access subsystem 102, and a plurality of service stacks 114-122, which are a part of the application subsystem 104. The service stacks 106-112 include communications stacks, a Universal Mobile Telecommunications Standard (UMTS) access service stack 106, a data communications (datacom) service stack 108, a basic service stack 110, and an interface (IF) service stack 112 being exemplary service stacks shown as part of the access subsystem 102. Each of the service stacks 106-112 includes integrated software and hardware, as shown in FIG. 1. The application subsystem 104 includes a plurality of application stacks, an IF service stack 114, an operation service stack 116, an application platform service stack 118, a man-machine interface and multimedia (MMI and MM) service stack 120, and a multimedia protocol service stack 122 being exemplary stacks shown as part of the application subsystem 104. The IF service stack 114 corresponds to and communicates with the IF service stack 112. Data communications 128 and control 130 between the access subsystem 102 and the application subsystem 104 occur via the IF service stack 112 and the IF service stack 114. The control 130 is shown at a higher level on FIG. 1 relative to the data communications 128 in order to illustrate that the data communications 128 are a lower-level communication than the control 130. Each of the service stacks 114-122 includes integrated software and hardware, as shown in FIG. 1. The access subsystem 102 and the application subsystem 104 include an access middleware (OPA) 124 and an application middleware (OPA) 126, respectively. The access middleware (OPA) 124 has an application programming interface and a method of communicating with the application programming interface. In contrast, the application middleware 126 has an application execution environment and an application programming interface (OPA). The access subsystem 102 is adapted to support connectivity, such as, for example, WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Access), EDGE (Enhanced GSM Data Evolution), GPRS (General Packet Radio Service), and BLUETOOTH, and may also include an IP-centric solution capable of routing data between different interfaces. The term EDGE, as used herein, means and refers to at least one of EGPRS (Enhanced General Packet Radio Service), and ECSD (Enhanced Circuit Switched Data). The UMTS access service stack 106 is adapted to handle standardized communications according to, for example, WCDMA, GSM, EDGE, and GPRS. The datacom service stack 108 handles data communications according to, for example, UART, USB, IrDA, UART, and BLUETOOTH. In contrast to the access subsystem 102, the application subsystem 104 is adapted to support user applications, such as, for example, multimedia, MMI, and other user applications. User applications are applications that an end user of the mobile-terminal platform system 100 uses. The access subsystem 102 and the application subsystem 104 may, for example, be implemented on the same die or as separate application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs). The basic service stack 110 is adapted to handle access-subsystem-specific support for an operating system used by the mobile-terminal platform system 100. The basic service stack 110 may, for example, include security functions, subscriber identity module (SIM) access, and system control. The IF service stacks 112 and 114 are together adapted to handle functionality required to interface between the access subsystem 102 and the application subsystem 104. Although shown as two separate stacks, the IF service stack 112 and the IF service stack 114 may be implemented on a single die. The IF service stacks 112 and 114 are both present regardless of whether implemented on a single die or not. The multimedia protocol service stack 122 addresses functionality above IP such as, for example, object exchange (OBEX) and BLUETOOTH application services. The operation service stack 116 is adapted to handle system functions such as, for example, system control, system data handling, component management, proxy management, core application security, application cryptographic functions, smart card functions, and application terminal management. The application platform service stack 118 is adapted to handle services such as, for example, SMS/EMS services, cell broadcast service, phone book service, platform accessory services, clock service, and positioning application service. The MMI and MM service stack 120 is adapted to handle services such as user interface (UI) services, audio services and control, voice control services, graphics (display) services, image services, camera services, and video services. The MMP service stack 122 is adapted to provide application protocol services, including, for example, multimedia protocols, WAP protocols, OBEX protocol, and BLUETOOTH application services. The MMP service stack 122 may provide protocols for both packet-switched and circuit-switched bearers. The mobile-terminal platform system 100 may be adapted to offer and support a range of different application environments for development of applications on the application subsystem 104. Each application environment has its own characteristics. An application environment is characterized by: the way applications are developed (programming language support, compilation, and linkage); the type of binaries executed (e.g., ARM object files, JAVA class files,); the functional services that are offered; and potential restrictions in use. Support for multiple application environment alternatives facilitates a wide range of products with varying demands such as, for example, cost, ease of use, time-to-market, functionality set, size, and portability. The functional split may also be adapted to permit the access subsystem 102 to be trusted and check code to be loaded on the application subsystem 104, which may either untrusted or not-completely trusted, before the code is run on application subsystem 104. The mobile-terminal platform system 100 is scalable in the sense that it enables the configuration of services required for development of cost-centric and size-centric devices. Such a configuration may, for example only provide a native application environment for development of small, efficient, and static applications. In contrast, using a runtime execution environment for non-native applications supported by the mobile-terminal platform system 100 would allow for development of more advanced products with support for, for example, both native and downloadable applications. Services provided by the mobile-terminal platform system 100 are typically abstracted from internal platform structures and data types; therefore, applications are unaffected by internal changes to the mobile-terminal platform system 100, as long as the functionality of the mobile-terminal platform system 100 remains unchanged. The mobile-terminal platform system 100 typically offers an application environment for native applications. A native application environment provides functional services directly through the application middleware (OPA) 126. The application middleware (OPA) 126 may thus include support for dynamic invocation of selected native platform services. The access middleware (OPA) 124 and the application middleware (OPA) 126 may be viewed as a split Open Platform API (OPA). This split between the access middleware (OPA) 124 and the application middleware (OPA) 126 is typically invisible to application developers. Services that are located on the access subsystem 102 are typically not directly reachable by application developers from the access middleware (OPA) 124 or the application middleware (OPA) 126. Data communication functions are divided between the access subsystem 102 and the application subsystem 104. From an OSI reference model point of view, the physical, data link, network and transport layers are located on the access subsystem 102, while the session, presentation and application layers are located on the application subsystem 104. FIG. 2 is a functional block diagram of an access subsystem 200. In the functional split discussed above, the access subsystem 200 is adapted to include access functions such as, for example, handling of network signaling, circuit-switched audio coder-decoder (codec) functionality, SIM/USIM card access, external interfaces (e.g., BLUETOOTH, RS232, IrDA, USB), positioning protocol support, positioning measurements for OTDOA, and support of external A-GPS solutions, access security, and cryptographic hardware. The access subsystem 200 typically also includes an accessory control bus and a data communications stack up to and including TCP/IP (not explicitly shown). A relatively-accurate clock is usually used by the access subsystem 200 due to air-interface requirements. Data communication stacks and external interfaces are placed on the access subsystem 200 in order to achieve better real-time characteristics, tighter integration, and enhanced value to users. The access subsystem 200 is adapted to control external connections; therefore, services such as always-best/cheapest-connected can be implemented on the access subsystem 200. The access subsystem 200 may be scalable to support different network standards, such as, for example, WCDMA, GSM/GPRS, and EDGE. The access subsystem includes access hardware 202, the access hardware 202 including a central processing unit (CPU) 204 and a digital signal processor (DSP) 208, overall functionality of the combination of the CPU 204 and the DSP 208 being logically illustrated by the access hardware 202, the access CPU software 206, and DSP software 210. The access CPU software 206 is loaded on the access CPU 204, while the DSP 208 has the DSP software 210 loaded thereon. Functionality performed by the access hardware 202 includes functions performed by UMTS access service hardware 212, datacom service hardware 214, basic service hardware 216, and IF service hardware 218. The UMTS access service hardware 212 includes a GSM/GPRS/EDGE (GGE) block 242 and a WCDMA block 244, as well as the DSP 208. In the access subsystem 200, the DSP 208 performs the functions of the UMTS access service hardware, including the GGE block 242 and the WCDMA block 244. Although the DSP 208 is shown as part of the access hardware 202, a DSP need not necessarily be part of the UMTS access service hardware 212 or included as a part of the access hardware 202 at all. The GGE block 242 is connected to an RF block 246, while the WCDMA block 244 is connected to an RF block 248. Each of the RF block 246 and the RF block 248 is connected to a bandselect & switch block 250 for the purpose of transmitting via respective power amplifier blocks 254 and 256. The bandselect & switch block 250 connects, for the purpose of receiving, the RF block 246 and the RF block 248 to an antenna 252 via the power amplifier blocks 254 and 256. The UMTS access service hardware 212 also has a universal asynchronous receiver transmitter (UART) interface 258 and a pulse code modulation (PCM) interface 260. The datacom service hardware 214 includes a UART interface 262, a universal serial bus (USB) interface 240, an IrDA interface 238, a BLUETOOTH (BT) interface 236, and a UART interface 264. The basic service hardware 216 includes a power management interface 266 and a subscriber identity module (SIM) card interface 268. The IF service hardware 218 includes an access/application interface (AAIF) 270. The access CPU software 206 includes UMTS access service software 220, datacom service software 222, basic service software 224, and IF service software 226. The access CPU software 206 also includes a hardware abstraction layer (HAL) 228. The HAL 228 isolates dependencies between software and hardware portions of the access subsystem 200. Also shown as a part of the access CPU software 206 is an access middleware (OPA) 230. The access middleware (OPA) 230 includes an OPA access module 232 and a proxy/stub 234. No execution environment control is typically needed on the access subsystem 200, since the application developers can control the access subsystem 200 but cannot place any applications on the access subsystem 200. For a given service stack 106-112 shown in FIG. 1, a corresponding combination of service software, HAL, and hardware shown in the access subsystem 200 performs analogous functionality. For example, the UMTS access service stack 106 roughly corresponds to the combination of the UMTS access service hardware 212, the HAL 228, and the UMTS access service software 220, such that the UMTS access service software 220, the HAL 228, and the UMTS access service hardware 212 together perform UMTS access services. When an external operating system (i.e., an operating system on an application subsystem other than the application subsystem 300 shown in FIG. 3) is used with the access subsystem 200, the external operating system will typically include all functionality present on the application subsystem 300, and may even duplicate some functionality located on the access subsystem 200, such as, for example, BLUETOOTH or TCP/IP functionality. The external operating system uses the functionality available on the access subsystem 200 via a communication interface. No changes to the access subsystem 200 should be needed when an external operating system is used, if the external operating system is able to communicate with the access subsystem 102 via the AAIF 270. In order to simplify for type approval and real-time requirements of circuit-switched voice call audio, circuit-switched voice is typically handled on the access subsystem 200. Thus, audio processing is typically performed on the DSP 208 and delivered via digital audio interface towards an application subsystem, such as the application subsystem 300. The PCM interface 260 makes type approval and test & verification easier. It can, however, also be utilized for, for example, telematics solutions or external BLUETOOTH solutions. UMTS access services are performed by a combination of the UMTS access service software 220, the HAL 228, and the UMTS access service hardware 212. The UMTS access services include support for various wireless communication standards, such as, for example, GSM, GPRS, EDGE, and WCDMA according to 3GPP. The UMTS access services may include functionality for circuit-switched voice, circuit-switched data, packet-switched data, short message service, supplementary services, and cell broadcast. The UMTS access services may be adapted to support, for example, GSM/GPRS/EDGE or GSM/GPRS/EDGE/WCDMA. The UMTS access services may also be adapted to provide full support for switching between WCDMA and GSM/GPRS/EDGE in idle and dedicated mode. HSDPA support may also be implemented. The UMTS access services may also be adapted to support circuit-switched services to supply interfaces to manage call setup and handling. The call-setup-and-handling interfaces may include circuit-switched voice and data calls and provide functionality to manage calls by setting up, answering, and disconnecting regular voice calls, including emergency calls. The circuit-switched services may also have functionality to manage data calls in a similar way as voice calls. The UMTS access services may also be adapted to handle audio control of the access subsystem and basic functionality for positioning services. The positioning services may include, for example, support for assisted GPS and OTDOA. In similar fashion to the UMTS access services, datacom services are performed by a combination of the datacom service software 222, the HAL 228, and the datacom service hardware 214. The datacom services typically include two types of services: 1) sockets services; and 2) COM-port services. A sockets interface allows applications to communicate with UDP or TCP connected services via an IP-based network using, for example, UMTS, BLUETOOTH, or USB. Both circuit-switched and packet-switched UMTS (e.g., GSM/GPRS/EDGE/WCDMA) bearers may be supported. DUN server (PPP server) functionality may be provided for IP traffic over a circuit-switched UMTS bearer. Examples of clients that use these services are WAP and multimedia applications. The datacom services may also be adapted to permit dial-up networking from a laptop or PDA using any of a plurality of physical interfaces, such as, for example, the BT interface 236 or the IrDA interface 238. Both circuit-switched and packet-switched UMTS (e.g., GSM/GPRS/EDGE/WCDMA) bearers may also be supported. The datacom services may include PPP to support dial-up-networking service towards a packet-switched bearer from, for example, a laptop, PDA, or PC. RS232 services may be used to support dial-up networking from a laptop, PDA, or PC using asynchronous serial communication. BLUETOOTH services may be used to support dial-up networking from a laptop, PDA, or PC using a BLUETOOTH radio bearer. In addition, audio and telephony control services for a BLUETOOTH headset may be supported. The BLUETOOTH services may include host functionality for, for example, WAP over BLUETOOTH. An IrDA service may be used to support dial-up networking from, for example, a laptop, PDA, or PC using infrared communication according to IrDA. IrDA may also be used for object exchange. USB service may be used to support a slave role in order to allow dial-up networking from, for example, a USB-enabled laptop, PDA, or PC according to the sub-class specification for Wireless Mobile Communication Devices. USB On-The-Go (USB OTG) may also be supported. An AT command service may be used to allow dial-up networking from, for example, a laptop, PDA, or PC via an external interface. The datacom services may be enhanced with a network access point or packet-based UMTS network according to zero-configuration access to packet networks (ZAP). For access to packet-switched services, an SNMP server and a special-purpose MIB (for terminals supporting packet-switched services) may be provided as an alternative to AT commands and DUN server functionality. The datacom service software 222 may include the following software modules (not explicitly shown): BLUETOOTH and BLUETOOTH driver; IrDA and IrDA driver; USB and USB driver; RS232, ACB and UART drivers; IP; SNMP; AT; and modem Services. Modem functionality is typically implemented via a connection between an external interface and UMTS. The modem functionality is completely handled by the access subsystem. Basic services are provided by a combination of the basic service software 224, the HAL 228, and the basic service hardware 216. The basic services may include the following functionalities: SIM access; access security; system control; and distributed-component-model support. SIM/USIM application toolkit (SAT/USAT) services may be used to offer related functionality to an application developer. The SAT/USAT services operate as a link between a SIM card and a user equipment (UE) that incorporates the access subsystem 200. One use of the SAT/USAT services is to inform the SIM card about the outcome of proactive commands sent to the UE (i.e., whether the UE should return responses such as DisplayText or Select/Item to the SIM card to notify the card about the result of the command). The basic services represent general access services, such as, for example: system control; SIM; core access security; access cryptographic; access terminal management; component management; and proxy management. The system control handles power-up and power-down of the access subsystem. The system control also controls different operating modes that the access subsystem 200 can work in, such as, for example, radio-off. The SIM card interface 268 handles SIM, USIM, SIM AT, USIM AT, and WIM on SIM. The SIM card interface 268 is intimately connected to system security modules, as the security modules are the interface for applications towards security tokens on a SIM card. Access cryptographic includes low-level security functionality needed by applications such as, for example, browsers and execution environments. Security hardware support may be included on the access subsystem 200. When the security hardware support is on the access subsystem 200, necessary cryptographic hardware is present on the access subsystem 200 irrespective of what type of application platform is used. A cryptographic interface towards cryptographic hardware may also be provided. Access terminal management handles secure remote control of terminal access-related security settings, credentials, and configuration. The component management and the proxy management are related to the DCM technology used for the access middleware (OPA) 230. A component manager keeps a table of all installed components. When a remote component is requested, the component manager notifies the proxy manager, who sets up the needed proxy-stub pairs for the remote access. The proxy/stub 234 takes care of the marshalling and de-marshalling of the communication. IF services are performed by a combination of the IF service software 226, the HAL 228, and the IF service hardware 218. The IF services handle functionality required to interface between the access subsystem 200 and an application subsystem, such as the application subsystem 300. The IF services carry all traffic, data, and control, between the access subsystem 200 and an application subsystem, including digital audio between the access subsystem 200 and the application subsystem. Different quality-of-service (QoS) modes may be provided as a feature of the IF services. FIG. 3 is a functional block diagram of an application subsystem 300. In accordance with the functional split described above relative to FIG. 1, the application subsystem 300 typically handles user applications, such as, for example, a user file system, messaging services, multimedia services, streaming services, audio other than circuit-switched audio, WAP stack, OBEX, basic UI service, middleware services, and application security. In contrast to the access subsystem 200, the application subsystem 300 does not require a clock as accurate as the access subsystem 200, since the application does not have to meet the air-interface requirements that must be met by the access subsystem 200, except as regards circuit-switched audio. The application subsystem 300 includes application hardware 302. The application hardware 302 includes an application CPU 304. Application CPU software 306 is loaded on the application CPU 304. The application hardware 302 includes IF service hardware 308, operation service hardware 310, application platform service hardware 312, man-machine interface (MMI) and multimedia (MM) service hardware 314, and multimedia protocol (MMP) hardware 316. The hardware 308-316 logically represent functions performed by the application CPU 304 with the application CPU software 306 loaded thereon. The application CPU software 306 includes IF service software 318, operation service software 320, application platform service software 322, MMI and MM service software 324, and MMP service software 326. Also included within the application CPU software 306 is a HAL 328 corresponding to each of the service softwares 318-326. The application CPU software 306 also includes an application middleware (OPA) 330. The application middleware (OPA) 330 includes a Java EXE block 332, an Open Application Framework (OAF) block 334, an OPA block 336, and an SDK toolset 338. Within the application middleware (OPA) 330, the OPA 336 serves as an interface accessible by the application developer. Although the OPA 336 is shown in FIG. 3 as part of the application middleware (OPA) 330, implementation of the OPA 336 may physically reside on the access subsystem 200. The application subsystem 300 typically handles all application services that can be configured to a specific product; therefore, the application subsystem 300 scales with the type of services needed and the performance of the services supported. The functionality of the application subsystem 300 may be exported to an application developer through the application middleware (OPA) 330. The IF service hardware 308 includes an AAIF 340. The AAIF 340 interfaces with, for example, the AAIF 270 of the access subsystem 200. The operation service hardware 310 includes an external memory interface (EMIF) 342, an inter-integrated-circuit-bus interface 344, a battery interface 346, and a memory card interface 348. The MMI and MM service hardware 314 includes a graphic acceleration module (XGAM) hardware block 350. The MMI and MM service hardware 314 includes a general purpose input-output (GPIO) interface 352, a keypad interface 354, a personal data interchange (PDI) interface 356, a camera data interface (CDI) 358, and an I2S interface 360. The access subsystem 200 may be used in conjunction with an application subsystem such as the application subsystem 300 or other application subsystems running various operating systems, such as, for example, OSE, SYMBIAN, or WINDOWS CE. While the hardware and software of the access subsystem 200 remain basically unchanged, the chosen operating system may run on various hardware, including, but not limited to, the application subsystem 300. Depending on the interface method and hardware used, the operating system may need to be equipped with custom drivers or access-application communication devices to utilize the functionality of the access subsystem 200. How this is done will depend on the chosen operating system and on how much of the functionality of the access subsystem 200 is to be used by the chosen operating system and hardware. When the access subsystem 200 and the application subsystem 300 are used together, the application middleware (OPA) 330 is typically the only interface that is exported to application developers. Thus, the application developers do not need to know the details of communications between the access subsystem 200 and the application subsystem 300. From the application developers' point of view, the application subsystem 300 and the access subsystem 200 typically are designed to act together as a single entity so that the functional split therebetween is not visible to the application developer. OPA implementation within the access middleware (OPA) 230 of the access subsystem 200 and the application middleware (OPA) 330 of the application subsystem 300 may be according to at least two options. In the first option, the entire OPA (e.g., the entire combined functionality of the access middleware (OPA) 230 and the application middleware (OPA) 330) resides on the application subsystem 300 and communications from the entire OPA with a platform comprising the access subsystem 200 and the application subsystem 300 is made via internal communications. In a second option, parts of the entire OPA that are access-related are implemented on the access subsystem 200. In the second option, any split of the entire OPA into two parts is not visible to the application developer and any proxy needs to implement function calls between the application subsystem 300 and the access subsystem 200. When the second option is utilized, the access subsystem 200 may be used in a stand-alone mode for, for example, telematics solutions, or together with an external application subsystem as discussed above. Communications between the portions of the entire OPA implemented on the application subsystem 300 (or an external subsystem) and the access subsystem 200 occur via the AAIF 270 and the AAIF 340. Data communication functions are divided between the access subsystem 200 and the application subsystem 300. From an OSI reference model point of view, the physical, data link, network and transport layers are located on the access subsystem 200, while the session, presentation and application layers are located on the application subsystem 300. For a given service stack 114-122 shown in FIG. 1, a corresponding combination of service software, HAL, and hardware shown in FIG. 3 performs analogous functionality. For example, the operation service stack 116 roughly corresponds to the combined operation service software 320, HAL 328, and operation service hardware 310. Thus, operation services are performed by the combination of the operation service software 320, the HAL 328, and the operation service hardware 310. The operation service software 320 typically includes software modules for system control, system data handling, component management, proxy management, XML tool kit, core application security, application cryptographic functions, smart card functions, and application terminal management. System control refers to coordination of activation, execution, and deactivation of core functionality of the application subsystem 300. Persistent data handling (PDH) is used by applications to store data related to operation thereof in a structured tabular manner. PDH allows applications to search data or sort data. The XML tool kit is typically a generic module intended for both platform internal and external use, aiding applications with handling of XML documents. When using the XML tool kit, applications need only a rudimentary knowledge about XML and its syntax. The core application security module contains software reprogramming protection mechanisms, including factory flashing and secure software upgrading. The application cryptographic module provides cryptographic services to applications such as, for example, a browser email client or a java run time environment. The cryptographic services may include, for example, cryptographic computation, secure storage and certificate handling. The application terminal management software module handles secure remote control of terminal application-related security settings, credentials, and configuration. The operation service hardware 310 may include, for example, a mixed-signal ASIC that manages startup timing. Following a power reset, software typically takes control of the platform and voltages can be changed in power-saving modes programmed and activated using a hardware signal. Fully-automated voltage, temperature, current, and event watches can also be implemented to minimize loading of the CPU 304. Application services are performed by a combination of the application platforms service software 322, the HAL 328, and the application platform service hardware 312. The application platform services may include, for example, SMS/EMS services, cell broadcast service, phone book service, platform accessory services, clock service, and positioning application service. An MMS client is not necessarily part of the platform system itself, as the MMS client is typically realized on an application level. Functionality for the MMS client is typically exported via the OPA 330. A messaging transport service may be used to permit an application developer to access processes that save, delete, create, and send an individual SMS or EMS. The cell broadcast service provides functionality for handling all messages received on a cell broadcast channel, which is a point-to-multi-point broadcast service. Phonebook services permit storage, retrieval, modification, deletion, and searching of records on a SIM/IUSIM card or in a phonebook database. The clock service handles client application requests for time information derived from a UE real time clock (RTC). The positioning application service provides processes for handling positioning requests and verification procedures. MMI and MM services are performed by a combination of the MMI and multimedia service software 324, the HAL 328, and the MMI and MM service hardware 314. The man-machine interface (MMI) and multimedia (MM) services support user interface operation. Services provided by the MMI and MM services may include: user interface (UI) services; audio services and control (including system sounds and music player); voice control services; graphics (display) services; image services; camera services; and video services. The user interface functionality typically includes a UI server, which provides fundamental UI functionality, and a UI toolkit, which handles additional UI functionality. The UI server handles control of access to display and LEDs, supplies a window system that performs the task of routing input events such as keystrokes and touchscreen activities to the proper application, and schedules output of graphics and user notifications, except for sounds. User input events, such as key presses from a keyboard/touch screen and pen events from a touch screen, may be routed from hardware drivers, mapped into logical events in the UI Server, and directed to the proper application via the OPA 330. The applications can make use of input methods to translate raw input data into more useful formats. A general mechanism for invoking input methods is implemented in the platform system; application developers may add the actual input methods separately as extensions to the OPA. The image services provide functionality to handle images in a variety of formats. Images can be decoded, encoded, or edited, and can be stored in internal memory or on a removable memory card. Images can be downloaded via the network or acquired via, for example, a built-in camera or camera accessory. Padding of images that are larger than the display itself may be supported, as may be functions such as zooming, dithering, cropping, and rotation. The camera services offer functions for use of a camera server. The camera server is responsible for any internal camera. The camera services interface provides processes for: taking and storing a picture; starting and stopping the camera; retrieving and setting camera capabilities; using a viewfinder mode; and recording video. Audio and video services offer functions to play and record audio and video to and from supported (stored) media files. A user can set volume, adjust audio band equalization, and choose the type of audio or BLUETOOTH accessory to use before playing content. The content can be stored in internal memory or on an external memory card. Audio and video codecs can also be used for streaming and conversational audio/video functionality. Voice control services offer functionality for isolated word recognition, AMR-encoded voice tags, magic word, and voice-activated dialing or answering. Scalability in the MMI and MM services is provided in terms of functional configuration and performance configuration. It is possible to add and remove multimedia functionality, such as, for example, functionality for audio codecs, video codecs, still-image codecs, three-dimensional (3D) graphics, and audio equalizer. Multimedia functionality influences RAM and flash consumption. It is also possible to remove hardware accelerator blocks, such as, for example, those for 3D graphics. The functionality is not necessarily completely removed; rather, performance may instead be reduced. Accelerator-block performance may also be configured by RAM speed and size. The MMI & MM services include all multimedia support excluding circuit switched voice call functionality, which is typically provided by the access subsystem 200. Multimedia protocol (MMP) services are provided by a combination of the MMP service software 326, the HAL 328, and the MMP hardware 316. MMP services provide application protocol services, including, for example, multimedia protocols, WAP protocols, OBEX protocol, and BLUETOOTH application services. The MMP services provide protocols for both packet-switched and circuit-switched bearers. The multimedia protocols that may be supported are, for example, RTP, RTSP, SIP, and H.324M. The MMP services may also be adapted to support conversational multimedia services according to the 3GPP IP Multimedia Core Network Subsystem (IMS). The conversational multimedia services may include, for example, both real-time video and voice sessions (e.g., VoIP) and non-real-time presence and instant-messaging services. The control protocol for these services is typically SIP. For video conferencing services, the H.223 and H.245 protocols may be supported. Other application capabilities can also be added, including, for example, data synchronization or MMS. OBEX protocol provides services for data exchange to/from an external device and may be initiated either by an application using the OPA or by a client in an external device. The BLUETOOTH application services include processes for identification of available BLUETOOTH-capable devices. The application subsystem 300 owns the analog audio interface. Thus, the access subsystem 200 must deliver a digital audio stream via an interface connected to the application subsystem 300. This interface is typically a PCM data channel over the access-application interface. During a circuit-switched voice call, the application subsystem must route PCM data to a mixed-signal circuit (not shown in FIG. 3). This routing can be made in both hardware and software. However, the application can process the digital audio prior to delivery. In terms of circuit-switched audio, the responsibility of the application subsystem 300 is to provide an audio path from the access-application interface to the interface of the mixed-signal circuit (not shown in FIG. 3). The application subsystem 300 can introduce more audio processing, such as mixing in other sound sources and recording of an ongoing voice call. For non-circuit-switched voice-call audio, the application subsystem 300 provides audio codecs and only requests a data path between the access subsystem 200 and the application subsystem 300. FIGS. 4-6 illustrate exemplary mobile-terminal implementations that utilize a scalable platform system. FIG. 4 illustrates a low-cost mobile-terminal implementation adapted to operate in accordance with GSM/GPRS/EDGE. FIG. 5 illustrates a low-cost mobile-terminal implementation adapted to operate in accordance with GSM/GPRS/EDGE/WCDMA. FIG. 6 illustrates a high-functionality mobile-terminal implementation adapted to operate according to GSM/GPRS/EDGE/WCDMA. Each of the exemplary implementations shown in FIGS. 4-6 may be adapted to integrate EDGE functionality together with GSM/GPRS such that signal processing is performed on a single DSP located on the access subsystem. Integrating the EDGE functionality with GSM/GPRS functionality may allow prior platform work to be leveraged and also permits more flexibility in signal processing algorithms for GSM/GPRS. In addition, reuse of common elements by GSM/GPRS and EDGE may serve to reduce total costs. The DSP may be used for basic circuit-switched voice processing, such as, for example, noise suppression, adaptive multi-rate (AMR) speech encoding and decoding, echo cancellation, and acoustic compensation. Further, in the implementations shown in FIGS. 4-6, development, verification, and type approval may be simplified by separating access services, which are performed by the access subsystem, from generic applications. The application subsystems shown in FIGS. 4-6 are typically built around a cache-based microcontroller. Although no application-subsystem DSP is shown in the implementation illustrated in FIGS. 4-6, an application-subsystem DSP may be included in the application subsystem if needed. Moreover, even though each of the implementations shown in FIGS. 4-6 includes a DSP for signal processing, implementations of a scalable platform system without a DSP are possible, and may indeed be desirable under certain circumstances. As will be further illustrated below relative to FIGS. 4-6, a wide scope of implementations may be supported by the platform system. In designing the implementations, consideration is given to various possible implementations that may be generated from the platform system and allowance made for the possibility of unique characteristics of a circuit included in each of the implementations as well as scalability of any common elements included in the implementations. Although each of the implementations shown in FIGS. 4-6 is typically implemented using one or more ASICs, implementations using other components may be developed and utilized as deemed appropriate by a designer. As will be apparent to those having skill in the art, the platform system is scalable, such that low-performance to high-performance implementations may be readily developed with a minimal number of integrated circuits and to reuse already-developed software from a previously-developed implementation. FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a low-cost mobile terminal that could, for example, target entry segments among users that are not interested in WCDMA services or to whom WCDMA is not available. In FIG. 4, a mobile terminal 400 includes an access subsystem 402, an application subsystem 404, a mixed-signal circuit 406, a GSM/GPRS/EDGE transmit block 408, a power amplifier block 410, and an antenna 412. The application subsystem 404 includes a CPU 414, which may be, for example, a RISC processor such as, for example, the ARM9 processor. The application subsystem 404 also includes a graphics acceleration module (GAM) 416 and an AAIF 418. The access subsystem 402 includes GSM/GPRS/EDGE hardware 420, a CPU 422, a DSP 424, and an AAIF 426. As noted above, communication between the application subsystem 404 and the access subsystem 402 occurs via the AAIF 418 and the AAIF 426. The CPU 422 may be a RISC processor such as, for example, the ARM7 processor. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 4, the access subsystem 402 and the application subsystem 404 are implemented on the same chip. Various external interfaces are part of the application subsystem 404 and the access subsystem 402. For example, a camera interface 428, a display interface 430, a keyboard interface 432, a smart card interface 434, a multimedia card/secure digital (MMC-SD) memory interface 436, and a speaker/microphone interface 438 are included as part of the application subsystem 404. An infrared data association (IrDA) interface 440, a universal serial bus (USB) interface 442, and a subscriber identify module (SIM) interface 444 are shown and included in the access subsystem 402. A battery 446 is shown connected to the mixed-signal circuit 406. Each of the access subsystem 402 and the application subsystem 404 may have a plurality of general purpose input/outputs (GPIOs) and/or universal asynchronous receiver/transmitters (UARTs), as indicated by reference numerals 448 and 450. A shared random access memory (RAM) 452 is shown serving both the access subsystem 402 and the application subsystem 404. A NAND flash memory 454 is shown connected to the application subsystem 404. Although the flash memory 454 is illustrated as a NAND flash memory, any suitable type of flash memory may be used. For example, NOR flash memory may be used in place of part of the shared RAM 452, since NOR flash memory is capable of eXecution In Place (XIP), whereas NAND flash memory is not capable of XIP. In the mobile terminal 400, both the access subsystem 402 and the application subsystem 404 baseband functionality are integrated onto a common chip. The mobile terminal 400 represents a cost-centric solution with minimal functionality and without WCDMA support. Therefore, no WCDMA block or associated radio-frequency (RF) support are present. In addition, because the mobile terminal 400 represents a cost-centric solution, the CPU 14 and the GAM 416 are typically less-expensive lower-performance modules than what would be used in more high-performance mobile terminals. A memory system comprising the RAM 452 and the NAND flash memory 454 is chosen to have low cost without compromising performance relative to current, bandwidth, and other considerations. In order to reduce the overall number of chips, the application subsystem 404 and the access subsystem 402 are shown sharing the RAM 452. In a typical implementation of the mobile terminal 400, software for the access subsystem 402 and the application subsystem 404 is downloaded from the NAND flash memory 454 to the RAM 452. As noted above, the access subsystem 402 and the application subsystem 404 communicate with one another via the AAIF 418 and the AAIF 426. The mixed-signal circuit 406 provides power supplies needed by the mobile terminal 400 as well as power management, audio amplifier, and level shifting for some external interfaces. The mixed-signal circuit 406 also includes audio functionality for transforming digital audio to analog audio and vice versa. The mixed-signal circuit 406 shown in FIG. 4 will also be used in the mobile terminals shown in FIGS. 5 and 6; however, low dropout regulators (LDOs) not present in the mobile terminal 400 will typically be supported in higher-end mobile terminals. FIG. 5 illustrates a low-cost mobile terminal 500 with WCDMA capability. In contrast to the mobile terminal 400, in the mobile terminal 500, an access subsystem 502 and an application subsystem 504 are physically separated into two separate chips. In contrast to the access subsystem 402, the access subsystem 502 includes a WCDMA block 505, a BLUETOOTH (BT) block 506, and a CPU 508. The CPU 508 may be a RISC processor that is identical to or includes a different functionality than the CPU 422. The BT block 506 is connected to a BT RF block 509 and a BT antenna 510. The WCDMA block 505 is connected to a WCDMA transmit block 512. The WCDMA transmit block is connected to a power amplifier block 514. In addition, the access subsystem 502 is served by a dedicated RAM 516. The access subsystem 502, the WCDMA transmit block 512, the GSM/GPRS/EDGE transmit block 408, the power amplifier block 410, and the power amplifier block 514 are typically implemented on the same chip. The application subsystem 504 includes a CPU 518. The CPU 518 may be a RISC processor identical to the CPU 414 or one having different capabilities than the CPU 414. For example, the CPU 518 may be an ARM9 processor. FIG. 6 illustrates a high-end mobile terminal 600. The mobile terminal 600 provides the same access capabilities as the mobile terminal 500 (i.e., WCDMA/GSM/GPRS/EDGE). Thus, the access subsystem 502 is used in the mobile terminal 600, which allows a reuse of the hardware and software of the access subsystem 502 in the mobile terminal 600. A performance upgrade to the mobile terminal 600 relative to the mobile terminal 500 is focused upon an application subsystem 602 of the mobile terminal 600. The application subsystem 602 includes a CPU 604. The CPU 604 is more powerful than the CPU 518 and may be, for example, an ARM11 processor. The application subsystem 602 also includes the AAIF 418, which is identical to the AAIF 418 in the application subsystem 504 and in the application subsystem 404. However, the application subsystem 602 includes more graphic and multimedia support than the application subsystem 504 as indicated by a GAM+MULTIMEDIA HW ACCELATOR (GMMA) module 606. The inclusion of the CPU 604 and the GMMA module 606 allow the mobile terminal 600 to be targeted towards high-end applications such as, for example, smart phones or personal digital assistants (PDAs). A memories block 608 is shown connected to the application subsystem 602. The memories block 608 is shown as a blank box because the type, amount, and configuration of the memories block 608 is dependent upon the applications to be run on the mobile terminal 600 and therefore could vary greatly. A NAND flash memory 610 is shown connected to the access subsystem 502. The NAND flash memory 610 is shown as sharing a bus with the RAM 516. In the configuration shown in FIG. 6, it might not always be possible to download from the application subsystem 602, particularly if the access subsystem 502 needs its own non-volatile memory. Thus, the NAND flash memory 610 may be used to download data to the access subsystem 502. The NAND flash memory 610, although shown as being in a NAND configuration, may also be, for example, NOR flash one or two bit cell technology or a NAND flash memory realized as NAND with a NOR flash interface (e.g., MMDOC), since the interface between the NAND flash memory and the RAM 516 and the access subsystem 502 is the only supported interface to the access subsystem 502. However, it is also possible that the NAND flash memory 610 could be moved to access the application subsystem 602 in similar fashion to that shown with respect to the mobile terminal 500. In various embodiments of the invention, watch-dog-timers are provided in both the access subsystem 102 and the application subsystem 104, as well as in a mixed-signal part, in an effort to ensure that any single subsystem failure may be readily handled. The previous Description is of embodiment(s) of the invention. The scope of the invention should not necessarily be limited by this Description. The scope of the present invention is instead defined by the following claims and the equivalents thereof.	<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>1. Technical Field The present invention generally relates to mobile-terminal platform systems, and more particularly, but not by way of limitation, to mobile-terminal platform systems that are readily scalable with respect to both access services and application services. 2. History of Related Art Since cellular telecommunications systems were first introduced in the 1980's, mobile terminals utilized in the cellular telecommunications systems have become increasingly complex. Mobile terminals were initially designed to primarily provide voice telephony services. In later years, mobile terminals were developed that also included the ability to transfer user data not related to that of a voice telephone call. Such user data included, for example, data to be transferred over a dial-up network connection initiated via a personal computer. Currently, so-called third generation (3G) systems are being developed. 3G systems combine high-speed access with traditional voice communications and provide a user with access to internet browsing, streaming audio/video, positioning, video conferencing, as well as many other capabilities other than traditional voice telephony. The Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) was established in an effort to ensure compatibility among several 3G systems being developed around the world. The Universal Mobile Telephone System (UMTS) is being developed by 3GPP to provide a 3G system that includes terrestrial and satellite systems capable of delivering voice, data, and multimedia anywhere in the world. The drastically-increased functionality that is being included in cellular telecommunications systems via the 3GPP standardization has placed substantial demands on mobile-terminal developers to be used in the cellular telecommunications systems. This demand is exacerbated by the fact that a mobile terminal is a so-called resource-scarce environment that is limited in size, memory, and power. Mobile-terminal developers have traditionally designed, fabricated, and marketed substantially-complete mobile terminals that include all of the hardware and software needed for basic terminal operation, as well as the hardware and software needed to provide the features and capabilities desired by the developer or a particular user based upon their perception of market needs. As market demand has increased for mobile terminals with additional capabilities not traditionally found in mobile terminals, such as, for example, multimedia, including cameraphone features, mp3 players, videophony features, short range wireless communication features, such as, for example, BLUETOOTH, and Universal Serial Bus (USB) connectivity, the traditional mobile-terminal design, fabrication, and marketing approaches have not been able to provide the flexibility to quickly adapt to rapid changes in market demands or satisfy the diverse requirements of multiple users. There is, accordingly, a need for a method of and system for a scalable mobile-terminal platform that addresses the demands discussed above.	<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>A mobile-terminal platform system includes an application subsystem and an access subsystem. The access subsystem includes hardware and software for providing connectivity services. The application subsystem includes hardware and software for providing user-application services. The application subsystem and the access subsystem communicate via a defined interface. Each of the application subsystem and the access subsystem may be independently scaled. A method of creating a mobile-terminal platform system includes providing an application subsystem and providing an access subsystem. The application subsystem includes hardware and software for providing user-application services. The access subsystem includes hardware and software for providing connectivity services. The application subsystem and the access subsystem are inter-operably connected via a defined interface. At least one of the application subsystem and the access subsystem may be independently scaled. Access to the access subsystem and the application subsystem is permitted only via a middleware of the application subsystem.	20040527	20100427	20050428	66795.0		2	NGUYEN, VAN H	MOBILE TERMINAL APPLICATION SUBSYSTEM AND ACCESS SUBSYSTEM ARCHITECTURE METHOD AND SYSTEM	UNDISCOUNTED	0	ACCEPTED		2,004
10,857,596	ACCEPTED	Error detection in a circuit module	A circuit module has a module board and a plurality of circuit chips that are arranged on the module board. A module main bus having a plurality of lines of the circuit module branches into a plurality of sub-buses having a plurality of lines. Each of the sub-buses is connected to one of the circuit chips. Each circuit chip has an indication signal generating unit for providing an indication signal based on a combination of the signals received on the plurality of lines of the sub-bus connected to the respective circuit chip, and an indication signal output for outputting the indication signal.	1. A circuit module comprising: a module board; a plurality of circuit chips arranged on the module board; a main bus having a plurality of lines, branching into a plurality of sub-buses having a plurality of lines, each of the sub-busses being connected to one of the plurality of circuit chips; wherein each circuit chip comprises an indication signal generating unit for providing an indication signal based on a combination of the signals received on the plurality of lines of the sub-bus connected to the respective circuit chip, and an indication signal output for outputting the indication signal. 2. The circuit module according to claim 1, further comprising means for providing a check signal to each of the circuit chips, and wherein said indication signal generating unit generates said indication signal based on a combination of the signals on the plurality of lines of the respective sub-bus and the check signal, so that the indication signal represents an error signal. 3. The circuit module according to claim 2, further comprising an error reporting means, being connected to the indication signal outputs of the circuit chips, and wherein each error reporting means is configured to drive a module error out signal. 4. The circuit module according to claim 3, wherein the error reporting means is configured to indicate the circuit chip, the error signal is received from, or to indicate a group of circuit chips, the error signal is received from. 5. The circuit module according to claim 1, further comprising a plurality of indication reporting means, each being connected to one of the indication signal outputs of the circuit chips, and wherein each error reporting means is configured to drive a module indication out signal. 6. The circuit module according to claim 1, wherein the circuit module comprises a unit for combining the indication signal with a check signal to provide a module error out signal. 7. The circuit module according to claim 6, wherein the unit for combining is configured to indicate the circuit chip an error was detected in or to indicate a group of circuit chips, an error was detected in. 8. The circuit module according to claim 1, further comprising a main bus error detection unit for detecting errors on the main bus making use of the check signal. 9. The circuit module according to claim 1, wherein each circuit chip comprises a sticky bit unit, arranged between the indication signal generating unit and the indication signal output, for holding information of the indication signal. 10. The circuit module according to claim 1, wherein the circuit module is a memory module, wherein the circuit chips are memory chips, wherein the main bus is a memory main bus, and the sub-busses are memory sub-busses. 11. The circuit module according to claim 10, wherein the memory main bus is a command/address bus. 12. The circuit module according to claim 1, wherein the check signal is a parity signal. 13. A memory chip comprising: a memory bus input for receiving signals from a memory bus having a plurality of lines; wherein the circuit chip comprises an indication signal generating unit for providing an indication signal based on a combination of the signals received on the plurality of lines of the memory bus connected to the circuit chip, and an indication signal output for outputting the indication signal. 14. The memory chip according to claim 13, comprising a check signal input for receiving a check signal, and wherein said indication signal generating unit generates said indication signal based on a combination of the signals on the plurality of lines of the memory bus and the check signal, so that the indication signal represents an error signal.	BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a circuit module and, in particular, to an error detection in a circuit module comprising a module board and a plurality of circuit chips arranged on the module board. 2. Description of the Related Art A conventional structure of computer main memory systems includes a memory controller, a main memory bus and memory chips, DRAM chips for example, that are arranged on memory modules, DIMMs (DIMM=Duals In-Line Memory Module) for example. The main memory bus connects the memory modules to the memory controller. In general, the main memory bus comprises a data bus, a command/address bus, and lines carrying clock signals and check signals. Conventionally, error detection and correction on the main memory bus is done on the data bus only, by including additional bits or even chips and by using special algorithms for processing data received via the data bus. Some prior art computer main memory systems comprise additional error detection means to detect errors on the command/address bus. In such systems, the memory controller generates a check signal which is driven to the memory modules. Each memory module comprises an error detection unit that detects an error on the command/address bus by making use of the check signal. In case of a detected error, the error detection unit generates an error signal that is driven back to the memory controller. FIG. 1 shows a schematic view of such a prior art memory module. The memory module is in the form of a registered DIMM. The memory module comprises a module board 100, a plurality of memory chips (DRAMs) 102, a buffer or register 104 and a connector portion 106. The connector portion 106 is connected to the buffer or register 104 via a module main bus 108. At the output of the buffer or register 104, the module main bus 108 branches into sub-busses 110 each of which being connected to one of the memory chips 102. The connector portion 106 comprises a plurality of terminals 120 to 124 to receive or drive a plurality of signals from or to a memory bus on a motherboard (not shown) to which the memory module is connected. A clock signal CLK is applied at terminal 120, address signals A0 and Al are applied at terminals 121 and 122, a check signal Parity IN is applied at terminal 123 and an error signal Parity OUT is applied at terminal 124. In FIG. 1 only those components necessary to explain the functionality of interest, i.e. the components associated to the command/address bus are shown. Moreover, for simplicity, only two address bits A0 and A1 of the command/address bus are shown, while usual command/address busses comprise 24 to 27 bits. The buffer or register 104 comprises buffer or register elements, drivers 130, 131 and 132 and an error detection circuit, comprising XOR-gates 141 and 142. The drivers 130 and 131 are operable to drive the address lines and are controlled by the clock signal CLK. First and second inputs of the first XOR-gate 141 are connected to the terminals 122 and 123, respectively. Thus, the memory bus signals A1 and Parity IN provide the input signals for the first XOR-gate 141. The output 145 of the first XOR-gate 141 is connected to a first input of the second XOR-gate 142 which is also connected to the terminal 121. The terminal 121 provides the A0 bit, which is the next less significant bit of the memory bus bits. The output 146 of the second XOR-gate 142 is connected to the driver 132 which samples the output 146 with the signal CLK. The output of the driver 132 is connected to the terminal 125 which applies the error signal Parity OUT to the memory bus. The error detection circuit provides error detection by way of parity checking. The check signal Parity IN provides a parity bit for the memory bus signal bits A0 and A1 that is generated and provided by a memory controller (not shown). The value of the parity bit depends on the number of “1” bits on the memory bus signals A0 and A1, at a time. If there is an odd number of “1” bits, the corresponding parity bit has a high value, otherwise if there is an even number of “1” bits, the parity bit has a low value. The Parity Checking is done by way of XOR-gates. There are as many XOR-gates as there are bits on the memory command/address bus. The output of each XOR-gate and the next less significant command/address bus bit, referred to the command/address bus bit taken as input for the current XOR-gate, are taken as input for the next XOR-gate. The output bit of the last XOR-gate is an error bit and is driven back to the memory controller. The Signal Parity OUT has a low value as long as there is no error detected on the module main bus 108 by the error detection circuit. In case of a single bit error the Signal Parity OUT will turn to an high value. A memory controller that checks the Signal Parity OUT can therefore detect single bit errors on the memory bus. Multiple bit errors cannot be detected for sure. The error detection method as described in FIG. 1 is restricted to registered (buffered) memory modules and has the disadvantage that errors that occur on one of the sub-busses 110 are not detected. The complexity of non-protected sub-buses on a memory module of a kind as shown in FIG. 1 is illustrated in FIG. 2. FIG. 2 shows a schematic view of a computer main memory system comprising a memory controller 200 and a plurality of memory modules 202 in the form of registered DIMMs. The memory controller 200 is connected to a main memory bus 204, which branches into a plurality of memory busses 206 each of which is connected to one of the memory modules 202. The main memory bus 204 is terminated by a termination resistor 208. Each memory module 202 comprises a plurality of memory chips 210 in the form of DRAM chips. To be more specific, in the embodiment shown in FIG. 2 four memory modules 202 are shown and nine memory chips 210 are arranged on each memory module 202. Each memory module 202 comprises a buffer or register 212 that comprises error detection circuit elements as described in FIG. 1. (The error detection circuit elements are not shown in particular in FIG. 2.) On each memory module 202 a module main bus 214 connects the respective memory bus 206 to the buffer or register 212. At the output of the buffer or register 212 the module main bus 214 branches into a plurality of sub-busses 216 each of which is connected to one of the memory chips 210. This high number of sub-busses 216 is not protected by the error detection circuit elements that are embedded in the registers 210. Thus, as outlined above, errors that occur on command/address lines of the sub-busses 216 cannot be detected according to this prior art approach. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In one aspect, the present invention provides a circuit module comprising a plurality of circuit chips that allows improved error detection. In accordance with a first aspect, the present invention provides a circuit module having a module board; a plurality of circuit chips arranged on the module board; a main bus having a plurality of lines, branching into a plurality of sub-buses having a plurality of lines, each of the sub-busses being connected to one of the plurality of circuit chips; wherein each circuit chip has an indication signal generating unit for providing an indication signal based on a combination of the signals received on the plurality of lines of the sub-bus connected to the respective circuit chip, and an indication signal output for outputting the indication signal. In accordance with a second aspect, the present invention provides a memory chip having a memory bus input for receiving signals from a memory bus having a plurality of lines; wherein the circuit chip has an indication signal generating unit for providing an indication signal based on a combination of the signals received on the plurality of lines of the memory bus connected to the circuit chip, and an indication signal output for outputting the indication signal. The present invention is based on the finding that in new generations of memory systems that provide high data rates, errors that happen on a command/address bus on a memory module become significant for the error rate of the whole system. Therefore, according to the inventive arrangement, indication signal generating units are embedded within each circuit chip of a circuit module (a memory module, for example). Each circuit chip is connected to a sub-bus (a memory command/address sub-bus, for example) having a plurality of lines. The indication signal generating units comprise check sum calculation means that allow to indicate an error on the lines of the sub-bus connected to the respective circuit chip by way of calculating a check sum of the signals of the sub-bus and by providing an indication signal. In a first embodiment, means for providing a check signal to each of the circuit chips are provided, wherein, in the circuit chips, the check sum and the check signal are combined to form the indication signal, which, in this case, represent an error signal. In alternative embodiments, error detection is provided downstream by comparing the indication signal with a check signal that provides checksum information for the signals of the memory sub-bus and is provided by a memory controller. Means for comparing the indication signal with the check signal provide a module error out signal that informs the memory controller about a detected error. The means for comparing can be arranged, on the module board or even in the memory controller. Arranging the means for comparing outside the circuit chip has the advantage that resources of the circuit chip, otherwise used for providing and combining the check signal to the sub-bus signals are available for additional features. The advantage of the inventive method is that errors on a command/address bus of a computer main memory system are detected irrespective of whether same occur before or after a buffer or register on a registered memory module (a registered DIMM, for example) and the method also works for un-registered memory modules. The inventive approach of error detection allows to detect errors occurred on the command/address bus between a memory controller and each of the memory chips (DRAMs, for example) on the memory modules. In case of a detected error, it allows the memory controller to repeat sending data, reduce the data rate or change parameters like slew rate or drive strength. In a preferred embodiment the memory chips are grouped in groups or banks of memory chips and an individual indication out or module error out signal is generated for each group. This provides the memory controller with detailed information about the location an error occurred. In case of highly stable system requirements, each individual memory chip may have a separate indication or error bit reporting to the memory controller. In a further embodiment error detection circuit elements in a buffer or register on a module board, according to the prior art, are combined with error detection means, according to the present invention. This combination provides exact information about the source on an error. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Preferred embodiments of the present invention are described hereinafter making reference to the appended drawings. FIG. 1 shows a schematic view of a memory module according to the prior art; FIG. 2 shows a schematic view of a computer main memory system according to the prior art; FIG. 3 shows a schematic view of a memory module embodying the present invention; FIG. 4 shows a schematic view of a further preferred embodiment of a memory module according to the present invention; and FIG. 5 shows a schematic view of another preferred embodiment of a memory module according to the present invention. DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS FIG. 3 shows a schematic view of a memory module, according to the present invention. The memory module is in the form of a registered DIMM. The memory module comprises a module board 300, a plurality of memory chips (DRAMs) 302, a buffer or register 304 and a connector portion 306. The connector portion 306 is connected to the buffer or register 304 via a module main bus 308. At the output of the buffer or register 304, the module main bus 308 branches into sub-busses 310 each of which being connected to one of the memory chips 302. Each sub-bus 310 comprises a check signal line 312, which provides a check bit to an indication signal generating unit 314 that is embedded in each memory chip 302. The connector portion 306 comprises a plurality of terminals 320 to 324 to receive or drive a plurality of signals from or to a memory bus on a motherboard (not shown) to which the memory module is connected. A clock signal CLK is applied at terminal 320, address signals A0 and A1 are applied at terminals 321 and 322, a check signal Parity IN is applied at terminal 323 and an error signal Parity OUT is applied at terminal 324. In FIG. 3 only those components necessary to explain the invention, i.e. the components associated to the command/address bus are shown. Moreover, for simplicity, only two address bits A0 and A1 of the command/address bus are shown, while usual command/address busses comprise 24 to 27 bits. The buffer or register 304 comprises buffer or register elements, input drivers 330 and an output driver 332. The inputs of the drivers 330 are connected to the terminals 321, 322 and 323. The drivers 330 and 332 are also connected to the terminal 320 to be supplied with the clock signal CLK. At the output of the drivers 330 the module main bus 308 branches into the sub-busses 310, each of which is connected to one of the memory chips 302. Usually each DRAM chip 302 comprises on the input a latch device, which latches command/address signals 321 and 322 with a rising edge of a clock signal. The indication signal generating unit 314 is arranged downstream of this latch, in order to prevent that slight differences in an arrival time of the command/address signals 321 and 322 generate short glitches on an output of the indication signal generating unit 314. For sake of simplicity, this latch device is not shown in the figures. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 3, the indication signal generating unit 314 comprises two XOR gates 341 and 342. The first XOR-gate 341 is connected to a sub-bus signal line that provides the signal A1 and to the check signal line 312. Both lines provide the input bits for the first XOR-gate 341. Bit A1 is the most significant of the command/address sub-bus bits. The output 345 of the first XOR-gate 341 is connected to the second XOR-gate 342, which is additionally connected to the sub-bus signal line that provides the signal A1, which is the next less significant bit of the command/address sub-bus bits. The second XOR-gate 342 outputs an indication signal 346 that is connected to an open-drain output buffer 350. In this embodiment the indication signals 346 are generated in the indication signal generating units 314 by calculating a check-sum of the command/address signals 321 and 322 of the sub-busses 310 and by combining the check signal 312 with the calculated check-sums. Due to the distributive law, the result of the combining is not affected by the ordering of the signals being combined. The check signal 312 is provided by the memory controller and is a pre-calculated check bit, representing a parity bit for the command/address signal 321 and 322. Thus, in this embodiment the indication signal generating unit 314 is configured to indicate and to detect and error on the address/command signals 321 and 322 and the generated indication signal 346 represents therefore an error signal. In this embodiment, the output buffers 350 of all memory chips 302 are connected to an error signal line 352. In case there is no error detected, the error signal at line 352 has a high value, due to a pull-up resistor 354 that is connected to the error signal 352. In case of an error detected by an indication signal generating unit 314 in any of the memory chips 302, the error signal 352 is pulled down to a low value by the output buffer 350 of the respective memory chip 302 the error was detected in. As all output buffers 350 are connected together, an error is indicated by the error signal 352 independently of being detected in one of the indication signal generating units 314 or in several of the indication signal generating units 314. The error signal line 352 is connected to the output driver 332. The output of the driver 332 is connected to the terminal 325, which applies the error signal Parity OUT to the memory bus. In cases the error signal line 352 could be not fast enough to deliver one bit long error signal back to the register/buffer 304, it might be preferable to include a pulse time expander (not shown) between the output of the XOR gate 342 and the gate of the transistor 350. The pulse time expander represents a sticky bit unit that can be implemented by way of a flip-flop which is set-up by the indication signal 346, independently of the duration the indication signal 346 is driven, and reset back to normal state after a defined time period (after a number of clock cycles counted by a counter, for example) or a special command provided on the command/address bus. In operation, the memory controller receives information about an error occurred on command/address bus lines anywhere between the memory controller and the circuit chips. In the embodiments shown in FIG. 3, the error signal output of the DRAMs represent the indication signal of the inventive circuit module or memory chip. Alternatively, the indication signal can be formed by combining the signals on the lines of a respective sub-bus only as it is described hereinafter making reference to FIGS. 4 and 5. FIG. 4 shows a circuit module according to a preferred embodiment of the invention in that an indication signal is formed by combining signals on lines of a respective sub-bus. A circuit module comprises a module board 400 and two circuit chips 402 that are arranged on the module board 400. A main bus 408 branches into two sub-busses 410. Each sub-bus 410 has a plurality of lines that are connected to an indication signal generating unit 414 that is arranged in each circuit chip 402. The indication signal generating units 414 combine the signals of the respective sub-bus 410 that is connected to the indication signal generating unit 414 and provide an indication signal 446, each. Each indication signal line 446 is driven by a indication signal output 450 and connected to an indication reporting means 460 that is configured to drive an module indication out signal 470. A value of the indication signal 446 at a time depends on the number of “1” bits that are driven on the lines of the sub-bus 410. Thus, the indication signal generating unit 414 calculates a check sum of the bits of the sub-bus 410. This check-sum bit is driven back via the indication signal 446 and the module indication out signal 470 to a memory controller (not shown) which compares the received module indication out signal bit 470 with a pre-calculated check-sum bit. If the two bits do not coincide, an error has occurred. FIG. 5 shows another embodiment in that an indication signal is formed by combining signals on lines of a respective sub-bus. Objects corresponding to objects shown in FIG. 4 have the same reference number and are not described hereinafter. In addition to the embodiment shown in FIG. 4, a module board 500 comprises a check signal 523 that is provide by a memory controller (not shown) as described in FIG. 3. The check signal 523 is connected to an unit for combing 560 which is arranged on the module board 500. Two indication signals 446 are provided in the way as can be seen from FIG. 4. The indication signal lines 446 are connected to the unit for combing 560, too. The unit for combing 560 is configured to compare the check signal 523 with each of the indication signals 446. If the check signal 523 and one of the indication signals 446 do not coincide, an error has occurred and is reported via an module error out signal 570 to the memory controller. In a preferred embodiment, memory chips on a memory module are grouped in different groups or banks. Indication signals of indication signal generating units of memory chips belonging to the same group are combined together and connected to additional group-indicating signal lines associated to the respective group. The group-indicating signals are driven to the memory controller. Thus, there is detailed information provided about where an error has occurred. In an embodiment for a highly stable system, each individual memory chip comprises a separate indicating bit which is set by an indicating signal generating unit in the respective memory chip. In operation, the value of the error bit is reported to a memory controller. In a further embodiment, a memory module combines an error detection method as described in the present invention with a prior art error detection method as described in FIG. 1. Thus, in operation it can be distinguished between an error source on a memory bus or on a memory sub-bus on the memory module. Although the present invention has been described above, making reference to memory modules, it is clear that the present invention can also be used in connection with other circuit modules which comprise circuit chips that are connected to a data bus. Additionally, the inventive arrangement of an indication signal generating unit embedded within a circuit chip can also be used for systems comprising a single circuit chip. While this invention has been described in terms of several preferred embodiments, there are alterations, permutations, and equivalents which fall within the scope of this invention. It should also be noted that there are many alternative ways of implementing the methods and compositions of the present invention. It is therefore intended that the following appended claims be interpreted as including all such alterations, permutations, and equivalents as fall within the true spirit and scope of the present invention.	<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a circuit module and, in particular, to an error detection in a circuit module comprising a module board and a plurality of circuit chips arranged on the module board. 2. Description of the Related Art A conventional structure of computer main memory systems includes a memory controller, a main memory bus and memory chips, DRAM chips for example, that are arranged on memory modules, DIMMs (DIMM=Duals In-Line Memory Module) for example. The main memory bus connects the memory modules to the memory controller. In general, the main memory bus comprises a data bus, a command/address bus, and lines carrying clock signals and check signals. Conventionally, error detection and correction on the main memory bus is done on the data bus only, by including additional bits or even chips and by using special algorithms for processing data received via the data bus. Some prior art computer main memory systems comprise additional error detection means to detect errors on the command/address bus. In such systems, the memory controller generates a check signal which is driven to the memory modules. Each memory module comprises an error detection unit that detects an error on the command/address bus by making use of the check signal. In case of a detected error, the error detection unit generates an error signal that is driven back to the memory controller. FIG. 1 shows a schematic view of such a prior art memory module. The memory module is in the form of a registered DIMM. The memory module comprises a module board 100 , a plurality of memory chips (DRAMs) 102 , a buffer or register 104 and a connector portion 106 . The connector portion 106 is connected to the buffer or register 104 via a module main bus 108 . At the output of the buffer or register 104 , the module main bus 108 branches into sub-busses 110 each of which being connected to one of the memory chips 102 . The connector portion 106 comprises a plurality of terminals 120 to 124 to receive or drive a plurality of signals from or to a memory bus on a motherboard (not shown) to which the memory module is connected. A clock signal CLK is applied at terminal 120 , address signals A 0 and Al are applied at terminals 121 and 122 , a check signal Parity IN is applied at terminal 123 and an error signal Parity OUT is applied at terminal 124 . In FIG. 1 only those components necessary to explain the functionality of interest, i.e. the components associated to the command/address bus are shown. Moreover, for simplicity, only two address bits A 0 and A 1 of the command/address bus are shown, while usual command/address busses comprise 24 to 27 bits. The buffer or register 104 comprises buffer or register elements, drivers 130 , 131 and 132 and an error detection circuit, comprising XOR-gates 141 and 142 . The drivers 130 and 131 are operable to drive the address lines and are controlled by the clock signal CLK. First and second inputs of the first XOR-gate 141 are connected to the terminals 122 and 123 , respectively. Thus, the memory bus signals A 1 and Parity IN provide the input signals for the first XOR-gate 141 . The output 145 of the first XOR-gate 141 is connected to a first input of the second XOR-gate 142 which is also connected to the terminal 121 . The terminal 121 provides the A 0 bit, which is the next less significant bit of the memory bus bits. The output 146 of the second XOR-gate 142 is connected to the driver 132 which samples the output 146 with the signal CLK. The output of the driver 132 is connected to the terminal 125 which applies the error signal Parity OUT to the memory bus. The error detection circuit provides error detection by way of parity checking. The check signal Parity IN provides a parity bit for the memory bus signal bits A 0 and A 1 that is generated and provided by a memory controller (not shown). The value of the parity bit depends on the number of “1” bits on the memory bus signals A 0 and A 1 , at a time. If there is an odd number of “1” bits, the corresponding parity bit has a high value, otherwise if there is an even number of “1” bits, the parity bit has a low value. The Parity Checking is done by way of XOR-gates. There are as many XOR-gates as there are bits on the memory command/address bus. The output of each XOR-gate and the next less significant command/address bus bit, referred to the command/address bus bit taken as input for the current XOR-gate, are taken as input for the next XOR-gate. The output bit of the last XOR-gate is an error bit and is driven back to the memory controller. The Signal Parity OUT has a low value as long as there is no error detected on the module main bus 108 by the error detection circuit. In case of a single bit error the Signal Parity OUT will turn to an high value. A memory controller that checks the Signal Parity OUT can therefore detect single bit errors on the memory bus. Multiple bit errors cannot be detected for sure. The error detection method as described in FIG. 1 is restricted to registered (buffered) memory modules and has the disadvantage that errors that occur on one of the sub-busses 110 are not detected. The complexity of non-protected sub-buses on a memory module of a kind as shown in FIG. 1 is illustrated in FIG. 2 . FIG. 2 shows a schematic view of a computer main memory system comprising a memory controller 200 and a plurality of memory modules 202 in the form of registered DIMMs. The memory controller 200 is connected to a main memory bus 204 , which branches into a plurality of memory busses 206 each of which is connected to one of the memory modules 202 . The main memory bus 204 is terminated by a termination resistor 208 . Each memory module 202 comprises a plurality of memory chips 210 in the form of DRAM chips. To be more specific, in the embodiment shown in FIG. 2 four memory modules 202 are shown and nine memory chips 210 are arranged on each memory module 202 . Each memory module 202 comprises a buffer or register 212 that comprises error detection circuit elements as described in FIG. 1 . (The error detection circuit elements are not shown in particular in FIG. 2 .) On each memory module 202 a module main bus 214 connects the respective memory bus 206 to the buffer or register 212 . At the output of the buffer or register 212 the module main bus 214 branches into a plurality of sub-busses 216 each of which is connected to one of the memory chips 210 . This high number of sub-busses 216 is not protected by the error detection circuit elements that are embedded in the registers 210 . Thus, as outlined above, errors that occur on command/address lines of the sub-busses 216 cannot be detected according to this prior art approach.	<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>In one aspect, the present invention provides a circuit module comprising a plurality of circuit chips that allows improved error detection. In accordance with a first aspect, the present invention provides a circuit module having a module board; a plurality of circuit chips arranged on the module board; a main bus having a plurality of lines, branching into a plurality of sub-buses having a plurality of lines, each of the sub-busses being connected to one of the plurality of circuit chips; wherein each circuit chip has an indication signal generating unit for providing an indication signal based on a combination of the signals received on the plurality of lines of the sub-bus connected to the respective circuit chip, and an indication signal output for outputting the indication signal. In accordance with a second aspect, the present invention provides a memory chip having a memory bus input for receiving signals from a memory bus having a plurality of lines; wherein the circuit chip has an indication signal generating unit for providing an indication signal based on a combination of the signals received on the plurality of lines of the memory bus connected to the circuit chip, and an indication signal output for outputting the indication signal. The present invention is based on the finding that in new generations of memory systems that provide high data rates, errors that happen on a command/address bus on a memory module become significant for the error rate of the whole system. Therefore, according to the inventive arrangement, indication signal generating units are embedded within each circuit chip of a circuit module (a memory module, for example). Each circuit chip is connected to a sub-bus (a memory command/address sub-bus, for example) having a plurality of lines. The indication signal generating units comprise check sum calculation means that allow to indicate an error on the lines of the sub-bus connected to the respective circuit chip by way of calculating a check sum of the signals of the sub-bus and by providing an indication signal. In a first embodiment, means for providing a check signal to each of the circuit chips are provided, wherein, in the circuit chips, the check sum and the check signal are combined to form the indication signal, which, in this case, represent an error signal. In alternative embodiments, error detection is provided downstream by comparing the indication signal with a check signal that provides checksum information for the signals of the memory sub-bus and is provided by a memory controller. Means for comparing the indication signal with the check signal provide a module error out signal that informs the memory controller about a detected error. The means for comparing can be arranged, on the module board or even in the memory controller. Arranging the means for comparing outside the circuit chip has the advantage that resources of the circuit chip, otherwise used for providing and combining the check signal to the sub-bus signals are available for additional features. The advantage of the inventive method is that errors on a command/address bus of a computer main memory system are detected irrespective of whether same occur before or after a buffer or register on a registered memory module (a registered DIMM, for example) and the method also works for un-registered memory modules. The inventive approach of error detection allows to detect errors occurred on the command/address bus between a memory controller and each of the memory chips (DRAMs, for example) on the memory modules. In case of a detected error, it allows the memory controller to repeat sending data, reduce the data rate or change parameters like slew rate or drive strength. In a preferred embodiment the memory chips are grouped in groups or banks of memory chips and an individual indication out or module error out signal is generated for each group. This provides the memory controller with detailed information about the location an error occurred. In case of highly stable system requirements, each individual memory chip may have a separate indication or error bit reporting to the memory controller. In a further embodiment error detection circuit elements in a buffer or register on a module board, according to the prior art, are combined with error detection means, according to the present invention. This combination provides exact information about the source on an error.	20040527	20070417	20050127	96460.0		1	DANG, KHANH	ERROR DETECTION IN A CIRCUIT MODULE	UNDISCOUNTED	0	ACCEPTED		2,004
10,857,903	ACCEPTED	Surveillance apparatus integrated with mobile phone	The present invention is to provide a surveillance apparatus for monitoring the situation of a visitor through a mobile phone, which comprises a monitor assembly including a microprocessor, a digital/analog converter connected to the microprocessor, an electric bell, a microphone, and a speaker. If the electric bell is pressed, a visit signal will be sent to the microprocessor. After the microprocessor has received the visit signal, a notice signal is sent immediately from a switchboard through at least one base station to a mobile phone. After the mobile phone is connected, a bidirectional signal communication can be made between the mobile phone and the microphone and the speaker.	1. A surveillance apparatus integrated with mobile phone comprising a monitor assembly for transmitting signals sequentially through a switchboard and at least one base station to a mobile phone; wherein said monitor assembly comprises: a microprocessor, being a main control center of said monitor assembly; a digital/analog converter, coupled with said microprocessor; a microphone, coupled with said digital/analog converter; a speaker, coupled with said digital/analog converter; and an electric bell, coupled with said microprocessor for sending an electric bell signal to said switchboard when said electric bell is pressed, and after said microprocessor receives said electric bell signal, a notice signal is sent immediately to said switchboard, said base station, and said mobile phone. 2. The surveillance apparatus integrated with mobile phone of claim 1 further comprising a signal separator coupled to said microprocessor and disposed between said monitor assembly and said switchboard. 3. The surveillance apparatus integrated with mobile phone of claim 2, wherein said monitor assembly comprises a control module coupled to said microprocessor, and an end of said control module is coupled to said signal separator and the other end of said control module is coupled to a door security system of a building. 4. The surveillance apparatus integrated with mobile phone of claim 1, wherein said monitor assembly comprises a camera control interface coupled with said microprocessor. 5. The surveillance apparatus integrated with mobile phone of claim 4, wherein said camera control interface is coupled to a camera. 6. The surveillance apparatus integrated with mobile phone of claim 1, wherein said monitor assembly comprises a memory coupled to said microprocessor.	FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a surveillance apparatus, more particularly to a surveillance apparatus integrated with a mobile phone, which is able to send a visit signal to the mobile phone while an electric bell of the surveillance apparatus is pressed by a visitor and achieve a bidirectional signal communication between the surveillance apparatus and the mobile phone through a microphone and a speaker of the surveillance apparatus. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION At present, our world has entered into a blooming technological development stage of a new era, and various electronic or information products derived from a microprocessor are introduced continuously to bring tremendous convenience to people, which is indispensable to our daily life. As all kinds of information and electronic products are developed and improved continuously, people have high demands on quality accordingly. Therefore, it is not difficult to see whether or not the future information and electronic devices will bring us a more convenient, effective, and humanistic service, which is also an important index for evaluating whether or not the development and manufacture technologies for information and electronic products of a country lead other countries. It should be a common experience for many people that one of our good friends unexpectedly pays us a visit at home while we are out. Then, if such visitor still remembers our mobile phone number, it only takes a phone call for the visitor to contact with us. However, if the visitor forgets our phone number, then the visitor is forced to leave with disappointments Further, if you want to purchase a set of CDs for learning English, but you are at work while a salesperson knocks at your door to promote the sale of such kind of CDs, then you will miss the chance of buying those CDs from that salesperson. In the meanwhile, it also has a hidden risk that a salesperson may come up with an evil mind of stealing things from your home after that salesperson rings your door bell and nobody answers the door, and it thus confirms that no one is in the house of the visiting family. If there is a computer device integrated with the popular mobile phone, then we can monitor the situation of a visitor through the mobile phone at a remote end. Such arrangement is definitely a big contribution to the extensive consumers. As to the computer and mobile phone manufacturers, it is a great idea and tool for increasing the sales volume of their products. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In view of the situations such as a good friend pays a visit to somebody's house unexpectedly while the host is out and thus causing the good friend to leave with disappointments; any visitor (such as a salesperson or a fee collector) calls at someone's house and the purpose of such visit is not known in advance; even worse, someone finds out that there is nobody answering the door after pressing the door bell and it confirms that nobody is in the house of the visiting family, and as a result, such person may come up with an evil mind of stealing things from such house; or since the competition is very severe in the information appliance, electronic device, and mobile phone markets, any considerate design that benefits the consumers will be a key factor to the sales performance, therefore the inventor of the present invention based on years of experience to think of various feasible solutions and conduct extensive researches, experiments, and improvements and finally invented a surveillance apparatus integrated with a mobile phone with the hope of contributing to the people and the society. A primary object of the present invention is to provide a surveillance apparatus for monitoring the situation of a visitor through a mobile phone. The surveillance apparatus of the invention comprises a monitor assembly, and the monitor assembly includes a microprocessor, a digital/analog converter connected to the microprocessor, an electric bell, a microphone, and a speaker. If the electric bell is pressed, a visit signal will be sent to the microprocessor. After the microprocessor has received the visit signal, a notice signal is sent immediately from a switchboard to a mobile phone through at least one base station. After the mobile phone is connected, a bidirectional signal communication between the mobile phone and the microphone and the speaker is achieved. The above and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description taken with the accompanying drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a planar view of the connection of the present invention. FIG. 2 is a view of the connection of the monitor assembly according to the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Please refer to FIGS. 1 and 2 for a surveillance apparatus integrated with a mobile phone according to the present invention, which comprises a monitor assembly 1, and the monitor assembly 1 includes a microprocessor 10, a digital/analog converter 15, an electric bell 11, a microphone 12, and a speaker 13; wherein the microprocessor 10 is connected to the digital/analog converter 15 and the electric bell 11; the microphone 12 and the speaker 13 are connected to the digital/analog converter; when the electric bell is pressed, a bell signal is sent to the microprocessor 10; after the microprocessor 10 has received the bell signal, a notice signal is sent immediately to a mobile phone 4 through a switchboard 2 and at least one base station 3; after the mobile phone 4 is connected, a bidirectional signal transmission between the mobile phone 4 and the microphone 12 and the speaker 13 is achieved. Please refer to FIGS. 1 and 2 for the present invention again. For example, a mobile phone 4 holder is out when a visitor is visiting him/her. After the visitor has pressed the electric bell 11, a bell signal will be sent to the microprocessor 10. After the microprocessor 10 has received the bell signal, a notice signal will be sent immediately to the mobile phone 4 through the switchboard 2 and the base station 3. After the mobile phone is connected, a bidirectional signal communication between the mobile phone and the microphone and the microphone 12 and the speaker 13 is achieved. Therefore the mobile phone 4 holder can use a mobile phone 4 at a remote end to directly ask the visitor (or the person who presses the electric bell 11) through the speaker 13 who the visitor is and the purpose of the visit. The visitor can also communicate with the mobile phone 4 holder directly through the microphone 12. Please refer to FIGS. 1 and 2 for the present invention again. Since the sound of the visitor sent from the microphone 12 is an analog audio signal, therefore the analog audio signal received by the microphone 12 will be sent to the digital/analog converter 15 and converted into a digital audio signal so as to proceed with the next transmission path. Please refer to FIGS. 1 and 2 for the present invention again. A signal separator 5 connected to the microprocessor 10 is installed between the monitor assembly 1 and the switchboard 2, and the signal separator 5 is connected to a fixed telephone 7, so that if an external call is dialed to the fixed telephone 7 and the fixed telephone 7 is not picked up, the external call will be sent to a mobile phone 4 through the switchboard 2 and the base station 3. Although the mobile phone 4 holder is not at home, he/she still can receive any call dialed to the fixed telephone 7 at home. Please refer to FIGS. 1 and 2 for the present invention again. A control module 16 connected to the microprocessor 10 is installed in the monitor assembly 1. One end of the control module 16 is connected to the signal separator 5 and the other end is connected to a door security system of a building. Therefore if a visitor presses the electric bell 11 and the mobile phone 4 holder is at home, then the door security system 6 of the building can be used directly for asking the identity of the visitor or opening the door for the visitor. Please refer to FIGS. 1 and 2 for the present invention again. The monitor assembly 1 has a camera control interface 17 connected to the microprocessor 10 and the camera control interface 17 is connected to a camera 14, so that if a visitor presses the electric bell 11, the camera 14 will start taking pictures. Such arrangement not only sends a bell signal to the microprocessor 10 when the electric bell 11 is pressed, but also captures a video signal by taking the pictures of the visitor by the camera 14. Then, the video signal is sent to the microprocessor 10. After the microprocessor 10 has received the visit signal and the video signal, a notice signal will be sent immediately to the mobile phone 4 through the switchboard 2 and the base station 3. When the mobile phone 4 holder connects the mobile phone 4, the mobile phone 4 holder not only can ask the identity of the visitor (or the person who presses the electric bell 11), but also can view the image of the visitor on a screen 40 of the mobile phone 4. Therefore, the object of having a better surveillance is accomplished. Please refer to FIGS. 1 and 2 for the present invention again. The monitor assembly 1 has a memory 18 connected to the microprocessor 10 for recording the conversion between the visitor and the mobile phone 4 holder or being used as a buffer for the signals. With the description above, profound theories are explained in simple language, and it is believed that our examiner can fully understand the present invention. However, a real-life example is given below to demonstrate the essence of the invention. Assumed that Mr. Wang resides at Hsin Yi District of Taipei and is working at Chung Cheng District of Taipei and an encyclopedia salesperson, Mr. Li pays a visit to Mr. Wang's home. After Mr. Li presses the electric bell 11, a bell signal is sent to the microprocessor 10. After the microprocessor 10 has received the bell signal, a notice signal is sent immediately to the mobile phone 4 through the switchboard 2 and the base stations 3, so that after the mobile phone 4 rings and Mr. Wang picks up the mobile phone 4, a bidirectional communication between the mobile phone 4 and the microphone 12 and the speaker 13 is achieved. Therefore, Mr. Wang can use the mobile phone 4 at a remote end to view the visitor's appearance via the screen 40 of the mobile phone 4, and also can ask for the identity of the visitor (Mr. Li) and the purpose of the visit. Mr. Li also can communicate with Mr. Wang through the microphone 12 directly. Therefore, if Mr. Wang wants to buy the encyclopedia, then Mr. Wang can tell Mr. Li that he is busy at the moment and would like to make an appointment with Mr. Li at some other time. On the other hand, if Mr. Wang is not interested in the encyclopedia, then Mr. Wang can refuse Mr. Li directly. At that moment, Mr. Li may think that Mr. Wang is at home, and will not come up with an evil mind of breaking in Mr. Wang's house after pressing the electric bell 11 of Mr. Wang's house and confirming that nobody is in Mr. Wang's house because nobody answers the door. With the ingenious idea of the present invention, if a mobile phone holder is out while a visitor pays him/her a visit, the mobile phone holder still can contact with the visitor. Undoubtedly, the present invention is a great contribution to the extensive consumers. As to the surveillance apparatus, handset, information equipment manufacturers, it is an efficient tool to stand out from the severe competition of the market. While the invention has been described by means of specific embodiments, numerous modifications and variations could be made thereto by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention set forth in the claims.	<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>At present, our world has entered into a blooming technological development stage of a new era, and various electronic or information products derived from a microprocessor are introduced continuously to bring tremendous convenience to people, which is indispensable to our daily life. As all kinds of information and electronic products are developed and improved continuously, people have high demands on quality accordingly. Therefore, it is not difficult to see whether or not the future information and electronic devices will bring us a more convenient, effective, and humanistic service, which is also an important index for evaluating whether or not the development and manufacture technologies for information and electronic products of a country lead other countries. It should be a common experience for many people that one of our good friends unexpectedly pays us a visit at home while we are out. Then, if such visitor still remembers our mobile phone number, it only takes a phone call for the visitor to contact with us. However, if the visitor forgets our phone number, then the visitor is forced to leave with disappointments Further, if you want to purchase a set of CDs for learning English, but you are at work while a salesperson knocks at your door to promote the sale of such kind of CDs, then you will miss the chance of buying those CDs from that salesperson. In the meanwhile, it also has a hidden risk that a salesperson may come up with an evil mind of stealing things from your home after that salesperson rings your door bell and nobody answers the door, and it thus confirms that no one is in the house of the visiting family. If there is a computer device integrated with the popular mobile phone, then we can monitor the situation of a visitor through the mobile phone at a remote end. Such arrangement is definitely a big contribution to the extensive consumers. As to the computer and mobile phone manufacturers, it is a great idea and tool for increasing the sales volume of their products.	<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>In view of the situations such as a good friend pays a visit to somebody's house unexpectedly while the host is out and thus causing the good friend to leave with disappointments; any visitor (such as a salesperson or a fee collector) calls at someone's house and the purpose of such visit is not known in advance; even worse, someone finds out that there is nobody answering the door after pressing the door bell and it confirms that nobody is in the house of the visiting family, and as a result, such person may come up with an evil mind of stealing things from such house; or since the competition is very severe in the information appliance, electronic device, and mobile phone markets, any considerate design that benefits the consumers will be a key factor to the sales performance, therefore the inventor of the present invention based on years of experience to think of various feasible solutions and conduct extensive researches, experiments, and improvements and finally invented a surveillance apparatus integrated with a mobile phone with the hope of contributing to the people and the society. A primary object of the present invention is to provide a surveillance apparatus for monitoring the situation of a visitor through a mobile phone. The surveillance apparatus of the invention comprises a monitor assembly, and the monitor assembly includes a microprocessor, a digital/analog converter connected to the microprocessor, an electric bell, a microphone, and a speaker. If the electric bell is pressed, a visit signal will be sent to the microprocessor. After the microprocessor has received the visit signal, a notice signal is sent immediately from a switchboard to a mobile phone through at least one base station. After the mobile phone is connected, a bidirectional signal communication between the mobile phone and the microphone and the speaker is achieved. The above and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description taken with the accompanying drawings.	20040602	20060919	20051208	62466.0		1	GOINS, DAVETTA WOODS	SURVEILLANCE APPARATUS INTEGRATED WITH MOBILE PHONE	UNDISCOUNTED	0	ACCEPTED		2,004
10,858,139	ACCEPTED	Multiport wavelength-selective optical switch	An multiport, multi-wavelength optical switch having and array of angular beam-directing devices employs an anamorphic optical system that transforms a beam corresponding to a given wavelength of a given multi-wavelength input channel into a beam, at a plane of the angular beam-directing device array, having an elliptical Gaussian-beam waist in the angular-directing direction of the beam-directing device and in the orthogonal direction, with the waist in the angular-direction direction being larger than the waist in the orthogonal direction. Planar and non-planar emitter/receivers for use with the switch are disclosed.	1. An optical switch comprising one or more input and one or more output ports structured to be able to receive and transmit multi-wavelength optical signals; a diffractive element structured and arranged to be able to spread the wavelengths of incoming optical signals from the one or more input ports in a wavelength-spreading direction and to combine the wavelengths of outgoing optical signals traveling to the output ports; an angular-beam directing device structured and positioned to be able to selectively alter, in an angular-directing direction optically orthogonal to said wavelength-spreading direction, an angle of beams transmitted from said angular-beam directing device; and an anamorphic optical system so structured and arranged such that a multi-wavelength input signal, arriving at one of said one or more input ports, is transformed by said anamorphic optical system so as to provide, after diffraction by said diffractive element, at said angular beam-directing device, for a portion of said signal corresponding to a selected wavelength of that signal, an elliptical Gaussian-beam waist having a larger waist in the angular-directing direction of the beam-directing device than in the wave-length spreading direction of the diffractive element. 2. The optical switch of claim 1 wherein the anamorphic optical system comprises a planar emitter/receiver. 3. The optical switch of claim 2 wherein the planer emitter/receiver comprises an individual waveguide region and a slab waveguide region. 4. The optical switch of claim 3 wherein the individual waveguide region comprises channel waveguides. 5. An optical system for an optical switch including an angular beam-directing device, said optical system comprising one or more anamorphic optical elements arranged such that the location of the beam-directing device is, with respect to an input optical beam propagating within the optical switch, both a focus in a first direction, and a stop in a second direction orthogonal to the first direction. 6. A planar emitter/receiver for use in emitting multi-wavelength optical signal, coming into an optical switch in guided form, in unguided propagating form within the switch, and in receiving unguided signals from within the switch and passing them out of the switch in guided form, the planar emitter/receiver comprising: an individual waveguide region with individual waveguides corresponding to respective multi-wavelength signal ports; and a slab waveguide region arranged so as to be positioned between the individual waveguide region and other optical elements of an associated optical switch, so as to allow guided signals entering the switch to spreads or diffract in a first plane, while remaining guided in a second plane, before exiting the planar emitter/receiver into unguided propagation within the switch. 7. An emitter/receiver for emitting and/or receiving one or more multi-wavelength input signals from guided into unguided propagation of from unguided propagation within an optical switch or similar device, said emitter/receiver comprising anamorphic optical elements such that the exit plane of the emitter, relative to the one or more multi-wavelength input signals, is both a focus in a first or sagittal direction and a stop in a second or tangential direction orthogonal to the first or sagittal direction. 8. The emitter/receiver of claim 7 wherein said anamorphic optical elements include a cylindrical lens. 9. The emitter/receiver of claim 7 further comprising a linear array of expanded core fibers and a cylindrical lens. 10. The emitter/receiver of claim 7 further comprising an arcuate array of expanded core fibers. 11. An emitter /receiver for emitting and/or receiving one or more multi-wavelength input signals from guided into unguided propagation or from unguided into guided propagation within an optical switch or similar device, the emitter/receiver comprising one or more anamorphic optical elements structured and arranged such that the exit plane of the emitter, relative to a signal of the one or more multi-wavelength input signals, is the location of a Gaussian waist in both a first or sagittal direction and in a second or tangential direction orthogonal to the first direction, and wherein the Gaussian waist in the sagittal direction is smaller than the Gaussian waist in the tangential direction. 12. The emitter/receiver of claim 11 wherein said one or more anamorphic optical elements comprise planar waveguides and a planar power lens. 13. The emitter/receiver of claim 11 wherein the one or more anamorphic optical elements are structured and arranged such that any multi-wavelength signals that propagate in the emitter/receiver are overlapped at the exit plane of the emitter/receiver, such that individual multi-wavelength signals enter or exit the emitter/receiver at the same location but at different angles.	CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/474,823 filed on May 31, 2003. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates generally to optical switches for use in optical communications applications, and particularly to optical switches having multiple output or multiple input ports and capable of independent switching of multiple wavelengths or wavelength bands. 2. Technical Background Multiport, multi-wavelength cross-connect optical switches with characteristics of large cross-talk rejection and flat passband response have been desired for use in wavelength-division multiplexed (WMD) networks. Various optical switch designs have been suggested. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention provides an optical switch particularly useful in an N×1 or 1×N port configuration, capable of good optical performance with relaxed manufacturing tolerances. According to one aspect of the present invention, optical switch is provided employing an anamorphic optical system such that, for a given multi-wavelength input channel, a beam corresponding to a given wavelength of that channel is represented at a angular beam-directing device plane by an elliptical Gaussian-beam waist having a larger waist in the angular-directing direction of the beam-directing device. In another aspect of the present invention, and optical system for an optical switch is provided in which the location of a beam directing device is, relative to the input beams(s) within the optical switch, both a focus in a first direction, (hereinafter the sagittal direction, for convenient reference) and a stop in a second direction orthogonal to the first direction (hereinafter the tangential direction, for convenient reference). In still another aspect of the present invention, a planar emitter/receiver is employed to emit optical multi-wavelength optical signals, coming into the switch in guided form, in unguided propagating form within the switch, and to receive unguided signals from within the switch and pass them out of the switch in guided form, wherein the planar emitter/receiver is structured and arranged to allow guided signals entering the switch to spread or diffract in a first plane, while remaining guided in a second plane, before transmitting the entire signal into unguided propagation within the switch. In another aspect of the present invention, an emitter/receiver is provided for emitting and/or receiving one or more multi-wavelength input signals from guided into unguided propagation or from unguided propagation within an optical switch or similar device, wherein the exit plane of the emitter, relative to the one or more multi-wavelength input signals, is both a focus in a first of sagittal direction and a stop in a second or tangential direction orthogonal to the first direction. According to yet another aspect of the present invention, an arcuate fiber input/output array is provided within a multiport, multi-wavelength optical switch. According to still another aspect of the present invention, an emitter/receiver is provided for emitting and/or receiving one or more multi-wavelength input signals from guided into unguided propagation or from unguided into guided propagation within an optical switch or similar device, wherein the exit plane of the emitter, relative to the one or more multi-wavelength input signals, is a Gaussian waist in both a first or sagittal direction and in a second or tangential direction orthogonal to the first direction, and wherein Gaussian waist in the sagittal direction is smaller that the Gaussian waist in the tangential direction. According to another aspect of the present invention, an emitter/receiver is provided for emitting and/or receiving one or more multi-wavelength input signals from guided into unguided propagation or from unguided into guided propagation within an optical switch or similar device, wherein the exit plane of the emitter, relative to the one or more multi-wavelength input signals, is a Gaussian waist in both a first or sagittal direction and in a second or tangential direction orthogonal to the first direction, and wherein Gaussian waist in the sagittal direction is smaller than the Gaussian waist in the tangential direction, and wherein the multi-wavelength signals are overlapped at the exit plane of the emitter/receiver, such that individual multi-wavelength signals enter or exit the emitter/receiver at the same location but at different angles. Additional features and advantages of the invention will be set forth in the detailed description which follows, and in part will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art from that description or recognized by practicing the invention as describer herein, including detailed description which follows, the claims, as well as the appended drawings. It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description present embodiments of the invention, and are intended to provide an overview or framework for understanding the nature and character of the invention as it is claimed. The accompanying drawings are included to provide further understanding of the invention, and are incorporated into and constitute a part of the specification. The drawings illustrate various embodiments of the invention, and together with the description serve to explain the principle and operations of the invention. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIGS. 1 and 2 are diagrams illustrating the principle required functions of an optical switch particularly suited for use as 1×N or N×1 multi-wavelength switch of the type to which the present invention relates. FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-section of an optical switch according to one aspect of the present invention showing the propagation of signals in the sagittal plane. FIG. 4 is a schematic cross-section of an optical switch showing problematic propagation of signals in the tangential plane addressed by some aspects of the present invention. FIG. 5 is a schematic cross-section showing an embodiment of an optical switch according to one aspect of the present invention in the tangential plane. FIG. 6 is a schematic cross-section of the embodiment of an optical switch of FIG. 5 but in the sagittal plane. FIG. 7 is a schematic cross-section in the tangential plane of an embodiment of an emitter/receiver according to one aspect of the present invention. FIG. 8 is a schematic cross-section of the embodiment of an emitter/receiver of FIG. 7 but in the sagittal plane. FIG. 9 is a schematic cross-section in the sagittal plane of an embodiment of an optical switch according to one aspect of the present invention, including the emitter/receiver of FIGS. 6 and 7. FIG. 10 is a schematic cross-section of the embodiment of an optical switch of FIG. 10 but in the tangential plane. FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram in the tangential pane of an alternate embodiment of an emitter/receiver according to one aspect of the present invention. FIG. 12 is a schematic diagram in the sagittal plane of the embodiment of an emitter/receiver of FIG. 12. FIG. 13 is a schematic cross-section in the tangential plane of another alternate embodiment of an emitter/receiver according to one aspect of the present invention. FIG. 14 is a schematic plan view, looking down the optical axis of an alternate embodiment of a fiber array useful in conjunction with certain of the embodiments of an emitter/receiver according to the present invention. FIG. 15 is a schematic perspective view of another embodiment of an emitter/receiver according to one aspect of the present invention. FIG. 16 is a schematic cross-section in the tangential plane of the embodiment of an emitter/receiver of FIG. 15. FIG. 17 is a schematic perspective view of an embodiment of an optical switch employing the embodiment of an emitter/receiver of FIGS. 16 and 17. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Reference will now be made in detail to the presently preferred embodiment of the invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. whenever possible, the same reference numerals will be used throughout the drawings to refer to the same or like parts. The invention may be more clearly understood by reference to the diagrammatic representations of the functional characteristics of a multi-port, multi-wavelength optical switch of the present type 10, as shown in FIG. 1 and 2. Optical signals arrive at and leave the switch on optical fibers 20. In the tangential plane, shown in FIG. 1, the optical system 100 of the switch 10 optically couples the fibers 20 to an array 200 of optical angular-directing devices 210, such as an array of MEMs mirrors. The optical paths to an from the respective fibers 20 converge at the array 200, such that, for any one of the fibers 20, that one fiber may be coupled to any selected one of the fibers 20, by appropriate angular direction by the device 210. As best appreciated from the view if the sagittal plane in FIG. 2, the optical system 100 also disperses incoming optical signals (and combines outgoing optical signals) by wavelength within the sagittal plane. The wavelength-dispersed signals are spread out across (or received from across) the extent of the angular-directing devices 210 of the array 200, such that selective optical coupling of selected pairs of the fiber 200 may be performed individually for any one of the number of wavelengths or wavelength bands, limited only by the number (and the optical fill factor) of the angular-directing devices. The type of optical switch illustrated functionally in FIGS. 1 and 2 is particularly suited for use as a 1×N (one input, many outputs) or N×1 (many inputs, one output) optical switch. If any one fiber is selected as the one input or the one output, any of the wavelength or wavelength bands of that one fiber may be individually selectively coupled to the corresponding wavelength or wavelength band of any one of the other fibers, without limitation. From point of view of the sagittal plane shown in FIG. 2, a very desirable architectural feature for the optical system 100 would call for the input/output ports to comprise an emitter/receiver 110 in the form of an array of large numerical aperture (NA) sources, in contrast to a parallel array of “collimated” (low-NA) beams, as shown in FIG. 3, a cross-sectional diagram in the sagittal plane of an embodiment according to the present invention. This allows the fields to be extensively spatially overlapped at a convenient stop location, such as at a diffraction grating 130 in the optical system 100, thereby reducing the field constraints on the lens design of lenses such as lens 120 and lens 140, reducing lens complexity. In addition, emitter receiver 110 having an array of large NA sources may be made to be very rigid, so that environmental perturbations cause little or no effect. However, exclusive use of standard, spherically-symmetric optics in such a system results in the input ports of emitter/receiver 110 simply being imaged at the array 200 of angular directing devices 210. This is illustrated in FIG. 4, which shows a cross-section in the tangential plane of the device of FIG. 3 with exclusively standard, spherically-symmetric optics. Although the distance between adjacent sources in emitter 110 is exaggerated for clarity, the conclusion is clear: the images are spatially separated, so they cannot be coupled optically by simple angular redirection such as by the tilt of a single mirror mapped to a given wavelength or wavelength band. According to one aspect of the present invention, astigmatism introduced into the optical system allows the plane of the array 200 (with each individual angular directing device assigned to a given wavelength allocation) to function simultaneously as a focus in the sagittal plane and as a stop in the orthogonal direction, in the tangential plane. In both cases, the plane of the array 200 represents the location of a Gaussian waist, as symmetry requires for efficient coupling. The optical effect of the introduced astigmatism is the relative rearward displacement (leftward in the Figure) of the emitter/receiver 110 source array, as illustrated in the tangential cross-section of FIG. 5. This results in an image of the emitter/receiver sources being formed in front of the array 200 of angular-directing devices, at plane P, rather than at the plane of array 200. A cylindrical lens 150 may then be employed to “collimate” the signals (i.e., convert them to low-numerical aperture form) and converge them onto the array 200. As the cylindrical lens has no (or easily compensated) effect in the sagittal plane, the desired features of the optical system 1—in the sagittal plane are preserved as shown in FIG. 6. According to one embodiment of the present invention., the desired astigmatism may be introduced into the optical system 100 by the use of a planar emitter/receiver 1110, an embodiment of which is shown, in a tangential-plane cross-section, in FIG. 7. In this embodiment, the ports of the emitter/receiver (pigtailed to fibers 20) utilize channel waveguides 1112 terminating in a slab waveguide region 1114, prior to refracting into free space at the exit plane (at the right-most edge in the Figure). The ends of the channel waveguides 1112 are staggered, representing a degree of freedom for design optimization. While confined within one of the channel waveguides 1112, a given optical signal is guided along two dimensions until the channel terminates, at which point the signal will diffract in one dimension within the slab waveguide region 1113. At the chip edge, the signal will then refract into free space, so that it appears to have come from the indicated tangential source plane T within the tangential plane, but from the indicated sagittal source plane S within the sagittal plane, as shown in FIG. 8, a sagittal-plane cross section of the embodiment of FIG. 7. The planar emitter 1110 of this embodiment should be designed in cooperation with the other elements of the optical system 100 such that the resulting astigmatism at the image is large enough to accommodate two focal lengths of the cylinder lens 150. FIGS. 9 and 10 show sagittal-and tangential-plane cross sections of another embodiment of an optical switch according to an aspect of the present invention. The layout of this embodiment allows the multiple function of a lens 122 as both the collimating lens and the system lens. This dual can increase the device's simplicity and robustness, such as alignment robustness. The planar emitter/receiver 1110 of FIGS. 7 and 8 is at the lower right of FIG. 9. A representative sagittal trajectory for the configuration of this embodiment (for a single wavelength) is shown in FIG. 9, while a corresponding sagittal trajectory is shown if FIG. 10. The optical system is designed such that the tangential focus falls in the front focal plane of the cylinder lens 150, placed one focal length in front of the array 200 of angular directing devices 210, such as an array of MEMs mirrors. As a result, the “focused” tangential spot becomes transformed by the cylinder lens 150 into the “collimated” beam at the MEMs plane, as shown in FIG. 10. The sagittal trajectory shown in FIG. 9 desirably should be such that the wavelength-dispersion direction comes to a focus at the plane of the array 200, i.e., that the signal has a relatively high numerical aperture or a very small Gaussian waist. This condition assures that the maximum spectral resolution is attained by the angular modulation that takes place at this plane. The required wavelength-space conversion is provided by the combination of diffraction grating and lens. The grating 130 of this example is reflective, aiding in the compact layout. Examples of useful high-performance gratings for this application may be found in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/356424, filed Jan. 31, 2003, entitled Metal-Free Gratings for Wavelength-Multiplexed Optical Communications, and assigned to the assignee of the present application. This application is hereby incorporated herein by reference. Although, the desired astigmatism can be generated by means other than a planar source, the planar source allows convenient compensation for the optical design, such as port-dependent focus adjustment (suggested by the staggered waveguides, as mentioned above), telecentricity accommodation (which may be implemented by tilting the channel waveguide prior to termination in the slab region) and in-plane magnification (which may be implemented via adiabatically expanding the channel waveguide). These compensations are easily implemented via the appropriate mask design. Their precision is dictated primarily by lithographic tolerances, making the planar implementation quite attractive for the purpose of design compensation. FIGS. 11 and 12 show tangential and sagittal plane cross-sections of a non-planar emitter/receiver embodiment according to another aspect of the present invention. The emitter/receiver 2110 of this embodiment includes a fiber block 2112 and a cylindrical lens 2114. The fiber block 2112 (with fiber spacing again exaggerated for ease of depiction) desirably employs expanded core fiber to increase the mode-field diameter. As shown in FIG. 12, the cylindrical lens 2114 is structured and placed so as to focus the signals in the sagittal plane, creating in essence a forward displacement of the source array in the sagittal plane, such that the sources effectively originate at the sagittal source plane P in the sagittal plane, but at the tangential source plane T in the tangential plane. As an alternative embodiment to expanded core fiber, individual collimating lenses 2116 could be employed, as shown in FIG. 13. In yet another alternative embodiment, the fiber block 2112 of emitter/receiver 2110 may include an arcuate fiber array 2120 as illustrated in FIG. 14. FIG. 14 shows a plan view of the arcuate fiber array 2120, looking at the source array from a position directly along the optical axis. In this example embodiment, the array 2120 is maintained and supported within a split rod having halves 2122 and 2144. The two halves support the fiber array 2120 against arcuate polished internal surfaces shaped to create the desired arc, and the assembly is secured with a suitable adhesive material 2126. The curvature of the arc itself is chosen so as to correct aberrations of diffracted skew rays originating from ports above the plane of symmetry. This allows for improved optical performance over a non-arced fiber array as the number of ports (fibers) in the emitter/receiver increases. FIG. 15 is a schematic perspective view of an another embodiment of an emitter/receiver 3110 according to an aspect of the present invention. A fiber block 3112 includes a collection of fibers (9 in the Figure), placed very accurately into a linear array (typically, in U- or V-grooves, precisely milled/etched on a substrate), and pigtailed with great alignment accuracy to single-mode channel waveguides 3114 defined on the planar device or “chip”. As shown in the figure, the channel waveguides 3114 end abruptly, and the single confined spatial mode supported for a given wavelength and polarization is then allowed to diffract in one dimension, in what is essentially a slab waveguide region 3116 of the chip. If nothing more were done to control the diffraction of the modes emitted by the channel waveguides, such fields would propagate to the edge of the chip and emit into free space, where they would be free to diffract in two dimensions. The net result, as far as an observer of the chip-emitted fields would be concerned, is an array of astigmatic fields as in the planar emitter/receiver embodiments discussed above. In this embodiment, however, a positive planar lens 3118 is incorporated in the slab waveguide region 3116, such that the fields emitted by the channel waveguides are “collimated” and so that the waists of the lens-transformed beams are coincident at the chip edge, for both the direction parallel to the fiber array (the tangential direction) and the direction normal to the substrate (the sagittal direction). The ray traces in FIG. 15 represent field envelopes corresponding to two separate ports. This emitter/receiver 3110, when used with a single (bulk) collimating lens 124, produces a parallel array of beams in the tangential plane, as indicated in FIG. 16. In the Gaussian approximation of the desired optical performance, the waist of the lens-transformed parallel beams in the tangential and sagittal planes, although of very different relative size, both occur in the back focal plane F of the planar 3118 lens. Thus, in the tangential plane, which includes the waveguides and the planar lens axis, the back focal plane of the lens 124 represents a magnified version of the channel waveguide array in the front focal plane of the planar lens. In short, the combination of the planar lens 3118 and the collimating lens 124 makes a telescope in the tangential plane. As indicated in the previous disclosure mentioned above, the channel waveguide apertures may be adiabatically expanded in-plane, so that this adiabatic magnification, Mad, can be utilized as a design parameter. On the other hand, in the sagittal plane, the back focal plane of lens 124 yields a Gaussian beam of radius equal to the focal length of lens 124 multiplied by the numerical aperture (NA) of sagittal field emitted at the chip edge. Presumably, this NA matches that of the fibers pigtailed to the chip, so there is no loss due to the mode mismatch. Hence, for a given wavelength λ, the aspect ration between the tangential and sagittal dimensions of the fields in the back focal plane of F2 is determined by a combination of the (sagittal) NA, the planar chip focal length, and the adiabatic magnification: AspectRatio = π M ad ⁢ ( F1 λ ) ⁢ NA 2 ( 1 ) For typical situations required pigtailing to SMF® fiber at a wavelength of 1500 nm, NA=0.1, and a planar lens focal length of 1.55 mm would yield an aspect ratio of more than 30, for unity adiabatic expansion. Thus, there is the potential to stack many tangential waists over the same range as a sagittal waist, combined with the significant spatial/angular precision available through a lithographically-engineered structure. FIG. 17 shows a schematic perspective view indication how the planar diffractive emitter/receiver of FIG. 15 can be used. The collimated beams emanating from the combination of the emitter/receiver 3110 and the collimating lens 124 are incident on a diffractive element 130, desirably a diffraction grating, which disperses wavelengths in the sagittal direction. Generally, the spectral resolution of the overall device is determined by the size of the sagittal projection on the grating, so it is desirable to maximize this quantity. Another lens 126 then forms an image of the chip edge at is back focal plane. Since the wavelengths are dispersed in the sagittal direction, a linear array 200 of angular directing devices such as MEMS mirrors, tilting in the tangential direction, is located there. Each angular directing device of the array 200 (the array 200 extending into the plane of the Figure) is allocated to a particular wavelength range. The traced trajectories in the Figure suggests trajectories for a single given wavelength only, coupling between two of the ports. It is understood that lenses 124 and 126 could be realized by the same lens as in the relevant embodiment disclosed above. Furthermore, it will be recognized that there is a continuum of variations in the layouts of the components which yields useful solutions which are not telecentric in the tangential plane. A layout that is telecentric in the tangential plane is described here simply for the sake of simplicity. As in the other planar emitter/receiver embodiments, tilting the planar channel waveguides and introducing other port-dependent variations in the planar layout are available options useful to optimize over aberrations in the optical design. The incorporation of a planar lens typically would require a second mask step, compared to the simpler channel/slab waveguide device described above (essentially the same chip, only without the lens). There are a number of ways of realizing the planar lens. All that is fundamentally required is a region of index change such that all the 1D diffracted fields emanating from the channel waveguides see an optical path length which varies quadratically with distance from the optical axis of the planar lens. Schemes for realizing such planar lenses can broadly be categorized as belonging either to the step-index or graded-index varieties. In the step-index type, the lens region of the slab waveguide has an effective index which is slightly higher than that of the non-lens region. Consequently (as with simple bulk-optic lenses), the quadratic optical path length variation is realized via circular curvatures of the higher-index region, as suggested by the example representation in the Figures herein. A popular means of creating this effective index difference is dielectric strip-loading, in which the lens region has a cladding which has a bulk index slightly different from the non-lens region. Thus, for the realization of a positive lens, the geometry of the strip-load (presumably deposited via the geometrical definitions of the second mask) would resemble a bi-convex surface if the strip load were to have a higher index than the cladding of the non-lens region, and bi-concave if the strip load were to have a lower index. In the graded-index type lens, there is a continuous variation in the effective index over the lens region. A common means of creating this variation is gray-scale etching, resulting in so-called geodesic lenses. Here, the cladding thickness is varied spatially over the lens region. Since the effective index is dependent upon the cladding thickness, it can be perturbed to yield the desired quadratic dependence on distance from the lens axis. Of course, there are many other variations for achieving the effective desired lens structure (e.g. etching into the core region), but as long as the resulting lens is of sufficient quality to yield diffraction-limited fields, any method may be employed. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that these and other modifications and variations can be made to the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Thus it is intended that the present invention cover the modifications and variations of this invention provided they come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.	<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates generally to optical switches for use in optical communications applications, and particularly to optical switches having multiple output or multiple input ports and capable of independent switching of multiple wavelengths or wavelength bands. 2. Technical Background Multiport, multi-wavelength cross-connect optical switches with characteristics of large cross-talk rejection and flat passband response have been desired for use in wavelength-division multiplexed (WMD) networks. Various optical switch designs have been suggested.	<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>The present invention provides an optical switch particularly useful in an N×1 or 1×N port configuration, capable of good optical performance with relaxed manufacturing tolerances. According to one aspect of the present invention, optical switch is provided employing an anamorphic optical system such that, for a given multi-wavelength input channel, a beam corresponding to a given wavelength of that channel is represented at a angular beam-directing device plane by an elliptical Gaussian-beam waist having a larger waist in the angular-directing direction of the beam-directing device. In another aspect of the present invention, and optical system for an optical switch is provided in which the location of a beam directing device is, relative to the input beams(s) within the optical switch, both a focus in a first direction, (hereinafter the sagittal direction, for convenient reference) and a stop in a second direction orthogonal to the first direction (hereinafter the tangential direction, for convenient reference). In still another aspect of the present invention, a planar emitter/receiver is employed to emit optical multi-wavelength optical signals, coming into the switch in guided form, in unguided propagating form within the switch, and to receive unguided signals from within the switch and pass them out of the switch in guided form, wherein the planar emitter/receiver is structured and arranged to allow guided signals entering the switch to spread or diffract in a first plane, while remaining guided in a second plane, before transmitting the entire signal into unguided propagation within the switch. In another aspect of the present invention, an emitter/receiver is provided for emitting and/or receiving one or more multi-wavelength input signals from guided into unguided propagation or from unguided propagation within an optical switch or similar device, wherein the exit plane of the emitter, relative to the one or more multi-wavelength input signals, is both a focus in a first of sagittal direction and a stop in a second or tangential direction orthogonal to the first direction. According to yet another aspect of the present invention, an arcuate fiber input/output array is provided within a multiport, multi-wavelength optical switch. According to still another aspect of the present invention, an emitter/receiver is provided for emitting and/or receiving one or more multi-wavelength input signals from guided into unguided propagation or from unguided into guided propagation within an optical switch or similar device, wherein the exit plane of the emitter, relative to the one or more multi-wavelength input signals, is a Gaussian waist in both a first or sagittal direction and in a second or tangential direction orthogonal to the first direction, and wherein Gaussian waist in the sagittal direction is smaller that the Gaussian waist in the tangential direction. According to another aspect of the present invention, an emitter/receiver is provided for emitting and/or receiving one or more multi-wavelength input signals from guided into unguided propagation or from unguided into guided propagation within an optical switch or similar device, wherein the exit plane of the emitter, relative to the one or more multi-wavelength input signals, is a Gaussian waist in both a first or sagittal direction and in a second or tangential direction orthogonal to the first direction, and wherein Gaussian waist in the sagittal direction is smaller than the Gaussian waist in the tangential direction, and wherein the multi-wavelength signals are overlapped at the exit plane of the emitter/receiver, such that individual multi-wavelength signals enter or exit the emitter/receiver at the same location but at different angles. Additional features and advantages of the invention will be set forth in the detailed description which follows, and in part will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art from that description or recognized by practicing the invention as describer herein, including detailed description which follows, the claims, as well as the appended drawings. It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description present embodiments of the invention, and are intended to provide an overview or framework for understanding the nature and character of the invention as it is claimed. The accompanying drawings are included to provide further understanding of the invention, and are incorporated into and constitute a part of the specification. The drawings illustrate various embodiments of the invention, and together with the description serve to explain the principle and operations of the invention.	20040601	20070109	20050113	99875.0		1	GILBERT, SAMUEL G	MULTIPORT WAVELENGTH-SELECTIVE OPTICAL SWITCH	UNDISCOUNTED	0	ACCEPTED		2,004
10,858,187	ACCEPTED	Voltage variable capacitor	A charge storage device having a capacitance that is variable by alteration of the relative permittivity of the dielectric positioned between conductive electrodes within the device. The device consists of two conductive plates sandwiching a conductive grid, typically embedded within a dielectric material. Charging the grid with a negative or positive potential changes the value of the dielectric constant (the relative permittivity) and thereby changes the capacitance of the device.	1. An electronic component device for receiving and storing an electrical charge, the device comprising: a first plate capable of storing a charge therein, said first plate in electrical contact with a first conductor terminal; a second plate capable of storing a charge therein, said second plate spaced apart from said first plate and in electrical contact with a second conductor terminal; a dielectric material occupying the space between said first and second plates; a grid capable of storing a charge therein, said grid positioned between said first and second plates within said dielectric material; and means for charging said grid. 2. The device of claim 1, wherein said grid comprises a conductive material. 3. The device of claim 1, wherein said dielectric comprises a non-conductive material. 4. The device of claim 1, wherein said means for charging said grid is a direct current voltage source. 5. The device of claim 4, wherein said direct current voltage source is variable in voltage. 6. The device of claim 1, wherein said means for charging said grid is placed in series with a resistor. 7. The device of claim 1, wherein said means for charging said grid is placed in series with a variable resistor. 8. The device of claim 1, wherein said means for charging said grid is an alternating current voltage source. 9. The device of claim 1, wherein said dielectric material has a relative permittivity in the range of 2.0 to 10.0 in the absence of an electromagnetic charge. 10. A method for controlling the electrical characteristics of a circuit, the method comprising the steps of: providing an electronic device comprising a first electrode capable of retaining a charge thereon, said first electrode in electrical contact with a first terminal of a source of power distribution; a second electrode capable of retaining a charge thereon, said second electrode spaced apart from said first electrode and in electrical contact with a second terminal; a dielectric material occupying at least some of the space between said electrodes, said dielectric material having a relative permittivity in the absence of an electromagnetic charge; a grid positioned between the electrodes; and a means for charging said grid; and varying a charge on said grid so as to alter said relative permittivity of said dielectric material, said altered relative permittivity serving to achieve desired control over selected electrical characteristics in said circuit. 11. The method of claim 10 wherein said step of providing includes a variable voltage direct current source and the step of varying includes selecting a voltage potential on said grid. 12. The method of claim 10 wherein said step of providing includes providing a resistor in series with a direct current power source and said grid. 13. A method for controlling the capacitance at at least one point in an electronic circuit, the method comprising the steps of: providing a variable capacitor a first conductive plate, said first plate electrically connected to a first terminal of a power supply; a second conductive plate spaced apart from said first plate and electrically connected to a ground terminal of said power supply; a dielectric between said plates, said dielectric having a relative permittivity; a grid positioned within said dielectric; and a means for charging said grid; and varying an electric potential on said grid so as to change said relative permittivity, said change in said relative permittivity serving to change the capacitance value of said variable capacitor and thereby serving to control the capacitance at said at least one point in said electronic circuit. 14. An impedance matching circuit in operative association with a transmission line or wave guide, the circuit comprising: a variable capacitor including a first plate capable of storing a charge therein, in electrical contact with a first terminal of a source of power distribution; a second plate, spaced apart from the first plate and in electrical contact with a second terminal; a dielectric material occupying the space between the plates; a grid between the plates; and a means of varying the charge on the grid: wherein the charge on the grid is adjusted so that the impedance of the circuit matches the impedance of the transmission line or wave guide.	BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates generally to electronic components suitable for receiving and retaining an electrical charge. The present invention relates more specifically to a charge storage device having a capacitance that is variable by alteration of the relative permittivity of the dielectric positioned between conductive electrodes within the device. Applicant's novel device consists of two conductive plates sandwiching a conductive grid, typically embedded within a dielectric material. Charging the grid with a negative or positive potential changes the value of the dielectric constant (the relative permittivity of the dielectric) and thereby changes the capacitance of the device. 2. Description of the Related Art Capacitors in general are important electrical/electronic components that are used in a variety of devices from basic power supply circuit boards to more complex computer systems. Capacitors are generally fabricated or constructed in two main forms, fixed and variable. A fixed capacitor has a preset capacitance that is established during the manufacture of the device through the selection of the dielectric material and the conductive plates that enclose the dielectric material. Variable, or trimmed capacitors, do not have set capacitance values fixed during their manufacture. Instead, variable capacitors are designed to allow a range of capacitance values by adjusting some feature of the capacitor to alter its capacitance value. Adjustment of a capacitor through its range of capacitance values may, for example, allow the fine tuning of an electronic circuit and various operational features of the circuit. Variable capacitors are therefore often utilized in electromagnetic wave transmitter and receiver circuitry to vary the frequency response for such transmitters and receivers. Variable capacitors themselves come in a number of different structural and functional configurations. One of the most common methods of varying the capacitance is to interleave several movable plate electrodes among a number of fixed plate electrodes. Adjusting the position of the variable electrodes, relative to the fixed electrodes, increases or decreases the capacitance as the area between the electrodes changes. One problem with this type of variable capacitor is simply the number of electrodes that are required to implement the method of varying the capacitance. Multiple fixed and variable electrodes are required, and these electrodes themselves require a housing large enough to accommodate both them and their relative motion. In many instances, the size and geometry of such devices become unsuitable for small scale electronic applications. In addition, if the fixed and variable electrodes are not carefully structured and positioned, the capacitor may be easily damaged such that the geometry of the electrode plates changes in an undesired manner resulting in an inappropriate change in the capacitance. In general, the capacitance value of a capacitor depends upon three factors. These include the distance between the electrode plates of the capacitor and the area (a two dimensional value) between the two electrodes or plates. A third factor not normally considered when constructing a variable capacitor is the relative permittivity of the dielectric material utilized. Most existing variable capacitors adjust either the distance between the two plates, and/or the area between the plates in order to adjust the capacitance value. In either case, mechanical motion is required in order to make these adjustments. It would be desirable if the capacitance value of a capacitor could be varied without the need for the mechanical motion of any of the components associated with the construction of the capacitor. Towards this end, the third factor involved in the capacitance value, the relative permittivity, may be examined as a basis for changing the capacitance value without requiring mechanical motion of the components. The relative permittivity is, as mentioned above, also known as the dielectric constant, and is a relative measured value that depends on the material chosen for the dielectric. It is expressed as the ratio of a material's absolute permittivity to the absolute permittivity of a vacuum (see Equation 1 below). In the field of electronics, capacitors are most often considered discrete electronic components that store electrical energy in the form of a static charge. A basic capacitor consists of two metal plates that are separated by a dielectric (insulator). One of the electrical properties of the dielectric insulator material is the ability to store a static electric charge. Capacitors are normally classified by the type of dielectric used in their construction (mica, ceramic, Mylar®, air, electrolytic, etc.) Each of the difference types of capacitors has a range of capacitance values that is generally determined by the geometry of the plates and the dielectric. Once again to summarize, the capacitance value of a capacitor is the result of three variables: A. the surface area of the two plates; B. the distance between the two plates; and C. the dielectric constant of the dielectric. Capacitance values are measured in farads. Most fixed (non-variable) capacitors have a capacitance value between 1000 microfarads and 1 picofarad. There are, as mentioned above, a variety of variable capacitors known in the art. Existing variable capacitors operate on one of two principles, both of which require some form of mechanical movement. First, some variable capacitors change their capacitance value by changing their plate area. Second, some variable capacitors change their capacitance value by changing the distance between their plates. Varactor or tuning diodes are also sometimes used as capacitors. A varactor or tuning diode is typically a semiconductor device that changes its capacitance by changing the width of its depletion region. Varactor diodes are typically limited to the picofarad range. As mentioned above, capacitors are one of the most frequently used components in electronic circuits. One of the most common uses for variable capacitors is in tuning circuits. For example, the frequency tuner knob on a typical radio receiver is connected to a variable capacitor such that turning the knob changes the capacitance value of the capacitor, which changes the frequency of the radio signal that the radio receives. A variety of other uses of variable capacitors may be found in the literature that involve altering the characteristics of an RC circuit (a fundamental circuit component) by varying the capacitance value at some point in the circuit. The voltage variable capacitor proposed herein is a modified form of existing capacitors. FIG. 1 shows in general how a conductive grid may be placed within a dielectric and connected to its own terminal. Charging the conductive grid with a negative potential causes the dielectric constant of the capacitor to decrease in value thereby reducing the capacitor's value. Placing a positive potential on the grid causes the dielectric constant to increase, thereby raising the capacitor's value. The dielectric constant (or relative permittivity, εr) is a relative measure. It is expressed as the ratio of a material's absolute permittivity (ε) to the absolute permittivity of a vacuum (εo): εr=ε/εo EQUATION 1 Total capacitance expressed in terms of the physical parameters of the capacitor may be expressed by the following equation: C = A ⁢ ⁢ ɛ r ⁡ ( 8.85 × 10 12 ⁢ F / m ) d EQUATION ⁢ ⁢ 2 As discussed above, existing variable capacitors vary the area (A) or the distance between the plates (d) in order to change the capacitance value (C). Both require a change in the physical parameters of the capacitor. In the present invention the relative permittivity (εr) is changed with a static charge on the conductive grid which changes the overall capacitance value without the requirement of any mechanical change in the capacitor. This is the principle by which the present invention operates. It can be seen therefore, from Equation 2, that an increase in the relative permittivity results in an increase in the capacitance value while a decrease in the relative permittivity results in a decrease in the capacitance value. It is known that altering the electromagnetic field within or surrounding a dielectric material will alter the relative permittivity of the dielectric. It is upon this principle that the present invention is based. As a practical matter, there are no limitations as to the size or geometry of the capacitor of the present invention or the type of dielectric material used. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is an exploded perspective schematic view of the variable capacitor of the present invention showing the dimensional elements of relevance. FIG. 2 is a schematic, cross-sectional diagram of an alternate preferred embodiment of the variable capacitor of the present invention. FIG. 3A illustrates a proposed electronic schematic symbol for the variable capacitor of the present invention. FIG. 3B is an electronic schematic illustrating use of the variable capacitor of the present invention in a digital/analog converter circuit for motor control. FIG. 3C is an electronic schematic illustrating use of the variable capacitor of the present invention in a phase locked loop circuit. FIG. 4 is a generalized electronic schematic illustrating a method of using the variable capacitor of the present invention to regulate conduction from the grid to ground, thereby reducing the value of the capacitor. Thus, the present invention provides a first plate capable of storing a charge therein in electrical contact with a first terminal of a source of power distribution. A second plate is spaced apart from the first plate and is in electrical contact with a second terminal of the source of power distribution. A dielectric material occupies the space between the plates as does the grid. The grid is attached to a means of charging, including variably charging the grid. The grid of the present invention is typically comprised of a conductive material. The dielectric of the present invention is typically an insulator. Direct voltage or alternating voltage may be used as a means for charging the grid. The direct current may be variable. An exemplary method of using the capacitor of the present invention would be to vary the charge on the grid to achieve desired and selected electrical characteristics in a circuit. This may be done by varying the voltage, for example, to the grid and/or using a resistance in series with a power source and the grid. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Reference is made first to FIG. 1 for a detailed description of the structure and function of a variable capacitor according to the present invention. The structure of variable capacitor 10 is shown schematically in FIG. 1. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the geometry and size of the various elements of the capacitor described could change depending upon the specific application. Initially it can be seen that the fundamental elements of variable capacitor 10 of the present invention are the same as the fundamental elements of all capacitance devices. The basic capacitor is comprised of first conductive plate 14 positioned parallel to, but spaced apart from, second conductive plate 16. Each of these two plates 14 and 16 define an area (A) between them that is a factor in determining the capacitance of the device. First conductive plate 14 is connected to electrical conductor 18 and second conductive plate 16 is likewise connected to electrical conductor 20 for connecting capacitor 10 into a circuit as discussed in more detail below. Again, as may be typical of most capacitors, dielectric material 22 is positioned between plates 14 and 16. The thickness of dielectric material 22 will typically define the distance (d) between plates 14 and 16. This distance (d) is also a factor in determining the capacitance value of the assembled capacitor. FIG. 1 is an exploded perspective view of the structural elements of variable capacitor 10 of the present invention. When fully assembled for use, plates 14 and 16 would be in direct contact with the top and bottom surfaces respectively of dielectric material 22. In this manner, the relevant distance (d) between plates 14 and 16 becomes the thickness of dielectric material 22. Dielectric material 22 will have a relative permittivity (εr) that is characteristic of the type of material utilized. Various insulator and/or semiconductor compositions may be used for the dielectric material. The selection of the dielectric in the present invention may be made in accord with standard practices for constructing capacitor devices. The integration of the novel features of the present invention in to standard elements of a capacitor does not dramatically alter the criteria for selecting dielectric materials, or for defining the geometry of the conductive plates. Integrated into dielectric material 22, is conductive grid 26. Electrical conductor 24 is connected to conductive grid 26 and provides the means for establishing a charge on the grid. When fully assembled, therefore, conductive plate 14 and conductive plate 16 sandwich dielectric material 22, with its incorporated conductive grid 26, into the electronic component package referenced generally as variable capacitor 10. Use of the capacitive device involves establishing a charge on conductive grid 26 by means of electrical conductor 24, and varying the charge on grid 26 so as to alter the relative permittivity (εr) of dielectric material 22. In this manner (according to the capacitance Equation 2 discussed above) the capacitance value of the variable capacitor will change as the relative permittivity of the dielectric material changes. Typically the establishment of a charge on grid 26 will involve placing grid 26 at a potential above (positive potential) or below (negative potential) ground, relative to charges that may be established on plates 14 and 16. The structure and geometry of grid 26 may vary, although certain factors are important to the efficient operation of the electronic capacitance component. In order for the change in a charge on the grid to effect a change in the value of the dielectric, the grid must come into contact with as much of the dielectric material as possible. Dielectric materials of greater strength will require grid networks of much smaller proportions as even modest changes in the charge on the grid will effect significant changes in the dielectric constant. On the other hand, if the grid area is too large, it can effectively act as an additional plate within the capacitive device. This may result in the charge signal being removed through the grid conductor 24, although in some instances, this may itself be a desirable feature. In general, the grid should be of minimal conductor dimensions, i.e. micro fine in its conductive paths, but should be large enough in geometry to efficiently affect the dielectric value. Referring again to FIG. 1, and recognizing the schematic nature of the diagram, it should be noted that the conductive grid 26 may be placed in any type of dielectric material 22, such that there would be no limitations on the size of the capacitor constructed. It is also possible to utilize a doped semiconductor as the dielectric, in which case the semiconductor material may be charged without the use of a grid placed within it. FIG. 2 shows, in schematic detail, the manner in which a semiconductor material may be utilized as the dielectric. Semiconductor material 23 is positioned between plates 14 and 16 in a manner similar to the structure described above with regard to FIG. 1. Electrical conductors 18 and 20 are also positioned similarly on plates 14 and 16. Instead of a grid, however, a charge may be established within dielectric (semiconductor) material 23 by means of a contact electrode 25 positioned along one edge of the material. Electrical conductor 24 provides the means for providing a potential to the contact electrode 25. Reference is now made to FIGS. 3A-3C for a brief discussion of various uses of the capacitor of the present invention and its designation in electronic circuit schematics. FIG. 3A is simply a suggested schematic diagram for the variable capacitor of the present invention showing the standard plates 30 and 32 of a typical capacitor with an intermediate grid 34 and a conductor to the grid for providing a voltage potential and thus a charge on the grid. FIG. 3B shows a very simple electronic schematic of a motor control circuit utilizing the variable capacitor of the present invention. Voltage variable capacitors may be used in any RC controlled network such as that shown in FIG. 3B. The majority of motor controlled circuits use an RC network to control the firing angle of a triac or SCR. The circuit shown in FIG. 3B uses a digital signal applied to D/A converter 42 to produce a DC voltage applied to the grid of the voltage variable capacitor 10 of the present invention. This changes the firing angle of triac 48, and therefore, the power delivered to motor 46 from AC power source 44. Reference is now made to FIG. 3C for another example of the use of the variable capacitor of the present invention in a typical electronic circuit. FIG. 3C shows a phase locked loop control circuit based on a 565 Analog PLL type chip. The circuit shown has a center frequency dependent on the values of the resistor on pin 8 and the capacitor on pin 9. Varying the capacitor enables this circuit to have a greater range of center frequencies. Again, a digital signal produces a voltage which varies the value of the capacitor, thus changing the center frequency of the circuit. It should be noted that if a DC power source is used to charge the dielectric material in the variable capacitor of the present invention, it may be necessary to connect a high value of resistance in series with the grid since DC power sources are essentially at ground potential to an AC signal. That is, the grid would act as an additional plate under these conditions unless an appropriate resistor is placed in series. Reference is finally made to FIG. 4, wherein a variable resistor 54 is connected to the grid of variable capacitor 10 of the present invention to allow some of the signal to pass directly from capacitor 10 to ground. In this process variable resistor 54 becomes the mechanism whereby the value of capacitor 10 may be varied within the circuit containing AC power source 56 and load 52. Although the present invention has been described in conjunction with a number of preferred embodiments it will be understood by those skilled in the art that alternative embodiments are possible without departing from the fundamental basis of the present invention. As indicated above, the choice of the specific dielectric to be utilized in conjunction with the present invention may be made according to known dielectric properties within the electronics field. Likewise, the specific geometries of the components of the variable capacitor of the present invention will be a matter of choice dependent of the specific application of the capacitive device. Dielectric materials and plate geometries may be chosen according to the same criteria utilized in conjunction with establishing fixed capacitor values, recognizing that the incorporation of a gird as described herein will result in the capacitor having a range of values about that of a similar fixed value device. The examples of circuits given above are not intended to be limiting of the possible applications of a device constructed according to the present invention. Those skilled in the art will readily recognize many other applications that could benefit from the use of the variable capacitor of the present invention.	<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates generally to electronic components suitable for receiving and retaining an electrical charge. The present invention relates more specifically to a charge storage device having a capacitance that is variable by alteration of the relative permittivity of the dielectric positioned between conductive electrodes within the device. Applicant's novel device consists of two conductive plates sandwiching a conductive grid, typically embedded within a dielectric material. Charging the grid with a negative or positive potential changes the value of the dielectric constant (the relative permittivity of the dielectric) and thereby changes the capacitance of the device. 2. Description of the Related Art Capacitors in general are important electrical/electronic components that are used in a variety of devices from basic power supply circuit boards to more complex computer systems. Capacitors are generally fabricated or constructed in two main forms, fixed and variable. A fixed capacitor has a preset capacitance that is established during the manufacture of the device through the selection of the dielectric material and the conductive plates that enclose the dielectric material. Variable, or trimmed capacitors, do not have set capacitance values fixed during their manufacture. Instead, variable capacitors are designed to allow a range of capacitance values by adjusting some feature of the capacitor to alter its capacitance value. Adjustment of a capacitor through its range of capacitance values may, for example, allow the fine tuning of an electronic circuit and various operational features of the circuit. Variable capacitors are therefore often utilized in electromagnetic wave transmitter and receiver circuitry to vary the frequency response for such transmitters and receivers. Variable capacitors themselves come in a number of different structural and functional configurations. One of the most common methods of varying the capacitance is to interleave several movable plate electrodes among a number of fixed plate electrodes. Adjusting the position of the variable electrodes, relative to the fixed electrodes, increases or decreases the capacitance as the area between the electrodes changes. One problem with this type of variable capacitor is simply the number of electrodes that are required to implement the method of varying the capacitance. Multiple fixed and variable electrodes are required, and these electrodes themselves require a housing large enough to accommodate both them and their relative motion. In many instances, the size and geometry of such devices become unsuitable for small scale electronic applications. In addition, if the fixed and variable electrodes are not carefully structured and positioned, the capacitor may be easily damaged such that the geometry of the electrode plates changes in an undesired manner resulting in an inappropriate change in the capacitance. In general, the capacitance value of a capacitor depends upon three factors. These include the distance between the electrode plates of the capacitor and the area (a two dimensional value) between the two electrodes or plates. A third factor not normally considered when constructing a variable capacitor is the relative permittivity of the dielectric material utilized. Most existing variable capacitors adjust either the distance between the two plates, and/or the area between the plates in order to adjust the capacitance value. In either case, mechanical motion is required in order to make these adjustments. It would be desirable if the capacitance value of a capacitor could be varied without the need for the mechanical motion of any of the components associated with the construction of the capacitor. Towards this end, the third factor involved in the capacitance value, the relative permittivity, may be examined as a basis for changing the capacitance value without requiring mechanical motion of the components. The relative permittivity is, as mentioned above, also known as the dielectric constant, and is a relative measured value that depends on the material chosen for the dielectric. It is expressed as the ratio of a material's absolute permittivity to the absolute permittivity of a vacuum (see Equation 1 below). In the field of electronics, capacitors are most often considered discrete electronic components that store electrical energy in the form of a static charge. A basic capacitor consists of two metal plates that are separated by a dielectric (insulator). One of the electrical properties of the dielectric insulator material is the ability to store a static electric charge. Capacitors are normally classified by the type of dielectric used in their construction (mica, ceramic, Mylar®, air, electrolytic, etc.) Each of the difference types of capacitors has a range of capacitance values that is generally determined by the geometry of the plates and the dielectric. Once again to summarize, the capacitance value of a capacitor is the result of three variables: A. the surface area of the two plates; B. the distance between the two plates; and C. the dielectric constant of the dielectric. Capacitance values are measured in farads. Most fixed (non-variable) capacitors have a capacitance value between 1000 microfarads and 1 picofarad. There are, as mentioned above, a variety of variable capacitors known in the art. Existing variable capacitors operate on one of two principles, both of which require some form of mechanical movement. First, some variable capacitors change their capacitance value by changing their plate area. Second, some variable capacitors change their capacitance value by changing the distance between their plates. Varactor or tuning diodes are also sometimes used as capacitors. A varactor or tuning diode is typically a semiconductor device that changes its capacitance by changing the width of its depletion region. Varactor diodes are typically limited to the picofarad range. As mentioned above, capacitors are one of the most frequently used components in electronic circuits. One of the most common uses for variable capacitors is in tuning circuits. For example, the frequency tuner knob on a typical radio receiver is connected to a variable capacitor such that turning the knob changes the capacitance value of the capacitor, which changes the frequency of the radio signal that the radio receives. A variety of other uses of variable capacitors may be found in the literature that involve altering the characteristics of an RC circuit (a fundamental circuit component) by varying the capacitance value at some point in the circuit. The voltage variable capacitor proposed herein is a modified form of existing capacitors. FIG. 1 shows in general how a conductive grid may be placed within a dielectric and connected to its own terminal. Charging the conductive grid with a negative potential causes the dielectric constant of the capacitor to decrease in value thereby reducing the capacitor's value. Placing a positive potential on the grid causes the dielectric constant to increase, thereby raising the capacitor's value. The dielectric constant (or relative permittivity, ε r ) is a relative measure. It is expressed as the ratio of a material's absolute permittivity (ε) to the absolute permittivity of a vacuum (ε o ): in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="lead"? ε r =ε/ε o EQUATION 1 in-line-formulae description="In-line Formulae" end="tail"? Total capacitance expressed in terms of the physical parameters of the capacitor may be expressed by the following equation: C = A ⁢ ⁢ ɛ r ⁡ ( 8.85 × 10 12 ⁢ F / m ) d EQUATION ⁢ ⁢ 2 As discussed above, existing variable capacitors vary the area (A) or the distance between the plates (d) in order to change the capacitance value (C). Both require a change in the physical parameters of the capacitor. In the present invention the relative permittivity (ε r ) is changed with a static charge on the conductive grid which changes the overall capacitance value without the requirement of any mechanical change in the capacitor. This is the principle by which the present invention operates. It can be seen therefore, from Equation 2, that an increase in the relative permittivity results in an increase in the capacitance value while a decrease in the relative permittivity results in a decrease in the capacitance value. It is known that altering the electromagnetic field within or surrounding a dielectric material will alter the relative permittivity of the dielectric. It is upon this principle that the present invention is based. As a practical matter, there are no limitations as to the size or geometry of the capacitor of the present invention or the type of dielectric material used.	<SOH> BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS <EOH>FIG. 1 is an exploded perspective schematic view of the variable capacitor of the present invention showing the dimensional elements of relevance. FIG. 2 is a schematic, cross-sectional diagram of an alternate preferred embodiment of the variable capacitor of the present invention. FIG. 3A illustrates a proposed electronic schematic symbol for the variable capacitor of the present invention. FIG. 3B is an electronic schematic illustrating use of the variable capacitor of the present invention in a digital/analog converter circuit for motor control. FIG. 3C is an electronic schematic illustrating use of the variable capacitor of the present invention in a phase locked loop circuit. FIG. 4 is a generalized electronic schematic illustrating a method of using the variable capacitor of the present invention to regulate conduction from the grid to ground, thereby reducing the value of the capacitor. detailed-description description="Detailed Description" end="lead"? Thus, the present invention provides a first plate capable of storing a charge therein in electrical contact with a first terminal of a source of power distribution. A second plate is spaced apart from the first plate and is in electrical contact with a second terminal of the source of power distribution. A dielectric material occupies the space between the plates as does the grid. The grid is attached to a means of charging, including variably charging the grid. The grid of the present invention is typically comprised of a conductive material. The dielectric of the present invention is typically an insulator. Direct voltage or alternating voltage may be used as a means for charging the grid. The direct current may be variable. An exemplary method of using the capacitor of the present invention would be to vary the charge on the grid to achieve desired and selected electrical characteristics in a circuit. This may be done by varying the voltage, for example, to the grid and/or using a resistance in series with a power source and the grid.	20040601	20080812	20071018	93458.0	H01G500	0	HA, NGUYEN T	VOLTAGE VARIABLE CAPACITOR	MICRO	0	ACCEPTED	H01G	2,004
10,858,363	ACCEPTED	System to manage display power consumption	Some embodiments involve determination of a first characteristic associated with a first interface displayed by a display, and determination of a second characteristic associated with a second interface displayed by the display. Embodiments may further involve determination of a first power consumption mode for the first interface based at least on the first characteristic, and determination of a second power consumption mode for the second interface based at least on the second characteristic, wherein the first power consumption mode is different from the second power consumption mode.	1. A method comprising: determining a first characteristic associated with a first interface displayed by a display, and a second characteristic associated with a second interface displayed by the display; and determining a first power consumption mode for the first interface based at least on the first characteristic, and a second power consumption mode for the second interface based at least on the second characteristic, wherein the first power consumption mode is different from the second power consumption mode. 2. A method according to claim 1, wherein determining the first power consumption mode comprises: determining an activity measure; and determining the first power consumption mode based on the activity measure. 3. A method according to claim 2, wherein determining the first power consumption mode based on the activity measure comprises: determining an application associated with the first interface; determining a power consumption mode algorithm associated with the application; and applying the power consumption mode algorithm to the activity measure. 4. A method according to claim 2, wherein determining the activity measure comprises: determining the activity measure based on the first characteristic. 5. A method according to claim 4, wherein determining the activity measure based on the first characteristic comprises: determining an application associated with the first interface; determining an activity measure algorithm associated with the application; and applying the activity measure algorithm to the first characteristic. 6. A method according to claim 5, wherein determining the first power consumption mode based on the activity measure comprises: determining an application associated with the first interface; determining a power consumption mode algorithm associated with the application; and applying the power consumption mode algorithm to the activity measure. 7. A method according to claim 1, further comprising: controlling the display to display the first interface according to the first power consumption mode and to display the second interface according to the second power consumption mode. 8. A method according to claim 1, wherein the first characteristic comprises one or more of: a Z-order of the first interface on the display; a pointer movement within the first interface; an operating system message to draw the first interface; an elapsed time from when the first interface was manipulated by a user; screen size; screen position of an interface; application that owns the screen; history of screen usage; current system location; user ID; ambient light reading; remaining battery life; battery discharge rate; and user power profile; and an elapsed time from when the first interface possessed focus. 9. A method according to claim 1, wherein the first power consumption mode is associated with one or more of a first brightness, a first resolution, a first color, and a first refresh rate; and wherein the second power consumption mode is associated with one or more of a second brightness, a second resolution, a second color, and a second refresh rate. 10. A method according to claim 9, wherein one or more of the first brightness, the first resolution, and the first color is identical to one or more respective ones of the second brightness, the second resolution, and the second color. 11. Processor-executable process steps embodied in a medium, the process steps comprising steps to provide: an interface monitor to determine a first characteristic associated with a first interface displayed by a display, and to determine a second characteristic associated with a second interface displayed by the display; and a power manager to determine a first power consumption mode for the first interface based at least on the first characteristic, and to determine a second power consumption mode for the second interface based at least on the second characteristic. 12. Processor-executable process steps according to claim 11, wherein the first characteristic is different from the second characteristic, and wherein the first power consumption mode is different from the second power consumption mode. 13. Process steps according to claim 11, the power manager to determine an activity measure, and to determine the first power consumption mode based on the activity measure. 14. Process steps according to claim 13, the power manager to determine an application associated with the first interface, determine a power consumption mode algorithm associated with the application, and apply the power consumption mode algorithm to the activity measure to determine the first power consumption mode. 15. Process steps according to claim 13, the interface monitor to determine the activity measure based on the first characteristic. 16. Process steps according to claim 15, the interface monitor to determine an application associated with the first interface, determine an activity measure algorithm associated with the application, and apply the activity measure algorithm to the first characteristic to determine the activity measure. 17. Process steps according to claim 16, the power manager to determine an application associated with the first interface, determine a power consumption mode algorithm associated with the application, and apply the power consumption mode algorithm to the activity measure to determine the first power consumption mode. 18. Process steps according to claim 11, the power manager to control the display to display the first interface according to the first power consumption mode and to display the second interface according to the second power consumption mode. 19. Process steps according to claim 11, wherein the first characteristic comprises one or more of: a Z-order of the first interface on the display; a pointer movement within the first interface; an operating system message to draw the first interface; an elapsed time from when the first interface was manipulated by a user; screen size; screen position of an interface; application that owns the screen; history of screen usage; current system location; user ID; ambient light reading; remaining battery life; battery discharge rate; and user power profile; and an elapsed time from when the first interface possessed focus. 20. Process steps according to claim 11, wherein the first power consumption mode is associated with one or more of a first brightness, a first resolution, a first color, and a first refresh rate; and wherein the second power consumption mode is associated with one or more of a second brightness, a second resolution, a second color, and a second refresh rate. 21. Process steps according to claim 20, wherein one or more of the first brightness, the first resolution, and the first color is identical to one or more respective ones of the second brightness, the second resolution, and the second color. 22. An apparatus comprising: a display to display a plurality of interfaces; a display controller coupled to the display; and a processor coupled to the display controller, the processor to: determine a first characteristic associated with a first one of the plurality of interfaces, a second characteristic associated with a second one of the plurality of interfaces, a first power consumption mode for the first one of the plurality of interfaces based at least on the first characteristic, and a second power consumption mode for the second one of the plurality of interfaces based at least on the second characteristic; and instruct the display controller to control the display to display the first interface according to the first power consumption mode, and to display the second interface according to the second power consumption mode, wherein the first power consumption mode is different from the second power consumption mode. 23. An apparatus according to claim 22, the processor to determine an activity measure, and to determine the first power consumption mode based on the activity measure. 24. An apparatus according to claim 23, the processor to determine an application associated with the first interface, determine a power consumption mode algorithm associated with the application, and apply the power consumption mode algorithm to the activity measure to determine the first power consumption mode. 25. An apparatus according to claim 23, the processor to determine the activity measure based on the first characteristic. 26. An apparatus according to claim 25, the processor to determine an application associated with the first interface, determine an activity measure algorithm associated with the application, and apply the activity measure algorithm to the first characteristic to determine the activity measure. 27. An apparatus according to claim 26, the processor to determine a power consumption mode algorithm associated with the application, and apply the power consumption mode algorithm to the activity measure to determine the first power consumption mode. 28. An apparatus according to claim 22, wherein the first characteristic comprises one or more of: a Z-order of the first interface on the display; a pointer movement within the first interface; an operating system message to draw the first interface; an elapsed time from when the first interface was manipulated by a user; screen size; screen position of an interface; application that owns the screen; history of screen usage; current system location; user ID; ambient light reading; remaining battery life; battery discharge rate; and user power profile; and an elapsed time from when the first interface possessed focus. 29. An apparatus according to claim 22, wherein the first power consumption mode is associated with one or more of a first brightness, a first resolution, a first color, and a first refresh rate; and wherein the second power consumption mode is associated with one or more of a second brightness, a second resolution, a second color, and a second refresh rate. 30. An apparatus according to claim 22, wherein one or more of the first brightness, the first resolution, and the first color is identical to one or more respective ones of the second brightness, the second resolution, and the second color. 31. A system comprising: a display to display a plurality of interfaces; a display controller coupled to the display; and a processor coupled to the display controller, the processor to: determine a first characteristic associated with a first one of the plurality of interfaces, a second characteristic associated with a second one of the plurality of interfaces, a first power consumption mode for the first one of the plurality of interfaces based at least on the first characteristic, and a second power consumption mode for the second one of the plurality of interfaces based at least on the second characteristic; and instruct the display controller to control the display to display the first interface according to the first power consumption mode, and to display the second interface according to the second power consumption mode; and a double data rate memory coupled to the processor to store processor-executable process steps, wherein the first power consumption mode is different from the second power consumption mode. 32. A system according to claim 31, the processor to determine an activity measure based on the first characteristic, and to determine the first power consumption mode based on the activity measure. 33. A system according to claim 32, the processor to determine an application associated with the first interface, determine a power consumption mode algorithm associated with the application, and apply the power consumption mode algorithm to the activity measure to determine the first power consumption mode. 34. A system according to claim 32, the processor to determine an application associated with the first interface, determine an activity measure algorithm associated with the application, and apply the activity measure algorithm to the first characteristic to determine the activity measure.	BACKGROUND During operation, a computing system consumes power from a power source. A mobile computing system may be designed to consume power from a portable and exhaustible power source, such as a battery. In order to prolong periods of mobile use, such a computing system may include elements designed to limit the amount of power consumed thereby. These elements may include hardware and/or software for providing a low-power state during a period of relative inactivity. For example, a computing system might automatically enter a sleep state when not being used in order to reduce power consumption. Entering the sleep state may include reducing the brightness of a display, turning off a hard disk, and/or placing a processor in an idle state. As a result, energy can be conserved and/or battery life may be extended. Some displays, such as Organic Light-Emitting Diode (OLED) displays, may be controlled such that one portion of a display consumes less power than other portions of the display. Conventional power-conserving techniques exploit this feature by displaying a user-selected window (or, alternatively, a window having “focus”) using a display method that is more power-consuming than the display method used to display other simultaneously-displayed windows. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a block diagram of software components according to some embodiments. FIG. 2 is a block diagram of hardware components according to some embodiments. FIG. 3 is a flow diagram of a method according to some embodiments. FIG. 4 is a flow diagram of a method according to some embodiments. FIG. 5 is an outward view of a display displaying interfaces according to some embodiments. FIG. 6 illustrates a portion of an activity measure algorithm table according to some embodiments. FIG. 7 illustrates a portion of an interface activity table according to some embodiments. FIG. 8 illustrates a portion of power consumption mode algorithm table according to some embodiments. FIG. 9 is an outward view of a display displaying interfaces according to some embodiments. DETAILED DESCRIPTION FIG. 1 is a block diagram of software components of system 100 according to some embodiments. System 100 includes applications 110, operating system 120, interface monitor 130, interface activity table 140, power manager 150, and display driver 160. The components of system 100 may operate to provide different power consumption modes for different displayed interfaces based on characteristics of the displayed interfaces. Applications 110 may include any applications which provide one or more displayed interfaces. Examples of applications 110 include, but are not limited to, a word processing application, a spreadsheet application, an e-mail client, a calendaring application, gaming applications, presentation applications, and drawing applications. One or more of applications 110 may provide “window”-type interfaces. Applications 110 may communicate with operating system 120. Operating system 120 may control hardware components of a system in which system 100 resides based on instructions from applications 110. Operating system 120 may instruct a display (not shown) to display one or more interfaces that are associated with one or more of applications 110. In some embodiments, operating system 120 may comprise a “windowing” operating system such as Windows XP™ and/or OS X™. Interface monitor 130 may determine characteristics associated with the displayed interfaces. The characteristics may be used to determine an activity measure for each of the displayed interfaces. The above determinations will be described in detail below. Interface monitor 130 may comprise a filter object that monitors messages received and/or transmitted by operating system 120. Interface monitor 130 may be embodied as a service, layer, and/or core component of operating system 120. Interface monitor 130 may also be embodied as any other executable software component, including a dynamic link library or a stand-alone application. The determined activity measures are stored in interface activity table 140. According to some embodiments, interface activity table 140 associates each displayed interface with an activity measure. Interface activity table 140 may be stored in one or more storage media, including but not limited to registers, random access memory, cache memory, and hard disk memory. Power manager 150 may determine an activity measure associated with an interface from interface activity table 140 and may determine a power consumption mode based on the activity measure. Such determinations will also be described in detail below. Power manager 150 may be embodied as a service, layer, and/or core component of operating system 120, and/or as any other executable software component, including a dynamic link library or a stand-alone application. Power manager 150 may instruct display driver 160 to control a display to display a first interface according to a first power consumption mode and to display a second interface according to a second power consumption mode. In this regard, display driver 160 may comprise a device driver suitable to control a display that is coupled to a system in which system 100 resides. Display driver 160 may also receive instructions directly from operating system 120. FIG. 2 is a block diagram of system 200 according to some embodiments. System 200 may embody the software components of FIG. 1. System 200 may comprise any device or devices, including but not limited to a laptop computer, a cellular phone, a personal digital assistant, a personal computer, and a standalone display. Initially, display 210 may comprise a display capable of displaying a first interface according to a first power consumption mode and a second interface according to a second power consumption mode. In some examples, display 210 may display a first interface at a first brightness, a first resolution, a first color, and a first refresh rate, and may display a second interface that differs from the first interface with respect to one or more of brightness, resolution, color, and refresh rate. Display 210 may comprise an organic light-emitting diode-based display. Processor 220 may comprise a Pentium, RISC-based, or other type of processor and is used to execute processor-executable process steps so as to control the elements of system 200 to provide desired functionality. The processor-executable process steps may comprise steps of applications 110, operating system 120, interface monitor 130, power manager 150, and display driver 160. The processor-executable process steps may be stored in data storage device 230, which may comprise one or more hard disks. The process steps may be read from a computer-readable medium, such as a floppy disk, a CD-ROM, a DVD-ROM, a Zip™ disk, a magnetic tape, or a signal encoding the process steps, and thereafter stored in data storage device 230 in a compressed, uncompiled and/or encrypted format. In alternative embodiments, hard-wired circuitry may be used in place of, or in combination with, processor-executable process steps for implementation of the processes described herein. Thus, embodiments are not limited to any specific combination of hardware and software. Data storage device 230 may also store interface activity table 140. In addition, data storage device 230 may store other unshown elements that may be necessary for operation of system 200, such as data files and other device drivers. Input device 240 may comprise any known device for capturing user input, including a keyboard, mouse, touch pad, voice-recognition system, or any combination of these devices. In some embodiments, process steps of interface monitor 130 are executed by processor 220 to determine an activity measure for an interface based on user input to the interface. Memory 250 may provide processor 220 with fast data storage and retrieval. Memory 250 may comprise any type of memory for storing data, such as a Single Data Rate Random Access Memory, a Double Data Rate Random Access Memory, or a Programmable Read Only Memory. Processor-executable process steps being executed by processor 220 are typically stored temporarily in memory 250 and executed therefrom by processor 220. Interface activity table 140 may also be stored in memory 250 according to some embodiments. FIG. 3 is a flow diagram of a method according to some embodiments. The method of FIG. 3 may be associated with, for example, systems such as those described with respect to FIGS. 1 and/or 2. Note that any of the methods described herein may be performed by hardware, software (including microcode), or a combination of hardware and software. For example, a storage medium may store thereon instructions that when executed by a machine results in performance according to any of the embodiments described herein. At 302, a first characteristic associated with a first interface displayed by a display is determined, and a second characteristic associated with a second interface displayed by the display is determined. According to some embodiments of 302, the characteristics determined by interface monitor 130 include operating system messages to draw an interface, a Z-order of an interface, a movement of a pointer within an interface, an elapsed time from when the interface was manipulated by a user via input device 240, and/or an elapsed time from when the interface possessed “focus”. Any other characteristics associated with a displayed interface may be determined at 302 in some embodiments. Non-exhaustive examples of such characteristics include screen size, screen position of an interface, application that owns the screen, history of screen usage, current system location, user ID, ambient light reading, remaining battery life, battery discharge rate, and user power profile. In some embodiments, interface monitor 130 exposes an application programming interface. One or more of applications 110 may use the application programming interface to provide interface monitor 130 with characteristics of displayed interfaces that are associated with the one or more of applications 110. For example, an application may indicate that it expects to be active at a given time and/or for a given period of time. An application may also or alternatively use the application programming interface to indicate to interface monitor 130 that a displayed interface associated with the application should be displayed according to a least power-consumptive mode. According to some embodiments, interface monitor 130 stores an indication of the determined characteristics in interface activity table 140. At 304, a first power consumption mode is determined for the first interface based at least on the first characteristic determined at 302. A second power consumption mode for the second interface is also determined at 304 based at least on the second characteristic determined at 302. Power manager 150 may determine the first and second power consumption modes based on the characteristics stored in interface activity table 140. In one example of 304, power manager 150 determines each power consumption mode to be equal to a Z-order determined at 302. More specifically, the determined first power consumption mode is equal to “one” if the determined first characteristic is a Z-order of one. Accordingly, the determined second power consumption mode is equal to “three” if the determined second characteristic is a Z-order of three. A power consumption mode of “one” may be more or less power-consumptive than a power consumption mode of “three”, depending on the specific embodiment. The FIG. 3 method may thereby provide efficient determination of power consumption modes to be applied to various displayed interfaces. FIG. 4 is a flow diagram of a method according to some embodiments. The method of FIG. 4 may also be associated with systems such as those described with respect to FIGS. 1 and/or 2. The FIG. 4 method may be used to control a display to simultaneously display different interfaces according to different power consumption modes. At 402, a first characteristic associated with a first interface displayed by a display is determined, and a second characteristic associated with a second interface displayed by the display is determined. The characteristics may be determined by interface monitor 130, and may comprise any characteristics, including those examples provided with respect to FIG. 3. FIG. 5 is an outward view of display 210 according to some embodiments. Display 210 displays interfaces 211 through 216. Interfaces 211 through 216 are associated with “Z-orders” of 1 through 6, respectively. Furthermore, interfaces 211 and 215 are associated with an e-mail client, interfaces 212 and 216 are associated with a word processing application, interface 213 is associated with a gaming application, and interface 214 is associated with a presentation application. For purposes of the present example, it will be assumed that the above-mentioned first interface and second interface correspond to window 211 and window 214, respectively. At 404, a first activity measure is determined for the first interface based at least on the first characteristic, and a second activity measure is determined for the second interface based at least on the second characteristic. Interface monitor 130 may determine the first and second activity measures at 404 according to some embodiments. The activity measures may be determined based on some or all of the determined characteristics and/or may be determined according to a generic algorithm that is applicable to all displayed interfaces. For example, an activity measure associated with an interface may simply be equal to the Z-order of the interface. In another example, a particular activity measure may be determined for an interface that has been recently active, while a lower activity measure may be determined for an interface that has been inactive during the recent period. Other embodiments for determining activity measures may include the use of exponential average or Markov decision processes to predict user behavior and anticipate an inactivity duration for a displayed interface. According to some embodiments of 404, an activity measure associated with an interface is determined by determining an application associated with the interface, determining an activity measure algorithm associated with the application, and applying the activity measure algorithm to the characteristics determined with respect to the interface. FIG. 6 illustrates a portion of activity measure algorithm table 600 according to some of the foregoing embodiments. Activity measure algorithm table 600 may be stored in one or more storage media, including but not limited to memory 250 and data storage device 230. Activity measure algorithm table 600 associates application types with activity measure algorithms. The activity measure algorithms may be based on one or more of any factor, including but not limited to interface characteristics of the type determined at 402. The activity measure algorithms may, for instance, be based on specific actions executed by a subject interface (e.g., user selection of a File/Open command within an interface). Activity measure algorithm table 600 may be used to determine an activity measure algorithm as previously described. For example, interface monitor 130, in some embodiments of 404, determines an application associated with the first interface and an application associated with the second interface. An activity measure algorithm associated with each application is then determined using table 600. In the present example, interface monitor 130 determines that the first interface (window 211) is associated with an e-mail application and determines that the second interface (window 214) is associated with a presentation application. Next, interface monitor 130 determines that the algorithm “AM=Z-Order” is associated with window 211 and determines that the algorithm “USED<10s=1; 10s≦USED<20s=5; USED≧20s=10” is associated with window 214. Interface monitor 130 may then determine activity measures for the first and second interfaces by applying the activity measure algorithm associated with an interface to characteristics determined for the interface. Continuing with the above example, the activity measure determined for window 211 is “1”, which is equal to its associated Z-order. It will be assumed that, at 402, it is determined that window 214 was last used between 10 and 20 seconds from the present moment. Accordingly, the activity measure determined for window 214 at 404 is “5”. Interface monitor 130 may store the determined activity measures in interface activity table 140. FIG. 7 is a tabular representation of a portion of interface activity table 140 according to some embodiments. As mentioned above, interface activity table 140 may be stored in one or more storage media, including but not limited to memory 250 and data storage device 230. The tabular representation associates each of windows 211 through 216 with an activity measure. In this regard, an activity measure associated with each of windows 211 through 216 may be determined at 404. The FIG. 4 method is therefore not limited to a first and a second interface. In some embodiments, the display of three or more interfaces may be controlled according to the FIG. 4 method. Returning to FIG. 4, a first power consumption mode is determined at 406 for the first interface based at least on the first activity measure, and a second power consumption mode is determined for the second interface based at least on the second activity measure. Power manager 150 may determine the first and second power consumption modes based on the activity measures stored in interface activity table 140. Power manager 150 may use any method for determining a power consumption mode for an interface based on an activity measure associated with the interface. In some embodiments of 406, power manager 150 determines an application associated with an interface, determines a power consumption mode algorithm associated with the application, and applies the power consumption mode algorithm to an activity measure associated with the interface. FIG. 8 illustrates a portion of power consumption mode algorithm table 800 according to some embodiments. Power consumption mode algorithm table 800 may be stored in one or more storage media within or external to system 200. Power consumption mode algorithm table 800 associates application types with power consumption mode algorithms. The power consumption mode algorithms may be based on one or more of any factor, including but not limited to activity measures. The power consumption mode algorithms may, like the activity measure algorithms mentioned above, be based on specific actions executed by a subject interface (e.g., user selection of a “New Message” command within an interface of an E-mail client). According to some embodiments of 406, power manager 150 initially determines an application associated with the first interface and an application associated with the second interface. A power consumption mode algorithm associated with each application is then determined using power consumption mode algorithm table 800. Returning to the present example, power manager 150 determines that the first interface (window 211) is associated with an e-mail application and determines that the second interface (window 214) is associated with a presentation application. Power manager 150 then determines that the algorithm “AM<10, PCM=1; AM≧10, PCM=2” is associated with window 211 and determines that the algorithm “AM<5, PCM=1; AM≧5, PCM=3” is associated with window 214. Power manager 150 may then determine power consumption modes for the first and second interfaces by applying the power consumption mode algorithm associated with an interface to an activity measure determined for the interface. For example, power manager 150 determines, from interface activity table 140, that an activity measure associated with window 211 is “1”. Applying the above-mentioned algorithm results in a power consumption mode (PCM) of 1 for window 211. An activity measure associated with window 214 is “5”, therefore the PCM for window 214 is determined to be 3. At 408, a display is controlled to display the first interface according to the first power consumption mode and to display the second interface according to the second power consumption mode. The first and second power consumption modes may comprise any modes that consume different amounts of power. According to some embodiments of 408, power manager 150 instructs display driver 160 to display window 211 according to power consumption mode 1 and to display window 214 according to power consumption mode 3. As a result, display driver 160 controls display 210 to display the first interface according to the first power consumption mode and to display the second interface according to the second power consumption mode. The interfaces may be immediately displayed according to their associated power consumption mode or may gradually change from their current mode. Power consumption mode 1 may, for example, be associated with a first brightness, a first color, a first resolution and/or a first refresh rate. On the other hand, power consumption mode 3 may be associated with a second brightness, a second color, a second resolution and/or a second refresh rate. One or more of the first brightness, the first color, the first resolution and/or the first refresh rate may be identical to respective ones of the second brightness, the second color, the second resolution and/or the second refresh rate. A power consumption mode according to some embodiments may be associated with power-related display features other than those described above. According to some embodiments of the FIG. 4 method, flow passes directly from 402 to 406. The power consumption modes are determined at 406 based on the characteristics determined at 402 in some of these embodiments. Accordingly, power consumption mode algorithms that may be used in these embodiments may be based on interface characteristics rather than on activity measures. The FIG. 4 method may provide acceptable display power consumption and display quality. The several embodiments described herein are solely for the purpose of illustration. Persons skilled in the art will recognize from this description other embodiments may be practiced with modifications and alterations limited only by the claims.	<SOH> BACKGROUND <EOH>During operation, a computing system consumes power from a power source. A mobile computing system may be designed to consume power from a portable and exhaustible power source, such as a battery. In order to prolong periods of mobile use, such a computing system may include elements designed to limit the amount of power consumed thereby. These elements may include hardware and/or software for providing a low-power state during a period of relative inactivity. For example, a computing system might automatically enter a sleep state when not being used in order to reduce power consumption. Entering the sleep state may include reducing the brightness of a display, turning off a hard disk, and/or placing a processor in an idle state. As a result, energy can be conserved and/or battery life may be extended. Some displays, such as Organic Light-Emitting Diode (OLED) displays, may be controlled such that one portion of a display consumes less power than other portions of the display. Conventional power-conserving techniques exploit this feature by displaying a user-selected window (or, alternatively, a window having “focus”) using a display method that is more power-consuming than the display method used to display other simultaneously-displayed windows.	<SOH> BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS <EOH>FIG. 1 is a block diagram of software components according to some embodiments. FIG. 2 is a block diagram of hardware components according to some embodiments. FIG. 3 is a flow diagram of a method according to some embodiments. FIG. 4 is a flow diagram of a method according to some embodiments. FIG. 5 is an outward view of a display displaying interfaces according to some embodiments. FIG. 6 illustrates a portion of an activity measure algorithm table according to some embodiments. FIG. 7 illustrates a portion of an interface activity table according to some embodiments. FIG. 8 illustrates a portion of power consumption mode algorithm table according to some embodiments. FIG. 9 is an outward view of a display displaying interfaces according to some embodiments. detailed-description description="Detailed Description" end="lead"?	20040601	20090804	20051229	71118.0		0	DHARIA, PRABODH M	SYSTEM TO MANAGE DISPLAY POWER CONSUMPTION	UNDISCOUNTED	0	ACCEPTED		2,004
10,858,391	ACCEPTED	Mirrored oral-product container	An oral-product container is disclosed that includes: a) a plurality of breath fresheners contained therein for breath freshening purposes; and b) a mirror for visage freshening purposes.	1. (canceled) 2. (canceled) 3. (canceled) 4. (canceled) 5. (canceled) 6. (canceled) 7. (canceled) 8. (canceled) 9. An oral-product container, comprising: a) a plurality of breath fresheners contained therein for breath freshening purposes; b) a mirror for visage freshening purposes; c) a mirror cover such that the mirror can be protected from external environmental factors under the cover; and d) wherein said mirror is isolated from the container interior such as to be separate from the oral product therein. 10. The oral-product container of claim 9, wherein said mirror is supported on a wall that is fixed relative to an opening in said container through which said breath fresheners are dispensed. 11. The oral-product container of claim 10, wherein said mirror is supported underneath said cover and wherein said cover is mounted so as to move relatively to said mirror to expose said opening. 12. The oral-product container of claim 11, wherein said cover is mounted so as to slide laterally in a plane substantially parallel to said mirror. 13. The oral-product container of claim 11, wherein said cover is mounted so as to pivot relatively to said mirror. 14. An oral-product container, comprising: a) a container body; b) a plurality of breath fresheners or candies within said container; b) a laterally sliding lid on said container body; c) a mirror beneath said laterally sliding lid; d) wherein said container is configured to expose both said mirror and an oral-product dispensing opening by lateral motion of said lid. 15. The oral product container of claim 14, wherein said oral-product dispensing opening is on a common wall with said mirror. 16. The oral-product container of claim 14, wherein said product dispensing opening is sized to dispense only a few breath fresheners or candies at a time and is substantially smaller than a side face of the container through which said dispensing opening passes. 17. An oral-product container, comprising: a) a plurality of breath fresheners contained therein for breath freshening purposes; b) a mirror for visage freshening purposes; c) a lid for covering said mirror, said lid being mounted on said container in a manner to move relative to the mirror; d) wherein said container includes a dispensing opening configured to dispense a few breath fresheners at a time, said dispensing opening having an area less than about 10 times the size of said breath fresheners. 18. The container of claim 17, wherein said mirror is supported upon an insert within said container. 19. The container of claim 18, wherein said insert is formed from a molded plastic. 20. The container of claim 19, wherein said container is formed with a metal. 21. The container of claim 17, wherein said mirror is supported upon a wall within said container that is not an external wall of said container. 22. The container of claim 21, wherein said wall upon which said mirror is supported is an outer wall of a plastic insert and wherein said container is a metal container that encases said insert when said lid is closed. 23. The container of claim 17, wherein said lid is configured to move between a closed state in which said lid obstructs both said mirror and a dispensing opening and an open state in which said lid exposes both said mirror and said dispensing opening. 24. An oral-product container, comprising: a) a plurality of breath fresheners contained therein for breath freshening purposes; b) a mirror for visage freshening purposes; c) a lid for covering said mirror in a closed state and for exposing said mirror in a open state; d) a product dispensing opening in said container, wherein said mirror is fixedly positioned with respect to said product dispensing opening so as not to move relative thereto. 25. The container of claim 24, wherein said mirror is supported upon an insert within said container. 26. The container of claim 25, wherein said insert is formed from a molded plastic. 27. The container of claim 24, wherein said mirror is supported upon a wall within said container that is not an external wall of said container. 28. The container of claim 28, wherein said wall that supports said mirror is an outer wall of a plastic insert and wherein said container is a metal container that surrounds said insert when said lid is closed. 29. The container of claim 24, wherein said lid is configured to move between a closed state in which said lid obstructs both said mirror and a dispensing opening and an open state in which said lid exposes both said mirror and said dispensing opening. 30. The container of claim 24, wherein said lid is mounted for lateral sliding movement between a closed state and an open state. 31. The container of claim 24, wherein said lid is mounted for pivotal movement between a closed state and an open state.	The present application claims priority to U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 60/511,298 filed on Oct. 16, 2003, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference as though recited herein in full. BACKGROUND 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to containers for oral-products and some preferred embodiments relate to containers for breath fresheners, such as, e.g., mints or the like. 2. Discussion of the Background In some circumstances in modern culture, individuals seek to enhance their personal image, such as, e.g., their appearance, their odor, and/or the like. Individuals may seek to enhance their personal image for a variety of reasons, such as, by way of example, to: a) prepare for a date and/or a romantic encounter; b) make a good impression on one or more individual; c) enhance one's self-confidence; and/or d) achieve a wide variety of other goals. Breath Freshening In modern culture, the use of breath fresheners to, e.g., enhance an individual's oral freshness, such as, e.g., oral cleanliness, oral odor and/or the like, has become widely accepted. A wide variety of breath fresheners exist in the market, such as, e.g., various breath freshening confectionaries and candies and/or the like, such as, e.g., mint-flavored breath fresheners, cinnamon-flavored breath fresheners, fruit-flavored (such as, e.g., lemon, lime, orange and/or the like) breath fresheners; and/or the like. Some existing breath fresheners include that of, e.g., ALTOIDS, TIC TAC, BARKLEYS and various other breath freshener products. Visage Freshening In modern culture, the use of items to enhance an individual's visage or face is not as widely accepted. In some instances, individuals may carry compacts (having small mirrors and make-up) with which they may attend to their personal visage freshening (such as, e.g., farding). However, while individuals often freely take breath fresheners in the accompaniment of others, individuals are often more reluctant to use a compact in the accompaniment of others. Among other things, the use of cosmetics, make-up and/or the like visage freshening products can often have a negative connotation, such as, e.g., creating an appearance of vanity. As a result, in order to be able to look at oneself in a mirror (such as, e.g., to ascertain if a need exists for visage freshening and/or to engage in visage freshening), an individual often has to leave a room to a location of privacy, such as, e.g., a bathroom or the like. While individuals may carry compacts or the like, in many contexts, individuals will not use them in the accompaniment of others. By way of example, while in a romantic setting, a woman may be reluctant to check her facial make-up in front of her partner. Among other things, the woman may not wish to portray vanity and/or to provide an appearance to her partner that she has some concern for the freshness of her visage—e.g. which might inadvertently be suggestive of personal of vanity, of a level of interest in her partner, and/or the like. There has been a need for a product that can overcome some of the above and/or other problems. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The preferred embodiments of the present invention have been developed in view of the above mentioned and/or other issues in the related art. In some embodiments, one or more of the above and/or other problems related to visage freshening can be overcome. In addition, some preferred embodiments can advantageously provide a highly unique breath freshening container product having unique functional and aesthetic qualities. According to some illustrative embodiments, an oral-product container includes: a) a plurality of breath fresheners contained therein for breath freshening purposes; and b) a mirror for visage freshening purposes. In some embodiments, the mirror can be on an interior of said container when said container is closed. In some embodiments, the mirror can be on an exterior of said container when said container is closed. In some illustrative embodiments, said breath fresheners include at least flavor from the group consisting of: peppermint; spearmint; other mint flavors; wintergreen; cinnamon; licorice; citric flavors; sour flavors; and herbal or spice flavors. According to some illustrative embodiments, a method of distributing the containers can include, e.g.: filling a plurality of said containers in a packaging container; and transporting the filled packaging container to a retail center (such as, e.g., for direct sales to consumers). According to some illustrative embodiments, a method of freshening an individual includes: providing the individual with a container having a plurality of breath fresheners contained therein and a mirror; having the individual place at least one of said breath fresheners in the individual's mouth for breath freshening purposes; and having the individual view himself or herself in said mirror for visage freshening purposes. In some embodiments, said visage freshening purposes can include determining whether the individual's face needs freshening and/or can include freshening the individual's face with cosmetic products or devices. The above and/or other aspects, features and/or advantages of various embodiments will be further appreciated in view of the following description in conjunction with the accompanying figures. Various embodiments can include and/or exclude different aspects, features and/or advantages where applicable. In addition, various embodiments can combine one or more aspect or feature of other embodiments where applicable. The descriptions of aspects, features and/or advantages of particular embodiments should not be construed as limiting other embodiments or the claims. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The accompanying figures are provided by way of example, without limiting the broad scope of the invention or various other embodiments, wherein: FIG. 1 is a schematic side perspective view of a container according to some illustrative embodiments; FIG. 2 is a schematic side perspective view of another container according to some illustrative embodiments; FIG. 3 is a schematic side perspective view of another container according to some illustrative embodiments; FIG. 4 is a schematic side perspective view of another container according to some illustrative embodiments; FIG. 5 is a schematic side perspective view of another container according to some illustrative embodiments; FIG. 6 is a schematic side view showing portions of illustrative examples A and B depicting some illustrative mirror forming embodiments; FIG. 7 is a plurality of schematic side perspective views showing other containers according to some illustrative embodiments in which the container can be operable as a mirror stand; FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram showing a container located within the pants pocket of a user; FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram showing a plurality of containers filled with oral products, such as, e.g., breath fresheners, contained within a transport package (such as, e.g., a crate, cardboard box, box and/or the like); FIGS. 10-18 are other views of containers according to some illustrative embodiments; In particular, FIG. 10 is a front perspective view according to some embodiments, FIG. 11 is a first end view taken from the left side of the embodiment shown in FIG. 10, FIG. 12 is a second end view taken from the right side of the embodiment shown in FIG. 10, FIG. 13 is a side view taken from a front side of the embodiment shown in FIG. 10, FIG. 14 is a side view taken from a back side of the embodiment shown in FIG, FIG. 15 is a top view of the embodiment shown in FIG. 10, and FIG. 16 is a bottom view of the embodiment shown in FIG. 10; In addition, FIGS. 17(A)-17(D) show various alternative top views that may be employed instead of the structure shown in FIG. 15; and FIG. 18 is an exploded view showing a device similar to that shown in FIG. 10 with an internal cover plate member removed and with an illustrative slider cover. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS The following description sets forth some illustrative preferred embodiments of the invention. It should be understood based on this disclosure that the following description is illustrative and non-limiting and that various modifications, alterations, changes and/or the like can be employed in various embodiments of the invention. In addition, various components of the various embodiments can be replaced with equivalent structures (including presently know equivalents and/or future known equivalents) as would be understood based on this disclosure. Illustrative Embodiments FIGS. 1-9 show some illustrative embodiments of the invention. In the preferred embodiments (such as, e.g., in preferred implementations of the embodiments shown in FIGS. 1-9), an oral-product container is provided that includes: a) a plurality of breath fresheners contained therein for breath freshening purposes; and b) a mirror for visage freshening purposes. Although a variety of illustrative embodiments are shown, it should be understood based on this disclosure that the illustrative embodiments can vary widely and that these are merely some preferred examples. In preferred embodiments, the container can be used by an individual in order to orally consume one or more breath freshener for breath freshening purposes and/or to visually view himself or herself for visage freshening purposes. In this disclosure, the terminology visage freshening purposes includes, among other things, viewing for purposes of determining if a need exists for visage freshening and conducting visage freshening, such as, e.g., using cosmetic products or devices (such as, e.g., applying blush with a blush applicator, applying mascara with a mascara applicator, applying lipstick with a lipstick applicator, removing cosmetics with a cosmetic remover [which can include, e.g., a tissue and/or the like], etc.). FIG. 1 shows one illustrative embodiment including a container having top and bottom halves that are connected together via a hinge. When in a closed condition, such as, e.g., shown in FIG. 1, the two halves form an enclosure in which oral products can be contained. In some preferred embodiments, a mirror can be formed on an interior surface of the top half. Upon pivoting the top half away from the bottom half, the mirror can be revealed. In this manner, the mirror can be—to some degree—hidden from view of those accompanying the user. Thus, a user can, e.g., take a quick look at himself or herself while appearing to merely open a container to merely access, e.g., some breath fresheners. In some preferred embodiments, a mirror can alternatively or additionally be formed on an exterior surface of the top half. In this manner, a user can, among other things, easily utilize the mirror without regard to oral product inside the container (e.g., the user can easily utilize the mirror while the oral product is securely contained in the container). In some preferred embodiments, a mirror can alternatively or additionally be formed on interior and/or exterior surfaces of the bottom half. Additionally, while in preferred embodiments a mirror will be formed upon a larger side of the container, in some embodiments a mirror could alternatively or additionally be formed on a narrower edge of the container (e.g., either interior and/or exterior to the container, but preferably exterior to the container). FIG. 2 illustrates another embodiment in which a container has a top portion and a bottom portion that are laterally slidable with respect to one another in order to open the container. In this embodiment, a mirror can be formed—as before—on interior and/or exterior surfaces of the top and/or bottom portions, and upon large sides and/or narrow edges thereof. FIG. 3 illustrates another embodiment in which a hinged lid is formed in a sub-portion of the container. Among other things, this embodiment can, e.g., facilitate opening of the container to reveal and internal mirror while the oral product is securely contained therein. In preferred implementations of this embodiment, the mirror could be formed internal to the hinged lid. However, in other embodiments, a mirror could be formed alternatively or additionally on other portions of the container. FIG. 4 illustrates another embodiment in which a mirror can be formed underneath a separate mirror cover. In some embodiments, such as, e.g., shown in FIG. 4, the separate mirror cover can be hinged to the container. In such embodiments, a mirror can be formed on either surface under the hinged cover. In this illustrative embodiment, the mirror can be protected from external environmental factors (e.g., under the cover) and can be isolated from the container interior (e.g., separate from the oral product therein). FIG. 5 illustrates another embodiment in which a container can have a generally round large side (such as, e.g., a generally circular, elliptical or other rounded shape). It should be understood that a variety of container shapes could be used and the illustrative embodiments are merely exemplary. In the most preferred embodiments, however, the container has a large side and a narrow edge. In this manner, as shown in FIG. 8, the container can, most preferably, easily slide into a storing position, such as, e.g., inside a user's pocket (such as, e.g., a rear pants pocket as shown by way of example). In some illustrative embodiments, a large side of the container can have a maximum diameter of between about 1 inches and 6 inches. In some other illustrative embodiments, a large side of the container can have a maximum diameter of between about 2 and 5 inches. In some other illustrative embodiments, a large side of the container can have a maximum diameter of between about 3 and 4 inches. In some illustrative embodiments, a narrow side of the container can have a maximum width of between about ¼ inch and 1 inch. In some other illustrative embodiments, the narrow side of the container can have a maximum width of between about ⅓ inch and ⅔ inch. Although not shown, in some embodiments, one or more of the large sides of the container can also include a bowed configuration or curvature so as to conform to a user's buttocks when placed within a pant pocket as shown in FIG. 8. The illustrative example shown in FIG. 5 also includes a reflective surface or mirror formed exterior to the container. It should be understood based on this disclosure that a mirror could be alternatively or additionally formed interior to the container. FIG. 6 shows some illustrative methods for forming the mirror on the container. Example A illustrates some instances in which the mirror includes materials attached to the container wall (such as, e.g., using a mirror sticker that is applied, using glues or adhesives to attach mirror components, using a magnetic attachment, using a mechanical attachment [such as, e.g., a rivet, a screw and/or other mechanism] and/or the like). Example B illustrates some instances in which the mirror is formed integrally in the container wall (such as, e.g., a highly buffed metal surface, a chemically treated surface and/or the like). FIG. 7 shows some illustrative embodiments in which a container has an open position in which the container serves as a stand for the mirror. While the container can serve as a stand for the mirror using a variety of other configurations (as would be apparent based on this disclosure), in the illustrative embodiment, the container can include an internal mirror on a top half of the container. The container can then be configured such that when it is pivoted open, it can be placed in a fully open position as shown in FIG. 7 in which the container forms a generally A-frame structure or a generally inverted-V structure as shown. Preferably, the container is configured such that the container is lockable in an open position and/or in a closed position (such as, e.g., providing snap-fit engaging members between the top and bottom portions). FIG. 7 also shows two illustrative examples: Example A shows an opened container having a substantially fully open bottom; and Example B shows an opened container having a partially open bottom. Among other things, Example B can facilitate use of the container in the open position while breath fresheners (shown in dashed lines in Example B) are securely retained in the container. In some preferred embodiments, the container can be made with metal, such as, e.g., of tin, aluminum, stainless steel, iron, copper and/or other metal. In some preferred embodiments, the container can be made with natural and/or synthetic resins, such as, e.g., various plastics and/or the like. In some preferred embodiments, the container can be made with paper, cardboard, wood and/or the like materials. In some preferred embodiments, the container can be shrouded within a plastic wrap and/or another wrapping medium, such as, e.g., a foil wrap. Among other things, such a wrap can help to protect the contents within the container and/or can help to protect the container itself. Such a plastic wrap could be, e.g., a manually removable wrap that is removed by an end consumer who uses the container for oral and/or visage freshening purposes. In some embodiments, a plurality of containers can be wrapped together for bulk sales to a consumer (such as, e.g., in groups of 2, 4, 6, 12 and/or the like). Mirror(s) In various embodiments, a number of mirror constructions can be employed. For example, in some embodiments one or more of the following types of mirrors (i.e., reflective surfaces) can be employed. 1. A glass with a reflective coating (such as, e.g., a metal undercoating), such as, e.g., a common household mirror; 2. A polymer material with a reflective coating; 3. A metal, such as, e.g., aluminum, chrome and/or other metal having a highly reflective surface (such as, e.g., a buffed surface and/or otherwise smooth and reflective surface finish and/or the like). In preferred embodiments, the mirror has a sufficient extent of reflectivity to enable an individual to hold the mirror or otherwise locate the mirror within about 6 inches to 1 foot, or even within about 1 foot to 2 feet, from the individual's face and to visually perceive facial details without significant content distortion. In preferred embodiments, the reflectivity is sufficient to enable a user to perform common cosmetic visage freshening tasks. In some preferred embodiments, the mirrors are made with one or more of the following properties: a) breakproof or substantially breakproof materials; b) shatterproof or substantial shatterproof materials; c) appropriate non-toxic materials for food product packaging; and/or d) other appropriate properties for food product packaging. In some illustrative embodiments, mirrors can employ aspects of one or more of the features of the mirrors shown in the following documents (each of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties and are included in the above-reference provisional application): 1. http://www.ultralight-sports.com/mirror.html (including, e.g., mirrors made from made from a premium reflective plastic film laminated to smooth coated paper); 2. http://www.e-sci.com/genSci/RENDER/7/1035/1080/9982. html (including, e.g., mirrors having a substrate that is acrylic with an aluminum coating for a reflecting surface); 3. http://www.goodturn.biz/mirrors.html 4. http://www.csmirrors.co.uk/index.php?pageID=acrylic (including, e.g., acrylic mirrors); 5. http://www.csmirrors.co.uk/index.php?pageID=stainlesssteel (including, e.g., stainless steel mirrors); 6. http://www.alsacorp.com/Laminates.html (including, e.g., “ChromeFX sheeting [that] is a decorative product based upon GE HP92H LEXAN® films and a Molecular Metallic Chrome Film protected by the LEXAN® film and backed by an adhesive system”). Oral Products In various embodiments, a plethora of different oral-products can be contained within the containers. In some embodiments, the oral-products can include, e.g., breath fresheners. For example, such breath fresheners may, e.g., enhance an individual's oral freshness, such as, e.g., oral cleanliness, oral odor and/or the like. Various embodiments can use any currently known and/or later known fresheners, such as, e.g., various breath freshening candies and/or the like, such as, e.g., mint-flavored fresheners, cinnamon-flavored fresheners, fruit-flavored (such as, e.g., lemon, lime, orange and/or the like) fresheners and/or the like. In some embodiments, breath fresheners similar to, e.g., ALTOIDS, TIC TACS, BARKLEYS, CERTS and/or various other breath freshener products can be used. In some illustrative embodiments, oral products can include one or more of the following: a) gum (such as, e.g., wrapped chewing gum strips [such as, e.g., WRIGLEY'S BIG RED gum sticks, WRIGLEY'S SPEARMINT gum sticks, etc.], gum balls [such as, e.g., EVERCREST mint gum balls, etc.]); b) candy coated gum (such as, e.g., WRIGLEY'S ECLIPSE rectangular gum chews); c) hard-confectionary (such as, e.g., hard mints); d) quick-dissolving confectionary (such as, e.g., quick dissolving mints)(such as, e.g., lasting under about 30 seconds in normal usage in an adult user's mouth); e) slow-dissolving confectionary (such as, e.g., longer lasting mints or lozenges)(such as, e.g., lasting over one minute in normal usage in an adult user's mouth); and/or f) strip-shaped confectionary (such as, e.g., ALTOIDS strips and/or LISTERINE POCKET PACKS, etc.). While a variety of illustrative oral products are described herein, it should be understood based on this disclosure that various embodiments can employ a variety of other oral products (such as, e.g., various food products [e.g., candies, confectioneries or other food products], medicinal products, flavored products and/or the like). In some embodiments, the oral products can include breath fresheners having one or more of the following flavors: peppermint, spearmint; other mint flavors; wintergreen; cinnamon; licorice; citric flavors (e.g., lemon, orange, lime, etc.); sour flavors; herbal or spice flavors (e.g., garlic, onion and/or the like) and/or other now or later known breath freshener flavors. In some embodiments, the oral products include all or substantially all natural ingredients. In some embodiments, all or substantially all of the ingredients contributing to the flavor of the oral products are natural ingredients. In some embodiments, the oral products can include at least some or all of the following ingredients (such as, e.g., found in BARKLEYS PEPPERMINT mints): sugar; powdered glucose; sorbitol; maltodextrin; magnesium stearate; oil of peppermint (e.g., triple distilled oil of peppermint); natural and artificial flavors. In some embodiments, the oral products can include at least some or all of the following ingredients (such as, e.g., found in BARKLEYS WINTERGREEN mints): sugar; powdered glucose; maltodextrin; magnesium stearate; artificial flavors. In some embodiments, the oral products can include at least some or all of the following ingredients (such as, e.g., found in BARKLEYS CINNAMON mints): sugar; powdered glucose; maltodextrin; magnesium stearate; natural and artificial flavors; oil of peppermint. In some embodiments, the oral products have very low calories. In some embodiments, the oral products have very low carbohydrate values, such as, e.g., less than about 10 grams per serving, or, more preferably, less than about 5 grams per serving, or, more preferably, less than about 3 grams per serving, or, more preferably, less than about 2 grams per serving. In some embodiments, one or more of the following ingredients can be used to create a breath freshener product: sugar, dextrin, starch, arabic gum, natural and artificial flavors, magnesium stearate, carnauba wax (such as, e.g., found in TIC TACS). In some embodiments, there will not be a significant source of calories from fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, fiber, vitamin A, vitamin C, calcium and/or iron. In some illustrative embodiments, the breath fresheners can have a serving size of 1 piece (such as, e.g., about 0.3-0.4 grams per piece), can come in containers having about 30-50 per container, and can have a total amount of calories per serving of about 1-2 calories (such as, e.g., found in TIC TACS). In some illustrative embodiments, each piece can have one or more, preferably all, of the following amounts (followed by % of daily value): total fat: 0 g, 0%; sodium: 0 mg, 0%; total carbohydrates: 0 g, 0%; sugars, 0 g; and/or protein, 0 g. In some embodiments, the breath fresheners can include one or more of the following ingredients (such as, e.g., found in ALTOIDS WINTERGREEN mints): sugar; artificial flavor; gum arabic; gelatin; glucose syrup; natural Flavor. In some embodiments, the breath fresheners can include one or more of the following nutrition facts (such as, e.g., found in ALTOIDS WINTERGREEN mints): serving size=3 pieces (about 2 g); servings per container=about 50; calories total=about 10; calories from fat=about 0. In some embodiments, the breath fresheners can include one or more of the following ingredients (such as, e.g., found in ALTOIDS PEPPERMINT): sugar; oil of peppermint, gum arabic, gelatin, corn syrup. In some embodiments, the breath fresheners can be made to temporarily mask bad breath and/or a bad taste in one's mouth. In some embodiments, the breath fresheners can be made to (e.g. using chemicals, compounds or the like) help reduce bacteria (e.g., anaerobic bacteria) in a user's mouth. In some embodiments, the breath fresheners can include, e.g., retsyn, partially hydrogenated cottonseed oil and/or copper gluconate. In some embodiments, the breath fresheners can include chlorophyll (such as, e.g., in CLORETS) and/or the like to, for example, help absorb or reduce bad odors. In some embodiments, the breath fresheners can include maltitol and/or other sweeteners. In some embodiments, the breath fresheners can include xylitol. Among other things, xylitol can be used as a natural sweetener that may help avoid and/or fight cavities. In some embodiments, the breath fresheners can include zinc gluconate (which, e.g., may block receptors on the anaerobic bacteria such that they will not bind with certain amino acids) such as in, e.g., ZOX mints. In some embodiments, in which the breath fresheners include components that reduce bacteria, the breath fresheners can include one or more aspect of LISTERINE POCKET PAKS oral strips. In some embodiments, the strips can dissolve quickly in a user's mouth (such as, e.g., within about 30 seconds). In some embodiments, the breath fresheners can include one or more of the following ingredients (such as, e.g., found in LISTERINE POCKET PAKS): pullulan; flavors; menthol; aspartame; potassium acesulfame; copper gluconate; polysorbate 80; carrageenan; glyceryl oleate; eucalyptol; methyl salicylate; thymol; locust bean gum; propylene glycol; xanthan gum; coloring (e.g., FD&C green no. 3). In some embodiments, the breath fresheners can include one or more ingredient having anesthetic properties, such as, e.g., dyclonine and/or hexylresorcinol (which can be found in, e.g., SUCRETS lozenges) and/or other anesthetic elements. In some examples, as set forth above, the breath fresheners can include gum breath fresheners. In some illustrative example, gum breath fresheners can include one or more of the following ingredients (such as, e.g., found in WRIGLEY'S ECLIPSE peppermint gum): maltitol; gum base; sorbitol; acacia; mannitol; glycerol; natural and artificial flavors; aspartame; color added; acesulfame K; carnauba wax; BHT (to maintain freshness); phenylalanine and/or the like. In some illustrative example, gum breath fresheners can include one or more of the following ingredients (such as, e.g., found in EVEREST POWERFUL MINT GUM: ECLIPSE peppermint gum): sugar; gum base; corn syrup; dextrose; natural flavors (including, e.g., peppermint oil); gum Arabic; xylitol and, e.g., about 2% or less of glycerine, titanium dioxide (or other colorant), confectioner's glaze, carnauba wax, acesulfame K, aspartame, maltodextrin, BHT; and/or the like. In some illustrative example, gum breath fresheners can include one or more of the following ingredients (such as, e.g., found in WRIGLEY'S SPEARMINT chewing gum sticks): sugar; gum base; corn syrup; dextrose; natural and artificial flavors, softeners, acesulfame K, BHT and/or the like). In some embodiments, each individual breath freshener can be individually wrapped within the container (such as, e.g., gum sticks which can, e.g., be wrapped with a paper material, a plastic material, a foil material (such as, e.g., a metalized foil, etc.) and/or the like. In some embodiments, two or more sets of a plurality of breath fresheners can be separately wrapped within the container. In some embodiments, all of the breath fresheners in the container can be wrapped insider the container, such as, e.g., using a paper wrap inside of a container (such as, e.g., seen in ALTOIDS mints). In some embodiments, when an internal mirror is employed, preferably the oral-products will not have a significant tendency to crumble such that particulate material (such as, e.g., dust from mints or the like) does not accumulate on the mirror. With reference to FIG. 9, the figure shows a schematic diagram with a plurality of containers filled with oral products, such as, e.g., breath fresheners, contained within a transport package (such as, e.g., a crate, cardboard box, box and/or the like) according to some preferred embodiments. In this regard, in some embodiments, the oral product filled containers are preferably packaged with a plurality of oral products therein by a manufacturer and/or the like. Then, the products are preferably sold and transported in a packaged state to distributors and/or retailers. Then, the products are preferably sold to end customers or users of the products. In some preferred embodiments, a multitude of filled containers are packaged in transport packages for transport from the manufacturer to the distributor(s) and/or the retailer(s) and/or for transport to the end customer(s). As described above with reference to FIG. 4, in some embodiments a mirror can be formed underneath a separate mirror cover. In that regard, FIG. 4 shows a mirror cover that can be hinged to the container or that can include any other “covers or doors that are moved using other now or later known methodologies” (language quoted from below under Broad Scope of the Invention) such as, by way of example, employing a slider cover similar to that shown in FIG. 2. In this regard, FIG. 18 shows some illustrative embodiments in which a slidable mirror cover can be used to cover a container having a base and a mirror supporting insert fitted therein. Notably, in preferred embodiments, the base and the insert together form a structure that can be similar to that shown in FIGS. 10-17(D). As discussed above, in these types of illustrative embodiments employing a separate mirror cover, the mirror can be protected from external environmental factors (e.g., under the cover) and can be isolated from the container interior (e.g., separate from the oral product therein). As described above, FIG. 10 is a front perspective view according to some embodiments, FIG. 11 is a first end view taken from the left side of the embodiment shown in FIG. 10, FIG. 12 is a second end view taken from the right side of the embodiment shown in FIG. 10, FIG. 13 is a side view taken from a front side of the embodiment shown in FIG. 10, FIG. 14 is a side view taken from a back side of the embodiment shown in FIG, FIG. 15 is a top view of the embodiment shown in FIG. 10, and FIG. 16 is a bottom view of the embodiment shown in FIG. 10. In the preferred embodiments, in the device shown in FIG. 10, a base (which is preferably formed of metal, such as, e.g., aluminum, steel, tin and/or any other appropriate metal) is provided that contains (e.g., snugly receives) an insert (which is preferably formed of plastic or the like) that supports a mirror as shown. In this regard, as shown in FIG. 15, the insert preferably includes a mirror that is mounted thereon. For example, the insert can include a recess that is configured to surround the mirror and to support the mirror such that a front face of the mirror is substantially flush with a front face of the insert. In the preferred embodiments, as shown in FIG. 18, during assembly, the insert can be initially removed. Then, product (e.g., mints can be easily loaded into the base). Then, the insert can be easily placed over the product so as to contain the same within the base. Preferably, the insert includes a plurality of depending wide leg portions that taper slightly inwards to snugly wedge into the base when inserted (in the illustrated embodiment, four leg portions are shown by way of example). Preferably, the legs slide freely around any product within the base. In this manner, filling is simplified and does not need to be done via the small dispensing opening or the like. In this manner, the mirror can be supported external to the product. In addition, the mirror can be supported internal to an external cover. In addition, the mirror can be supported on a substantially rigid, but flexibly member (e.g., using a plastic insert having some resiliency) such that if the cover does bend, the insert can have some freedom of movement further protecting the mirror in some embodiments. With reference to FIG. 15, in some embodiments, the dispensing opening includes a punch-put cover plate (not shown) sized to fit the opening. For instance, the plate could attach a few points around the opening to the insert body. Then, upon use, a user could punch out the plate and discard the cover plate or push the same down into the container. In some embodiments, however, the opening does not need to employ a cover plate, but the small opening can remain open. In the preferred embodiments, however, the insert substantially separates the mirror from the product compartment area (with, in some embodiments, a small exception for the region of the dispensing opening if such is open). With respect to FIGS. 17(A)-17(D), these embodiments show other variations in which: FIG. 17(A) shows a view in which all lines shown in dashes are optional, but where the container includes a small opening in the upper surface at the location shown (NB: the opening can have a variety of shapes an this embodiment shows an illustrative circular opening which can be employed); FIG. 17(B) shows a view in which the mirror is not formed to surround the opening, but is formed into a generally rectangular configuration (NB: this embodiment also shows an illustrative circular opening); FIG. 17(C) is similar to FIG. 17(B) with the opening at a different location; and FIG. 17(D) is similar to the embodiments shown in FIGS. 17(B) and 17(C) but shows the opening in dashed lines to demonstrate that in other embodiments, the opening can be at any other desired location (such as, e.g., even formed into the base or another location or the like. With respect to the embodiments shown in FIGS. 10-18, these embodiments depict some preferred embodiments, substantially to scale according to some preferred embodiments of the invention. In some preferred embodiments, devices having the ornamental design as shown in these FIGS. are preferably implemented, which figures are substantially to scale and proportional in some illustrative embodiments. Broad Scope of the Invention While illustrative embodiments of the invention have been described herein, the present invention is not limited to the various preferred embodiments described herein, but includes any and all embodiments having modifications, omissions, combinations (e.g., of aspects across various embodiments), adaptations and/or alterations as would be appreciated by those in the art based on the present disclosure. As merely other examples, various other embodiments can include containers with fully removable covers, replaceable covers and/or covers or doors that are moved using other now or later known methodologies. The limitations in the claims are to be interpreted broadly based on the language employed in the claims and not limited to examples described in the present specification or during the prosecution of the application, which examples are to be construed as non-exclusive. For example, in the present disclosure, the term “preferably” is non-exclusive and means “preferably, but not limited to.” Means-plus-function or step-plus-function limitations will only be employed where for a specific claim limitation all of the following conditions are present in that limitation: a) “means for” or “step for” is expressly recited; b) a corresponding function is expressly recited; and c) structure, material or acts that support that structure are not recited.	<SOH> BACKGROUND <EOH>1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to containers for oral-products and some preferred embodiments relate to containers for breath fresheners, such as, e.g., mints or the like. 2. Discussion of the Background In some circumstances in modern culture, individuals seek to enhance their personal image, such as, e.g., their appearance, their odor, and/or the like. Individuals may seek to enhance their personal image for a variety of reasons, such as, by way of example, to: a) prepare for a date and/or a romantic encounter; b) make a good impression on one or more individual; c) enhance one's self-confidence; and/or d) achieve a wide variety of other goals. Breath Freshening In modern culture, the use of breath fresheners to, e.g., enhance an individual's oral freshness, such as, e.g., oral cleanliness, oral odor and/or the like, has become widely accepted. A wide variety of breath fresheners exist in the market, such as, e.g., various breath freshening confectionaries and candies and/or the like, such as, e.g., mint-flavored breath fresheners, cinnamon-flavored breath fresheners, fruit-flavored (such as, e.g., lemon, lime, orange and/or the like) breath fresheners; and/or the like. Some existing breath fresheners include that of, e.g., ALTOIDS, TIC TAC, BARKLEYS and various other breath freshener products. Visage Freshening In modern culture, the use of items to enhance an individual's visage or face is not as widely accepted. In some instances, individuals may carry compacts (having small mirrors and make-up) with which they may attend to their personal visage freshening (such as, e.g., farding). However, while individuals often freely take breath fresheners in the accompaniment of others, individuals are often more reluctant to use a compact in the accompaniment of others. Among other things, the use of cosmetics, make-up and/or the like visage freshening products can often have a negative connotation, such as, e.g., creating an appearance of vanity. As a result, in order to be able to look at oneself in a mirror (such as, e.g., to ascertain if a need exists for visage freshening and/or to engage in visage freshening), an individual often has to leave a room to a location of privacy, such as, e.g., a bathroom or the like. While individuals may carry compacts or the like, in many contexts, individuals will not use them in the accompaniment of others. By way of example, while in a romantic setting, a woman may be reluctant to check her facial make-up in front of her partner. Among other things, the woman may not wish to portray vanity and/or to provide an appearance to her partner that she has some concern for the freshness of her visage—e.g. which might inadvertently be suggestive of personal of vanity, of a level of interest in her partner, and/or the like. There has been a need for a product that can overcome some of the above and/or other problems.	<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>The preferred embodiments of the present invention have been developed in view of the above mentioned and/or other issues in the related art. In some embodiments, one or more of the above and/or other problems related to visage freshening can be overcome. In addition, some preferred embodiments can advantageously provide a highly unique breath freshening container product having unique functional and aesthetic qualities. According to some illustrative embodiments, an oral-product container includes: a) a plurality of breath fresheners contained therein for breath freshening purposes; and b) a mirror for visage freshening purposes. In some embodiments, the mirror can be on an interior of said container when said container is closed. In some embodiments, the mirror can be on an exterior of said container when said container is closed. In some illustrative embodiments, said breath fresheners include at least flavor from the group consisting of: peppermint; spearmint; other mint flavors; wintergreen; cinnamon; licorice; citric flavors; sour flavors; and herbal or spice flavors. According to some illustrative embodiments, a method of distributing the containers can include, e.g.: filling a plurality of said containers in a packaging container; and transporting the filled packaging container to a retail center (such as, e.g., for direct sales to consumers). According to some illustrative embodiments, a method of freshening an individual includes: providing the individual with a container having a plurality of breath fresheners contained therein and a mirror; having the individual place at least one of said breath fresheners in the individual's mouth for breath freshening purposes; and having the individual view himself or herself in said mirror for visage freshening purposes. In some embodiments, said visage freshening purposes can include determining whether the individual's face needs freshening and/or can include freshening the individual's face with cosmetic products or devices. The above and/or other aspects, features and/or advantages of various embodiments will be further appreciated in view of the following description in conjunction with the accompanying figures. Various embodiments can include and/or exclude different aspects, features and/or advantages where applicable. In addition, various embodiments can combine one or more aspect or feature of other embodiments where applicable. The descriptions of aspects, features and/or advantages of particular embodiments should not be construed as limiting other embodiments or the claims.	20040602	20070703	20060720	67465.0	B65D6900	2	BUI, LUAN KIM	MIRRORED ORAL-PRODUCT CONTAINER	SMALL	0	ACCEPTED	B65D	2,004
10,858,452	ACCEPTED	Resynchronizing timing sync pulses in a synchronizing RF system	A synchronizing method and system between a Radio Frequency (RF) transmitter and a battery powered receiver wherein the transmitter transmits short duration first periodic sync signals which are used by the receiver to maintain proper synchronization of the receiver with the transmitter during second periodic wake-up windows for transmission of data. The receiver wakes for a short duration at the start of each periodic wake up window to receive a possible transmission of data, and if no transmission is received goes back to sleep, and if a transmission is received stays awake to receive the full transmission of data. The basic principle is that the average current consumed by the battery powered receiver in order to wake periodically to receive the first periodic sync signals and the second periodic data transmissions is less than the average current required to maintain the receiver awake continuously. The receiver accurately times a number of consecutive first periodic sync signals received from the transmitter in order to more accurately determine when the receiving device should come out of a sleep mode. The duration (e.g. 14 ms) and periodicity of (e.g. every 32 s) of the periodic signals are selected to meet a FCC regulation of 2 second/hour allowed for synchronization.	1. A synchronizing method between a Radio Frequency (RF) transmitter and a battery powered RF receiver wherein: the transmitter transmits first periodic sync signals which are received and used by the receiver to maintain proper synchronization of the receiver with the transmitter during second periodic wake up windows for possible transmissions of data; the transmitter transmits data during at least some of the second periodic wake up windows for the transmission of data; the receiver wakes periodically from a sleep mode to receive the first periodic sync signals which are used by the receiver to maintain the receiver properly synchronized with the transmitter during the second periodic wake up windows for possible transmissions of data from the transmitter; the receiver accurately times a number of consecutive first periodic sync signals received from the transmitter in order to accurately determine the second periodic wake up windows when the receiver comes out of the sleep mode; the receiver wakes periodically for a short duration at the start of each second periodic wake up window to receive a possible transmission of data, and if no transmission is received goes back to the sleep mode, and if a transmission is received stays awake to receive the full transmission of data, such that the average current consumed by the battery powered receiver to wake periodically to receive the first periodic sync signals to maintain synchronization and to wake periodically to listen for the possible second periodic transmissions of data is less than the average current required to maintain the receiver awake continuously. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the receiver, upon power-up and after the receiver has received initial configuration data from the transmitter, remains awake and receiving until the receiver has received and timed a number of consecutive sync pulses. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the receiver averages the timing of the consecutive sync pulses, and an average timing is used to determine the next wake up time period for the receiver. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the receiver, upon power-up and after the receiver has received any new configuration data from the transmitter, remains awake and receiving until the receiver has received and timed a number of consecutive sync pulses. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the receiver averages the timing of the consecutive sync pulses, and an average timing is used to determine the next wake up time period for the receiver. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the receiver periodically several times a day awakes and remains awake and receiving until the receiver has received and timed a number of consecutive sync pulses 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the receiver averages the timing of the consecutive sync pulses, and an average timing is used to determine the next wake up time period for the receiver. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the transmitter transmits the first periodic sync signals over short durations and with a periodicity such that a total of all of the first periodic sync signals over a period of one hour is equal to or less than a total of 2 seconds on-air time per hour. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the periodicity of the second periodic wake up windows is substantially 3 seconds, such that the average response time of the battery powered receiver to changes reflected by the transmissions of data is less than 1.5 seconds on average and no greater than 3 seconds in the worst case. 10. The method of claim 1, operated in a security alarm system having an AC powered control panel with the transmitter which transmits periodic RF messages on the present status of the security alarm system to a plurality of battery powered reduced display monitors, each having a said battery powered receiver, to provide a display of the current status of the security alarm system. 11. A synchronizing system between a Radio Frequency (RF) transmitter and a battery powered RF receiver wherein: the transmitter includes means for transmitting first periodic sync signals which are received and used by the receiver to maintain proper synchronization of the receiver with the transmitter during second periodic wake up windows for possible transmissions of data; the transmitter includes means for transmitting data during at least some of the second periodic wake up windows for the transmission of data; the receiver includes means for waking periodically to receive the first periodic sync signals which are used by the receiver to maintain the receiver properly synchronized with the transmitter during the second periodic wake up windows for possible transmissions of data from the transmitter; the receiver includes means for accurately timing a number of consecutive first periodic sync signals from the transmitter in order to accurately determine the second periodic wake up windows when the receiver comes out of a sleep mode; the receiver includes means for waking periodically for a short duration at the start of each second periodic wake up window to receive a possible transmission of data, and if no transmission is received goes back to sleep, and if a transmission is received stays awake to receive the full transmission of data, such that the average current consumed by the battery powered receiver to wake periodically to receive the first periodic sync signals to maintain synchronization and to wake periodically to listen for the possible second periodic transmissions of data is less than the average current required to maintain the receiver awake continuously. 12. The system of claim 11, wherein the receiver, upon power-up and after the receiver has received initial configuration data from the transmitter, remains awake and receiving until the receiver has received and timed a number of consecutive sync pulses. 13. The system of claim 12, wherein the receiver averages the timing of the consecutive sync pulses, and an average timing is used to determine the next wake up time period for the receiver. 14. The system of claim 11, wherein the receiver, upon power-up and after the receiver has received any new configuration data from the transmitter, remains awake and receiving until the receiver has received and timed a number of consecutive sync pulses. 15. The system of claim 14, wherein the receiver averages the timing of the consecutive sync pulses, and an average timing is used to determine the next wake up time period for the receiver. 16. The system of claim 11, wherein the receiver periodically several times a day awakes and remains awake and receiving until the receiver has received and timed a number of consecutive sync pulses 17. The system of claim 16, wherein the receiver averages the timing of the consecutive sync pulses, and an average timing is used to determine the next wake up time period for the receiver. 18. The system of claim 11, wherein the transmitter transmits the first periodic sync signals over short durations and with a periodicity such that a total of all of the first periodic sync signals over a period of one hour is equal to or less than a total of 2 seconds on-air time per hour. 19. The system of claim 11, wherein the periodicity of the second periodic wake up windows is substantially 3 seconds, such that the average response time of the battery powered receiver to changes reflected by the transmissions of data is less than 1.5 seconds on average and no greater than 3 seconds in the worst case. 20. The system of claim 11, operated in a security alarm system having an AC powered control panel with the transmitter which transmits periodic RF messages on the present status of the security alarm system to a plurality of battery powered reduced display monitors, each having a said battery powered receiver, to provide a display of the current status of the security alarm system.	BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of Invention The present invention relates generally to resynchronizing timing sync pulses in a synchronizing RF system, and more particularly pertains to resynchronizing timing sync pulses in synchronizing battery powered RF receivers that are operated in synchronized periods to extend the battery lifetime, particularly those operating in bands wherein the transmitter duty cycle is restricted. The present invention preferably provides a firmware solution to resynchronizing timing sync pulses in a synchronizing RF system that simply requires the receiving device to accurately time a number of consecutive synchronization pulses in order to more accurately determine when the receiving device should come out of a sleep mode. 2. Discussion of the Prior Art The technique of transmitting periodic data messages and periodically waking a battery powered receiver to receive the periodic data messages is generally known in the art, and is used in RF communication systems, wherein a battery or line powered transmitter transmits periodic messages to a battery powered receiver to extend the battery life in the receiver. SUMMARY OF INVENTION The present invention provides a synchronizing method and system for resynchronizing time sync pulses in a synchronizing RF system between a Radio Frequency (RF) transmitter and receiver wherein the transmitter transmits short duration first periodic sync signals which are received and used by the receiver to maintain proper synchronization of the receiver with the transmitter during second periodic wake-up windows that are used for the transmission of data, such that the receiver will wake and be properly synchronized for possible wake up window data transmissions from the transmitter. The receiver wakes for a short duration at the start of each periodic wake up window to receive a possible transmission of data, and if no transmission is received goes back to sleep, and if a transmission is received stays awake to receive the full transmission of data. The basic principle is that the average current consumed by the battery powered receiver in order to wake periodically to receive the first periodic sync signals to maintain synchronization to wake periodically to listen for the second periodic data transmissions is less than the average current required to maintain the receiver awake continuously. The present invention preferably provides a firmware solution to maintaining synchronization between a transmitter and a receiver in a synchronizing RF system that simply requires the receiving device to accurately time a number of consecutive synchronization pulses received from the transmitter in order to more accurately determine when the receiving device should come out of a sleep mode. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The foregoing objects and advantages of the present invention for resynchronizing time sync pulses in a synchronizing RF system may be more readily understood by one skilled in the art with reference to the following drawings wherein: FIG. 1 illustrates one application of the present invention to a security alarm system wherein an AC powered control panel may provide a display of all pertinent parameters and conditions of the security alarm system, and also includes a local RF transmitter which transmits periodic RF messages on the present status of the security alarm system to a plurality of battery powered wireless keypads or Reduced Display Modules (RDMs). FIG. 2 is a process flow diagram of the method steps for resynchronizing time sync pulses in a synchronizing RF system pursuant to the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/659,952, filed Sep. 11, 2003 and commonly assigned herewith, discloses a synchronizing RF system between a Radio Frequency (RF) transmitter and receiver, particularly for use in a security alarm system. In the synchronizing RF system, the transmitter transmits short duration first periodic sync signals which are received and used by the receiver to maintain proper synchronization of the receiver with the transmitter during second periodic wake-up windows that are used for the transmission of data, such that the receiver will wake and be properly synchronized for possible wake up window data transmissions from the transmitter. The receiver wakes for a short duration at the start of each periodic wake up window to receive a possible transmission of data, and if no transmission is received goes back to sleep, and if a transmission is received stays awake to receive the full transmission of data. FIG. 1 illustrates one application of the present invention in a security alarm system 10, such as an Ademco security alarm system, wherein an AC powered control panel 12, such as an Ademco wireless control panel, is located within a building protected by the security alarm system. The control panel may provide a local display of all pertinent parameters and conditions of the security alarm system, and may also provide inputs, such as a Graphical User Interface (GUI) 12, to allow a user to enter data into and access and control the security alarm system. The control panel can also include a local RF transmitter 16 which transmits over an antenna 18 first periodic RF messages on the present status of the security alarm system to a plurality of battery powered wireless keypads or Reduced Display Modules (RDMs) 22, only one of which RDM1 is illustrated in detail, provided at a plurality of locations throughout the building. Each battery 24 powered RDM receives the local RF transmissions from the transmitter at the control panel, such that each wireless keypad RDM can also provide an accurate display of the present status of the security alarm system. The following represents one designed embodiment of a wireless keypad RDM for use with a system control panel RF transmitter, with a reasonable response time being provided for reporting chime/entry beeps etc. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in the USA in FCC Rule 15 allows up to 2 seconds of air-time to be transmitted per hour which can be used for the purposes of providing synchronization, polling, supervision etc. This additional 2 seconds does not significantly increase the system clash rate. Pursuant to the present invention, these 2 seconds are used by the system control panel RF transmitter to send periodic sync (synchronization) messages from 20 to each battery 24 powered receiver 26 in each RDM 22. The periodicity of the sync messages is determined by the stability of the oscillator crystals in the clocks 28, 30 of the transmitter and receiver. In between the periodic sync messages, the transmitter and receiver are maintained synchronized to transmit/receive second periodic system messages and data from 32 during the same predetermined wake-up data transmission windows. The transmitter 16 sends alarm or status messages only at the particular synchronized data transmission wake up windows or ticks. The periodicity of the synchronized data transmission wake up windows or ticks is 3 seconds, assuming that a 3 second response time period is acceptable. Each receiver 26 in each RDM 22 wakes every three seconds for a very short period of time to listen for any possible transmitter data message The present invention provides a resynchronization of the periodic 3 second time sync pulses that are currently sent by the transmitting device to each receiving device. The receiving device goes to sleep to conserve battery life, and wakes up every three seconds to remain in sync with the transmitting device. The 3 second clock must be extremely accurate, within 3 milliseconds. Moreover, this accuracy might be hard to hold over a large temperature range, and over the life of the crystals involved in each of the transmitting device and the receiving device. The receiving device, such as a wireless dialer in a security system, performs the following functions illustrated in FIG. 2, which is a process flow diagram of the method steps for resynchronizing time sync pulses in a synchronizing RF system pursuant to the present invention. At step 40, upon power-up and after the receiving device has received its initial configuration data from the transmitting device, the receiving device initially remains awake and receiving until it has received and timed a number of consecutive sync pulses, such as 4 sync pulses. At step 42, after power-up and after the receiving device has received any new configuration data from the transmitting device, the receiving device initially remains awake and receiving until it has received and timed a number of consecutive sync pulses, such as 4 sync pulses. At step 44, periodically, such as once, twice, or three times a day, the receiving device remains awake and receiving until it has received and timed a number of consecutive sync pulses, such as 4 sync pulses. Step 46 indicates that in each of the previous steps 40, 42 and 44, the receiving device averages the timing of the consecutively received sync pulses, and that average is used to determine the next wake up time period for the receiving device. This technical approach makes the timing of the three-second-time sync pulse much less critical. For example, if the three second sync pulse actually times out at 3.005 seconds, then the receiving device wakes up once every 3.005 seconds instead of once every 3.000 seconds. This provides a much more robust system design, and alleviates many of the re-synchronizations that might otherwise be required without the technical approach of the present invention. Each receiver 26 current is 7 mA (5 mA Rx, +0.5 mA uP, +1 mA analog+0.5 mA miscellaneous). Each receiver needs approximately 8 ms to wake up and stabilize and needs approximately 4 ms to antenna-switch between diverse antennae and make a stay-awake or return-to-sleep decision. Assuming that a worst case allowable relative time shift between the transmitter and receiver ticks is 2 ms, therefore the stability of the oscillator crystals of the clocks in the transmitter and receiver must be such as to ensure 2 ms accuracy over the period between sync messages. Assuming that the sync message is approximately 88 bits (5 byte preamble, 3 byte site ID, 1 byte message type, 2 byte CRC), i.e. “on” time is 8.8 ms at the preferred data rate. So, to comply with a preferred 2 second per hour target, there can be a maximum of 227 sync messages per hour, i.e. the periodicity is 16 seconds. An accuracy of 2 ms over 16 seconds is 126 ppm maximum, say 60 ppm at the transmitter and 60 ppm at the receiver. Each receiver 26 average current is 14 ms/3 s×7 mA=33 uA. Assume false starts occur 1 per minute, a false start consumes 20 ms, i.e. average 20 ms/60 s×7 mA=2.3 uA. The sync message average current is 20 ms/32 s×7 mA=3.5 uA. Assume a loss of synchronization once per hour, which requires opening the receiver window to four times its normal width to resynchronize, or to transmit a resynchronize request, i.e. average current 80 ms/3600×7 mA=0.2 uA. Therefore the total average current is 40 uA, i.e. 350 mAhr/year. Note that in many instances, it may be preferred to transmit more than one sync message contiguously to ensure redundancy against interference or noise, so for example if the message was sent twice, the sync message length would increase to 17.6 mSec, and the resultant number of sync transmissions per hour would be 114, with a period of 32 seconds, and a total crystal tolerance of 63 ppm, (30 ppm in the transmitter and 30 ppm in the receiver). A AA battery 24 cell capacity is approximately 1.8 Ahr, suggesting a possible life for a wireless keypad RDM of approximately 5 years. While several embodiments and variations of the present invention for resynchronizing timing sync pulses in a synchronizing RF system are described in detail herein, it should be apparent that the disclosure and teachings of the present invention will suggest many alternative designs to those skilled in the art.	<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>1. Field of Invention The present invention relates generally to resynchronizing timing sync pulses in a synchronizing RF system, and more particularly pertains to resynchronizing timing sync pulses in synchronizing battery powered RF receivers that are operated in synchronized periods to extend the battery lifetime, particularly those operating in bands wherein the transmitter duty cycle is restricted. The present invention preferably provides a firmware solution to resynchronizing timing sync pulses in a synchronizing RF system that simply requires the receiving device to accurately time a number of consecutive synchronization pulses in order to more accurately determine when the receiving device should come out of a sleep mode. 2. Discussion of the Prior Art The technique of transmitting periodic data messages and periodically waking a battery powered receiver to receive the periodic data messages is generally known in the art, and is used in RF communication systems, wherein a battery or line powered transmitter transmits periodic messages to a battery powered receiver to extend the battery life in the receiver.	<SOH> SUMMARY OF INVENTION <EOH>The present invention provides a synchronizing method and system for resynchronizing time sync pulses in a synchronizing RF system between a Radio Frequency (RF) transmitter and receiver wherein the transmitter transmits short duration first periodic sync signals which are received and used by the receiver to maintain proper synchronization of the receiver with the transmitter during second periodic wake-up windows that are used for the transmission of data, such that the receiver will wake and be properly synchronized for possible wake up window data transmissions from the transmitter. The receiver wakes for a short duration at the start of each periodic wake up window to receive a possible transmission of data, and if no transmission is received goes back to sleep, and if a transmission is received stays awake to receive the full transmission of data. The basic principle is that the average current consumed by the battery powered receiver in order to wake periodically to receive the first periodic sync signals to maintain synchronization to wake periodically to listen for the second periodic data transmissions is less than the average current required to maintain the receiver awake continuously. The present invention preferably provides a firmware solution to maintaining synchronization between a transmitter and a receiver in a synchronizing RF system that simply requires the receiving device to accurately time a number of consecutive synchronization pulses received from the transmitter in order to more accurately determine when the receiving device should come out of a sleep mode.	20040601	20090421	20051201	69584.0		0	TAYONG, HELENE E	RESYNCHRONIZING TIMING SYNC PULSES IN A SYNCHRONIZING RF SYSTEM	UNDISCOUNTED	0	ACCEPTED		2,004
10,858,510	ACCEPTED	Method and apparatus for capturing images using a color laser projection display	A method and apparatus are provided to capture images using a laser projection display (LPD). In a full color LPD camera, three lasers (red, blue, and green) are deployed to scan an image and receive reflected laser light therefrom. The reflected laser light may be analyzed and assembled into a picture. The LPD may also be used to display the picture, to operate as a viewfinder, to print the picture, to operate as a range finder, and the like.	1-17. (canceled) 18. An image capture and projection arrangement, comprising: a) a laser source for generating a laser beam; b) a scanner for sweeping the laser beam to form a scan line having a number of pixels arranged along a first direction, and for sweeping the scan line along a second direction orthogonal to the first direction to form a raster pattern of scan lines; c) a detector for receiving light from the scan lines scattered off a target; and d) a controller for controlling the laser source to illuminate selected pixels on the scan lines to project an image on a projection surface during a display mode of operation, and for controlling the detector to receive the light from the scan lines scattered off the target, each pixel of the scan lines being serially received in its turn, to capture an image of the target during a camera mode of operation. 19. The arrangement of claim 18, wherein the laser source is a laser, and wherein the scanner includes a pair of scan mirrors respectively oscillatable about the directions. 20. The arrangement of claim 18, wherein the laser source includes a plurality of lasers for respectively emitting constituent beams of different wavelengths, and for combining the constituent beams into the laser beam; and wherein the scanner includes a pair of scan mirrors respectively oscillatable about the directions. 21. The arrangement of claim 18, wherein the controller is operative for detecting the number of pixels in at least one of the scan lines occupied by the target in the camera mode, and for changing a size of the target image in response to the detection. 22. The arrangement of claim 18, wherein the controller is operative for detecting the number of pixels in at least one of the scan lines occupied by the target in the camera mode, and for determining a range of the target relative to the scanner. 23. The arrangement of claim 18, wherein the controller is operative for capturing successive images of the target in the camera mode, and for determining a range of the target relative to the scanner. 24. The arrangement of claim 18, wherein the controller is operative for capturing successive images of the target in the camera mode, and for determining a rate of movement of the target relative to the scanner. 25. The arrangement of claim 18, wherein the laser source includes a plurality of lasers for respectively emitting constituent beams of different wavelengths; wherein the controller is operative for sequentially energizing the lasers to generate respective raster patterns of scan lines, one raster pattern for each constituent beam, in the camera mode; and wherein the controller is further operative for controlling the detector to capture respective constituent images of the target, one constituent image for each constituent beam, and for constructing the target image from the constituent images. 26. The arrangement of claim 18, wherein the laser source includes a plurality of lasers; wherein the target is a code to be electro-optically read; amd wherein the controller is operative for energizing one of the lasers to capture the image of the code during the camera mode, and for energizing another of the lasers to display an acknowledgment mark on the code after the code has been successfully read during the display mode. 27. The arrangement of claim 18, wherein the laser source includes a plurality of lasers; and wherein the controller is operative for energizing one of the lasers to display an aiming mark on the target during the display mode, and for energizing all of the lasers to capture the target image during the camera mode. 28. The arrangement of claim 18, and a printer; and wherein the controller is operative, after capture of the target image, for sending control signals to the printer for printing the captured target image. 29. An image capture and projection method, comprising the steps of: a) generating a laser beam; b) sweeping the laser beam to form a scan line having a number of pixels arranged along a first direction, and sweeping the scan line along a second direction orthogonal to the first direction to form a raster pattern of scan lines; c) receiving light from the scan lines scattered off a target; and d) illuminating selected pixels on the scan lines to project an image on a projection surface during a display mode of operation, and receiving the light from the scan lines scattered off the target, each pixel of the scan lines being serially received in its turn, to capture an image of the target during a camera mode of operation. 30. The method of claim 29, and the step of detecting the number of pixels in at least one of the scan lines occupied by the target in the camera mode, and changing a size of the target image in response to the detection. 31. The method of claim 29, and the step of detecting the number of pixels in at least one of the scan lines occupied by the target in the camera mode, and determining a range of the target. 32. The method of claim 29, and the step of capturing successive images of the target in the camera mode, and determining a range of the target. 33. The method of claim 29, and the step of capturing successive images of the target in the camera mode, and determining a rate of movement of the target. 34. The method of claim 29, wherein the generating step is performed by emitting constituent beams of different wavelengths; and the step of sequentially generating respective raster patterns of scan lines, one raster pattern for each constituent beam, in the camera mode; and the step of capturing respective constituent images of the target, one constituent image for each constituent beam, and the step of constructing the target image from the constituent images. 35. The method of claim 29, wherein the target is a code to be electro-optically read; and the step of energizing one laser to capture the image of the code during the camera mode, and energizing another laser to display an acknowledgment mark on the code after the code has been successfully read during the display mode. 36. The method of claim 29, and the step of energizing one laser to display an aiming mark on the target during the display mode, and energizing a plurality of lasers to capture the target image during the camera mode. 37. The method of claim 29, and the step of sending, after capture of the target image, control signals to a printer for printing the captured target image.	BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention This invention relates generally to electronic displays, and, more particularly, to a laser projection display and its use as an image capture device. 2. Description of the Related Art Electronic cameras have historically suffered from a number of shortcomings, including high cost, lack of durability, size, weight, limited flexibility and the like. Further, conventional cameras have typically relied upon a flash unit to provide adequate illumination. These flash units are typically heavy consumers of battery power, which tends to shorten the battery life of the camera and render it less useful. Moreover, it is often necessary for a photographer to wait for the battery to charge the flash unit before taking each picture. Further, the use of a flash unit produces numerous undesirable side effects, including reflections that distort and mar the photograph. Additionally, electronic cameras typically employ one or more display screens for viewing the pictures, or as a viewfinder. These screens add to the overall cost of the camera, are often difficult to view in direct sunlight and are prone to damage and failure. The present invention is directed to overcoming, or at least reducing, the effects of one or more of the problems set forth above. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In one aspect of the instant invention, a method for capturing an image is provided. The method comprises scanning laser light over an object; periodically receiving reflected laser light from the object; and arranging the reflected laser light into an image. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The invention may be understood by reference to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which like reference numerals identify like elements, and in which: FIG. 1 is a stylistic block diagram of a top level view of one embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 2 is a stylistic view of a viewing surface shown in FIG. 1; FIGS. 3A and 3B depict a top view of a scanning device at various times during its operation; and FIGS. C-1 through C-17 depict various aspects of an image capture device that employs an LPD. While the invention is susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments thereof have been shown by way of example in the drawings and are herein described in detail. It should be understood, however, that the description herein of specific embodiments is not intended to limit the invention to the particular forms disclosed, but on the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS Illustrative embodiments of the invention are described below. In the interest of clarity, not all features of an actual implementation are described in this specification. It will of course be appreciated that in the development of any such actual embodiment, numerous implementation-specific decisions must be made to achieve the developers' specific goals, such as compliance with system-related and business-related constraints, which will vary from one implementation to another. Moreover, it will be appreciated that such a development effort might be complex and time-consuming, but would nevertheless be a routine undertaking for those of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of this disclosure. The following co-pending applications are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entirety: Method and Apparatus for Aligning a Plurality of Lasers in an Electronic Display Device, by Mik Stern et. al.; Method and Apparatus for Controllably Reducing Power Delivered by a Laser Projection Display, by Mik Stern et. al.; Method and Apparatus for Displaying Information in Automotive Applications Using a Laser Projection Display, by Narayan Nambudiri et. al.; Method and Apparatus for Providing an Interface Between a Liquid Crystal Display Controller and a Laser Projection Display, by Narayan Nambudiri et. al.; A Color Laser Projection Display by Paul Dvorkis et. al.; Method and Apparatus for Conserving Power in a Laser Projection Display, By Fred Wood et. al.; A Laser Projection Display, by Ron Goldman et. al.; Method and Apparatus for Controllably Compensating for Distortions in a Laser Projection Display, by Carl Wittenberg et. al.; and Method and Apparatus for Controllably Modulating a Laser in a Laser Projection Display, by Dmitriy Yavid et. al. Turning now to the drawings, and specifically referring to FIG. 1, a stylistic block diagram of a laser projection display (LPD) 100, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, is shown. In the illustrated embodiment, the LPD 100 includes three lasers 102, 104, 106, each capable of emitting a beam of light 108, 110, 112 consisting of a unique color, such as red, green or blue. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the number of lasers and the color of light emitted therefrom may be varied without departing from the spirit and scope of the instant invention. The lasers 102, 104, 106 are arranged in a common plane 114 with the beams of light 108, 110, 112 being angularly directed relative to one another to fall on a substantially common location 116 on a first scanning device, such as a first scanning mirror 118, from where they are reflected as beams of light 120, 122, 124. In the illustrated embodiment, the first scanning mirror 118 oscillates on an axis 120 at a relatively high rate (e.g., about 20-30 KHz). Rotation or oscillation of the first scanning mirror 118 causes the beams of light 108, 110, 112 to be moved. That is, as the angular position of the first scanning mirror 118 alters, so to does the angle of reflection of the beams of light 120, 122, 124 from the first scanning mirror 118. Thus, as the mirror oscillates the reflected beams of light 120, 122, 124 are scanned to produce movement of the beams of light 120, 122, 124 along one component of the two-dimensional display. The second component of the two-dimensional display is produced by a second scanning device, such as a mirror 126. In the illustrated embodiment, the second mirror 126 is coupled to a motor 128 at a pivot point 130 so as to produce rotational or oscillating movement about an axis that is substantially orthogonal to the axis of rotation of the first mirror 118. The beams of light 120, 122, 124 are reflected off of the second mirror 126 as beams of light 132, 134, 136 and directed to a viewing surface 138. The viewing surface 138 may take on any of a variety of forms without departing from the spirit and scope of the instant invention. For example, the viewing surface 138 may be a fixed screen that may be front or back lit by the lasers 102, 104, 106 and may be contained in a housing (not shown) that is common with the LPD 100, or alternatively, the viewing surface 138 may take the form of any convenient, generally flat surface, such as a wall or screen, spaced from the LPD 100. The second mirror 126 oscillates or rotates at a relatively slow rate, as compared to the rate of the first mirror 118 (e.g., about 60 Hz). Thus, it will be appreciated that, as shown in FIG. 2, the beams of light 132, 134, 136 generally follow a path 140 on the display surface 138. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the path 140 is similar in shape and concept to a raster scan commonly employed in cathode ray tube televisions and computer monitors. While the instant invention is described herein in the context of an embodiment that employs separate first and second scanning mirrors 118, 126, those skilled in the art will appreciate that a similar path 140 may be produced by using a single mirror. The single mirror would be capable of being moved about two axis of rotation to provide the fast and slow oscillating movements along two orthogonal axes. Similarly, the controller and the mechanical arrangement of the two scanning mirrors 118 and 126 may be designed to create a raster pattern that is rotated 90-deg from path 140. i.e., instead of horizontal rastering lines that raster from top to bottom of the viewing screen 132, the patterns will consist of vertical rastering lines that raster from left to right of the viewing screen. As is apparent from FIG. 1, owing to the angular positioning of the lasers 102, 104, 106, even though the lasers 102, 104, 106 have been arranged mechanically and optically to deliver the beams of light 108, 110, 112 within the same plane 114 and at the same point (on the rotational axis 120) on the mirror 118), each has a different angle of reflection, which causes the beams of light 120, 122, 124 to diverge. A controller 142 is provided to controllably energize the lasers 102, 104, 106 to effectively cause the beams of light 120, 122, 124 to be collinear, such that they may be reflected off of the second mirror 126 and delivered to the same point on the viewing surface 138 relatively independent of the distance of the viewing surface 138 from the second mirror 126. Turning now to FIGS. 3A and 3B, the operation of the controller 142 to cause the beams of light 120, 122, 124 to be collinear is discussed. To simplify the discussion, only two lasers 102, 104 are illustrated in FIG. 3, but those skilled in the art will appreciate that the concepts discussed herein may be extended to three or more lasers without departing from the spirit and scope of the instant invention. As shown in FIG. 3A, if the lasers 102, 104 are energized simultaneously, the reflected beams of light 120, 122 diverge. However, as shown in FIG. 3B, if the lasers 102, 104 are energized at slightly different times, then the beams of light 120, 122 can be made to follow a single, common path (i.e., the beams of light 120, 122 are collinear). For example, if the laser 102 is energized at a first time t1, then the mirror 118 will be at a first position, as represented by the solid lines, and the beam of light 108 will reflect off of the mirror 118 as the beam of light 120. Subsequently, if the laser 104 is energized at a second time t2, then the mirror 118 will be at a second position, as represented by the dashed lines, and the beam of light 110 will reflect off of the mirror 118 as the beam of light 122. By precisely controlling the time t2, the mirror 118 will be in a position to accurately reflect the beam of light 122 along substantially the same path as the beam of light 120. Thus, through the operation of the controller 142, the beams of light 120, 122 are substantially collinear, but are slightly displaced in time. That is, the beams of light 120, 122 will now both be projected onto substantially the same point on the display surface 138, but at slightly different times. However, owing to the persistence of the human eye, the variation in timing is not detectable. That is, in the case of the three laser system described in FIG. 1, each of the lasers 102, 104, 106 will controllably deliver laser light of a unique color and intensity to substantially the same point on the viewing surface 132 within a relatively short window of time. The human eye will not detect the three separate colors, bur rather will perceive a blending of the three light beams such that a consistent and desired hue appears at that point on the viewing surface. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that this process may be repeated numerous times along the path 140 to recreate a picture on the viewing surface 132. It should be appreciated that the LPD 100 may be used in either a display mode or a camera mode. These modes are discussed more fully below. Returning to FIG. 1, a photodetector 144 is arranged to receive laser light reflected from the viewing surface 138. The photodetector 144 may take any of a variety of forms, including a single photosensitive element or a plurality of photosensitive elements arranged in a grid. In some embodiments, it may be useful to include a mechanical/optical system 146 to focus the reflected laser light onto the photodetector 144. The photodetector 144 is coupled to the controller 142 via a line 148. Signals indicative of the magnitude of the reflected laser light detected by the photodetector 144 may be communicated to the controller 142 over the line 148. In some instances, such as when the photodetector 144 is composed of a grid or an array of photosensors or photosensitive elements, it may be useful to also convey information regarding the location of the reflected laser light. As discussed in more detail below, the controller 142 may use the information regarding the magnitude of the reflected laser light to generally determine the conditions within the transmission path of the lasers, such as by being interrupted by a person or object. The controller 142 may use information regarding such an event to construct a picture or to determine if the viewing surface has been touched. That is, the viewing screen may be rendered “touch sensitive,” and thus, may provide a form of feedback from an operator. The information may also be used by the controller to calibrate and fine adjust any frequency drift of the two scanning mirrors so that the image will remain converged. The controller 142 may display a pushbutton or other accessible icon on the viewing surface, and if the controller 142 detects that the portion of the viewing surface displaying the pushbutton has been touched, then the controller 142 may take a responsive action. For example, the controller 142 may display an icon, and if the controller 142 detects that a user has touched the icon, the controller 142 may perform a function associated with that icon. Similarly, numerous other functions may be implemented by way of appropriately configured or labeled icons displayed on the viewing surface. FIG. C-1 illustrates the operating principle of a laser camera based on a laser projection display, such as the embodiment described above or in other LPDs configured to scan laser light over an object. A laser is focused by optical means to have a minimum spot (waist) at some distance from the focused laser module C-107. The laser beam C-100 emitted from the focused laser module C-107 is scanned by the scanners C-101 and C-102 in two orthogonal directions to create a raster pattern on an object C-103. There are two basic modes of operation: 1) a display mode; and 2) a camera mode. When the device is in the display mode, the laser is modulated while being scanned to project the display image. In a camera mode, the laser beam is scanned on an object. Laser light intercepted by the object will be scattered, while the scanned laser light that is not intercepted by the object will continue to propagate. A lens C-104 collects the light scattered by the object C-103 and delivers the collected light to the light-sensitive photodiode C-105. The electrical signal generated by the photodiode C-105 is then amplified, sampled, and processed by the signal conditioning and processing electronics C-106. Therefore, instead of capturing the object in a parallel mode at one single time instance as in a conventional camera, a laser camera captures the object in a serial mode, one pixel at a time. Another important distinction is in a traditional camera, the image is “viewed” by the camera lens. In a laser camera, the image is “viewed” by the scanning laser pattern. The above components can be all packaged in one platform to become a laser camera module that can be embedded in a larger system. Note that instead of two scanners, each scanning in one direction, a two-axis scanner that scans two directions can be used, as discussed above. Instead of a signal collecting lens C-104, a signal collecting mirror can be used. Focusing and Resolution The laser beam is focused such that the beam divergence angle is linearly proportional to the distance. Since the size of the scan raster is also linearly proportional to distance for a given scan angle, it is possible to fit a guaranteed numbers of laser spots C-115 within the scan line at any distance. This is the optical resolution of the camera within any “line”. See FIG. C-2. Specifically, the optical resolution is: N = 2 ⁢ z ⁢ ⁢ tan ⁡ ( θ / 2 ) w o ⁢ 1 + ( 4 ⁢ λ ⁢ ⁢ z π ⁢ ⁢ w o 2 ) 2 ∼ 2 ⁢ z ⁢ ⁢ tan ⁡ ( θ / 2 ) 4 ⁢ λ ⁢ ⁢ z π ⁢ ⁢ w o = π ⁢ ⁢ w o ⁢ tan ⁡ ( θ / 2 ) 2 ⁢ λ Eq . ⁢ 1 where N is the optical resolution, z is the distance from the laser camera, □ is the scan angle, w0 is the laser beam waist diameter, λ is the laser wavelength, and the quantity 4λ/πwo is the laser beam divergence. In general, the scan mirror area is approximately equal to or larger than wo so that the beam is not truncated to increase the beam diffraction angle (reduces resolution) and reduce laser power. From the above expression, one sees that the larger the scan angle, or the larger is the size of the scanning surface, the shorter is the wavelength, the higher optical resolution is achievable. In the above regard, the laser camera can have an “infinite” focusing distance, as long as sufficient energy is collected by the signal collection system. This focusing distance can thus be much longer than the depth of focus of a regular film or CCD/CMOS camera. By adding a focus adjustment mechanism in the device, the laser beam can be re-focused or auto-focused to either further extend the focus range or to achieve a different resolution at any distance from the laser camera. In a preferred embodiment, one of the scanners oscillates at high speed, and the other one at a lower speed. The oscillating frequency of the low speed scanner should be at least 50 Hz (20 msec or shorter duration) to reduce or prevent flickering of the displayed image. It can oscillate at a lower speed when the device is used as a camera only, not display. The numbers of line (line resolution) of the camera is determined by the ratio of the oscillating frequencies of the two orthogonal scanners. For example, if one scanner oscillates at 20 kHz and the other oscillates at 50 Hz, it is possible to generate 800 back and forth scan lines in the raster. Since laser diodes have fast response, it is possible to pulse the laser diodes at hundreds of megahertz rate to generate an image or capture with VGA (640×480) or higher resolution. In general, the high-speed scanner is a resonant scanner and its oscillating frequency is fixed. The low speed scanner is usually non-resonant, or driven off-resonance, hence its oscillating frequency can be changed in operation to achieve a different line resolution. For example, if one of the scanners oscillates at 20 kHz and the oscillating frequency of the other scanner is changed to 20 Hz instead of 50 Hz, 2000 lines can be generated. Note that depending on the intended application, it is possible to change the frequency of one or more of the scanners to change the camera resolution or format. Conversely, the low speed scanner can be speeded up so that the capture time can be shortened, if needed, when the object is in motion. For example, if the low speed mirror oscillates at 100 Hz, the laser camera can capture a frame in 10 msec, and the line resolution becomes 400, assuming a 20 kHz high-speed mirror is used. The optical resolution, the modulation speed of the laser, the oscillating frequencies of the two scanners, and how fast the photodiode is sampled determine the overall resolution of the laser camera. Signal Strength The strength of the signal that is captured by the photodiode depends on how much light is scattered back from the object. The more reflective is the object, the higher is the signal strength received. Also, the closer the object to the laser camera, the higher the signal strength, since the collected light is inversely proportional to the square of the distance. i . e . , ⁢ ⁢ P_received = R_object * P_transmitted * A_received π * z 2 Eq . ⁢ 2 where P_received is the received power, R_object is the reflectivity of the object, P_transmitted is the laser power emitted from the laser camera, A_received is the size of the light collection area, and z is the distance from the object to the laser camera. Note that the photodiode can be used without the lens and still be able to collect the light scattered from the object. A lens that is larger than the photodiode can collect more light, hence it provides more signal. Furthermore, a lens limits the field of view (FOV) of the photodiode, therefore, it reduces the photodiode shot noise due to ambient light. It is possible to pulse the laser at high frequency so that ambient light can be reduced. In general, the photodiode is positioned outside the direct reflection path of the scanned laser beam to avoid saturation. Zooming/Cropping Aside from providing more signal, an object closes to the laser camera occupies a larger portion of the raster pattern, and the spatial frequency of the image generated becomes lower. See FIG. C-5. When the object C-110 is far away from the laser camera module C-108, a single laser line crossing the object generates a narrow pulse of duration b-c in the upper figure of FIG. C-5. When the object C-110 is closer to the laser module, it takes longer for the same laser line to cross the object to generate a pulse of longer duration (slower frequency). By analyzing the image, it is possible to infer whether the object is close or far away from the laser camera. This information can then be used to control the laser camera setting, so that it has dual or multiple-ranging capabilities. For example, the gain of the electronics can be increased to amplify the received signal from a far-away object, so that the required minimum signal to noise ratio is always guaranteed. Alternatively, the gain is reduced so that the photodiode is not saturated due to a strong signal that is scattered back from the surface. The information from the captured image, such as signal amplitude and spatial frequency, as well as the amount of a scan line occupied by the image, can be used to provide zooming or wide-angle functions in the laser camera. For example, if the object is far away, a control mechanism can automatically reduce the scan angle so that the object now occupies a larger portion of the scan pattern. This is a zoom equivalent of a regular camera. Conversely, if the object is close by, the scan angle can be increased to a wide-angle mode. It is worthwhile to point out from the resolution expression shown in Eq. 1, the optical resolution is solely dependent on the scan angle, mirror size, and inversely dependent on the laser wavelength. By reducing the scan angle, and even re-adjusting the focused laser spot, the optical resolution will be reduced. In addition to changing the scan angle and/or laser spot size, the oscillating frequency of the scanner, preferably the slow scanner, must also be changed. Instead of reducing the scan angle and refocusing, it is possible to place a beam reducer that consists of a lens pair with the proper optical power ratio, in the optical path to reduce the projection angle while changing the laser spot size, without reducing the optical resolution, as shown in FIG. C-8. An f-θ lens can also be used, as shown in FIG. C-8a. Furthermore, the lens pair can be collapsed to become one lens, or one mirror, that has the proper optical power and surface shapes, and placed at a specific location with respect to the scanning mirrors to simultaneously change the projection angle and laser spot size, while maintaining optical resolution. See FIG. C-8b. In some instances, it is desirable to crop or highlight the object from the background of the object. This can be easily achieved using the laser camera, since the background signal has different amplitude as shown in FIG. C-6, where the tree is farther away than the object and the received signal associated with the tree has lower amplitude. Hence, the tree can be identified, cropped or highlighted. Color As discussed above, the operation of the laser camera is by scanning a laser beam over the object and a lens/photodiode collects the laser light scattered by the object. The laser light intercepted by the dark area on the object is mostly absorbed, while light area scatters the laser light. Depending on the color on the object, more or less laser light will be scattered. It is worthwhile to point out that the amount of laser light scattered back from a white area and from an area with the same color of the laser beam can be very similar. If there is an area of the image that has the same color as the laser beam adjacent a white area, the two areas might become indistinguishable. This can be exploited to capture and display a color image. By using multiple lasers of different colors, say red, green and blue, and turning the lasers on sequentially, it is possible to infer from the three captured images and reconstruct a color picture. Specifically, when using a red laser to illuminate, the captured image from the red and white areas have high signal amplitude; when a green laser illuminates the same object, green and white areas have high signal amplitude; and so forth for the blue laser. As illustrated in FIG. C-7, when an object that consists of areas of different colors is captured by the red laser, the red circle and white triangle of the object scatter a substantial amount of red light, the reconstructed intermediate image shows a red circle and red triangle. Next, the object is scanned by the green laser. This time, the intermediate reconstructed image has a green square and triangle. When a blue laser scans the object, an intermediate image with a blue rectangle and blue triangle is reconstructed. The three upper images in FIG. C-7 are the intermediate images captured by a red, green and blue laser, respectively. Analyzing these three intermediate images allows the reconstruction of the original color object, shown in the lower image of FIG. C-7. Another use of a multiple-color laser camera is in industrial barcode reading applications, such as package picking and sorting in warehouses where the speed of barcode reading is critical and the environment is noisy. Traditional barcode readers operate at 30 linear scans/second. An audible beep and/or an LED provide feedback that a read is successful. However, the beep is usually non-audible in a noisy warehouse environment. The LED, which provides a visual feedback, is physically on the barcode reader, which means the operator must take his/her eyes from the barcode target that is at a distance, to look at the LED which is close. It takes seconds for an average person to refocus from the barcode to the LED, then back to the barcode, reducing the throughput of the package picking operation. On the contrary, the laser camera that uses a 20-kHz scanner can operate at 40,000 linear scans/sec. Using a red laser to scan the barcode, and projecting a green laser on the barcode target to indicate a successful scan, the barcode reading operation can be sped up significantly. In another modality of usage, a green laser can project an identification mark on the package for sorting purposes. Self-Illuminating and no View Finder One of the features of the laser camera is the laser beam generated provides self-illumination, and it can take pictures in low ambient light condition or even at night. Since the laser camera module C-108 can project an image, it can therefore project an aiming pattern as well. See FIG. C-3. The laser camera projects an aiming pattern C-109 on the object C-110 before a picture of the object is taken, eliminating a separate viewfinder. Furthermore, while capturing the picture, the device can also project what is being captured on a screen C-111 that is part of the laser camera housing C-112. This can be accomplished by inserting a mirror pair C-113, or a prism, that folds the laser beam and projects the image on the screen C-111 on alternating frames. Instead of inserting a mirror and alternating a frame for capture and a frame for display, one can insert a beamsplitter in the scanned laser path so that the captured and projected frames happen simultaneously. Of course, it is possible to project one portion of the raster pattern on the object and another portion of the raster on the screen to project the captured image. The displayed image can be viewed on both sides of a pull-out screen C-114, so that a person whose picture is being taken can also view the picture (self-portrait). The self portrait image can be flipped electronically or optomechanically (e.g., by means of a mirror) so that the person whose picture is being taken, and the person who is taking the picture have the same view and orientation. See FIG. C-4. In FIG. C-4, the fold mirror is shown to project at a very sharp angle to the pull-out screen C-114. Geometry dictates that the projected image on a screen that is not normal to the direction of projection will exhibit geometric distortion, commonly known as “keystoning” in the projection display industry. For example, a rectangle would become a trapezoid. Since the angle of projection to the screen is known, it is possible to correct for the “keystoning” by pre-distorting the projected image in the pixel image memory in the camera, or by cropping extra displayed pixels/lines. Instead of a laser emitting a visible beam, an infrared or an ultraviolet laser can be used to take a picture so that picture taking becomes more discrete. Of course, it is possible to capture an image with an infrared laser and project the picture with a laser that emits a visible wavelength. Because of the self-illuminating and long range of the laser camera, it is possible to use an infrared laser in the camera/projector as a light source invisible to human beings with night vision goggles. Motion and Deskewing As previously discussed, each frame of the laser projector/camera can be 16 msec (60 Hz frame rate) or shorter. This means the pixel rate is about 30 nano-seconds for a VGA resolution camera/display, and the line rate is about 30 micro-seconds. Each pixel is turned on one at a time in a serial manner. This is not true for a film or CCD-based camera where all pixels are exposed simultaneously during the same exposure time. When the object is in motion, the picture of the object captured by a conventional camera is blurred unless the exposure time is very short, requiring high illumination on the object. In contrast, each pixel of the laser camera is exposed one at a time with 30 nano-seconds pixel exposure time, so there is no blur in the picture. Instead, the picture of the moving object is distorted since each scan line is delayed from the previous line, while the surrounding stationary objects are not. For example, if the object is moving along the high-speed scanning direction at 1 m/sec, each line of the captured image of the object will be delayed from the adjacent line and the resulting image is skewed. The offset between each adjacent line is Δ = v 2 * fx = 1 2 * 20000 = 0.025 ⁢ ⁢ mm Eq . ⁢ 3 Where ν is the speed of motion of the object, and fx is the high speed scanning frequency. On the other hand, if the object is moving along the low-speed scanning direction, the captured image will be compressed or stretched, also by the same amount per line. And when the object is moving along the line of sight of the laser camera, toward or away from it, the captured image will have a projection angle, i.e., a square object moving toward the laser camera will appear to be an equilateral trapezoid. See FIG. C-12. For general object recognition, the amount of distortion should be acceptable. In barcode applications where the barcodes have inherently recognizable features, such as squares or a bulls-eye, it is possible to restore the distorted captured image to its original form simply from geometry. This can be achieved by re-arranging (bit stuffing or removing) the image data in the memory buffer. Furthermore, if the speed of the object is known, it is possible to restore the image of any moving object. The motion speed of the object can be derived by analyzing multiple frames of the captured image. Consider the following illustration: an object is moving at 10 m/sec (roughly the speed of an athlete competing at a 100-meter dash event), and the laser camera is set up to have a 1-meter field of view (30° scan angle and at 2 meters from the object). The object takes 100 msec to cross the laser camera field of view. During this time interval, a laser camera with a 60-Hz frame rate is able to capture 6 frames of the object, each frame showing the object at a different position within its field of view, and any projection distortion due to the object moving toward/away from the camera. Analyzing the differences between the frames and knowing the frame capture time reveal the motion speed and direction. FIG. C-13 can be used as an illustration, an object is moving across the field of view of the camera, since the location (in x, y pixel numbers in the memory map) of the object in the captured image, and the time the images are captured, are known, the x-y motion speed and direction can be derived. v x = x i_t + 1 - x i_t Δ ⁢ ⁢ t = ( x i_t + 1 - x i_t ) * f y ⁢ ⁢ v y = y i_t + 1 - y i_t Δ ⁢ ⁢ t = ( y i_t + 1 - y i_t ) * f y ⁢ ⁢ θ = tan - 1 ⁡ ( v y v x ) = tan - 1 ⁡ ( y i_t + 1 - y i_t x i_t + 1 - x i_t ) Equ . ⁢ 4 Where (x1—t, yi—t) and (xi—t+1, yi—t+1) are the coordinates of the pixels in the memory map of the images captured at time t and time t+1, associated with a point I on the object, Δt is the time interval between subsequent frames captured, fy is the scan frequency of the low-speed mirror, and θ tells the direction of the speed of motion. Likewise, the speed of the object moving along the line of sight of the camera can be calculated by looking at two points I and J on the object across two frames. See FIG. C-13. v z = L t + 1 - L t Δ ⁢ ⁢ t = ( L t + 1 - L t ) * f y Equ . ⁢ 5 Where Lt+1, and Lt are the lengths from points I to J at time t+1 and time t, respectively. It should be noted that the above example of using one or two object points to evaluate the captured images only serve as an illustrating example. In general, global evaluation which involves evaluating an ensemble of points/features, of the captured image should be performed. Printer The same infrared laser with the same scanners, or alternatively a different set of laser/scanner(s), may be used to print the image on a piece of paper. FIG. C-9 gives an example of a laser projector/camera with a separate laser that is focused to a spot of about 40 microns (600 dpi resolution) and a one-dimensional high-speed oscillating mirror that creates scan lines across the slow rotating photoconductor drum of a printer. The laser light charges the toner and the drum transfers the toner to the paper. For example, a printer that generates 60 pages per minute at 600 dpi requires a 6.7 kHz scan mirror, and the laser must be modulated at 32 MHz (8″×11″ page). Instead of using a separate laser/scanner, a deflection mirror may be used to redirect the laser beam to the photoconducting drum as shown in FIG. C-10. The laser will be refocused to generate a 40-micron spot on the toner and modulated at 96 MHz. By re-using the same 20-kHz high-speed mirror, it is possible to print 180 letter-size pages per minute. In practice, the laser must be modulated about 3 to 4 times faster to linearize the non-uniform speed of a sinusoidal high-speed resonant oscillating mirror. Pixel linearization can be accomplished using the dot bunching technique (described more fully below). In many instances, it is not even necessary to print a full letter size page. For example, a VGA resolution laser projector can print a 100 dpi 6″×4″ image, and the same laser and scanners used for projection/camera can be reused for printing. In that case, the laser projector simply will be redirected to scan over the surface of a piece of paper through the toner. See FIG. C-11. Range Finding When there are at least two lasers in the device, the lasers do not need to be perfectly aligned to ease manufacturing alignment requirements. The misalignment can be corrected for in the electronics (as discussed more fully above). Another benefit of not perfectly aligning the two lasers is the potential of increasing the overall output laser power while still meeting required regulations governing lasers. Yet another benefit is to exploit the angular misalignment of the lasers to provide ranging information using triangulation and image analysis of images captured by the two lasers that have parallax. There are several ways to accomplish range finding. By adding a photodiode array, or a linear CCD placed at the focal plane of a lens, while energizing the laser beam before scanning, the range to the target can be calculated based on the arrangement in FIG. C-14. This is similar to the range finding arrangement in conventional cameras. Auto-ranging can also be accomplished with a scanning laser raster by looking at the edge of the scanned pattern on the photodiode array, see FIG. C-15. When the raster crosses a certain pixel boundary, the range is switched. Note that the numbers of photodiode in the array can be as small as two to have two ranges. Alternatively, when there are at least two lasers in the laser camera, there is no need for additional range-finding optics/photodiode. Range can be determined by analyzing the relative positions and perspective of an object captured on two images, each by one of the two lasers, as illustrated in FIG. C-16. When the object is in the near range, its image as captured by laser 2 is offset from that captured by laser 1. When the object is in the far range, the images are again offset, but this time, in the opposite direction. Geometric distortion/perspective of the captured images by the two lasers can also be exploited to determine the range. Note that since the depth of focus of a laser camera is fairly long, usually the electronic gain affects the range. Since the frame time of the laser camera can be very fast, it is possible to automatically capture two frames with each triggering of the camera, and use a different electronic gain for each frame. In this brut-force mode, no optical range finding is needed. Speckle-Autofocus, Motion Detection, CDRH One of the properties of a laser is that it is spatially coherent. One property of spatial coherence is that an interference pattern appears in the light detector plane (human eyes or photodiode) when the laser light is scattered from any surface. This interference pattern is commonly known as the speckle pattern. The average speckle size (sizes of the dark and bright spots) becomes larger as the object is farther from the laser. One can infer from the average speckle size the approximate range of the target from the laser. Also, if multiple lasers are used, the amplitude of the speckle becomes smaller by the geometric mean of the numbers of lasers hitting the same location on the target. By purposely misaligning the three lasers in a laser camera, it is possible to achieve autofocusing by analyzing the speckle amplitude. When the three lasers arrive at the same spot at a focused plane, it is where the laser speckle amplitude will be the lowest at that distance. Since the speckle pattern changes depending on the object, a laser camera can be used to detect motion. For example, in a barcode scanning application, it is possible to have a laser projection display that is normally displaying an image on a screen. When a barcode interrupts the scanning laser beam to cause a change in the speckle pattern, the display is automatically switched to a camera mode to capture the barcode. In another example, the laser display is projecting to a screen in a rear projection mode, when the screen is broken, the speckle pattern changes and the laser is turned off. Therefore, the laser beam does not accidentally flash across the eye of a person. The same is true if the laser is projecting an image to a screen in a free-projection mode, when an object interrupts the laser beam, the speckle pattern changes and the laser is turned off. 3-D Since the speckle pattern is a result of interference of the laser light scattered from an object, it is possible to store and reconstruct a 3-D image of the object, similar to holography. See FIG. C-17. Using three lasers, each at a different angle of incident to the object, and a single or multiple photodiodes, each laser will capture the object at a different angle/perspective. It is then possible to construct a 3-D image of the object. CCD/Laser Cam 3-D functionality can also be accomplished by using a laser camera in conjunction with a CCD- or CMOS based camera that is not coplanar with the laser. Since a laser camera functions best in a dimly-lit environment and a CCD camera functions best in high ambient light environment, a combined camera consisting of a laser camera and a CCD camera brings out the best of each camera. One can also mix the resolution of the two cameras. For example, one embodiment of such a mixed mode camera may use the laser camera to have large resolution and a small format CCD with low resolution. Others The display is power on-demand. It is enabled only when a switch is depressed, and disabled when the switch is released, hence conserving battery life in a handheld terminal. A photodiode is included in the portion of the product that masks the top and bottom lines of the display. This photodiode receives the laser light during a frame. The received signal can be used to synchronize the phase of the pixel clock and the scanner. Voice can be used as the input mechanism for the device. Track-ball or small buttons can be used as the input mechanism. “Touch screen” input can be implemented. The laser projection display projects “icons” on a screen. The product has a photodiode that captures the scattered laser light during a frame, and the processor remembers where the icons are in the frame. A user can touch a particular icon on the screen with his/her finger. The photodiode and electronics in the terminal senses the change in the reflected light in that area and knows that particular “icon” was selected. Hence, the laser display is inherently a “touchscreen.” Accelerometers can be integrated in a pen terminal. The accelerometers sense the motion of the pen as the user writes. The accelerometers also sense hand-jitter and correct the hand-jitter. By sensing the movement of the hand, the signal from the accelerometer can be used to dynamically changes the size of the display or to zoom-in in a particular area of the display. For example, moving the pen terminal closer to the projection screen will enable a zoom-in display. The accelerometer can also sense the movement of the hand and pan the display, hence it can be used as a scroll bar. For example, moving the pen terminal sideways will pan the display left and right, and moving the pen up and down will scroll the display up and down. Of course, the display can be scrolled or panned by voice, track ball or “touchscreen” input. The laser light during a horizontal scan can be pulsed to sample the image to be captured (to reduce noise, to circumvent a big dc-signal). The laser projection display can be used in a wearable device. The laser scanner can be mounted on the side of the head of the user, and projects the image on a screen mounted near the eye of the user. Unless specifically stated otherwise, or as is apparent from the discussion, terms such as “processing” or “computing” or “calculating” or “determining” or “displaying” or the like, refer to the action and processes of a computer system, or similar electronic computing device, that manipulates and transforms data represented as physical, electronic quantities within the computer system's registers and memories into other data similarly represented as physical quantities within the computer system's memories or registers or other such information storage, transmission or display devices. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the various system layers, routines, or modules illustrated in the various embodiments herein may be executable control units. The control units may include a microprocessor, a microcontroller, a digital signal processor, a processor card (including one or more microprocessors or controllers), or other control or computing devices. The storage devices referred to in this discussion may include one or more machine-readable storage media for storing data and instructions. The storage media may include different forms of memory including semiconductor memory devices such as dynamic or static random access memories (DRAMs or SRAMs), erasable and programmable read-only memories (EPROMs), electrically erasable and programmable read-only memories (EEPROMs) and flash memories; magnetic disks such as fixed, floppy, removable disks; other magnetic media including tape; and optical media such as compact disks (CDs) or digital video disks (DVDs). Instructions that make up the various software layers, routines, or modules in the various systems may be stored in respective storage devices. The instructions when executed by the control units cause the corresponding system to perform programmed acts. The particular embodiments disclosed above are illustrative only, as the invention may be modified and practiced in different but equivalent manners apparent to those skilled in the art having the benefit of the teachings herein. Furthermore, no limitations are intended to the details of construction or design herein shown, other than as described in the claims below. Consequently, processing circuitry required to implement and use the described system may be implemented in application specific integrated circuits, software-driven processing circuitry, firmware, programmable logic devices, hardware, discrete components or arrangements of the above components as would be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art with the benefit of this disclosure. It is therefore evident that the particular embodiments disclosed above may be altered or modified and all such variations are considered within the scope and spirit of the invention. Accordingly, the protection sought herein is as set forth in the claims below.	<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>1. Field of the Invention This invention relates generally to electronic displays, and, more particularly, to a laser projection display and its use as an image capture device. 2. Description of the Related Art Electronic cameras have historically suffered from a number of shortcomings, including high cost, lack of durability, size, weight, limited flexibility and the like. Further, conventional cameras have typically relied upon a flash unit to provide adequate illumination. These flash units are typically heavy consumers of battery power, which tends to shorten the battery life of the camera and render it less useful. Moreover, it is often necessary for a photographer to wait for the battery to charge the flash unit before taking each picture. Further, the use of a flash unit produces numerous undesirable side effects, including reflections that distort and mar the photograph. Additionally, electronic cameras typically employ one or more display screens for viewing the pictures, or as a viewfinder. These screens add to the overall cost of the camera, are often difficult to view in direct sunlight and are prone to damage and failure. The present invention is directed to overcoming, or at least reducing, the effects of one or more of the problems set forth above.	<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>In one aspect of the instant invention, a method for capturing an image is provided. The method comprises scanning laser light over an object; periodically receiving reflected laser light from the object; and arranging the reflected laser light into an image.	20040531	20071127	20060713	68358.0	G03B1503	1	SUTHAR, RISHI S	METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR CAPTURING IMAGES USING A COLOR LASER PROJECTION DISPLAY	UNDISCOUNTED	0	ACCEPTED	G03B	2,004
10,858,526	ACCEPTED	Abuse-resistant amphetamine compounds	The invention describes compounds, compositions and methods of using the same comprising a chemical moiety covalently attached to amphetamine. These compounds and compositions are useful for reducing or preventing abuse and overdose of amphetamine. These compounds and compositions find particular use in providing an abuse-resistant alternative treatment for certain disorders, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), ADD, narcolepsy, and obesity. Oral bioavailability of amphetamine is maintained at therapeutically useful doses. At higher doses bioavailability is substantially reduced, thereby providing a method of reducing oral abuse liability. Further, compounds and compositions of the invention decrease the bioavailability of amphetamine by parenteral routes, such as intravenous or intranasal administration, further limiting their abuse liability.	1. A method for reducing or preventing abuse of amphetamine, comprising providing to a human in need thereof a composition comprising amphetamine covalently attached to a chemical moiety, wherein the pharmacological activity of said composition is decreased when used in a manner inconsistent with the manufacturer's instructions. 2. A method for delivering amphetamine which prevents or diminishes euphoria, comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a composition formulated for oral dosage comprising amphetamine covalently attached to a chemical moiety wherein blood levels of amphetamine maintain a therapeutically effective level but do not result in a substantial euphoric effect. 3. A method of treating a patient in need of amphetamine, comprising administering amphetamine covalently attached to a chemical moiety. 4. A method for treating attention deficit hyperactivity disorder comprising administering amphetamine covalently attached to a chemical moiety. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein said composition is adapted for oral administration, and wherein said amphetamine is resistant to release from said chemical moiety when the composition is administered parenterally or through inhalation. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein said human suffers from attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, attention deficit disorder, narcolepsy or obesity. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein said composition is in the form of a tablet, a capsule, an oral solution, or an oral suspension. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein said chemical moiety is an amino acid, an oligopeptide, a polypeptide, a carbohydrate, a glycopeptide, a nucleic acid, or a vitamin. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein said chemical moiety is a carbohydrate. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein said chemical moiety is a polypeptide and amino acids of the said polypeptide are D-isomers, L-isomers, synthetic amino acids, nonstandard amino acids or a combination thereof. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein said polypeptide comprises fewer than 70 amino acids. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein said polypeptide comprises fewer than 50 amino acids. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein said polypeptide comprises fewer than 10 amino acids. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein said polypeptide comprises fewer than 4 amino acids. 15. The method of claim 8, wherein said amino acid is lysine. 16. The method of claim 8, wherein said amino acid is serine. 17. The method of claim 8, wherein said amino acid is phenylalanine. 18. The method of claim 8, wherein said amino acid is glycine. 19. The method of claim 1, wherein said amphetamine is selected from amphetamine, methamphetamine, methylphenidate or mixtures thereof. 20. A compound comprising amphetamine covalently attached to a chemical moiety. 21. The compound of claim 20, wherein said chemical moiety is a peptide comprising 4 or more amino acids. 22. The compound of claim 20, wherein said chemical moiety is a tripeptide. 23. The compound of claim 20, wherein said chemical moiety is a dipeptide. 24. The compound of claim 20, wherein said chemical moiety is a single amino acid. 25. A compound comprising amphetamine covalently attached to lysine. 26. A composition comprising amphetamine and a chemical moiety covalently bound to said amphetamine in a manner that renders said amphetamine pharmacologically inactive or diminishes pharmacological activity when administered via a route other than oral. 27. The composition of claim 26, wherein oral bioavailability of amphetamine is reduced at doses above those intended for therapeutic effect as compared to non-conjugated amphetamine at doses containing equimolar amounts of amphetamine. 28. The composition of claim 26, wherein intravenous bioavailability of amphetamine is reduced as compared to non-conjugated amphetamine at doses containing equimolar amounts of amphetamine. 29. The composition of claim 26, wherein the intranasal bioavailability of amphetamine is reduced as compared to non-conjugated amphetamine at doses containing equimolar amounts of amphetamine. 30. The composition of claim 26, that is resistant to release of amphetamine in a pharmacologically active form when administered intranasally. 31. The composition of claim 26, that is resistant to release of said controlled substance in a pharmacologically active form when administered by inhalation. 32. The composition of claim 26, that is resistant to release of said controlled substance in a pharmacologically active form when administered by parenteral injection. 33. The composition of claim 26, wherein release of amphetamine in a pharmacologically active form is further diminished by the addition of specific excipients. 34. The composition of claim 33, wherein said excipient is an ionically charged compound. 35. The composition of claim 34, wherein the said ionically charged compound is carboxymethyl cellulose. 36. A composition comprising amphetamine covalently bound to a chemical moiety through an amine functionality in an oral dosage form.	CROSS REFERENCE RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims benefit under 35 U.S.C. 119(e) to U.S. provisional application No. 60/473,929 filed May 29, 2003 and provisional application No. 60/567,801 filed May 5, 2004, both of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. This application is also a continuation-in-part application of PCT/US03/05525 with international filing date Feb. 24, 2003 and which claims priority to U.S. Provisional application 60/358,368 filed Feb. 22, 2002 and U.S. Provisional application 60/362,082 filed Mar. 7, 2002 all of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION (i) Field of the Invention The invention relates to amphetamine compounds, compositions and methods of delivery and use comprising amphetamine covalently bound to a chemical moiety. The invention relates to compounds comprised of amphetamine covalently bound to a chemical moiety in a manner that diminishes or eliminates pharmacological activity of amphetamine until released. The conjugates are stable in tests that simulate procedures likely to be used by illicit chemists in attempts to release amphetamine. The invention further provides for methods of therapeutic delivery of amphetamine compositions by oral administration. Additionally, release of amphetamine following oral administration occurs gradually over an extended period of time thereby eliminating spiking of drug levels. When taken at doses above the intended prescription, the bioavailability of amphetamine, including peak levels and total amount of drug absorbed, is substantially decreased. This decreases the potential for amphetamine abuse which often entails the use of extreme doses (1 g or more a day). The compositions are also resistant to abuse by parenteral routes of administration, such as intravenous “shooting”, intranasal “snorting”, or inhalation “smoking”, that are often employed in illicit use. The invention thus provides a stimulant based treatment for certain disorders, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), which is commonly treated with amphetamine. Treatment of ADHD with compositions of the invention results in substantially decreased abuse liability as compared to existing stimulant treatments. (ii) Background of the Invention The invention is directed to amphetamine conjugate compounds, compositions, and methods of manufacture and use thereof. In particular, the invention is directed to an anti-abuse/sustained release formulation which maintains its therapeutic effectiveness when administered orally. The invention further relates to formulations which diminish or reduce the euphoric effect while maintaining therapeutically effective blood concentrations following oral administration. Amphetamine is prescribed for the treatment of various disorders, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), obesity and narcolepsy. Amphetamine and methamphetamine stimulate the central nervous system and have been used medicinally to treat ADHD, narcolepsy and obesity. Because of its stimulating effects amphetamine and its derivatives (e.g., amphetamine analogues) are often abused. Similarly, p-methoxyamphetamine, methylenedioxyamphetamine, 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine, 2,4,5-trimethoxyamphetamine and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine are also often abused. In children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), potent CNS stimulants have been used for several decades as a drug treatment given either alone or as an adjunct to behavioral therapy. While methylphenidate (Ritalin) has been the most frequently prescribed stimulant, the prototype of the class, amphetamine (alpha-methyl phenethylamine) has been used all along and increasingly so in recent years. (Bradley C, Bowen M, “Amphetamine (Benzedrine) therapy of children's behavior disorders.” American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 11: 92) (1941). The potential for abuse of amphetamines is a major drawback to its use. The high abuse potential has earned it Schedule II status according to the Controlled Substances Act (CSA). Schedule II classification is reserved for those drugs that have accepted medical use but have the highest potential for abuse. The abuse potential of amphetamine has been known for many years and the FDA requires the following black box warning in the package inserts of products: Furthermore, recent developments in the abuse of prescription drug products increasingly raise concerns about the abuse of amphetamine prescribed for ADHD. Similar to OxyContin, a sustained release formulation of a potent narcotic analgesic, Adderall XR® represents a product with increased abuse liability relative to the single dose tablets. The source of this relates to the higher concentration of amphetamine in each tablet and the potential for release of the full amount of active pharmaceutical ingredient upon crushing. Therefore, like OxyContin, it may be possible for substance abusers to obtain a high dose of the pharmaceutical with rapid onset by snorting the powder or dissolving it in water and injecting it. (Cone, E. J., R. V. Fant, et al., “Oxycodone involvement in drug abuse deaths: a DAWN-based classification scheme applied to an oxycodone postmortem database containing over 1000 cases.” J Anal Toxicol 27(2): 57-67; discussion 67) (2003). It has been noted recently that “53 percent of children not taking medication for ADHD knew of students with the disorder either giving away or selling their medications. And 34 percent of those being treated for the disorder acknowledged they had been approached to sell or trade them.” (Dartmouth-Hitchcock, 2003) “Understanding ADHD Stimulant Abuse.” http://12.42.224.168/healthyliving/familyhome/jan03familyhomestimulantabuse.htm). In addition, it was reported that students at one prep school obtained Dexedrine and Adderall to either swallow tablets whole or crush and sniff them. (Dartmouth-Hitchcock (2003). According to the drug enforcement administration (DEA, 2003): Methylphenidate and amphetamine can be abused orally or the tablets can be crushed and snorted or dissolved in water and injected. The pattern of abuse is characterized by escalation in dose, frequent episodes of binge use followed by severe depression and an overpowering desire to continue the use of these drugs despite serious adverse medical and social consequences. Rendering this potent stimulant resistant to abuse, particularly by parenteral routes such as snorting or injecting, would provide considerable value to this otherwise effective and beneficial prescription medication. (DEA (2003). “Stimulant Abuse By School Age Children: A Guide for School Officials. “http://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/pubs/brochures/stimulant/stimulant—abuse.htm). Typically, sustained release formulations contain drug particles mixed with or covered by a polymer material, or blend of materials, which are resistant to degradation or disintegration in the stomach and/or in the intestine for a selected period of time. Release of the drug may occur by leeching, erosion, rupture, diffusion or similar actions depending upon the nature of the polymer material or polymer blend used. Additionally, these formulations are subject to breakdown following relatively simple protocols which allows for abuse of the active ingredient. Conventionally, pharmaceutical manufacturers have used hydrophilic hydrocolloid gelling polymers such as hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose or Pullulan to formulate sustained release tablets or capsules. These polymers first form a gel when exposed to an aqueous environment of low pH thereby slowly diffusing the active medicament which is contained within the polymer matrix. When the gel enters a higher pH environment such as that found in the intestines, however, it dissolves resulting in a less controlled drug release. To provide better sustained release properties in higher pH environments, some pharmaceutical manufacturers use polymers which dissolve only at higher pHs, such as acrylic resins, acrylic latex dispersions, cellulose acetate phthalate, and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate, either alone or in combination with hydrophilic polymers. These formulations are prepared by combining the medicament with a finely divided powder of the hydrophilic polymer, or the hydrophilic and water-insoluble polymers. These ingredients are mixed and granulated with water or an organic solvent and the granulation is dried. The dry granulation is then usually further blended with various pharmaceutical additives and compressed into tablets. Although these types of formulations have been successfully used to manufacture dosage forms which demonstrate sustained release properties, these formulations are subject to several shortcomings including uneven release and are subject to abuse. The need exists for an abuse resistant dosage form of amphetamine which is therapeutically effective. Further the need exists for an amphetamine dosage form which provides sustained release and sustained therapeutic effect. SUMMARY OF INVENTION The invention provides covalent attachment of amphetamine and derivatives or analogs thereof to a variety of chemical moieties. The chemical moieties may include any substance which results in a prodrug form, i.e., a molecule which is converted into its active form in the body by normal metabolic processes. The chemical moieties may be for instance, amino acids, peptides, glycopeptides, carbohydrates, nucleosides, or vitamins. The chemical moiety is covalently attached either directly or indirectly through a linker to the amphetamine. The site of attachment is typically determined by the functional group(s) available on the amphetamine. In one embodiment of the invention, the chemical moiety is a carrier peptide as defined herein. The carrier peptide may be attached to amphetamine through the carrier's N-terminus, C-terminus or side chain of an amino acid which may be either a single amino acid or part of a longer chain sequence (i.e. a dipeptide, tripeptide, an oligopeptide or a polypeptide). Preferably, the carrier peptide is (i) an amino acid, (ii) a dipeptide, (iii) a tripeptide, (iv) an oligopeptide, or (v) polypeptide. The carrier peptide may also be (i) a homopolymer of a naturally occurring amino acid, (ii) a heteropolymer of two or more naturally occurring amino acids, (iii) a homopolymer of a synthetic amino acid, (iv) a heteropolymer of two or more synthetic amino acids, or (v) a heteropolymer of one or more naturally occurring amino acids and one or more synthetic amino acids. A further embodiment of the carrier and/or conjugate is that the unattached portion of the carrier/conjugate may be in a free and unprotected state. Preferably, synthetic amino acids with alkyl side chains are selected from alkyls of C1-C17 in length and more preferably from C1-C6 in length. Covalent attachment of a chemical moiety to amphetamine can decrease its pharmacological activity when administered through injection or intranasally. Compositions of the invention, however, provide amphetamine covalently attached to a chemical moiety which remains orally bioavailable. The bioavailability is a result of the hydrolysis of the covalent linkage following oral administration. Hydrolysis is time-dependent, thereby allowing amphetamine to become available in its active form over an extended period of time. In one embodiment, the composition provides oral bioavailability which resembles the pharmacokinetics observed for extended release formulations. In another embodiment, release of amphetamine is diminished or eliminated when delivered by parenteral routes. In one embodiment, the compositions maintain their effectiveness and abuse resistance following the crushing of the tablet, capsule or other oral dosage form. In contrast, conventional extended release formulations used to control the release of amphetamine through incorporation into matrices are subject to release of up to the entire amphetamine content immediately following crushing. When the content of the crushed tablet is injected or snorted, the large dose of amphetamine produces the “rush” effect sought by addicts. In one embodiment, the amphetamine is attached to a single amino acid which is either naturally occurring or a synthetic amino acid. In another embodiment, the amphetamine is attached to a dipeptide or tripeptide, which could be any combination of the naturally occurring amino acids and synthetic amino acids. In another embodiment, the amino acids are selected from L-amino acids for digestion by proteases. In another embodiment, the side chain attachment of amphetamine to the polypeptide or amino acid are selected from homopolymers or heteropolymers of glutamic acid, aspartic acid, serine, lysine, cysteine, threonine, asparagine, arginine, tyrosine, and glutamine. Examples of peptides include, Lys, Ser, Phe, Gly-Gly-Gly, Leu-Ser, Leu-Glu, homopolymers of Glu and Leu, and heteropolymers of (Glu)n-Leu-Ser. In a preferred embodiment, the composition is selected from Lys-Amp, Ser-Amp, Phe-Amp, and Gly-Gly-Gly-Amp. In another embodiment, the invention provides a carrier and amphetamine which are bound to each other but otherwise unmodified in structure. This embodiment may further be described as the carrier having a free carboxy and/or amine terminal and/or side chain groups other than at the location of attachment for the amphetamine. In a preferred embodiment, the carrier, whether a single amino acid, dipeptide, tripeptide, oligopeptide or polypeptide, comprises only naturally occurring amino acids. Another embodiment of the invention provides a method for delivering amphetamine dosage which prevents euphoria, comprising administering to a patient in need a composition formulated for oral dosage comprising amphetamine covalently attached to a chemical moiety wherein said blood levels of amphetamine maintain a therapeutically effect level but do not result in a euphoric effect. In another embodiment, the covalent attachment of a chemical moiety substantially decreases the potential for overdose by decreasing the toxicity of amphetamine at doses above those considered therapeutic, while maintaining its pharmaceutical activity within a normal dose range. Covalent attachment of the chemical moiety may decrease or eliminate the pharmacological activity of amphetamine. Therefore, restoring activity requires release of the amphetamine from the chemical moiety. At higher doses partial or complete saturation of processes responsible for amphetamine release may be reached thus diminishing or eliminating the release of harmful levels of active amphetamine. For example, aspects of pharmacological activity, release, saturation are further depicted in FIGS. 1-55. In another embodiment of the invention, the covalent attachment of a chemical moiety substantially decreases the potential for overdose by decreasing the rate or overall amount of absorption of the amphetamine when given at doses above those considered therapeutic. In another embodiment of the invention, the covalent attachment of a chemical moiety substantially decreases the potential for overdose by increasing the rate or overall amount of clearance of amphetamine when given at doses above those considered therapeutic. Another embodiment provides a method of treating a patient suffering from attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, narcolepsy or obesity comprising providing, administering, prescribing, etc. compositions of the invention. Another embodiment of the invention provides a method for delivering amphetamine, comprising providing a patient with a therapeutically effective amount of amphetamine covalently attached to a chemical moiety which provides a therapeutically bioequivalent AUC when compared to amphetamine alone but does not provide a Cmax which results in euphoria when taken orally. Other objects, advantages and embodiments of the invention are described below and will be obvious from this description and practice of the invention. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS FIG. 1. Synthesis of amino acid amphetamine conjugates. FIG. 2. Synthesis of lysine amphetamine conjugate. FIG. 3. Synthesis of serine amphetamine conjugate. FIG. 4. Synthesis of phenylalanine amphetamine conjugate. FIG. 5. Synthesis of triglycine amphetamine conjugate. FIG. 6. Plasma concentrations of d-amphetamine from individual animals orally administered d-amphetamine or L-lysine-d-amphetamine. FIG. 7. Plasma concentrations of d-amphetamine following oral administration of d-amphetamine sulfate or L-lysine-d-amphetamine (1.5 mg/kg d-amphetamine base) to rats (ELISA analysis). FIG. 8. Plasma concentrations of d-amphetamine following oral administration of d-amphetamine sulfate or L-lysine-d-amphetamine (3 mg/kg d-amphetamine base) to rats (ELISA analysis). FIG. 9. Plasma concentrations of d-amphetamine following oral administration of d-amphetamine sulfate or L-lysine-d-amphetamine (6 mg/kg d-amphetamine base) to rats (ELISA analysis). FIG. 10. Plasma concentrations of d-amphetamine at 30-minutes post-dose for escalating doses of L-lysine-d-amphetamine or d-amphetamine sulfate (ELISA analysis). FIG. 11. Plasma concentrations of d-amphetamine following oral administration of L-lysine-d-amphetamine or d-amphetamine sulfate (60 mg/kg d-amphetamine base) to rats (ELISA analysis). FIG. 12. Plasma concentrations of d-amphetamine following intranasal administration of L-lysine-d-amphetamine or d-amphetamine sulfate (3 mg/kg d-amphetamine base) to rats (ELISA analysis). FIG. 13. Plasma concentrations of d-amphetamine following bolus intravenous administration of L-lysine-d-amphetamine or d-amphetamine sulfate (1.5 mg/kg d-amphetamine base) to rats (ELISA analysis). FIG. 14. Plasma concentrations of d-amphetamine levels following oral administration of Dexadrine Spansule capsules, crushed Dexadrine Spansule capsules, or L-lysine-d-amphetamine (3 mg/kg d-amphetamine base) to rats (ELISA analysis). FIGS. 15A-B. Plasma concentrations of d-amphetamine in ng/mL (FIG. 15A), and in uM (FIG. 15B), following oral administration of L-lysine-d-amphetamine or d-amphetamine sulfate (1.5 mg/kg d-amphetamine base) to rats (LC/MS/MS analysis). FIGS. 16A-B. Plasma concentrations of d-amphetamine in ng/mL (FIG. 16A), and in uM (FIG. 16B), following oral administration of L-lysine-d-amphetamine or d-amphetamine sulfate (3 mg/kg d-amphetamine base) to rats (LC/MS/MS analysis). FIGS. 17A-B. Plasma concentrations of d-amphetamine in ng/mL (FIG. 17A), and in uM (FIG. 17B), following oral administration of L-lysine-d-amphetamine or d-amphetamine sulfate (6 mg/kg d-amphetamine base) to rats (LC/MS/MS analysis). FIGS. 18A-B. Plasma concentrations of d-amphetamine in ng/mL (FIG. 18A), and in uM (FIG. 18B), following oral administration of L-lysine-d-amphetamine or d-amphetamine sulfate (12 mg/kg d-amphetamine base) to rats (LC/MS/MS analysis). FIGS. 19A-B. Plasma concentrations of d-amphetamine in ng/mL (FIG. 19A), and in uM (FIG. 19B), following oral administration of or d-amphetamine sulfate (60 mg/kg d-amphetamine base) to rats (LC/MS/MS analysis). FIG. 20. Comparative bioavailability (Cmax) of L-lysine-d-amphetamine and d-amphetamine in proportion to escalating human equivalent doses in rats (mg/kg d-amphetamine base). FIG. 21. Comparative bioavailability (AUCinf) of L-lysine-d-amphetamine and d-amphetamine in proportion to escalating doses in rats (mg/kg d-amphetamine base). FIG. 22. Comparative Bioavailability (AUCinf) of L-lysine-d-amphetamine and d-amphetamine in proportion to escalating human equivalent doses in rats (mg/kg d-amphetamine base). FIG. 23. Plasma concentrations of d-amphetamine following intranasal administration of L-lysine-d-amphetamine or d-amphetamine sulfate (3 mg/kg d-amphetamine base) to rats (LC/MS/MS analysis). FIG. 24. Plasma concentrations of d-amphetamine and L-lysine-d-amphetamine in ng/mL (FIG. 24A), and in μM (FIG. 24B), following intranasal administration of L-lysine-d-amphetamine or d-amphetamine sulfate (3 mg/kg d-amphetamine base) to rats (LC/MS/MS analysis). FIG. 25. Plasma concentrations of d-amphetamine following bolus intravenous administration of L-lysine-d-amphetamine or d-amphetamine sulfate (1.5 mg/kg d-amphetamine base) to rats (LC/MS/MS analysis). FIGS. 26A-B. Plasma concentrations of d-amphetamine in ng/mL (FIG. 26A), and in μM (FIG. 26B), following intranasal administration of L-lysine-d-amphetamine or d-amphetamine sulfate (3 mg/kg d-amphetamine base) to rats (LC/MS/MS analysis). FIG. 27. Mean plasma concentration time profile of L-lysine-d-amphetamine following 30-min intravenous infusion (2 mg/kg) or oral administration of L-lysine-d-amphetamine (2 mg/kg) in conscious male beagle dogs (n=3). FIG. 28. Plasma concentration time profile of d-amphetamine following 30-min intravenous infusion or oral administration of L-lysine-d-amphetamine (2 mg/kg) in conscious male beagle dogs (n=3). FIGS. 29A-B. Mean plasma concentration time profile of L-lysine-d-amphetamine and d-amphetamine levels in ng/ml (FIG. 29A), and in uM (FIG. 29B), following 30-min intravenous infusion (2 mg/kg) in conscious male beagle dogs (n=3). FIGS. 30A-B. Mean plasma concentration time profile of L-lysine-d-amphetamine and d-amphetamine levels in ng/ml (FIG. 30A), and in nM (FIG. 30B), following oral administration of L-lysine-d-amphetamine (2 mg/kg) in conscious male beagle dogs (n=3). FIGS. 31A-B. Individual plasma concentration time profile of L-lysine-d-amphetamine following intravenous administration (FIG. 31A) or oral administration (FIG. 31B) of L-lysine-d-amphetamine in conscious male beagle dogs. The oral formulation used comprises solution and 0.2 mg/mL in water. FIGS. 32A-B. Individual plasma concentration time profile of d-amphetamine following intravenous administration (FIG. 32A) or oral administration (FIG. 32B) of L-lysine-d-amphetamine in conscious male beagle dogs. FIG. 33. Plasma concentrations of d-amphetamine following oral administration of L-lysine-d-amphetamine or d-amphetamine sulfate (1.8 mg/kg d-amphetamine base) to male dogs. FIG. 34. Plasma concentrations of d-amphetamine following oral administration of L-lysine-d-amphetamine or d-amphetamine sulfate (1.8 mg/kg d-amphetamine base) to female dogs. FIG. 35. Mean blood pressure following intravenous bolus injection of increasing amounts of L-lysine-d-amphetamine or d-amphetamine in male and female dogs. FIG. 36. Left ventricular blood pressure following intravenous bolus injection of increasing amounts of L-lysine-d-amphetamine or d-amphetamine in male and female dogs. FIG. 37. Locomotor activity of rats following oral administration of L-lysine-d-amphetamine or d-amphetamine (5 hour time-course). FIG. 38. Locomotor activity of rats following oral administration of L-lysine-d-amphetamine or d-amphetamine (12 hour time-course). FIG. 39. Locomotor activity of rats following intranasal administration of L-lysine-d-amphetamine or d-amphetamine (1 hour time-course). FIG. 40. Locomotor activity of rats following intranasal administration (with carboxymethylcellulose) of L-lysine-d-amphetamine or d-amphetamine (2 hour time-course). FIG. 41. Locomotor activity of rats following intravenous administration of L-lysine-d-amphetamine or d-amphetamine (3 hour time-course). FIG. 42. Intranasal bioavailability of abuse-resistant amphetamine amino acid-, di-, and tri-peptide conjugates (ELISA analysis). FIG. 43. Oral bioavailability of abuse-resistant amphetamine amino acid-, di-, and tri-peptide conjugates (ELISA analysis). FIG. 44. Intravenous bioavailability of an abuse-resistant amphetamine tri-peptide conjugate (ELISA analysis). FIG. 45. Intranasal bioavailability of an abuse-resistant amphetamine amino acid conjugate (ELISA analysis). FIG. 46. Oral bioavailability of an abuse-resistant amphetamine amino acid conjugate (ELISA analysis). FIG. 47. Intravenous bioavailability of abuse-resistant amphetamine amino acid-, di-, and tri-peptide conjugates (ELISA analysis). FIG. 48. Intranasal bioavailability of an abuse-resistant amphetamine amino tri-peptide conjugate (ELISA analysis). FIG. 49. Intranasal bioavailability of abuse-resistant amphetamine amino acid-, and di-peptide conjugates (ELISA analysis). FIG. 50. Intranasal bioavailability of an abuse-resistant amphetamine di-peptide conjugate containing D- and L-amino acid isomers (ELISA analysis). FIGS. 51A-B. Plasma concentrations of d-amphetamine and L-lysine-d-amphetamine in ng/mL for the serum levels (FIG. 51A), and in ng/g for brain tissue (FIG. 51B), following oral administration of L-lysine-d-amphetamine or d-amphetamine sulfate (5 mg/kg d-amphetamine base) to rats. Serum and brain tissue d-amphetamine and L-lysine-d-amphetamine concentrations were measured by LC/MS/MS (compound indicated in parenthesis). FIGS. 52A-B. Plasma d-amphetamine and L-lysine-d-amphetamine levels (52A, ng/mL; 52B, μM) over a 72 hour period following oral administration of L-lysine-d-amphetamine (25 mg L-lysine-d-amphetamine mesylate containing 7.37 mg d-amphetamine base) to humans (LC/MS/MS analysis). FIGS. 53A-B. Plasma d-amphetamine and L-lysine-d-amphetamine levels (53A, ng/mL; 53B, μM) over a 72 hour period following oral administration of L-lysine-d-amphetamine (25 mg L-lysine-d-amphetamine mesylate containing 22.1 mg d-amphetamine base) to humans (LC/MS/MS analysis). FIGS. 54A-B. Plasma d-amphetamine levels (54A, 0-12 hours; 54B, 0-72 hours) following oral administration of L-lysine-d-amphetamine (75 mg L-lysine-d-amphetamine mesylate containing 22.1 mg d-amphetamine base) or Adderall XR® (35 mg containing 21.9 mg amphetamine base to humans (LC/MS/MS analysis). FIGS. 55A-B. Plasma d-amphetamine levels (55A, 0-12 hours; 55B, 0-72 hours) following oral administration of L-lysine-d-amphetamine (75 mg L-lysine-d-amphetamine mesylate containing 22.1 mg d-amphetamine base) or Dexadrine Spansule® (30 mg containing 22.1 mg amphetamine base) to humans (LC/MS/MS analysis). DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION In accordance with the present invention and as used herein, the following terms are defined with the following meanings, unless explicitly stated otherwise. For additional methods of attaching amphetamine to carriers, see application number U.S. Ser. No. 10/156,527, and/or PCT/US03/05524 and/or PCT/US03/05525 each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. The invention utilizes covalent modification of amphetamine to decrease its potential for causing overdose or abuse. The amphetamine is covalently modified in a manner that decreases its pharmacological activity, as compared to the unmodified amphetamine, at doses above those considered therapeutic. When given at lower doses, such as those intended for therapy, the covalently modified amphetamine retains pharmacological activity similar to that of the unmodified amphetamine. The covalent modification of amphetamine may comprise the attachment of any chemical moiety through conventional chemistry. Compounds, compositions and methods of the invention provide reduced potential for overdose, reduced potential for abuse or addiction, and/or improve amphetamine's characteristics with regard to high toxicities or suboptimal release profiles. Without wishing to be limited to the below theory, we believe that overdose protection results from a natural gating mechanism at the site of hydrolysis that limits the release of the active amphetamine from the prodrug at greater than therapeutically prescribed amounts. Therefore, abuse resistance is provided by limiting the “rush” or “high” available from the active amphetamine released by the prodrug and limiting the effectiveness of alternative routes of administration. Further, it is believed that the prodrug itself does not cross the blood brain barrier and is thus substantially absent from the central nervous system. Throughout this application the use of “peptide” is meant to include a single amino acid, a dipeptide, a tripeptide, an oligopeptide, a polypeptide, or the carrier peptide. Oligopeptide is meant to include from 2 amino acids to 70 amino acids. Further, at times the invention is described as being an active agent attached to an amino acid, a dipeptide, a tripeptide, an oligopeptide, polypeptide or carrier peptide to illustrate specific embodiments for the active agent conjugate. Preferred lengths of the conjugates and other preferred embodiments are described herein. Throughout this application the use of “chemical moiety” is meant to include at least amino acid(s), peptide(s), glycopeptide(s), carbohydrate(s), lipid(s), nucleoside(s), or vitamin(s). Carbohydrates include sugars, starches, cellulose, and related compounds. e.g., (CH2O)n, wherein n is an integer larger than 2 or Cn(H2O)n-1, with n larger than 5. More specific examples include, for instance, fructose, glucose, lactose, maltose, sucrose, glyceraldehyde, dihydroxyacetone, erythrose, ribose, ribulose, xylulose, galactose, mannose, sedoheptulose, neuraminic acid, dextrin, and glycogen. A glycoprotein is a carbohydrate (or glycan) covalently linked to protein. The carbohydrate may be in the form of a monosaccharide, disaccharide(s), oligosaccharide(s), polysaccharide(s), or their derivatives (e.g. sulfo- or phospho-substituted). A glycopeptide is a carbohydrate linked to an oligopeptide composed of L- and/or D-amino acids. A glyco-amino-acid is a saccharide attached to a single amino acid by any kind of covalent bond. A glycosyl-amino-acid is a compound consisting of saccharide linked through a glycosyl linkage (O—, N— or S—) to an amino acid. A “composition” as used herein refers broadly to any composition containing a described molecule conjugate(s). The composition may comprise a dry formulation, an aqueous solution, or a sterile composition. Compositions comprising the molecules described herein may be stored in freeze-dried form and may be associated with a stabilizing agent such as a carbohydrate. In use, the composition may be deployed in an aqueous solution containing salts, e.g., NaCl, detergents, e.g., sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and other components. “Amphetamine” shall mean any of the sympathomimetic phenethylamine derivatives which have central nervous system stimulant activity, such as but not limited to, amphetamine, methamphetamine, p-methoxyamphetamine, methylenedioxyamphetamine, 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine, 2,4,5-trimethoxyamphetamine and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine. Other embodiments are described according to the following abbreviations. Lys-Amp=L-lysine-d-amphetamine, Lys-Amph, Lysine-Amphetamine, KAMP, K-amphetamine, or 2,6-diaminohexanoic acid-(1-methyl-2-phenylethyl)-amide Phe-Amp =Phenylalanine-Amphetamine, FAMP, or 2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid-(1-methyl-2-phenylethyl)-amide, Ser-Amp =Serine-Amphetamine, SAMP, or 2-amino-3-hydroxylpropanoic acid-(1-methyl-2-phenylethyl)-amide, Gly3-Amp=GGG-Amphetamine, GGGAMP, or 2-Amino-N-({[(1-methyl-2-phenyl-ethylcarbomyl)-methyl]-carbomyl}-methyl)-acetamide This patent is meant to cover all compounds discussed regardless of absolute configurations. Thus, natural, L-amino acids are discussed but the use of D-amino acids are also included. Similarly, references to amphetamine should be interpreted as inclusive of dextro- and levo-isomers. Furthermore, the following abbreviations may be used throughout the patent. BOC=t-butyloxycarbonyl CMC=carboxymethylcellulose DIPEA=di-isopropyl ethyl amine mp=melting point NMR=nuclear magnetic resonance OSu=hydroxysuccinimido ester “In a manner inconsistent with the manufacturer's instructions” is meant to include but is not limited to consuming amounts greater than amounts described on the label or ordered by a licensed physician, and/or altering by any means (e.g. crushing, breaking, melting, separating etc.) the dosage formulation such that the composition maybe injected, inhaled or smoked. Use of the phrases such as “decreased”, “reduced”, “diminished” or “lowered” is meant to include at least a 10% change in pharmacological activity with greater percentage changes being preferred for reduction in abuse potential and overdose potential. For instance, the change may also be greater than 25%, 35%, 45%, 55%, 65%, 75%, 85%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or increments therein. For each of the recited embodiments, the amphetamine may be any of the above discussed stimulants. In one embodiment, the amphetamine is dextroamphetamine or methylphenidate. The attached chemical moiety may be any chemical substance that decreases the pharmacological activity until amphetamine is released. Preferably the chemical moiety is a single amino acid, dipeptide or tripeptide. Amphetamine binds to specific sites to produce various effects (Hoebel, et al., 1989). The attachment of certain chemical moieties can therefore diminish or prevent binding to these biological target sites. Further, the covalent modification may prevent stimulant activity by preventing the drug from crossing the blood-brain barrier. Preferably, absorption of the composition into the brain is prevented or substantially diminished and/or delayed when delivered by routes other than oral administration. The attached chemical moiety may further comprise naturally occurring or synthetic substances. This includes, but is not limited to, the attachment of amphetamine to amino acids, peptides, lipids, carbohydrates, glycopeptides, nucleic acids or vitamins. These chemical moieties could be expected to affect delayed release in the gastrointestinal tract and prevent rapid onset of the desired activity, particularly when delivered by parenteral routes. (Hoebel, B. G., L. Hernandez, et al., “Microdialysis studies of brain norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine release during ingestive behavior. Theoretical and clinical implications.” Ann N Y Acad Sci 575: 171-91) (1989). For each of the recited embodiments, the amino acid or peptide may comprise of one or more of the naturally occurring (L-) amino acids: alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glycine, glutamic acid, glutamine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, proline, phenylalanine, serine, tryptophan, threonine, tyrosine, and valine. In another embodiment, the amino acid or peptide is comprised of one or more of the naturally occurring (D) amino acids: alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glycine, glutamic acid, glutamine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, proline, phenylalanine, serine, tryptophan, threonine, tyrosine, and valine. In another embodiment, the amino acid or peptide is comprised of one or more unnatural, non-standard or synthetic amino acids such as, aminohexanoic acid, biphenylalanine, cyclohexylalanine, cyclohexylglycine, diethylglycine, dipropylglycine, 2,3-diaminoproprionic acid, homophenylalanine, homoserine, homotyrosine, naphthylalanine, norleucine, ornithine, pheylalanine(4-fluoro), phenylalanine(2,3,4,5,6 pentafluoro), phenylalanine(4-nitro), phenylglycine, pipecolic acid, sarcosine, tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid, and tert-leucine. In another embodiment, the amino acid or peptide comprises of one or more amino acid alcohols, for example, serine and threonine. In another embodiment the amino acid or peptide comprises of one or more N-methyl amino acids, for example, N-methyl aspartic acid. In another embodiment, the specific carriers are utilized as a base short chain amino acid sequence and additional amino acids are added to the terminus or side chain. In another embodiment, the above amino acid sequence may have one more of the amino acids substituted with one of the 20 naturally occurring amino acids. It is preferred that the substitution be with an amino acid which is similar in structure or charge compared to the amino acid in the sequence. For instance, isoleucine (IIe)[I] is structurally very similar to leucine (Leu)[L], whereas, tyrosine (Tyr)[Y] is similar to phenylalanine (Phe)[F], whereas serine (Ser)[S] is similar to threonine (Thr)[T], whereas cysteine (Cys)[C] is similar to methionine (Met)[M], whereas alanine (Ala)[A] is similar to valine (Val)[V], whereas lysine (Lys)[K] is similar to arginine (Arg)[R], whereas asparagine (Asn)[N] is similar to glutamine (Gln)[Q], whereas aspartic acid (Asp)[D] is similar to glutamic acid (Glu)[E], whereas histidine (His)[H] is similar to proline (Pro)[P], and glycine (Gly)[G] is similar to tryptophan (Trp)[W]. In the alternative, the preferred amino acid substitutions may be selected according to hydrophilic properties (i.e., polarity) or other common characteristics associated with the 20 essential amino acids. While preferred embodiments utilize the 20 natural amino acids for their GRAS characteristics, it is recognized that minor substitutions along the amino acid chain which do not effect the essential characteristics of the amino acid chain are also contemplated. In one embodiment, the carrier range is between one to 12 chemical moieties with one to 8 moieties being preferred. In another embodiment, the number of chemical moieties is selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7. In another embodiment, the molecular weight of the carrier portion of the conjugate is below about 2,500, more preferably below about 1,000, and most preferably below about 500 kD. In one embodiment, the chemical moiety is a single lysine. In another embodiment, the chemical moiety is a lysine bound to an additional chemical moiety. Another embodiment of the invention is a composition for preventing overdose comprising amphetamine which has been covalently bound to a chemical moiety. Another embodiment of the invention is a composition for safely delivering amphetamine comprising a therapeutically effective amount of said amphetamine which has been covalently bound to a chemical moiety wherein said chemical moiety reduces the rate of absorption of the amphetamine as compared to delivering the unbound amphetamine. Another embodiment of the invention is a composition for reducing amphetamine toxicity comprising amphetamine which has been covalently bound to a chemical moiety wherein said chemical moiety increases the rate of clearance when given at doses exceeding those within the therapeutic range of said amphetamine. Another embodiment of the invention is a composition for reducing amphetamine toxicity comprising amphetamine which has been covalently bound to a chemical moiety wherein said chemical moiety provides a serum release curve which does not increase above amphetamine's toxicity level when given at doses exceeding those within the therapeutic range of amphetamine. Another embodiment of the invention is a composition for reducing bioavailability of amphetamine comprising amphetamine covalently bound to a chemical moiety wherein said bound amphetamine maintains a steady-state serum release curve which provides a therapeutically effective bioavailability but prevents spiking or increased blood serum concentrations compared to unbound amphetamine when given at doses exceeding those within the therapeutic range of amphetamine. Another embodiment of the invention is a composition for preventing a Cmax spike for amphetamine when taken by mean other than orally while still providing a therapeutically effective bioavailability curve if taken orally comprising an amphetamine which has been covalently bound to a chemical moiety. Another embodiment of the invention is a composition for preventing a toxic release profile in a patient comprising amphetamine covalently bound to a chemical moiety wherein said bound amphetamine maintains a steady-state serum release curve which provides a therapeutically effective bioavailability but prevents spiking or increase blood serum concentrations compared to unbound amphetamine. Another embodiment of the invention is a compound of Formula I: A-Xn-Zm wherein A is an amphetamine as defined herein; X is a chemical moiety as defined herein and n is between 1 and 50 and increments thereof; and Z is a further chemical moiety different from X which acts as an adjuvant and m is between 1 and 50 and increments thereof. In another embodiment, n is between 1 and 50, more preferably between 1 and 10, and m is 0. Embodiments of the invention provide amphetamine compositions which allow the amphetamine to be therapeutically effective when delivered at the proper dosage but reduces the rate of absorption or extent of bioavailability of the amphetamine when given at doses exceeding those within the therapeutic range of amphetamine. Embodiments of the invention also provide amphetamine compositions wherein the covalently bound chemical moiety increases the rate of clearance of amphetamine when given at doses exceeding those within the therapeutic range of the amphetamine. In another embodiment, the amphetamine compositions have substantially lower toxicity compared to unbound amphetamine. In another embodiment, the amphetamine compositions reduce or eliminate the possibility of overdose by oral administration. In another embodiment, the amphetamine compositions reduce or eliminate the possibility of overdose by intranasal administration. In another embodiment, the amphetamine compositions reduce or eliminate the possibility of overdose by injection. In another embodiment, the amphetamine compositions reduce or eliminate the possibility of overdose by inhalation. In another embodiment, the amphetamine conjugates of the invention may further comprise a polymer blend which comprises a hydrophilic polymer and/or a water-insoluble polymer. The polymers may be used according to industry standards to further enhance the sustained release/abuse resistant properties of the amphetamine conjugate without reducing the abuse resistance. For instance, a composition might include: about 70% to about 100% amphetamine conjugate by weight, from about 0.01% to about 10% of a hydrophilic polymer (e.g. hydroxypropyl methylcellulose), from about 0.01% to about 2.5% of a water-insoluble polymer (e.g. acrylic resin), from about 0.01% to about 1.5% of additives (e.g. magnesium stearate), and from about 0.01% to about 1% colorant by weight. Hydrophilic polymers suitable for use in the sustained release formulations include one or more natural or partially or totally synthetic hydrophilic gums such as acacia, gum tragacanth, locust bean gum, guar gum, or karaya gum, modified cellulosic substances such as methylcellulose, hydroxomethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose; proteinaceous substances such as agar, pectin, carrageen, and alginates; and other hydrophilic polymers such as carboxypolymethylene, gelatin, casein, zein, bentonite, magnesium aluminum silicate, polysaccharides, modified starch derivatives, and other hydrophilic polymers known to those of skill in the art, or a combination of such polymers. These hydrophilic polymers gel and would dissolve slowly in aqueous acidic media thereby allowing the amphetamine conjugate to diffuse from the gel in the stomach. When the gel reaches the intestines it would dissolve in controlled quantities in the higher pH medium to allow further sustained release. Preferred hydrophilic polymers are the hydroxypropyl methylcelluloses such as those manufactured by The Dow Chemical Company and known as Methocel ethers, such as Methocel E10M. Other formulations may further comprise pharmaceutical additives including, but not limited to: lubricants such as magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, zinc stearate, powdered stearic acid, hydrogenated vegetable oils, talc, polyethylene glycol, and mineral oil; colorants such as Emerald Green Lake, FD&C Red No. 40, FD&C Yellow No. 6, D&C Yellow No. 10, or FD&C Blue No. 1 and other various certified color additives (See 21 CFR, Part 74); binders such as sucrose, lactose, gelatin, starch paste, acacia, tragacanth, povidone polyethylene glycol, Pullulan and corn syrup; glidants such as colloidal silicon dioxide and talc; surface active agents such as sodium lauryl sulfate, dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate, triethanolamine, polyoxyethylene sorbitan, poloxalkol, and quarternary ammonium salts; preservatives and stabilizers; excipients such as lactose, mannitol, glucose, fructose, xylose, galactose, sucrose, maltose, xylitol, sorbitol, chloride, sulfate and phosphate salts of potassium, sodium, and magnesium; and/or any other pharmaceutical additives known to those of skill in the art. In one preferred embodiment, a sustained release formulation further comprises magnesium stearate and Emerald Green Lake. An amphetamine conjugate, which is further formulated with excipients, may be manufactured according to any appropriate method known to those of skill in the art of pharmaceutical manufacture. For instance, the amphetamine-conjugate and a hydrophilic polymer may be mixed in a mixer with an aliquot of water to form a wet granulation. The granulation may be dried to obtain hydrophilic polymer encapsulated granules of amphetamine-conjugate. The resulting granulation may be milled, screened, then blended with various pharmaceutical additives such as, water insoluble polymers, and/or additional hydrophilic polymers. The formulation may then tableted and may further be film coated with a protective coating which rapidly dissolves or disperses in gastric juices. However, it should be noted that the amphetamine conjugate controls the release of amphetamine into the digestive tract over an extended period of time resulting in an improved profile when compared to immediate release combinations and prevention of abuse without the addition of the above additives. In a preferred embodiment, no further sustained release additives are required to achieve a blunted or reduced pharmacokinetic curve (e.g., reduced euphoric effect) while achieving therapeutically effective amounts of amphetamine release when taken orally. The compounds of the invention can be administered by a variety of dosage forms. Any biologically-acceptable dosage form known to persons of ordinary skill in the art, and combinations thereof, are contemplated. Examples of preferred dosage forms include, without limitation, chewable tablets, quick dissolve tablets, effervescent tablets, reconstitutable powders, elixirs, liquids, solutions, suspensions, emulsions, tablets, multi-layer tablets, bi-layer tablets, capsules, soft gelatin capsules, hard gelatin capsules, caplets, lozenges, chewable lozenges, beads, powders, granules, particles, microparticles, dispersible granules, cachets and combinations thereof. The most effective means for delivering the abuse-resistant compounds of the invention is orally, to permit maximum release of the amphetamine, and provide therapeutic effectiveness and/or sustained release while maintaining abuse resistance. When delivered by oral route the amphetamine is released into circulation, preferably over an extended period of time as compared to amphetamine alone. Formulations of the invention suitable for oral administration can be presented as discrete units, such as capsules, caplets or tablets. These oral formulations also can comprise a solution or a suspension in an aqueous liquid or a non-aqueous liquid. The formulation can be an emulsion, such as an oil-in-water liquid emulsion or a water-in-oil liquid emulsion. The oils can be administered by adding the purified and sterilized liquids to a prepared enteral formula, which is then placed in the feeding tube of a patient who is unable to swallow. Soft gel or soft gelatin capsules may be prepared, for example by dispersing the formulation in an appropriate vehicle (vegetable oils are commonly used) to form a high viscosity mixture. This mixture is then encapsulated with a gelatin based film using technology and machinery known to those in the soft gel industry. The industrial units so formed are then dried to constant weight. Chewable tablets, for example may be prepared by mixing the formulations with excipients designed to form a relatively soft, flavored, tablet dosage form that is intended to be chewed rather than swallowed. Conventional tablet machinery and procedures, that is both direct compression and granulation, i.e., or slugging, before compression, can be utilized. Those individuals involved in pharmaceutical solid dosage form production are versed in the processes and the machinery used as the chewable dosage form is a very common dosage form in the pharmaceutical industry. Film-coated tablets, for example may be prepared by coating tablets using techniques such as rotating pan coating methods or air suspension methods to deposit a contiguous film layer on a tablet. Compressed tablets, for example may be prepared by mixing the formulation with excipients intended to add binding qualities to disintegration qualities. The mixture is either directly compressed or granulated then compressed using methods and machinery known to those in the industry. The resultant compressed tablet dosage units are then packaged according to market need, i.e., unit dose, rolls, bulk bottles, blister packs, etc. The invention also contemplates the use of biologically-acceptable carriers which may be prepared from a wide range of materials. Without being limited thereto, such materials include diluents, binders and adhesives, lubricants, plasticizers, disintegrants, colorants, bulking substances, flavorings, sweeteners and miscellaneous materials such as buffers and adsorbents in order to prepare a particular medicated composition. Binders may be selected from a wide range of materials such as hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, ethylcellulose, or other suitable cellulose derivatives, povidone, acrylic and methacrylic acid co-polymers, pharmaceutical glaze, gums, milk derivatives, such as whey, starches, and derivatives, as well as other conventional binders known to persons skilled in the art. Exemplary non-limiting solvents are water, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, methylene chloride or mixtures and combinations thereof. Exemplary non-limiting bulking substances include sugar, lactose, gelatin, starch, and silicon dioxide. Preferred plasticizers may be selected from the group consisting of diethyl phthalate, diethyl sebacate, triethyl citrate, cronotic acid, propylene glycol, butyl phthalate, dibutyl sebacate, castor oil and mixtures thereof, without limitation. As is evident, the plasticizers may be hydrophobic as well as hydrophilic in nature. Water-insoluble hydrophobic substances, such as diethyl phthalate, diethyl sebacate and castor oil are used to delay the release of water-soluble vitamins, such as vitamin B6 and vitamin C. In contrast, hydrophilic plasticizers are used when water-insoluble vitamins are employed which aid in dissolving the encapsulated film, making channels in the surface, which aid in nutritional composition release. It should be understood that in addition to the ingredients particularly mentioned above, the formulations of this invention can include other suitable agents such as flavoring agents, preservatives and antioxidants. Such antioxidants would be food acceptable and could include vitamin E, carotene, BHT or other antioxidants known to those of skill in the art. Other compounds which may be included by admixture are, for example, medically inert ingredients, e.g., solid and liquid diluent, such as lactose, dextrose, saccharose, cellulose, starch or calcium phosphate for tablets or capsules, olive oil or ethyl oleate for soft capsules and water or vegetable oil for suspensions or emulsions; lubricating agents such as silica, talc, stearic acid, magnesium or calcium stearate and/or polyethylene glycols; gelling agents such as colloidal clays; thickening agents such as gum tragacanth or sodium alginate, binding agents such as starches, arabic gums, gelatin, methylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose or polyvinylpyrrolidone; disintegrating agents such as starch, alginic acid, alginates or sodium starch glycolate; effervescing mixtures; dyestuff; sweeteners; wetting agents such as lecithin, polysorbates or laurylsulphates; and other therapeutically acceptable accessory ingredients, such as humectants, preservatives, buffers and antioxidants, which are known additives for such formulations. For oral administration, fine powders or granules containing diluting, dispersing and/or surface-active agents may be presented in a draught, in water or a syrup, in capsules or sachets in the dry state, in a non-aqueous suspension wherein suspending agents may be included, or in a suspension in water or a syrup. Where desirable or necessary, flavoring, preserving, suspending, thickening or emulsifying agents can be included. Liquid dispersions for oral administration may be syrups, emulsions or suspensions. The syrups may contain as carrier, for example, saccharose or saccharose with glycerol and/or mannitol and/or sorbitol. The suspensions and the emulsions may contain a carrier, for example a natural gum, agar, sodium alginate, pectin, methylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose or polyvinyl alcohol. The dose range for adult human beings will depend on a number of factors including the age, weight and condition of the patient. Tablets and other forms of presentation provided in discrete units conveniently contain a daily dose, or an appropriate fraction thereof, of one or more of the compounds of the invention. For example, units may contain from 5 mg to 500 mg, but more usually from 10 mg to 250 mg, of one or more of the compounds of the invention. It is also possible for the dosage form to combine any forms of release known to persons of ordinary skill in the art. These include immediate release, extended release, pulse release, variable release, controlled release, timed release, sustained release, delayed release, long acting, and combinations thereof. The ability to obtain immediate release, extended release, pulse release, variable release, controlled release, timed release, sustained release, delayed release, long acting characteristics and combinations thereof is known in the art. Compositions of the invention may be administered in a partial, i.e., fractional dose, one or more times during a 24 hour period, a single dose during a 24 hour period of time, a double dose during a 24 hour period of time, or more than a double dose during a 24 hour period of time. Fractional, double or other multiple doses may be taken simultaneously or at different times during the 24 hour period. The doses may be uneven doses with regard to one another or with regard to the individual components at different administration times. Likewise, the compositions of the invention may be provided in a blister pack or other such pharmaceutical package. Further, the compositions of the present inventive subject matter may further include or be accompanied by indicia allowing individuals to identify the compositions as products for a prescribed treatment. The indicia may additionally include an indication of the above specified time periods for administering the compositions. For example, the indicia may be time indicia indicating a specific or general time of day for administration of the composition, or the indicia may be a day indicia indicating a day of the week for administration of the composition. The blister pack or other combination package may also include a second pharmaceutical product. It will be appreciated that the pharmacological activity of the compositions of the invention can be demonstrated using standard pharmacological models that are known in the art. Furthermore, it will be appreciated that the inventive compositions can be incorporated or encapsulated in a suitable polymer matrix or membrane for site-specific delivery, or can be functionalized with specific targeting agents capable of effecting site specific delivery. These techniques, as well as other drug delivery techniques, are well known in the art. In another embodiment of the invention, the solubility and dissolution rate of the composition is substantially changed under physiological conditions encountered in the intestine, at mucosal surfaces, or in the bloodstream. In another embodiment the solubility and dissolution rate substantially decrease the bioavailability of the amphetamine, particularly at doses above those intended for therapy. In another embodiment, the decrease in bioavailability occurs upon intranasal administration. In another embodiment, the decrease in bioavailability occurs upon intravenous administration. For each of the described embodiments, one or more of the following characteristics may be realized: The toxicity of the amphetamine conjugate is substantially lower than that of the unbound amphetamine. The covalently bound chemical moiety reduces or eliminates the possibility of overdose by oral administration. The covalently bound chemical moiety reduces or eliminates the possibility of overdose or abuse by intranasal administration. The covalently bound chemical moiety reduces or eliminates the possibility of overdose or abuse by injection. The invention further provides methods for altering amphetamines in a manner that decreases their potential for abuse. Methods of the invention provide various ways to regulate pharmaceutical dosage through covalent attachment of amphetamine to different chemical moieties. One embodiment provides a method of preventing overdose comprising administering to an individual amphetamine which has been covalently bound to a chemical moiety. Another embodiment provides a method of safely delivering amphetamine comprising providing a therapeutically effective amount of a amphetamine which has been covalently bound to a chemical moiety wherein the chemical moiety reduces the rate of absorption of amphetamine as compared to delivering the unbound amphetamine. Another embodiment provides a method of reducing amphetamine toxicity comprising providing a patient with amphetamine which has been covalently bound to a chemical moiety, wherein the chemical moiety increases the rate of clearance of pharmacologically active amphetamine (i.e., released amphetamine) when given at doses exceeding those within the therapeutic range of amphetamine. Another embodiment provides a method of reducing amphetamine toxicity comprising providing a patient with amphetamine which has been covalently bound to a chemical moiety, wherein the chemical moiety provides a serum release curve which does not increase above the amphetamine's toxicity level when given at doses exceeding those within the therapeutic range for the unbound amphetamine. Another embodiment provides a method of reducing bioavailability of amphetamine comprising providing amphetamine covalently bound to a chemical moiety, wherein the bound amphetamine maintains a steady-state serum release curve which provides a therapeutically effective bioavailability but prevents spiking or increase blood serum concentrations compared to unbound amphetamine when given at doses exceeding those within the therapeutic range for the unbound amphetamine. Another embodiment provides a method of preventing a Cmax spike for amphetamine while still providing a therapeutically effective bioavailability curve comprising providing amphetamine which has been covalently bound to a chemical moiety. In another embodiment, methods of the invention provide bioavailability curves similar to those of FIGS. 6-55. Another embodiment provides a method for preventing a toxic release profile in a patient comprising administering to a patient amphetamine covalently bound to a chemical moiety, wherein said bound amphetamine maintains a steady-state serum release curve which provides a therapeutically effective bioavailability but prevents spiking or increase blood serum concentrations compared to unbound amphetamine, particularly when taken at doses above prescribed amounts. Another embodiment of the invention is a method for reducing or preventing abuse of amphetamine comprising providing, administering, or prescribing said composition to a human in need thereof, wherein said composition comprises a chemical moiety covalently attached to amphetamine such that the pharmacological activity of amphetamine is decreased when the composition is used in a manner inconsistent with the manufacturer's instructions. Another embodiment of the invention is a method for reducing or preventing abuse of amphetamine comprising consuming an amphetamine conjugate of the invention, wherein said conjugate comprises a chemical moiety covalently attached to amphetamine such that the pharmacological activity of amphetamine is substantially decreased when the composition is used in a manner inconsistent with the manufacturer's instructions. Another embodiment of the invention is a method of preventing overdose of amphetamine comprising providing, administering, or prescribing an amphetamine composition of the invention to a human in need thereof, wherein said composition comprises a chemical moiety covalently attached to amphetamine in a manner that decreases the potential of overdose from amphetamine. Another embodiment of the invention is a method of preventing overdose of amphetamine, comprising consuming an amphetamine composition of the invention, wherein said composition comprises a chemical moiety covalently attached to amphetamine in a manner that decreases the potential of overdose from amphetamine. Another embodiment of the invention is a method for reducing or preventing the euphoric effect of amphetamine comprising providing, administering, or prescribing said to a human in need thereof, a composition comprising a chemical moiety covalently attached to amphetamine such that the pharmacological activity of amphetamine is decreased when the composition is used in a manner inconsistent with the manufacturer's instructions. Another embodiment of the invention is a method for reducing or preventing the euphoric effect of amphetamine, comprising consuming a said composition comprising a chemical moiety covalently attached to amphetamine such that the pharmacological activity of amphetamine is decreased when the composition is used in a manner inconsistent with the manufacturer's instructions. Another embodiment of the invention is any of the preceding methods wherein said amphetamine composition is adapted for oral administration, and wherein said amphetamine is resistant to release from said chemical moiety when the composition is administered parenterally, such as intranasally or intravenously. Preferably, said amphetamine may be released from said chemical moiety in the presence of acid and/or enzymes present in the stomach, intestinal tract, or blood serum. Optionally, said composition may be in the form of a tablet, capsule, oral solution, oral suspension, or other oral dosage form discussed herein. For each of the recited methods, the chemical moiety may be one or more amino acid(s), oligopeptide(s), polypeptide(s), carbohydrate(s), glycopeptide(s), nucleic acid(s), or vitamin(s). Preferably, said chemical moiety is an amino acid, oligopeptide, or polypeptide or carbohydrate. Where the chemical moiety is a polypeptide, preferably said polypeptide comprises fewer than 70 amino acids, fewer than 50 amino acids, fewer than 10 amino acids, or fewer than 4 amino acids. Where the chemical moiety is an amino acid, preferably said amino acid is lysine, serine, phenylalanine or glycine. Most preferably, said amino acid is lysine. For each of the recited embodiments, covalent attachment may comprise an ester or carbonate bond. For each of the recited methods, the composition may yield a therapeutic effect without substantial euphoria. Preferably, said amphetamine composition provides a therapeutically bioequivalent AUC when compared to amphetamine alone but does provide a Cmax which results in euphoria. Another embodiment of the invention is a method for reducing or preventing abuse of amphetamine comprising orally administering an amphetamine composition of the invention to a human in need thereof, wherein said composition comprises an amino acid or peptide (e.g., lysine) covalently attached to amphetamine such that the pharmacological activity of amphetamine is decreased when the composition is used in a manner inconsistent with the manufacturer's instructions. Another embodiment is a method of preventing overdose of a amphetamine comprising orally administering an amphetamine composition to a human in need thereof, wherein said composition comprises an amino acid or peptide (e.g., lysine) covalently attached to amphetamine in a manner that decreases the potential of amphetamine to result in overdose. Another embodiment is a method for reducing or preventing the euphoric effect of amphetamine comprising orally administering an amphetamine composition to a human in need thereof, wherein said composition comprises an amino acid or peptide (e.g., lysine) covalently attached to amphetamine such that the pharmacological activity of amphetamine is decreased when the composition is used in a manner inconsistent with the manufacturer's instructions. For each of the recited methods of the invention the following properties may be achieved through bonding amphetamine to the chemical moiety. In one embodiment, the toxicity of the compound may be lower than that of the amphetamine when amphetamine is delivered in its unbound state or as a salt thereof. In another embodiment, the possibility of overdose by oral administration is reduced or eliminated. In another embodiment, the possibility of overdose by intranasal administration is reduced or eliminated. In another embodiment, the possibility of overdose by injection administration is reduced or eliminated. Another embodiment of the invention provides methods of treating various diseases or conditions comprising administering compounds or compositions of the invention which further comprise commonly prescribed active agents for the respective illness or diseases wherein the amphetamine is covalently attached to a chemical moiety. For instance, one embodiment of the invention comprises a method of treating attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) comprising administering to a patient amphetamine covalently bound to a chemical moiety. Another embodiment provides a method of treating attention deficit disorder (ADD) comprising administering to a patient compounds or compositions of the invention, amphetamine covalently bound to a chemical moiety. Another embodiment of the invention provides a method of treating narcolepsy comprising administering to a patient compounds or compositions of the invention. In order to facilitate a more complete understanding of the invention, Examples are provided below. However, the scope of the invention is not limited to specific embodiments disclosed in these Examples, which are for purposes of illustration only. EXAMPLES Example 1 General Synthesis of Amino Acid-Amphetamine Conjugates Amino acid conjugates were synthesized by the general method described in FIGS. 1-5. Example 2 Synthesis of L-lysine-d-amphetamine L-lysine-d-amphetamine was synthesized (see FIG. 2) by the following method: a. Coupling Molar Reagents MW Weight mmoles Equivalents d-amphetamine freebase 135.2 4.75 g 35.13 1 Boc-Lys(Boc)-OSu 443.5 15.58 g 35.13 1 Di-iPr-Et-Amine 129 906 mg 7.03 0.2, d = 0.74, 1.22 mL 1,4-Dioxane — 100 mL — — To a solution of Boc-Lys(Boc)-OSu (15.58 g, 35.13 mmol) in dioxane (100 mL) under an inert atmosphere was added d-amphetamine freebase (4.75 g, 35.13 mmol) and DiPEA (0.9 g, 1.22 mL, 7.03 mmol). The resulting mixture was allowed to stir at room temperature overnight. Solvent and excess base were then removed using reduced pressure evaporation. The crude product was dissolved in ethyl acetate and loaded on to a flash column (7 cm wide, filled to 24 cm with silica) and eluted with ethyl acetate. The product was isolated; the solvent reduced by rotary evaporation and the purified protected amide was dried by high-vac to obtain a white solid. 1H NMR (DMSO-d6) δ 1.02-1.11 (m, 2H, Lys γ-CH2), δ 1.04 (d, 3H, Amp α-CH3), δ 1.22-1.43 (m, 4H, Lys-β and δ-CH2), δ 1.37 (18H, Boc, 6× CH3), δ 2.60-2.72 (2H, Amp CH2), δ 3.75-3.83, (m, 1H, Lys α-H) δ 3.9-4.1 (m, 1H, Amp α-H), δ 6.54-6.61 (d, 1H, amide NH), δ 6.7-6.77 (m, 1H, amide NH), δ 7.12-7.29 (m, 5H, ArH), δ 7.65-7.71 (m, 1, amide NH); mp =86-88° C. b. Deprotection Molar Reagents MW Weight mmoles Equivalents 4 M HCl in 4 mmol/mL 50 mL 200 6.25 dioxane Boc-Lys(Boc)- 463.6 14.84 g 32 1 Amp 1,4-Dioxane — 50 mL — — The protected amide was dissolved in 50 mL of anhydrous dioxane and stirred while 50 mL (200 mmol) of 4M HCl/dioxane was added and stirred at room temperature overnight. The solvents were then reduced by rotary evaporation to afford a viscous oil. Addition of 100 mL MeOH followed by rotary evaporation resulted in a golden colored solid material that was further dried by storage at room temperature under high vacuum. 1H NMR (DMSO-d6) δ 0.86-1.16 (m, 2H, Lys γ-CH2), δ 1.1 (d, 3H, Amp α-CH3), δ 1.40-1.56 (m, 4H, Lys-β and δ-CH2), δ 2.54-2.78 (m, 2H, Amp CH2, 2H, Lys ε-CH2), 3.63-3.74 (m, 1H, Lys α-H), δ 4.00-4.08 (m, 1H, Amp α-H), δ 7.12-7.31 (m, 5H, Amp ArH), δ 8.13-8.33 (d, 3H, Lys amine) δ 8.70-8.78 (d, 1H, amide NH); mp =120-122° C. Example 3 Synthesis of Ser-Amp Ser-Amp was synthesized by a similar method (see FIG. 3) except the amino acid starting material was Boc-Ser(O-tBu)-OSu and the deprotection was done using a solution of trifluoroacetic acid instead of HCl. Example 4 Synthesis of Phe-Amp Phe-Amp was synthesized by a similar method (see FIG. 4) except the amino acid starting material was Boc-Phe-OSu. Example 5 Synthesis of Gly3-Amp Gly3-Amp was synthesized by a similar method (see FIG. 5) except the amino acid starting material was Boc-GGG-OSu. Example 6 Pharmacokinetics of L-lysine-d-amphetamine compared to d-amphetamine Sulfate (ELISA Analysis) Male Sprague-Dawley rats were provided water ad libitum, fasted overnight and dosed by oral gavage L-lysine-d-amphetamine or d-amphetamine sulfate. In all studies doses contained equivalent amounts of d-amphetamine base. Plasma d-amphetamine concentrations were measured by ELISA (Amphetamine Ultra, 109319, Neogen, Corporation, Lexington, Ky.). The assay is specific for d-amphetamine with only minimal reactivity (0.6%) of the major d-amphetamine metabolite (para-hydroxy-d-amphetamine) occurring. L-lysine-d-amphetamine was also determined to be essentially unreactive in the ELISA (<1%). Mean (n=4) plasma concentration curves of d-amphetamine or L-lysine-d-amphetamine are shown in FIG. 6. Extended release was observed in all four L-lysine-d-amphetamine dosed animals and Cmax was substantially decreased as compared to animals dosed with d-amphetamine sulfate. Plasma d-amphetamine concentrations of individual animals for d-amphetamine or L-lysine-d-amphetamine are shown in Table 1. The mean plasma d-amphetamine concentrations are shown in Table 2. The time to peak concentration for L-lysine-d-amphetamine was similar to that of d-amphetamine. Pharmacokinetic parameters for oral administration of d-amphetamine or L-lysine-d-amphetamine are summarized in Table 3. TABLE 1 Plasma Concentrations of d-amphetamine from Individual Animals Orally Administered d-amphetamine or L-lysine-d-amphetamine (3 mg/kg d-amphetamine base). d-amphetamine (ng/ml) L-lysine-d-amphetamine (ng/ml) Time (hours) Rat #1 Rat #2 Rat #3 Rat #4 Rat #1 Rat #2 Rat #3 Rat #4 0.5 144 157 101 115 52 62 74 44 1 152 78 115 78 48 72 79 57 1.5 85 97 117 95 42 62 76 53 3 34 45 72 38 61 60 71 43 5 20 14 12 15 49 33 44 22 8 3 3 2 2 15 14 12 8 TABLE 2 Mean Plasma Concentrations of d-amphetamine Following Oral Administration of d-amphetamine or L-lysine-d-amphetamine. Plasma d-amphetamine Concentrations (ng/ml) d-amphetamine L-lysine-d-amphetamine Hours Mean +/− SD CV Mean +/− SD CV 0.5 129 25 20 58 13 22 1 106 35 33 64 14 22 1.5 99 13 14 58 14 25 3 47 17 36 59 11 19 5 15 4 24 37 12 32 8 2 1 35 12 3 24 TABLE 3 Pharmacokinetic Parameters of d-amphetamine Following Oral Administration of d-amphetamine or L-lysine-d-amphetamine. AUC (0-8 h) Percent Cmax Percent Mean Peak Percent Drug ng/ml h Amphetamine (ng/ml) Amphetamine (ng/ml) Amphetamine Amphetamine 341 +/− 35 100 111 +/− 27 100 129 100 Lys-Amp 333 +/− 66 98 61 +/− 13 55 64 50 Example 6 illustrates that when lysine is conjugated to the active agent amphetamine the peak levels of amphetamine are decreased while bioavailability is maintained approximately equal to amphetamine. The bioavailability of amphetamine released from L-lysine-d-amphetamine is similar to that of amphetamine sulfate at the equivalent dose, thus L-lysine-d-amphetamine maintains its therapeutic value. The gradual release of amphetamine from L-lysine-d-amphetamine and decrease in peak levels reduce the possibility of overdose. Example 7 Oral bioavailability of L-lysine-d-amphetamine at Various Doses Approximating a Range of Therapeutic Human Doses Mean (n=4) plasma concentration curves of d-amphetamine vs. L-lysine-d-amphetamine are shown for rats orally administered 1.5, 3, and 6 mg/kg in FIGS. 7, 8 and 9, respectively. Extended release was observed at all three doses for L-lysine-d-amphetamine dosed animals. The mean plasma concentrations for 1.5, 3, and 6 mg/kg are shown in Tables 4, 5 and 6, respectively. Pharmacokinetic parameters for oral administration of d-amphetamine vs. L-lysine-d-amphetamine at the various doses are summarized in Table 7. TABLE 4 Mean Plasma Concentrations of d-amphetamine vs. L-lysine-d-amphetamine Following Oral Admistration (1.5 mg/kg) Plasma Amphetamine Concentrations (ng/ml) d-amphetamine L-lysine-d-amphetamine Hours Mean +/− SD CV Mean +/− SD CV 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.25 103 22 21 31 11 37 0.5 126 20 16 51 23 45 1 101 27 27 68 23 34 1.5 116 28 24 72 10 14 3 66 13 20 91 5 5 5 40 7 18 75 16 22 8 17 2 15 39 13 34 TABLE 5 Mean Plasma Concentrations of d-amphetamine vs. L-lysine-d-amphetamine Following Oral Admistration (3 mg/kg) Plasma Amphetamine Concentrations (ng/ml) d-amphetamine L-lysine-d-amphetamine Hours Mean +/− SD CV Mean +/− SD CV 0 0 0 0.25 96 41 43 51 49 97 0.5 107 49 46 36 35 96 1 121 17 14 81 44 54 1.5 120 33 27 97 32 33 3 91 30 33 88 13 15 5 62 22 36 91 21 23 8 19 6 33 46 16 34 TABLE 6 Mean Plasma Concentrations of d-amphetamine vs. L-lysine-d-amphetamine Following Oral Admistration (6 mg/kg). Plasma Amphetamine Concentrations (ng/ml) d-amphetamine L-lysine-d-amphetamine Hours Mean +/− SD CV Mean +/− SD CV 0 0 0 0.25 204 14 7 74 38 51 0.5 186 9 5 106 39 37 1 167 12 7 133 33 24 1.5 161 24 15 152 22 15 3 111 29 26 157 15 10 5 78 9 11 134 18 13 8 35 5 15 79 12 15 TABLE 7 Pharmacokinetic Parameters of d-amphetamine Following Oral Administration of d-amphetamine or L-lysine-d-amphetamine. 1.5 mg/kg 3 mg/kg 6 mg/kg L-lysine-d- L-lysine-d- L-lysine-d- Parameter d-amphetamine amphetamine d-amphetamine amphetamine d-amphetamine amphetamine AUC (ng/mlh) 481 538 587 614 807 1005 Percent 100 112 100 105 100 125 Cmax 133 93 587 614 807 1005 (ng/ml) Percent 100 70 100 105 100 125 Tmax 0.938 3.5 1 1.56 0.563 2.625 (hours) Percent 100 373 100 156 100 466 Example 8 Oral Bioavailability of L-lysine-d-amphetamine at Various Doses Approximating a Range of Therapeutic Human Doses Compared to a Suprapharmacological Male Sprague-Dawley rats were provided water ad libitum, fasted overnight and dosed by oral gavage with 1.5, 3, 6, 12, and 60 mg/kg of amphetamine sulfate or L-lysin-d-amphetamine containing the equivalent amounts of d-amphetamine. Concentrations of d-amphetamine were measured by ELISA. It has been demonstrated that when lysine is conjugated to the active agent d-amphetamine the levels of d-amphetamine at 30 minutes post-administration are decreased by approximately 50% over a dose range of 1.5 to 12 mg/kg. However, when a suprapharmcological dose (60 mg/kg) is given the levels of d-amphetamine from L-lysine-d-amphetamine only reached 8% of those seen for d-amphetamine sulfate (Tables 8 and 9, FIG. 10). The substantial decrease in oral bioavailability at a high dose greatly reduces the abuse potential of L-lysine-d-amphetamine. TABLE 8 Levels of d-amphetamine vs. Dosage at 0.5 h Post Dosing with d-amphetamine Sulfate. Dose mg/kg 1.5 3 6 12 60 ng/ml 0.5 h 109 +/− 196 +/− 294 +/− 344 +/− 3239 +/− 59 72 202 126 73 Percent 100 100 100 100 100 TABLE 9 Levels of d-amphetamine vs. Dosage at 0.5 h Post Dosing with L-lysine-d-amphetamine. Dose mg/kg 1.5 3 6 12 60 ng/ml 0.5 h 45 +/− 86 +/− 129 +/− 172 +/− 266 +/− 10 26 46 113 18 Percent 41 44 44 50 8 Example 9 Decreased oral Bioavailability of L-lysine-d-amphetamine at a High Dose An additional oral PK study illustrated in FIG. 11 shows the d-amphetamine blood levels of a 60 mg/kg dose over an 8 h time course. In the case of d-amphetamine blood levels quickly reached a very high level and 8 of 12 animals either died or were sacrificed due to acute symptoms of toxicity. Blood levels (Tables 10-11) of animals administered L-lysine-d-amphetamine, on the other hand, did not peak until 5 hours and reached only a fraction of the levels of the animals receiving amphetamine (note: valid data past 3 h for d-amphetamine could not be determined due to death and sacrifice of animals). TABLE 10 Mean Plasma Concentrations of d-amphetamine vs. L-lysine-d-amphetamine Following Oral Administration of a High Dose (60 mg/kg). Plasma Amphetamine Concentrations (ng/ml) d-amphetamine L-lysine-d-amphetamine Hours Mean +/− SD CV Mean +/− SD CV 0 NA NA NA NA NA NA 0.25 2174 907 42 35 17 48 0.5 2643 578 22 81 33 41 1 2828 1319 47 212 30 14 1.5 2973 863 29 200 79 40 3 2944 95 3 440 133 30 5 NA NA NA 565 100 18 8 NA NA NA 410 206 50 TABLE 11 Pharmacokinetic Parameters of d-amphetamine vs. L-lysine-d-amphetamine AUC Percent Cmax Percent Mean Peak Percent Drug ng/ml h d-amphetamine (ng/ml) d-amphetamine (ng/ml) d-amphetamine d-mphetamine 8,130 100 3623 100 2973 100 L-lysine-d- 3,143 39 582 16 565 19 amphetamine Example 10 Oral Bioavailability of d-amphetamine Following Administration of an Extended Release Formulation (Intact or Crushed) or L-lysine-d-amphetamine Doses of an extended release formulation of d-amphetamine sulfate (Dexadrine Spansule capsules) were orally administered to rats as intact capsules or as crushed capsules and compared to a dose of L-lysine-d-amphetamine containing an equivalent amount of d-amphetamine base (FIG. 14). The crushed capsules showed an increase in Cmax and AUCinf of 84 and 13 percent, respectively, as compared to intact capsules (Tables 12-13). In contrast, Cmax and AUCinf of d-amphetamine following administration of L-lysine-d-amphetamine were similar to that of the intact capsule illustrating that extended release is inherent to the compound itself and can not be circumvented by simple manipulation. TABLE 12 Time-course Concentrations of d-amphetamine Following Oral Administration of Extended Release Dexadrine Spansule Capsules or Crushed Extended Release Dexadrine Spansule Capsules or L-lysine-d-amphetamine at Doses Containing 3 mg/kg d-Amphetamine Base. Plasma Concentration (ng/ml) Intact Crushed Spansule Spansule L-lysine-d- Hours Capsule Capsule amphetamine 0 0 0 0 0.25 32 46 3 0.5 33 85 5 1 80 147 34 1.5 61 101 60 3 64 66 76 5 46 39 66 8 34 12 38 TABLE 13 Time-course Concentrations of d-amphetamine Following Oral Administration of Extended Release Dexadrine Spansule Capsules or Crushed Extended Release Dexadrine Spansule Capsules or L-lysine-d-amphetamine at Doses Containing 3 mg/kg d-Amphetamine Base. Intact Crushed Spansule Spansule L-lysine-d- Parameter Capsule Capsule amphetamine AUC0-8h (ng · h/ml) 399 449 434 Percent 100 113 109 Cmax (ng/ml) 80 147 76 Percent 100 184 95 Tmax (hours) 1 1 3 Percent 100 100 300 Example 10 illustrates the advantage of the invention over conventional controlled release formulations of d-amphetamine. Example 11 Decreased Intranasal Bioavailability of L-lysine-d-amphetamine vs. Amphetamine Male Sprague-Dawley rats were dosed by intranasal administration with 3 mg/kg of amphetamine sulfate or L-lysine-d-amphetamine hydrochloride containing the equivalent amounts of d-amphetamine. L-lysine-d-amphetamine did not release any significant amount of d-amphetamine into circulation by IN administration. Mean (n=4) plasma amphetamine concentration curves of amphetamine vs. L-lysine-d-amphetamine are shown in FIG. 12. Pharmacokinetic parameters for IN administration of L-lysine-d-amphetamine are summarized in Table 14. TABLE 14 Pharmacokinetic Parameters of Amphetamine vs. L-lysine-d-amphetamine by IN Administration. AUC Percent Percent (0-1.5 h) d- Cmax d- Drug ng/ml h amphetamine (ng/ml) amphetamine Amphetamine 727 100 1,377 100 L-lysine-d- 4 0.5 7 0.5 amphetamine Example 11 illustrates that when lysine is conjugated to the active agent d-amphetamine the bioavailability by the intranasal route is substantially decreased thereby diminishing the ability to abuse the drug by this route. Example 12 Intravenous Bioavailability of Amphetamine vs. L-lysine-d-amphetamine Male Sprague-Dawley rats were dosed by intravenous tail vein injection with 1.5 mg/kg of d-amphetamine or L-lysine-d-amphetamine containing the equivalent amount of amphetamine. As observed with IN dosing, the conjugate did not release a significant amount of d-amphetamine. Mean (n=4) plasma concentration curves of amphetamine vs. L-lysine-d-amphetamine are shown in FIG. 13. Pharmacokinetic parameters for IV administration of L-lysine-d-amphetamine are summarized in Table 15. TABLE 15 Pharmacokinetic Parameters of d-amphetamine vs. L-lysine-d-amphetamine by IV Administration. AUC (0-1.5 h) % Cmax % Drug ng/ml h Amphetamine (ng/ml) Amphetamine Amphetamine 190 100 169 100 K-amphetamine 6 3 5 3 Example 12 illustrates that when lysine is conjugated to the active agent amphetamine the bioavailability of amphetamine by the intravenous route is substantially decreased, thereby diminishing the ability to abuse the drug by this route. Example 13 Oral Bioavailability of L-lysine-d-amphetamine compared to d-amphetamine at Escalating Doses As shown in FIGS. 15-19, the fraction of intact L-lysine-d-amphetamine absorbed following oral administration in rats increased non-linearly in proportion to escalating doses from 1.5 to 12 mg/kg (d-amphetamine base). The fraction absorbed at 1.5 mg/kg was only 2.6 percent whereas it increased to 24.6 percent by 12 mg/kg. The fraction absorbed fell to 9.3 percent at the high dose of 60 mg/kg. Tmax ranged from 0.25 to 3 hours and peak concentrations occurred earlier than for d-amphetamine in L-lysine-d-amphetamine dosed rats. L-lysine-d-amphetamine was cleared more rapidly than d-amphetamine with nearly undetectable concentrations by 8 hours at the lowest dose. Tmax for d-amphetamine from L-lysine-d-amphetamine ranged from 1.5 to 5 hours as compared to 0.5 to 1.5 following administration of d-amphetamine sulfate. The difference in time to reach maximum concentration was greater at higher doses. Cmax of d-amphetamine following oral delivery of L-lysine-d-amphetamine was reduced by approximately half as compared to Cmax following d-amphetamine sulfate administration at doses of 1.5 to 6 mg/kg, approximating human equivalent doses (HEDs) in the therapeutic range (HED d-amphetamine sulfate; 19.9 to 39.9 mg). HEDs are defined as the equivalent dose for a 60 kg person in accordance to the body surface area of the animal model. The adjustment factor for rats is 6.2. The HED for a rat dose of 1.5 mg/kg of d-amphetamine, for example, is equivalent to 1.5/6.2×60=14.52 d-amphetamine base; which is equivalent to 14.52/.7284=19.9 mg d-amphetamine sulfate, when adjusted for the salt content. At doses above HEDs in the targeted therapeutic range (12 and 60 mg/kg; HED d-amphetamine sulfate 79.8 and 399 mg), Cmax was reduced by 73 and 84 percent, respectively, as compared to d-amphetamine sulfate. AUCs of d-amphetamine following oral administration of L-lysine-d-amphetamine were similar to those of d-amphetamine sulfate at lower doses. As observed with Cmax, however, the AUCs for d-amphetamine from L-lysine-d-amphetamine were substantially decreased compared to those of d-amphetamine sulfate at higher doses with the AUCinf reduced by 76% at the highest dose (60 mg/kg; HED 399 mg d-amphetamine sulfate. In summary, oral bioavailability of d-amphetamine from L-lysine-d-amphetamine decreased to some degree at higher doses in rats. However, pharmacokinetics with respect to dose were nearly linear for L-lysine-d-amphetamine at doses from 1.5 to 60 mg/kg (HED d-amphetamine sulfate; 19.9 to 797.2 mg) with the fraction absorbed ranging from 52 to 81 percent (extrapolated form 1.5 mg/kg dose). Pharmacokinetics of d-amphetamine sulfate was also nearly linear at lower doses of 1.5 to 6 mg/kg (HED; 19.9 to 79.7) with the fraction absorbed ranging form 62 to 84. In contrast to L-lysine-d-amphetamine, however, parameters were disproportionately increased at higher doses for d-amphetamine sulfate with the fraction absorbed calculated as 101 and 223 percent (extrapolated form 1.5 mg/kg dose), respectively, for the suprapharmacological doses of 12 and 60 mg/kg (HED d-amphetamine sulfate; 159.4 and 797.2 mg). The results suggest that the capacity for clearance of d-amphetamine when delivered as the sulfate salt becomes saturated at the higher doses whereas the gradual hydrolysis of L-lysine-d-amphetamine precludes saturation of d-amphetamine elimination at higher doses. The difference in proportionality of dose to bioavailability (Cmax and AUC) for d-amphetamine and L-lysine-d-amphetamine is illustrated in FIGS. 20-22. The pharmacokinetic properties of L-lysine-d-amphetamine as compared to d-amphetamine at the higher doses decrease the ability to escalate doses. This improves the safety and reduces the abuse liability of L-lysine-d-amphetamine as a method of delivering d-amphetamine for the treatment of ADHD or other indicated conditions. Example 14 Intranasal Bioavailability of L-lysine-d-amphetamine Compared to d-amphetamine As shown in FIGS. 23-24, bioavailability of d-amphetamine following bolus intranasal administration of L-lysine-d-amphetamine was approximately 5 percent of that of the equivalent d-amphetamine sulfate dose with AUCinf values of 56 and 1032, respectively. Cmax of d-amphetamine following L-lysine-d-amphetamine administration by the intranasal route was also about 5 percent of that of the equivalent amount of d-amphetamine sulfate with values of 78.6 ng/mL and 1962.9 ng/mL, respectively. As with intravenous administration, Tmax of d-amphetamine concentration was delayed substantially for L-lysine-d-amphetamine (60 minutes) as compared to Tmax of d-amphetamine sulfate (5 minutes), again reflecting the gradual hydrolysis of L-lysine-d-amphetamine. A high concentration of intact L-lysine-d-amphetamine was detected following intranasal dosing suggesting that the large decrease in bioavailability of d-amphetamine was due to minimal hydrolysis of L-lysine-d-amphetamine when delivered by this route. It appears that only minimal amounts of d-amphetamine can be delivered by intranasal administration of L-lysine-d-amphetamine. Example 15 Intravenous Bioavailability of L-lysine-d-amphetamine Compared to d-amphetamine As shown in FIGS. 25-26, bioavailability of d-amphetamine following bolus intravenous administration of L-lysine-d-amphetamine was approximately one-half that of the equivalent d-amphetamine sulfate dose with ACUinf values of 237.8 and 420.2, respectively. Cmax of d-amphetamine following L-lysine-d-amphetamine administration was only about one-fourth that of the equivalent amount of d-amphetamine with values of 99.5 and 420.2, respectively. Tmax of d-amphetamine concentration was delayed substantially for L-lysine-d-amphetamine (30 minutes) as compared to Tmax of d-amphetamine sulfate (5 minutes), reflecting the gradual hydrolysis of L-lysine-d-amphetamine. In conclusion, the bioavailability of d-amphetamine by the intravenous route is substantially decreased and delayed when given as L-lysine-d-amphetamine. Moreover, bioavailability is less than that obtained by oral administration of the equivalent dose of L-lysine-d-amphetamine. Summary of LC/MS/MS Bioavailability Data in Rats The following tables summarize the bioavailability data collected in the experiments discussed in examples 13-15. Tables 15-17 summarize the pharmacokinetic parameters of d-amphetamine following oral, intransal, or bolus intravenous administration of d-amphetamine or L-lysine-d-amphetamine. TABLE 15 Pharmacokinetic Parameters of d-amphetamine Following Oral Administration of L-lysine-d-amphetamine or d-amphetamine at Escalating Doses. Dose Cmax Tmax AUC(0-8) AUC(inf) F AUC/Dose Cmax/Dose Route Drug (mg/kg) (ng/mL) (h) (ng · mL/h) (ng · mL/h) (%) (ng · h · kg/mL/mg) ng · kg/mL/mg Oral L-lysine- 1.5 59.6 3 308 331 61 220.7 39.7 d-amphetamine Oral d-amphetamine 1.5 142.2 0.5 446 461 84 307.3 94.8 Oral L-lysine- 3 126.9 1.5 721 784 72 261.3 42.3 d-amphetamine Oral d-amphetamine 3 217.2 1.5 885 921 84 307.0 72.4 Oral L-lysine- 6 310.8 3 1,680 1,797 82 299.5 51.8 d-amphetamine Oral d-amphetamine 6 815.3 0.25 1,319 1,362 62 227.0 135.9 Oral L-lysine- 12 412.6 5 2,426 2,701 62 225.1 34.4 d-amphetamine Oral d-amphetamine 12 1,533.1 0.25 4,252 4,428 101 369.0 127.8 Oral L-lysine- 60 2,164.3 5 9995.1 11,478 52 191.3 36.1 d-amphetamine Oral d-amphetamine 60 13,735 1 32,323 48,707 223 811.8 228.9 TABLE 16 Pharmacokinetic Parameters of d-amphetamine Following Bolus Intravenous Administration of L-lysine-d-amphetamine. AUC(0-24) AUC(inf) Route Drug Dose (mg/kg) Cmax (ng/mL) Tmax (h) (ng · mL/h) (ng · mL/h) IV L-lysine- 1.5 99.5 0.5 237.8 237.9 d-amphetamine IV d-amphetamine 1.5 420.2 0.083 546.7 546.9 TABLE 17 Pharmacokinetic Parameters of d-amphetamine Following Intranasal Administration of L-lysine-d-amphetamine. AUC(0-1) AUC(inf) Route Drug Dose (mg/kg) Cmax (ng/mL) Tmax (h) (ng · mL/h) (ng · mL/h) IN L-lysine-d- 10.16 78.6 1 56 91 amphetamine IN d-amphetamine 4.12 1962.9 0.083 1032 7291 Tables 18-20 summarize the pharmacokinetic parameters of L-lysine-d-amphetamine following oral, bolus intravenous, or intransal administration of L-lysine-d-amphetamine. TABLE 18 Pharmacokinetic Parameters of L-lysine-d-amphetamine Following Oral Administration of L-lysine-d-amphetamine at Escalating Doses. AUC(0-8) AUC(inf) F Dose Drug Dose (mg/kg) Cmax (ng/ml) Tmax (ng/ml) (ng · ml/h) (ng · ml/h) (%) Oral L-lysine- 1.5 36.5 0.25 59.4 60 2.6 d-amphetamine Oral L-lysine- 3 135.4 1.5 329.7 332.1 7.2 d-amphetamine Oral L-lysine- 6 676.8 0.25 1156.8 1170.8 12.8 d-amphetamine Oral L-lysine- 12 855.9 1 4238.6 4510.4 24.6 d-amphetamine Oral L-lysine- 60 1870.3 3 8234.3 8499.9 9.3 d-amphetamine TABLE 19 Pharmacokinetic Parameters of L-lysine-d-amphetamine Following Bolus Intravenous Administration of L-lysine-d-amphetamine. AUC(0-24) AUC(inf) Route Drug Dose (mg/kg) Cmax (ng/mL) Tmax (h) (ng · mL/h) (ng · mL/h) IV L-lysine- 1.5 4513.1 0.083 2,282 2,293 d-amphetamine TABLE 20 Pharmacokinetic Parameters of L-lysine-d-amphetamine Following Intranasal Administration of L-lysine-d-amphetamine. AUC(0-1) AUC(inf) Route Drug Dose (mg/kg) Cmax (ng/mL) Tmax (h) (ng · mL/h) (ng · mL/h) IN L-lysine- 3 3345.1 0.25 2,580 9,139 d-amphetamine Tables 21 and 22 summarize the percent bioavailability of d-amphetamine following oral, intranasal, or intravenous administration of L-lysine-d-amphetamine as compared to d-amphetamine sulfate. TABLE 21 Percent Bioavailability (AUCinf) of d-amphetamine Following Administration of L-lysine-d-amphetamine by Various Routes as Compared to Bioavailability Following Administration of d-amphetamine Sulfate. Dose (mg/kg) d-amphetamine base 1.5 3 6 12 60 HED 19.9 39.9 79.7 159.4 797.2 Oral 72 85 132 61 24 IV 43 NA NA NA NA IN NA 1 NA NA NA TABLE 22 Percent Bioavailability (Cmax) of d-amphetamine Following Administration of L-lysine-d-amphetamine by Various Routes as Compared to Bioavailability Following Administration of d-amphetamine Sulfate. Dose (mg/kg) d-amphetamine base 1.5 3 6 12 60 HED 19.9 39.9 79.7 159.4 797.2 Oral 42 58 38 27 16 IV 24 NA NA NA NA IN NA 4 NA NA NA Tables 23-28 summarize the time-course concentrations of d-amphetamine and L-lysine-d-amphetamine following oral, intranasal or intravenous administration of either d-amphetamine or L-lysine-d-amphetamine. TABLE 23 Time-course Concentrations of d-amphetamine Following Bolus Intravenous Administration of L-lysine-d-amphetamine or d-amphetamine Sulfate at Doses Containing 1.5 mg/kg d-amphetamine Base. Concentration (ng/ml) Time L-lysine- d-amphetamine (hours) d-amphetamine sulfate 0 0 0 0.083 52.8 420.2 0.5 99.5 249.5 1.5 47.1 97.9 3 21.0 38.3 5 9.0 13.2 8 3.7 4.3 24 0.1 0.2 TABLE 24 Time-course Concentrations of L-lysine-d-amphetamine Following Bolus Intravenous Administration of L-lysine-d-amphetamine at a Dose Containing 1.5 mg/kg d-amphetamine Base. Concentration (ng/ml) Time L-lysine- (hours) d-amphetamine 0 0 0.083 4513.1 0.5 1038.7 1.5 131.4 3 19.3 5 17.9 8 8.7 24 11.5 TABLE 25 Time-course Concentration of d-amphetamine Following Oral Administration of L-lysine-d-amphetamine at Various Doses (mg/kg d-amphetamine base.) Concentration (ng/ml) Time 1.5 3 6 12 60 (hours) mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.25 20.5 25.3 96 54.3 90.9 0.5 34 40.9 140.2 96 175.1 1 46.7 95.1 225.9 233.3 418.8 1.5 40.7 126.9 268.4 266 440.7 3 59.6 105 310.8 356.8 1145.5 5 38.6 107.6 219.5 412.6 2164.3 8 17.1 48 86 225.1 1227.5 TABLE 26 Time-course Concentrations of d-amphetamine Following Oral Administration of d-amphetamine Sulfate at Various Doses (mg/kg d-amphetamine Base). Time Concentration (ng/ml) (hours) 1.5 mg/kg 3 mg/kg 6 mg/kg 12 mg/kg 60 mg/kg 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.25 107.1 152.6 815.3 1533.1 6243.6 0.5 142.2 198.4 462.7 1216 7931.6 1 105.7 191.3 301.3 828.8 13735.2 1.5 129.5 217.2 314 904.8 11514.9 3 52.6 135.3 134.6 519.9 NA 5 29.5 73.5 77.4 404.3 NA 8 11.5 25.7 31.8 115.4 NA TABLE 27 Time-course Concentrations of d-amphetamine Following Intranasal Administration of L-lysine-d-amphetamine or d-amphetamine Sulfate at Doses Containing 3 mg/kg d-amphetamine Base. Concentration (ng/ml) Time L-lysine- d-amphetamine (hours) d-amphetamine sulfate 0 0 0 0.083 31.2 1962.9 0.25 45.3 1497.3 0.5 61.3 996.2 1 78.6 404.6 AUC 56 1032.3 TABLE 28 Time-course Concentrations of L-lysine-d-amphetamine Following Intranasal Administration of L-lysine-d-amphetamine at a Dose Containing 3 mg/kg d-amphetamine Base. Conc. (ng/ml) L-lysine-d- Time (h) amphetamine 0 0 0.083 3345.1 0.25 3369.7 0.5 2985.8 1 1359.3 Example 19 LC/MS/MS Analysis of Bioavailability in Dogs Example Experimental Design: This was a non-randomized, two-treatment crossover study. All animals were maintained on their normal diet and were fasted overnight prior to each dose administration. L-lysine-d-amphetamine dose was based on the body weight measured on the morning of each dosing day. The actual dose delivered was based on syringe weight before and after dosing. Serial blood samples were obtained from each animal by direct venipuncture of a jugular vein using vacutainer tubes containing sodium heparin as the anticoagulant. Derived plasma samples were stored frozen until shipment to the Quest Pharmaceutical Services, Inc. (Newark, Del.). Pharmacokinetic analysis of the plasma assay results was conducted by Calvert. Animals were treated as follows: # of Route of Treat- Dose Conc. Dose Vol. Dose Level Dog/Sex Administration ment (mg/mL) (mL/kg) (mg/kg) 3 M PO 1 0.2 10 2 3 M IV 2 1 2 2 The mg units in the dose concentration and dose level refer to the free base form of test article. Administration of the Test Article: Oral: The test article was administered to each animal via a single oral gavage. On Day 1, animals received the oral dose by gavage using an esophageal tube attached to a syringe. Dosing tubes were flushed with approximately 20 mL tap water to ensure the required dosing solution was delivered. Intravenous: On Day 8, animals received L-lysine-d-amphetamine as a single 30-minute intravenous infusion into a cephalic vein. Sample Collection: Dosing Formulations: Post-dosing, remaining dosing formulation was saved and stored frozen. Blood: Serial blood samples (2 mL) were collected using venipuncture tubes containing sodium heparin. Blood samples were taken at 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours post-oral dosing. Blood samples were collected at 0, 0.167, 0.33, 0.49 (prior to stop of infusion), 0.583, 0.667, 0.75, 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 12, and 23 hours post-intravenous infusion start. Collected blood samples were chilled immediately. Plasma: Plasma samples were obtained by centrifugation of blood samples. Duplicate plasma samples (about 0.2 mL each) were transferred into prelabeled plastic vials and stored frozen at approximately −70° C. Sample Assay: Plasma samples were analyzed for L-lysine-d-amphetamine and d-amphetamine using a validated LC-MS/MS method with an LLOQ of 1 ng/mL for both analytes. Microsoft Excel (Version 6, Microsoft Corp., Redmond, Wash.) was used for calculation of mean plasma concentration and graphing of the plasma concentration-time data. Pharmacokinetic analysis (non-compartmental) was performed using the WinNonlin® software program (Version 4.1, Pharsight, Inc. Mountain View, Calif.). The maximum concentration, Cmax, and the time to Cmax, Tmax, were observed values. The area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) was determined using linear-log trapezoidal rules. The apparent terminal rate constant (λz) was derived using linear least-squares regression with visual inspection of the data to determine the appropriate number of points (minimum of 3 data points) for calculating λz. The AUC(0-inf) was calculated as the sum of AUC(0-t) and Cpred/λz, where Cpred was the predicted concentration at the time of the last quantifiable concentration. The plasma clearance (CL/F) was determined as the ratio of Dose/AUC (0-inf). The mean residence time (MRT) was calculated as the ratio of AUMC(0-inf)/AUC (0-inf), where AUMC(0-inf) was the area under the first moment curve from the time zero to infinity. The volume of distribution at steady state (Vss) was estimated as CLMRT. Half-life was calculated as ln2/λz. The oral bioavailability (F) was calculated as the ratio of AUC(0-inf) following oral dosing to AUC(0-inf) following intravenous dosing. Descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) of the pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using Microsoft Excel. The objectives of this study were to characterize the pharmacokinetics of L-lysine-d-amphetamine and d-amphetamine following administration of L-lysine-d-amphetamine in male beagle dogs. As shown in FIG. 27, in a cross-over design, L-lysine-d-amphetamine was administered to 3 male beagle dogs orally (2 mg/kg) and intravenously (2 mg/kg, 30-minute infusion). Blood samples were collected up to 24 and 72 hour after the intravenous and oral does, respectively. Plasma samples were analyzed using a LC-MS/MS assay which provided an LLOQ of 1 ng/mL for both analytes. The mean L-lysine-d-amphetamine and d-amphetamine plasma concentration-time profiles following an intravenous or oral dose of L-lysine-d-amphetamine are presented in FIGS. 29 and 30, respectively. Comparative profiles of L-lysine-d-amphetamine to d-amphetamine following both routes are depicted in FIGS. 27-28. Individual plots are depicted in FIGS. 31-32. The pharmacokinetic parameters are summarized in Tables 29-37. Following a 30-minute intravenous infusion of L-lysine-d-amphetamine, the plasma concentration reached a peak at the end of the infusion. Post-infusion L-lysine-d-amphetamine concentration declined very rapidly in a biexponential manner, and fell below the quantifiable limit (1 ng/mL) by approximately 8 hours post-dose. Results of non-compartmental pharmacokinetic analysis indicate that L-lysine-d-amphetamine is a high clearance compound with a moderate volume of distribution (Vss) approximating total body water (0.7 L/kg). The mean clearance value was 2087 mL/h∀kg (34.8 m/min•kg) and was similar to the hepatic blood flow in the dog (40 mL/min•kg). Consequently, L-lysine-d-amphetamine is a moderate to high hepatic extraction compound with significant first pass effects (including the conversion to d-amphetamine) following oral administration. L-lysine-d-amphetamine was rapidly absorbed after oral administration with Tmax at 0.5 hours in all three dogs. Mean absolute oral bioavailablity was 33%. Since significant first pass effects are expected for L-lysine-d-amphetamine, a 33% bioavailability suggests that L-lysine-d-amphetamine is very well absorbed in the dog. The apparent terminal half-life was 0.39 hours, indicating rapid elimination, as observed following intravneous administration. Plasma concentration-time profiles of d-amphetamine following intravenous or oral administration of L-lysine-d-amphetamine were very similar, with Cmax, Tmax and AUC values for both routes essentially the same. At a 2 mg/kg oral dose of L-lysine-d-amphetamine, the mean Cmax of d-amphetamine was 104.3 ng/mL. The half-life of d-amphetamine was 3.1 to 3.5 hours, much longer when compared to L-lysine-d-amphetamine. In this study, L-lysine-d-amphetamine was infused over a 30 minute time period. Due to rapid clearance of L-lysine-d-amphetamine it is likely that bioavailability of d-amphetamine from L-lysine-d-amphetamine would decrease if a similar dose were given by intravenous bolus injection. Even when given as an infusion the bioavailability of d-amphetamine from L-lysine-d-amphetamine did not exceed that of a similar dose given orally and the time to peak concentration was substantially delayed. This data further supports that L-lysine-d-amphetamine affords a decrease in the abuse liability of d-amphetamine by intravenous injection. TABLE 29 Pharmacokinetic Parameters of L-lysine-d-amphetamine in Male Beagle Dogs Following Oral or Intravenous Administration of L-lysine-d-amphetamine (1 mg/kg d-amphetamine base). Dose Cmax Tmaxa AUC(inf) t1/2 MRT CL/F Vss Route (mg/kg) (ng/mL) (h) (ng · h/mL) (h) (h) (mL/h · kg) (mL/kg) F (%) IV 1 1650 0.49 964 0.88 0.33 2087 689 NA (0.00) (178) (0.49-0.49) (97.1) (0.2) (0.03) (199) (105.9) Oral 1 328.2 0.5 319 0.39 0.81 6351 NA 33 (0.00) (91.9) (0.5-0.5) (46.3) (0.1) (0.19) (898.3) (1.9) amedian (range) TABLE 30 Pharmacokinetic Parameters of d-amphetamine in Male Beagle Dogs Following Oral or Intravenous Administration of L-lysine-d-amphetamine (1 mg/kg d-amphetamine base). Cmax Tmaxa AUC(inf) t1/2 Route Dose(mg/kg) (ng/mL) (h) (ng · h/mL) (h) IV 2 113.2 1.0 672.5 3.14 (0.00) (3.2) (0.67-2.0) (85.7) (0.4) Oral 2 104.3 2.0 728.0 3.48 (0.00) (21.8) (2-2) (204.9) (0.4) amedian (range) TABLE 31 Pharmacokinetics of L-lysine-d-amphetamine in Male Beagle Dogs Following Intravenous Administration of L-lysine-d-amphetamine (1 mg/kg d-amphetamine base). Dose Route: 30-min iv Infusion Dose: 2 mg/kg/h (free form) Cmax Tmaxa AUC(0-t) AUC(inf) t1/2 CL Vss MRT Dog ID (ng/mL) (h) (ng · h/mL) (ng · h/mL) (h) (mL/h/kg) (mL/kg) (h) 1 1470.3 0.49 898.2 900.2 0.72 2222 807.4 0.36 2 1826.4 0.49 1072.3 1076.1 NDb 1859 603.4 0.32 3 1654.2 0.49 914.1 916.9 1.05 2181 656.0 0.30 Mean 1650 0.49 961.5 964.4 0.88 2087 689.0 0.33 SD 178 0.49-0.49 96.0 97.1 0.2 199 105.9 0.03 amedian (range); bnot determined Abbreviations of pharmacokinetic parameters are as follows: Cmax, maximum observed plasma concentration; AUC(0-t), total area under the plasma concentration versus time curve from 0 to the last data point; AUC(0-inf), total area under the plasma concentration versus time curve; t1/2, apparent terminal half-life; CL, clearance following iv administration; MRT, mean residence time; Vss, volume of distribution at steady state. TABLE 32 Pharmacokinetic Parameters of L-lysine-d-amphetamine in Male Beagle Dogs Following Oral Administration of L-lysine-d-amphetamine (1 mg/kg d-amphetamine base). Dose Route: Oral Dose: 2 mg/kg (free form) Cmax Tmaxa AUC(0-t) AUC(inf) t1/2 CL/F MRT F Dog ID (ng/mL) (h) (ng · h/mL) (ng · h/mL) (h) (mL/h/kg) (h) (%) 1 350.2 0.5 275.3 277.1 0.24 7218 0.68 30.8 2 407.2 0.5 367.8 368.7 0.48 5424 0.74 34.3 3 227.4 0.5 310.8 312.0 0.45 6410 1.03 34.0 Mean 328.2 0.5 318.0 319.3 0.39 6351 0.81 33.0 SD 91.9 0.0 46.7 46.3 0.1 898.3 0.19 1.9 amedian (range) Abbreviations of pharmacokinetic parameters are as follows: Cmax, maximum observed plasma concentration; Tmax, time when Cmax observed; AUC(0-t), total area under the plasma concentration versus time curve from 0 to the last data point; AUC(0-inf), total area under the plasma concentration versus time curve; t1/2, apparent terminal half-life; CL/F, oral clearance; MRT, mean residence time; F, bioavailability. TABLE 33 Pharmacokinetics of L-lysine-d-amphetamine in Male Beagle Dogs Following Intravenous Administration of L-lysine-d-amphetamine (1 mg/kg d-amphetamine base). Dose Route: 30-min iv Infusion Dose: 2 mg/kg of L-lysine-d-amphetamine (free form) Cmax Tmaxa AUC(0-t) AUC(inf) t1/2 Dog ID (ng/mL) (h) (ng · h/mL) (ng · h/mL) (h) 1 111.2 2.0 751.9 757.6 3.35 2 116.8 0.67 668.5 673.7 3.43 3 111.4 1.0 557.8 586.1 2.65 Mean 113.2 1.00 659.4 672.5 3.14 SD 3.2 0.67-2.0 97 85.7 0.4 amedian (range) Abbreviations of pharmacokinetic parameters are as follows: Cmax, maximum observed plasma concentration; Tmax, time when Cmax observed; AUC(0-t), total area under the plasma concentration versus time curve from 0 to the last data point; AUC(0-inf), total area under the plasma concentration versus time curve; t1/2, apparent terminal half-life; CL/F, oral clearance; MRT, mean residence time; F, bioavailability. TABLE 34 Pharmacokinetics of L-lysine-d-amphetamine in Male Beagle Dogs Following Oral Administration of L-lysine-d-amphetamine (1 mg/kg d-amphetamine base). Dose Route: Oral Dose: 2 mg/kg of L-lysine-d-amphetamine (free form) Cmax Tmaxa AUC(0-t) AUC(inf) t1/2 Dog ID (ng/mL) (h) (ng · h/mL) (ng · h/mL) (h) 1 102.1 2.0 686.34 696.89 3.93 2 127.2 2.0 937.57 946.62 3.44 3 83.7 2.0 494.61 540.38 3.06 Mean 104.3 2.0 706.2 728.0 3.48 SD 21.8 2.0-2.0 222.1 204.9 0.4 amedian (range) Abbreviations of pharmacokinetic parameters are as follows: Cmax, maximum observed plasma concentration; Tmax, time when Cmax observed; AUC(0-t), total area under the plasma concentration versus time curve from 0 to the last data point; AUC(0-inf), total area under the plasma concentration versus time curve; t1/2, apparent terminal half-life; CL/F, oral clearance; MRT, mean residence time; F, bioavailability. TABLE 35 Pharmacokinetics of d-amphetamine in Male Beagle Dogs Following Oral Administration of L-lysine-d-amphetamine or d-amphetamine sulfate (1.8 mg/kg d-amphetamine base). Mean Plasma Concentration Standard Deviation (SD) Coefficient of Variation (CV) Time L-lysine-d- L-lysine-d- L-lysine-d- (hours) d-amphetamine amphetamine d-amphetamine amphetamine d-amphetamine amphetamine 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 431.4 223.7 140.7 95.9 32.6 42.9 2 360 291.8 87.6 93.6 24.3 32.1 4 277.7 247.5 68.1 66 24.5 26.7 6 224.1 214.7 59.3 62.1 26.5 28.9 8 175.4 150 66.7 40.1 38.0 26.7 12 81.4 47.6 58.7 19 72.1 39.9 16 33 19.6 28.1 9 85.2 45.9 24 7.2 4.5 4.5 1.7 62.5 37.8 TABLE 36 Pharmacokinetics of d-amphetamine in Female Beagle Dogs Following Oral Administration of L-lysine-d-amphetamine or d-amphetamine sulfate (1.8 mg/kg d-amphetamine base). Mean Plasma Concentration Standard Deviation (SD) Coefficient of Variation (CV) Time L-lysine-d- L-lysine-d- L-lysine-d- (hours) d-amphetamine amphetamine d-amphetamine amphetamine d-amphetamine amphetamine 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 217.8 308.8 141.7 40.7 65.1 13.2 2 273.5 308 113.7 29.6 41.6 9.6 4 266 260.9 132.7 37.3 49.9 14.3 6 204.7 212.1 84.5 38.7 41.3 18.2 8 160.1 164.3 72.7 43.5 45.4 26.5 12 79.4 68.7 41.3 31 52.0 45.1 16 25.5 22.3 13.4 4.7 52.5 21.1 24 5.6 5.4 4.1 1.9 73.2 35.2 TABLE 37 Pharmacokinetic Parameters of d-amphetamine in Male and Female Beagle Dogs Following Oral Administration of L-lysine-d-amphetamine or d-amphetamine sulfate (1.8 mg/kg d-amphetamine base). Males Females Compound Compound d- L-lysine-d- d- L-lysine-d- Parameter amphetamine amphetamine amphetamine amphetamine AUCinf 3088.9 2382.2 2664.5 2569.9 Percent 100 77 100 96 Cmax 431.4 291.8 308.8 273.5 Percent 100 67 100 89 Tmax(hours) 1 2 1 2 Percent 100 200 100 200 Example 20 Delayed Cardiovascular Effects of L-lysine-d-amphetamine as Compared to d-amphetamine Following Intravenous Infusion Systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP) are increased by d-amphetamine even at therapeutic doses. Since L-lysine-d-amphetamine is expected to release d-amphetamine (albeit slowly) as a result of systemic metabolism, a preliminary study was done using equimolar doses of d-amphetamine or L-lysine-d-amphetamine to 4 dogs (2 male and 2 female). The results suggest that the amide prodrug is inactive and that slow release of some d-amphetamine, occurs beginning 20 minutes after the first dose. Relative to d-amphetamine, however, the effects are less robust. For example, the mean blood pressure is graphed in FIG. 35. Consistent with previously published data (Kohli and Goldberg, 1982), small doses of d-amphetamine were observed to have rapid effects on blood pressure. The lowest dose (0.202 mg/kg, equimolar to 0.5 mg/kg of L-lysine-d-amphetamine) produced an acute doubling of the mean BP followed by a slow recovery over 30 minutes. By contrast, L-lysine-d-amphetamine produced very little change in mean BP until approximately 30 minutes after injection. At that time, pressure increased by about 20-50%. Continuous release of d-amphetamine is probably responsible for the slow and steady increase in blood pressure over the remaining course of the experiment. Upon subsequent injections, d-amphetamine is seen to repeat its effect in a non-dose dependent fashion. That is increasing dose 10-fold from the first injection produced a rise to the same maximum pressure. This may reflect the state of catecholamine levels in nerve terminals upon successive stimulation of d-amphetamine bolus injections. Note that the rise in mean blood pressure seen after successive doses of L-lysine-d-amphetamine (FIG. 35) produces a more gradual and less intense effect. Similar results were observed for left ventricular pressure (FIG. 36). These results further substantiate the significant decrease in d-amphetamines bioavailability by the intravenous route when given as L-lysine-d-amphetamine. As a result the rapid onset of the pharmacological effect of d-amphetamine that is sought by persons injecting the drug is eliminated. TABLE 38 Effects of L-lysine-d-amphetamine on Cardiovascular Parameters in the Anesthetized Dog - Mean Values (n = 2) % % % % TREATMENT TIME SAP Change DAP Change MAP Change LVP Change 0.9% Saline 0 81 0 48 0 61 0 87 0 1 ml/kg 30 87 7 54 11 67 10 87 0 L-lysine-d- 0 84 0 51 0 64 0 86 0 amphetamine 0.5 mg/kg 5 87 4 52 3 66 3 87 2 15 93 11 51 1 67 5 95 11 25 104 25 55 8 73 15 105 22 30 107 28 58 14 77 21 108 26 L-lysine-d- 0 105 0 55 0 74 0 108 0 amphetamine 1.0 mg/kg 5 121 15 63 15 85 15 120 11 15 142 35 73 33 100 35 140 29 25 163 55 97 75 124 68 162 50 30 134 28 73 32 98 32 144 33 L-lysine-d- 0 132 0 71 0 95 0 144 0 amphetamine 5.0 mg/kg 5 142 7 71 0 99 4 151 5 15 176 33 98 39 130 37 184 28 25 126 −5 69 −3 96 1 160 11 30 132 0 70 −1 99 4 163 13 SAP—systolic arterial pressure (mmHg) MAP—mean arterial pressure (mmHg) DAP—diastolic arterial pressure (mmHg) LVP—left ventricular pressure (mmHg) % Change- percent change from respective Time 0. TABLE 39 Effects of d-Amphetamine on Cardiovascular Parameters in the Anesthetized Dog - Mean Values (n = 2) % % % % TREATMENT TIME SAP Change DAP Change MAP Change LVP Change 0.9% Saline 0 110 0 67 0 84 0 105 0 1 ml/kg 30 108 −2 65 −3 82 −2 101 −3 d-amphetamine 0 111 0 67 0 84 0 104 0 0.202 mg/kg 5 218 97 145 117 176 109 214 107 15 168 52 97 45 125 49 157 52 25 148 34 87 30 110 31 142 37 30 140 26 80 20 103 23 135 30 d-amphetamine 0 139 0 78 0 101 0 133 0 0.404 mg/kg 5 240 73 147 88 187 85 238 79 15 193 39 112 44 145 43 191 43 25 166 19 92 17 122 20 168 26 30 160 16 87 11 117 16 163 22 d-amphetamine 0 158 0 87 0 115 0 162 0 2.02 mg/kg 5 228 44 128 48 169 47 227 40 15 196 24 107 23 142 23 200 24 25 189 20 102 17 135 17 192 19 30 183 16 98 13 129 12 187 16 SAP—systolic arterial pressure (mmHg) MAP—mean arterial pressure (mmHg) DAP—diastolic arterial pressure (mmHg) LVP—left ventricular pressure (mmHg) % Change- percent change from respective Time 0. Example 21 Pharmacodynamic (Locomotor) Response to Amphetamine vs. L-lysine-d-amphetamine by Oral Administration Male Sprague-Dawley rats were provided water ad libitum, fasted overnight and dosed by oral gavage with 6 mg/kg of amphetamine or L-lysine-d-amphetamine containing the equivalent amount of d-amphetamine. Horizontal locomotor activity (HLA) was recorded during the light cycle using photocell activity chambers (San Diego Instruments). Total counts were recorded every 12 minutes for the duration of the test. Rats were monitored three separate experiments for 5, 8, and 12 hours, respectively. Time vs. HLA counts for d-amphetamine vs. L-lysine-d-amphetamine is shown in FIGS. 37-38. In each experiment the time until peak activity was delayed and the pharmacodynatnic effect was evident for an extended period of time for L-lysine-d-amphetamine as compared to d-amphetamine. The total activity counts for HLA of Lys-Amp dosed rats were increased (11-41%) over those induced by d-amphetamine in all three experiments (Tables 40 and 41). TABLE 40 Locomotor Activity of Rats Orally Administered d-amphetamine vs. L-lysine-d-amphetamine (5 Hours) Total Activity Peak of activity Time of Peak Time of Last Total Activity Counts Above (Counts per (Counts per Count Above 200 Test Material Counts Baseline 0.2 h) 0.2 h) per 0.2 h Vehicle 4689 4174 80 1.4 — L-lysine-d- 6417 5902 318 1.8 5 h amphetamine d-amphetamine 515 0 291 0.6 2.6 h TABLE 41 Locomotor Activity of Rats Orally Administered Amphetamine vs. L-lysine-d-amphetamine (12 Hours) Total Activity Peak of activity Time of Peak Time of Last Total Activity Counts Above (Counts per (Counts per Count Above 100 Test Material Counts Baseline 0.2 h) 0.2 h) per 0.2 h Vehicle 936 0 81 7.2 — L-lysine-d- 8423 7487 256 1.8 8.6 h amphetamine d-amphetamine 6622 5686 223 0.6 6.4 h Example 22 Pharmacodynamic Response to Amphetamine vs. L-lysine-d-amphetamine by Intranasal Administration Male Sprague-Dawley rats were dosed by intranasal administration with 1.0 mg/kg of amphetamine or L-lysine-d-amphetamine containing the equivalent amount of d-amphetamine. In a second set of similarly dosed animals carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) was added to the drug solutions at a concentration of 62.6 mg/ml (approximately 2-fold higher than the concentration of L-lysine-d-amphetamine and 5-fold higher than the d-amphetamine content). The CMC drug mixtures were suspended thoroughly before each dose was delivered. Locomotor activity was monitored using the procedure described in the section titled example 7. As shown in FIGS. 39-40, the activity vs. time (1 hour or 2 hours) is shown for amphetamine/CMC vs. L-lysine-d-amphetamine and compared to that of amphetamine vs. L-lysine-d-amphetamine CMC. As seen in FIG. 39, addition of CMC to L-lysine-d-amphetamine decreased the activity response of IN dosed rats to levels similar to the water/CMC control, whereas no effect was seen on amphetamine activity by the addition of CMC. The increase in activity over baseline of L-lysine-d-amphetamine with CMC was only 9% compared to 34% for Lys-Amp without CMC when compared to activity observed for d-amphetamine dosed animals (Table 42). CMC had no observable affect on d-amphetamine activity induced by IN administration. TABLE 42 Locomotor Activity of Intranasal d-amphetamine vs. L-lysine-d-amphetamine with and without CMC Total Activity Total Counts Activity Counts Percent d- Drug n (1 h) Above Baseline amphetamine d-mphetamine 3 858 686 100 d-amphetamine CMC 3 829 657 100 L-lysine-d- 4 408 237 35 amphetamine L-lysine-d- 4 232 60 9 amphetamine CMC Water 1 172 0 0 Water CMC 1 172 0 0 Example 23 Pharmacodynamic Response to Amphetamine vs. L-lysine-d-amphetamine by Intravenous (IV) Administration Male Sprague-Dawley rats were dosed by intravenous administration with 1.0 mg/kg of d-amphetamine or L-lysine-d-amphetamine containing the equivalent amount of amphetamine. The activity vs. time (3 hours) is shown for d-amphetamine vs. L-lysine-d-amphetamine (FIG. 41). The activity induced by L-lysine-d-amphetamine was substantially decreased and time to peak activity was delayed. The activity expressed as total activity counts over a three hour period of time is shown in FIG. 41. The increase in activity over baseline of L-lysine-d-amphetamine was 34% for L-lysine-d-amphetamine when compared to activity observed for d-amphetamine dosed animals (Table 43). TABLE 43 Total activity counts after d-amphetamine vs. L-lysine-d-amphetamine Following Intravenous (IV) Administration. Total Activity Counts Above Percent Drug n 3 h Baseline d-amphetamine d-amphetamine 3 1659 1355 100 L-lysine-d- 4 767 463 34 amphetamine Water 1 304 0 0 No activity is defined as producing between −20% and 20% inhibition of radioligand binding (Novascreen). Example 24 Decrease in Toxicity of Orally Administered L-lysine-d-amphetamine Three male and three female Sprague Dawley rats per group were given a single oral administration of L-lysine-d-amphetamine at 0.1, 1.0, 10, 60, 100 or 1000 mg/kg (Table 44). Each animal was observed for signs of toxicity and death on Days 1-7 (with Day 1 being the day of the dose) and one rat/sex/group was necropsied upon death (scheduled or unscheduled). TABLE 44 Dosing Chart Oral Administration of L-lysine-d-amphetamine Toxicity Testing. No. of Animals Dosages Concentrations Groups M F Test Article (mg/kg) (mg/mL) 1 3 3 L-lysine-d-amphetamine 0.1 0.01 2 3 3 L-lysine-d-amphetamine 1.0 0.1 3 3 3 L-lysine-d-amphetamine 10 1.0 4 3 3 L-lysine-d-amphetamine 60 6.0 5 3 3 L-lysine-d-amphetamine 100 10 6 3 3 L-lysine-d-amphetamine 1000 100 Key observations of this study include: All animals in Groups 1-3 showed no observable signs throughout the conduct of the study. All animals in Groups 4-6 exhibited increased motor activity within two hours post-dose and which lasted into Day 2. One female rat dosed at 1000 mg/kg was found dead on Day 2. Necropsy revealed chromodacryorrhea, chromorhinorrhea, distended stomach (gas), enlarged adrenal glands, and edematous and distended intestines. A total of 4 rats had skin lesions of varying degrees of severity on Day 3. One male rat dosed at 1000 mg/kg was euthanatized on Day 3 due to open skin lesions on the ventral neck. All remaining animals appeared normal from Day 4 through Day 7. Animals were observed for signs of toxicity at 1, 2 and 4 h post-dose, and once daily for 7 days after dosing and cage-side observations were recorded. Animals found dead, or sacrificed moribund were necropsied and discarded. A total of one animal/sex/group was necropsied upon scheduled or unscheduled death. Cage-side observations and gross necropsy findings are summarized in Table 5. The data are not sufficient to establish a lethal dose, however, the study indicates that the lethal oral dose of L-lysine-d-amphetamine is above 1000 mg/kg, because only one death occurred out of a group of six animals. Although a second animal in this dose group was euthanatized on Day 3, it was done for humane reasons and it was felt that this animal would have fully recovered. Observations suggested drug-induced stress in Groups 4-6 that is characteristic of amphetamine toxicity (NTP, 1990; NIOSH REGISTRY NUMBER: SI1750000; Goodman et. al., 1985). All animals showed no abnormal signs on Days 4-7 suggesting full recovery at each treatment level. The lack of data to support an established lethal dose is believed to be due to a putative protective effect of conjugating amphetamine with lysine. Intact L-lysine-d-amphetamine has been shown to be inactive, but becomes active upon metabolism into the unconjugated form (d-amphetamine). Thus, at high doses, saturation of metabolism of L-lysine-d-amphetamine into the unconjugated form may explain the lack of observed toxicity, which was expected at doses greater than 100 mg/kg, which is consistent with d-amphetamine sulfate (NTP, 1990). The formation rate of d-amphetamine and the extent of the formation of amphetamine may both attribute to the reduced toxicity. Alternatively, oral absorption of L-lysine-d-amphetamine may also be saturated at such high concentrations, which may suggest low toxicity due to limited bioavailability of L-lysine-d-amphetamine. Example 25 In Vitro Assessment of L-lysine-d-amphetamine Pharmacodynamic Activity It was anticipated that the acylation of amphetamine, as in the amino acid conjugates discussed here, would significantly reduce the stimulant activity of the parent drug. For example, Marvola (1976) showed that N-acetylation of amphetamine completely abolished the locomotor activity increasing effects in mice. To confirm that the conjugate was not directly acting as a stimulant, we tested (Novascreen, Hanover, MD) the specific binding of Lys-Amp (10−9 to 10−5 M) to human recombinant dopamine and norepinephrine transport binding sites using standard radioligand binding assays. The results (see Table 45) indicate that the Lys-Amp did not bind to these sites. It seems unlikely that the conjugate retains stimulant activity in light of these results. (Marvola, M. (1976). “Effect of acetylated derivatives of some sympathomimetic amines on the acute toxicity, locomotor activity and barbiturate anesthesia time in mice.” Acta Pharmacol Toxicol (Copenh) 38(5): 474-89). TABLE 45 Results From Radioligand Binding Experiments with L-lysine-d-amphetamine Reference Ki (M) for Assay Radioligand Compound Ref. Cpd. Activity* NE Transporter [3H]-Nisoxetine Desipramine 4.1 × 10−9 No DA Transporter [3H]-WIN35428 GBR-12909 7.7 × 10−9 No Example 26 In Vitro Assessment “Kitchen Tests” to Release Amphetamine It was anticipated that attempts would be made by illicit chemists to treat the compound with various easily accessible physical and chemical methods by which to release free amphetamine from the conjugate. An abuse-resistant preparation would have the additional feature of not releasing d-amphetamine when exposed to water, acid (vinegar), base (baking powder and baking soda), and heat. In several tests with L-lysine-d-amphetamine and GGG-Amp, no amphetamine was detected after the following treatments: Vinegar Tap Water Baking Powder Baking Soda L-lysine-d- 0% 0% 0% 0% amphetamine Gly3-Amp 0% 0% 0% 0% Samples were heated to boiling for 20-60 minutes in each test. Example 27 Bioavailability of Various Amino Acid-Amphetamine Compounds Administered by Oral, Intranasal, and Intravenous Routes Oral Administration. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were provided water ad libitum, fasted overnight, and dosed by oral gavage with amphetamine or amino acid-amphetamine conjugates containing the equivalent amount of amphetamine. Intranasal Administration. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were dosed by intranasal administration with 1.8 mg/kg of amphetamine or lysine-amphetamine containing the equivalent amount of amphetamine. The relative in vivo performance of various amino acid-amphetamine compounds is shown in FIGS. 42-50 and summarized in Table 46. Intranasal bioavailability of amphetamine from Ser-Amp was decreased to some degree relative to free amphetamine. However, this compound was not bioequivalent with amphetamine by the oral route of administration. Phenylalanine was bioequivalent with amphetamine by the oral route of administration, however, little or no decrease in bioavailability by parenteral routes of administration was observed. Gly3-Amp had nearly equal bioavailability (90%) by the oral route accompanied by a decrease in Cmax (74%). Additionally, Gly3-Amp showed a decrease in bioavailability relative to amphetamine by intranasal and intravenous routes. TABLE 46 Percent Bioavailability of Amino Acid Amphetamine Compounds Administered by Oral, Intranasal or Intravenous Routes Oral Intranasal Intravenous Drug Percent AUC Percent Cmax Percent AUC Percent Cmax Percent AUC Percent Cmax Amphetamine 100 100 100 100 100 100 E-Amp 73 95 NA NA NA NA EE-Amp 26 74 NA NA NA NA L-Amp 65 81 NA NA NA NA S-Amp 79/55 62/75 76 65 NA NA GG-Amp 79 88 88 85 NA NA GGG-Amp 111/68 74/73 32 38 45 46 F-Amp 95 91 97 95 87 89 EEF-Amp 42 73 39 29 NA NA FF-Amp 27 64 NA NA NA NA Gulonate-Amp 1 1 0.4 0.5 3 5 K-Amp 98 55 0.5 0.5 3 3 KG-Amp 69 71 13 12 NA NA dK/K-Amp 16 7 2 2 NA NA LE-Amp 40 28 6 6 NA NA H-Amp 16 21 22 42 NA NA Example 28 Decreased Oral Cmax of d-Amphetamine Conjugates Male Sprague-Dawley rats were provided water ad libitum, fasted overnight and dosed by oral gavage with amphetamine conjugate or d-amphetamine sulfate. All doses contained equivalent amounts of d-amphetamine base. Plasma d-amphetamine concentrations were measured by ELISA (Amphetamine Ultra, 109319, Neogen, Corporation, Lexington, Ky.). The assay is specific for d-amphetamine with only minimal reactivity (0.6%) of the major d-amphetamine metabolite (para-hydroxy-d-amphetamine) occurring. Plasma d-amphetamine and L-lysine-d-amphetamine concentrations were measured by LC/MS/MS where indicated in examples. Example 29 Decreased Intranasal Bioavailability (AUC and Cmax) of d-Amphetamine Conjugates Male Sprague-Dawley rats were provided water ad libitum and doses were administered by placing 0.02 ml of water containing amphetamine conjugate or d-amphetamine sulfate into the nasal flares. All doses contained equivalent amounts of d-amphetamine base. Plasma d-amphetamine concentrations were measured by ELISA (Amphetamine Ultra, 109319, Neogen, Corporation, Lexington, Ky.). The assay is specific for d-amphetamine with only minimal reactivity (0.6%) of the major d-amphetamine metabolite (para-hydroxy-d-amphetamine) occurring. Plasma d-amphetamine and L-lysine-d-amphetamine concentrations were measured by LC/MS/MS where indicated in examples. Example 30 Decreased Intravenous Bioavailability (AUC and Cmax) of d-Amphetamine Conjugates Male Sprague-Dawley rats were provided water ad libitum and doses were administered by intravenous tail vein injection of 0.1 ml of water containing amphetamine conjugate or d-amphetamine sulfate. All doses contained equivalent amounts of d-amphetamine base. Plasma d-amphetamine concentrations were measured by ELISA (Amphetamine Ultra, 109319, Neogen, Corporation, Lexington, Ky.). The assay is specific for d-amphetamine with only minimal reactivity (0.6%) of the major d-amphetamine metabolite (para-hydroxy-d-amphetamine) occurring. Plasma d-amphetamine and L-lysine-d-amphetamine concentrations were measured by LC/MS/MS where indicated in examples. Example 31 Attachment of Amphetamine to Variety of Chemical Moieties The above examples demonstrate the use of an amphetamine conjugated to a chemical moiety, such as an amino acid, which is useful in reducing the potential for overdose while maintaining its therapeutic value. The effectiveness of binding amphetamine to a chemical moiety was demonstrated through the attachment of amphetamine to lysine (K), however, the above examples are meant to be illustrative only. The attachment of amphetamine to any variety of chemical moieties (i.e. peptides, glycopeptides, carbohydrates, nucleosides, or vitamins)as described below through similar procedures using the following exemplary starting materials. Amphetamine Synthetic Examples Synthesis of Gly2-Amp Gly2-Amp was synthesized by a similar method except the amino acid starting material was Boc-Gly-Gly-OSu. Synthesis of Glu2-Phe-Amp Glu2-Phe-Amp was synthesized by a similar method except the amino acid starting material was Boc-Glu(OtBu)-Glu(OtBu)-OSu and the starting drug conjugate was Phe-Amp (see Phe-Amp synthesis). Synthesis of His-Amp His-Amp was synthesized by a similar method except the amino acid starting material was Boc-His(Trt)-OSu. Synthesis of Lys-Gly-Amp Lys-Gly-Amp was synthesized by a similar method except the amino acid starting material was Boc-Lys(Boc)-OSu and the starting drug conjugate was Gly-Amp (see Gly-Amp synthesis). Synthesis of Lys-Glu-Amp Lys-Glu-Amp was synthesized by a similar method except the amino acid starting material was Boc-Lys(Boc)-OSu and the starting drug conjugate was Glu-Amp. Synthesis of Glu-Amp Glu-Amp was synthesized by a similar method except the amino acid starting material was Boc-Glu(OtBu)-OSu. Synthesis of (d)-Lys-(l)-Lys-Amp (d)-Lys-(l)-Lys-Amp was synthesized by a similar method except the amino acid starting material was Boc-(d)-Lys(Boc)-(l)-Lys(Boc)-OSu. Synthesis of Gulonic Acid-Amp Gul-Amp was synthesized by a similar method except the carbohydrate starting material was gulonic acid-OSu. Example 32 Lack of Detection of L-lysine-d-amphetamine in Brain Tissue Following Oral Administration Male Sprague-Dawley rats were provided water ad libitum, fasted overnight and dosed by oral gavage with L-lysine-d-amphetamine or d-amphetamine sulfate. All doses contained equivalent amounts of d-amphetamine base. As shown in FIGS. 51A-B, similar levels of d-amphetamine were detected in serum as well as in brain tissue following administration of d-amphetamine sulfate or L-lysine-d-amphetamine. The conjugate L-lysine-d-amphetamine, however, was present in appreciable amounts in serum but was not detected in brain tissue indicating that the conjugate does not cross the blood brain barrier to access the central nervous system site of action. Example 33 Clinical Pharmacokinetic Evaluation and Oral Bioavailability of L-lysine-d-amphetamine Compared to Amphetamine Extended Release Products Adderall XR® and Dexadrine Spansule® Used in the Treatment of ADHD TABLE 47 Treatment Groups and Dosage for Clinical Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of L-lysine-d-amphetamine Compared to Adderall XR ® or Dexadrine Spansule ® Treat- Dose ment Number of Dose (amphetamine Drug Group Subjects Dose (mg) base) L-lysine- A 10 1 × 25 mg 25 7.37 d- capsule amphetamine L-lysine- B 10 3 × 25 mg 75 22.1 d- capsules amphetamine Dexadrine C 10 3 × 10 mg 30 22.1 Spansule ® capsules Adderall D 10 1 × 30 mg 35 21.9 XR ® capsules plus 1 × 5 mg capsule A clinical evaluation of the pharmacokinetics and oral bioavailability of L-lysine-d-amphetamine in humans was conducted. L-lysine-d-amphetamine was orally administered at doses approximating the lower (25 mg) and higher (75 mg) end of the therapeutic range based on d-amphetamine base content of the doses. Additionally, the higher dose was compared to doses of Adderall XR® (Shire) or Dexadrine Spansule® (GlaxoSmithKline) containing equivalent amphetamine base to that of the higher L-lysine-d-amphetamine dose. Treatment groups and doses are summarized in Table 47. All levels below limit quantifiable (blq<0.5 ng/mL) were treated as zero for purposes of pharmacokinetic analysis. The concentrations of d-amphetamine and L-lysine-d-amphetamine intact conjugate following administration of L-lysine-d-amphetamine at the low and high dose for each individual subject as well as pharmacokinetic parameters are presented in Tables 48-51. The concentrations of d-amphetamine following administration of Adderall XR® or Dexadrine Spansule® for each individual subject as well as pharmacokinetic parameters are presented in Tables 52 and 53, respectively. Concentration-time curves showing L-lysine-d-amphetamine intact conjugate and d-amphetamine (ng/mL, FIGS. 52A and 53A and uM, FIGS. 52B and 53B) are presented in FIGS. 52 and 53. Extended release of d-amphetamine from L-lysine-d-amphetamine was observed for both doses and pharmacokinetic parameters (Cmax and AUC) were proportional to dose when the lower and higher dose results were compared (Table 43, 50 and 54; FIGS. 52 and 53). Significant levels of d-amphetamine were not observed until one-hour post administration. Only small amounts (1.6 and 2.0 percent of total drug absorption, respectively for 25 and 75 mg doses; AUCinf—molar basis) of L-lysine-d-amphetamine intact conjugate were detected with levels peaking at about one hour Table 49 and 51). The small amount of intact conjugate absorbed was rapidly and completely eliminated with no detectable concentrations present by five hours even at the highest dose. In a cross-over design (identical subjects received Adderall XR® doses following a 7-day washout period), the higher L-lysine-d-amphetamine dose was compared to an equivalent dose of Adderall XR®. Adderall XR® is a once-daily extended release treatment for ADHD that contains a mixture of d-amphetamine and l-amphetamine salts (equal amounts of d-amphetamine sulfate, d-/l-amphetamine sulfate, d-amphetamine saccharate, and d-/l-amphetamine aspartate). An equivalent dose of extended release Dexadrine Spansule® (contains extended release formulation of d-amphetamine sulfate) was also included in the study. As observed in pharmacokinetic studies in rats, oral administration of L-lysine-d-amphetamine resulted in d-amphetamine concentration-time curves similar to those of Adderall XR® and Dexadrine Spansule® (FIGS. 54 and 55). The bioavailability (AUCinf) of d-amphetamine following administration of L-lysine-d-amphetamine was approximately equivalent to both extended release amphetamine products (Table 54). Over the course of twelve hours, typically the time needed for effective once-daily treatment of ADHD, the bioavailability for L-lysine-d-amphetamine was approximately equivalent to that of Adderall XR® (d-amphetamine plus l-amphetamine levels) and over twenty percent higher than that of Dexadrine Spansule®. Based on the results of this clinical study, L-lysine-d-amphetamine would be an effective once-daily treatment for ADHD. Moreover, L-lysine-d-amphetamine afforded similar pharmacokinetics in humans and animal models, namely, delayed release of d-amphetamine resulting in extended release kinetics. Based on these observations L-lysine-d-amphetamine should also have abuse-resistant properties in humans. TABLE 48 Individual Subject d-amphetamine Concentrations and Pharmacokinetic Parameters Following Oral Administration of a 25 mg Dose of L-lysine-d-amphetamine to Humans. Subject Subject Subject Subject Subject Subject Subject Subject Subject Subject 102 103 105 107 110 112 113 116 117 120 Mean SD CV % Time Hours 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0 0.625 0 0 0 0 0.78 0.769 0 0.2 0.4 162.1 1 4.29 2.95 8.67 3.36 8.33 1.1 10 10.5 14 3.15 6.6 4.2 63.6 1.5 10 12.7 16 13.8 21.4 3.94 24.7 19.5 24 15.1 16.1 6.5 40.3 2 16.3 18.4 17 21 25.9 9.29 30.9 23.6 30 21.7 21.4 6.6 30.8 3 16.5 19.6 16.7 26.1 27 17.7 30.2 23.5 27.6 28.9 23.4 5.3 22.7 4 23.9 18.8 14.1 24.5 30.1 17.9 33.2 21.2 24.7 25.3 23.4 5.7 24.3 5 21.2 18.9 14.6 21.6 22.6 17.2 27 20 20.2 24.2 20.8 3.5 16.9 6 21.8 18 12.5 21.6 23.7 15.7 25.8 18.2 20.3 20.5 19.8 3.9 19.6 7 18.9 15.8 12.1 17.8 20.6 14.5 26.6 21 18.3 21.8 18.7 4.1 21.9 8 19.3 16.6 10.4 17.9 20 14.2 25.7 13.6 18.8 20.1 17.7 4.2 24.1 10 18.8 13.6 9.8 15.3 19.3 13.7 22.4 15.1 15.3 15.9 15.9 3.5 22.1 12 15.8 12.6 6.92 11.5 15.8 11.2 17.9 12 13.7 15.2 13.3 3.1 23.6 16 13.4 10.5 6.56 9.53 14.3 10.7 12.5 10.3 10 13 11.1 2.3 20.5 24 8.03 5.81 2.65 4.9 5.8 5.9 6.57 6.13 4.52 5.45 5.6 1.4 25.1 48 1.57 1.36 0 1.26 0.795 1.44 1.24 1.23 0.864 0.586 1.0 0.5 46.1 72 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Parameter AUC0-12h 204.0 177.4 140.4 204.9 242.7 152.4 284.6 199.2 225.5 223.3 205.4 42.5 20.7 (ng · h/mL) AUClast (ng · h/mL) 463.3 375.1 201.4 378.5 462.7 350.7 515.2 397.9 395.7 426.1 396.7 84.8 21.4 AUCinf (ng · h/mL) 486.7 397.1 233.5 398.8 472 374 532.5 416.4 407 432.2 415.0 80.1 19.3 Cmax (ng/mL) 23.9 19.6 17 26.1 30.1 17.9 33.2 23.6 30 28.9 25.0 5.6 22.3 Tmax (hours) 4 3 2 3 4 4 4 2 2 3 3.1 0.876 28.2 T1/2 (hours) 10.32 11.18 8.36 11.18 8.16 11.22 9.68 10.43 9.06 7.22 9.68 1.43 14.7 TABLE 49 Individual Subject L-lysine-d-amphetamine Intact Conjugate Concentrations and Pharmacokinetic Parameters Following Oral Administration of a 25 mg Dose of L-lysine-d-amphetamine to Humans. Subject Subject Subject Subject Subject Subject Subject Subject Subject Subject 102 103 105 107 110 112 113 116 117 120 Mean SD CV % Time Hours 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 4.1 5.5 10.0 0.0 3.6 0.0 9.2 9.6 8.9 0.0 5.1 4.2 82.0 1 9.2 11.2 15.2 12.5 9.1 2.7 20.1 10.5 10.8 10.9 11.2 4.5 39.7 1.5 4.0 4.4 6.1 7.5 3.6 6.2 6.6 2.8 4.2 8.4 5.4 1.8 34.1 2 2.1 1.4 2.5 2.9 1.9 4.0 2.3 0 1.7 3.1 2.2 1.1 48.8 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 48 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 72 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Parameter AUClast 9.18 10.95 16.31 10.68 8.583 5.439 18.51 10.77 12.35 10.41 11.32 3.74 33.1 (ng · h/mL) AUCinf 10.62 11.64 17.66 12.65 9.759 — 19.56 — 13.3 12.83 13.50 3.40 25.2 (ng · h/mL) Cmax (ng/mL) 9.18 11.2 15.2 12.5 9.05 6.18 20.1 10.5 10.8 10.9 11.56 3.80 32.9 Tmax (hours) 1 1 1 1 1 1.5 1 1 1 1 1.05 0.16 15.1 T1/2 (hours) 0.47 0.34 0.38 0.47 0.44 — 0.32 — 0.38 0.55 0.419 0.077 18.5 TABLE 50 Individual Subject d-amphetamine Concentrations and Pharmacokinetic Parameters Following Oral Administration of a 75 mg Dose of L-lysine-d-amphetamine to Humans. Subject Subject Subject Subject Subject Subject Subject Subject Subject Subject 101 104 106 108 109 111 114 115 118 119 Mean SD CV % Time Hours 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0.748 0.506 0 0 0.779 0.525 0 3 1.85 0.7 1.0 132.2 1 11.9 14.4 12.6 7.26 5.9 10.3 7.2 23.1 23 27.9 14.4 7.7 53.6 1.5 40.3 34.6 30.4 22.8 19.3 38.4 19 52.8 51.5 55.8 36.5 13.8 37.8 2 84.6 48.9 68.2 34.8 32.7 57.2 33.1 91.3 61.7 70.4 58.3 21.0 36.0 3 72.9 64.3 55.7 60.3 62.3 61.1 44.8 95.8 62.1 83.6 66.3 14.5 21.9 4 84.6 65.3 58.8 51.1 77.9 63.3 47.6 89.2 54.2 86 67.8 15.5 22.8 5 65 55.6 60.2 74 83.9 59.1 56.9 77.7 54.9 82.8 67.0 11.5 17.2 6 71 53.5 49.4 51.5 78.3 50.8 55.1 68.8 52.9 64 59.5 10.2 17.1 7 53.8 55.7 52.9 69.5 73.1 52.9 55.9 71.2 45.1 74.6 60.5 10.5 17.4 8 63.7 40.3 47.3 45.7 72.2 46.5 54.2 61.1 44.3 66.2 54.2 10.9 20.2 10 43.7 41.7 37 58.4 67 44.3 48.4 68 34.1 55.9 49.9 11.9 24.0 12 46.4 26.1 36.7 37.4 49.9 32.4 37.1 54.1 34.5 45.1 40.0 8.6 21.6 16 35.4 22.2 25.7 48 44.9 24.3 28.9 44.7 31.7 34.5 34.0 9.2 27.1 24 16.4 11.4 14.9 13.2 18.4 16.8 20.5 21.7 15.7 18.1 16.7 3.1 18.8 48 2.74 2.14 4.17 2.73 3.75 4.81 2.81 4.26 3.36 3.4 0.9 25.9 72 0 0 0 1.07 0.661 0.687 1.49 0 0 0.553 0.4 0.5 120.2 Parameter AUC0-12h 666.2 525.9 531.6 570.3 704.8 545.6 513.7 790.9 523.4 742.8 611.5 104.5 17.1 (ng · h/mL) AUClast 1266 918.7 1031 1257 1442 1123 1223 1549 1143 1417 1237.0 194.0 15.7 (ng · h/mL) AUCinf 1301 948.3 1072 1278 1451 1133 1251 1582 1154 1425 1259.5 191.3 15.2 (ng · h/mL) Cmax (ng/mL) 84.6 65.3 68.2 74 83.9 63.3 56.9 95.8 62.1 86 74.0 12.9 17.4 Tmax (hours) 4 4 2 5 5 4 5 3 3 4 3.9 1.0 25.5 T1/2 (hours) 8.78 9.59 10.02 13.26 9.24 10.41 12.8 8.05 10.92 9.47 10.3 1.7 16.3 TABLE 51 Individual Subject L-lysine-d-amphetamine Intact Conjugate Concentrations and Pharmacokinetic Parameters Following Oral Administration of a 75 mg Dose of L-lysine-d-amphetamine to Humans. Subject Subject Subject Subject Subject Subject Subject Subject Subject Subject 101 104 106 108 109 111 114 115 118 119 Mean SD CV % Time Hours 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 10.4 22.6 6.92 10.3 0 9.21 7.88 14.5 87.8 35.5 20.5 25.6 124.7 1 48 40.5 29 41.5 21.2 30.8 23.4 127 88.9 80.1 53.0 34.6 65.2 1.5 28.4 15.7 16.1 20.3 26.5 19 12.7 38.7 28.6 38 24.4 9.2 37.5 2 8.87 5.53 4.91 9 18.1 5.62 6.29 12.1 9.75 11.3 9.1 4.0 44.0 3 2.15 1.29 1.76 1.82 10.6 0 2.31 2.57 1.73 1.73 2.6 2.9 111.6 4 0 0 1.09 0 4.65 0 1.53 1.01 0 0 0.8 1.5 176.9 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 48 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 72 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Parameter AUClast 51.2 44.2 32.0 43.7 50.4 30.9 29.8 102.1 110.8 86.1 58.1 30.2 52.0 (ng · h/mL) AUCinf 52.5 45.0 33.0 44.9 52.3 34.2 31.4 102.9 111.7 87.0 59.5 29.9 50.2 (ng · h/mL) Cmax (ng/mL) 48.0 40.5 29.0 41.5 26.5 30.8 23.4 127.0 88.9 80.1 53.6 34.1 63.6 Tmax (hours) 1 1 1 1 1.5 1 1 1 1 1 1.05 0.16 15.1 T1/2 (hours) 0.43 0.4 0.61 0.43 1.02 0.41 0.75 0.56 0.38 0.35 0.534 0.211 39.6 TABLE 52 Individual Subject d-amphetamine Concentrations and Pharmacokinetic Parameters Following Oral Administration of a 35 mg Dose of Adderall XR ® (equivalent to 75 mg dose of L-lysine-d-amphetamine based on amphetamine base content) to Humans. Subject Subject Subject Subject Subject Subject Subject Subject Subject Subject 101 104 106 108 109 111 114 115 118 119 Mean SD CV % Time Hours 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 7.9 2.3 2.8 0.6 2.2 5.7 0 16 2.3 5.3 4.5 4.7 104.3 1 37.6 28.9 23.3 13.7 29.8 38.2 17.9 46.2 28.8 48.8 31.3 11.5 36.6 1.5 49.9 42.3 31.1 23.7 39.1 34.4 30.8 65.4 34.1 53 40.4 12.5 31.0 2 65.9 45.8 29.2 37.4 46.2 65.4 40 64.4 37 67.8 49.9 14.6 29.2 3 95.3 51.7 36.7 23.6 64.7 62.9 44.7 56.5 31.1 64.8 53.2 20.7 38.9 4 83.7 73.3 56.7 40 67 76.6 56.3 53.1 33.5 73.3 61.4 16.3 26.6 5 77.4 75.2 71.6 62.1 75.9 76.4 51.5 61.4 56.8 82.4 69.1 10.3 14.9 6 71.5 72.1 64 59.8 66.9 63.5 56.8 59.8 58.7 85.7 65.9 8.7 13.2 7 72.3 63.6 71 57.9 70.6 69.7 51.9 48.1 53.7 79.7 63.9 10.5 16.4 8 60.4 57.1 53.8 53 72 66.9 56.2 56.4 51.7 66.7 59.4 6.9 11.6 10 50.4 45.5 53 50.7 67.6 57.4 49.1 66.6 48 71.3 56.0 9.3 16.6 12 42.5 41.3 45.4 32.9 53.1 46 37.3 74.7 42.2 60.2 47.6 12.2 25.7 16 31.1 29.6 35.7 39 45.2 33.9 34.3 64.9 29 40.5 38.3 10.6 27.7 24 14.9 15.1 22.1 19.5 21.7 21.2 20.7 35.7 17.9 20.5 20.9 5.8 27.7 48 2.5 4.2 3.8 5.9 5.4 3.8 7.3 5.1 3.9 3 4.5 1.4 32.1 72 0 0.3 1 1 0.3 1.1 2.7 0.3 0 0 0.7 0.8 124.7 Parameter AUC0-12h 731.2 625.0 582.6 504.3 711.6 698.5 535.4 683.5 509.8 793.2 637.5 101.1 15.9 (ng · h/mL) AUClast 1270 1230 1343 1269 1568 1436 1354 1920 1101 1520 1401.1 229.0 16.3 (ng · h/mL) AUCinf 1301 1234 1358 1286 1571 1454 1418 1923 1164 1557 1426.6 218.9 15.3 (ng · h/mL) Cmax (ng/mL) 95.3 75.2 71.5 62 75.9 76.5 56.8 74.7 58.8 85.8 73.3 11.9 16.3 Tmax (hours) 3 5 5 5 5 4 6 12 6 6 5.70 2.41 42.2 T1/2 (hours) 8.65 9.01 10.57 11.58 8.37 10.78 16.4 7.25 11.05 8.54 10.22 2.59 25.3 TABLE 53 Individual Subject d-amphetamine Concentrations and Pharmacokinetic Parameters Following Oral Administration of a 30 mg Dose of Dexadrine Spansule ® (equivalent to 75 mg dose of L-lysine-d-amphetamine based on amphetamine base content) to Humans. Subject Subject Subject Subject Subject Subject Subject Subject Subject Subject 102 103 105 107 110 112 113 116 117 120 Mean SD CV % Time Hours 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 1.2 2.68 1.37 1.4 1.16 2.36 6.75 2.63 4.95 3.43 2.8 1.8 65.5 1 14.8 26.5 16.7 21.4 25.2 12.7 33.1 22.3 26 21.5 22.0 6.1 27.8 1.5 24.2 36.9 23.2 28.5 37.2 21.3 42.4 29.2 33.7 39.2 31.6 7.3 23.2 2 28.6 43.4 27.3 34.6 38.5 27.6 46.2 31.3 38.5 42 35.8 6.9 19.4 3 27.4 37.3 30.6 40.1 41.7 30.9 52 36.5 42.9 60.1 40.0 10.0 25.2 4 27.1 44.1 33.5 48.7 45.2 34.7 49.1 40.7 42.4 53.2 41.9 8.1 19.2 5 35.1 53 40.2 43.4 46.5 42.4 58.1 47 52.1 68.7 48.7 9.7 20.0 6 33.8 58.5 40.2 46.5 43.5 37.5 56.2 40 51 63 47.0 9.8 20.8 7 37.2 50.7 31.2 41.4 44.9 42 57.8 43.6 51.6 65.7 46.6 10.1 21.7 8 35.9 54.3 34.9 45 45 36 58.7 41.8 53.9 59.2 46.5 9.5 20.4 10 33.1 49.1 34.3 35.5 45 37 51.4 38.9 46.3 60.1 43.1 8.8 20.4 12 34 51 28.6 34.1 40.8 32.6 51.6 37.7 38.1 50.9 39.9 8.4 21.1 16 30.2 40.8 25.2 28 33 25.8 41 26.8 29.6 44.9 32.5 7.1 22.0 24 20.5 27.8 18.2 19.5 17.1 17.8 22.5 19.1 15.5 27.3 20.5 4.2 20.3 48 3.83 6.89 3.7 5.11 2.56 4.31 6.51 4.43 2.77 5.47 4.6 1.4 31.8 72 0.715 1.63 1 1.7 0 0.622 1.29 1.22 0 1.31 0.9 0.6 64.0 Parameter AUC0-12h 356.2 539.8 366.4 444.3 480.8 387.0 591.4 436.5 512.8 634.2 474.9 94.7 19.9 (ng · h/mL) AUClast 1033 1517 966 1135 1065 1003 1473 1100 1048 1589 1193 236 19.8 (ng · h/mL) AUCinf 1043 1544 983.5 1168 1097 1013 1495 1121 1085 1610 1216 238 19.5 (ng · h/mL) Cmax (ng/mL) 37.2 58.5 40.2 48.7 46.5 42.4 58.7 47 53.9 68.7 50.18 9.74 19.4 Tmax (hours) 7 6 5 4 5 5 8 5 8 5 5.80 1.40 24.1 T1/2 (hours) 9.92 11.74 12.07 13.8 8.7 10.76 11.47 12.23 9.36 10.92 11.10 1.50 13.6 TABLE 54 Pharmacokinetic Parameters of Amphetamine Following Oral Administration of L-lysine-d-amphetamine, Adderall XR ® or Dexadrine Spansule ®. Drug L-lysine- L-lysine- d- d- amphetamine amphetamine Adderall Dexadrine Parameter 25 mg Percent1 75 mg Percent1 XR ® Percent1 Spansule ® Percent1 AUC0-12h 205.4 33.6 611.5 100 637.5 104 474.9 78 (ng · h/mL) AUClast 396.7 31.5 1237 100 1401.1 113 1193 96 (ng · h/mL) AUCinf 415.0 32.9 1260 100 1427 113 1216 97 (ng · h/mL) Cmax (ng/mL) 25.0 33.8 74 100 73.3 99 50.2 68 Tmax (hours) 3.1 79.5 3.9 100 5.7 146 5.8 149 T1/2 (hours) 9.68 94 10.3 100 10.22 99 11.1 108 1Percent relative to L-lysine-d-amphetamine 75 mg dose It will be understood that the specific embodiments of the invention shown and described herein are exemplary only. Numerous variations, changes, substitutions and equivalents will occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. In particular, the terms used in this application should be read broadly in light of similar terms used in the related applications. Accordingly, it is intended that all subject matter described herein and shown in the accompanying drawings be regarded as illustrative only and not in a limiting sense and that the scope of the invention be solely determined by the appended claims.	<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>(i) Field of the Invention The invention relates to amphetamine compounds, compositions and methods of delivery and use comprising amphetamine covalently bound to a chemical moiety. The invention relates to compounds comprised of amphetamine covalently bound to a chemical moiety in a manner that diminishes or eliminates pharmacological activity of amphetamine until released. The conjugates are stable in tests that simulate procedures likely to be used by illicit chemists in attempts to release amphetamine. The invention further provides for methods of therapeutic delivery of amphetamine compositions by oral administration. Additionally, release of amphetamine following oral administration occurs gradually over an extended period of time thereby eliminating spiking of drug levels. When taken at doses above the intended prescription, the bioavailability of amphetamine, including peak levels and total amount of drug absorbed, is substantially decreased. This decreases the potential for amphetamine abuse which often entails the use of extreme doses (1 g or more a day). The compositions are also resistant to abuse by parenteral routes of administration, such as intravenous “shooting”, intranasal “snorting”, or inhalation “smoking”, that are often employed in illicit use. The invention thus provides a stimulant based treatment for certain disorders, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), which is commonly treated with amphetamine. Treatment of ADHD with compositions of the invention results in substantially decreased abuse liability as compared to existing stimulant treatments. (ii) Background of the Invention The invention is directed to amphetamine conjugate compounds, compositions, and methods of manufacture and use thereof. In particular, the invention is directed to an anti-abuse/sustained release formulation which maintains its therapeutic effectiveness when administered orally. The invention further relates to formulations which diminish or reduce the euphoric effect while maintaining therapeutically effective blood concentrations following oral administration. Amphetamine is prescribed for the treatment of various disorders, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), obesity and narcolepsy. Amphetamine and methamphetamine stimulate the central nervous system and have been used medicinally to treat ADHD, narcolepsy and obesity. Because of its stimulating effects amphetamine and its derivatives (e.g., amphetamine analogues) are often abused. Similarly, p-methoxyamphetamine, methylenedioxyamphetamine, 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine, 2,4,5-trimethoxyamphetamine and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine are also often abused. In children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), potent CNS stimulants have been used for several decades as a drug treatment given either alone or as an adjunct to behavioral therapy. While methylphenidate (Ritalin) has been the most frequently prescribed stimulant, the prototype of the class, amphetamine (alpha-methyl phenethylamine) has been used all along and increasingly so in recent years. (Bradley C, Bowen M, “Amphetamine (Benzedrine) therapy of children's behavior disorders.” American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 11: 92) (1941). The potential for abuse of amphetamines is a major drawback to its use. The high abuse potential has earned it Schedule II status according to the Controlled Substances Act (CSA). Schedule II classification is reserved for those drugs that have accepted medical use but have the highest potential for abuse. The abuse potential of amphetamine has been known for many years and the FDA requires the following black box warning in the package inserts of products: Furthermore, recent developments in the abuse of prescription drug products increasingly raise concerns about the abuse of amphetamine prescribed for ADHD. Similar to OxyContin, a sustained release formulation of a potent narcotic analgesic, Adderall XR® represents a product with increased abuse liability relative to the single dose tablets. The source of this relates to the higher concentration of amphetamine in each tablet and the potential for release of the full amount of active pharmaceutical ingredient upon crushing. Therefore, like OxyContin, it may be possible for substance abusers to obtain a high dose of the pharmaceutical with rapid onset by snorting the powder or dissolving it in water and injecting it. (Cone, E. J., R. V. Fant, et al., “Oxycodone involvement in drug abuse deaths: a DAWN-based classification scheme applied to an oxycodone postmortem database containing over 1000 cases.” J Anal Toxicol 27(2): 57-67; discussion 67) (2003). It has been noted recently that “53 percent of children not taking medication for ADHD knew of students with the disorder either giving away or selling their medications. And 34 percent of those being treated for the disorder acknowledged they had been approached to sell or trade them.” (Dartmouth-Hitchcock, 2003) “Understanding ADHD Stimulant Abuse.” http://12.42.224.168/healthyliving/familyhome/jan03familyhomestimulantabuse.htm). In addition, it was reported that students at one prep school obtained Dexedrine and Adderall to either swallow tablets whole or crush and sniff them. (Dartmouth-Hitchcock (2003). According to the drug enforcement administration (DEA, 2003): Methylphenidate and amphetamine can be abused orally or the tablets can be crushed and snorted or dissolved in water and injected. The pattern of abuse is characterized by escalation in dose, frequent episodes of binge use followed by severe depression and an overpowering desire to continue the use of these drugs despite serious adverse medical and social consequences. Rendering this potent stimulant resistant to abuse, particularly by parenteral routes such as snorting or injecting, would provide considerable value to this otherwise effective and beneficial prescription medication. (DEA (2003). “Stimulant Abuse By School Age Children: A Guide for School Officials. “http://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/pubs/brochures/stimulant/stimulant—abuse.htm). Typically, sustained release formulations contain drug particles mixed with or covered by a polymer material, or blend of materials, which are resistant to degradation or disintegration in the stomach and/or in the intestine for a selected period of time. Release of the drug may occur by leeching, erosion, rupture, diffusion or similar actions depending upon the nature of the polymer material or polymer blend used. Additionally, these formulations are subject to breakdown following relatively simple protocols which allows for abuse of the active ingredient. Conventionally, pharmaceutical manufacturers have used hydrophilic hydrocolloid gelling polymers such as hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose or Pullulan to formulate sustained release tablets or capsules. These polymers first form a gel when exposed to an aqueous environment of low pH thereby slowly diffusing the active medicament which is contained within the polymer matrix. When the gel enters a higher pH environment such as that found in the intestines, however, it dissolves resulting in a less controlled drug release. To provide better sustained release properties in higher pH environments, some pharmaceutical manufacturers use polymers which dissolve only at higher pHs, such as acrylic resins, acrylic latex dispersions, cellulose acetate phthalate, and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate, either alone or in combination with hydrophilic polymers. These formulations are prepared by combining the medicament with a finely divided powder of the hydrophilic polymer, or the hydrophilic and water-insoluble polymers. These ingredients are mixed and granulated with water or an organic solvent and the granulation is dried. The dry granulation is then usually further blended with various pharmaceutical additives and compressed into tablets. Although these types of formulations have been successfully used to manufacture dosage forms which demonstrate sustained release properties, these formulations are subject to several shortcomings including uneven release and are subject to abuse. The need exists for an abuse resistant dosage form of amphetamine which is therapeutically effective. Further the need exists for an amphetamine dosage form which provides sustained release and sustained therapeutic effect.	<SOH> SUMMARY OF INVENTION <EOH>The invention provides covalent attachment of amphetamine and derivatives or analogs thereof to a variety of chemical moieties. The chemical moieties may include any substance which results in a prodrug form, i.e., a molecule which is converted into its active form in the body by normal metabolic processes. The chemical moieties may be for instance, amino acids, peptides, glycopeptides, carbohydrates, nucleosides, or vitamins. The chemical moiety is covalently attached either directly or indirectly through a linker to the amphetamine. The site of attachment is typically determined by the functional group(s) available on the amphetamine. In one embodiment of the invention, the chemical moiety is a carrier peptide as defined herein. The carrier peptide may be attached to amphetamine through the carrier's N-terminus, C-terminus or side chain of an amino acid which may be either a single amino acid or part of a longer chain sequence (i.e. a dipeptide, tripeptide, an oligopeptide or a polypeptide). Preferably, the carrier peptide is (i) an amino acid, (ii) a dipeptide, (iii) a tripeptide, (iv) an oligopeptide, or (v) polypeptide. The carrier peptide may also be (i) a homopolymer of a naturally occurring amino acid, (ii) a heteropolymer of two or more naturally occurring amino acids, (iii) a homopolymer of a synthetic amino acid, (iv) a heteropolymer of two or more synthetic amino acids, or (v) a heteropolymer of one or more naturally occurring amino acids and one or more synthetic amino acids. A further embodiment of the carrier and/or conjugate is that the unattached portion of the carrier/conjugate may be in a free and unprotected state. Preferably, synthetic amino acids with alkyl side chains are selected from alkyls of C 1 -C 17 in length and more preferably from C 1 -C 6 in length. Covalent attachment of a chemical moiety to amphetamine can decrease its pharmacological activity when administered through injection or intranasally. Compositions of the invention, however, provide amphetamine covalently attached to a chemical moiety which remains orally bioavailable. The bioavailability is a result of the hydrolysis of the covalent linkage following oral administration. Hydrolysis is time-dependent, thereby allowing amphetamine to become available in its active form over an extended period of time. In one embodiment, the composition provides oral bioavailability which resembles the pharmacokinetics observed for extended release formulations. In another embodiment, release of amphetamine is diminished or eliminated when delivered by parenteral routes. In one embodiment, the compositions maintain their effectiveness and abuse resistance following the crushing of the tablet, capsule or other oral dosage form. In contrast, conventional extended release formulations used to control the release of amphetamine through incorporation into matrices are subject to release of up to the entire amphetamine content immediately following crushing. When the content of the crushed tablet is injected or snorted, the large dose of amphetamine produces the “rush” effect sought by addicts. In one embodiment, the amphetamine is attached to a single amino acid which is either naturally occurring or a synthetic amino acid. In another embodiment, the amphetamine is attached to a dipeptide or tripeptide, which could be any combination of the naturally occurring amino acids and synthetic amino acids. In another embodiment, the amino acids are selected from L-amino acids for digestion by proteases. In another embodiment, the side chain attachment of amphetamine to the polypeptide or amino acid are selected from homopolymers or heteropolymers of glutamic acid, aspartic acid, serine, lysine, cysteine, threonine, asparagine, arginine, tyrosine, and glutamine. Examples of peptides include, Lys, Ser, Phe, Gly-Gly-Gly, Leu-Ser, Leu-Glu, homopolymers of Glu and Leu, and heteropolymers of (Glu)n-Leu-Ser. In a preferred embodiment, the composition is selected from Lys-Amp, Ser-Amp, Phe-Amp, and Gly-Gly-Gly-Amp. In another embodiment, the invention provides a carrier and amphetamine which are bound to each other but otherwise unmodified in structure. This embodiment may further be described as the carrier having a free carboxy and/or amine terminal and/or side chain groups other than at the location of attachment for the amphetamine. In a preferred embodiment, the carrier, whether a single amino acid, dipeptide, tripeptide, oligopeptide or polypeptide, comprises only naturally occurring amino acids. Another embodiment of the invention provides a method for delivering amphetamine dosage which prevents euphoria, comprising administering to a patient in need a composition formulated for oral dosage comprising amphetamine covalently attached to a chemical moiety wherein said blood levels of amphetamine maintain a therapeutically effect level but do not result in a euphoric effect. In another embodiment, the covalent attachment of a chemical moiety substantially decreases the potential for overdose by decreasing the toxicity of amphetamine at doses above those considered therapeutic, while maintaining its pharmaceutical activity within a normal dose range. Covalent attachment of the chemical moiety may decrease or eliminate the pharmacological activity of amphetamine. Therefore, restoring activity requires release of the amphetamine from the chemical moiety. At higher doses partial or complete saturation of processes responsible for amphetamine release may be reached thus diminishing or eliminating the release of harmful levels of active amphetamine. For example, aspects of pharmacological activity, release, saturation are further depicted in FIGS. 1-55 . In another embodiment of the invention, the covalent attachment of a chemical moiety substantially decreases the potential for overdose by decreasing the rate or overall amount of absorption of the amphetamine when given at doses above those considered therapeutic. In another embodiment of the invention, the covalent attachment of a chemical moiety substantially decreases the potential for overdose by increasing the rate or overall amount of clearance of amphetamine when given at doses above those considered therapeutic. Another embodiment provides a method of treating a patient suffering from attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, narcolepsy or obesity comprising providing, administering, prescribing, etc. compositions of the invention. Another embodiment of the invention provides a method for delivering amphetamine, comprising providing a patient with a therapeutically effective amount of amphetamine covalently attached to a chemical moiety which provides a therapeutically bioequivalent AUC when compared to amphetamine alone but does not provide a C max which results in euphoria when taken orally. Other objects, advantages and embodiments of the invention are described below and will be obvious from this description and practice of the invention.	20040601	20060912	20050310	90281.0		9	AUDET, MAURY A	ABUSE-RESISTANT AMPHETAMINE COMPOUNDS	UNDISCOUNTED	1	CONT-ACCEPTED		2,004
10,858,758	ACCEPTED	Asset location tracking system	The invention provides an asset location tracking system for tracking the position of a mobile asset, such as an automobile, boat or airplane. The tracking system includes a mobile unit for installation in the mobile asset. The mobile unit includes a position locating unit, such as a GPS unit, for generating position information indicative of the position of the mobile asset, and a wireless transmitter, such as a cellular transmitter, for wirelessly transmitting the position information. The tracking system also includes a central processing system that includes a wireless receiver, such as a cellular receiver, for receiving the position information transmitted by the wireless transmitter. The central processing system also includes a processor for operating on the position information to format it to be accessible at a network address on a global communication network such as the Internet. The tracking system includes a customer computer that can access to the network address on the global communication network to display the position information. In preferred embodiments, the position information is displayed as a graphical indicator, such as a “push pin,” on a map or aerial photograph displayed a webpage accessed by the customer computer.	1. An asset location tracking system for tracking the position of a mobile asset via a global communication network, the system comprising: a mobile unit collocated with the mobile asset, the mobile unit comprising: a first wireless receiver for receiving at least an activation signal; a position locating unit for generating position information indicative of the position of the mobile unit; and a first wireless transmitter for transmitting at least the position information; a central processing system in communication with the global communication network the central processing system comprising: a second wireless transmitter for transmitting at least the activation signal; a second wireless receiver for receiving the position information transmitted by the first wireless transmitter; and a processor for operating on the position information to format the position information to be accessible via the global communication network; and a customer computer in communication with the global communication network for accessing the position information via the global communication network. 2. The asset location tracking system of claim 1 further comprising: a mapping module accessible via the global communication network; the central processing system for accessing the mapping module over the global communication network to generate a map and for generating a graphical position indicator on the map corresponding to the position of the mobile unit based on the position information; and the customer computer for accessing the map and position indicator via the global communication network. 3. The asset location tracking system of claim 1 further comprising: an aerial image database accessible via the global communication network; the central processing system for accessing the aerial image database over the global communication network to generate an aerial image of terrain corresponding to the location of the mobile unit and for generating a position indicator on the aerial image corresponding to the position of the mobile unit based on the position information; and the customer computer for accessing the aerial image and position indicator via the global communication network. 4. The asset location tracking system of claim 1 further comprising: the first wireless transmitter of the mobile unit further comprising a first cellular transmitter; the first wireless receiver of the mobile unit further comprising a first cellular receiver: the second wireless transmitter of the central processing system further comprising a second cellular transmitter associated with a cellular communication network; and the second wireless receiver of the central processing system further comprising a second cellular receiver associated with the cellular communication network. 5. The asset location tracking system of claim 4 further comprising: the first cellular transmitter of the mobile unit for transmitting digital cellular signals; the first cellular receiver of the mobile unit for receiving digital cellular signals: the second cellular transmitter of the central processing system for receiving digital cellular signals: and the second cellular receiver of the central processing system for receiving digital cellular signals. 6. The asset location tracking system of claim 4 further comprising: the mobile unit including a DTMF modulator for generating DTWF tones based at least on the position information; the first cellular transmitter for transmitting the DTMF tones via the cellular communication network; the second cellular receiver for receiving the DTMF tones; and the processor for operating on the DTMF tones to extract the location information. 7. The asset location tracking system of claim 1 further comprising the central processing system including a customer database for storing customer information regarding a customer associated with the mobile unit. 8. The asset location tracking system of claim 1 further comprising the central processing system including a customer database for storing vehicle information regarding a vehicle associated with the mobile unit. 9. A computer based method for tracking a location of a mobile asset, the method comprising: (a) providing an asset tracking webpage accessible via a global communication network: (b) accessing the asset tracking webpage o using a customer computer in communication with the global communication network; (c) selecting a mobile unit to track using the customer computer and the asset tracking webpage; (d) transmitting a wireless activation signal to the mobile unit; (e) receiving the wireless activation signal at the mobile unit; (f) generating position information at the mobile unit upon receipt of the wireless activation signal; (g) wirelessly transmitting the position information from the mobile unit; (h) receiving the position information; (i) generating position coordinates based on the position information; (j) accessing a map of an area that includes the location indicated by the position coordinates; (k) generating a position indicator corresponding to the location indicated by the position coordinates; (l) associating the position indicator with the map to form an annotated map; (m) accessing the annotated map on the tracking webpage via the global communication network using the customer computer; and (n) displaying the annotated map at the customer computer. 10. The asset location tracking system of claim 1 wherein the position locating unit is activated to generate the position information upon receipt of the activation signal at the mobile unit. 11. The asset location tracking system of claim 1 further comprising the customer computer for communicating with the central processing system via the global communication network to select the mobile unit to be tracked from a list of one or more mobile units. 12. The asset location tracking system of claim 11 wherein the second wireless transmitter transmits the activation signal to the mobile unit after the mobile unit is selected based on communication between the customer computer and the central processing system. 13. The asset location tracking system of claim 1 wherein the first wireless transmitter is activated upon receipt of the activation signal at the mobile unit. 14. The asset location tracking system of claim 1 wherein the position locating unit further comprises a Global Positioning System receiver. 15. The asset location tracking system of claim 1 wherein the mobile unit further comprises a power plug configured to be received by a power receptacle provided in a passenger compartment of a vehicle, whereby the mobile unit may be easily relocated from one vehicle to another vehicle. 16. An asset location tracking system for tracking the position of a mobile asset using a global communication network and a cellular communication network, the system comprising: a mobile unit collocated with the mobile asset, the mobile unit comprising: a cellular receiver for receiving at least an activation signal; a position locating unit for generating position information indicative of the position of the mobile unit, the position locating unit activated upon receipt of the activation signal at the mobile unit; and a cellular transmitter for transmitting at least the position information via the cellular communication network, the cellular transmitter activated upon receipt of the activation signal at the mobile unit; a mapping module accessible via the global communication network; a central processing system in communication with the global communication network and the cellular communication network, the central processing system for sending at least the activation signal to the mobile unit via the cellular communication network, and for receiving the position information transmitted by the mobile unit via the cellular communication network, the central processing system comprising: a processor for accessing the mapping module via the global communication network to generate a map, and for generating a position indicator corresponding to the position of the mobile unit based on the position information, and for associating the position indicator with the map; a customer database for storing customer information regarding a customer associated with the mobile unit; and a customer computer for communicating with the central processing system via the global communication network to select the mobile unit to be tracked from a list of one or more mobile units, and to access the map to view the position of the selected mobile unit as indicated by the position indicator.	This application claims priority to U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/475,322 filed Jun. 3, 2003, titled VEHICLE LOCATION TRACKING SYSTEM. FIELD This invention relates to the field of asset tracking. More particularly the invention relates to a combination of Global Positioning System (GPS), cellular telephone and Internet technologies to provide for real-time tracking of an asset. BACKGROUND Often situations arise in which an owner of an asset, such as a automobile, wishes to confirm the location of the asset when the asset is out of the owner's control. For example, when a parent allows a teenage son or daughter to take the family car for an outing, the parent may wish to verify the location of the car at any time during the outing. As another example, a business entity operating a fleet of vehicles may wish to monitor the location of each of the vehicles during the course of business operations. As a further example, the owner of a stolen vehicle may wish to monitor the location of the vehicle and provide law enforcement officers such information to aid in recovery of the vehicle. What is needed, therefore, is a system capable of determining the location of an asset in real-time, or near real-time, and reporting the location information to the owner of the asset or to another who is authorized to receive such information. SUMMARY The above and other needs are met by an asset location tracking system for tracking the position of a mobile asset, such as an automobile, boat or airplane. The tracking system includes a mobile unit for installation in the mobile asset. The mobile unit comprises a position locating unit, such as a GPS unit, for generating position information indicative of the position of the mobile asset. The mobile unit also includes a wireless transmitter, such as a cellular transmitter, for wirelessly transmitting the position information. The tracking system also includes a central processing system comprising a wireless receiver, such as a cellular receiver, for receiving the position information transmitted by the wireless transmitter. The central processing system further includes a processor for operating on the position information to format the position information to be accessible at a network address on a global communication network such as the Internet. The tracking system includes the global communication network in communication with the central processing system and in communication with a customer computer. The customer computer has access to the network address on the global communication network, and can access and display the position information. In preferred embodiments of the invention, the position information is displayed as a graphical indicator, such as a “push pin,” on a map or aerial photograph displayed a webpage accessed by the customer computer. In another aspect, the invention provides a method for tracking a location of a mobile asset, such as an automobile, boat or airplane. The method includes the steps of accessing an asset tracking webpage on a customer computer by way of a global communication network, such as the Internet, and selecting an asset from a list of assets displayed on the asset tracking webpage. The method includes transmitting a wireless activation signal to a mobile unit collocated with the asset, receiving the wireless activation signal at the mobile unit, and generating asset position information at the mobile unit in response to the wireless activation signal. The method also includes wirelessly transmitting the position information from the mobile unit, receiving the position information, and generating position coordinates based on the received position information. The method further includes accessing a map of an area that includes the location indicated by. the position coordinates, generating a graphical position indicator on the map to form an annotated map, accessing the annotated map via the global communication network, and displaying the annotated map accessed over the global communication network at a customer computer. Using the invention, the location coordinates of an asset can be determined in near real time. The owner of the asset, or others authorized by the owner, can view the location of the asset on a map or aerial photograph displayed on a webpage. In this manner, the owner can track the location of the asset anywhere in the world from anywhere in the world at which the owner can gain access to the Internet. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Further advantages of the invention are apparent by reference to the detailed description when considered in conjunction with the figures, which are not to scale so as to more clearly show the details, wherein like reference numbers indicate like elements throughout the several views, and wherein: FIG. 1 depicts an asset tracking system according to a preferred embodiment of the invention; FIG. 2 depicts a functional block diagram of a portion of an asset tracking system according to a preferred embodiment of the invention; FIG. 3 depicts a functional block diagram of a portion of an asset tracking system according to a preferred embodiment of the invention; FIG. 4 depicts a first customer interface screen according to a preferred embodiment of the invention; FIG. 5 depicts a second customer interface screen according to a preferred embodiment of the invention; FIG. 6 depicts a third customer interface screen according to a preferred embodiment of the invention; FIG. 7 depicts a fourth customer interface screen according to a preferred embodiment of the invention; FIG. 8 depicts a fifth customer interface screen according to a preferred embodiment of the invention; and FIG. 9 depicts a sixth customer interface screen according to a preferred embodiment of the invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION Depicted in FIG. 1 is an asset location tracking system 10 according to a preferred embodiment of the invention. The system 10 includes a mobile unit 20, a cellular communication network 30, a central processing system 40, a global communication network 50, a customer computer 60, a mapping module 70, and an aerial photographic database 80. The components of the system 10 and the preferred methods of operation are described in detail herein. A brief overview of the operation of the tracking system 10 is provided first, followed by a more detailed description of the components of the system 10. With reference to FIG. 1, a customer accesses the system 10 by way of the customer computer 60. The user of the system is referred to herein as a customer, as it is envisioned that the preferred embodiment of the system 10 will be subscriber based. It should be appreciated that the customer, for purposes of this description, is an individual or entity having authority to access information regarding a mobile asset in which the mobile unit 20 is installed. The customer computer 60 is connected to a global communication network 50, such as the Internet. Using a browser on the customer computer 60 (such as Internet Explorer or Netscape browser software), the customer accesses a webpage on the central processing system 40. On the webpage, the customer logs in and provides information indicating which asset the customer wishes to locate. The central processing system 40 then communicates with the mobile unit 20 via the cellular communication network 30. Initiated by the communication from the central processing system 40, the mobile unit 20 determines its location coordinates based on GPS processing. The mobile unit 20 communicates the GPS coordinates via the cellular network 30 to the central processing system 40, which places the coordinate information on a webpage accessible by the customer. Preferably, the coordinate information is communicated to the customer graphically, such as by indicating the location on a map generated by the mapping module 70 and displayed on the webpage. Alternatively, or additionally, the location information is communicated by indicating the location on an aerial photograph accessed from the aerial photograph database 80 and displayed on the webpage. The customer preferably accesses the webpage showing the location information via the Internet 50 using the browser software on the customer computer 60. Preferably, the mobile unit 20 is a self-contained portable device that is collocated with a mobile asset to be tracked, such as an automobile, boat or airplane. The mobile unit 20 includes a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver 22, a processor 24, a DTMF modulator 26, and a cellular transceiver 28. In the preferred embodiment, the mobile unit 20 is powered by the power system in the vehicle or other asset in which it is located. In one embodiment, the components of the mobile unit 20 are contained within a portable housing having a power cord and plug compatible with a standard 12 volt power receptacle in a vehicle such as an automobile or boat. In this embodiment, the mobile unit 20 may be easily moved from one asset to another. For example, it may be easily transferred from the customer's car to the customer's boat by simply unplugging the power cord from the 12 volt receptacle in the car and plugging into the receptacle in the boat. In an alternative embodiment, the mobile unit 20 is semi-permanently installed in a dashboard or console of an automobile, boat or other mobile asset. One example of the mobile unit 20 is described in pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/202,769 filed Jul. 25, 2002. Another example of the mobile unit 20 is the Travel Guardian III™ device manufactured by SecureAlert Telematics, Inc. of Knoxville, Tenn. The GPS receiver 22 receives signals transmitted from GPS satellites in earth orbit. Based on these signals, the GPS receiver 22 determines coordinates of the location of the mobile asset in which the mobile unit 20 is installed. Preferably, these coordinates are expressed in longitude and latitude format. However, it should be appreciated that the invention is not limited to operation in any particular coordinate system. In the preferred embodiment, the processor 24 accesses the location coordinates from the GPS receiver 22 and formats the coordinates for transmission over the cellular network 30. In one embodiment, the processor 24 formats the coordinates as a string of characters suitable for transmission in digital cellular format. Besides the location information, the string may also include an identification number for the mobile unit and a timestamp indicating the time at which the location coordinates were determined. Preferably, the location coordinates and timestamp are stored in a storage device 21 within the mobile unit 20, so that location information may be recalled from memory and transmitted at any later time. In a preferred embodiment, the processor 24 communicates the location coordinates, timestamp, and identification information to a DTMF modulator 26. The DTMF modulator 26 generates a string of DTMF tones which encode the location, time, and identification information. The location information, whether in digital cellular or DTMF format, is provided to the cellular transceiver 28 for transmission over the cellular communication network 30, preferably according to standard cellular communication protocol. In the preferred embodiment, the location information is received by a cellular transceiver 42 which is preferably a component of the central processing system 40. As shown in FIG. 1, the central processing system 40 includes a processor 46 that controls the various functions of the central processing system 40. The system 40 also includes a customer database 44 that is hosted on a server and that stores customer information, such as identification information for the customer and the customer's vehicles, and billing information. The server on which the customer database 44 resides preferably runs Windows 2000 or above with IIS and ASP.NET. In the preferred embodiment, the database 44 is compatible with SQL Server Version 2000. For emailing from the system 40, CDOSYS libraries are preferably available in the hosted server. The system 40 includes a network interface 48 for enabling communication between the system 40 and the Internet 50. Based on the coordinate information communicated from the mobile unit 20 to the central processing system 40, the system 40 communicates with the mapping module 70 to access a map of the area in which the mobile asset is located. In the preferred embodiment, the mapping module 70 is accessible over the Internet 50, such as provided by MapPoint.NET. In an alternative embodiment, the mapping module 70 is a component of the central processing system 40. Based on the coordinate information communicated from the mobile unit 20 to the central processing system 40, the system 40 is capable of communicating with the aerial photograph database 80 to access an aerial photograph of the area in which the mobile asset is located. In the preferred embodiment, the aerial photograph database 80 is also accessible over the Internet 50. In an alternative embodiment, the aerial photograph database 80 is a component of the central processing system 40. By way of the Internet 50, the processing system 40 accesses the mapping and/or aerial photograph information and displays the map and/or photograph on a webpage accessible to the customer. Preferably, the coordinates of the asset associated with the mobile unit 20 is indicated on the map and/or photograph by a dot, “push-pin” or other such graphical indicator. Using the browser on the customer computer 60 and tools accessible through the mapping engine 70 by way of the Internet 50, the customer may “zoom” in or out on the displayed map. As shown in FIG. 2, the central processing system 40 preferably includes six access portals: a warrant portal 90, a registration portal 91, a customer portal 92, a customer service portal 93, and a data exchange portal 94. The system 40 also includes a shipping portal 95 as shown in FIG. 3. The warrant portal 90 is preferably accessible only by personnel associated with the entity operating the tracking system 10, and the central processing system 40 includes security features to ensure this requirement. The entity operating the tracking system 10 is referred to herein as the service provider. When customer enters into a contract with the service provider, the service provider ‘warrants’ that the entity has a newly contracted customer. The data required for the warrant portal is sent as a CSV file, which is uploaded into the warrant portal 90. Following the upload, the warrant portal 90 parses the CSV file for the required fields. Table I provides an example of data entered by way of the warrant portal 90 in a preferred embodiment of the invention. TABLE I Form Name Database Name Description Clerk ID SAT_ADT_EMPLOYEE.CLERKEMPNO Clerk employee number Sales ID SAT_ADT_EMPLOYEE.SALESEMPNO Sales associate employee number ADT Town No SAT_ADT_EMPLOYEE.TOWNNO Town number relating to the customer Contract No SAT_CUSTOMER.CONTRACTNO Customer contract number ADT Customer No SAT_CUSTOMER.ADTCUSTNO Customer number (Oracle) First Name SAT_CUSTOMER.FNAME First name of customer Last Name SAT_CUSTOMER.LNAME Last name of customer Email SAT_CUSTOMER.EMAIL If known, the customer's email address <hidden> SAT_CUST_ADDR_TYPE.DESC =1 (PRIMARY) Street Address SAT_CUST_ADDRESS.ADDR1 Customer's street address Apt/PO Box SAT_CUST_ADDRESS.ADDR2 Customer's apartment or PO Box City SAT_CUST_ADDRESS.CITY Customer's city of record State SAT_CUST_ADDRESS.STATE Customer's state of record Zip code SAT_CUST_ADDRESS.ZIPCODE Customer's postal code Phone Number SAT_CUST_ADDRESS.PHONE Customer's telephone number of record <hidden> SAT_CUSTOMER.CLASS =1 (WARRANT) When the warrant data is uploaded, it is captured and an email receipt of the transaction is preferably sent to the service provider. Additionally, two timestamps are captured: the record creating date and the warrant date. While these two dates are similar, if not identical, it is preferable to delineate between the two. Also, after the upload and parsing, certain other fields within the vehicle location tracking system database tables are preferably updated. Table II describes the mapping of fields of warrant data from the CSV file to the fields within the tracking system 10. TABLE II CSV_Column CSV_Column_Description Table Field 1 1 Telemar Account Number SAT_CUS_ASSETS TELEMAR_ACCOUNT_NUMBER 2 2 FirstName SAT_CUSTOMER FIRSTNAME 3 3 LastName SAT_CUSTOMER LASTNAME 4 4 Address1 SAT_CUST_ADDRESS ADDRESS1 5 5 Address2 SAT_CUST_ADDRESS ADDRESS2 6 6 City SAT_CUST_ADDRESS CITY 7 7 State SAT_CUST_ADDRESS STATE 8 8 Zip SAT_CUST_ADDRESS ZIPCODE 9 9 PhoneNumber SAT_CUST_ADDRESS PHONE 10 10 Car Make/Model/Year SAT_CUST_ASSETS MAKE_MODEL_YEAR 11 11 Color SAT_CUST_ASSETS COLOR 12 12 VIN SAT_CUST_ASSETS VIN_NUMBER 13 13 License Plate SAT_CUST_ASSETS LICENSE_PLATE_NUMBER 14 14 1st Contact SAT_CUSTOMER_CONTACTS CONTACTNAME 15 15 1st Contact Phone SAT_CUSTOMER_CONTACTS CONTACTPHONE 16 16 2nd Contact SAT_CUSTOMER_CONTACTS CONTACTPHONE 17 17 2nd Contact Phone SAT_CUSTOMER_CONTACTS CONTACTPHONE 18 18 3rd Contact SAT_CUSTOMER_CONTACTS CONTACTNAME 19 19 3rd Contact Phone SAT_CUSTOMER_CONTACTS CONTACTPHONE 20 20 Roadside assistance provider SAT_CUST_ASSETS ROADSIDE_ASST_PROV 21 21 Roadside Number SAT_CUST_ASSETS ROADSIDE_NUMBER 22 22 Member Number SAT_CUST_ASSETS ROADSIDE_MEMBER_NUMBER 23 23 Quantity SAT_CUST_ASSETS QUANTITY 24 24 Billing Number SAT_CUSTOMER ADT_CUSTOMER_NUMBER (ADT Cutomer Number) 25 25 CS Number SAT_CUST_ASSETS ADT_CS_NUMBER (directly relates to Ass . . . 26 26 Ship To SAT_CUS_ASSETS Ship_To_1 27 27 Ship To SAT_CUS_ASSETS Ship_To_2 28 28 Ship To SAT_CUS_ASSETS Ship_To_3 29 29 Shipped SAT_CUS_ASSETS Shipped 30 30 Processed Monitoring SAT_CUS_ASSETS Processed_Monitoring The warrant information uploaded from the warrant portal 90 is preferably processed as follows. Each row of the CSV file is processed. If the customer number is already available in the system, then the system will update the customer information. If a new customer is being processed, a new customer is created in SAT_CUSTOMER_TABLE. A new record is created in SAT_ADT_EMPLOYEE with the field values shown in Table II and the customer identification number obtained from the SAT_CUSTOMER record. A new record is created in SAT_CUSTOMER_ASSETS with the customer identification number obtained from the SAT_CUSTOMER record and other fields as shown in Table II. A new record is created in SAT_CUSTOMER_ADDRESS with the fields listed in Table II along with the customer identification number obtained from SAT_CUSTOMER. A new record is created in SAT_CUSTOMER_CONTACTS, with the fields listed in Table II along with the customer identification number obtained from SAT_CUSTOMER. If the customer already exists, these last two steps are not needed. In the preferred embodiment, the warrant portal 90 includes the functional components listed in Table III. TABLE III CSV File Upload Uploads the CSV file through the upload interface provided in the warrant portal. Upload Confirmation Provides upload confirmation or errors if the upload was not successful. CSV Parsing Parses the CSV file for required data and transfers the data to corresponding table fields within the system. CSV Parse Error In case of parse error, sends an email to the appropriate personnel within the service provider. Through the registration portal 91, customers “register” their mobile units 20 to obtain eligibility for usage of the tracking system 10. One purpose of registration is the collection of billing information. Generally, a customer does not participate in the tracking system 10 without registration. In the preferred embodiment, there are two ways for a customer to activate the mobile unit 20: (1) self-activation, and (2) customer service assisted registration. Preferably, customer go to a website for self-activation. On a welcome screen of the service provider's website, the customer clicks an activation hyperlink that takes them to an activation website to complete the activation process. Additionally customers preferably acknowledge the terms of service and privacy polices before submitting their account information. This may be represented by one or more check boxes with links to legal documents outlining the service and privacy policies. In a preferred embodiment, the first step in the process is to locate the customer account. The customer completes a short web form consisting of the customer's contract number and phone number. The system then queries the customer database 44 for the criteria given to locate the customer's warrant. Preferably, both fields should match the database records. To make it easy for the customer to locate their contract number, a cross section of a sample contract is preferably provided on the screen for comparison. Once the account has been successfully located based on the two-part criteria, the customer is directed to the last step of their activation process: security information and billing. The customer then completes the web form shown in Table IV. TABLE IV Form Name Database Name Description ### Billing Address ### Username SAT_CUST_SECURITY.USERNAME Customer selects a UNIQUE username Password SAT_CUST_SECURITY.PASSWORD Customer selects a password (4-8 chars) Verify Password SAT_CUST_SECURITY.PASSWORD Verify that Password and Verify Password match Secret Question SAT_CUST_SECURITY.SECRET Password recovery question Secret Answer SAT_CUST_SECURITY.SECRETANS Password recovery answer Email Address SAT_CUSTOMER.EMAIL Display if known. Collect if unknown. ### Billing Address ### <hidden> SAT_CUST_ADDR_TYPE.DESC =2 (BILLING) Street Address SAT_CUST_ADDRESS.ADDR1 Customer's street address Apt/PO Box SAT_CUST_ADDRESS.ADDR2 Customer's apartment or PO Box City SAT_CUST_ADDRESS.CITY Customer's city of record State SAT_CUST_ADDRESS.STATE Customer's state of record Zip code SAT_CUST_ADDRESS.ZIPCODE Customer's postal code Phone Number SAT_CUST_ADDRESS.PHONE Customer's phone number ### Method of payment ### Bank Card SAT_CUST_PAYMENT.BANKCARD Visa, MC, Discover, AMEX Credit Card No. SAT_CUST_PAYMENT.CCNO Customer's credit card number Expiration Mo. SAT_CUST_PAYMENT.MONTH Expiratory month Expiration Year SAT_CUST_PAYMENT.YEAR Expiratory year (4 digit) Name on card SAT_CUST_PAYMENT.NAME Name on credit card Verification code SAT_CUST_PAYMENT.VCODE Three digit number on back of credit card Preferably, customers acknowledge the service provider's terms of service and privacy policies before submitting their account information. This may be represented by one or more check boxes with links to these legal documents for the customer's inspection. During this process, the customer may elect to use their current account address as their billing address insofar that their primary address matches the information of their credit statement. When the form of Table IV is submitted, the payment information is validated and pre-authorized for an amount to be determined by the service provider. Successful pre-authorization then activates the customer's account and mobile unit 20, and the customer is able to access the tracking system 10. In the preferred embodiment, upon successful activation, the records listed in Table V are updated in the customer database 44. TABLE V Database Name Value Description SAT_CUSTOMER.CLASS =2 (ACTIVATED) Customer account status SAT_CUSTOMER.ACTDATE Then current Date activation DATETIME occurred When a customer requires the assistance of a customer service representative to activate their account and mobile device 20, the customer calls a toll-free number. The customer service representative essentially performs the steps outlined above on behalf of the customer in accordance with a phone script that mirrors the self-activation process. In the preferred embodiment, the registration portal 91 includes the functional components listed in Table VI. TABLE VI Locating customer account. This is the first step in the registration portal. The customer completes a short web form providing information that identifies them. Cannot identify customer. The system tries to identify using different logic like requesting other information that could help in identifying the customer. In case a match cannot be made, an informative error message is displayed along with details to contact customer service for further assistance. Gathering Login The system requests the customer create a new login account along with other information security information, so the customer can login to the system. Gathering Billing/Payment The system requests customer's billing address and the payment information. Information Acknowledging terms of The customer agrees to the terms of service and privacy policies. This may be service and privacy policies provided as a link or inline for them to review and accept the agreement terms. Pre-Authorization of Once the payment information is collected, the system will pre-authorize for an payment and account amount that will be determined by the service provider. Successful pre- activation. authorization activates the customer's account. The service provider could query this information through a web service or other means to activate the device, so that the customer will be able to participate in the tracking system. In the preferred embodiment, the customer portal 92 is where the customer views the tracking information for their assets. Preferably, asset track histories are maintained for billing and customer service purposes. At the customer portal 92, the user identifies the asset they wish to locate. (See FIG. 4.) The system 10 transfers this request to a telephony server, which is preferably a component of the cellular communication network 30, and the telephony server sends a signal to the GPS device. Upon receipt of the signal from the telephony server, the mobile unit 20 generates the GPS coordinates (longitude and latitude) of the mobile unit 20, and transmits the GPS coordinates to the central processing system 40. The system 40 places a location mark on a road map (See FIG. 5), or an aerial photo. (See FIG. 6.) In the preferred embodiment, the customer can also get written directions and highlighted map direction from or to the asset from or to any address or place of interest. Through the customer portal 92, the customer can remove, add and modify assets in their list of assets. (See FIGS. 7 and 8.) Through the customer portal 92, the customer may also update their information so that the service provider has the most up to date billing and contact information in the customer database 44. (See FIG. 9.) Thus, using the customer portal 92, the customer may: (1) log into the system 10 to use any of the features; (2) select from their available assets; (3) issue a tracking request; (4) view a map with a push pin depicting the location of the asset; (5) request driving directions from their asset location to different location; (6) purchase roadside assistance (for which the customer is billed monthly); (7) remove, add and modify assets in their list of assets; and (8) update their information so the service provider has the most up to date billing and contact information in the customer database 44. In the preferred embodiment, the customer portal 92 includes the functional components listed in Table VII. TABLE VII Customer login Customer logs into the system using their username and password they selected during the registration process. Login failure If login fails more than two times, the customer is offered their secret question to reset the password. If the answer does not match, they will be provided with the contact information for customer service. Asset list List of customer's assets are displayed for the customer to select an asset to perform other functions, such as tracking the asset. The asset list is displayed as a tabular grid, with the fields listed in Table VIII. Asset tracking When the customer selects a particular asset from the asset list, the system starts the asset tracking sequence, providing the customer with the status of tracking and returning the map for the location of asset. Asset tracking consists of two modules: (1)location of asset; and (2) rendering the map using the mapping module, such as using MapPoint.NET services. Asset tracking If the asset cannot be tracked, the customer will be provided additional error messages for failure such failure. Driving directions Once an asset is located, the customer can determine directions to any given location from their asset. Unable to obtain In case the system is unable to provide driving directions to the destination address that the driving directions. customer specified, the customer will be provided any error messages. Purchasing road The customer can purchase roadside assistance program. Any such purchases will be side assistance. monthly billable. Adding assets. The customer is able to add new assets. The customer must have the required information needed to add an asset Modifying and The customer can also modify their asset description and other allowed information that the removing assets. system permits them to modify. The customer may also remove an asset from their asset list. Updating customer The customer can update their billing and contact information so that customer service information. provider will have the up to date information about the customer. TABLE VIII Mapping to ADT Track Table Field Description SAT_CUST_ASSETS->AssetID This is the unique ID for the asset. This field will link to initiating a track request for the asset. SAT_CUST_ASSETS-> The description for the asset Asset_Decription provided by the customer. SAT_CUST_ASSETS-> The vehicle information. Make_Model_Year SAT_CUST_ASSETS- The road side assistance provider RoadSide_Asst_Prov for the vehicle. SAT_CUST_ASSETS- The road side member account RoadSide_Member_Number number of the customer with the provider. SAT_CUST_ASSETS- The phone number the customer RoadSide_Number can call for road side assistance. In the preferred embodiment, after the customer logs in and selects an asset, the AssetID is passed to the asset location web form. On successfully locating an asset, the location is preferably returned in a structure as shown below: ASSET_LOCATION STRUCTURE Latitude Longitude GPSTime GPSUpdated Status Once the central processing system 40 gets this information, the asset tracking module uses this information to render the map using the mapping module 70, such as the Mappoint.NET module. Asset tracking module proceeds according to the following preferred procedure: 1. Locate MIN # for the asset, where MIN # is the outbound number that will be passed to the telephony server. Preferably, MIN# is obtained by passing the AssetID of the selected asset from Table IX. TABLE IX Mapping to ADT Track Table Field Description SAT_DEVICE_UNITS->AssetID The AssetID of the selected asset. SAT_DEVICE_UNITS->MIN The outbound number that will be returned. 2. Obtain WorkStationID, which is an identifier for an available line on the telephony server by executing the following stored procedure: WEBTITC_DISPATCH_AVAILABLE( )@WorkStationID, @Return, where the Return parameter values are set forth in Table X. TABLE X Return parameter values Description −1 The telephony server is busy A one-zero value other Possibly an error occurred. The application will than −1 convey this error by displaying the error number/Return value. 3. Call the following stored procedure to initiate an outbound call to the mobile device 20: WEBTITC_COMMAND_SUBMIT(@WorkStationID, @Command, @OutBound#) @Return where the parameter values are described in Table XI, and the return parameter value is described in Table XII. TABLE XI Parameter Values Description @WorkStationID The line ID previously obtained. @OutBound The Min# previously obtained. @Command The value passed will be “Locate” @Return This is a return value obtained as a result of executing the stored procedure. TABLE XII Return parameter values Description A non-zero value other Possibly an error occurred. The application will than −1 convey this error by displaying the error number/Return value. 4. Call the following stored procedure to perform call progress detection and provide the status of the call to the user: WEBTITC_PROGRESS(@WorkStationID) @Return, @Progress, @Result where the parameter values are described in Table XIII and the return parameter value is described in Table XIV. TABLE XIII Parameter Values Description @WorkStationID The line ID previously obtained. @Return This is a return value obtained as a result of executing the stored procedure. @Progress This is a return value that contains the progress status. @Result This is a return value that contains the result of the call. Along with the @Return parameter, this parameter provides a way to confirm that the call was successful or not. When a value of “OK” is returned, the call is completed and the device is located at that instance. TABLE XIV Return parameter values Description A non-zero value other Possibly an error occurred. The application will than −1 convey this error by displaying the error number/Return value. The preferred embodiment includes a mechanism to show the call progress, such as by using an IFrame or repeatedly loading a status image from the server or requesting other objects like flash files or using a Java applet. 5. Obtaining the record containing the GPS information after an @Result=“OK” is accomplished by executing the following stored procedure: WEBTITC_READ(@WorkStationID) @Return where the Return parameter values are described in Table XV. Return parameter values Description A non-zero value other Possibly an error occurred. The application than −1 will convey this error by displaying the error number/Return value. 0 A row will be available containing the following information: Longitude, Latitude, GPSUpdated and GPSTime Once the location of the asset is established according to the above procedure, the mapping module 70, such as the MapPoint.NET service, is used to render the map of the location. The customer service portal 93 provides for responding to and servicing user inquiries sent to the service provider. The data exchange portal 94 provides for accumulating and disseminating data, such as billing data. The shipping portal 95 provides shipping information for a mobile device 20 after it is shipped to the customer. Shipping information is updated by uploading a CSV file through the warrant portal. (See FIG. 3.) After a successful upload, an email is preferably sent to the service provider. The functional components of the shipping portal according to a preferred embodiment are listed in Table XVI. TABLE XVI CSV File Upload The service provider logs into the system and uploads the CSV file through the upload interface provided in the warrant portal. The CSV file uploaded contains updated information related to a mobile unit shipment to a customer. Upload Confirmation Provide upload confirmation or errors if the upload was not successful. CSV parsing: CSV Parse the CSV file for required data and transfer the data to corresponding table fields Fields to ADT Track within the tracking system. Table(s) field mapping CSV parse Error In case of parse error an email will be sent to the appropriate entity for troubleshooting. Parse error may result because of invalid format of data or unable to match existing records to update the shipping information. CSV parse OK Send an email after successful parsing of the CSV file. According to the procedure described above, a single set of location coordinates are transmitted from the mobile unit 20 to the central processing system 40 when the mobile unit 20 receives the appropriate signal from the central processing system 40. However, it should be appreciated that coordinates for more than one location may be communicated in a single transmission. For example, the mobile unit 20 may be programmed to take GPS position readings periodically, such as every 30 minutes, and store those readings with corresponding timestamps in the memory 21 of the mobile unit 20. These stored readings may be later uploaded during a single transmission to the central processing system 40. It will also be appreciated that more than one position indicator (such as a “push pin”) may be displayed on a map or aerial photograph. For example, a series of positions may be overlaid on the map or photograph to depict the movements of an asset over a period of time. Computer Program Listing A computer program listing appendix is submitted herewith on a single compact disc, the files of which are incorporated herein by reference. The foregoing description of preferred embodiments for this invention have been presented for purposes of illustration and description. They are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed. Obvious modifications or variations are possible in light of the above teachings. The embodiments are chosen and described in an effort to provide the best illustrations of the principles of the invention and its practical application, and to thereby enable one of ordinary skill in the art to utilize the invention in various embodiments and with various modifications as is suited to the particular use contemplated. All such modifications and variations are within the scope of the invention as determined by the appended claims when interpreted in accordance with the breadth to which they are fairly, legally, and equitably entitled.	<SOH> BACKGROUND <EOH>Often situations arise in which an owner of an asset, such as a automobile, wishes to confirm the location of the asset when the asset is out of the owner's control. For example, when a parent allows a teenage son or daughter to take the family car for an outing, the parent may wish to verify the location of the car at any time during the outing. As another example, a business entity operating a fleet of vehicles may wish to monitor the location of each of the vehicles during the course of business operations. As a further example, the owner of a stolen vehicle may wish to monitor the location of the vehicle and provide law enforcement officers such information to aid in recovery of the vehicle. What is needed, therefore, is a system capable of determining the location of an asset in real-time, or near real-time, and reporting the location information to the owner of the asset or to another who is authorized to receive such information.	<SOH> SUMMARY <EOH>The above and other needs are met by an asset location tracking system for tracking the position of a mobile asset, such as an automobile, boat or airplane. The tracking system includes a mobile unit for installation in the mobile asset. The mobile unit comprises a position locating unit, such as a GPS unit, for generating position information indicative of the position of the mobile asset. The mobile unit also includes a wireless transmitter, such as a cellular transmitter, for wirelessly transmitting the position information. The tracking system also includes a central processing system comprising a wireless receiver, such as a cellular receiver, for receiving the position information transmitted by the wireless transmitter. The central processing system further includes a processor for operating on the position information to format the position information to be accessible at a network address on a global communication network such as the Internet. The tracking system includes the global communication network in communication with the central processing system and in communication with a customer computer. The customer computer has access to the network address on the global communication network, and can access and display the position information. In preferred embodiments of the invention, the position information is displayed as a graphical indicator, such as a “push pin,” on a map or aerial photograph displayed a webpage accessed by the customer computer. In another aspect, the invention provides a method for tracking a location of a mobile asset, such as an automobile, boat or airplane. The method includes the steps of accessing an asset tracking webpage on a customer computer by way of a global communication network, such as the Internet, and selecting an asset from a list of assets displayed on the asset tracking webpage. The method includes transmitting a wireless activation signal to a mobile unit collocated with the asset, receiving the wireless activation signal at the mobile unit, and generating asset position information at the mobile unit in response to the wireless activation signal. The method also includes wirelessly transmitting the position information from the mobile unit, receiving the position information, and generating position coordinates based on the received position information. The method further includes accessing a map of an area that includes the location indicated by. the position coordinates, generating a graphical position indicator on the map to form an annotated map, accessing the annotated map via the global communication network, and displaying the annotated map accessed over the global communication network at a customer computer. Using the invention, the location coordinates of an asset can be determined in near real time. The owner of the asset, or others authorized by the owner, can view the location of the asset on a map or aerial photograph displayed on a webpage. In this manner, the owner can track the location of the asset anywhere in the world from anywhere in the world at which the owner can gain access to the Internet.	20040602	20060905	20050203	64713.0		1	NGUYEN, PHUNG	ASSET LOCATION TRACKING SYSTEM	SMALL	0	ACCEPTED		2,004
10,858,940	ACCEPTED	Adjustable channel-mount sign mounting system	An adjustable, channel-mount system for mounting a sign to a shelf includes a spring-loaded mounting bracket having a mounting portion moveably connected to a sign-holding portion and an elongated sign-holder. The sign-holding portion of the mounting bracket features at least one channel. At least one securing element configured for engagement with the at least one channel of the sign-holding portion of the mounting bracket is included on a back surface of the sign-holder.	1. An adjustable, channel-mount system for mounting a sign to a shelf beam, comprising: a spring-loaded mounting bracket having a mounting portion moveably connected to a sign-holding portion, wherein the sign-holding portion includes at least one channel; and an elongated, interchangeable sign-holder having front and back surfaces, with at least one securing element located on the back surface of the sign-holder and configured for engagement with the at least one channel of the sign-holding portion of the mounting bracket. 2. The mounting bracket of claim 1, wherein the mounting portion and sign-holding portion are moveably connected to each other with a pin. 3. The mounting bracket of claim 2, wherein a spring is mounted on the pin. 4. The mounting bracket of claim 1, wherein the mounting portion includes a main body section and arms, wherein the main body section includes an opening for operatively attaching the mounting portion to the shelf beam, and the arms are moveably connected to the sign-holding portion of the mounting bracket. 5. The mounting bracket of claim 4, wherein the opening in the main body section of the mounting portion is circular-shaped. 6. The mounting bracket of claim 1, wherein the sign-holding portion includes a main body section and arms, wherein the main body section includes at least one channel, and the arms are moveably connected to the mounting portion of the mounting bracket. 7. The mounting bracket of claim 1, wherein the at least one channel of the sign-holding portion has a substantially c-shaped cross-section. 8. The mounting bracket of claim 7, wherein the at least one substantially c-shaped channel includes a base and two walls with curved edges, and the edges of the walls narrow the substantially c-shaped channel to form an outer strait with parallel walls. 9. The mounting bracket of claim 1, wherein the sign-holding portion includes two channels. 10. The mounting bracket of claim 9, wherein the two channels of the sign-holding portion have substantially c-shaped cross-sections. 11. The mounting bracket of claim 10, wherein each of the two substantially c-shaped channels include bases and two walls with curved edges, and the edges of the walls narrow the substantially c-shaped channels to form outer straits with parallel walls. 12. The mounting bracket of claim 9, wherein the two channels of the sign-holding portion are oriented perpendicularly with respect to each other. 13. The sign-holder of claim 1, wherein the at least one securing element extends along the entire length of the back surface of the sign-holder. 14. The sign-holder of claim 1, wherein the at least one securing element includes an elongated, arcuate head segment mounted on a narrow, elongated stem segment that is fixed in an elongated base segment, and is configured for engagement with the at least one channel of the sign-holding portion of the mounting bracket. 15. The sign-holder of claim 14, wherein the elongated head of the at least one securing element engages the at least one channel of the sign-holding portion of the mounting bracket by sliding into a side of the at least one channel. 16. The sign-holder of claim 14, wherein the elongated head of the at least one securing element engages the at least one channel of the sign-holding portion of the mounting bracket by snapping into the at least one channel. 17. The sign-holder of claim 1, wherein the at least one securing element is attached directly to the back surface of the sign-holder, forming a projection that is substantially perpendicular with respect to the back surface of the sign-holder. 18. The sign-holder of claim 1, wherein the at least one securing element is attached to a side of a right triangle formed of and protruding from the back surface of the sign-holder, so that it forms a projection that is at an acute angle with respect to the back surface of the sign-holder. 19. The sign-holder of claim 1, wherein two securing elements are located on the back surface of the sign-holder. 20. The sign holder of claim 19, wherein a first securing element is placed on an upper portion of the sign-holder and a second securing element is placed on a lower portion of the sign-holder. 21. The sign-holder of claim 19, wherein both of the securing elements extend along the entire length of the back surface of the sign-holder. 22. The sign-holder of claim 19, wherein the first securing element is attached directly to the back surface of the upper portion of the sign-holder, forming a projection that is perpendicular with respect to the back surface of the sign-holder; and the second securing element is attached to a side of a right triangle formed of and protruding from the back surface of the sign-holder, so that it forms a projection that is at an acute angle with respect to the back surface of the sign-holder. 23. The system of claim 1, wherein the mounting bracket is attached to an upper portion of a front face of the shelf beam. 24. The system of claim 1, wherein the mounting bracket is attached to a lower portion of a front face of the shelf beam. 25. The system of claim 1, wherein the mounting bracket is attached to a top face of the shelf beam. 26. The system of claim 1, wherein the mounting bracket is attached to a bottom face of the shelf beam. 27. An adjustable, channel-mount system for mounting a sign to a shelf beam, comprising: a spring-loaded mounting bracket having a mounting portion and a sign-holding portion, wherein the mounting portion has a main body section with an opening for operatively attaching the mounting portion to the shelf beam, and arms moveably connecting the mounting portion to the sign-holding portion, and wherein the sign-holding portion has a main body section with two channels having substantially c-shaped cross-sections and arms moveably connecting the sign-holding portion to the mounting portion; and an elongated, interchangeable sign-holder having front and back surfaces, with two securing elements extending along the entire length of the back surface the sign-holder and configured for snapping or sliding engagement with the channels of the sign-holding portion of the mounting bracket, wherein each of the securing elements includes an elongated, arcuate head segment mounted on a narrow, elongated stem segments that is fixed in an elongated base segment, and wherein a first securing elements is attached directly to an upper portion of the back surface of the sign-holder, forming a projection that is perpendicular with respect to the back surface of the sign-holder, a second securing element is attached to a side of a right triangle formed on and protruding from a lower portion of the back surface of the sign-holder, so that it forms a projection that is at an acute angle with respect to the back surface of the sign-holder. 28. The mounting bracket of claim 27, wherein each of the two substantially c-shaped channels include bases and two walls with curved edges, and the edges of the walls narrow the substantially c-shaped channels to form outer straits with parallel walls. 29. The mounting bracket of claim 27, wherein the two channels of the sign-holding portion are oriented perpendicularly with respect to each other. 30. The system of claim 27, wherein the mounting bracket is attached to an upper portion of a front face of the shelf beam. 31. The system of claim 27, wherein the mounting bracket is attached to a lower portion of a front face of the shelf beam. 32. The system of claim 27, wherein the mounting bracket is attached to a top face of the shelf beam. 33. The system of claim 27, wherein the mounting bracket is attached to a bottom face of the shelf beam.	BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention is directed to a sign mounting system. More particularly, the invention pertains to an adjustable, channel-mount sign mounting bracket and a frameless sign holder for mounting to the bracket. Consumers with readily recognize hundreds of different types of signs and sign systems used in retail settings. Signs and their mounts are available in a wide array of sizes, designs, and mounting arrangements. Typically, traditional stationary signs are mounted to support structures such as shelving, or from a vertical support element such as a shelf standard at the rear of shelves, or to vertical standards at the front of shelves. Such signs provide readily visible signage to direct consumers to merchandise stocked on the shelves. While the signs are quite effective in directing a consumer's attention to a particular location, item, or product, because the signs must be mounted to shelf beams in particular, pre-determined ways, merchants have little flexibility in designing displays. A sign configured to be mounted to the top side of a shelf beam as a header cannot also attach to the bottom or front sides of the same beam for use as a shelf edge. To use both header and edge signs in their displays, merchants must stock multiple forms of signs or sign-holders, each with different means of mounting to the shelves' beams. Signs require ready installation, to allow for simple display design changes. Many known sign mounting systems are permanent installations, so that removing and relocating the mounting systems is complicated, if not impossible. Many known signs and sign-holders are attached to their mounts via screws, hinges, or other mechanical elements. Even if these signs and sign-holders can be relocated to other sites, the additional elements increase the overall cost of the signs as well as the labor required to mount them effectively. Many sign mounting systems are too large and cumbersome to fit in between the wires of the wire decking grids popular with many warehouses and warehouse stores. Instead, these signs must be placed to the side or in another, less immediate location. Another type of sign mounting system rigidly attaches a sign's body to a support structure. Such a rigid sign mount cannot readily absorb impacts, such as may occur when the sign is accidentally struck by a consumer, resulting in signage breaks or bends. Rigid sign mounts further cannot lift up or flex down to allow consumers better access to displayed products. Accordingly, there exists a need for an adjustable sign mounting system that readily attaches to both the top sides of shelf beams as a header and the bottom and front sides of the same beams as a shelf edge. Desirably, such a sign mounting system is spring-loaded and can be used with any of a variety of types of retail display arrangements (e.g. overstock shelving, pallet rack shelving, and the like). Most desirably, the signs or sign-holders are interchangeable and engage directly with their mounts, without the use of mechanical elements. BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION An adjustable system for mounting signs to shelf beams includes a spring-loaded mounting bracket and an elongated, interchangeable sign-holder. The mounting bracket incorporates a mounting portion and a sign-holding portion, which are moveably connected to each other. The sign-holding portion has at least one channel. The sign-holder has at least one securing element located on its back surface, which is configured for engagement with the at least one channel of the sign-holding portion of the mounting bracket. In a preferred embodiment, the mounting portion and sign-holding portion of the mounting bracket are moveably connected to each other with a pin. Preferably, a spring also is mounted on the pin. In the preferred embodiment, the mounting portion of the mounting bracket has a main body section and arms. The main body section includes an opening for operatively attaching the mounting portion to a shelf beam. The arms are moveably connected to the sign-holding portion of the mounting bracket. The mounting portion's main body section opening preferably is circular-shaped. In the preferred embodiment, the at least one channel of the sign-holding portion of the mounting bracket has a substantially c-shaped cross-section. Preferably, the c-shaped channel has a base and two walls with curved edges, so that the edges narrow the channel to form an outer strait with parallel walls. Most preferably, the sign-holding portion of the mounting bracket includes two channels with substantially c-shaped cross-sections and curved edges narrowing the channels to form outer straits with parallel walls. The two channels most preferably are oriented perpendicularly to each other. In the preferred embodiment, the at least one securing element extends along the entire length of the sign-holder's back surface. The securing element preferably includes an elongated, arcuate head segment mounted on a narrow, elongated stem segment that is fixed in an elongated base segment. Most preferably, two securing elements extend along the entire length of the sign-holder's back surface. One element may be placed on an upper portion of the sign-holder's back surface, and the other element may be located on a lower portion of the sign-holder's back surface. Elements may be attached directly to the back surface of the sign-holder, forming a projection that is perpendicular with respect to the back surface of the sign-holder. Alternately, they may be attached to a side of a right-triangle formed of and protruding from the back surface of the sign-holder, forming a projection that is at an acute angle with respect to the back surface of the sign-holder. The at least one securing element may engage the at least one channel of the sign-holding portion of the mounting bracket by sliding into a side of the at least one channel, or by snapping into the at least one channel. Alternate modes of engagement, as known in the art, also are acceptable. The system's mounting bracket may be attached to top, bottom, or front faces of the shelf beam. The shelf beam's front face includes upper and lower portions for mounting bracket attachment. These and other features and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from the following detailed description, in conjunction with the appended claims. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS The benefits and advantages of the present invention will become more readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the relevant art after reviewing the following detailed description and accompanying drawings, wherein: FIG. 1 is a perspective view of one configuration of one embodiment of an adjustable, channel-mount sign mounting system embodying the principles of the present invention, the sign mounting system shown attached to an upper portion of a front face of an exemplary shelf beam; FIG. 2 is an exploded perspective view of a mounting bracket of the sign mounting system of FIG. 1; FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view illustrating the attachment of the sign mounting system configuration of FIG. 1 to the shelf beam; FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view illustrating an alternate configuration of the adjustable, channel-mount sign mounting system of the present invention, shown attached to an upper portion of a front face of an exemplary shelf beam; FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view illustrating an alternate configuration of the adjustable, channel-mount sign mounting system of the present invention, shown attached to a lower portion of a front face of an exemplary shelf beam; FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view illustrating an alternate configuration of the adjustable, channel-mount sign mounting system of the present invention, shown attached to a lower portion of a front face of an exemplary shelf beam; FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view illustrating an alternate configuration of the adjustable, channel-mount sign mounting system of the present invention, shown attached to a lower portion of a front face of an exemplary shelf beam; FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view illustrating an alternate configuration of the adjustable, channel-mount sign mounting system of the present invention, shown attached to a lower portion of a front face of an exemplary shelf beam; FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view illustrating an alternate configuration of the adjustable, channel-mount sign mounting system of the present invention, shown attached to an upper portion of a front face of an exemplary shelf beam; FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view illustrating an alternate configuration of the adjustable, channel-mount sign mounting system of the present invention, shown attached to a lower portion of a front face of an exemplary shelf beam; FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional view illustrating an alternate configuration of the adjustable, channel-mount sign mounting system of the present invention, shown attached to an upper portion of a front face of an exemplary shelf beam; FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional view illustrating an alternate configuration of the adjustable, channel-mount sign mounting system of the present invention, shown attached to a lower portion of a front face of an exemplary shelf beam; FIG. 13 is a cross-sectional view illustrating an alternative configuration of the adjustable, channel-mount sign mounting system of the present invention, shown attached to a bottom face of an exemplary shelf beam; FIG. 14 is a cross-sectional view illustrating an alternative configuration of the adjustable, channel-mount sign mounting system of the present invention, shown attached to a top face of an exemplary shelf beam; FIG. 15 is a cross-sectional view illustrating an alternative configuration of the adjustable, channel-mount sign mounting system of the present invention, shown attached to a bottom face of an exemplary shelf beam; and FIG. 16 is a cross-sectional view illustrating an alternative configuration of the adjustable, channel-mount sign mounting system of the present invention, shown attached to a top face of an exemplary shelf beam. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION While the present invention is susceptible of embodiment in various forms, there is shown in the drawings and will hereinafter be described a presently preferred embodiment with the understanding that the present disclosure is to be considered an exemplification of the invention and is not intended to limit the invention to the specific embodiment illustrated. It should be further understood that the title of this section of this specification, namely, “Detailed Description Of The Invention”, relates to a requirement of the United States Patent Office, and does not imply, nor should be inferred to limit the subject matter disclosed herein. Referring to the figures and in particular FIG. 1, there is shown an adjustable, channel-mount sign mounting system 10 in accordance with the principles of the present invention. FIGS. 1 and 3-16 illustrate the sign mounting system 10 mounted to an exemplary shelf beam 11. The sign mounting system 10 includes a mounting bracket 12 and a sign-holder 14. Both the mounting bracket 12 and the sign-holder 14 may be injection molded. The mounting bracket 12 includes a mounting portion 16 and a sign-holding portion 18. The sign-holding portion 18 of the mounting bracket 12 incorporates at least one, but preferably two channels 44, 46. The channels 44, 46 are oriented perpendicular to each other, in the main body section 28 of the sign-holding portion 18. The channels 44, 46 have substantially c-shaped cross-sections, with bases 48 and walls 50 with curved edges 52 (see FIG. 3). The edges 52 of the walls 50 narrow the substantially c-shaped channels 44, 46 to form outer straits 54 with parallel walls 56. The mounting portion 16 and sign-holding portion 18 of the mounting bracket are moveably connected to each other via a pin 20. FIG. 2 illustrates assembly of the mounting portion 16 and sign-holding portion 18 using the pin 20: two arms 22 extending from a main body section 24 of the mounting portion 16 surround two arms 26 extending from a main body section 28 of the sign-holding portion 18, which in turn surround a spring 30. The pin 20 passes through apertures 32, 34 located in each pair of arms 22, 26 and through the spring's 30 center. The main body section 24 of the mounting portion 16 of the mounting bracket 12 includes an opening 36 for operatively attaching the mounting portion 16 to a shelf beam 11 (FIG. 2). As shown in FIG. 3, the mounting bracket 12 may be attached to the shelf beam 11 with a bolt 38, although many other fasteners, such as screws, toggles, brads, nails, or tacks may be used. Preferably, the opening 36 is circular, and located at the center of a larger, circular depression 40. A head 42 of the bolt 38 securely fits into the depression 40, firmly anchoring the mounting bracket 12 to the shelf beam 11. Preferably, the mounting bracket 12 is sized to fit between the wire decking grids used with many shelves. Referring now to FIGS. 1 and 3, the sign-holder 14 is shown coupled to the mounting bracket 12. The sign-holder 14 has front and back surfaces 58, 60, with at least one, but preferably two securing elements 62, 64 located on the back surface. Preferably, the securing elements 62, 64 extend along the entire length of the back surface 60 of the sign-holder 14. Most preferably, the securing elements 62, 64 include an elongated, arcuate head segment 66 atop a narrow, elongated stem segment 68, which is fixed in an elongated base segment 70. The head segment 66 is configured for engagement with either of the channels 44, 46 located in the main body section 28 of the sign-holding portion 18 of the mounting bracket 12. The head 66 may engage either of the channels 44, 46 by sliding into a side of the channel, or by snapping into the channel. Preferably, the base segment 70 of a first one of the securing elements 62 is attached directly to the back surface 60 of the sign-holder 14, so that the head segment 66 forms a projection that is substantially perpendicular with respect to the plane of the back surface. The base segment 70 of the other, second securing element 64 then may be attached to a side of a right triangle 72 formed of and protruding from the back surface 60 of the sign-holder 14. The head segment 66 of this second securing element 64 therefore forms a projection that is at an acute angle with respect to the plane of the back surface 60. The first securing element 62 may be placed on an upper portion 74 of the sign-holder 14 with the second securing element 64 placed on a lower portion 76 of the sign-holder, or vice versa. The sign-holders 14 are available in a variety of colors and heights, and are interchangeable with one another, allowing merchants to easily switch signs in their displays. Referring now to FIGS. 1 and 3-16, a variety of configurations are shown for attachment of the sign mounting system 10 to an exemplary shelf beam 11. In FIGS. 1 and 3, the mounting portion 16 of the mounting bracket 12 is attached to an upper portion of a front face 80 of the shelf beam 11. Preferably, the arms 22 of the mounting portion 16 are curved on their inside surfaces 82 to ensure a close fit with the shelf beam 11. The head segment 66 of the first securing element 62 is engaged with one of the channels 46 of the sign-holding portion 18 of the mounting bracket 12. This configuration provides a shelf edge that is substantially perpendicular to the shelf beam 11 and extends down. As FIG. 3 indicates, because the mounting bracket 12 is spring-loaded, the sign-holding portion 14 may flex upwards in response to bumps or jolts, without breaking. FIGS. 4, 9, and 11 illustrate similar configurations to that of FIGS. 1 and 3, with variations in the securing element used or the channel engaged. In FIG. 4, the head segment of the first securing element 62 is again engaged with the same channel 46 as in FIGS. 1 and 3 to form a shelf edge, but the sign-holder 14 extends up, rather than down. The configuration of FIG. 4 also may be used as a header, such as on a high shelf, for labeling overstock. FIG. 9 features the same channel 46 engagement, but with the second securing element 64 instead, sign-holder 14 extending up. Use of the second securing element 64 creates an angled sign display, again suitable for a shelf edge or header. Similarly, FIG. 11 illustrates the same channel 46 engaged by the second securing element 64, but with the sign-holder 14 extending down at an angle. FIGS. 5-8, 10, and 12 all show the mounting portion 16 of the mounting bracket 12 attached to a lower portion 84 of the front face 80 of the shelf beam 11. In FIGS. 7, 8, 10, and 12, the same channel 46 is used for engagement as in FIGS. 4, 9, and 11. In FIGS. 7 and 8, the first securing element 62 is engaged with the channel 46, the sign-holder 14 extending upwardly in FIG. 8 and downwardly in FIG. 7. In FIGS. 10 and 12, the second securing element 64 is engaged with the channel 46, the sign-holder 14 extending upwardly in FIG. 10 and downwardly in FIG. 12. In FIGS. 5 and 6, the other channel 44 is engaged with the first securing element 62 and the second securing element 64 respectively. In FIGS. 13 and 15, the mounting portion 16 of the mounting bracket 12 is shown attached to a bottom face 86 of the shelf beam 11. In both FIGS. 13 and 15, the channel 44 used for engagement is the same as in FIGS. 5 and 6. FIG. 13 shows the first securing element 62 engaged to the channel 44, so that the sign-holder 14 extends directly downward. FIG. 15 illustrates the second securing element 64 engaged to the channel 44, so that the sign-holder 14 extends downward at an acute angle to the shelf beam 11. Though these configurations could be used as headers, they are more likely to be used as shelf edges. FIGS. 14 and 16 demonstrate the mounting portion 16 of the mounting bracket 12 attached to a top face 88 of the shelf beam 11. Again, the channel 44 used for engagement is the same as in FIGS. 5 and 6. FIG. 14 depicts the first securing element 62 engaged to the channel 44, so that the sign-holder 14 extends directly upward. FIG. 16 illustrates the second securing element 64 engaged to the channel 44, so that the sign-holder extends upward at an acute angle to the shelf beam 11. Though these configurations could be used as shelf edges, they are more likely to be used as headers. As may be seen from the figures, either securing element 62, 64 may engage with either channel 44, 46. All patents referred to herein, are hereby incorporated herein by reference, whether or not specifically done so within the text of this disclosure. In the present disclosure, the words “a” or “an” are to be taken to include both the singular and the plural. Conversely, any reference to plural items shall, where appropriate, include the singular. From the foregoing it will be observed that numerous modifications and variations can be effectuated without departing from the true spirit and scope of the novel concepts of the present invention. It is to be understood that no limitation with respect to the specific embodiments illustrated is intended or should be inferred. The disclosure is intended to cover by the appended claims all such modifications as fall within the scope of the claims.	<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>The present invention is directed to a sign mounting system. More particularly, the invention pertains to an adjustable, channel-mount sign mounting bracket and a frameless sign holder for mounting to the bracket. Consumers with readily recognize hundreds of different types of signs and sign systems used in retail settings. Signs and their mounts are available in a wide array of sizes, designs, and mounting arrangements. Typically, traditional stationary signs are mounted to support structures such as shelving, or from a vertical support element such as a shelf standard at the rear of shelves, or to vertical standards at the front of shelves. Such signs provide readily visible signage to direct consumers to merchandise stocked on the shelves. While the signs are quite effective in directing a consumer's attention to a particular location, item, or product, because the signs must be mounted to shelf beams in particular, pre-determined ways, merchants have little flexibility in designing displays. A sign configured to be mounted to the top side of a shelf beam as a header cannot also attach to the bottom or front sides of the same beam for use as a shelf edge. To use both header and edge signs in their displays, merchants must stock multiple forms of signs or sign-holders, each with different means of mounting to the shelves' beams. Signs require ready installation, to allow for simple display design changes. Many known sign mounting systems are permanent installations, so that removing and relocating the mounting systems is complicated, if not impossible. Many known signs and sign-holders are attached to their mounts via screws, hinges, or other mechanical elements. Even if these signs and sign-holders can be relocated to other sites, the additional elements increase the overall cost of the signs as well as the labor required to mount them effectively. Many sign mounting systems are too large and cumbersome to fit in between the wires of the wire decking grids popular with many warehouses and warehouse stores. Instead, these signs must be placed to the side or in another, less immediate location. Another type of sign mounting system rigidly attaches a sign's body to a support structure. Such a rigid sign mount cannot readily absorb impacts, such as may occur when the sign is accidentally struck by a consumer, resulting in signage breaks or bends. Rigid sign mounts further cannot lift up or flex down to allow consumers better access to displayed products. Accordingly, there exists a need for an adjustable sign mounting system that readily attaches to both the top sides of shelf beams as a header and the bottom and front sides of the same beams as a shelf edge. Desirably, such a sign mounting system is spring-loaded and can be used with any of a variety of types of retail display arrangements (e.g. overstock shelving, pallet rack shelving, and the like). Most desirably, the signs or sign-holders are interchangeable and engage directly with their mounts, without the use of mechanical elements.	<SOH> BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>An adjustable system for mounting signs to shelf beams includes a spring-loaded mounting bracket and an elongated, interchangeable sign-holder. The mounting bracket incorporates a mounting portion and a sign-holding portion, which are moveably connected to each other. The sign-holding portion has at least one channel. The sign-holder has at least one securing element located on its back surface, which is configured for engagement with the at least one channel of the sign-holding portion of the mounting bracket. In a preferred embodiment, the mounting portion and sign-holding portion of the mounting bracket are moveably connected to each other with a pin. Preferably, a spring also is mounted on the pin. In the preferred embodiment, the mounting portion of the mounting bracket has a main body section and arms. The main body section includes an opening for operatively attaching the mounting portion to a shelf beam. The arms are moveably connected to the sign-holding portion of the mounting bracket. The mounting portion's main body section opening preferably is circular-shaped. In the preferred embodiment, the at least one channel of the sign-holding portion of the mounting bracket has a substantially c-shaped cross-section. Preferably, the c-shaped channel has a base and two walls with curved edges, so that the edges narrow the channel to form an outer strait with parallel walls. Most preferably, the sign-holding portion of the mounting bracket includes two channels with substantially c-shaped cross-sections and curved edges narrowing the channels to form outer straits with parallel walls. The two channels most preferably are oriented perpendicularly to each other. In the preferred embodiment, the at least one securing element extends along the entire length of the sign-holder's back surface. The securing element preferably includes an elongated, arcuate head segment mounted on a narrow, elongated stem segment that is fixed in an elongated base segment. Most preferably, two securing elements extend along the entire length of the sign-holder's back surface. One element may be placed on an upper portion of the sign-holder's back surface, and the other element may be located on a lower portion of the sign-holder's back surface. Elements may be attached directly to the back surface of the sign-holder, forming a projection that is perpendicular with respect to the back surface of the sign-holder. Alternately, they may be attached to a side of a right-triangle formed of and protruding from the back surface of the sign-holder, forming a projection that is at an acute angle with respect to the back surface of the sign-holder. The at least one securing element may engage the at least one channel of the sign-holding portion of the mounting bracket by sliding into a side of the at least one channel, or by snapping into the at least one channel. Alternate modes of engagement, as known in the art, also are acceptable. The system's mounting bracket may be attached to top, bottom, or front faces of the shelf beam. The shelf beam's front face includes upper and lower portions for mounting bracket attachment. These and other features and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from the following detailed description, in conjunction with the appended claims.	20040602	20061121	20051208	59546.0		0	MCDUFFIE, MICHAEL D	ADJUSTABLE CHANNEL-MOUNT SIGN MOUNTING SYSTEM	SMALL	0	ACCEPTED		2,004
10,859,136	ACCEPTED	Multicarrier and multirate CDMA system	In a multi-carrier and multi-rate CDMA system, a base station transmits an index tag to a number of mobile stations. The index tag has a length indicating a transmission rate and all index tags are nodes in a code tree. In the code tree, mother nodes and their child nodes block each other and are not assigned to the mobile stations at the same time. At the same time, index tags of nodes in the same level of the code tree map are orthogonal to each other. The mobile station constructs an index tag matrix according to the index tag. Then, the index tag matrix is multiplied with a generating matrix that is stored in every mobile station to generate a spreading factor matrix whose rows respectively correspond to different carriers.	1. A communication method for a code division multiple access (CDMA) communication system comprising the steps of: transmitting an index tag, whose length determines a transmission rate, to a mobile station; the mobile station's constructing an index tag matrix using the index tag; the mobile station's generating a spreading factor matrix according to the index tag matrix and a generating matrix, each row of the index tag matrix corresponding to an associated row in the spreading factor matrix, each row of the spreading factor matrix corresponding to a carrier, and the spreading factor matrices being orthogonal to each other; and the mobile station's using the rows of the spreading factor matrix to decode spreading data carried by a plurality of carriers. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the index tag is a node of a code tree whose different levels represent different transmission rates and the spreading factor matrices in a same level of the code tree are orthogonal to each other. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the spreading factor matrices in a same level of the code tree are orthogonal to each other. 4. The method of claim 3 further comprising the step of assigning the index tag of a node for data transmissions according to a required transmission rate and a usage state of the code tree. 5. The method of claim 4 further comprising the step of determining whether two index tags have the relation of mother and child nodes according to the index tag codes. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the index tag is constructed according to a Gray code series. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the code tree enables a plurality of the mobile stations to receive data simultaneously and the plurality of mobile stations store the generating matrix. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the mobile stations multiplies the index tag matrix with the generating matrix to obtain the spreading factor matrix. 9. The method of claim 6, wherein the generating matrix corresponding to a mother node is a submatrix of the generating matrix corresponding to its child node. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the mobile station is a mobile communication device used in the third generation (3G) mobile communications. 11. A spreading communication receiver for a multirate CDMA communication system, the device comprising: a memory circuit, which stores a generating matrix; a receiving circuit, which receives spreading data transmitted by a plurality of carriers and an index tag; a computing circuit, which uses the index tag as a parameter to compute an index tag matrix that is operated with the generating matrix to generate a spreading factor matrix, each row of which corresponds to one of the carriers; and a decoding circuit, which uses each row of the spreading factor matrix to decode the spreading data. 12. The spreading communication receiver of claim 11, wherein the index tag corresponds to a transmission rate and the computing circuit multiplies the index tag matrix with a submatrix of the generating matrix to obtain the spreading factor matrix according to the transmission rate. 13. The spreading communication receiver of claim 11 for a base station whose other spreading communication receivers store the generating matrix, the base station determining how to assign the index tags to the spreading communication receivers according to a code tree. 14. The spreading communication receiver of claim 13, wherein the spreading factor matrices derived from the index tags of the code tree are orthogonal to each other. 15. The spreading communication receiver of claim 11, wherein the nodes of the code tree are the index tags and the code tree is constructed according to a Gray code series. 16. A spreading communication base station for a CDMA communication system connected with a plurality of receiving devices, the base station comprising: a generating circuit, which records a plurality of available index tags, each of which corresponds to a node of a code tree and an index matrix, which multiplied by a generating matrix gives a spreading factor matrix, each row of the spreading factor matrix enables spreading transmissions on a carrier, and the spreading factor matrices of the mother nodes and child nodes and the spreading factor matrices of nodes in the same level of the code tree are orthogonal to each other; an assignment circuit, which assigns the index tags of different lengths to the receiving devices in need of different transmission rates; and a transmitting circuit, which uses a plurality of carriers to transmit data in a CDMA means according to the spreading factor matrices corresponding to the index tags used by the receiving devices. 17. The base station of claim 16, wherein the code tree is constructed according to a Gray code series. 18. The base station of claim 16, wherein the spreading factor matrix is obtained by multiplying the index tag matrix with the generating matrix. 19. The base station of claim 16, wherein the generating matrix corresponding to a mother node is a submatrix of the generating matrix of its child node. 20. The base station of claim 16, wherein the index tag determines whether two of the index tags have the relation of mother and child nodes.	BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of Invention The invention relates to a spreading factor communication method and, in particular, to a spreading factor communication method that generates spreading codes. 2. Related Art The rapid development of mobile phones all over the globe has spawned great advances in the wireless communication technology. The success of the widely used second generation (2G) mobile communication system nowadays does not only influence modern life, but also speeds up the development of the third generation (3G) mobile communication system. In the 3G wireless communications, important techniques include CDMA2000, the wideband-CDMA (W-CDMA) compatible with the 2.5 G GSM network, and the China TD-SCDMA, all based upon the code division multiple access (CDMA). However, people are not completely satisfied with the so-called 3G technology. With higher demands for wireless communications and to provide better services, many international manufacturers have started researches in more advanced techniques, called the beyond 3G techniques. These techniques will fix problems in the 3G system. For example, they will increase the usage efficiency of the frequency spectrum, the bandwidth of transmissions, the transmission speed. They will further have time vision duplex (TDD), global roaming, and higher service quality. For example, the high speed and multirate properties in the 3G system are those beyond the reach of a 2G system. However, in order to have higher bit transmission ability, multicarrier modulation techniques have been proposed. This is because the multicarrier modulation techniques have the advantages of avoiding multipath attenuation and suppressing narrow column bandwidth interference. Incorporating the multicarrier modulation techniques into the CDMA technology is therefore an important part of the 3G wireless communications. An issue that determines whether the beyond 3G wireless communication will be successful is how to effectively integrate the multicarrier modulation techniques with the original CDMA technology. For example, in the spreading applications of one base station to multiple mobile stations, one mobile station has to use multiple spreading codes for encoding and decoding data in multiple carriers in order to have spreading data transmissions. In this case, to achieve the multirate transmission requirement, the base station has to allocate spreading codes of different lengths to mobile stations with different transmission speed needs or providing a mobile station with multiple spreading codes. To avoid interference among the spreading codes of different lengths, an ideal method is to let all mobile stations use spreading codes orthogonal to each other. Nonetheless, how to effectively allocate and transmit the spreading codes to the mobile stations determines the cost for constructing the whole communication system. Since the communication bandwidth is very precious, directly transmitting spreading codes with a huge amount of data to the mobile stations during the communication process is very uneconomic. On the contrary, if all available spreading code tables, such as a whole code tree, are stored at the mobile stations, the cost of the equipment will increase, restricting its applications on the market. In summary, how to find a spreading code generating and transmission method for the multicarrier and multirate CDMA system is a valuable work in the field. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION An objective of the invention is to provide a multicarrier and multirate communication method that enables effective transmissions of spreading codes between the base station and mobile stations. According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the communication method is implemented on a CDMA multirate communication system and includes at least the following steps. First, an index tag whose length determines a transmission rate is transmitted to several mobile stations. The mobile station constructs an index tag matrix according to the index tag. The index tag matrix is multiplied with a generating matrix to generate a spreading factor matrix. Each row of the index tag matrix corresponds to an associated row in the spreading factor matrix, while each row in the spreading factor matrix corresponds to a carrier. The spreading factor matrices are orthogonal to one another to prevent signal interference among the mobile stations. The mobile stations use the rows of the spreading factor matrix to decode spreading data on several carriers. The index tags can be constructed according to the Gray code as nodes in a code tree. In other words, the base station only needs to transmit a Gray code to a mobile station for it to generate the corresponding index tag matrix accordingly. In an example of the Gray code tree construction, all mobile stations have the same generating matrix. One uses submatrices of the generating matrix for index tag matrices of different sizes because these generating matrices are merged into the same matrix. Consequently, the invention has at least the following advantages. First, the base station can quickly transmit the spreading codes to mobile stations. At the same time, the mobile stations only need to store one generating matrix. Secondly, the disclosed device has a simple circuit. However, it supports the needs required by a multirate and multicarrier CDMA communication system. Moreover, the positions of index tags in the code tree help determining whether they will interfere with each other. Therefore, the base station can use a circuit to effectively allocate the spreading codes. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS These and other features, aspects and advantages of the invention will become apparent by reference to the following description and accompanying drawings which are given by way of illustration only, and thus are not limitative of the invention, and wherein: FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a communication system; FIG. 2 is a schematic view of a multicarrier spreading system; FIG. 3 shows the structure of a code tree; FIG. 4 shows the structure of another code tree; FIG. 5 shows the structure of yet another code tree; FIG. 6 shows the nodes that interfere with each other in the code tree; FIG. 7 is a flowchart of the disclosed embodiment; FIG. 8 is a set of Gray code series; FIG. 9 is a code tree constructed from the Gray code series; FIG. 10 shows a code tree structure; FIG. 11 is a schematic view of a single circuit; FIG. 12 is a schematic view of the logic in the disclosed single circuit; FIG. 13 is a schematic view of the circuit; FIG. 14 is a schematic view of the logic in the disclosed circuit; FIG. 15 is schematic view of the mobile station device; FIG. 16 is a schematic view of the base station; and FIG. 17 is a schematic view of another code tree. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT In the following paragraphs, we use a multirate and multicarrier CDMA communication system as an example to demonstrate features of the invention. FIG. 1 shows that one base station 100 serves several mobile stations 102 in a region. In the applications of mobile communications, the mobile stations 102 often move around within the region. Therefore, the base station 100 does not always connect to the same mobile stations 102. These mobile stations 102 use different spreading codes to share the same carriers. For example, if the bit to be transmitted to the mobile station A 102 is a (with the value of +1 or −1), the spreading code of it on the first carrier is (+1, −1). If the bit to be transmitted to the mobile station B 102 is b (with the value of +1 or −1), the spreading code of it on the first carrier is (+1, +1). The spreading factor in this example is 2. The chip code of a on the first carrier after spreading is (+a, −a); likewise, the chip code of b on the first carrier after spreading is (+b, +b). The sum of the chip codes of a and b is (a+b, −a+b). This is the spreading data sent out via the first carrier in a wireless method by the base station 100. After the mobile station A 102 receives the spreading data from the first carrier, it is multiplied by the spreading code (+1, −1) characteristic of the mobile station A 102 to obtain a+b+a−b=2a. On the other hand, after the mobile station B 102 receives the spreading data from the first carrier, it is multiplied by the spreading code (+1, +1) characteristic of the mobile station B 102 to obtain a+b−a+b=2b. Therefore, even if data for different mobile stations 102 are in the air, each mobile station can readily restore the required data using the appropriate spreading code. Analogously, if there are four spreading codes with low correlation coefficients, four mobile stations 102 can share the same bandwidth to transmit data a, b, c, and d without interfering with one another. If the four spreading codes are orthogonal to one another, the receiver will obtain respectively 4a, 4b, 4c, and 4d after decoding. However, a third party will obtain a random-like result with 4-dimensional interference due to the lack of the spreading codes. In other words, through careful selection of spreading codes, several mobile stations can share the same bandwidth for transmitting data. As long as the receiver has the corresponding spreading code, the data can be readily restored. FIG. 2 schematically shows the spreading method of using four carriers to transmit data to a mobile station 102. The data 202, 204, 206, 208 to be spread are multiplied by the spreading codes 212, 214, 216, 218 for the four carriers before being sent to the four carriers 222, 224, 226, 228. The four carriers divide the original spectrum in a partially overlapping but orthogonal means in order to increase the data transmission capacity. This part belongs to the multiple frequency division modulation technology, such as the OFDM, and therefore is not repeated herein. According to FIG. 2, four spreading codes 212, 214, 216, 218 are required for the four carriers for frequency spreading. That is, we need a 4-row spreading factor matrix, each row of which corresponds to the spreading code of a carrier. Likewise, sixteen spreading codes are required when sixteen carriers are used for frequency spreading. Again, each row corresponds to the spreading code of a carrier. To avoid signal interference among different mobile stations 102, the spreading codes sharing the same carrier are orthogonal to each other in the ideal situation. The smaller the spreading factor is (i.e. the shorter the length of the spreading code is), the faster transmission rate (e.g. for multimedia signal transmissions) it can support. On the other hand, the larger the spreading factor is (i.e. the longer the length of the spreading code is), the slower transmission rate (e.g. text signals) it can support. In order to support multirate transmissions, mobile stations 102 using different transmission speeds are assigned with spreading codes of different lengths. Since the allocation of spreading codes of different lengths is relatively complicated, we use a code tree to organize them for more efficient spreading code allocation. We show how one construct a code tree as follows. The generation of N×N 2-D orthogonal variable spreading codes AN×N(i)i ε{1,2, . . . , N}) with a base N starts from two orthogonal matrices A2×2(1) and A2×2(2): A 2 × 2 ( 1 ) = [ + + + - ] ( A01 ) A 2 × 2 ( 2 ) = [ + - + + ] ( A02 ) where N=2k, k is a positive integer, “+” represents “+1” and “−” represents “−1”. The steps of generating 2-D orthogonal codes with N=22(i.e. k=2) are schematically shown as follows: A 4 × 4 ( 1 ) = [ A 2 × 2 ( 1 ) ⊗ A 2 × 2 ( 1 ) ] = [ + + + + + - + - + + - - + - - + ] ( A03 ) A 4 × 4 ( 2 ) = [ A 2 × 2 ( 2 ) ⊗ A 2 × 2 ( 1 ) ] = [ + + - - + - - + + + + + + - + - ] ( A04 ) A 4 × 4 ( 3 ) = [ A 2 × 2 ( 1 ) ⊗ A 2 × 2 ( 2 ) ] = [ + - + - + + + + + - - + + + - - ] ( A05 ) A 4 × 4 ( 4 ) = [ A 2 × 2 ( 2 ) ⊗ A 2 × 2 ( 2 ) ] = [ + - - + + + - - + - + - + + + + ] ( A06 ) where {circle over (×)} represents the Kronecker product of two matrices BM2×N2{circle over (×)}AM1×N1 defined by B ⊗ A = [ b 0 , 0 ⁢ A b 0 , 1 ⁢ A ⋯ b 0 , N 2 - 1 ⁢ A b 1 , 0 ⁢ A b 1 , 1 ⁢ A ⋯ b 1 , N 2 - 1 ⁢ A ⋮ ⋮ ⋰ ⋮ b M 2 - 1 , 0 ⁢ A b M 2 - 1 , 1 ⁢ A ⋯ b M 2 - 1 , N 2 - 1 ⁢ A ] ( A07 ) Therefore, the 2-D orthogonal spreading code with a length of N=2k can be generally written as: A 2 k + 1 × 2 k + 1 ( 2 ⁢ i - 1 ) = [ A 2 × 2 ( 1 ) ⊗ A 2 k × 2 k ( i ) ] = [ A 2 k × 2 k ( i ) - A 2 k × 2 k ( i ) A 2 k × 2 k ( i ) A 2 k × 2 k ( i ) ] ( A08 ) A 2 k + 1 × 2 k + 1 ( 2 ⁢ i ) = [ A 2 × 2 ( 2 ) ⊗ A 2 k × 2 k ( i ) ] = [ A 2 k × 2 k ( i ) A 2 k × 2 k ( i ) A 2 k × 2 k ( i ) - A 2 k × 2 k ( i ) ] ( A09 ) It should be pointed out that the A 2 × 2 ( 1 ) ⁢ ⁢ and ⁢ ⁢ A 2 × 2 ( 2 ) used above are only for the purpose of illustration. Any people skilled in the art can interchange or replace the columns and rows of A 2 × 2 ( 1 ) ⁢ ⁢ and ⁢ ⁢ A 2 × 2 ( 2 ) . As long as the outlined recursive generation method is satisfied, the aforementioned properties will remain. For example, one can rewrite “+” and “−” of A 2 × 2 ( 1 ) ⁢ ⁢ and ⁢ ⁢ A 2 × 2 ( 2 ) by “−” and “+,” respectively. Moreover, the Kronecker product can be replaced by some other operation that can recursively generate the above-mentioned matrices. FIG. 3 is the code tree of 2-D orthogonal variable spreading codes with M=N=2k being recursively used for generation to the third level (k=3). The roots of the tree structure are A 2 × 2 ( 1 ) ⁢ ⁢ and ⁢ ⁢ A 2 × 2 ( 2 ) . Moreover, the self-correlation of any 2-D orthogonal code is zero. The correlation of any two different 2-D orthogonal spreading codes is also zero. The number of rows in the above spreading factor matrix is the number of carriers being used, the number of columns represents the spreading factor. The spreading factor needs not to be the same as the number of carriers. In the following, we show how one constructs the code tree in the case of M not equal to N. The generation of M×N 2-D orthogonal variable spreading codes A M × N ( i ) ⁡ ( i ∈ { 1 , 2 , ⁢ … ⁢ , M } ) with a base N can also start from the two orthogonal matrices A 2 × 2 ( 1 ) ⁢ ⁢ and ⁢ ⁢ A 2 × 2 ( 2 ) in (A01) and (A02): A 2 × 4 ( 1 ) = [ A 2 × 2 ( 1 ) ⁢ ⁢ A 2 × 2 ( 2 ) ] = [ + + + - + - + + ] ( A10 ) A 2 × 4 ( 2 ) = [ A 2 × 2 ( 1 ) ⁢ - A 2 × 2 ( 2 ) ] = [ + + - + + - - - ] ( A11 ) where M=2k, N=2k+a, and α are positive integers. Using M=2 and N=21+α (α≧1), the roots (k=1) of 2-D orthogonal codes can be generated according to the recursive rules in Eqs. (A12) and (A13): A 2 × 2 1 + a ( 1 ) = [ A 2 × 2 a ( 1 ) A 2 × 2 a ( 2 ) ] ( A12 ) A 2 × 2 1 + a ( 2 ) = [ A 2 × 2 a ( 1 ) - A 2 × 2 a ( 2 ) ] ( A13 ) If 2k+1×2k+1 is replaced by 2k+1×2k+1+α the recursive steps are very similar to Eqs. (A08) and (A09). Normally, A 2 k + 1 × 2 k + 1 + a ( 2 ⁢ i - 1 ) ⁢ ⁢ and ⁢ ⁢ A 2 k + 1 × 2 k + 1 + a ( 2 ⁢ i ) ⁢ ⁢ are generated from A 2 k × 2 k + a ( i ) . That is, A 2 k × 2 k ( i ) can be replaced by A 2 k × 2 k + a ( i ) in Eqs. (A08) and (A09) for generating 2-D orthogonal codes. Of course, the above-mentioned A 2 × 2 ( 1 ) ⁢ ⁢ and ⁢ ⁢ A 2 × 2 ( 2 ) are for illustration purpose only. One can find other orthogonal matrices to replace A 2 × 2 ( 1 ) ⁢ ⁢ and ⁢ ⁢ A 2 × 2 ( 2 ) . Through recursive relations, one can still obtain a code tree with the same effect. FIG. 3 shows a code tree of 2-D orthogonal variable spreading codes with M=2k, N=2k+α(α=1) being recursively used for generation to the third level (k=3). The roots of the tree structure are A 2 × 4 ( 1 ) ⁢ ⁢ and ⁢ ⁢ A 2 × 4 ( 2 ) . Moreover, the self-correlation of any 2-D orthogonal code is zero. The correlation of any two different 2-D orthogonal spreading codes is also zero. M and N are 2 to any powers. Therefore, a complete tree structure can be constructed for the 2-D orthogonal codes, as shown in FIG. 4. FIG. 3 (M=N) and FIG. 5 (M<N) show that different codes are orthogonal to each other in the 2-D orthogonal code tree. In the 2-D orthogonal code A 2 k × 2 k + a ( i ) , the superscript index i represents the 2-D code in the k-th level, where 1≦i≦M. The code length of each level is the same. The 2-D codes in the (k+1)-th level are generated from the k-th level. Therefore, the 2-D orthogonal spreading codes can be recursively generated from the tree structure. Any two 2-D codes of the same level are orthogonal to each other. Two 2-D codes with the same α but in different levels are either mother and child codes or orthogonal to each other. If any two 2-D codes in a code tree have the same root, then the code at an upper level is called a mother code and the one at a lower level is called a child code. In FIG. 6, A 2 × 2 ( 1 ) , A 4 × 4 ( 1 ) , A 8 × 8 ( 2 ) , and ⁢ ⁢ A 16 × 16 ( 3 ) are the mother codes of A 32 × 32 ( 5 ) , whereas ⁢ ⁢ A 4 × 4 ( 1 ) , A 8 × 8 ( 2 ) , A 16 × 16 ( 3 ) , and ⁢ ⁢ A 32 × 32 ( 5 ) are the child codes of A 2 × 2 ( 1 ) ⁢ ⁢ Thus ⁢ , A 2 × 2 ( 1 ) , A 4 × 4 ( 1 ) , A 8 × 8 ( 2 ) , A 16 × 16 ( 3 ) , and ⁢ ⁢ A 32 × 32 ( 5 ) are not orthogonal to each other. In other words, these 2-D codes cannot be simultaneously used in the same channel. When a 2-D code is assigned, the others cannot be assigned as the mother codes or child codes of it. This ensures the orthogonality of the codes. If one arbitrarily assigns a larger spreading factor code to a mobile station that requires a lower speed, it will cause a problem for the assignment of smaller spreading factor codes. Suppose A 8 × 8 ( 2 ) is assigned to a mobile station, the child codes generated from A 8 × 8 ( 2 ) , { A 16 × 16 ( 3 ) , A 16 × 16 ( 4 ) , A 32 × 32 ( 5 ) , … ⁢ , A 32 × 32 ( 8 ) } , cannot be assigned to the mobile stations in need of smaller speeds. Moreover, the mother codes of A 8 × 8 ( 2 ) , { A 2 × 2 ( 1 ) , A 4 × 4 ( 1 ) } , also cannot be assigned to mobile stations in need to higher speeds. That is, the number of codes that can be used by other mobile stations is not only determined by the assigned codes in the code tree, it is also determined by the relation among the mother and child codes of these assigned codes. The above-mentioned code tree has no problem in construction and indeed satisfies the requirements of building a multirate and multicarrier CDMA communication system. However, if the whole code tree exists in the mobile stations 102, it will increase the cost in circuit designs. On the other hand, it also wastes precious bandwidths if one directly sends the required spreading codes to the mobile stations 102 each time. In the method disclosed herein below, one only needs to store a generating matrix at the mobile stations 102, not the whole code tree. The spreading code assignment is achieved by simply transmitting the index tags to the mobile stations 102. FIG. 7 shows the method of using the index tags in order to assign the required spreading codes to the mobile stations 102 in a multirate and multicarrier CDMA communication system. First, the index tags whose lengths indicate the required transmission rates, are transmitted to the corresponding mobile stations 102 (step 702). The mobile station 102 constructs an index tag matrix according to the received index tag (step 704). Afterwards, the mobile station uses the index tag matrix and an internal generating matrix to generate a spreading factor matrix (step 706). Each row of the index tag matrix corresponds to a row in the spreading factor matrix, each row of which corresponds to a carrier. The spreading factor matrices are orthogonal to each other. After completing the above steps, the mobile stations use the rows in the spreading factor matrix to decode data carried on several carriers (step 708). In other words, the mobile stations 102 store only generating matrices in the method. When the base station 100 assigns the spreading codes to the mobile stations 102, there is no need to send the whole spreading factor matrix to the mobile stations 102. The spreading code assignment is achieved by sending an index tag. Using the following means, one can map the index tags to the whole code tree. All the mobile stations 102 only need to keep a largest generating matrix because the generating matrices required for other levels of the code tree are submatrices of the largest generating matrix. One way to construct the index tags is to use the Gray code series. The Gray code is a binary series whose adjacent numbers are only different by one bit. Basically, one set of Gray codes can be imagined as a Hamilton path of a super cube. FIG. 9 shows how the index tags of the Gray code series are embedded into the code tree. One Hamilton path in the first level (LV=1) is 0→1. One Hamilton path in the second level (LV=2) is 00→01→11→10. Excluding the leftmost bit in each code, the order of rest bits is exactly going from left to right and then from right to left in the previous level (0→1=>1→0). Likewise, one Hamilton path in the third level (LV=3) is 000→001→011→010=>110→111→101→100. After excluding the leftmost bit of each code, the order of the rest bits is exactly going from left to right and then from right to left in the previous level (LV=2) (00→01→11→10=>10→11→01→00). The code tree from the fourth level on can be configured in a similar way. In FIG. 9 and the above-mentioned configuring method, the code tree has a very special property. That is, one can determine whether two codes have the relation of mother and child codes simply from the beginning of the index tags. For example, two child nodes of 00 are 000 and 001. Of course, if the lengths of two codes are the same, they are at the same level of the code tree. In the following, we explain how the index tags of the code tree correspond to the final spreading factor matrix. The roots of the code tree are 2-D orthogonal spreading codes with M=N. That is, the 2-D Walsh codes can be represented as: D 2 × 2 ⁡ ( 0 ) = [ 0 0 0 1 ] ( A14 ) D 2 × 2 ⁡ ( 1 ) = [ 0 1 0 0 ] ( A15 ) where the subscript shows the matrix size, (0) and (1) are the indices of two codes in the first level. “0” and “1” in Eqs. (A14) and (A15) represent “+” and “−” of (A01) and (A02), respectively. Through the correspondence means disclosed above, 00 in the first row of (A14) is marked as the Gray code 0 and 01 in the second row as 1. Likewise, 01 in the first row of (A15) is marked as the Gray code 1 and 00 in the second row as 0. Therefore, the index tag matrix of(A14) and (A15) are expressed as: T 1 ( 0 ) = [ 0 1 ] ( A16 ) T 1 ( 1 ) = [ 1 0 ] ( A17 ) where the subscript is the first level. The superscript (0) and (1) are the indices of the two codes in the first level. The code tree of 2-D orthogonal spreading codes can be marked with the corresponding index tag matrices or the 1-D Gray code index in order to show whether two codes have the relation of mother and child codes. As shown in FIG. 10, 0 , 1 , 00 , 01 , ⁢ … are the Gray indices. The purpose of these codes is to determine whether the Gray code index of some code is the header of that of another code. FIG. 10 shows a code tree along with its index tags, index tag matrices, and spreading codes. For example, the Gray code index 01 is the header of 011 ⁢ ⁢ and ⁢ ⁢ 010. and Therefore, we know the 2-D orthogonal spreading code D4×4(1) is the mother code of D8×8(2) and D8×8(3) Moreover, one can find another method for generating the index tag matrix in FIG. 10. First, between any two adjacent two levels (k≧1), the relation between the index tag matrices of 2-D orthogonal spreading codes with index code tags being all 0 can be expressed as: T k + 1 ( 0 ) = [ T k ( 0 ) 0 2 k - 1 1 2 k - 1 T k ( 0 ) 1 2 k - 1 0 2 k - 1 ] ( A18 ) where Tk(0) and Tk+1(0) are the Gray index matrices of the 2-D orthogonal spreading codes with the Gray index tags in the k-th and (k+1)-th level being all 0. 02k−1 and 12k−1 represent the 2k−1 vectors with elements being all 0 and all 1, respectively. Therefore, one can obtain the index tag matrix with all levels of index tags being 0 from (A18). Using the 1-D index tag, one can then obtain all the index tag matrices of the level. For example, suppose one wants to obtain the Gray index matrix of the 2-D orthogonal spreading code with the Gray code indices 01 ⁢ ⁢ and ⁢ ⁢ 01 in the second level (k=2). First, T2(0) is obtained from T1(0). However, T 2 ( 0 ) = [ T 1 ( 0 ) 0 1 1 1 T 1 ( 0 ) 1 1 0 1 ] = [ 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 ] ( A19 ) We see that the Gray code indices of D4×4(0) and D4×4(1) are 00 ⁢ ⁢ and ⁢ ⁢ 01 , respectively. These two tags differ by one bit, the second bit. Therefore, one can perform the binary complement operation on the second column of T2(0), obtaining the Gray index matrix D4×4(1). T 2 ( 1 ) = [ 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 ] ( A20 ) We also see that the index tag of D4×4(2) is 11 , which is different from that of D4×4(0), 00 , by two bits. Therefore, one can perform the complement operation on T2(0). The result is the index tag matrix D4×4(2). T 2 ( 2 ) = T 2 ( 0 ) _ = [ 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 ] ( A21 ) In each level, the index tag matrices differ for different index tags. In the example disclosed herein, one only need to determine the first index tag matrix on the left of each level. Other index tag matrices can be obtained by adding the index tags to the first index tag matrices. That is, each index tag has its own index tag matrix. Each row of the index tag matrix corresponds to the spreading code used in some carrier. After obtaining the index tag matrices, a generating matrix is stored to rapidly obtain the spreading codes so that the index tag matrix multiplied by the generating matrix gives the spreading codes. In this example, the relation between the generating matrices of any two adjacent levels (k≧1) is G k + 1 = [ G k G k _ 0 2 k 1 2 k ] ( A22 ) where Gk and Gk+1 are the generating matrices in the k-th and (k+1)-th levels. {overscore (Gk)} is the binary complement of Gk. 02k=(0,0, . . . , 0) and 12k=(1,1, . . . , 1) represent 2k vectors with elements being all 0 and all 1, respectively. The generating matrices of all the levels are recursively produced using (A22). That is, the generating matrix G2 of the second level is obtained from the generating matrix G1 of the first level. Likewise, the generating matrix G3 of the third level is obtained from the generating matrix G2 of the second level, and so on. G 1 = [ 0 1 ] ( A23 ) G 2 = [ G 1 G 1 _ 0 2 1 2 ] = [ 0 ⁢ ⁢ 1 1 ⁢ ⁢ 0 ⁢ 0 ⁢ ⁢ 0 1 ⁢ ⁢ 1 ] ( A24 ) G 3 = [ G 2 G 2 _ 0 4 1 4 ] = [ 0 ⁢ ⁢ 1 ⁢ ⁢ 1 ⁢ ⁢ 0 0 ⁢ ⁢ 0 ⁢ ⁢ 1 ⁢ ⁢ 1 1 ⁢ ⁢ 0 ⁢ ⁢ 0 ⁢ ⁢ 1 1 ⁢ ⁢ 1 ⁢ ⁢ 0 ⁢ ⁢ 0 ⁢ 0 ⁢ ⁢ 0 ⁢ ⁢ 0 ⁢ ⁢ 0 1 ⁢ ⁢ 1 ⁢ ⁢ 1 ⁢ ⁢ 1 ] ( A25 ) Up to now, we have explained how to generate the index tags, the index tag matrices, and the generating matrices. In the following, we explain to how use an actual circuit to accomplish the above ideas. Suppose the block code of (N,K) represents a set of 2K code words of length N. Any linear code of (N,K) can be generated using a K×N generating matrix G. In the 1-D orthogonal spreading codes, the 2k codes in the k-th level are generated from the linear codes of (2k, k). This idea can be generalized to 2-D orthogonal spreading codes. Therefore, the j-th orthogonal spreading code in the k-th level can be generated using the following formula: D2k×2k(j)=Tk(j)·Gk (A26) That is, [ d k , 0 , 0 ( j ) d k , 0 , 1 ( j ) ⋯ d k , 0 , 2 k - 1 ( j ) d k , 1 , 0 ( j ) d k , 1 , 1 ( j ) ⋯ d k , 1 , 2 k - 1 ( j ) ⋮ ⋮ ⋰ ⋮ d k , 2 k - 1 , 0 ( j ) d k , 2 k - 1 , 1 ( j ) ⋯ d k , 2 k - 1 , 2 k - 1 ( j ) ] = [ t k , 0 , 0 ( j ) t k , 0 , 1 ( j ) ⋯ t k , 0 , k - 1 ( j ) t k , 1 , 0 ( j ) t k , 1 , 1 ( j ) ⋯ t k , 1 , k - 1 ( j ) ⋮ ⋮ ⋰ ⋮ t k , 2 k - 1 , 0 ( j ) t k , 2 k - 1 , 1 ( j ) ⋯ t k , 2 k - 1 , k - 1 ( j ) ] · ⁢ ⁢ [ g k , 0 , 0 g k , 0 , 1 ⋯ g k , 0 , 2 k - 1 g k , 1 , 0 g k , 1 , 1 ⋯ g k , 1 , 2 k - 1 ⋮ ⋮ ⋰ ⋮ g k , k - 1 , 0 g k , k - 1 , 1 ( j ) ⋯ g k , k - 1 , 2 k - 1 ( j ) ] ⁢ ⁢ where ⁢ ⁢ 0 ≤ j ≤ 2 k - 1 , 0 ≤ m ≤ 2 k - 1 , and ⁢ ⁢ 0 ≤ n ≤ 2 k - 1. ( A27 ) Suppose one wants to generate the 2-D Walsh code D4×4(0) with the Gray code tag 00 in the second level (k=2). First, the Gray index matrix T2(0) of D4×4(0) is obtained from T1(0) of D2×2(0) according to Eq. (A24). However, T 2 ( 0 ) = [ T 1 ( 0 ) 0 1 1 1 T 1 ( 0 ) 1 1 0 1 ] = [ 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 ] ( A28 ) Furthermore, (A24) is the generating matrix of the second level (k=2). Therefore, the Gray index matrix of the code multiplied by the generating matrix of the level gives the required 2-D Walsh code: D 4 × 4 ⁡ ( 0 ) = T 2 ( 0 ) · G 2 = [ 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 ] · [ 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 ] ⁢ ⁢ = [ 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 ] ( A29 ) FIG. 11 shows a schematic view of the encoder of the (n,m) element of the j-th 2-D orthogonal variable spreading code in the k-th level according to the formula in Eqs. (A26) or (A27), where 0≦j≦2k−1, 0≦l≦k−1 , 0≦m≦2k−1, and 0≦n≦2k−1 . In the drawing, if gk,l,n=1, then “→O→” means that the circuit is connected. On the other hand, if gk,l,n,=0, then the circuit is disconnected. “⊕” represents a modulo-2 adder. FIG. 12 is the circuit diagram of using a logic gate combinatory circuit to implement elements in 2-D orthogonal spreading codes. FIGS. 13 and 14 are, respectively, a schematic view and a circuit diagram of a complete encoder of 2-D orthogonal spreading codes with the index tag 00 in the second level. FIG. 15 is the circuit diagram of the spreading communication receiver 15, such as a mobile phone, at a mobile station. The spreading communication receiver 15 is a CDMA communication system with multiple rates. It has a memory circuit 151, a receiver circuit 153, a computing circuit 155, and a decoding circuit 157. The memory circuit 151 stores the above-mentioned generating matrix. The receiving circuit 153 receives the spreading data on the multiple carriers and the above-mentioned index tag. The computing circuit 155 uses the index tag as the parameter to computer the index tag matrix. The index tag matrix and the generating matrix are combined to produce the spreading factor matrix, each row of which corresponds to one of the carriers. Moreover, the decoding circuit 155 uses the rows of the spreading factor matrix to decode the spreading data. In FIG. 16, the base station 16 is used in a CDMA communication system corresponding to several receivers. The base station 16 has a generating circuit 162, an assignment circuit 164, and a transmission circuit 166. The generating circuit 162 records several of the available index tags, each of which corresponds to a node of a code tree. Each index tag corresponds to an index matrix for generating a spreading factor matrix after being operated by a generating matrix. Each row of the spreading factor matrix allows a carrier to have spreading transmissions thereon. The spreading factor matrices on the carriers between the mother nodes and child nodes on the code tree and the nodes in the same level are orthogonal to each other. The assignment circuit 164 transmits the index tags of different lengths to the receivers in need to different transmission rates. The transmission circuit 166 transmits data using several carriers in the CDMA means according to the spreading factor matrices corresponding to the index tags used by the receivers. Besides, when the number of carriers is smaller than the spreading factor, i.e. M is not equal to N, the roots in the code tree (α=0) have to be changed in order for the encoder to generate the index tag matrices of all M≠N 2-D orthogonal variable spreading codes. The roots of the code tree (α≠0) can be obtained from the modified roots using (A12) and (A13). However, the above-mentioned construction method can still be used to generate all the 2-D orthogonal spreading codes in the code tree. The 2-D orthogonal spreading codes generated using this method can be correctly used as long as it is in a synchronous system. For example, in the α=0 code tree, the original roots (A14) and (A15) can be changed to the 2-D orthogonal spreading codes in (A30) and (A31) as the new roots of the code tree. According to (A12) and (A13), we can obtain the roots (A32) and (A33) of the code tree (α=1). D 2 × 2 ⁡ ( 0 ) = [ 0 0 0 0 ] ( A30 ) D 2 × 2 ⁡ ( 0 ) = [ 0 0 1 1 ] ( A31 ) D 2 × 4 ⁡ ( 0 ) = [ 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 ] ( A32 ) D 2 × 4 ⁡ ( 1 ) = [ 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 ] ( A33 ) Besides, the above-mentioned construction method can use the Kronecker products of (A32), (A33) and (A14), (A15) to generate the 4×8 2-D orthogonal spreading codes in the second level. The operation procedure is as follows: D 4 × 8 ⁡ ( 0 ) = [ D 2 × 2 ⁡ ( 0 ) ⊗ D 2 × 4 ⁡ ( 0 ) ] = [ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 ] ( A34 ) D 4 × 8 ⁡ ( 1 ) = [ D 2 × 2 ⁡ ( 1 ) ⊗ D 2 × 4 ⁡ ( 0 ) ] = [ 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 ] ( A35 ) D 4 × 8 ⁡ ( 2 ) = [ D 2 × 2 ⁡ ( 0 ) ⊗ D 2 × 4 ⁡ ( 1 ) ] = [ 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 ] ( A36 ) D 4 × 8 ⁡ ( 3 ) = [ D 2 × 2 ⁡ ( 1 ) ⊗ D 2 × 4 ⁡ ( 1 ) ] = [ 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ] ( A37 ) Therefore, this construction method can be repeatedly used to generate all of the 8×16, 16×32, etc, 2-D orthogonal spreading codes in the third level, fourth level, etc. Thus, the index tag matrices of the M≠N 2-D orthogonal spreading codes can be generated using the encoder. When using the encoder to generate M≠N 2-D orthogonal spreading codes (2×4, 2×8 ,4×8, 4×16, etc), one has to know the index tag matrix associated with each code and the generating matrix of each level. The index tag matrix can be obtained using the index tag matrix of the above-mentioned 2-D Walsh code. That is, in order to obtain the index tag matrix of the M≠N 2-D orthogonal spreading code, one can extract the series in the odd row from the index tag matrix of the M=N 2-D Walsh code. The matrix thus formed is the index tag matrix of the corresponding 2-D orthogonal spreading code. For example, in the α=1 code tree, the 2×4 index tag matrix of the 2-D orthogonal spreading code can be obtained from the first row and the third row in the 4×4 index tag matrix of the 2-D Walsh code. The matrix thus formed is the 2×4 index tag matrix of the 2-D orthogonal spreading code. The 4×8 index tag matrix of the 2-D orthogonal spreading code can be obtained from the first, third, fifth, and seventh rows in the 8×8 index tag matrix of the 2-D Walsh code. The matrix thus formed is the 4×8 index tag matrix of the 2-D orthogonal spreading code. Following this reasoning, we obtain all the index tag matrices corresponding to the codes in the code tree. In the α=2 code tree, using the first and fifth rows of the 8×8 index tag matrix of the 2-D Walsh code we obtain the 2×8 index tag matrix of 2-D orthogonal spreading code. The 4×16, 8×32 etc. index tag matrices of 2-D orthogonal spreading codes can be obtained using the same method. Moreover, one can also use the index tag matrices of roots (i.e. the 2×21+α 2-D orthogonal spreading codes) and Eq. (A38) or (A39) to obtain all the index tag matrices in the code tree. T k + 1 ( j ) = [ T k ( j ) 0 2 k - 1 1 2 k - 1 T k ( j ) 1 2 k - 1 0 2 k - 1 ] ( A38 ) T k + 1 ( j ) = [ T k ( j ) 1 2 k - 1 0 2 k - 1 T k ( j ) 0 2 k - 1 1 2 k - 1 ] ( A39 ) where j is the index of 2-D orthogonal spreading codes with the range 0≦j≦2k−1. The generating matrix has to be a matrix with a number of columns same as the code length of the 2-D orthogonal spreading codes to be generated. For example, to generate a 4×8 2-D orthogonal spreading code, one should use a 3×8 generating matrix for (A25). FIG. 17 shows the α=1 code tree of 2-D orthogonal spreading codes. The generating matrix of the first level (k=1) is (A24). The generating matrix of each level can be recursively generated using (A22). However, to generate the 2-D orthogonal spreading code D4×8(0) with the index tag 00 in the second level (k=2), one simply multiplies the index tag matrix of the code with the generating matrix of the second level. The index tag matrix is T 2 ( 0 ) = [ 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 ] ( A40 ) and the generating matrix of the level is G 2 = [ 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 ] ( A41 ) Therefore, the 2-D orthogonal spreading code is D 4 × 8 ⁡ ( 0 ) = T 2 ( 0 ) · G 2 = [ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 ] ( A42 ) While the invention has been described by way of example and in terms of the preferred embodiment, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the disclosed embodiments. To the contrary, it is intended to cover various modifications and similar arrangements as would be apparent to those skilled in the art. Therefore, the scope of the appended claims should be accorded the broadest interpretation so as to encompass all such modifications and similar arrangements.	<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>1. Field of Invention The invention relates to a spreading factor communication method and, in particular, to a spreading factor communication method that generates spreading codes. 2. Related Art The rapid development of mobile phones all over the globe has spawned great advances in the wireless communication technology. The success of the widely used second generation (2G) mobile communication system nowadays does not only influence modern life, but also speeds up the development of the third generation (3G) mobile communication system. In the 3G wireless communications, important techniques include CDMA2000, the wideband-CDMA (W-CDMA) compatible with the 2.5 G GSM network, and the China TD-SCDMA, all based upon the code division multiple access (CDMA). However, people are not completely satisfied with the so-called 3G technology. With higher demands for wireless communications and to provide better services, many international manufacturers have started researches in more advanced techniques, called the beyond 3G techniques. These techniques will fix problems in the 3G system. For example, they will increase the usage efficiency of the frequency spectrum, the bandwidth of transmissions, the transmission speed. They will further have time vision duplex (TDD), global roaming, and higher service quality. For example, the high speed and multirate properties in the 3G system are those beyond the reach of a 2G system. However, in order to have higher bit transmission ability, multicarrier modulation techniques have been proposed. This is because the multicarrier modulation techniques have the advantages of avoiding multipath attenuation and suppressing narrow column bandwidth interference. Incorporating the multicarrier modulation techniques into the CDMA technology is therefore an important part of the 3G wireless communications. An issue that determines whether the beyond 3G wireless communication will be successful is how to effectively integrate the multicarrier modulation techniques with the original CDMA technology. For example, in the spreading applications of one base station to multiple mobile stations, one mobile station has to use multiple spreading codes for encoding and decoding data in multiple carriers in order to have spreading data transmissions. In this case, to achieve the multirate transmission requirement, the base station has to allocate spreading codes of different lengths to mobile stations with different transmission speed needs or providing a mobile station with multiple spreading codes. To avoid interference among the spreading codes of different lengths, an ideal method is to let all mobile stations use spreading codes orthogonal to each other. Nonetheless, how to effectively allocate and transmit the spreading codes to the mobile stations determines the cost for constructing the whole communication system. Since the communication bandwidth is very precious, directly transmitting spreading codes with a huge amount of data to the mobile stations during the communication process is very uneconomic. On the contrary, if all available spreading code tables, such as a whole code tree, are stored at the mobile stations, the cost of the equipment will increase, restricting its applications on the market. In summary, how to find a spreading code generating and transmission method for the multicarrier and multirate CDMA system is a valuable work in the field.	<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>An objective of the invention is to provide a multicarrier and multirate communication method that enables effective transmissions of spreading codes between the base station and mobile stations. According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the communication method is implemented on a CDMA multirate communication system and includes at least the following steps. First, an index tag whose length determines a transmission rate is transmitted to several mobile stations. The mobile station constructs an index tag matrix according to the index tag. The index tag matrix is multiplied with a generating matrix to generate a spreading factor matrix. Each row of the index tag matrix corresponds to an associated row in the spreading factor matrix, while each row in the spreading factor matrix corresponds to a carrier. The spreading factor matrices are orthogonal to one another to prevent signal interference among the mobile stations. The mobile stations use the rows of the spreading factor matrix to decode spreading data on several carriers. The index tags can be constructed according to the Gray code as nodes in a code tree. In other words, the base station only needs to transmit a Gray code to a mobile station for it to generate the corresponding index tag matrix accordingly. In an example of the Gray code tree construction, all mobile stations have the same generating matrix. One uses submatrices of the generating matrix for index tag matrices of different sizes because these generating matrices are merged into the same matrix. Consequently, the invention has at least the following advantages. First, the base station can quickly transmit the spreading codes to mobile stations. At the same time, the mobile stations only need to store one generating matrix. Secondly, the disclosed device has a simple circuit. However, it supports the needs required by a multirate and multicarrier CDMA communication system. Moreover, the positions of index tags in the code tree help determining whether they will interfere with each other. Therefore, the base station can use a circuit to effectively allocate the spreading codes.	20040603	20081111	20050721	68275.0		0	NGUYEN, TU X	MULTICARRIER AND MULTIRATE CDMA SYSTEM	UNDISCOUNTED	0	ACCEPTED		2,004
10,859,377	ACCEPTED	Magnetic resonance system with a local coil arranged in an examination tunnel	A magnetic resonance system has a transport element and an examination tunnel with an inner tunnel contour and a tunnel axis. An examination subject can be inserted into the examination tunnel in the direction of the tunnel axis by means of the transport element. At least one local coil that exhibits an outer coil contour (viewed in cross-section relative to the tunnel axis) and that can be pivoted around a base pivot axle, so as to be adjusted to the examination subject, is disposed in the examination tunnel. The base pivot axle is disposed at the edge of the examination tunnel and runs parallel to the tunnel axis.	1. A magnetic resonance apparatus comprising: a magnetic resonance scanner having an examination tunnel having an inner tunnel contour and a tunnel axis; a transport element adapted to receive an examination subject thereon movable into and out of the examination tunnel in a direction of said tunnel axis; a local coil having an outer coil contour, viewed in cross-section relative to said tunnel axis, and a base pivot axle disposed at an edge of the examination tunnel and proceeding parallel to said tunnel axis for mounting said local coil in said examination tunnel and allowing pivoting of said local coil around said base pivot axis to adjust a position of said local coil relative to said examination subject. 2. A magnetic resonance apparatus as claimed in claim 1 wherein said outer coil contour of said local coil is adapted to said inner tunnel contour allowing said local coil to be adjusted relative to the examination tunnel over an entirety of the surface of the first local coil. 3. A magnetic resonance apparatus as claimed in claim 1 wherein said outer coil contour of said local coil is adaptable to said inner tunnel contour allowing said local coil to be adjusted relative to the examination tunnel over an entirety of the surface of the first local coil. 4. A magnetic resonance apparatus as claimed in claim 1 wherein said transport element has an upper edge facing said tunnel axis, and wherein said base pivot axle is disposed substantially at a height of said upper edge. 5. A magnetic resonance apparatus as claimed In claim 1 wherein said base pivot axle is a hollow cylinder. 6. A magnetic resonance apparatus as claimed in claim 5 comprising a connection cable electrically connected to said local coil and proceeding inside of said hollow cylinder forming said base pivot axle. 7. A magnetic resonance apparatus as claimed in claim 1 wherein said outer coil contour of said local coil is variable. 8. A magnetic resonance apparatus as claimed in claim 7 wherein said local coil comprises an initial section and a continuation section, said initial section abutting said base pivot axle at a first side thereof and abutting said continuation section at an opposite side thereof, and a secondary pivot axle disposed between said initial section and said continuation section and proceeding parallel to said tunnel axis for allowing said continuation section to be pivoted relative to said initial section for varying said outer coil contour. 9. A magnetic resonance apparatus as claimed in claim 8 wherein said base pivot axle is a hollow cylinder, and comprising a mechanical displacement element disposed in said hollow cylinder of said base pivot axle for varying said outer coil contour. 10. A magnetic resonance apparatus as claimed in claim 1 wherein said local coil is a first local coil and wherein said base pivot axle is a second base pivot axle, and comprising a second local coil disposed in said examination tunnel and mounted on a second base pivot axle disposed at an edge of the examination tunnel, said second base pivot axle proceeding parallel to said tunnel axis and allowing said second local coil to be pivoted around said second base pivot axle for adjusting a position of said second local coil relative to said examination subject. 11. A magnetic resonance apparatus as claimed in claim 10 wherein said second local coil is disposed behind said local is disposed behind said local coil along the direction of the tunnel axis. 12. A magnetic resonance apparatus as claimed in claim 11 wherein said second base pivot axle is aligned with said first base pivot axle. 13. A magnetic resonance apparatus as claimed in claim 10 wherein said first base pivot axle is a hollow cylinder, and wherein the second base pivot axle is disposed inside the hollow cylinder of the first base pivot axle. 14. A magnetic resonance apparatus as claimed in claim 10 wherein said first and second local coils and said first and second base pivot axles are disposed symmetrically relative to a perpendicular plane containing said tunnel axis. 15. A magnetic resonance apparatus as claimed in claim 10 wherein said first and second local coils are identical.	BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention concerns a magnetic resonance system of the type having a transport element and an examination tunnel with an inner tunnel contour and a tunnel axis, wherein an examination subject can be inserted into the examination tunnel in the direction of the tunnel axis by means of the transport element, and wherein at least one local coil that exhibits an outer coil contour (viewed in cross-section relative to the tunnel axis) is disposed in the examination tunnel and can be pivoted around a first pivot axle, and thus can be adjusted to the examination subject. 2. Description of the Prior Art A magnetic resonance system of this type is known from German OS 36 28 035. In this publication, the attachment of the local coil on or in the examination tunnel is mentioned incidentally, without further explanations. From German OS 101 14 013, a magnetic resonance system with a transport element and an examination tunnel with a tunnel axis is known in which an examination subject can be inserted into the examination tunnel in the direction of the tunnel axis by means of the transport element. At least one local coil that can be adjusted to the examination subject is arranged in the examination tunnel. From German PS 38 19 541, a magnetic resonance system with a transport element and an examination tunnel with a tunnel axis also is known in which an examination subject can be inserted into the examination tunnel in the direction of the tunnel axis by means of the transport element. Local coils that can be adjusted to the examination subject are carried on the transport element by flexible arms. A similar disclosure is provided by U.S. Pat. No. 5,150,710. A magnetic resonance system with a transport element and an examination tunnel with a tunnel axis is known from German OS 94 07 802, in which an examination subject can be inserted into the examination tunnel in the direction of the tunnel axis by means of the transport element. The local coil can be attached to a stand that can be attached to the transport element in a groove running parallel to the tunnel axis. From German PS 43 18 134, antenna arrangements for a magnetic resonance system are known in which the antenna arrangements have a first coil and second coil. The first coil is thereby arranged mobile, such that, in a first position, it inclusively encloses at least one part of an opening of the second coil and, in a second position, uncovers the at least one opening of the second coil so that the examination subject can be introduced into the second coil. The antenna arrangements known from German PS 43 18 134 are thereby alternatively fashioned as head, knee or foot antennas. In the fashioning as a head antenna, the antenna arrangement appears to be arranged on a patient bed, by means of which the patient can be inserted into an examination region of the magnetic resonance system. In the embodiments as a knee or foot antenna, the antenna arrangement appears to be applied directly on the body of the patient. A flexible local coil for magnetic resonance applications is known from German OS 195 09 020. These known magnetic resonance systems operate quite satisfactorily, but the local coils require a relatively large space, or are arranged quite far from the examination subject. They therefore excessively narrow restrict or encumber the examination tunnel and/or enable only a sub-optimal improvement of the reception of the magnetic resonance signals SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION An object of the present invention is to provide a magnetic resonance system of the initially described type, wherein the local coil is disposed in the examination tunnel, and can be adjusted to the examination subject, but nevertheless occupies only a slight space in the examination tunnel. The object is by a magnetic resonance system of the type initially described wherein the first base pivot axle is disposed on the edge of the examination tunnel and is parallel to the tunnel axis. In an embodiment wherein the outer coil contour is adapted, or can be adapted, to the inner tunnel contour such that the local coil can be internally adjusted to the examination tunnel over its entire surface, the local coil requires particularly little space in the state when it is not adjusted to the examination subject. The transport element can have an upper edge facing the tunnel axis, and the base pivot axle can be disposed at the height of the upper edge or can be disposed slightly above it. In particular, this allows the local coil to be particularly well adjusted to the examination subject The first base pivot axle can be a hollow-cylinder, so it exhibits a relatively low weight. This embodiment offers still further advantages discussed below. One of the advantages is that it is possible in this case to arrange a connection cable inside the pivot axle to connect the local coil with a control device. The outer coil contour of the local coil can be invariable, but it is preferably variable. The variability can be achieved, for example, by the local coil having an initial section and a continuation section. The initial section abuts the base pivot axle on one side and the continuation section on the other side, and the continuation section can be pivoted around a secondary pivot axle (that is disposed between the initial section and the continuation section and is parallel to the tunnel axis) relative to the initial section in order to vary the outer coil contour. An embodiment wherein the contour is variable, and wherein the base pivot axle is a hollow cylinder, allows the contour to be variable by means of mechanical displacement (shift) elements which are disposed inside the base pivot axle. In the minimal configuration of the present invention, only one such local coil is arranged in the examination tunnel. At least one second local coil that can be pivoted around a second base pivot axle (and can thus be adjusted to the examination subject) preferably is also disposed in the examination tunnel. The second base pivot axle is also disposed on the edge of the examination tunnel and runs parallel to the tunnel axis. The second local coil can be disposed behind the first local coil (viewed in the direction of the tunnel axis). In this case, the second base pivot axle preferably is aligned with the first base pivot axle. Given design of the first base pivot axle as a hollow cylinder, the second base pivot axle can be disposed inside the first base pivot axle. It is also possible that the local coils and the base pivot axles are arranged symmetrically relative to a perpendicular plane containing the tunnel axis. Given more than two local coils, the embodiments described above can be combined. Preferably, however, the local coils are fashioned identically, one behind the other and/or next to one another. DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 schematically illustrates a magnetic resonance system, in which a local coil arrangement in accordance with the invention are based. FIG. 2 through 4 a plan view of an examination tunnel in the direction of a tunnel axis, for various embodiments of the Invention. FIG. 5 is a perspective view of a local coil in accordance with the invention. FIG. 6 is a cross-section through the base pivot axle of a local coil in accordance with the invention. FIG. 7 is a section through the examination tunnel of FIG. 2 through 4 along the plane VII-VII in FIG. 3. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS As shown in FIG. 1, a magnetic resonance system has a magnet arrangement. The magnet arrangement comprises, among other things, a basic field magnet 1, a shielding magnet 2, a gradient coil arrangement (not shown), and an outer antenna arrangement 3. The basic field magnet 1 generates a homogenous, time-constant basic magnetic field in the examination tunnel 4. The examination tunnel 4 has an inner tunnel contour that generally is circular. The outer antenna arrangement 3 can be controlled by a control device 5 such that it generates a homogenous, radio-frequency magnetic resonance excitation field in the examination tunnel 4. An examination subject 6—normally a human—can therefore be excited to magnetic resonance when Introduced into the examination tunnel 4. Spatial coding of the excited magnetic resonances ensues in a known manner by means of the gradient coil arrangement. The control of the gradient coil arrangement also ensues via the control device 5. The shielding magnet 3 confines the basic magnetic field of the base magnet 1 from proceeding outwardly. As can be seen In FIG. 1, the examination subject 6 can be inserted into and extracted from the examination tunnel 4 in the direction of a tunnel axis 10 by means of a transport element 7 (a patient bed). The transport element 7 is guided by guide elements (for example, slide rails) that are arranged or attached in the examination tunnel 4. They are not shown for clarity. Due to the size of the outer antenna arrangement 3, magnetic resonance signals can be received by it only with relatively low spatial resolution, and primarily only with a relatively low signal-to-noise ratio. In order to improve the signal-to-noise ratio in the received magnetic resonance signals, according to FIG. 2 local coils 8 are arranged in the examination tunnel 4. The local coils 8 can be pivoted around base pivot axles 9 and thus be adjusted to the examination subject 6. They are fashioned identically. According to FIG 2 through 4, the base pivot axles 9 are arranged at the end of the examination tunnel 4. They run parallel to the tunnel axis 10 that is in turn the central axis of the examination tunnel 4. According to FIG. 2 through 4, the transport element 7 has an upper edge 11 that faces the tunnel axis 10. According to FIG. 2 through 4, the base pivot axles 9 are arranged at the height of the upper edge 11 or slightly above the upper edge 11. In FIG. 2, a state is shown in which the local coils 8 are internally adjusted to the examination tunnel 4. This state is assumed, for example, when the examination subject 6 is relatively large, thus when, for example, a relatively fat person 6 is to be examined. It is also assumed when other local coils (for example a head coil) are applied on the examination subject 6, or the magnetic resonance system is in the standby state, or no examination subject 6 is located in the examination tunnel 4. The local coils 8 exhibit a curved outer coil contour in cross-section (viewed relative to the tunnel axis 10). The outer coil contour is adapted to the inner tunnel contour such that the local coils can be adjusted to the examination tunnel 4 not only at points, but rather over the entire surface. The examination subject 6 is smaller in the representation according to FIG. 3 than in the representation according to FIG. 2. Given this smaller examination subject 6, the local coils 8 still are adjusted to the examination subject 6, but the outer coil contour of the local coils 8 is as such the same as in the representation according to FIG. 2. The examination subject 6 is even smaller in the representation of FIG. 4. In this case, for example, the leg of a person 6 is to be examined. In the representation according to FIG. 4, the outer coil contour of the local coils 8 is therefore varied with regard to the original outer coil contour according to FIGS. 2 and 3. The variation of the outer coil contour ensues as is subsequently specified in connection with FIGS. 4 and 5: A shown in FIGS. 4 and 5, each local coil has an initial section 12 and a continuation section 13. The initial section 12 abuts the base pivot axles 9 on one side and one of the continuation section 13 on the other side. Secondary additional pivot axles 14 are present in the boundary region between the initial section 12 and the continuation section 13. The secondary pivot axles 14 thus are disposed between the initial section 12 and the continuation section 13. They run—just like the base pivot axles 9—parallel to the tunnel axis 10. To vary the outer coil contour of each local coil 8, the continuation section 13 are pivoted around the secondary pivot axles 14 relative to the initial section 12. This can ensue, for example, by forces exerted on the continuation section 13 by a mechanical displacement element 15. The displacement element 15, for example, can be fashioned as known Bowden cables. The principle stated above naturally can be repeated multiple times. It is thus possible for each local coil 8 to have a further continuation section 16, with secondary pivot axles 14, 17 between each two continuation sections 13, 16. A dedicated displacement element 15 can be present for each secondary pivot axle 14, 17, as shown in FIG. 6. Alternatively, a single displacement element 15 common to all secondary pivot axles 14, 17 can be used for each local coil 8. Due to the displacement of the local coils 8 by means of the mechanical displacement elements 15, it is possible not only to provide manual or motorized drives for the base pivot axles 9, but rather to also arrange manual or motorized drives for the secondary pivot axles 14, 17 outside of the examination tunnel 4. The number of the displacement elements 15 to be directed outwardly can be kept relatively low, because only an increase of the curvature of the local coils 8 must be actively effected, while a reset is preferably effected by the inherent elasticity of each local coil 8. According to FIG. 6, the base pivot axles 9 are fashioned as hollow cylinders. This makes it possible to dispose the mechanical displacement elements 15 inside the base pivot axles 9, thus to guide these out of the examination tunnel 4 inside the base pivot axles 9. Connection cables 18 to connect the local coils 8 with the control device 5 also be can arranged inside the base pivot axles 9 in this case. In the embodiment according to FIG. 2 through 4, the local coils 8 and the base pivot axles 9 are disposed symmetrically with one another relative to a plane 19. The plane 19 runs perpendicular and includes the tunnel axis 10. Alternatively or additionally, it is possible (as shown in FIG. 7) for the local coils 8 to be arranged one behind the other (viewed in the direction of the tunnel axis 10). In this case, the base pivot axles 9 of the respective local coils 8 preferably are aligned with one another. The base pivot axles 9 can thereby be displaced independent of one another. Given the design of the front base pivot axle 9 as a hollow cylinder, the rear base pivot axle 9 can be arranged inside the front base pivot axle 9. This is also shown in FIG. 6. Using the inventive magnetic resonance system, magnetic resonance exposures with a good signal-to-noise ratio can be achieved in a simple manner without excessively restricting the examination tunnel 4, and without having to directly apply many local coils to the examination subject 6. Although modifications and changes may be suggested by those skilled in the art, it is the intention of the inventor to embody within the patent warranted hereon all changes and modifications as reasonably and properly come within the scope of his contribution to the art.	<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>1. Field of the Invention The present invention concerns a magnetic resonance system of the type having a transport element and an examination tunnel with an inner tunnel contour and a tunnel axis, wherein an examination subject can be inserted into the examination tunnel in the direction of the tunnel axis by means of the transport element, and wherein at least one local coil that exhibits an outer coil contour (viewed in cross-section relative to the tunnel axis) is disposed in the examination tunnel and can be pivoted around a first pivot axle, and thus can be adjusted to the examination subject. 2. Description of the Prior Art A magnetic resonance system of this type is known from German OS 36 28 035. In this publication, the attachment of the local coil on or in the examination tunnel is mentioned incidentally, without further explanations. From German OS 101 14 013, a magnetic resonance system with a transport element and an examination tunnel with a tunnel axis is known in which an examination subject can be inserted into the examination tunnel in the direction of the tunnel axis by means of the transport element. At least one local coil that can be adjusted to the examination subject is arranged in the examination tunnel. From German PS 38 19 541, a magnetic resonance system with a transport element and an examination tunnel with a tunnel axis also is known in which an examination subject can be inserted into the examination tunnel in the direction of the tunnel axis by means of the transport element. Local coils that can be adjusted to the examination subject are carried on the transport element by flexible arms. A similar disclosure is provided by U.S. Pat. No. 5,150,710. A magnetic resonance system with a transport element and an examination tunnel with a tunnel axis is known from German OS 94 07 802 , in which an examination subject can be inserted into the examination tunnel in the direction of the tunnel axis by means of the transport element. The local coil can be attached to a stand that can be attached to the transport element in a groove running parallel to the tunnel axis. From German PS 43 18 134, antenna arrangements for a magnetic resonance system are known in which the antenna arrangements have a first coil and second coil. The first coil is thereby arranged mobile, such that, in a first position, it inclusively encloses at least one part of an opening of the second coil and, in a second position, uncovers the at least one opening of the second coil so that the examination subject can be introduced into the second coil. The antenna arrangements known from German PS 43 18 134 are thereby alternatively fashioned as head, knee or foot antennas. In the fashioning as a head antenna, the antenna arrangement appears to be arranged on a patient bed, by means of which the patient can be inserted into an examination region of the magnetic resonance system. In the embodiments as a knee or foot antenna, the antenna arrangement appears to be applied directly on the body of the patient. A flexible local coil for magnetic resonance applications is known from German OS 195 09 020. These known magnetic resonance systems operate quite satisfactorily, but the local coils require a relatively large space, or are arranged quite far from the examination subject. They therefore excessively narrow restrict or encumber the examination tunnel and/or enable only a sub-optimal improvement of the reception of the magnetic resonance signals	<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>An object of the present invention is to provide a magnetic resonance system of the initially described type, wherein the local coil is disposed in the examination tunnel, and can be adjusted to the examination subject, but nevertheless occupies only a slight space in the examination tunnel. The object is by a magnetic resonance system of the type initially described wherein the first base pivot axle is disposed on the edge of the examination tunnel and is parallel to the tunnel axis. In an embodiment wherein the outer coil contour is adapted, or can be adapted, to the inner tunnel contour such that the local coil can be internally adjusted to the examination tunnel over its entire surface, the local coil requires particularly little space in the state when it is not adjusted to the examination subject. The transport element can have an upper edge facing the tunnel axis, and the base pivot axle can be disposed at the height of the upper edge or can be disposed slightly above it. In particular, this allows the local coil to be particularly well adjusted to the examination subject The first base pivot axle can be a hollow-cylinder, so it exhibits a relatively low weight. This embodiment offers still further advantages discussed below. One of the advantages is that it is possible in this case to arrange a connection cable inside the pivot axle to connect the local coil with a control device. The outer coil contour of the local coil can be invariable, but it is preferably variable. The variability can be achieved, for example, by the local coil having an initial section and a continuation section. The initial section abuts the base pivot axle on one side and the continuation section on the other side, and the continuation section can be pivoted around a secondary pivot axle (that is disposed between the initial section and the continuation section and is parallel to the tunnel axis) relative to the initial section in order to vary the outer coil contour. An embodiment wherein the contour is variable, and wherein the base pivot axle is a hollow cylinder, allows the contour to be variable by means of mechanical displacement (shift) elements which are disposed inside the base pivot axle. In the minimal configuration of the present invention, only one such local coil is arranged in the examination tunnel. At least one second local coil that can be pivoted around a second base pivot axle (and can thus be adjusted to the examination subject) preferably is also disposed in the examination tunnel. The second base pivot axle is also disposed on the edge of the examination tunnel and runs parallel to the tunnel axis. The second local coil can be disposed behind the first local coil (viewed in the direction of the tunnel axis). In this case, the second base pivot axle preferably is aligned with the first base pivot axle. Given design of the first base pivot axle as a hollow cylinder, the second base pivot axle can be disposed inside the first base pivot axle. It is also possible that the local coils and the base pivot axles are arranged symmetrically relative to a perpendicular plane containing the tunnel axis. Given more than two local coils, the embodiments described above can be combined. Preferably, however, the local coils are fashioned identically, one behind the other and/or next to one another.	20040602	20060530	20050120	82467.0		0	VARGAS, DIXOMARA	MAGNETIC RESONANCE SYSTEM WITH A LOCAL COIL PIVOTABLY MOUNTED IN AN EXAMINATION TUNNEL	UNDISCOUNTED	0	ACCEPTED		2,004
10,859,537	ACCEPTED	Compositions for golf equipment	Golf balls comprising thermoplastic, thermoset, castable, or millable elastomer compositions are presently disclosed. These elastomer compositions comprise reaction products of polyisocyanates and telechelic polymers having isocyanate-reactive end-groups such as hydroxyl groups and/or amine groups. These elastomer compositions can be used in any one or more portions of the golf balls, such as inner center, core, inner core layer, intermediate core layer, outer core layer, intermediate layer, cover, inner cover layer, intermediate cover layer, and/or outer cover layer.	1. A golf ball comprising at least one thermoplastic, thermoset, castable, or millable material formed from a composition comprising at least one telechelic polycarbonate copolymer formed from at least one polyol telechelic and at least one carbonate-forming compound. 2. The golf ball of claim 1, wherein the polyol telechelic is chosen from polyol polyhydrocarbons, polyol polyethers, polyol polyesters, polyol polycaprolactones, polyol polyamides, polyol polyacrylates, polyol siloxanes, fatty polyol telechelics, acid-catalyzed polyol telechelics, derivatized polyol telechelics, and mixtures thereof. 3. The golf ball of claim 1, wherein the carbonate-forming compound is chosen from diaryl carbonates, dialkyl carbonates, dicycloalkyl carbonates, diaryalkyl carbonates, dioxolanones, hexanediol bis-chlorocarbonates, phosgene and urea. 4. The golf ball of claim 3, wherein the carbonate-forming compound is chosen from diphenyl carbonates, ditolyl carbonates, dixylyl carbonates, dinaphthyl carbonates, dimethyl carbonates, diethyl carbonates, dipropyl carbonates, dibutyl carbonates, diamyl carbonates, dicyclohexyl carbonates, ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, glycerine carbonate, 4-chloro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one, 4-hydroxymethyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one, 4-phenyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one, 4-methoxymethyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one, 4,4-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one, hexane-1,6-diol bis-chlorocarbonate, phosgene, and urea. 5. The golf ball of claim 1, wherein the polyol telechelic has a molecular weight of 150-1,000. 6. The golf ball of claim 2, wherein the polyol telechelic is a polyol polyether formed from 50-100 mole % of at least a first diol and 0-50 mole % of at least a second diol, the first and second diols being independently chosen from 1,5-pentanediol, 3-methyl-1,5-pentanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1,7-heptanediol, 1,8-octanediol, 1,9-nonanediol, 1,10-decanediol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, tetrapropylene glycol, and oligomer diols of ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide. 7. The golf ball of claim 6, wherein the polyol polyether is mixed with at least one C3 to C12 aliphatic polyol before being reacted to the carbonate-forming compound. 8. The golf ball of claim 2, wherein the polyol telechelic is a dimer diol having a structure of: where R is the same or different moieties chosen from hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, alicyclic, cycloalkyl, and alkoxy groups; x+y≧8; and m+n≧8. 9. The golf ball of claim 8, wherein the dimer diol is mixed with at least one C3 to C12 aliphatic polyol before being reacted to the carbonate-forming compound. 10. The golf ball of claim 2, wherein the telechelic polycarbonate copolymer is polyol polyethercarbonate or polyamine polyethercarbonate, and has a ratio of ether linkages to carbonate linkages of 5:1 to 1:5. 11. The golf ball of claim 10, wherein the ratio is 3:1 to 1:3. 12. The golf ball of claim 10, wherein the polyol polyethercarbonate has a hydroxyl number of 30 or greater. 13. The golf ball of claim 10, wherein the telechelic polycarbonate copolymer has a softening point of 40° C. or less, and/or a viscosity at 50° C. of 8,500 or less. 14. The golf ball of claim 10, wherein the telechelic polycarbonate copolymer is liquid at room temperature. 15. The golf ball of claim 1, wherein the composition further comprises at least one reactant chosen from isocyanates and curatives. 16. The golf ball of claim 1, wherein the composition further comprises at least one isocyanate-containing prepolymer, and wherein the telechelic polycarbonate copolymer is used to cure the prepolymer. 17. The golf ball of claim 1, wherein the material at least in part forms at least one portion of the golf ball chosen from inner center, core, inner core layer, intermediate core layer, outer core layer, intermediate layer, cover, inner cover layer, intermediate cover layer, outer cover layer, discontinuous layer, wound layer, foamed layer, lattice network layer, web or net, adhesion or coupling layer, barrier layer, layer of uniformed or non-uniformed thickness, layer having a plurality of discrete elements, and layer filled with liquid, gel, powder, and/or gas. 18. A golf ball comprising: a core comprising at least a first portion; and a cover comprising at least a second portion, wherein at least one material comprising at least one telechelic polycarbonate copolymer formed from at least one polyol telechelic and at least one carbonate-forming compound is disposed in at least one of the first and second portions, and/or between the core and the cover. 19. The golf ball of claim 18, wherein the material at least in part forms at least one cover layer having a thickness of 0.125 inch or less and a Shore D hardness of 20-80.	CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is a continuation-in-part of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/407,641, filed Apr. 4, 2003; a continuation-in-part of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/434,738, filed May 9, 2003; a continuation-in-part of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/434,739, filed May 9, 2003; a continuation-in-part of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/619,313, filed Jul. 14, 2003; a continuation-in-part of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/640,532, filed Aug. 13, 2003; and a continuation-in-part of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/409,144, filed Apr. 9, 2003, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/228,311, filed Aug. 27, 2002. The present disclosure relates to golf equipment such as golf balls, golf clubs (drivers, putters, woods, irons, and wedges, including heads and shafts thereof), golf shoes, golf gloves, golf bags, or the like that comprise novel polyurethane, polyurea, and/or poly(urethane-co-urea) compositions. The components of the compositions can be saturated, i.e., substantially free of double or triple carbon-carbon bonds or aromatic groups, to produce light stable compositions. Components that are unsaturated or partially saturated can also be used. The golf ball can comprise at least one thermoplastic, thermoset, castable, or millable material formed from a composition comprising at least one telechelic polycarbonate copolymer formed from at least one polyol telechelic and at least one carbonate-forming compound. The polyol telechelic can be chosen from polyol polyhydrocarbons, polyol polyethers, polyol polyesters, polyol polycaprolactones, polyol polyamides, polyol polyacrylates, polyol siloxanes, fatty polyol telechelics, acid-catalyzed polyol telechelics, derivatized polyol telechelics, and mixtures thereof. The carbonate-forming compound can be chosen from diaryl carbonates, dialkyl carbonates, dicycloalkyl carbonates, diaryalkyl carbonates, dioxolanones, hexanediol bis-chlorocarbonates, phosgene and urea. The polyol telechelic can be a polyol polyether formed from 50-100 mole % of at least a first diol and 0-50 mole % of at least a second diol, the first and second diols being independently chosen from 1,5-pentanediol, 3-methyl-1,5-pentanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1,7-heptanediol, 1,8-octanediol, 1,9-nonanediol, 1,10-decanediol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, tetrapropylene glycol, and oligomer diols of ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide. The polyol polyether can be mixed with at least one C3 to C12 aliphatic polyol before being reacted to the carbonate-forming compound. Alternatively, the polyol telechelic can be a dimer diol having a structure of, optionally mixed with at least one C3 to C12 aliphatic polyol before being reacted to the carbonate-forming compound. The telechelic polycarbonate copolymer can be polyol polyethercarbonate or polyamine polyethercarbonate, having a ratio of ether linkages to carbonate linkages of 5:1 to 1:5 or 3:1 to 1:3. The polyol polyethercarbonate has a hydroxyl number of 30 or greater. The telechelic polycarbonate copolymer can have a softening point of 40° C. or less, a viscosity at 50° C. of 8,500 or less, and/or be liquid at room temperature. The polyol telechelic can have a molecular weight of 150-1,000. The composition can further comprise at least one reactant chosen from isocyanates and curatives, or at least one isocyanate-containing prepolymer where the telechelic polycarbonate copolymer is used to cure the prepolymer. The material can at least in part form at least one portion of the golf ball chosen from inner center, core, inner core layer, intermediate core layer, outer core layer, intermediate layer, cover, inner cover layer, intermediate cover layer, outer cover layer, discontinuous layer, wound layer, foamed layer, lattice network layer, web or net, adhesion or coupling layer, barrier layer, layer of uniformed or non-uniformed thickness, layer having a plurality of discrete elements, and layer filled with liquid, gel, powder, and/or gas. In one example, the golf ball can comprise a core comprising at least a first portion, and a cover comprising at least a second portion, wherein the material is disposed in at least one of the first and second portions, and/or between the core and the cover. The material can at least in part form at least one cover layer having a thickness of 0.125 inch or less and a Shore D hardness of 20-80. Golf equipment can be formed from a variety of compositions. Balata, a natural or synthetic trans-polyisoprene rubber, has been used to form golf ball covers. Olefinic ionomer resins have also been used as cover materials. Chemically, olefinic ionomer resins are copolymers of olefin (such as ethylene) and α,β-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid (such as acrylic acid or methacrylic acid) that have 10% to 100% of the carboxylic acid groups neutralized by cations (such as metal cations). Examples of commercially available olefinic ionomer resins include, but are not limited to, SURLYN® from Du Pont de Nemours and Company, and ESCOR® and IOTEK°0 from ExxonMobil. Polyurethanes are useful materials for golf ball covers. Polyurethane covers can be polyurethane prepolymers cured with curing agents having at least one active hydrogen groups (such as amines and/or polyols), wherein the prepolymers are formed of hydroxy-terminated telechelics with polyisocyanates. Polyureas formed of polyurea prepolymers and curatives are relatively new choices for golf ball materials. Polyurethanes and polyureas can be thermoset or thermoplastic, depending at least in part on the curing agent used. Unsaturated components (such as aromatic diisocyanate, aromatic polyol, and/or aromatic polyamine) used in a polyurethane or polyurea composition are at least in part responsible for the composition's susceptibility to discoloration and degradation upon exposure to thermal and actinic radiation, such as ultraviolet (UV) light. Substituting the unsaturated components with partially unsaturated or saturated components can enhance light stability of the composition. Highly light-stable compositions may include only substantially saturated components. As used herein, the term “saturated”or “substantially saturated” means that the compound or material of interest is fully saturated (i.e., contains no double bonds, triple bonds, or aromatic ring structures), or that the extent of unsaturation is negligible, e.g., as shown by a bromine number in accordance with ASTM E234-98 of less than 10, such as less than 5. The compositions of the disclosure may also include at least one light stabilizer to improve light stability, especially when unsaturated (e.g., aromatic) components are used. Moisture absorption is another mechanism through which desirable physical properties in the composition are compromised. This can be remedied, for example, by incorporating at least one moisture vapor barrier layer in the golf ball. Alternatively, the use of water/moisture-resistant compositions in golf ball components leads to a golf ball with improved shelf-life and/or use-life. Conventional polyurethane and polyurea golf ball covers can be prone to absorption of moisture. Incorporation of hydrophobic backbones into the compositions can reduce moisture absorption and water/moisture permeability, as reflected in reduced water vapor transmission rate (WVTR). As used herein, the terms “araliphatic,” “aryl aliphatic,” or “aromatic aliphatic” all refer to compounds that contain one or more aromatic moieties and one or more aliphatic moieties, where the reactable functional groups such as, without limitation, isocyanate groups, amine groups, and hydroxyl groups are directly linked to the aliphatic moieties and not directly bonded to the aromatic moieties. Illustrative examples of araliphatic compounds are o-, m-, and p-tetramethylxylene diisocyanate (TMXDI). The subscript letters such as m, n, x, y, and z used herein within the generic structures are understood by one of ordinary skill in the art as the degree of polymerization (i.e., the number of consecutively repeating units). In the case of molecularly uniformed products, these numbers are commonly integers, if not zero. In the case of molecularly non-uniformed products, these numbers are averaged numbers not limited to integers, if not zero, and are understood to be the average degree of polymerization. Any numeric references to amounts, unless otherwise specified, are “by weight.” The term “equivalent weight” is a calculated value based on the relative amounts of the various ingredients used in making the specified material and is based on the solids of the specified material. The relative amounts are those that result in the theoretical weight in grams of the material, like a polymer, produced from the ingredients and give a theoretical number of the particular functional group that is present in the resulting polymer. As used herein, the term “polymer” is used to refer to oligomers, adducts, homopolymers, random copolymers, pseudo-copolymers, statistical copolymers, alternating copolymers, periodic copolymer, bipolymers, terpolymers, quaterpolymers, other forms of copolymers, substituted derivatives thereof, and mixtures thereof. These polymers can be linear, branched, block, graft, monodisperse, polydisperse, regular, irregular, tactic, isotactic, syndiotactic, stereoregular, atactic, stereoblock, single-strand, double-strand, star, comb, dendritic, and/or ionomeric. As used herein, the term “telechelic” is used to refer to polymers having at least two terminal reactive end-groups and capable of entering into further polymerization through these reactive end-groups. Reactive end-groups disclosed herein include, without limitation, amine groups, hydroxyl groups, isocyanate groups, carboxylic acid groups, thiol groups, and combinations thereof. Other than in the operating examples, or unless otherwise expressly specified, all of the numerical ranges, amounts, values and percentages such as those for amounts of materials, times and temperatures of reaction, ratios of amounts, values for molecular weight (whether number average molecular weight (“Mn”) or weight average molecular weight (“Mw”), and others in the following portion of the specification may be read as if prefaced by the word “about” even though the term “about” may not expressly appear with the value, amount or range. Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth in the following specification and attached claims are approximations that may vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by the present disclosure. At the very least, and not as an attempt to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims, each numerical parameter should at least be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques. Notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters setting forth the broad scope of the disclosure are approximations, the numerical values set forth in the specific examples are reported as precisely as possible. Any numerical value, however, inherently contain certain errors necessarily resulting from the standard deviation found in their respective testing measurements. Furthermore, when numerical ranges of varying scope are set forth herein, it is contemplated that any combination of these values inclusive of the recited values may be used. For molecular weights, whether Mn or Mw, these quantities are determined by gel permeation chromatography using polystyrene as standards as is well known to those skilled in the art and such as is discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,739,019 at column 4, lines 2-45, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. As used herein, the terms “formed from” and “formed of” denote open, e.g., “comprising,” claim language. As such, it is intended that a composition “formed from” or “formed of” a list of recited components be a composition comprising at least these recited components, and can further comprise other non-recited components during formulation of the composition. As used herein, the term “cure” as used in connection with a composition, e.g., “a curable material,” “a cured composition,” shall mean that any crosslinkable components of the composition are at least partially crosslinked. In certain examples of the present disclosure, the crosslink density of the crosslinkable components, i.e., the degree of crosslinking, can range from 5% to 100% of complete crosslinking. In other examples, the crosslink density can range from 35% to 85% of full crosslinking. In other examples, the crosslink density can range from 50% to 85% of full crosslinking. One skilled in the art will understand that the presence and degree of crosslinking, i.e., the crosslink density, can be determined by a variety of methods, such as dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) in accordance with ASTM El 640-99. The compositions of the present disclosure typically comprise a reaction product of a polyisocyanate and one or more reactants. In one example, the reaction product can be a polyurethane formed from a polyurethane prepolymer and a curative, the polyurethane prepolymer being a reaction product of a polyol telechelic and an isocyanate. The polyol telechelic comprises at least two terminal hydroxyl end-groups that are independently primary, secondary, or tertiary. The polyol telechelic can further comprise additional hydroxyl groups that are independently located at the termini, attached directly to the backbone as pendant groups, and/or located within pendant moieties attached to the backbone. The polyol telechelic can be α,ω-hydroxy telechelics having isocyanate-reactive hydroxyl end-groups on opposing termini. All polyol telechelics are polyols, which also include monomers, dimers, trimers, adducts, and the like having two or more hydroxyl groups. In another example, the reaction product can be a polyurea formed from a polyurea prepolymer and a curative, the polyurea prepolymer being a reaction product of a polyamine telechelic and an isocyanate. The polyamine telechelic comprises at least two terminal amine end-groups that are independently primary or secondary. The polyamine telechelic can further comprise additional amine groups that are independently primary or secondary, and are independently located at the termini, attached directly to the backbone as pendant groups, located within the backbone, or located within pendant moieties that are attached to the backbone. The secondary amine moieties may in part form single-ring or multi-ring heterocyclic structures having one or more nitrogen atoms as members of the rings. The polyamine telechelic can be α,ω-amino telechelics having isocyanate-reactive amine end groups on opposing termini. All polyamine telechelics are polyamines, which also include monomers, dimers, trimers, adducts, and the like having two or more amine groups. In a further example, the reaction product can be a poly(urethane-urea) formed from a poly(urethane-urea) prepolymer and a curative. The poly(urethane-urea) prepolymer can be a reaction product of an isocyanate and a blend of polyol and polyamine telechelics. Alternatively, the poly(urethane-urea) prepolymer can be a reaction product of an aminoalcohol telechelic and an isocyanate. The aminoalcohol telechelic comprises at least one primary or secondary terminal amine end-group and at least one terminal hydroxyl end-group. The polyamine telechelic can further comprise additional amine and/or hydroxyl groups that are independently located at the termini, attached directly to the backbone as pendant groups, located within the backbone, or located within pendant moieties that are attached to the backbone. The secondary amine moieties may in part form single-ring or multi-ring heterocyclic structures having one or more nitrogen atoms as members of the rings. The aminoalcohol telechelic can be α-amino-ω-hydroxy telechelics having isocyanate-reactive amine and hydroxyl end groups on opposing termini. All aminoalcohol telechelics are aminoalcohols, which also include monomers, dimers, trimers, adducts, and the like having at least one amine group and at least one hydroxyl group. Any one or combination of two or more of the isocyanate-reactive ingredients disclosed herein can react with stoichiometrically deficient amounts of polyisocyanate such as diisocyanate to form elastomers that are substantially free of hard segments. Such elastomers can have rubber elasticity and wear resistance and strength, and can be millable. Polyamine Telechelics Polyamine telechelics have two, three, four, or more amine end-groups capable of forming urea linkages (such as with isocyanate groups), amide linkages (such as with carboxyl group), imide linkages, and/or other linkages with other organic moieties. As such, polyamine telechelics can be reacted with polyacids to form amide-containing polyamine or polyacid telechelics, be reacted with isocyanates to form polyurea prepolymers, and be used as curatives to cure various prepolymers. Any one or more of the hydrogen atoms in the polyamine telechelic (other than those in the terminal amine end-groups) may be substituted with halogens, cationic groups, anionic groups, silicon-based moieties, ester moieties, ether moieties, amide moieties, urethane moieties, urea moieties, ethylenically unsaturated moieties, acetylenically unsaturated moieties, aromatic moieties, heterocyclic moieties, hydroxy groups, amine groups, cyano groups, nitro groups, and/or any other organic moieties. For example, the polyamine telechelics may be halogenated, such as having fluorinated backbones and/or N-alkylated fluorinated side chains. Any polyamine telechelics available or known to one of ordinary skill in the art are suitable for use in compositions of the present disclosure. The Mw of the polyamine telechelics can be about 100-20,000, such as about 150, about 200, about 230, about 500, about 600, about 1,000, about 1,500, about 2,000, about 2,500, about 3,000, about 3,500, about 4,000, about 5,000, about 8,000, about 10,000, about 12,000, about 15,000, or any Mw therebetween. The polyamine telechelic can comprise one or more hydrophobic and/or hydrophilic segments. Exemplary polyamine telechelics, such as α,ω-amino telechelics, include polyamine polyhydrocarbons (e.g., polyamine polyolefins), polyamine polyethers, polyamine polyesters (e.g., polyamine polycaprolactones), polyamine polyamides (e.g., polyamine polycaprolactams), polyamine polycarbonates, polyamine polyacrylates (e.g., polyamine polyalkylacrylates), polyamine polysiloxanes, polyamine polyimines, polyamine polyimides, and polyamine copolymers including polyamine polyolefinsiloxanes (such as α,ω-diamino poly(butadiene-dimethylsiloxane) and α,ω-diamino poly(isobutylene-dimethylsiloxane)), polyamine polyetherolefins (such as α,ω-diamino poly(butadiene-oxyethylene)), polyamine polyetheresters, polyamine polyethercarbonates, polyamine polyetheramides, polyamine polyetheracrylates, polyamine polyethersiloxanes, polyamine polyesterolefins (such as α,ω-diamino poly(butadiene-caprolactone) and α,ω-diamino poly(isobutylene-caprolactone)), polyamine polyesteramides, polyamine polyestercarbonates, polyamine polyesteracrylates, polyamine polyestersiloxanes, polyamine polyamideolefins, polyamine polyamidecarbonates, polyamine polyamideacrylates, polyamine polyamidesiloxanes, polyamine polyamideimides, polyamine polycarbonateolefins, polyamine polycarbonateacrylates, polyamine polycarbonatesiloxanes, polyamine polyacrylateolefins (such as α,ω-diamino poly(butadiene-methyl methacrylate), α,ω-diamino poly(isobutylene-t-butyl methacrylate), and α,ω-diamino poly(methyl methacrylate-butadiene-methyl methacrylate)), polyamine polyacrylatesiloxanes, polyamine polyetheresteramides, any other polyamine copolymers, as well as blends thereof. a) Polyamine Polyhydrocarbons An example of polyamine polyhydrocarbons has a generic structure of: R1HNR3xR4yR5NHR2 (1) where R1 and R2 are independently chosen from hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, alicyclic, cycloalkyl, and alkoxy groups; R3, R4, and R5 are independently chosen from linear, branched, cyclic (including monocyclic, aromatic, bridged cyclic, spiro cyclic, fused polycyclic, and ring assemblies), saturated, unsaturated, hydrogenated, and/or substituted hydrocarbon moieties having 1 to about 30 carbon atoms; x, y, and z are independently zero to about 200, and x+y+z ≧2. R1 and R2 can be linear or branched structures having about 20 carbon atoms or less, such as 1-12 carbon atoms. R3, R4, and R5 can independently have the structure CnHm, where n is an integer of about 2-20, and m is zero to about 40. Any one or more of the hydrogen atoms in R1 to R5 may be substituted with halogens, cationic groups, anionic groups, silicon-based moieties, ester groups, ether groups, amide groups, urethane groups, urea groups, ethylenically unsaturated groups, acetylenically unsaturated groups, hydroxy groups, amine groups, or any other organic moieties. R1 and R2 can be identical. At least one of R3, R4, and R5 can have the structure CnH2n, n being an integer of about 2-12, and x+y+z is about 5-100. The polyamine polyhydrocarbon can have one of the following structures: H2NCnH2nNH2 H2NCnH2nxNHR, or RHNCnH2nxNHR where x is the chain length, i.e., 1 or greater; n is about 1-12; and R is alkyl group having 1 to about 20, such as 1-12, carbon atoms, a phenyl group, a cyclic group, or mixture thereof. Polyamine polyhydrocarbons are hydrophobic in general, and can provide reduced moisture absorption and permeability to the resulting compositions. Non-limiting examples of polyamine polyhydrocarbons include α,ω-diamino polyolefins such as α,ω-diamino polyethylenes, α,ω-diamino polypropylenes, α,ω-diamino polyethylenepropylenes, α,ω-diamino polyisobutylenes, α,ω-diamino polyethylenebutylenes (with butylene content of at least about 25% by weight, such as at least 50%), amine-terminated Kraton rubbers; α,ω-diamino polydienes such as α,ω-diamino polyisoprenes, partially or fully hydrogenated α,ω-diamino polyisoprenes, amine-terminated liquid isoprene rubbers, α,ω-diamino polybutadienes, partially and/or fully hydrogenated α,ω-diamino polybutadienes; as well as α,ω-diamino poly(olefin-diene)s such as α,ω-diamino poly(styrene-butadiene)s, α,ω-diamino poly(ethylene-butadiene)s, and α,ω-diamino poly(butadiene-styrene-butadiene)s. One group of polyamine polyhydrocarbons is polyamine polyalkylenes having a plurality of secondary or tertiary amine moieties, such as those having the formula R′HN—(R—N(R′))n—H, where R is the same or different alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, alicyclic, cycloalkyl, and alkoxy groups; R′ is the same or different moieties chosen from hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, alicyclic, cycloalkyl, and alkoxy groups; n is about 5 or greater, such as about 10 or greater. R and R′ can independently have 1 to about 20 carbon atoms, such as 1-12 carbon atoms, or about 1-4 carbon atoms. Another group of polyamine polyhydrocarbons is polyamine polydienes, which also include polyamine poly(alkylene-diene)s, as well as blends thereof. Suitable polyamine polydienes have Mn of about 1,000-20,000, such as about 1,000-10,000, or about 3,000-6,000, and an amine functionality of about 1.6-10, such as about 1.8-6, or about 1.8-2. The diene monomers can be conjugated dienes such as 1,3-butadiene, isoprene, 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene, and mixtures thereof. The polyamine polydiene can be substantially hydrogenated to improve stability, such that at least about 90%, or at least about 95%, of the carbon-carbon double bonds in the polydiene are hydrogenated. The elastomer compositions of the present disclosure can be resilient. Resilience can be measured, for example, by determining the percentage of the original height to which a ½″ steel ball will rebound after being dropped onto an immobilized ½″ thick elastomer sample from a height of one meter. A resilient elastomer can display a rebound height percentage of greater than 60%, such as greater than about 70%, or greater than about 75%. Diamino polydienes and diamino copolydienes, among other polyamine telechelics, are capable of imparting high resiliency in the compositions. The diamino polydiene can be diamino polybutadiene having 1,4-addition of about 30-70%, such as about 40-60%. The diamino polybutadiene can have 1,2-addition of at least about 40%, such as about 40-60%. The hydrogenated diamino polybutadiene can remain liquid at ambient temperature. In one example, the diamino polybutadiene can be more than about 99% hydrogenated, having Mn of about 3,300, an amine functionality of about 1.92, and a 1,2-addition content of about 54%. In another example, the diamino polydiene can be diamino polyisoprene having 1,4-addition of at least about 80% and moderate glass transition temperature and viscosity. One group of diamino copolydienes has a generic structure of: where R1 and R2 are independently chosen from hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, alicyclic, cycloalkyl, and alkoxy groups; R3 is hydrogen, linear or branched alkyl group (such as methyl or t-butyl), cyano group, phenyl group, halide, or a mixture thereof; R4 is hydrogen, linear or branched alkyl group, halide (such as chloride or fluoride), or a mixture thereof; x and y are independently about 1-200. R1 and R2 can be linear or branched, having about 20 carbon atoms or less, such as 1-12 carbon atoms. The y:x ratio can be about 82:18 to about 90:10. The diamino copolydiene can be substantially hydrogenated (i.e., substantially all of the >C═CH— or >C═CH2 moieties are hydrogenated into >CH—H2— or >C—CH3 moieties, respectively). One example can be hydrogenated diamino poly(acrylonitrile-co-butadiene) where R3 is cyano group and R4 is hydrogen. Polyamine polyhydrocarbons can also be derived from polyol polyhydrocarbons through means such as amination, or reaction with aminoalcohols, amino acids, or cyclic amides. For example, polyol polyhydrocarbons can be end-capped with 2-, 3-, and/or 4-aminobenzoic acid and the likes thereof as disclosed herein to form aminobenzoate derivatives, e.g., polymethylene-di-p-aminobenzoates. b) Polyamine Polyethers An example of the polyamine polyethers has a generic structure of: R1HNR4—OyR3—OxR6—OzR5—NHR2 (3) or R4(OR3—OxR5—NHR2)i (4) where R1 and R2 are independently chosen from hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, alicyclic, cycloalkyl, and alkoxy groups; R3 to R6 are independently linear, branched, or cyclic moieties having at least one carbon atom, such as about 2-60 carbon atoms; i is about 2-10, such as about 2-6; x is about 1-200, and y and z are independently zero to about 200. R1 and R2 can be linear or branched structures having about 20 carbon atoms or less, such as 1-12 carbon atoms. Any one or more of the hydrogen atoms in R1 to R6 may be substituted with halogens, cationic groups, anionic groups, silicon-based moieties, ester groups, ether groups, amide groups, urethane groups, urea groups, ethylenically unsaturated groups, acetylenically unsaturated groups, hydroxy groups, amine groups, or any other organic moieties. R1 and R2 can be identical. R3 to R6 can independently have the structure CnHm, where n is an integer of about 1-30, and m is an integer of about 2-60. R3 and R5 can be identical. The number x can be about 2-70, such as about 5-50, or about 12-35. Alternatively, y+z can be about 2-10, while x can be about 8-50. Commercial examples of polyamine polyethers include, but are not limited to, polyoxyethylene diamines, polyoxypropylene diamines (such as Jeffamine® D2000 from Huntsman Corporation, Austin, Tex.), α,ω-bis(2-aminopropyl)polyoxypropylenes (such as those having Mw about 200-5,000), polyoxytetramethylene diamines, modified polyoxytetramethylene diamines, poly(oxyethylene-oxypropylene) diamines, α,ω-bis(3-aminopropyl)polytetrahydrofurans (such as those having Mw about 200-2,000), poly(oxyethylene-capped oxypropylene) diamines, poly(oxybutylene-oxypropylene-oxyethylene) diamines, polyoxyalkylene diamines initiated by bisphenol A or primary monoamines, tri-block polyether polyamines such as poly(oxypropylene-block-oxyethylene-block-oxypropylene) diamines and poly(oxyethylene-block-oxypropylene-block-oxyethylene) diamines, polyoxypropylene triamines initiated by glycerin, trimethylolethane, or trimethylolpropane, polyoxypropylene tetramines initiated by pentaerythritol, ethylene diamine, phenolic resin, or methyl glucoside, diethylenetriamine-initiated polyoxypropylene pentamines, sorbitol-initiated polyoxypropylene hexamines, and sucrose-initiated polyoxypropylene octamines. Other suitable polyether polyamines include those disclosed in co-pending application Ser. No. 10/434,739. In one example, the polyamine polyether has the structure of (3), where R3 and R5 are the same linear, branched, or cyclic radicals having at least about 10 carbon atoms, such as at least about 18 carbon atoms, or at least about 30 carbon atoms, and y and z are zero, so that the generic structure becomes R1HN—[R3—O]x—R3—NHR2, where R1 to R3 are as described above. In one example, R3 is an alkylene moiety, while x is about 1-50, such as about 1.5-30. These polyamine polyethers can be highly hydrophobic. When x is about 10 or less, such as 1.5, 2, 4, 5, 7, or any number therebetween, these polyamine polyethers are typically liquid at ambient temperature, having a viscosity at 25° C. of about 3,000-12,000 cP. The hydrophobicity of such polyamine polyethers can enhance hydrolysis resistance of the compositions and reduce moisture absorption. In another example, the polyamine polyether has the structure of (3), where R5 and R6 are identical, R4 and R5 are the same or different alkylene groups having about 2-40 carbon atoms, such as about 2-20 carbon atoms, or about 2-10 carbon atoms, or about 2-4 carbon atoms, R3 is a backbone of a dimer diol, fatty polyol, or oleochemical polyols as disclosed herein below, x is 1, and 40≧(y+z)≧1. As such, the structure (3) becomes R1HN—[R4—O]y—R3—[R5]z+1—NHR2, where R1 to R5 are as described above. These polyamine polyethers are hydrolysis-resistant, and typically have Mn of about 600-3,000. To enhance resilience of the compositions of the present disclosure, the hydroxy-terminated and/or amine-terminated polymers as described herein can have oxyethylene moieties at the terminals, such as in direct attachment with the amine and/or hydroxyl end-groups, and the content of the terminal oxyethylene moieties can be about 5-30% by weight of the polymer. The oxyethylene moieties can be added to hydroxy-terminated and/or carboxyl-terminated polymers via ring-opening polymerization of ethylene oxide with an alkali catalyst such as alkali metal, alkali metal hydroxide, alkali metal alkoxide, and double metal cyanide complex. For resilient elastomer compositions, a blend of two polyamine polyethers can be used to react with isocyanate and form the prepolymer, wherein the first polyamine polyether has a first molecular weight of about 3,500-6,500, a first amine functionality of about 3 or less, and a first oxyethylene content of about 8-20% by weight, while the second polyamine polyether has a second molecular weight of about 4,000-7,000, a second amine functionality of about 4-8, and a second oxyethylene content of about 5-15% by weight. The first polyamine polyether may constitute about 70-98% by weight of the blend, while the second polyamine polyether may constitute about 2-30% by weight of the blend. Alternatively, a mixture having about 25-95% of the polyamine polyether blend and about 5-75% of at least a third polyamine telechelic different from the first and second polyamine polyethers is also suitable to formulate a resilient elastomer composition. In another resilient composition, the polyamine telechelic is a polyether triamine having Mn of about 4,500-6,000 and an average amine functionality of about 2.4-3.5, such as about 2.4-2.7. In a further resilient example, the polyamine polyether may have a weight average unsaturation of about 0.03 meq/g or less (measured by ASTM D-2849-69), such as about 0.02 meq/g or less, or about 0.015 meq/g or less, or about 0.01 meq/g or less, and Mn of about 1,500-5,000. The polyamine polyether may comprise at least one random poly(oxyethylene-oxyalkylene) terminal block or polyoxyethylene terminal block, with an oxyethylene content of about 12-30% by weight. Low unsaturation in the polyamine polyethers of about 0.002-0.007 meq/g is achieved by using double metal cyanide catalysts when forming the polyether backbone. Concomitant to the low unsaturation, the polyamine polyethers may also have a low polydispersity of about 1.2 or less. In a further example, the polyamine polyether can have repeating branched oxyalkylene monomer units derived from branched diol monomers, chiral diol monomers, alkylated cyclic ethers, and/or chiral cyclic ethers, through homo-polymerization, co-polymerization, and/or ring-opening polymerization. The polyamine polyethers can be obtained by aminating polyol polyethers formed from chiral diol/ether and achiral diol/ether at a molar ratio of about 85:15 to about 20:80. A non-limiting example of such polyol polyethers is referred to as a modified polytetramethylene ether glycol (“PTMEG”) diamine, or an amine-terminated poly(tetrahydrofuran-co-methyltetrahydrofuran) ether. Other generic structures for polyamine polyethers include: where x is the chain length, i.e., 1 or greater, n is about 1-12, and R is any C1 to C20 or C1 to C12 alkyl group, phenyl group, cyclic group, or mixture thereof; wherein x is about 1-70, such as about 5-50 or about 12-35, R is any C1 to C20 or C1 to C12 alkyl group, phenyl group, cyclic group, or mixture thereof, and R3 is hydrogen, methyl group, or mixture thereof; wherein x+z is about 3.6-8, y is about 9-50, R is any C1 to C20 or C1 to C12 alkyl group, phenyl group, cyclic group, or mixture thereof, R1 is —(CH2)a— with a being about 1-10, phenylene moiety, cyclic moiety, or mixture thereof, and R3 is hydrogen, methyl group, or mixture thereof; H2N—R1—O—R1—O—R1—NH2, H2N—R1—O—R1—O—R1—NHR, or RHN—R1—O—R1—O—R1—NHR wherein R is any C1 to C20 or C1 to C12 alkyl group, phenyl group, cyclic group, or mixture thereof, and R1 is —(CH2)a— with a being about 1-10, phenylene moiety, cyclic moiety, or mixture thereof; where x and n are chain lengths, i.e., 1 or greater, n is about 1-12, such as about 2, R and R1 are independently chosen from linear or branched alkyl groups having about 1-20 carbon atoms, such as about 1-12 carbon atoms, phenyl group, cyclic group, or mixtures thereof, and R2 is hydrogen, methyl group, or mixture thereof; where m is 1 or greater, such as about 1-6, or about 2, m is 1 or greater, such as about 1-12, or about 2, R is any C1 to C20 or C1 to C12 alkyl group, phenyl group, cyclic group, or mixture thereof, and R1 and R2 are independently chosen from hydrogen, methyl group, or mixture thereof. c) Polyamine Polyesters An example of the polyamine polyesters has a generic structure of: where R1 and R2 are independently chosen from hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, alicyclic, cycloalkyl, and alkoxy groups; R3 to R9 are independently linear, branched, or cyclic moieties having at least one carbon atom, such as about 2-60 carbon atoms; Z is the same or different moieties chosen from —O— and —NH—; i is about 2-10, such as about 2-6; x is the same or different numbers of about 1-200, and y and z are independently zero to about 200. R1 and R2 can be linear or branched structures having about 20 carbon atoms or less, such as 1-12 carbon atoms. R3 to R9 can independently have the structure CnHm, where n is an integer of about 2-30, and m is an integer of about 2-60. The number y can be 1 or greater, and less than the number x. Any one or more of the hydrogen atoms in R1 to R9 may be substituted with halogens, cationic groups, anionic groups, silicon-based moieties, ester groups, ether groups, amide groups, urethane groups, urea groups, ethylenically unsaturated groups, acetylenically unsaturated groups, hydroxy groups, amine groups, or any other organic moieties. R1 and R2 can be identical. R4 and R5 can be identical. R3 and R6 can be identical, having a structure of CnH2n, n being an integer of about 2-30, x+y+z is about 1-100, such as about 5-50. The number y can be 1 or greater and less than the number x. Examples of polyamine polyesters include, without limitation, poly(ethylene adipate) diamines, poly(butylene adipate) diamines, poly(1,4-butylene glutarate) diamines, poly(ethylene propylene adipate) diamines, poly(ethylene butylene adipate) diamines, poly(hexamethylene adipate) diamines, poly(hexamethylene butylene adipate) diamines, poly(hexamethylene phthalate) diamines, poly(hexamethylene terephthalate) diamines, poly(2-methyl-1,3-propylene adipate) diamines, poly(2-methyl-1,3-propylene glutarate) diamines, and poly(2-ethyl-1,3-hexylene sebacate) diamines. Non-limiting examples of polyester polyamines based on fatty polyacids or polyacid adducts, such as those disclosed herein, include poly(dimer acid-co-ethylene glycol) hydrogenated diaminesand poly(dimer acid-co-1,6-hexanediol-co-adipic acid) hydrogenated diamines. Other generic structures of polyamine polyesters include: where x is the chain length, i.e., 1 or greater, such as about 1-20, R is any C1 to C20 or C1 to C12 alkyl group, phenyl group, cyclic group, or mixture thereof, and R1 and R2 are independently chosen from straight or branched hydrocarbon chains, e.g., alkylene or arylene chains. The polyamine polyester can have a crystallization enthalpy of at most about 70 J/g and Mn of about 1,000-7,000, such as about 1,000-5,000. This polyamine polyester can be blended with a polyamine polyether having Mn of about 500-2,500. The average amine functionality of the blend, which is the ratio of total number of amine groups in the blend to total number of telechelic molecules in the blend, can be about 2-2.1. The polyamine polyester can have an ester content (number of ester bonds/number of all carbon atoms) of about 0.2 or less, such as about 0.08-0.17. An example of the polyamine polycaprolactones has a generic structure of: where R1 to R4, Z, i, x are as described above. In one example, x is about 5-100, and y is 1 or greater and less than the number x. Suitable polyamine polycaprolactones include, but are not limited to, amination derivatives of polyol polycaprolactones disclosed herein, such as those products of polyamine-initiated and/or polyol-initiated ring-opening polymerization of caprolactone, and polymerization products of hydroxy caproic acid. Suitable polyamine and polyol initiators include any polyamines and polyols available to one of ordinary skill in the art, such as those disclosed herein, as well as any and all of the polyamine and polyol telechelics of the present disclosure. The caprolactone monomer can be replaced by or blended with any other cyclic esters and/or cyclic amides disclosed herein to produce copolymer telechelics. d) Polyamine Polyamides An example of the polyamine polyamides has a generic structure of: where R1 and R2 are independently chosen from hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, alicyclic, cycloalkyl, and alkoxy groups; R3 to R9 are independently linear, branched, or cyclic moieties having at least one carbon atom, such as about 2-60 carbon atoms; Z is the same or different moieties chosen from —O— and —NH—; i is about 2-10, such as about 2-6; x is the same or different numbers of about 1-200, and y and z are independently zero to about 200. R1 and R2 can be linear or branched structures having about 20 carbon atoms or less, such as 1-12 carbon atoms. R3 to R9 can independently have the structure CnHm, where n is an integer of about 2-30, and m is an integer of about 2-60. Any one or more of the hydrogen atoms in R1 to R9 may be substituted with halogens, cationic groups, anionic groups, silicon-based moieties, ester groups, ether groups, amide groups, urethane groups, urea groups, ethylenically unsaturated groups, acetylenically unsaturated groups, hydroxy groups, amine groups, or any other organic moieties. R1 and R2 can be identical. R3 and R6 can be identical, having a structure of CnH2n, n being an integer of about 2-30, x+y+z can be about 1-100, such as about 5-50. The polyamide chain above can be formed from condensation polymerization reaction of polyacid (including polyacid telechelic) and polyamine (including polyamine telechelic), with an equivalent ratio of polyamine to polyacid being greater than 1, such as about 1.1-5 or about 2. Mixtures of polyacid and polyamine can be, for example, hexamethylene diammonium adipate, hexamethylenediammonium terephthalate, or tetramethylene diammonium adipate. Alternatively, the polyamide chain can be formed partially or essentially from ring-opening polymerization of cyclic amides such as caprolactam. The polyamide chain can also be formed partially or essentially from polymerization of amino acid, including those that structurally correspond to the cyclic amides. Obviously, the polyamide chain can comprise multiple segments formed from the same or different polyacids, polyamines, cyclic amides, and/or amino acids, non-limiting examples of which are disclosed herein. Suitable starting materials also include polyacid polymers, polyamine telechelics, and amino acid polymers. At least one polyacid, polyamine, cyclic amide, or amino acid having Mw of at least about 200, such as at least about 400, or at least about 1,000 can be used to form the backbone. A blend of at least two polyacids and/or a blend of at least two polyamines can be used, wherein one has a molecular weight greater than the other. The polyacid or polyamine of smaller molecular weight can contribute to hard segments in the polyamine polyamide, which may improve shear resistance of the resulting elastomer. For example, the first polyacid/polyamine can have a molecular weight of less than 2,000, and the second polyacid/polyamine can have a molecular weight of 2,000 or greater. In one example, a polyamine blend can comprise a first polyamine having a Mw of 1,000 or less, such as Jeffamine® 400 (Mw about 400), and a second polyamine having a Mw of 1,500 or more, such as Jeffamine® 2000 (Mw about 2,000). The backbone of the polyamine polyamide can have about 1-100 amide linkages, such as about 2-50, or about 2-20. Polyamine polyamides can be linear, branched, star-shaped, hyper-branched or dendritic (such as amine-terminated hyper-branched quinoxaline-amide polymers of U.S. Pat. No. 6,642,347, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference). An example of the polyamine polycaprolactams has a generic structure of: where R1 to R3, Z, i, x are as described above. The number x can be about 5-100. Polyamine polycaprolactams include, but are not limited to, those products of polyamine-initiated and/or polyol-initiated ring-opening polymerization of caprolactam, and polymerization products of amino caproic acid. Suitable polyamine and polyol initiators include any polyamines and polyols available to one of ordinary skill in the art, such as those disclosed herein, as well as any and all of the polyamine and polyol telechelics of the present disclosure. The caprolactam monomer can be replaced by or blended with any other cyclic esters and/or cyclic amides disclosed herein to produce copolymer telechelics. Non-limiting examples of polyamine-initiated polycaprolactam polyamines include bis(2-aminoethyl)ether-initiated polycaprolactam polyamines, polyoxyethylenediamine-initiated polycaprolactam polyamines, propylenediamine-initiated polycaprolactam polyamines, polyoxypropylenediamine-initiated polycaprolactam polyamines, 1,4-butanediamine-initiated polycaprolactam polyamines, trimethylolpropane-based triamine-initiated polycaprolactam polyamines, neopentyldiamine-initiated polycaprolactam polyamines, hexanediamine-initiated polycaprolactam polyamines, polytetrahydrofurandiamine-initiated polycaprolactam polyamines, and mixtures thereof. Non-limiting examples of polyol-initiated polycaprolactams are bis(2-hydroxyethyl) ether initiated polycaprolactam polyamines, 2-(2-aminoethylamino) ethanol initiated polycaprolactam polyamines, polyoxyethylene diol initiated polycaprolactam polyamines, propylene diol initiated polycaprolactam polyamines, polyoxypropylene diol initiated polycaprolactam polyamines, 1,4-butanediol initiated polycaprolactam polyamines, trimethylolpropane-initiated polycaprolactam polyamines, hexanediol-initiated polycaprolactam polyamines, polytetramethylene ether diol initiated polycaprolactam polyamines, and mixtures thereof. Non-limiting examples of polyacid telechelics include polyacid polycaprolactones and polyacid polycaprolactams having generic structures of: where R3 is a linear, branched, or cyclic moiety having at least one carbon atom, such as about 2-60 carbon atoms; Z is the same or different moieties chosen from and —NH—; R is the same or different moieties chosen from linear or branched aliphatic, alicyclic, araliphatic, and aromatic moieties having 1-60 carbon atoms; i is about 2-10, such as about 2-6; x is the same or different numbers of about 1-200, such as 5-100; and y is the same or different numbers of 0 or 1. e) Polyamine Polycarbonates An example of the polyamine polycarbonates has a generic structure of: where R1 and R2 are independently chosen from hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, alicyclic, cycloalkyl, and alkoxy groups; R3 to R6 are independently chosen from linear, branched, cyclic, aliphatic, alicyclic, araliphatic, aromatic, and ether moieties having at least one carbon atom, such as about 2-60 carbon atoms; x is about 1-200, and y and z are independently zero to about 200. R1 and R2 can be linear or branched structures having about 20 carbon atoms or less, such as 1-12 carbon atoms. R3 to R6 can independently have the structure CnHm, where n is an integer of about 2-30, and m is an integer of about 2-60. Any one or more of the hydrogen atoms in R1 to R6 may be substituted with halogens, cationic groups, anionic groups, silicon-based moieties, ester groups, ether groups, amide groups, urethane groups, urea groups, ethylenically unsaturated groups, acetylenically unsaturated groups, hydroxy groups, amine groups, or any other organic moieties. R1 and R2 can be identical. R3 and R6 can be identical. R3, R5 and R6 can all be identical. The polyamine polycarbonate can be substantially free of ether linkages. When y and z are both zero, the polyamine polycarbonate can be substantially crystalline. Examples include poly(phthalate carbonate) diamines, poly(hexamethylene carbonate) diamines, and polycarbonate diamines comprising Bisphenol A. When at least one of y and z is greater than zero and R3, R4 and R5 are different from each other, the polyamine polycarbonate becomes amorphous due to reduction in cohesive energy density, and displays lowered crystallinity, lowered hysteresis, and improved impact resistance as compared to crystalline polyamine polycarbonates. Non-limiting examples of R3 to R6 include —(CH2)n— where n is about 1-16, such as hexamethylene (n=6); —CH2C6H10CH2— (1,4-cyclohexane dimethylene); —C6H5C(CH3)2C6H5-(bisphenol A); and —(CmH2mO)nCmH2m— where m is about 1-6, and n is about 1-16, such as trioxyethylene (m is 2, n is 2). A non-limiting example of such amorphous polyamine copolycarbonate is α,ω-diamino poly(hexamethylene carbonate-block-trioxyethylene carbonate-block-hexamethylene carbonate). Polyamine polycarbonates may be derived from polyol polycarbonates as disclosed herein, for example, through amination. In one example, the polyamine polycarbonate can have at least one segment based exclusively or predominantly on 1,6-hexanediol, in combination with diaryl carbonate, dialkyl carbonate, dioxolanone, phosgene, bis-chlorocarbonate, and/or urea. Other polyamine polycarbonates can have the following structure: where R1 and R2 are independently chosen from hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, alicyclic, cycloalkyl, and alkoxy groups; R3 is chosen from linear, branched, cyclic, aliphatic, alicyclic, araliphatic, and aromatic moieties having about 4-40 carbon atoms, and alkoxy moieties having about 2-20 carbon atoms; R4 is chosen from linear, branched, cyclic, aliphatic, alicyclic, araliphatic, and aromatic moieties having about 2-20 carbon atoms, and organic moieties having about 2-4 linear carbon atoms in the main chain with or without one or more pendant carbon groups; x is the same or different numbers of about 2-50, such as about 2-35; and y is the same or different numbers chosen from 0, 1, and 2. Further polyamine polycarbonates can have one of the following structures: where x is the chain length, such as about 1-20, R1 is a straight chain hydrocarbon or predominantly bisphenol A units or derivatives thereof, R2 is an alkylene moiety having about 1-20 or about 1-12 carbon atoms, phenylene moiety, cyclic moiety, or mixture thereof, and R is any C1 to C20 or C1 to C12 alkyl group, phenyl group, cyclic group, or mixture thereof. f) Polyamine Polyimines Linear and branched polyamine polyalkyleneimines may have respective generic structures of: where R is the same or different linear or branched divalent moieties, such as C1 to C6 alkylene moieties such as methylene, ethylene, propylene, butylene, amylene, or hexylene; R1 is chosen from hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, alicyclic, cycloalkyl, and alkoxy groups; R2 and R3 are the same or different moieties chosen from hydrogen, linear or branched C1 to C8 alkyl groups, linear or branched C1 to C8 hydroxy alkyl groups, aryl groups, and hydroxy aryl groups; x, y, and z are independently about 1-200. R1 can be linear or branched structures having about 20 carbon atoms or less, such as 1-12 carbon atoms. Polyamine polyalkyleneimines can have a greater content of secondary amines (such as about 50% or more) than primary and/or tertiary amines. Linear polyalkyleneimine chains can be prepared by hydrolyzing the corresponding polyalkylene oxazolines (e.g., polyethyleneoxazolines). Branched polyalkyleneimines can be obtained by (co)polymerizing cyclic monomers (e.g., ethylene imine). Non-limiting examples include polyethyleneimines and polypropyleneimines. Mw of polyamine polyalkyleneimines can be as low as about 500 and as high as about 30,000. Polyamine polyimines may further contain grafted polymeric segments such as, without limitation, polyethylene glycol and methoxylated polyethylene glycol. Linear, branched, and grafted polyamine polyimines can be used alone or in combination of two or more thereof. Linear or branched polyamine polyethyleneimines can have one of the following structures: wherein x and y are chain lengths, i.e., greater than 1, R is the same or different moieties chosen from hydrogen, linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to about 20 carbon atoms, such as 1-12 carbon atoms, phenyl group, cyclic group, or mixture thereof, and R1 is chosen from hydrogen, methyl group, or mixture thereof. Other polyamine polyimines include polypropylenimine tetramine dendrimer, polypropylenimine octamine dendrimer, polypropylenimine hexadecamine dendrimer, polypropylenimine dotriacontamine dendrimer, polypropylenimine tetrahexacontamine dendrimer. These and other hyper-branched and dendritic macromolecules are usable in the compositions of the present disclosure, including dendrimers and tecto-dendrimers (having a core dendrimer surrounded by multiple dendrimers of the same or different structure/surface functionality), and those described in co-owned and co-pending U.S. Application Publication No. 2003/0236137, which are incorporated herein by reference. PAMAM dendrimers can have a variety of cores such as ethylenediamine, cystamine, 1,4-diaminobutane, 1,6-diaminohexane, and 1,12-diaminododecane, different generations from 0 to about 10, such as about 2-6, and a variety of surface end-groups such as amine, hydroxyl, amidoethanol, amidoethylethanolamine, succinamic acid, sodium carboxylate, tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane, and combinations thereof. Such dendrimers are available from Dendritic Nanotechnologies of Mt. Pleasant, Mich. and Dendritech of Midland, Mich. g) Polyamine Polyacrylates An example of polyamine polyacrylates has a generic structure of: where R1 and R2 are independently chosen from hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, alicyclic, cycloalkyl, and alkoxy groups; R3 to R8 are independently chosen from hydrogen, aliphatic, alicyclic, aromatic, carbocyclic, heterocyclic, halogenated, and substituted moieties, each having less than about 20 carbon atoms; X and Y are optional, independently being linear or branched alkyl, aryl, mercaptoalkyl, ether, ester, carbonate, acrylate, halogenated, or substituted moieties; x is about 1-200, and y and z are independently zero to about 100. R1 and R2 can be linear or branched structures having about 20 carbon atoms or less, such as 1-12 carbon atoms. R3 to R8 can independently be linear or branched moieties having about 20 carbon atoms or less, such as of the structure CnHm, where n is an integer of about 2-20, and m is an integer of about 2-40. Any one or more of the hydrogen atoms in R1 to R8 may be substituted with halogens, cationic groups, anionic groups, silicon-based moieties, ester groups, ether groups, amide groups, urethane groups, urea groups, ethylenically unsaturated groups, acetylenically unsaturated groups, hydroxy groups, amine groups, or any other organic moieties. R1 and R2 can be identical. R4, R6, and R8 can independently be hydrogen or methyl group, while R3, R5, and R7 can independently have the structure of CnH2n, n being an integer of about 2-16, x+y+z is about 1-100, such as about 5-50. Non-limiting examples of polyalkylacrylate polyamines include α,ω-diamino polymethylmethacrylates, α,ω-diamino polybutylmethacrylates, and α,ω-diamino polyethylhexylmethacrylates. h) Polyamine Polysiloxanes An example of polyamine polysiloxanes has a generic structure of: where R1 and R2 are independently chosen from hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, alicyclic, cycloalkyl, and alkoxy groups; R3 to R8 are independently chosen from hydrogen, aliphatic, alicyclic, aromatic, carbocyclic, heterocyclic, halogenated, and substituted moieties, such as C1 to C8 linear, branched or cyclic alkyl or phenyl moieties; X and Y are optional, independently being linear or branched alkyl, aryl, mercaptoalkyl, ether, ester, carbonate, acrylate, halogenated, or substituted moieties; m is about 1-200; n is zero to about 100; z is about 1-100. R1 and R2 can be linear or branched structures having about 20 carbon atoms or less, such as 1-12 carbon atoms. R3 to R8 can independently have linear or branched structure of CnHm, where n is an integer of about 2-20, and m is an integer of about 2-40. Any one or more of the hydrogen atoms in R1 to R8 may be substituted with halogens, cationic groups, anionic groups, silicon-based moieties, ester groups, ether groups, amide groups, urethane groups, urea groups, ethylenically unsaturated groups, acetylenically unsaturated groups, hydroxy groups, amine groups, etc. R1 and R2 can be identical. In one example, R3=R4, R5=R6, and R7=R8. Non-limiting examples of polyamine polysiloxanes include bis(aminoalkyl) polydimethylsiloxanes (such as bis(3-aminopropyl)polydimethylsiloxanes), poly(dimethylsiloxane-co-diphenylsiloxane) diamines, poly(dimethylsiloxane-co-methylhydrosiloxane) diamines, and polydimethylsiloxane diamines. Non-limiting examples of polyamine copolymers include polysiloxaneether polyamines obtained by aminating the reaction product of polysiloxane diol and polyether diol and/or cyclic ether, such as poly(dimethylsiloxane-oxyethylene) diamines, and polysiloxaneester polyamines or polysiloxaneamide polyamines obtained by reacting polysiloxane diol with amino acid or cyclic amide, respectively. i) Fatty Polyamine Telechelics Fatty polyamine telechelics include hydrocarbon polyamine telechelics, adduct polyamine telechelics, and various oleochemical polyamine telechelics. Hydrocarbon polyamine telechelics can have an all-carbon backbone of about 8-100 carbon atoms, such as about 10, about 12, about 18, about 20, about 25, about 30, about 36, about 44, about 54, about 60, and any numbers therebetween. Fatty polyamine telechelics can be derived from corresponding fatty polyacids, such as by reacting the fatty polyacids with ammonia to obtain the corresponding nitriles which may then be hydrogenated to form the fatty polyamine telechelics. Alternatively, fatty polyamine telechelics can also be derived from corresponding fatty polyol telechelics through, for example, amination, reaction with suitable amino acids or esters thereof, reaction with suitable cyclic amides, or reaction with suitable polyamines or aminoalcohols. These fatty polyamine telechelics can be liquid. One form of adduct polyamine telechelics can be dimer diamines, which can be aliphatic α,ω-diamines having relatively high molecular weight. Dimer diamines can have a dimer content of greater than about 90%, such as greater than about 95% by weight. The dimer diamines may be unsaturated, partly hydrogenated, or completely hydrogenated (i.e., fully saturated). Non-limiting dimer diamines can have one of the following structures: where R is the same or different moieties chosen from hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, alicyclic, cycloalkyl, and alkoxy groups; x+y and m+n are both at least about 8, such as at least about 10, such as 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, or greater. Molecular weight of fatty polyamine telechelics can be about 200-15,000, such as about 250-12,000, or about 500-5,000. Fatty polyamine telechelics can be liquid at room temperature, having low to moderate viscosity at 25° C. (e.g., about 100-5,000 cP or about 500-3,000 cP). Fatty polyamine telechelics can have a total amine value of at least 150, at least 175, at least 185, at least 250, or at least 280, a primary amine value of at least 100, such as at least 135, at least 150, at least 165, or at least 175, and optionally a secondary amine value of at least 100, such as at least 135. Examples are available from HumKo Chemical of Memphis, Tenn. Fatty polyamine telechelics can be branched, such as with alkyl groups, suitable in forming soft segments, and in formulating solvent-free two pack full solid polyurethane/polyurea compositions. Fluid fatty polyamine telechelics can be used as reactive diluents in solvent-borne polyurethane/polyurea compositions to achieve higher solid content. Conventional volatile solvents such as xylene, butyl acetate, methoxy propylacetate, ethoxy propylacetate may be used in blends thereof. j) Polyamine Telechelics Derived From Acid-catalyzed Polyol Telechelics Polyamines and/or polyamine telechelics can be derived from the acid-catalyzed polyols and/or polyol telechelics of the present disclosure, such as having the structure of R1HN—[R—O—]n—R—NHR2, where R1 and R2 are independently chosen from hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, alicyclic, cycloalkyl, and alkoxy groups; R is a linear or branched alkylene radical having about 5 carbon atoms or more, such as about 8, about 10, about 12, about 16, about 18, about 20, about 30, about 36, about 44, and about 54 carbon atoms or more; and n is more than 1, such as about 2 or more. The main chain of R can have at least about 5 carbon atoms, such as about 8 or about 10 carbon atoms or more. For molecularly non-uniform polyamine polyethers, the number n can be about 0.5-5, such as about 1-4. For molecularly uniform polyamine polyethers, the number n can be about 1-10, such as about 3-6. The polyamine polyethers can have an acid value of less than 5, such as about 1-3, and a viscosity at 25° C. of about 3,000 cP or greater, such as about 3,800-12,000 cP. k) Polyamine Polyethercarbonates Polyamine polyethercarbonates can be derived from the carbonate-transesterified polyol telechelics as disclosed herein, having Mw of about 500-12,000, such as about 700, about 1,000, about 2,000, about 2,500, about 3,000, about 5,000, about 6,000, or any number therebetween, in which a ratio of ether linkages to carbonate linkages is about 5:1 to about 1:5, such as about 3:1 to about 1:3, and the various alkylene units are arranged statistically, alternately, and/or blockwise. Some of these polyamine polyethercarbonates can be low-melting waxes, having a softening point of less than about 40° C., and a viscosity at 50° C. of about 8,500 or less, such as about 5,000, about 3,500, about 2,000, about 600, or less, or any number therebetween. Some of these polyamine polyethercarbonates can be liquid at room temperature. These polyamine polyethercarbonates can be high in hydrophobicity, hydrolysis resistance, and saponification resistance. l) Derivatized Polyamine Telechelics Polyamine telechelics can be derived from corresponding polyacids, such as by reacting the polyacids with ammonia to obtain the corresponding nitriles which may then be hydrogenated to form the polyamine telechelics. Polyamine telechelics can also be derived from corresponding polyol telechelics through, for example, amination, reaction with suitable amino acids or esters thereof, reaction with suitable cyclic amides, or reaction with suitable polyamines or aminoalcohols. Amination, as understood by one of ordinary skill in the art, includes reductive amination of polyether polyols with ammonia and hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst, hydrogenation of cyanoethylated polyols, amination of polyol/sulfonic acid esters, reacting polyols with epichlorohydrin and a primary amine, and any other methods known to the skilled artisan. Fatty polyacids and polyacid adducts such as the dimerized fatty acids as disclosed herein can be converted to fatty polyamines and dimer diamines through one or more of these mechanisms. When cyclic amides are used to form the polyamine telechelics, the non-carbonyl carbon adjoining N can be substituted with at least one cyclic structure (e.g., cyclic hydrocarbons, heterocyclics) or at least two organic moieties selected from halides and C1 to C20 linear or branched aliphatic moieties. The amino acids or esters thereof used to form the polyamine telechelics can have a generic structure of R′1HN-Z′-COOR′2, where R′1 and R′2 are independently chosen from hydrogen, aliphatic, araliphatic, cycloaliphatic, and aromatic moieties; and Z′ is a divalent organic moiety. R′1 and R′2 can be linear or branched structures having about 20 carbon atoms or less, such as 1-12 carbon atoms. The amino acids or esters thereof can react with polyol telechelics to form polyamine telechelics having ester linkages. In one example, the polyol telechelic can be a polyol polyether, and the derived polyamine telechelic can be a polyamine polyetherester having a generic structure of: where R′1, R′2, and Z′ are as described above, R is chosen from hydrogen, linear or branched alkyl group (such as methyl), phenyl group, halide, and mixture thereof, n is about 1-12, and x is about 1-200. Such polyamine polyetheresters can be obtained by end-capping polyol polyethers with 4-aminobenzoic acid and methyl or ethyl esters thereof, e.g., poly(1,4-butanediol)-bis(4-aminobenzoate) in liquid or waxy solid form, polyethyleneglycol-bis(4-aminobenzoate), polytetramethylene ether glycol-di-p-aminobenzoate, polypropyleneglycol-di-p-aminobenzoate, and mixtures thereof. The reactivity of the reactive amine end-groups in polyamine telechelics can be moderated to improve molecular stability of the resulting products toward actinic radiations such as UV light, by means of, for example, increasing steric hinderance around these amine end-groups. To impart hightened steric hinderance, the amino acids or esters of the generic structure above can have at least one branched aliphatic or substituted cyclic structure in Z′, wherein at least one structural condition chosen from the following is met: i) both R′1HN and COOR′2 adjoin a single carbon atom; ii) R′1HN adjoins a tertiary carbon atom in Z′, iii) R′1HN adjoins a secondary carbon atom (such as a methine carbon) in Z′, the secondary carbon being further adjoined to two other carbon atoms selected from tertiary and quaternary carbons; and iv) R′1HN adjoins a secondary carbon atom in Z′, the secondary carbon being further adjoined to a quaternary carbon atom that adjoins COOR′2. Generic structures of such amino acids or esters thereof include the following: where R′1 and R′2 are as described above; R1, R2, R4, and R5 are independently chosen from linear or branched C1 to C60 organic moieties, such as C1 to C20 aliphatic hydrocarbon moieties, or C1 to C12 alkyl groups; R3 is linear or branched C1 to C60 organic moiety, such as C1 to C20 aliphatic hydrocarbon moiety, or C1 to C12 alkylene moiety; R6 and R7 are the same or different linear or branched, substituted or unsubstituted, organic moieties having about 20 carbon atoms or less, such as C1 to C12 aliphatic hydrocarbon moieties, or C1 to C4 alkylene moieties; and x, y, and z are independently 0 or 1. R′1 and R1 to R7 may independently be linear or branched, substituted (such as halogenated) or unsubstituted, have one or more heteroatoms such as O, N, S, P, or Si, and/or have one or more cyclic structures. Suitable cyclic structures can be substituted or unsubstituted, saturated or unsaturated, having five or more ring members, three or more of which can be carbon atoms, and include monocyclics, polycyclics (fused, spiro, and/or bridged), and heterocyclics. A non-limiting example of suitable amino acids is 1-aminocyclopentane carboxylic acid. One group of polyamine telechelics can be derived from the derivatized polyol telechelics as disclosed herein, thereby having ring-opened cyclic ether moieties at the termini attaching to the amine end-groups. General structure of such telechelics can be R1HN—(Y—O)m—X—O-(Z-O)n—NHR2, where R1 and R2 are independently chosen from hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, alicyclic, cycloalkyl, and alkoxy groups; X is the backbone of the starting polyol telechelic HO-Z-OH; Y is the organic moiety of cyclic ether Z is the organic moiety of cyclic ether m and n are the same or different numbers of 0 or more, and m+n is about 2-100, such as about 2-40. Y and Z can be the same or different, and can have 2 or more carbon atoms or 5 or more carbon atoms. Y and Z can independently have one or more heteroatoms such as O, S, N, and Si. The molecular weight of segment Z-O can be at least about 1% by weight of the Mw of the polyamine telechelic, the latter of which can be about 500-20,000, such as about 600, about 1,000, about 2,000, about 3,000, about 5,000, about 8,000, about 10,000, about 12,000, about 15,000, and any number therebetween. m) Ethylenically and/or Acetylenically Unsaturated Polyamine Telechelics Any of the polyamine telechelics disclosed herein above may comprise one, two, or a plurality of ethylenic and/or acetylenic unsaturation moieties. These unsaturation moieties can be used to form carbon-carbon and/or ionic crosslinks in combination with vulcanizing agents (i.e., radical initiators, polyisocyanates, co-crosslinking agents, curatives comprising ethylenic and/or acetylenic unsaturation moieties, and/or processing aids). These unsaturation moieties may be pendant along the backbone of the polyamine telechelics, attached to pendant groups or chains branched off the backbone, and/or attached to the amine end-groups of the polyamine telechelics. For example, ethylenically and/or acetylenically unsaturated polyamine polyhydrocarbons include, without limitation, those having high or low vinyl polyolefin backbones. These backbones can be formed from one or more diene monomers, optionally with one or more other hydrocarbon monomers. Exemplary diene monomers include conjugated dienes containing 4-12 carbon atoms, such as 1,3-butadiene, isoprene, chloroprene, 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene, 2-methyl-1,3-pentadiene, 3,4-dimethyl-1,3-hexadiene, 4,5-diethyl-1,3-octadiene, phenyl-1,3-butadiene, and the like; non-conjugated dienes containing 5-25 carbon atoms such as 1,4-pentadiene, 1,4-hexadiene, 1,5-hexadiene, 2,5-dimethyl-1,5-hexadiene, 1,4-octadiene, and the like; cyclic dienes such as cyclopentadiene, cyclohexadiene, cyclooctadiene, dicyclopentadiene, and the like; vinyl cyclic enes such as 1-vinyl-1-cyclopentene, 1-vinyl-1-cyclohexene, and the like; alkylbicyclononadienes such as 3-methylbicyclo-(4,2,1)-nona-3,7-diene, and the like, indenes such as methyl tetrahydroindene, and the like; alkenyl norbornenes such as 5-ethylidene-2-norbornene, 5-butylidene-2-norbornene, 2-methallyl-5-norbornene, 2-isopropenyl-5-norbornene, 5-(1,5-hexadienyl)-2-norbornene, 5-(3,7-octadienyl)-2-norbornene, and the like; and tricyclodienes such as 3-methyltricyclo (5,2,1,02,6)-deca-3,8-diene and the like. Non-limiting examples of vinyl polyolefin backbones are vinyl polybutadienes, vinyl polyisoprenes, vinyl polystyrenebutadienes, vinyl polyethylenebutadienes, vinyl poly(styrene-propylene-diene)s, vinyl poly(ethylene-propylene-diene)s, and fluorinated or perfluorinated derivatives thereof. High 1,2-vinyl content can be at least about 40%, such as 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or even greater. Low 1,2-vinyl content can be less than about 35%, such as 30%, 20%, 15%, 12%, 10%, 5%, or even less. The vinyl polyolefin backbone can have various combinations of cis-, trans-, and vinyl structures, such as having a trans-structure content greater than cis-structure content and/or 1,2-vinyl structure content, having a cis-structure content greater than trans-structure content and/or 1,2-vinyl structure content, or having a 1,2-vinyl structure content greater than cis-structure content or trans-structure content. Other ethylenically and/or acetylenically unsaturated moieties that may be incorporated onto the backbone of the polyamine telechelics include allyl groups and α,β-ethylenically unsaturated C3 to C8 carboxylate groups. Non-limiting examples of such ethylenically unsaturated moieties include acrylate, methacrylate, fumarate, β-carboxyethyl acrylate, itaconate, and others unsaturated carboxylates disclosed herein. These unsaturated moieties can attach to the amine groups on the polyamine telechelics by forming amide linkages. The incorporation of these unsaturated moieties may take place before the formation of prepolymer, or after the prepolymer is reacted with stoichiometrically excessive amounts of polyamine and/or polyol curatives. Ethylenically and/or acetylenically unsaturated polyamine polyhydrocarbons can be liquid at ambient temperature, such as those having vinyl polybutadiene homopolymers or copolymers as backbones, and can have low to moderate viscosity, low volatility and emission, high boiling point (such as greater than 300° C.), and molecular weight of about 1,000 to about 5,000, such as about 1,800 to about 4,000, or about 2,000 to about 3,500. Polyamines Polyamines suitable for use in the present disclosure include any and all organic compounds having two, three, four, or more amine groups in the molecule that are capable of forming urea linkages (such as with isocyanate groups) or amide linkages (such as with carboxyl group). The polyamine can be aromatic, araliphatic, aliphatic, alicyclic, heterocyclic, saturated or unsaturated, and each molecule has at least two isocyanate-reactive amine groups independently being primary or secondary. Depending on the number of isocyanate-reactive amine groups being present, polyamines may be referred to as diamines, triamines, tetramines, and other higher polyamines. a) Aromatic Polyamines Aromatic polyamines may have one or more monocyclic or aromatic polycyclic (fused, spiro, and/or bridged) aromatic rings, where at least two isocyanate-reactive amine groups are directly attached to the rings. Aromatic polyamines can have about 6-60 carbon atoms, such as about 6-22 carbon atoms. Non-limiting examples of single-ring aromatic diamines include o-, m-, or p-phenylenediamine, 1,2-, 1,3-, or 1,4-bis(sec-butylamino) benzene, toluene diamine, 3,5-diethyl-(2,4- or 2,6-)toluenediamine, 3,5-dimethylthio-(2,4- or 2,6-)toluenediamine, and 3,5-diethylthio-(2,4- or 2,6-)toluenediamine. Illustrative examples of fused polycyclic aromatic diamines are 1,4-, 1,6-, 1,8-, and 2,7-diaminonaphthalene. Non-limiting examples of dual-ring aromatic polyamines include 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl ether, 4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane (“MDA”), 4,4′-diaminodiphenylpropane, 3,3′-dimethyl-4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane, 3,3′-diethyl-5,5′-dimethyl-4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane, 3,3′-dichloro-4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane (“MOCA”), 3,3′-diethyl-5,5′-dichloro-4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane, 3,3′,5,5′-tetraethyl-4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane (“MDEA”), 3,3′,5,5′-tetraisopropyl-4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane, 3,3′-dimethyl-5,5′-diisopropyl-4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane, 3,3′-diethyl-5,5′-diisopropyl-4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane, 3,3′-dimethyl-5,5′-di-t-butyl-4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane, 2,2′-dichloro-3,3′,5,5′-tetraethyl-4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane (“MCDEA”), 3,3′-dichloro-4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane, 2,2′,3,3′-tetrachloro-4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane (“MDCA”), 3,3′-dichloro-2,2′,6,6′-tetraethyl-4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane, 4,4′-bis(sec-butylamino)-diphenylmethane, and N,N′-dialkylaminodiphenylmethane. b) Araliphatic Polyamines Araliphatic polyamines may have one or more monocyclic or polycyclic (fused, spiro, and/or bridged) aromatic rings having substituted aliphatic chains, where at least two isocyanate-reactive amine groups are attached to the aliphatic chains rather than the aromatic rings. Araliphatic polyamines can have about 6-60 carbon atoms, such as about 6-22 carbon atoms. Non-limiting examples of araliphatic polyamines include aminoalkylbenzenes such as o-, m-, or p-xylylenediamine. c) Aliphatic Polyamines Aliphatic polyamines have a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, substituted or unsubstituted primary aliphatic chain, optionally having heteroatoms such as N, O, S, or Si present in the primary chain, where at least two isocyanate-reactive amine groups are attached to the primary chain or side chains or pendant moieties branching off the primary chain. Aliphatic polyamines can have about 60 carbon atoms or less, such as about 2-30 carbon atoms. Non-limiting examples of aliphatic diamines include primary diamines such as ethylene diamine, 1,3-propylene diamine, 2-methyl-pentamethylene diamine, 1,3-pentanediamine, neopentyldiamine, hexamethylene diamine, 2,2,4- and 2,4,4-trimethyl-1,6-hexane diamine, imino-bis(propylamine), methylimino-bis(propylamine) (i.e., N-(3-aminopropyl)-N-methyl-1,3-propanediamine, N,N-bis(aminopropyl)methylamine), N,N-bis(aminopropyl)ethylamine, N,N-bis(aminopropyl)hexylamine, and N,N-bis(aminopropyl)octylamine; secondary diamines such as N,N′-diethylmaleate-2-methyl-pentamethylene diamine (Desmophen® NH 1220); primary/secondary diamines such as 2-(ethylamino)ethylamine, 3-(methylamino)propylamine, and N,N-dimethyldipropylenetriamine. Other aliphatic polyamines, such as fatty polyamines, alkylene polyamines, alkoxylated diamines, hydroxy polyamines, and condensed polyamines are disclosed in detail herein. d) Alicyclic Polyamines Alicyclic polyamines may have one or more carbon-based, saturated or hydrogenated, monocyclic or polycyclic (fused, spiro, and/or bridged) rings, optionally having substituted aliphatic chains on the rings or linking multiple rings, where at least two isocyanate-reactive amine groups are attached to the rings and/or the aliphatic chains. Alicyclic polyamines can have about 6-60 carbon atoms, such as about 6-30 carbon atoms. Non-limiting examples of alicyclic diamines include monocyclics such as 1,2-, 1,3-, or 1,4-diamino-cyclohexane, 1-methyl-2,6-diamino-cyclohexane, 1,3- or 1,4-bis(methylamino)-cyclohexane, 1,2-, 1,3-, or 1,4-bis(aminomethyl)cyclohexane, 1,2- or 1,4-bis(sec-butylamino)-cyclohexane, isophorone diamine, and N,N′-diisopropyl-isophorone diamine (Jefflink® 754); and polycyclics such as 2,2′-, 2,4′-, or 4,4′-diamino-dicyclohexylmethane, 3,3′-dimethyl-4,4′-diamino-dicyclohexylmethane (i.e., dimethyl dicykan), 3,3′-diethyl-5,5′-dimethyl-4,4′-diamino-dicyclohexylmethane, 3,3′-dichloro-4,4′-diamino-dicyclohexylmethane, 3,3′-diethyl-5,5′-dichloro-4,4′-diamino-dicyclohexylmethane, 3,3′,5,5′-tetraethyl-4,4′-diamino-dicyclohexylmethane (a.k.a. 4,4′-methylene-bis(2,6-diethylaminocyclohexane)), 2,2′-dichloro-3,3′,5,5′-tetraethyl-4,4′-diamino-dicyclohexylmethane, 3,3′-dichloro-4,4′-diamino- dicyclohexylmethane, 2,2′,3,3′-tetrachloro-4,4′-diamino-dicyclohexylmethane, 3,3′-dichloro-2,2′,6,6′-tetraethyl-4,4′-dicyclohexylmethane, 4,4′-bis(sec-butylamino)-dicyclohexylmethane (Clearlink® 1000), N,N′-dialkylamino-dicyclohexylmethane, 3,3′-dimethyl-4,4′-bis(sec-butylamino)-dicyclohexylmethane (Clearlink® 3000), N,N′-di(ethylmaleate-amino)-dicyclohexylmethane (Desmophen® NH 1420), N,N′-di(ethylmaleate-amino)-dimethyl-dicyclohexylmethane (Desmophen® 1520), 4,4′-diamino-dicyclohexylpropane, 2,5- or 2,6-bis(aminomethyl)norbornane, and bis(aminomethyl)tricyclodecane (TCD diamine), e) Heterocyclic Polyamines Heterocyclic polyamines may have one or more saturated or unsaturated, monocyclic or polycyclic (fused, spiro, and/or bridged) rings having one or more heteroatoms, such as O, N, and S, optionally having substituted aliphatic chains on the rings or linking multiple rings, where at least two isocyanate-reactive amine groups are attached to the rings and/or the aliphatic chains, or in part form the rings. Heterocyclic polyamines can have about 4-60 carbon atoms, such as about 4-30 carbon atoms, and include aziridines, azetidines, azolidines, pyridines, pyrroles, indoles, piperidines, imidazoles, imidazolines, piperazines, isoindoles, purines, morpholines, thiomorpholines, oxazolidines, thiazolidines, N-aminoalkylmorpholines, N-aminoalkylthiomorpholines, N-aminoalkylpiperazines, N,N′-diaminoalkylpiperazines, azepines, azocines, azonines, azecines, tetra-, di- and perhydro derivatives thereof, and mixtures of two or more thereof. Saturated 5- and 6-membered heterocyclic polyamines can comprise only N, O, and/or S in the hetero ring, such as piperidines, piperazines, thiomorpholines, morpholines, pyrrolidines, aminoalkyl-substituted derivatives thereof, and the like. The aminoalkyl substituents can be substituted on a nitrogen atom forming part of the hetero ring. Non-limiting examples of heterocyclic diamines include piperazine, N-(aminoalkyl)piperazine, N-(aminoethyl)piperazine, N-(aminopropyl)piperazine, bis(aminoalkyl)piperazine, bis(aminoethyl)piperazine, bis(aminopropyl)piperazine, 2-, 3-, or 4-aminomethyl-piperidine, aminoethylpiperazine, aminopropylpiperazine, bis(piperidyl) alkane, 1,3-di(4-piperidyl)propane, 3-amino-pyrrolidine, homopiperazine, 2-methyl-piperazine, cis-2,6-dimethyl-piperazine, 2,5-dimethyl-piperazine, N-(2-imidazole)piperazine, histamine (i.e., 4-(β-aminoethyl)imidazole), N-(aminoethyl)imidazole, N-(aminopropyl)imidazole, and N-aminopropylmorpholine. f) Triamines, Tetramines, and Higher Polyamines Non-limiting examples of triamines include di ethylene triamine, dipropylene tri amine, N-(aminopropyl)ethylenediamine, N-(aminoethyl)butylenediamine, N-(aminopropyl)butylenediamine, N-(aminoethyl)hexamethylenediamine, N-(aminopropyl)hexamethylenediamine, 4-aminomethyloctane-1,8-diamine, (propylene oxide)-based triamines (a.k.a. polyoxypropylene triamines), trimethylolpropane-based triamines, glycerin-based triamines, 3-(2-aminoethyl)aminopropylamine (i.e., N-(2-aminoethyl)-1,3-propylenediamine, N3-amine), N,N-bis(2-((aminocarbonyl)amino)ethyl)urea, N,N′,N″-tris(2-aminoethyl)methanetriamine, N1-(5-aminopentyl)-1,2,6-hexanetriamine, 1,1,2-ethanetriamine, N,N′,N″-tris(3-aminopropyl)methanetriamine, N1-(2-aminoethyl)-1,2,6-hexanetriamine, N1-(10-aminodecyl)-1,2,6-hexanetriamine, 1,9,18-octadecanetriamine, 4,10,16,22-tetraazapentacosane-1,13,25-triamine, N1-(3-((4-((3-aminopropyl)amino)butyl)amino)propyl)-1 ,2,6-hexanetriamine, di-9-octadecenyl-(Z,Z)-1,2,3-propanetriamine, 1,4,8-octanetriamine, 1,5,9-nonanetriamine, 1,9,10-octadecanetriamine, 1,4,7-heptanetriamine, 1,5,10-decanetriamine, 1,8,17-heptadecanetriamine, 1,2,4-butanetriamine, 1,3,5-pentanetriamine, N1-(4-((3-aminopropyl)amino)butyl)-1,2,6-hexanetriamine, 2,5-dimethyl-1,4,7-heptanetriamine, N1-6-aminohexyl-1,2,6-hexanetriamine, 6-ethyl-3,9-dimethyl-3,6,9-undecanetriamine, 1,5,11-undecanetriamine, 1,6,11-undecanetriamine, N,N-bis(aminomethyl)methanediamine, N,N-bis(2-aminoethyl)-1,3-propanediamine, methanetriamine, N1-(2-aminoethyl)-N2-(3-aminopropyl)-1,2,5-pentanetriamine, N1-(2-aminoethyl)-1,2,6-hexanetriamine, 2,6,11-trimethyl-2,6,11-dodecanetriamine, 1,1,3-propanetriamine, 6-(aminomethyl)-1,4,9-nonanetriamine, 1,2,6-hexanetriamine, N2-(2-aminoethyl)-1,1,2-ethanetriamine, 1,3,6-hexanetriamine, N,N-bis(2-aminoethyl)-1,2-ethanediamine, 3-(aminomethyl)-1,2,4-butanetriamine, 1,1,1-ethanetriamine, N1,N1-bis(2-aminoethyl)-1,2-propanediamine, 1,2,3-propanetriamine, and 2-methyl-1,2,3-propanetriamine (all saturated). Non-limiting examples of tetramines include triethylene tetramine (i.e., bis(aminoethyl)ethylenediamine), tetraethylene tetramine, tripropylene tetramine, N,N′-bis(3-aminopropyl)ethylenediamine (a.k.a. N4-amine, N,N′-1,2-ethanediylbis-(1,3-propanediamine), 1,5,8,12-tetrazadodecane), bis(aminoethyl)propylenediamine, bis(aminoethyl)butylenediamine, bis(aminopropyl)butylenediamine, bis(aminoethyl)hexamethylenediamine, bis(aminopropyl)hexamethylenediamine. Illustrative examples of other higher polyamines include tetraethylene pentamine (also saturated). pentaethylene hexamine, polymethylene-polyphenylamine. g) Fatty Polyamines Fatty polyamines can have in the main carbon chain at least about 8 carbon atoms (including carbon atom(s) in the carboxylic acid group(s), if directly attached to the main carbon chain), such as 10, 12, 16, 18, 20, 22, 28, 30, 36, 40, 44, 50, 54, or 60 carbon atoms, or any numbers therebetween. The main carbon chain can be directed attached to at least one, such as two or more, isocyanate-reactive amine functionality, which can be primary and/or secondary. The fatty polyamines can be monomer diamines, dimer diamines or trimer triamines derived from fatty polyacids disclosed herein, using textbook techniques such as by reacting the dimerized fatty acids with ammonia to obtain the corresponding dimerized fatty nitriles which may then be hydrogenated to form the dimer diamines. The fatty polyamines can have the formula R1NH—R2)x—NH2 where R1 is a linear or branched alkyl group having about 8-40 carbon atoms, such as about 10-35 carbon atoms, or about 12-18 carbon atoms; R2 is a divalent moiety having 1 to about 8 carbon atoms, such as about 2-6 carbon atoms, or about 2-4 carbon atoms; and x is about 1-6, such as about 1-4. R1 and R2 can be linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, or combination thereof. R1 can be chosen from linear decyl, dodecyl, hexadecyl and octadecyl, R2 can be ethylene or propylene, and x is about 1-3. These fatty polyamines may be prepared by conventional methods, such as sequential cyanoethylation reduction reactions. Commercially available examples include those with R1 being octadecyl, R2 being propylene, and x being 1, 2 or 3 (tallow diamine, tallow triamine, and tallow tetramine, respectively), available from ExxonMobil Chemical Company of Houston, Tex. h) Alkylene Polyamines Alkylene polyamines are represented by the formula RHN—[R′—N(R)]x—H, where each R is independently hydrogen, aliphatic, or hydroxy-substituted aliphatic group of up to about 30 carbon atoms; R′ is alkylene moiety having about 1-10 carbon atoms, such as about 2-6 carbon atoms, or about 2-4 carbon atoms; n is about 1-10, such as about 2-7 or about 2-5. Such alkylene polyamines include methylene polyamines, ethylene polyamines, propylene polyamines, butylene polyamines, pentylene polyamines, etc. The higher homologs, such as those obtained by condensing two or more alkyleneamines, and related heterocyclic amines, such as piperazines and N-amino alkyl-substituted piperazines, are also included. Alkylene polyamines such as ethylene polyamines can be a complex mixture of polyalkylene polyamines including cyclic condensation products. The term “polyalkylene polyamine” as employed herein is intended to include polyalkylene polyamines in pure or relatively pure form, mixtures of such materials, and crude polyalkylene polyamines, which may contain minor amounts of other compounds. Other useful types of polyamine mixtures are those resulting from stripping of the polyalkylene polyamine mixtures to leave, as residue, what is often termed “polyamine bottoms.” In general, alkylene polyamine bottoms can be characterized as having less than 2%, usually less than 1% (by weight) material boiling below about 200° C. These alkylene polyamine bottoms include cyclic condensation products such as piperazine and higher analogs of diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine and the like. These alkylene polyamine bottoms may be reacted solely with the acylating agent or they may be used with other amines, polyamines, or mixtures thereof. Specific examples of such polyamines are ethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine, tris-(2-aminoethyl)amine, propylenediamine, dipropylenetriamine, tripropylenetetramine, tetraethylenepentamine, pentaethylenehexamine, hexaethyleneheptamine, N-(2-aminoethyl)piperazine, N,N-bis(2-aminoethyl)-ethylenediamine, diaminoethyl triaminoethylamine, and the like. The corresponding polypropylene polyamines and the polybutylene polyamines can also be employed. Still other polyamines can be recognized by those skilled in the art and the present disclosure can be used with such polyamines. i) Condensate Polyamines Polyamines can be condensation reaction products of at least one hydroxy compound with at least one polyamine reactant containing two or more primary and/or secondary amine groups. The hydroxy compound includes polyols and polyol amines disclosed herein. Polyol amines include aminoalcohols having two or more hydroxyl groups, and reaction products of monoamines with alkylene oxides (e.g., ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, butylene oxide, etc.) having about 2-20 carbon atoms, such as about 2-4 carbon atoms. Non-limiting examples of polyol amines include tri(hydroxypropyl)amine, tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (THAM), 2-amino-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol, N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(2-hydroxypropyl)ethylenediamine, and N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylenediamine. Any polyamines of the present disclosure may react with the polyols and polyol amines to form the condensate polyamines. Non-limiting examples include triethylenetetramine (TETA), tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA), pentaethylenehexamine (PEHA), and mixtures of polyamines such as the alkylene polyamine bottoms. The condensation reaction can be conducted at about 60-265° C., such as about 220-250° C., in the presence of an acid catalyst. Materials and conditions to form the condensate polyamines are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,230,714, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. k) Other Polyamines Hydrazine and hydrocarbyl-substituted hydrazine may also be used as polyamines. At least one of the nitrogen atoms in the hydrazine may contain at least one hydrogen directly bonded thereto. There can be at least two hydrogen atoms bonded directly to hydrazine nitrogen, and both hydrogen atoms can be on the same nitrogen. Non-limiting examples of substituted hydrazines are methylhydrazine, N,N-dimethyl hydrazine, N,N′-dimethyl hydrazine, phenylhydrazine, N-phenyl-N′-ethylhydrazine, N-(p-tolyl)-N′-(n-butyl)-hydrazine, N-(para-nitrophenyl)-hydrazine, N-(para-nitrophenyl)-N-methylhydrazine, N,N′-di(p-chlorophenol)-hydrazine, and N-phenyl-N′-cyclohexylhydrazine. j) Sterically Hindered Polyamines Conventional polyamines can be fast reacting with isocyanates. In order to extend the pot-life of the composition and improve processability, polyamine reactivity may be moderated by sterically hinder the reactive amine groups. For example, 4,4′-bis-(sec-butylamino)-dicyclohexylmethane and N,N′-diisopropyl-isophorone diamine are secondary diamines having moderated reactivity. One or more or all of the reactable amine groups within the polyamine compound can be sterically hindered, so that the polyamine compound can provide the combination of reduced reactivity toward isocyanate groups, and improved chemical stability toward actinic radiations such as UV light. Sterically hindered NCO group can have the following structure: where C1, C2, and C3 are independent tertiary (i.e., methine) or quaternary carbon atoms, and R is as defined above. One, two, or all three of C1, C2, and C3 can be free of C—H bonds. C1, C2, and C3 may in part form a substituted ring structure having about 4-30 carbon atoms. The ring structure may be saturated, unsaturated, aromatic, monocyclic, polycyclic (e.g., bicyclic, tricyclic, etc.), or heterocyclic having one or more O, N, or S atoms. The ring structure may have one, two, three, or more moieties of the above structure, while the polyamine compound may have one, two, or more of such ring structures. For example, sterically hindered polyamine may have a structure of: where Z1 to Z8 are independently chosen from halogenated or un-halogenated hydrocarbon moieties having about 1-20 carbon atoms, halogenated or un-halogenated organic moieties having at least one O, N, S, or Si atom and zero to about 12 carbon atoms, or halogens; Y1 to Y4 are independently chosen from hydrogen, halogenated or un-halogenated hydrocarbon moieties having about 1-20 carbon atoms, halogenated or un-halogenated organic moieties having at least one O, N, S, or Si atom and zero to about 12 carbon atoms, and halogens; Z is halogenated or un-halogenated hydrocarbon moieties having about 1-60 carbon atoms, or halogenated or un-halogenated organic moieties having at least one O, N, S, or Si atom and zero to about 60 carbon atoms. Z can have one of the following structures: where A1 to A3 are independently chosen from halogenated or un-halogenated hydrocarbon moieties having about 1-36 carbon atoms, and halogenated or un-halogenated organic moieties having at least one O, N, S, or Si atom and zero to about 30 carbon atoms. Any one or more, or all of Z1 to Z8 can be hydrogen. As a non-limiting example, Z may be —C(CH3)2—. Other non-limiting examples include 1,4-durene diamine, 2,3,5,6-tetramethyl-1,4-diaminocyclohexane, and: where R is the same or different, chosen from hydrogen and linear or branched C1-C6 alkyl groups, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, iso-propyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, neo-pentyl, and maleate groups. Sterically hindered polyamines can also have a generic structure of: where R1, R2 and Z1 to Z4 are independently chosen from hydrogen and organic moieties having about 1-60 carbon atoms, such as about 1-20, about 1-12, or about 1-6 carbon atoms. Suitable organic moieties can be linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, aliphatic, alicyclic, aromatic, or araliphatic, halogenated or otherwise substituted, optionally having one or more heteroatoms such as O, N, S, or Si, and include hydrocarbon moieties such as alkyl, alkyloxy, alkylthio, or alkylsilyl moieties. NHR1 and NHR2 can be in ortho, meta, or para positions with respect to one another. One or more of Z1 to Z4 can be NHR3, where R3 is analogous to R1 and R2. In one example, R1 and R2 are both hydrogen, and at least one of Z1 to Z4, such as two or more thereof, is/are the organic moieties described above, having 2 or more carbon atoms, or being branched and having 3 or more carbon atoms. In another example, at least one of R1 and R2 can be the organic moiety other than hydrogen, having 2 or more carbon atoms, such as being branched and having 3 or more carbon atoms. In a further example, at least one of R1, R2, and Z1 to Z4 can have one or more primary or secondary amine groups, such as one or more primary amine end-groups distal to the ring structure. In yet another example, the sterically hindered polyamine can be regioselective; that is, at least a first amine group has a reactivity different from that of a second amine group, all else being equal. The regioselectivity may result from difference in steric interference around the two different amine groups (i.e., steric asymmetry). Scenarios which may result in regioselectivity include: a) the first amine is secondary, while the second amine is primary; b) the first amine is sterically hindered by one or more ortho-positioned organic moieties, on one side or both sides, while the second amine has none; or c) the first amine is sterically hindered by two or more ortho-positioned organic moieties on both sides, while the second amine has only one ortho-positioned organic moiety. Sterically hindered dual- or multi-ring polyamines can have a generic structure of: where R is the same or different on different rings, chosen from hydrogen and organic moieties having about 20 carbon atoms or less, such as 1-12 carbon atoms; Z1 to Z4, each being the same or different on different rings, are independently chosen from hydrogen, halides, and organic moieties having 1-12 or 1-6 carbon atoms; Z is a divalent or polyvalent organic moiety having a molecular weight of at least about 14, such as about 5,000 or less, or about 1,000 or less; m is 2 when n is 0, about 2-6 when n is 1, such as 2, 3, or 4. Organic moieties for R, Z, and Z1 to Z4 can be linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, aliphatic, alicyclic, aromatic, or araliphatic, halogenated or otherwise substituted, optionally having one or more heteroatoms such as O, N, S, or Si, such as hydrocarbon moieties. Z may be as small as O or CH2, or comprise polymeric chains such as polyhydrocarbon, polyether, polyester, polyamide, polycarbonate, polyacrylate, polysiloxane, and copolymer chains thereof. Alternatively, Z may comprise at least two ester and/or amide linkages. In one example, R is hydrogen, at least one of Z1 to Z4, such as two or more thereof, is/are the organic moieties described above, such as having two or more carbon atoms, or branched having 3 or more carbon atoms, and is/are ortho to NHR. In another example, each NHR is an ortho- or meta-substituent with respect to Z. In a further example, at least one R is an organic moiety, such as having 2 or more carbon atoms, or branched having 3 or more carbon atoms. In yet another example, at least one of R and Z1 to Z4 has one or more primary or secondary amine groups, such as at least one primary amine end-group distal to the ring. In still another example, the sterically hindered polyamine is regioselective, having one of the following scenarios: i) a first NHR is secondary, while a second NHR is primary; ii) the first NHR is sterically hindered by one or more ortho-positioned organic moieties on one side or both sides, while the second NHR has none; or iii) the first NHR is sterically hindered by two or more ortho-positioned organic moieties one both sides, while the second NHR has only one-ortho-positioned organic moiety. Certain sterically hindered polyamines described above can be obtained by reacting one or more ortho- or meta-isomers of cyclic amino acids or esters thereof, such as (organo)amino(organo)benzene (organo)acids (including aminobenzoic acids, aminobenzene organoacids, amino-organobenzoic acids, organo-aminobenzoic acids, amino-organobenzene organoacids, organo-aminobenzene organoacids, organo-amino-organobenzoic acids, and organo-amino-organobenzene organoacids), (organo)amino(organo)cyclohexane (organo)acids (including aminocyclohexane acids, aminocyclohexane organoacids, amino-organocyclohexane acids, organo-aminocyclohexane acids, amino-organocyclohexane organoacids, organo-aminocyclohexane organoacids, organo-amino-organocyclohexane acids, and organo-amino-organocyclohexane organoacids), and their respective esters (such as methyl esters, ethyl esters, propyl esters, isopropyl esters, butyl esters, isobutyl esters, t-butyl esters, pentyl esters, hexyl esters, and other linear and branched alkyl esters known to one skilled in the art), with one or more compounds having two or more active hydrogen functionalities (e.g., the various amine- and/or hydroxy-functional compounds and telechelics disclosed herein). Active hydrogen functional compounds can be chosen from alkanediols, alkanetriols, polyalkanediols, dihydroxy telechelics, and trihydroxy telechelics, such as those disclosed herein. Mechanisms of the condensation/transesterification reactions can be: where —(R8)x—NHR2 and —(R7)y—COOR9 are ortho, meta, or para substituents on the cyclic rings; A is the same or different moieties chosen from O, S, and NR, R being hydrogen or organic moieties having about 1-20 carbon atoms, such as 1-12 carbon atoms; R1 is a divalent or polyvalent organic moiety having at least one carbon or silicon atom, such as about 1,000 carbon or silicon atoms or less; R2 is hydrogen or organic moiety having 1 to about 20 carbon atoms, such as 1-6 carbon atoms; R3 to R6 are independently chosen from hydrogen, halides, nitro, and organic moieties having about 1-20 carbon atoms, such as about 1-6 carbon atoms; R7 is an organic moiety having at least one C, O, N, S, or Si atom, such as a divalent, linear or branched organic moiety having about 60 carbon atoms or less, or about 20 carbon atoms or less; R8 is a divalent organic moiety having one carbon atom connecting NHR2 to the cyclic ring, such as —CH2—, —CH(CH3, —CH(CH2CH3H—, or —(CH3)2—; R9 is chosen from hydrogen and organic moieties having about 1-20 carbon atoms, such as about 1-12 carbon atoms; m is at least 1, such as about 2-10, like 2, 3, 4, and any numbers therebetween; x, y, and z are independently 0 or 1. One or more of R, R1 to R6 and R9 can have one or more heteroatoms chosen from O, N, S, and Si. R1 can be linear or branched, divalent or trivalent, substituted (such as halogenated) or unsubstituted, aliphatic, cyclic, alicyclic, aromatic, or araliphatic, include alkylene moieties having about 1-60, about 1-20, or about 1-12 carbon atoms, such as methylene, ethylene, propylene, butylene, pentylene, hexylene, heptylene, octylene, nonylene, decylene, undecylene, and dodecylene moieties. R9 can be linear or branched, substituted (such as halogenated) or unsubstituted, aliphatic, cyclic, alicyclic, aromatic, or araliphatic, include alkyl moieties such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, cyclohexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, and dodecyl. Non-limiting examples of suitable aromatic amino acids and esters thereof include 2-aminobenzoic acid, 2-amino-(3,4,5, or 6)-methylbenzoic acid, 5-nitro anthranilic acid, 2-amino-(3 or 5)-hydroxybenzoic acid, 2-amino-(3,4,5, or 6)-chlorobenzoic acid, 2-amino-6-bromo-5-methylbenzoic acid, 2-amino-phenylacetic acid, 2-amino-3-benzoylphenylacetic acid, 2-amino-3-(4-bromobenzoyl)phenylacetic acid, 3-aminobenzoic acid, 3-amino-4-methylbenzoic acid, 3-amino-4-methoxybenzoic acid, 3-amino-(2, 4, or 6)-chlorobenzoic acid, 3-amino-phenylacetic acid, methyl-2-aminobenzoate, methyl-2-amino-5-bromobenzoate, methyl-2-amino-3,5-dibromobenzoate, ethyl-2-aminobenzoate, pentyl-2-aminobenzoate, 2-propenyl-2-aminobenzoate, cyclohexyl-2-aminobenzoate, methyl-2-methylaminobenzoate, methyl-2-methylaminobenzoate, sec-butyl-2-methylaminobenzoate, methyl-3-aminobenzoate, methyl-3-amino-4-methylbenzoate, methyl-3-amino-4-methoxybenzoate, ethyl-3-aminobenzoate, and mixtures thereof. Illustrative examples of cyclohexane analogs to the aminobenzoic acids include, but are not limited to, 2-aminomethyl-cyclohexane carboxylic acid and 3-aminomethyl-cyclcohexane carboxylic acid. The sterically hindered polyamines can also be obtained by reacting the active hydrogen functional compound or telechelic with a substituted or unsubstituted oxazine dione (e.g., anhydrides), such as a benzoxazine dione or cyclohexane oxazine dione having the generic structures of: where R is chosen from hydrogen and organic moieties having about 1-20 carbon atoms, such as about 1-6 carbon atoms; Z1 to Z4 are independently chosen from hydrogen, halides, nitro groups, and organic moieties having about 1-20 carbon atoms, such as about 1-6 carbon atoms. One or more of R and Z1 to Z4 may contain one or more heteroatoms such as O, N, S, or Si, and/or may be partially or fully halogenated. Non-limiting examples include isatoic anhydride, N-methyl isatoic anhydride, 5-nitro-isatoic anhydride, 3-methyl-benzoxazine-2,4-dione, 3-phenyl-1,3-benzoxazine-2,4-dione, 3-(4-methylphenyl)-1,3-benzoxazine-2,4-dione, 1-[3-(perfluorooctyl)propyl]-(1H-benzo[d][1,3]oxazine-2,4-dione (F-Isatoic Anhydride available from Fluorous Technologies, Inc. of Pittsburgh, Pa.), and mixtures thereof. The various reaction themes described above for preparing sterically hindered polyamines can be applied to other cyclic analogs where the benzene or cyclohexane rings of the above-mentioned reactants and reaction products are replaced by other saturated or unsaturated 4-membered or larger cyclic structures, including monocyclics, polycyclics (fused, spiro, and/or bridged), and heterocyclics, such as cyclopentane. In the case of saturated cyclic structures, the at least one amine-containing substitution and the at least one acid/ester-containing substitution may be directly attached to the same ring-member carbon atom, as in the case of 1-aminocyclopentane carboxylic acid. The sterically hindered polyamines can further be prepared by reacting the amino acids or esters mentioned above with diamines and polyamines disclosed herein, such as alkanediamines, alkanetriamines, and the various polyamine telechelics. In this case, the reaction forms two or more amide linkages rather than ester linkages. Polyol Telechelics Any polyol telechelics available or known to one of ordinary skill in the art are suitable for use in compositions of the disclosure. Polyol telechelic such as α,ω-dihydroxy telechelics, include polyol polyhydrocarbons (such as polyol polyolefins), polyol polyethers, polyol polyesters (such as polyol polycaprolactones), polyol polyamides (such as polyol polycaprolactams), polyol polycarbonates, polyol polyacrylates (such as polyol polyalkylacrylates), polyol polysiloxanes, polyol polyimines, polyol polyimides, and polyol copolymers including polyol polyolefinsiloxanes (such as α,ω)-dihydroxy poly(butadiene-dimethylsiloxane) and α,ω-dihydroxy poly(isobutylene-dimethylsiloxane)), polyol polyetherolefins (such as α,ω-dihydroxy poly(butadiene-oxyethylene)), polyol polyetheresters, polyol polyethercarbonates, polyol polyetheramides, polyol polyetheracrylates, polyol polyethersiloxanes, polyol polyesterolefins (such as α,ω-dihydroxy poly(butadiene-caprolactone) and α,ω-dihydroxy poly(isobutylene-caprolactone)), polyol polyesteramides, polyol polyestercarbonates, polyol polyesteracrylates, polyol polyestersiloxanes, polyol polyamideolefins, polyol polyamidecarbonates, polyol polyamideacrylates, polyol polyamidesiloxanes, polyol polyamideimides, polyol polycarbonateolefins, polyol polycarbonateacrylates, polyol polycarbonatesiloxanes, polyol polyacrylateolefins (such as α,ω-dihydroxy poly(butadiene-methyl methacrylate), α,ω-dihydroxy poly(isobutylene-t-butyl methacrylate), and α,ω-dihydroxy poly(methyl methacrylate-butadiene-methyl methacrylate)), polyol polyacrylatesiloxanes, polyol polyetheresteramides, any other polyol copolymers, as well as blends thereof. Other polyol telechelics can be derived from polyacid telechelics through reaction with polyols, aminoalcohols, and/or cyclic ethers, or derived from polyamine telechelics through reaction with hydroxy acids, cyclic esters, and/or cyclic ethers as disclosed herein. The molecular weight of the polyol telechelics can be about 100-20,000, such as about 200, about 230, about 500, about 600, about 1,000, about 1,500, about 2,000, about 2,500, about 3,000, about 3,500, about 4,000, about 5,000, about 8,000, about 10,000, or any number therebetween. The polyol telechelics can have one or more hydrophobic and/or hydrophilic segments. a) Polyol Polyhydrocarbons An example of polyol polyhydrocarbons has a generic structure of: HOR3xR4yR5zOH (55) where R3 to R5 are independently chosen from linear, branched, cyclic (including monocyclic, aromatic, bridged cyclic, spiro cyclic, fused polycyclic, and ring assemblies), saturated, unsaturated, hydrogenated, and/or substituted hydrocarbon moieties having about 2-30 carbon atoms; x, y, and z are independently zero to about 200, and x+y+z≧2. R3 to R5 can independently have the structure CnHm, where n is an integer of about 2-30, and m is zero to about 60. Any one or more of the hydrogen atoms in R3 to R5 may be substituted with halogens, cationic groups, anionic groups, silicon-based moieties, ester moieties, ether moieties, amide moieties, urethane moieties, urea moieties, ethylenically unsaturated moieties, acetylenically unsaturated moieties, aromatic moieties, heterocyclic moieties, hydroxy groups, amine groups, cyano groups, nitro groups, and/or any other organic moieties. One or more of R3 to R5 can have the structure CnH2n, n being an integer of about 2-20, and x+y+z is about 5-100. Polyol polyhydrocarbons are hydrophobic in general, and provide reduced moisture absorption and permeability to the elastomer compositions of the present disclosure. Non-limiting examples of polyol polyhydrocarbons include α,ω-dihydroxy polyolefins such as α,ω-dihydroxy polyethylenes, α,ω-dihydroxy polypropylenes, α,ω-dihydroxy polyethylenepropylenes, α,ω-dihydroxy polyisobutylenes, α,ω-dihydroxy polyethylenebutylenes (with butylene content of at least about 25% by weight, such as at least about 50%), hydroxyl-terminated Kraton rubbers; α,ω-dihydroxy polydienes such as α,ω-dihydroxy polyisoprenes, partially or fully hydrogenated α,ω-dihydroxy polyisoprenes, hydroxyl-terminated liquid isoprene rubbers, α,ω-dihydroxy polybutadienes, partially and/or fully hydrogenated α,ω-dihydroxy polybutadienes; as well as α,ω-dihydroxy poly(olefin-diene)s such as α,ω-dihydroxy poly(styrene-butadiene)s, α,ω-dihydroxy poly(ethylene-butadiene)s, and cc,(o-dihydroxy poly(butadiene-styrene-butadiene)s. The polyol polyhydrocarbons can be polyol polydienes, which also include polyol poly(alkylene-diene)s, as well as blend thereof Polyol polydienes can have M, of about 1,000-20,000, such as about 1,000-10,000 or about 3,000-6,000, and a hydroxyl functionality of about 1.6-10, such as about 1.8-6 or about 1.8-2. The diene monomers can be conjugated dienes, such as 1,3-butadiene, isoprene, 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene, and mixtures thereof. The polyol polydiene can be substantially hydrogenated to improve stability, such that at least about 90%, or at least about 95%, of the carbon-carbon double bonds in the polyol are hydrogenated. Unhydrogenated, partially hydrogenated, and fully hydrogenated polydiene diols and copolydiene diols, among other polyol telechelics, are capable of imparting high resiliency in the compositions. The polydiene diol can be polybutadiene diol having 1,4-addition of about 30-70%, such as about 40-60%. The polybutadiene diol can have 1,2-addition of at least about 40%, such as about 40-60%, so that the hydrogenated polybutadiene diol remains liquid at ambient temperature. The polybutadiene diol can be more than about 99% hydrogenated, having Mn of about 3,300, a hydroxyl functionality of about 1.92, and a 1,2-addition content of about 54%. The polydiene diol can be a polyisoprene diol having 1,4-addition of at least about 80% to reduce glass transition temperature and viscosity. One group of copolydiene diols has a generic structure of: where R3 is chosen from hydrogen, linear and branched alkyl groups (such as methyl), cyano group, phenyl group, halide, and mixture thereof; R4 is chosen from hydrogen, linear and branched alkyl group (such as methyl), halide (such as chloride or fluoride), and mixture thereof; x and y are independently about 1-200. The y:x ratio can be about 82:18 to about 90:10. The copolydiene diol can be substantially hydrogenated (i.e., substantially all of the >C═CH— or >C═CH2 moieties are hydrogenated into >CH—H2— or >C—H3 moieties, respectively). One example is hydrogenated poly(acrylonitrile-co-butadiene) diol, where R3 is cyano group, and R4 is hydrogen. b) Polyol Polyethers An example of the polyol polyethers has a generic structure of: HOR4—O)yR3—O)xR6—Oz—R5—OH (57) or R4(OR3—OxR5—OH)i (58) where R3 to R6 are independently chosen from linear, branched, or cyclic moieties having at least one carbon atom, such as about 60 carbon atoms or less; i is about 2-10, such as about 2-6; x is about 1-200, and y and z are independently zero to about 200. Any one or more of the hydrogen atoms in R3 to R6 may be substituted with halogens, cationic groups, anionic groups, silicon-based moieties, ester groups, ether groups, amide groups, urethane groups, urea groups, ethylenically unsaturated groups, acetylenically unsaturated groups, amine groups, hydroxyl groups, or any other organic moieties. R3 to R6 can independently have the structure CnHm, where n is an integer of about 1-30, and m is an integer of about 2-60. R3 and R5 can be identical. The number x can be about 2-70, such as about 5-50 or about 12-35. Alternatively, y+z is about 2-10, while x is about 8-50. Commercial examples of polyol polyethers include, but are not limited to, polyoxyethylene diols, polyoxypropylene diols, α,ω-bis(2-hydroxypropyl)polyoxypropylenes (such as having Mw of about 200-5,000), polyoxytetramethylene diols (i.e., polytetrahydrofurans, such as having Mw of about 200-2,000), modified polyoxytetramethylene diols, poly(oxyethylene-oxypropylene) diols, α,ω-bis(3-hydroxypropyl)poly(oxyethylene-capped oxypropylene), poly(oxybutylene-oxypropylene-oxyethylene) diols, polyoxyalkylene diols initiated by bisphenol A or primary monools, tri-block polyol polyethers such as poly(oxypropylene-block-oxyethylene-block-oxypropylene) diols and poly(oxyethylene-block-oxypropylene-block-oxyethylene) diols, polyoxypropylene triols initiated by glycerin, trimethylolethane, or trimethylolpropane, polyoxypropylene tetraols initiated by pentaerythritol, ethylenediol, phenolic resin, or methyl glucoside, diethylenetriol-initiated polyoxypropylene pentaols, sorbitol-initiated polyoxypropylene hexaols, and sucrose-initiated polyoxypropylene octaols. Other suitable polyether polyols include those described in co-owned and co-pending application bearing Ser. No. 10/434,739, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. R3 and R5 can be the same linear, branched, or cyclic radicals having at least about 10 carbon atoms, such as at least about 18 carbon atoms, or at least about 30 carbon atoms, and y and z are both zero. The polyol polyether of the structure (57) thus becomes HO—[R3—O]x—R3—OH. R3 can be an alkylene moiety, while x is about 1-50, such as about 1.5-30. The polyether backbone can be prepared by acid-catalyzed polycondensation of suitable low molecular weight alkylene glycols such as dimer diols at elevated temperature (e.g., 150-250° C.). These polyol polyethers can be hydrophobic. When x is less than about 10, such as about 1.5-7, like about 2, about 4, or about 5, these polyol polyethers can be liquid at ambient temperature, having a viscosity at 25° C. of about 3,000-12,000 cP. The hydrophobicity of such polyether polyols can enhance hydrolysis resistance of the compositions and reduce moisture absorption. These and other polyol telechelics as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,616,679 are incorporated herein by reference. In the structure of (57), R5 and R6 can be identical, R4 and R5 can be the same or different alkylene groups having about 2-40 carbon atoms, such as about 2-20, about 2-10, or about 2-4 carbon atoms, R3 can be the backbone of a dimer diol as disclosed herein below, x can be 1, and 40≧(y+z)≧1. As such, the structure (57) becomes HO—[R4—O]y—R3—[O—R5]z+1—OH. These polyol polyethers are hydrolysis-resistant, and typically have Mw of about 600-3,000. The polyether backbone can be produced by adding cyclic ethers (i.e., alkylene oxides such as ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, butylenes oxide, tetrahydrofuran, methyl tetrahydrofuran, and mixtures thereof) onto a dimer diol. Other suitable cyclic ethers include the chiral cyclic ethers described in co-owned and co-pending application bearing the Ser. No. 10/434,739, which is incorporated by reference herein. A blend of two polyol polyethers can be used to form the prepolymer, wherein the first polyol polyether has a first molecular weight of about 3,500-6,500, a first hydroxyl functionality of about 3 or less, and a first oxyethylene content of about 8-20% by weight, while the second polyol polyether has a second molecular weight of about 4,000-7,000, a second hydroxyl functionality of about 4-8, and a second oxyethylene content of about 5-15% by weight. The first polyol polyether can constitute about 70-98% by weight of the blend, and the second polyol polyether can constitute about 2-30% by weight of the blend. A mixture having about 25-95% by weight of this polyol polyether blend and about 5-75% by weight of at least a third polyol telechelic different from the first and second polyether polyols is also suitable to formulate a resilient elastomer composition. In one example, the polyol telechelic comprises a polyether triol having Mw of about 4,500-6,000 and an average hydroxyl functionality of about 2.4-3.5, such as about 2.4-2.7. In another example, the polyol polyether has a weight average unsaturation of about 0.03 meq/g or less, as measured by ASTM D-2849-69, such as about 0.02 meq/g or less, about 0.015 meq/g or less, even about 0.01 meq/g or less, and M, of about 1,500-5,000. In a further example, the polyol polyether comprises at least one random poly(oxyethylene-oxyalkylene) terminal block or polyoxyethylene terminal block, having oxyethylene moieties in the amount of about 12-30% by weight of the polyol polyether. Low level of average unsaturation of about 0.002-0.007 meq/g is achieved in the polyol polyether by using double metal cyanide catalysts when forming the polyether backbone. The polyol polyethers can also have a low polydispersity of about 1.2 or less. The polyol polyether can have repeating branched oxyalkylene monomer units derived from branched diol monomers, chiral diol monomers, alkylated cyclic ethers, and/or chiral cyclic ethers, through homo-polymerization, co-polymerization, and/or ring-opening polymerization, optionally in combination with a second diol or cyclic ether. As a non-limiting illustration, the chiral diol may be 2-methyl-1,4-butanediol; the chiral cyclic ether may be 2-methyl-tetrahydrofuran; the second diol may be 1,4-butanediol (achiral); and the second cyclic ether may be tetrahydrofuran (achiral). Other chiral diols include 2,4-petanediol and 3-methyl-1,3-butanediol. Exemplary linear and branched oxyalkylene monomer units include, but are not limited to, —O—CH2—CH(CH3)—(CH2)2—, —O—CH2)3—, —O—(CH2)2—, —O—C(CH3)2—CH2—, —O—(CH2)2—CH(CH3)—CH2—, —O—CH2—CH(CH3)—, —O—CH(CH2CH3)—CH2, —O—CH2CH(CH3)—CH2—, —O—(CH2)3—CH(CH3)—, —O—CH2C(CH3)2—, —O—CH(CH3)—CH2—, —O—(CH2)5—, —O—CH2—CH(CH2CH3)—, —O—CH(CH3)—(CH2)3—, —O—(CH2)4—, —O—CH(CH3)—CH2)2—, and —O—(CH2)2—CH(CH3)—. The polyol polyether can be obtained by copolymerizing chiral diol/ether and achiral diol/ether at a molar ratio of about 85:15 to about 20:80. A non-limiting example of such polyether polyols is referred to as a modified PTMEG diol, or an α,ω-dihydroxy poly(tetrahydrofuran-co-methyltetrahydrofuran) ether. c) Polyol Polyesters An example of the polyol polyesters has a generic structure of: where R3 to R9 are independently chosen from linear, branched, and cyclic moieties having 1 to about 60 carbon atoms; Z is the same or different moieties chosen from —O— and —NH—; i is about 2-10, such as about 2-6; x is about 1-200, and y and z are independently zero to about 200. The number x can be the same or different numbers. R3 to R9 can independently have the structure CnHm, where n is an integer of about 2-30, and m is an integer of about 2-60. Any one or more of the hydrogen atoms in R3 to R9 may be substituted with halogens, cationic groups, anionic groups, silicon-based moieties, ester groups, ether groups, amide groups, urethane groups, urea groups, ethylenically unsaturated groups, acetylenically unsaturated groups, amine groups, hydroxyl groups, or any other organic moieties. R3 and R6 can be identical, having a structure CnH2n, n being an integer of about 2-30, x+y+z is about 1-100, such as about 5-50. The polyol polyester can have a crystallization enthalpy of at most about 70 J/g and M, of about 1,000-7,000, such as about 1,000-5,000. This polyol polyester can be blended with a polyol polyether having Mn of about 500-2,500. The average hydroxyl functionality of the blend, which is the ratio of total number of hydroxyl groups in the blend to total number of telechelic molecules in the blend, can be about 2-2.1. The polyol polyester can have an ester content (number of ester bonds/number of all carbon atoms) of about 0.2 or less, such as about 0.08-0.17. The polyester chain can be formed from condensation polymerization reaction of polyacids and/or anhydrides with excess polyols. Alternatively, the polyester chain can be formed at least in part from ring-opening polymerization of cyclic esters. The polyester chain can also be formed at least in part from polymerization of hydroxy acids, including those that structurally correspond to the cyclic esters. Obviously, the polyester chain can comprise multiple segments formed from polyacids, anhydrides, polyols, cyclic esters, and/or hydroxy acids, non-limiting examples of which are disclosed herein. Suitable reactants also include polyacid telechelics, polyol telechelics, and hydroxy acid polymers. In one example, at least one polyacid, anhydride, polyol, cyclic ester, or hydroxy acids having Mw of at least about 200, such as at least about 400, or at least about 1,000, is used to form the polyester chain. In another example, the polyester chain has 1 to about 100 ester linkages, such as about 2-50, or about 2-20. The polyol polyesters can be formed from the condensation of one or more polyols having about 2-18 carbon atoms, such as about 2-6 carbon atoms, with one or more polycarboxylic acids or their anhydrides having from about 2-14 carbon atoms. Non-limiting examples of polyols include ethylene glycol, propylene glycol such as 1,2-propylene glycol and 1,3-propylene glycol, glycerol, pentaerythritol, trimethylolpropane, 1,4,6-octanetriol, butanediol, pentanediol, hexanediol, dodecanediol, octanediol, chloropentanediol, glycerol monoallyl ether, glycerol monoethyl ether, diethylene glycol, 2-ethylhexanediol-1,4, cyclohexanediol-1,4,1,2,6-hexanetriol, neopental glycol, 1,3,5-hexanetriol, 1,3-bis-(2-hydroxyethoxy)propane and the like. Cyclic ethers having about 2-18 carbon atoms may be used in place of or in addition to the polyols. Non-limiting examples of polycarboxylic acids include phthalic acid, isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid, tetrachlorophthalic acid, maleic acid, dodecylmaleic acid, octadecenylmaleic acid, fumaric acid, aconitic acid, trimellitic acid, tricarballylic acid, 3,3′-thiodipropionic acid, succinic acid, adipic acid, malonic acid, glutaric acid, pimelic acid, sebacic acid, cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid, 1,4-cyclohexadiene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid, 3-methyl-3,5-cyclohexadiene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid and the corresponding acid anhydrides, acid chlorides and acid esters such as phthalic anhydride, phthaloyl chloride and the dimethyl ester of phthalic acid. Examples of polyol polyesters include, without limitation, poly(ethylene adipate) diols, poly(butylene adipate) diols, poly(1,4-butylene glutarate) diols, poly(ethylene propylene adipate) diols, poly(ethylene butylene adipate) diols, poly(hexamethylene adipate) diols, poly(hexamethylene butylene adipate) diols, poly(hexamethylene phthalate) diols, poly(hexamethylene terephthalate) diols, poly(2-methyl-1,3-propylene adipate) diols, poly(2-methyl-1,3-propylene glutarate) diols, and poly(2-ethyl-1,3-hexylene sebacate) diols. Non-limiting examples of polyester polyols based on fatty polyacids or polyacid adducts, such as those disclosed herein, include poly(dimer acid-co-ethylene glycol) hydrogenated diols and poly(dimer acid-co-1,6-hexanediol-co-adipic acid) hydrogenated diols. An example of the polyol polycaprolactones has a generic structure of: where R3, Z, i, x are as described above. The number x can the same or different, and can be about 5-100. Suitable polycaprolactone polyols include, but are not limited to, polyol-initiated and polyamine-initiated ring-opening polymerization products of caprolactone, and polymerization products of hydroxy caproic acid. Suitable polyol and polyamine initiators include any polyols and polyamines available to one of ordinary skill in the art, such as those disclosed herein, as well as any and all of the polyol telechelics and polyamine telechelics of the present disclosure. The caprolactone monomer can be replaced by or blended with any other cyclic esters and/or cyclic amides as disclosed herein. Polyamine-initiated and polyol-initiated polycaprolactone polyols include, but are not limited to, bis(2-hydroxyethyl) ether initiated polycaprolactone polyols, 2-(2-aminoethylamino) ethanol initiated polycaprolactone polyols, polyoxyethylene diol initiated polycaprolactone polyols, propylene diol initiated polycaprolactone polyols, polyoxypropylene diol initiated polycaprolactone polyols, 1,4-butanediol initiated polycaprolactone polyols, trimethylolpropane-initiated polycaprolactone polyols, hexanediol-initiated polycaprolactone polyols, polytetramethylene ether diol initiated polycaprolactone polyols, bis(2-aminoethyl)amine initiated polycaprolactone polyols, 2-(2-aminoethylamino) ethylamine initiated polycaprolactone polyols, polyoxyethylene diamine initiated polycaprolactone polyols, propylene diamine initiated polycaprolactone polyols, polyoxypropylene diamine initiated polycaprolactone polyols, 1,4-butanediamine initiated polycaprolactone polyols, neopentyl diamine initiated polycaprolactone polyols, hexanediamine-initiated polycaprolactone polyols, polytetramethylene ether diamine initiated polycaprolactone polyols, and mixtures thereof. d) Polyol Polyamides An example of the polyol polyamides has a generic structure of: where R1 and R2 are independently chosen from aliphatic, alicyclic, araliphatic, and aromatic moieties; R3 to R9 are independently chosen from linear, branched, and cyclic moieties having 1 to about 60 carbon atoms; Z is the same or different moieties chosen from —O— and —NH—; i is about 2-10, such as about 2-6; x is the same or different numbers of about 1-200, and y and z are independently zero to about 200. R3 can be a polymeric chain such as those disclosed herein. The number x can be the same or different numbers, and y is 1 or greater but less than x. R3 to R9 can independently have the structure CnHm, where n is an integer of about 2-30, and m is an integer of about 2-60. Any one or more of the hydrogen atoms in R1 to R9 may be substituted with halogens, cationic groups, anionic groups, silicon-based moieties, ester groups, ether groups, amide groups, urethane groups, urea groups, ethylenically unsaturated groups, acetylenically unsaturated groups, amine groups, hydroxyl groups, or any other organic moieties. R1 and R2 can be identical. R3 and R6 can be identical, having a structure of CnH2n, n being an integer of about 2-30, x+y+z is about 1-100, such as about 5-50. Polyol polyamides can be linear, branched, star-shaped, hyper-branched or dendritic. Polyol polyamides of the structures (64), (66), and (67) can be formed by reacting the corresponding polyamine polyamides as described above with cyclic esters and/or hydroxy acids such as those disclosed herein. Using this reaction scheme, any and all of polyamine telechelics and polyamines such as those disclosed herein can be converted to polyol telechelics and/or polyols through the formation of two or more amide linkages, wherein with respect to a center point of the polyol telechelic, the nitrogen atom is of closer proximity than the carbon atom in each of these amide linkages. The reaction product can also contain polyol telechelics having terminal polyester block segments following the amide linkages. Polyol polyamides of the structures (65) and (68) can be formed by reacting polyacid polyamides (i.e., polyacid telechelics formed such as from polyamines and excess polyacids, with an equivalent ratio of polyamine to polyacid being less than 1, such as about 0.2-0.9) with any of the aminoalcohols or polyol amines disclosed herein. Using this reaction scheme, any and all polyacid telechelics and polyacids such as those disclose herein can be converted to polyol telechelics and/or polyols through the formation of two or more amide linkages, wherein with respect to a center point of the polyol telechelic, the carbon atom is of closer proximity than the nitrogen atom in each of these amide linkages. An example of the polyol polycaprolactam has a generic structure of: where R3 to R5, Z, i, x are as described above. The number x can be the same or different, and can be about 5-100. R4 and R5 can be identical, and can both be (CH2)5. Suitable polycaprolactam polyols include, but are not limited to, those having polyamide backbones and/or chains formed from polyol-initiated and/or polyamine-initiated ring-opening polymerization of caprolactam, and polymerization products of amino caproic acid. e) Polyol Polycarbonates An example of the polyol polycarbonates has a generic structure of: where R3 to R6 are independently chosen from linear, branched, cyclic, aliphatic, alicyclic, araliphatic, aromatic, and ether moieties having 1 to about 60 carbon atoms; x is about 1-200, and y and z are independently zero to about 200. R3 to R6 can independently have the structure CnHm, where n is an integer of about 2-30, and m is an integer of about 2-60. Any one or more of the hydrogen atoms in R3 to R6 may be substituted with halogens, cationic groups, anionic groups, silicon-based moieties, ester groups, ether groups, amide groups, urethane groups, urea groups, ethylenically unsaturated groups, acetylenically unsaturated groups, amine groups, hydroxyl groups, or any other organic moieties. R3 and R6 can be identical. R3, R5 and R6 can all be identical. The polyol polycarbonate can be substantially free of ether linkages. When y and z are both zero, the polyol polycarbonate can be substantially crystalline. Examples include poly(phthalate carbonate) glycols, poly(hexamethylene carbonate) glycols, and polycarbonate glycols comprising Bisphenol A. When at least one of y and z is greater than zero, and at least one of R4 and R5 is different from R3, the polyol polycarbonate becomes amorphous due to reduction in cohesive energy density, and displays lowered crystallinity, lowered hysteresis, and improved impact resistance as compared to crystalline polyol polycarbonates. Non-limiting examples of R3 to R6 include —CH2)n— where n is about 1-16, such as hexamethylene (n=6); —CH2C6H10CH2— (1,4-cyclohexane dimethylene); —C6H5C(CH3)2C6H5— (bisphenol A); and —(CmH2mO)nCmH2m— where m is about 1-6, and n is about 1-16, such as trioxyethylene (m is 2, n is 2). A non-limiting example of such amorphous polyol copolycarbonates is poly(hexamethylene carbonate-block-trioxyethylene carbonate-block-hexamethylene carbonate) diol. Other suitable polyol polycarbonates are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,197,051, 6,177,522, 5,863,627, 5,859,122, 5,621,065, and 5,001,208, as well as in co-owned and co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 20030078341, bearing Ser. No. 10/277,153. The disclosures these patents and applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. In one example, the polyol polycarbonate can have at least one segment based exclusively or predominantly on 1,6-hexanediol, in combination with diaryl carbonate, dialkyl carbonate, dioxolanone, phosgene, bis-chlorocarbonate, and/or urea. Other polyol polycarbonates can have the following structure: where R3 is chosen from linear, branched, cyclic, aliphatic, alicyclic, araliphatic, and aromatic moieties having about 4-40 carbon atoms, and alkoxy moieties having about 2-20 carbon atoms; R4 is chosen from linear, branched, cyclic, aliphatic, alicyclic, araliphatic, and aromatic moieties having about 2-20 carbon atoms, and organic moieties having about 2-4 linear carbon atoms in the main chain with or without one or more pendant carbon groups; x is the same or different numbers of about 2-50, such as about 2-35; and y is the same or different numbers chosen from 0, 1, and 2. The polycarbonate chain can be produced by a number of different methods. With interfacial polymerization, polycarbonate chain can be made from polyols such as bisphenols (e.g., phosgene) in a two-phase reaction (i.e., water and immiscible organic solvent) with a phase transfer catalyst. Polycarbonate chain can also be made by transesterification between a polyol (or a blend of two or more different polyols, like 1,6-hexanediol) and a carbonate (aliphatic carbonate such as alkyl carbonate or alkylene carbonate, or aromatic carbonate, or a blend thereof, like ethylene carbonate), such as a diester of carbonic acid having a structure of R′O(CO)OR″, where R′ and R″ can be independently chosen from alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, alicyclic, cycloalkyl, and other organic moieties having about 1-20 carbon atoms (such as dialkyl carbonate and diphenyl carbonate). Polycarbonate backbone may further be synthesized from CO2 and epoxide (such as cyclohexene oxide and propylene oxide) or oxetane, with the help of a catalyst. Alternatively, the polycarbonate backbone can be a condensation product of CO2, dihalide, and dialkoxide or a combination of K2CO3 and polyol (such as diol). Polycarbonate diols can be synthesized using one or a blend of two or more cyclic diols. Other methods for producing the polycarbonate backbone include chloroformate process. Obviously, the polycarbonate backbone can comprise multiple segments formed from different polyols and carbonates. Suitable polyols can be any and all polyols disclosed herein, including the various polyol telechelics. Suitable carbonates include any and all carbonates available to one skilled in the art, such as linear, branched, cyclic, aliphatic, alicyclic, and/or saturated carbonates. In one example, at least one polyol or carbonate having Mw of at least about 200, such as at least about 400 or at least about 1,000 is used to form the backbone. f) Polyol Polyimines Polyol polyimines include polyimines grafted with polymeric segments such as, without limitation, polyethylene glycol and methoxylated polyethylene glycol, and hyper-branched and dendritic macromolecules (e.g., dendrimers and tecto-dendrimers), such as those described in co-owned and co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/456,295. Dendrimers may have hydroxyl, amidoethanol, and/or amidoethylethanolol as surface end-groups. Alternatively, polyol polyimines can be prepared from polyamine polyimines by reacting with cyclic esters, such as those disclosed herein. g) Polyol Polyacrylates An example of polyol polyacrylates has a generic structure of: where R3 to R8 are independently chosen from hydrogen, aliphatic, alicyclic, aromatic, carbocyclic, heterocyclic, halogenated, and substituted moieties, each having about 20 carbon atoms or less; X and Y are optional, independently chosen from alkyl, aryl, mercaptoalkyl, ether, ester, carbonate, acrylate, halogenated, and substituted moieties; x is about 1-200, and y and z are independently zero to about 100. R3 to R8 can independently have the structure CnHm, where n is an integer of about 2-20, and m can be an integer of about 2-40. Any one or more of the hydrogen atoms in R3 to R8 may be substituted with halogens, cationic groups, anionic groups, silicon-based moieties, ester groups, ether groups, amide groups, urethane groups, urea groups, ethylenically unsaturated groups, acetylenically unsaturated groups, amine groups, hydroxyl groups, or any other organic moieties. R4, R5, and R8 can independently be hydrogen or methyl group, while R3, R5, and R7 can independently have a structure of CnH2n, n being an integer of about 2-16, x+y+z being about 1-100, such as about 5-50. Suitable polyol polyalkylacrylates include, but are not limited to, those disclosed in the co-pending application bearing Ser. No. 10/640,532, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Non-limiting examples include α,ω-dihydroxy polymethylmethacrylates, α,ω-dihydroxy polybutylmethacrylates, and α,ω-dihydroxy polyethylhexylmethacrylates. h) Polyol Polysiloxanes An example of polyol polysiloxanes has a generic structure of: where R3 to R8 are independently chosen from hydrogen, aliphatic, alicyclic, aromatic, carbocyclic, heterocyclic, halogenated, and substituted moieties, such as alkyl or phenyl moieties, each having about 20 carbon atoms or less; X and Y are optional, independently chosen from alkyl, aryl, mercaptoalkyl, ether, ester, carbonate, acrylate, halogenated, and substituted moieties; m is about 1-200; n is zero to about 100; z is about 1-100. R3 to R8 can independently have the structure CnHm, where n is an integer of about 2-20, and m is an integer of about 2-40. Any one or more of the hydrogen atoms in R3 to R8 may be substituted with halogens, cationic groups, anionic groups, silicon-based moieties, ester groups, ether groups, amide groups, urethane groups, urea groups, ethylenically unsaturated groups, acetylenically unsaturated groups, hydroxy groups, hydroxyl groups, or any other organic moieties. In one example, R3 =R4, R5=R6, and R7=R8 Suitable polysiloxane polyols include, but are not limited to, those disclosed in the co-pending application bearing Ser. No. 10/407,641, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Non-limiting examples include bis(hydroxyalkyl) polydimethylsiloxanes, poly(dimethylsiloxane-co-diphenylsiloxane) diols, poly(dimethylsiloxane-co-methylhydrosiloxane) diols, and polydimethylsiloxane diols. Non-limiting examples of polyol copolysiloxanes include polysiloxaneether polyols obtained by copolymerizing polysiloxane diol and polyether diol and/or cyclic ether, such as poly(dimethylsiloxane-oxyethylene) diols (i.e., ethoxylated polydimethylsiloxane diols), and polysiloxaneester polyols or polysiloxaneamide polyols obtained by reacting polysiloxane diol with hydroxy acid or cyclic amide, respectively. i) Fatty Polyol Telechelics Fatty polyol telechelics include hydrocarbon polyol telechelics, adduct polyol telechelics, and various oleochemical polyol telechelics. Hydrocarbon polyol telechelics can have an all-carbon backbone of about 8-100 carbon atoms, such as about 10, about 12, about 18, about 20, about 25, about 30, about 36, about 44, about 54, about 60, and any numbers therebetween. Oleochemical polyol telechelics are often derived from natural fats and oils which, if not having hydroxyl groups already, can have double bonds and/or carboxyl groups that may be converted into hydroxyl groups. Double bonds on fatty acids can be epoxidized by hydrogen peroxide to form multiple oxirane functionalities. These epoxidized fats and oils can be liquid at ambient temperature, and can be used as phthalate-free, non-volatile, extraction and migration resistant plasticizers/stabilizers, as polymer building blocks for non-urethane compositions (e.g., linoleum, synthetic leather), or as crosslinking agents for hydroxyl- and/or carboxyl-terminated polymers (e.g., polyesters, polyurethane, polyacrylate resins). They can be reacted with low molecular weight mono- and/or polyfunctional alcohols, acids, and/or or hydroxy acids to form ether polyols and/or ester polyols, which may or may not contain oxirane groups (i.e., through incomplete or complete reactions, respectively). Fatty polyol telechelics derived as such can be liquid, of relatively low molecular weight, and may have reactive hydroxyl groups in the ester positions only (i.e., fatty acid polyol esters like glycerol monostearate), in the hydrocarbon chain only (i.e., fatty acid polyol esters of monofunctional alcohols), or both (i.e., fatty acid polyol esters such as ricinoleic acid monoglyceride). These fatty polyol telechelics can be free of triglyceride ester linkages. One form of adduct polyol telechelics can be dimer diols, which can be aliphatic α,ω-diols having relatively high molecular weight. Dimer diols can be produced by polymerization (e.g., dimerization) of one or more monounsaturated and/or polyunsaturated fatty monoalcohols, such as palmitoleyl, oleyl, elaidyl, linolyl, linolenyl and/or erucyl alcohols. The resulting dimer diols can be mixtures having a major content (e.g., greater than about 50% by weight of the mixture) of dimer diols and relatively minor contents (e.g., less than about 30%) of the monomer alcohols, trimers, and/or higher oligomers. Dimer diols can also be prepared from dimer diacids and/or esters thereof, including dimethylesters and hydroxy acid methylesters, such as those disclosed herein, by means of hydrogenation or condensation with polyols (e.g., ethylene glycols) and/or polyacids (e.g., azelaic acids). The former can yield hydrocarbon polyol telechelics, whereas the later can yield polyol polyesters. Starting from a distilled dimer diacid, hydrogenation can produce dimer diols having a dimer content of greater than about 90%, such as greater than about 95% by weight. The resulting dimer diols may be unsaturated, partly hydrogenated, or completely hydrogenated (i.e., fully saturated). Likewise, castor oil can produce, through hydrolysis, esterification or transesterification, and hydrogenation, 12-hydroxystearyl alcohol having one primary and one secondary hydroxyl group and a relatively high molecular weight. Non-limiting dimer diols can have one of the following structures: where x+y and m+n are both at least about 8, such as at least about 10, such as 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, or greater. Molecular weight of fatty polyol telechelics can be about 200-15,000, such as about 250-12,000, or about 500-5,000. Fatty polyol telechelics can be liquid at room temperature, having low to moderate viscosity at 25° C. (e.g., about 100-10,000 cP or about 500-5,000 cP). It is postulated that highly branched polyols in general has desirable resistance to hydrolysis. As such, the fatty polyol telechelics can be branched, such as with alkyl groups, thereby displaying improved chemical stability, improved color stability (i.e., reduced yellowing because of reduction or elimination of unsaturation), high mechanical strength and durability, suitable in forming soft segments, and in formulating solvent-free two pack full solid polyurethane/polyurea compositions. Because of their fluidity, these fatty polyol telechelics can be used as reactive diluents in solvent-borne polyurethane/polyurea compositions to achieve higher solid content. Conventional volatile solvents such as xylene, butyl acetate, methoxy propylacetate, ethoxy propylacetate may still be necessary to improve compatibility of resin and polyisocyanate, avoid phase separation, and adjust viscosity, but the level of these non-reactive diluents can be significantly reduced. j) Acid-catalyzed Polyol Telechelics Polyols and/or polyol telechelics of the present disclosure can be polymerized into new polyol telechelics through, for example, acid catalyzed dehydration. The condensation reaction can take place at elevated temperatures of at least about 150° C., and up to about 200-250° C., and under normal pressure. The acid catalysts include, but are not limited to, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, methane sulfonic acid, methane disulfonic acid, butane sulfonic acid, perfluorobutane sulfonic acid, benzene sulfonic acid, benzene disulfonic acid, toluene sulfonic acid, naphthalene disulfonic acid, methionic acid, phosphoric acid, perchloric acid, boron trifluoride, zinc chloride, quinoline hydrochloride, alkali metal hydrogen sulfates, other organic sulfonic acids, other aromatic sulfonic acids, other acidic salts, other readily hydrolysable salts, other dissociating salts, acidic ion exchangers containing sulfonic acid group, and acidic aluminas. These catalysts can be used individually or in combination of two or more thereof, in a quantity of about 0.1-30%, such as about 0.2-2% or about 0.5-15%, by weight of the starting polyols and/or polyol telechelics. The condensation reaction takes about 2-20 hours, such as about 6-12 hours, until the theoretically calculated quantity of water is obtained in the water separator. The catalysts are hydrolyzed and precipitated out with aqueous alkali or ammonia. Solvents, unreacted starting materials, by-products such as ring ethers, and water are removed by azeotropic distillation, evaporation in vacuo, and/or other conventional means. The reaction product can be purified through distillation or fractional distillation. The starting polyols and/or polyol telechelics include, but are not limited to, 1,5-pentanediol, 3-methyl-1,5-pentanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1,7-heptanediol, 1,8-octanediol, 1,9-nonanediol, 1,10-decanediol, dimer diols, and other aliphatic diols. In one example, one of these diols by weight of at least about 50% can be blended with one or more of the other diols as the starting material. The reaction product can have a structure of HO—[R—O—]nH, where R is a linear or branched alkylene radical having about 5 carbon atoms or more, such as about 8, about 10, about 12, about 16, about 18, about 20, about 30, about 36, about 44, and about 54 carbon atoms or more; and n is more than 1, such as about 2 or more. The main chain of R can have at least about 5 carbon atoms, such as about 8 or about 10 carbon atoms or more. The terminal hydroxyl groups can be primary. For molecularly non-uniform polyol polyethers, the number n can be about 0.5-5, such as 1.5-5. For molecularly uniform polyol polyethers, the number n can be about 2-10, such as about 4-7. The reaction product can have a hydroxyl number of less than 750, such as about 600, about 450, about 250, or about 175 or less, or about 10-100, or any number therebetween. The reaction product can have an acid value of less than 5, such as about 1-3. The hydroxyl number is the milligrams of KOH equivalent to the quantity of acetic acid bound by 1 g of the reaction product during an acetylation reaction. The reaction product is boiled with acetic anhydride/pyridine and the acid formed is filtered with KOH solution. The acid value is a measure of the content of free organic acids in the reaction product. It indicates the number of milligrams of KOH used to neutralized 1 g of the reaction product. The reaction product can have a viscosity at 25° C. of about 3,000 cP or greater, such as about 3,800-12,000 cP, and a solubility in 100 ml of water at 20° C. of about 1 mg or less, such as about 0.1 mg or less. k) Carbonate-transesterified Polyol Telechelics Polyol telechelics of the present disclosure, such as polyol polyhydrocarbons, polyol polyethers, fatty polyol telechelics (such as dimer diols), and/or acid-catalyzed polyol telechelics as described above can be randomly copolymerized into new polyol telechelics through transesterification with carbonate-forming compounds at temperatures of about 120-220° C., such as about 130-200° C., under pressures of about 0.1-200 mbar, such as about 0.1-100 mbar, over a period of about 6-20 hours. The reaction may be catalyzed by bases or transition metal compounds. By-products of the reaction can be moved via distillation. The starting polyol telechelic can have a relatively low molecular weight, such as 150, 180, 300, 400, 5,00, 700, 800, 1,000, and any number therebetween. The starting polyol telechelic can be of a single molecular species, or a blend of two or more suitable polyol telechelics. One polyol telechelic can be present in an amount of 50-100% by weight. One or more aliphatic polyols as disclosed herein (e.g., C3 to C12 aliphatic polyols like 1,5-pentanediol, 3-methyl-1,5-pentanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1,7-heptanediol, 1,8-octanediol, 1,9-nonanediol, 1,10-decanediol), in an amount of 0-50% by weight, can be mixed with the polyol telechelic and then react with the carbonate-forming compound. Small quantities of trimethylolethane, trimethylolpropane, and/or pentaerythritol may be mixed in for branching. In one example, the starting polyol telechelic comprises at least one polyol polyether formed from 50-100 mole % of at least a first diol and 0-50 mole % of at least a second diol, both independently chosen from 1,5-pentanediol, 3-methyl-1,5-pentanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1,7-heptanediol, 1,8-octanediol, 1,9-nonanediol, 1,10-decanediol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, tetrapropylene glycol, other oligomer diols of ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide, and other aliphatic diols. In another example, the starting polyol telechelic comprises at least one fatty polyol telechelic as disclosed herein. The carbonate-forming compounds include, but are not limited to, diaryl carbonates, dialkyl carbonates, dicycloalkyl carbonates, diaryalkyl carbonates, dioxolanones, hexanediol bis-chlorocarbonates, phosgene and urea. Diaryl carbonates include diphenyl-, ditolyl-, dixylyl-, and dinaphthyl-carbonates. Dialkyl carbonates include those having linear or branched C1 to C8 alkyl, cyclic, or alicyclic groups, such as dimethyl-, diethyl-, dipropyl-, dibutyl-, diamyl-, and dicyclohexyl-carbonates. Dioxolanones include ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, glycerine carbonate, 4-chloro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one, 4-hydroxymethyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one, 4-phenyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one, 4-methoxymethyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one, 4,4-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one, other cyclic carbonates as disclosed herein, substituted (such as alkyl) cyclic carbonates. Others include hexane-1,6-diol bis-chlorocarbonate, phosgene, and urea. The carbonate-forming compound is used in a defined deficient quantity such that the desired molecular weight according to the following equation results: Mw(reaction product)=n×Mw(starting polyol telechelic)+(n−1)×26 where n is the number of moles of starting polyol telechelic or blend of polyol telechelic and aliphatic polyol; n−1 is the number of moles of carbonate-forming compound used; and 26 is the molecular weight of the carbonyl group minus 2. The reaction product can be polyol polyethercarbonates having Mw of about 500-12,000, such as about 700, about 1,000, about 2,000, about 2,500, about 3,000, about 5,000, about 6,000, or any number therebetween, in which a ratio of ether linkages to carbonate linkages is about 5:1 to about 1:5, such as about 3:1 to about 1:3, and the various alkylene units are arranged statistically, alternately, and/or blockwise. The polyol polyethercarbonates can have a hydroxyl number of about 30 or greater, such as about 50, about 60, about 75, about 80, about 100, or greater, or any number therebetween. Some of these polyol polyethercarbonates can be low-melting waxes, having a softening point of less than about 40° C., and a viscosity at 50° C. of about 8,500 or less, such as about 5,000, about 3,500, about 2,000, about 600, or less, or any number therebetween. Some of these polyol polyethercarbonates can be liquid at room temperature (e.g., 20-25° C.). These polyol polyethercarbonates can be high in hydrophobicity, hydrolysis resistance, and saponification resistance. Materials and methods used to produce such polyol polyethercarbonates are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,808,691 and 5,621,065, which are incorporated herein by reference. l) Derivatized Polyol Telechelics Polyol telechelics can be derived from corresponding polyacids and alkyl (such as methyl) esters thereof, such as through hydrogenation. Any carboxylic acid terminated polymers known and/or available to one skilled in the art, including the fatty polyacids and polyacid adducts disclosed herein, may be converted to polyol telechelics. Other polyol telechelics can be derived from suitable polymers, optionally having two or more functionalities such as amine, hydroxyl, carbonyl, etc., through reactions with polyols, aminoalcohols, hydroxy acids or esters thereof, cyclic ethers, and/or cyclic esters. For example, polyol telechelics can be derived from polyamine telechelics or other polyol telechelics via reactions with cyclic esters, hydroxy acids, and/or hydroxy esters, in which multiple amide linkages or esters linkages, respectively, are formed. One example of polyetherester polyols have a generic structure of: where R3 to R4 are independently chosen from hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, alicyclic, cycloalkyl, or alkoxy moieties having about 1-60 carbon atoms, such as about 1-20 carbon atoms; R5 is a hydrogen, alkyl group (such as methyl), phenyl group, halide, or mixture thereof; n is about 1-12; and x is about 1-200. These polyetherester polyols can be obtained from polyol polyethers through means such as reaction with hydroxy acids or cyclic esters. Other polyetherester polyols can be formed from polyacid telechelics by reacting with polyols and/or cyclic esters. One group of derivatized polyol telechelics can be prepared by adding cyclic ethers to the termini of an existing polyol telechelic. For example, the existing polyol telechelic can be any of the polyol telechelics disclosed herein, such as one or a blend of the fatty polyol telechelics, and the cyclic ethers can be one or more of those having about 2-14 carbon atoms, such as ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, butylene oxide, tetrahydrofuran, and cyclic ethers having 5 or more carbon atoms. Known methods may be used to add the cyclic ethers to the polyol telechelic. For example, the hydroxyl groups in the polyol telechelic can be converted to alcoholate by heating with alkali hydroxide (such as NaOH or KOH) at about 100-140° C., which is then mixed with the cyclic ether (such as those having a 3-membered ring) to initiate an anionic polymerization. Alternatively, the cyclic ether (such as those having a 5-membered ring) is subjected to a cationic ring-opening polymerization at about 0° C., in the presence of catalysts such as boron trifluoride ether salt, and then mixed with alkali salts of the polyol telechelic (such as disodium salt of the dimer diol) to terminate the polymerization and yield the derivatized polyol telechelic. The resulting polyol telechelic can have a structure of HO—(Y—O)m—X—O-(Z-O)n—H, where X is the backbone of the starting polyol telechelic HO-Z-OH; Y is the organic moiety of cyclic ether Z is the organic moiety of cyclic ether m and n are the same or different numbers of 0 or more, and m+n is about 2-100, such as about 2-40. Y and Z can be the same or different, and can have 2 or more carbon atoms or 5 or more carbon atoms. Y and Z can independently have one or more heteroatoms such as O, S, N, and Si. The resulting polyol telechelic can have a hydroxyl number of about 200 or less, such as about 140 or less. The molecular weight of segment Z-O can be at least about 1% by weight of the Mw of the polyol telechelic, the latter of which can be about 500-20,000, such as about 600, about 1,000, about 2,000, about 3,000, about 5,000, about 8,000, about 10,000, about 12,000, about 15,000, and any number therebetween. When certain cyclic ethers such as propylene oxide and butylene oxide are used, the hydroxyl groups of the resulting polyol telechelics may be secondary, which can be converted to primary for improved reactivity. These and other polyol telechelics as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,252,037 are incorporated herein by reference. m) Ethylenically and/or Acetylenically Unsaturated Polyol Telechelics Any of the polyol telechelics disclosed herein above may comprise one, two, or a plurality of ethylenic and/or acetylenic unsaturation moieties. These unsaturation moieties can be used to form carbon-carbon and/or ionic crosslinks in combination with vulcanizing agents (i.e., radical initiators, polyisocyanates, co-crosslinking agents, curatives comprising ethylenic and/or acetylenic unsaturation moieties, and/or processing aids). These unsaturation moieties may be pendant along the backbone of the polyol telechelics, attached to pendant groups or chains branched off the backbone, and/or attached to the amine end-groups of the polyol telechelics. For example, ethylenically and/or acetylenically unsaturated polyol polyhydrocarbons include, without limitation, those having high or low vinyl polyolefin backbones. These backbones can be formed from one or more diene monomers, optionally with one or more other hydrocarbon monomers. Exemplary diene monomers include conjugated dienes containing 4-12 carbon atoms, such as 1,3-butadiene, isoprene, chloroprene, 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene, 2-methyl-1,3-pentadiene, 3,4-dimethyl-1,3-hexadiene, 4,5-diethyl-1,3-octadiene, phenyl-1,3-butadiene, and the like; non-conjugated dienes containing 5-25 carbon atoms such as 1,4-pentadiene, 1,4-hexadiene, 1,5-hexadiene, 2,5-dimethyl-1,5-hexadiene, 1,4-octadiene, and the like; cyclic dienes such as cyclopentadiene, cyclohexadiene, cyclooctadiene, dicyclopentadiene, and the like; vinyl cyclicenes such as 1-vinyl-1-cyclopentene, 1-vinyl-1-cyclohexene, and the like; alkylbicyclononadienes such as 3-methylbicyclo-(4,2,1)-nona-3,7-diene, and the like, indenes such as methyl tetrahydroindene, and the like; alkenyl norbomenes such as 5-ethylidene-2-norbornene, 5-butylidene-2-norbornene, 2-methallyl-5-norbornene, 2-isopropenyl-5-norbornene, 5-(1,5-hexadienyl)-2-norbornene, 5-(3,7-octadienyl)-2-norbornene, and the like; and tricyclodienes such as 3-methyltricyclo (5,2,1,026)-deca-3,8-diene and the like. Non-limiting examples of vinyl polyolefin backbones are vinyl polybutadienes, vinyl polyisoprenes, vinyl polystyrenebutadienes, vinyl polyethylenebutadienes, vinyl poly(styrene-propylene-diene)s, vinyl poly(ethylene-propylene-diene)s, and fluorinated or perfluorinated derivatives thereof. High 1,2-vinyl content can be at least about 40%, such as 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or even greater. Low 1,2-vinyl content can be less than about 35%, such as 30%, 20%, 15%, 12%, 10%, 5%, or even less. The vinyl polyolefin backbone can have various combinations of cis-, trans-, and vinyl structures, such as having a trans-structure content greater than cis-structure content and/or 1,2-vinyl structure content, having a cis-structure content greater than trans-structure content and/or 1,2-vinyl structure content, or having a 1,2-vinyl structure content greater than cis-structure content or trans-structure content. Other ethylenically and/or acetylenically unsaturated moieties that may be incorporated onto the backbone of the polyol telechelics include allyl groups and α,β-ethylenically unsaturated C3 to C8 carboxylate groups. Non-limiting examples of such ethylenically unsaturated moieties include acrylate, methacrylate, fumarate, β-carboxyethyl acrylate, itaconate, and other unsaturated carboxylates disclosed herein. These unsaturated moieties can be attached to the hydroxyl groups on the polyol telechelics by forming ester linkages. The incorporation of these unsaturated moieties may take place before the formation of prepolymer, or after the prepolymer is reacted with stoichiometrically excessive amounts of polyamine and/or polyol curatives. Ethylenically and/or acetylenically unsaturated polyol polyhydrocarbons can be liquid at ambient temperature, such as those having vinyl polybutadiene homopolymers or copolymers as backbones, and can have low to moderate viscosity, low volatility and emission, high boiling point (such as greater than 300° C.), and molecular weight of about 1,000 to about 5,000, such as about 1,800 to about 4,000, or about 2,000 to about 3,500. Polyols Polyols include, but are not limited to, unsaturated diols such as 1,3-bis(2-hydroxyethoxy) benzene, 1,3-bis[2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethoxy]benzene, N,N-bis(β-hydroxypropyl)aniline, 1,3-bis{2-[2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethoxy}benzene, hydroquinone-di(β-hydroxyethyl)ether, resorcinol-di(β-hydroxyethyl)ether; saturated diols such as ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, 2-methyl-1,3-propanediol, 1,2-, 1,3-, 1,4-, or 2,3-butanediols, 2-methyl-1,4-butanediol, 2,3-dimethyl-2,3-butanediol, 1,5-pentanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, dimethylolcyclohexane, 1,3-bis(2-hydroxyethoxy)cyclohexane, 1,3-bis[2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethoxy]cyclohexane, 1,3-bis{2-[2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethoxy}cyclohexane; unsaturated triols such as castor oil (i.e., triricinoleoyl glycerol); saturated triols such as 1,2,4-butanetriol, 1,2,6-hexanetriol, trimethylolethane (i.e., 1,1,1-tri(hydroxymethyl)ethane), trimethylolpropane (i.e., 2,2-di(hydroxymethyl)-1-butanol), triethanolamine, triisopropanolamine; unsaturated tetraols such as 2,4,6-tris(N-methyl-N-hydroxymethyl-aminomethyl)phenol; saturated tetraols such as pentaerythritol (i.e., tetramethylolmethane), tetrahydroxypropylene ethylenediamine (i.e., N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(2-hydroxypropyl)-ethylenediamine); and other polyols such as mannitol (i.e., 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexanehexol) and sorbitol (an enantiomer of mannitol) (both saturated). The polyols can be alkanediols such as, without limitation, ethylene glycol, 1-phenyl-1,2-ethanediol, 1,2- or 1,3-propanediol, 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol, 2-methyl-1,3-propanediol, 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediol, 2,2-diphenyl-1,3-propanediol, 2-ethyl-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol, 2-n-butyl-2-ethyl-1,3-propanediol, 1,3-, 1,4-, or 2,3-butanediol, 2-methyl-1,4-butanediol, 1,1,4,4-tetraphenyl-1,4-butanediol, 2,2,4,4,-tetramethyl-1,3-cyclobutanediol, 1,5- or 2,4-pentanediol, 2-methyl-2,4-pentanediol, 1,6- or 2,5-hexanediol, 2-ethyl-i1,3-hexnaediol, 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-hexanediol, 1,4-cyclohexanediol, 1,7-heptanediol, 1,8-octanediol, 1,12-dodecanediol, hydroquinone di(b-hydroxyethyl)ether, hydroquinone di(b-hydroxypropyl)ether, resorcinol di(b-hydroxyethyl)ether, resorcinol di(b-hydroxypropyl)ether, 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane, and mixtures thereof. Fatty polyols include fatty diols and fatty triols such as 1,9,10-trihydroxyoctadecane. The polyol may have a structure of: where Z1 to Z8 are independently chosen from halogenated or un-halogenated hydrocarbon moieties having about 1-20 carbon atoms, halogenated or un-halogenated organic moieties having at least one O, N, S, or Si atom and zero to about 12 carbon atoms, or halogens; Y, to Y4 are independently chosen from hydrogen, halogenated or un-halogenated hydrocarbon moieties having about 1-20 carbon atoms, halogenated or un-halogenated organic moieties having at least one O, N, S, or Si atom and zero to about 12 carbon atoms, and halogens; Z is halogenated or un-halogenated hydrocarbon moieties having about 1-60 carbon atoms, or halogenated or un-halogenated organic moieties having at least one O, N, S, or Si atom and zero to about 60 carbon atoms. Z can have one of the structures (41)-(48) above. Other non-limiting examples include 1,4-durene diol and 2,3,5,6-tetramethyl-1,4-dihydroxycyclohexane. Aminoalcohol Telechelics As used herein, the term “aminoalcohol telechelic” refers to telechelic polymers having at least one terminal amine end-group and at least one terminal hydroxyl end-group. Any such aminoalcohol telechelics available to one of ordinary skill in the art are suitable for use in compositions of the present disclosure. These telechelics can be linear, branched, block, graft, monodisperse, polydisperse, regular, irregular, tactic, isotactic, syndiotactic, stereoregular, atactic, stereoblock, single-strand, double-strand, star, comb, dendritic, and/or ionomeric, and include homopolymers, random copolymers, pseudo-copolymers, statistical copolymers, alternating copolymers, periodic copolymer, bipolymers, terpolymers, quaterpolymers, as well as derivatives of any and all polyamine telechelics, polyol telechelics, and polyacids disclosed herein. Aminoalcohol telechelics can have any of the polymer or copolymer structures of the herein-described polyamine telechelics and polyol telechelics, such as polyhydrocarbons (such as polydienes), polyethers, polyesters (such as polycaprolactones), polyamides (such as polycaprolactams), polycarbonates, polyacrylates (such as polyalkylacrylates), polysiloxanes, and copolymers thereof. The aminoalcohol telechelic can be reaction product of polyamine telechelic and cyclic ester, or blend of cyclic ester and cyclic amide. The polyamine telechelic can serve as base to open the cyclic ring structures. Any of the polyamine telechelics, cyclic esters, and cyclic amides as disclosed herein are suitable. The polyamine telechelics can have a molecular weight of about 1,000-5,000, such as about 2,000-4,000, having aliphatic primary amine end-groups, and include polyether polyamines such as diamines and triamines of polyoxyethylene, polyoxypropylene, and poly(oxyethylene-co-oxypropylene). Commercially available polyether polyamines include Jeffamine® D-2000 and D-3000. The cyclic esters and cyclic amides have a generic structure of: where A is O or N, n is 0 to about 4, such as about 2 or about 3. Commercially, caprolactone, caprolactone diols, and caprolactone triols are available under the trademark Tone® from Union Carbide Chemicals and Plastics Technology Corporation of Danbury, Conn. The aminoalcohol telechelics can be in situ polymerization products formed during the synthesis of isocyanate-terminated prepolymer, in which the polyamine telechelic, the cyclic ester and/or amide, and polyisocyanate (such as uretdione dimers and/or isocyanurate trimers) are mixed together. An exothermic reaction can result in the prepolymer having a linear aliphatic backbone, with the chain structure of the polyamine telechelic on one side and linked to a first polyisocyanate molecule via a urea linkage, and a polycaprolactone chain on the other side and linked to a second polyisocyanate molecule via a urethane linkage. Methods of forming the prepolymer are detailed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,437,078, which is incorporated herein by reference. Aminoalcohols Aminoalcohols useful in the present disclosure include any and all monomers, oligomers, and polymers having at least one free isocyanate-reactive hydroxy group and at least one free isocyanate-reactive amine group. The hydroxy and amine groups may be primary or secondary, terminal or pendant groups on the oligomeric or polymeric backbone, and in the case of secondary or tertiary amine groups, may be embedded within the backbone. Aminoalcohols can be linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, aliphatic, alicyclic, aromatic, or heterocyclic. The aminoalcohol can be R—[HN—(R′O)x]yH, where R is hydrogen, hydrocarbyl or hydroxyhydrocarbyl group (such as —R′—OH) having about 1-12 carbon atoms, such as about 1-8 or about 1-4 carbon atoms; R′ is a divalent hydrocarbyl moiety having about 2-30 carbon atoms; each x is independently about 1-15; and y is about 1-3. R and R′ can independently be acyclic, alicyclic or aromatic. These aminoalcohols include alkanolamines, N-(hydroxyhydrocarbyl)amines, hydroxypoly(hydrocarbyloxy)amines, and hydroxypoly(hydroxyl-substituted oxyalkylene)amines, conveniently prepared by reaction of one or more epoxides with amines, and are also known as alkoxylated amines (when y is 1) or diamines (when y is 2). R′ can be linear or branched alkylene having about 2-30 carbon atoms, such as about 4 or 6 carbon atoms or any number therebetween, like ethylene, propylene, 1,2-butylene, 1,2-octadecylene, etc. R can be methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, or hexyl group. Non-limiting examples of these alkanolamines include monoethanolamine, diethanolamine, diethylethanolamine, ethylethanolamine, monoisopropanolamine, diisopropanolamine, butyldiethanolamine, etc. Non-limiting examples of hydroxyhydrocarbylamines include 2-hydroxyethylhexylamine, 2-hydroxyethyloctylamine, 2-hydroxyethylpentadecylamine, 2-hydroxyethyloleylamine, 2-hydroxyethylsoyamine, 2-hydroxyethoxyethylhexylamine, and mixtures thereof. The aminoalcohol can be hydroxy-containing polyamine, such as analogs of hydroxy monoamines, like alkoxylated alkylenepolyamines (e.g., N,N-(diethanol)ethylene diamines). Such polyaminoalcohols can be prepared by reacting one or more cyclic ethers such as those disclosed herein with the diamines and higher polyamines disclosed herein, such as alkylene polyamines, or with the various aminoalcohols, such as those disclosed herein, including primary, secondary, and tertiary alkanolamines, with a molar ratio of about 1:1 to about 2:1. Reactant ratios and temperatures for carrying out such reactions are known to those skilled in the art. Specific examples of hydroxy-containing polyamines include N-(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylenediamine, N,N′-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylenediamine, 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine, mono(hydroxypropyl)-substituted tetraethylenepentamine, N-(3-hydroxybutyl)-tetramethylene diamine, etc. Higher homologs obtained by condensation of the above-illustrated hydroxy-containing polyamines through amine and/or hydroxyl groups are likewise useful. Condensation through amine groups can result in a higher amine accompanied by removal of ammonia while condensation through the hydroxyl groups can result in products containing ether linkages accompanied by removal of water. Other examples of aminoalcohols include N-(2-hydroxyethyl)cyclohexylamine, 3-hydroxycyclopentylamine, parahydroxyaniline, 2-propanol-1,1′-phenylaminobis, N-hydroxyethylpiperazine, 2-aminoethanol, 3-amino-1-propanol, 1-amino-2-propanol, 2-(2-aminoethoxy)ethanol, 2-[(2-aminoethyl)amino]ethanol, 2-methylaminoethanol, 2-(ethylamino)ethanol, 2-butylaminoethanol, diethanolamine, 3-[(hydroxyethyl)amino]-1-propanol, diisopropanolamine, bis(hydroxyethyl)-aminoethylamine, bis(hydroxypropyl)-aminoethylamine, bis(hydroxyethyl)-aminopropylamine, bis(hydroxypropyl)-aminopropylamine, hydroxy-functional amino acids as described herein, and mixtures thereof. Polyacids As used herein, the term “polyacids” encompasses diacids, triacids, tetracids, other higher acids, as well as acid anhydrides, dianhydrides, chlorides, esters, dimers, trimers, oligomers, polymers, and any other structures capable of forming at least two ester or amide linkages. Suitable organic polyacids include, but are not limited to, organic monomeric diacids having about 2-60 carbon atoms, such as branched or linear aliphatic dicarboxylic acids having about 2-44 carbon atoms, alkane dicarboxylic acids having about 6-22 carbon atoms, cyclic or cycloaliphatic dicarboxylic acids having about 6-44 carbon atoms, and aromatic dicarboxylic acids having about 8-44 carbon atoms. The polyacids can be aliphatic dicarboxylic acids and alicyclic dicarboxylic acids having para-, meta- and/or ortho-positioned dicarboxylic acid moieties. Non-limiting examples of polyacids include unsaturated aliphatic dicarboxylic acids such as maleic acid, fumaric acid, itaconic acid, citraconic acid, and mesaconic acid; saturated aliphatic polycarboxylic acids such as oxalic acid, malonic acid, glyceric acid, dimethyl malonic acid, succinic acid, methylsuccinic acid, diglycolic acid, glutaric acid, 3-methylglutaric acid, 2,2- and 3,3-dimethylglutaric acid, adipic acid, 2,2,4- and 2,4,4-trimethyladipic acid, pimelic acid, suberic acid, azelaic acid, sebacic acid, undecanedioic acid, dodecanedioic acid, brassylic acid, tetradecanedioic acid, pentadecanedioic acid, heptadecanedioic acid, heptadecanedioic acid, octadecanedioic acid, heptadecanedicarboxylic acid, octadecanedicarboxylic acid, nonadecanedicarboxylic acid, and eicosanedicarboxylic acid; alicyclic dicarboxylic acids such as 1,1-cyclopropanedicarboxylic acid, 1,3-cyclopentanedicarboxylic acid, 1,2- and 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid, 4,4′-dicaboxydicyclohexylmethane, 3,3′-dimethyl-4,4′-dicarboxydicyclohexylmethane, 4,4′-dicarboxydicyclohexylpropane, 1,4-bis(carboxymethyl)cyclohexane, 2,3-, 2,5-, and 2,6-norbornanedicarboxylic acid, tetrahydrophthalic acid, hexahydrophthalic acid, hexahydroterephthalic acid, hexahydroisophthalic acid, and hexahydronaphthalic acid; aromatic dicarboxylic acids such as phthalic acid, isophthalic acid, tributylisophthalic acid, terephthalic acid, nitrophthalic acid, 5-methylisophtalic acid, 2-methylterephtalic acid, 2-chloroterephtalic acid, naphthalic acid, diphenic acid, 4,4′-diphenyldicarboxylic acid, 4,4′-oxydibenzoic acid, and 1,3-phenylenedioxy diacetic acid; tricarboxylic acids, tetracarboxylic acids, and the like, such as hexanetricarboxylic acid, hexanetetracarboxylic acid, 1,2,3,4-cyclobutanetetracarboxylic acid, 2,2-dimethylcyclobutane-1,1,3,3-tetracarboxylic acid, 1,2,3,4-cyclopentanetetracarboxylic acid, cis,cis-1,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane-1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid, aconitic acid, 1,2,3-benzenetricarboxylic acid, trimellitic acid, trimesic acid, 2-methylbenzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid, pyromellitic acid, 3,4,3′,4′-biphenyltetracarboxylic acid, 2,3,3′,4′-biphenyltetracarboxylic acid, and mellitic acid. Non-limiting examples of acid anhydrides include aliphatic diacid anhydrides such as maleic anhydride, itaconic anhydride, and citraconic anhydride; aromatic diacid anhydrides such as phthalic anhydride. Non-limiting examples of acid dianhydrides include pyromellitic dianhydride, naphthalene-1,4,5,8-tetracarboxylic dianhydride, and 3,3,4,4-biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride. Non-limiting examples of carboxylic acid (co)polymers, which can have Mw of about 1,000-15,000, include dicarboxy-terminated polybutadienes, poly(meth)acrylic acids, polyitaconic acids, copolymers of (meth)acrylic acid and maleic acid, copolymers of (meth)acrylic acid and styrene, dicarboxy-terminated poly(dimethylsiloxane-co-diacid), and dicarboxy-terminated poly(dimethylsiloxane-co-dimer acid). The polyacid may further contain various moieties such as, but are not limited to, heterocyclic rings, nitro groups, amine groups, imine groups, carbonyl groups, hydroxyl groups, ether bonds, ester bonds, amide bonds, imide groups, urethane bonds, urea bonds, and/or ionic groups. Non-limiting examples of ketodiacids are oxaloacetic acids, 2- and 3-oxoglutaric acid, and dimethyl-3-oxoglutaric acid. Non-limiting examples of heterocyclic diacids are dinicotinic acid, dipicolinic acid, lutidinic acid, quinolinic acid, and pyrazine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid. Ionic groups can be anionic groups, such as carboxylates, sulfonates, and phosphates. Non-limiting examples are alkali metal salts of sulfoisophthalic acid, such as sodium 3-sulfoisophthalate and potassium 3-sulfoisophthalate. Other useful polyacids include salts of tri- or tetrasulfonic acids, such as trisodium salt of naphthalene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid, the trisodium salt of 8-tetradecyloxypyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid, and the tetrasodium salt of pyrene-1,3,6,8-tetrasulfonic acid. Fatty Polyacids Fatty polyacids can be derived from monounsaturated and/or polyunsaturated fatty acids through reactions involving the double bonds, such as ozonolysis (e.g., forming azelaic acid from oleic acid), caustic oxidation (e.g., forming sebacic acid from ricinoleic acid or castor oil), and polymerization (e.g., dimerization). Polymeric fatty acids can be formed from a polymerization reaction of a saturated, ethylenically unsaturated, or acetylenically unsaturated fatty acid and at least one compound to provide a second acid moiety or a functional group convertible to the second acid moiety. Polymeric fatty acids may result from the polymerization of oils or free acids or esters thereof, via dienic Diels-Alder reaction to provide a mixture of dibasic and higher polymeric fatty acids. In place of these methods of polymerization any other method of polymerization may be employed, whether the resultant polymer possesses residual unsaturation or not. Fatty acids can be long-chain monobasic fatty acids having a C6 or longer chain, such as C11 or longer or C16 or longer, and C24 or shorter, such as C22 or shorter. Unsaturated fatty acids and esters thereof can be monounsaturated and/or polyunsaturated, monocarboxylic and/or polycarboxylic, and include, without limitation, oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, palmitoleic acid, elaidic acid, erucic acid, hexadecenedioic acid, octadecenedioic acid, vinyl-tetradecenedioic acid, eicosedienedioic acid, dimethyl-eicosedienedioic acid, 8-vinyl-10-octadecenedioic acid, methyl, ethyl, and other esters (such as linear or branched alkyl esters) thereof, and mixtures thereof. Also dimerizable are fatty acid mixtures obtained in the hydrolysis of natural fats and/or oils, such as olive oil fatty acids, sunflower oil fatty acids, soybean fatty acids, corn oil fatty acids, canola fatty acids, cottonseed oil fatty acids, coriander oil fatty acids, tallow fatty acids, coconut fatty acids, rapeseed oil fatty acids, fish oil fatty acids, tall oil fatty acids, methyl, ethyl, and other esters thereof, and mixtures thereof. The polymeric fatty acids can be adduct acid, such as adduct diacid formed between a conjugated ethylenically unsaturated fatty acid (e.g., linoleic acid, soybean oil fatty acid, tall oil fatty acid) and a short-chain unsaturated acid (e.g., acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, crotonic acid). Methods for producing such adduct acids are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,136,055, 5,053,534, 4,156,095, and 3,753,968. Alternatively, the polymeric fatty acid can be obtained by hydroformylating an unsaturated fatty acid and then oxidizing it into fatty dicarboxylic acid. For example, oleic acid can be reacted with carbon monoxide and hydrogen to form 9(10)-formyloctadecanoic acid, which can then be oxidized to 9(10)-carboxyoctadecanoic acid. Polymeric fatty acids may also be obtained in known manners (e.g., addition polymerization using heat and a catalyst) from one monobasic fatty acid or a blend of two or more monobasic fatty acids, the monobasic fatty acids being saturated, ethylenically unsaturated, or acetylenically unsaturated. The resulting polymeric fatty acids are often referred to in the art as dimers (i.e., dimerized fatty acids), trimers (i.e., trimerized fatty acids) and so forth (e.g., oligomeric fatty acids). Saturated monobasic fatty acids can be polymerized at elevated temperatures with a peroxidic catalyst such as di-t-butyl peroxide. Suitable saturated monobasic fatty acids include linear or branched acids such as caprylic acid, pelargonic acid, capric acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, isopalmitic acid, stearic acid, arachidic acid, behenic acid, and lignoceric acid. Ethylenically unsaturated monobasic fatty acids and esters thereof can be polymerized via non-catalytic polymerization at a higher temperature, or using catalysts such as acid or alkaline clays, di-t-butyl peroxide, boron, trifluoride and other Lewis acids, anthraquinone, sulfur dioxide and the like. Methods of dimerizing unsaturated fatty acids and their esters are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,187,903, among others. Suitable monomers include linear or branched acids having at least one ethylenically unsaturated bond, such as about 2-5 of such bonds, like 3-octenoic acid, 11-dodecanoic acid, linderic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, hiragonic acid, eleostearic acid, punicic acid, catalpic acid, licanoic acid, clupadonic acid, clupanodonic acid, lauroleic acid, myristoleic acid, tsuzuic acid, palmitoleic acid, gadoleic acid, cetoleic acid, nervonic acid, moroctic acid, timnodonic acid, arachidonic acid (i.e., eicosatetraenoic acid), nisinic acid, scoliodonic acid, and chaulmoogric acid. Acetylenically unsaturated monobasic fatty acids can be polymerized by simply heating the acid. The polymerization of these highly reactive materials can occur in the absence of a catalyst. Any acetylenically unsaturated fatty acid, linear or branched, mono-unsaturated or poly-unsaturated, are useful monomers for the preparation of polymeric fatty acids. Suitable examples of such materials include 10-undecynoic acid, tariric acid, stearolic acid, behenolic acid and isamic acid. Polymerization reaction of the monobasic fatty acids as described above, include so-called dimeric fatty acids, are commonly structural isomer mixtures containing a predominant proportion (about 45-95% by weight or greater) of aliphatic and alicyclic dimer diacids (such as C36 or C44 diacids), a small quantity (about 1-35% by weight) of trimer acids and higher polymeric fatty acids (such as C54+ polyacids), and some (up to about 20% by weight) residual monomers (such as C18 or C22 branched chain monoacids). The ratio between the reactants in the disclosed process is known in the art as a topological ratio. Commercial products of these polymeric fatty acids can contain about 75-95% by weight of dimeric acids, about 4-22% by weight of trimeric acids, about 1-3% by weight of monomeric acid. The molar ratio of dimeric to trimeric acid can be about 5:1 to about 36:1. The relative ratios of monomer, dimer, trimer and higher polymer in un-fractionated dimer acid can be dependent on the nature of the starting materials and the conditions of polymerization and subsequent distillation. Dimerized fatty acids may be “crude”, i.e., obtained directly from dimerization without distillation, or refined to increase dimer concentration. Refined dimerized acids such as partially or fully hydrogenated dimer fatty acids can have a dimer content of about 95% by weight or greater, such as at least about 97%, a monomer content of about 1%, a trimer content of about 3%, an acid value of about 193-201, a saponification value of about 198, and an iodine value of about 95. Hydrogenated dimer fatty acids can reduce aesthetically unpleasing color. The degree of hydrogenation can correspond to an iodine value of about 110 or less, such as about 95 or less, according to ASTM D1959-97 or D5768-02. The fatty polyacids, such as the dimer diacids and diesters thereof, can be substantially free of interesters, the presence of which may hinder subsequent polymerization reactions. Methods for reducing interester content in fatty polyacids include hydrolysis/extraction as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,187,903, which is incorporated herein by reference. The fatty polyacids or esters thereof can have an interester content of about 0.2% by weight or less, such as about 0.05% or less. Dimer diacids may be unsaturated, partly hydrogenated, or completely hydrogenated (i.e., fully saturated). Non-limiting dimer diacids can have one of the following structures: where R is the same or different moieties chosen from hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, alicyclic, cycloalkyl, and alkoxy groups; x+y and m+n are both at least about 8, such as at least about 10, such as 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, or greater. Fatty polyacids can have at least one divalent hydrocarbon radical having at least 30 carbon atoms, such as 36-180 carbon atoms, which can be linear, branched, cyclic, and/or substituted, such as monocycloaliphatic moiety having a 6-membered carbon ring (e.g., cyclohexene ring), bicycloaliphatic moiety having a 10-membered carbon ring, and substituted aliphatic moiety (e.g., halogenated aliphatic moiety such as fluoroaliphatic polyacids). Fatty polyacids such as dimer diacids can have an acid value of 150-250, such as 170-200 or 190-200, a saponification value of 170-210, and a viscosity at 25° C. of 50,000 cSt or less, such as 30,000 cSt or less, 10,000 cSt or less, 500 cSt or greater, like 600 cSt, 7,500 cSt, 8,500 cSt, 9,000 cSt, and any viscosity therebetween. Examples are available from HumKo Chemical of Memphis, Tenn. Fatty polyacids can be branched, such as with linear or branched alkyl groups. Fluid fatty polyacids can be used as reactive diluents in solvent-borne polyurethane/polyurea compositions to achieve higher solid content. Polymeric fatty acids and other polyacids as described above, as well as methods to produce such polyacids can be found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,670,429, 6,310,174, 6,187,903, 5,545,692, 5,326,815, 4,937,320, 4,582,895, 4,536,339, and 4,508,652, among others. To form reactive polymers of the present disclosure, polymeric fatty acids or esters thereof can also be epoxidized, for example by reaction with peracetic acid, performic acid or with hydrogen peroxide and formic acid or acetic acid. Suitable epoxidized fatty acids and esters are described in British Patent Nos. 810,348 and 811,797. Dimer acids can be converted to dimer diols, dimer diamines, and/or dimer diisocyanates, all of which are suitable for the compositions of the present disclosure. Amino Acids Any and all amino acids known and/or available to one skilled in the art, which have at least one reactive amine group (such as primary amine group) and at least on acid group (such as carboxylic acid group), can be used in the present disclosure. Also useful are cyclic amides of the corresponding amino acids, and amino esters (such as methyl and ethyl esters) of the corresponding amino acids. Amino acids can be linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, aliphatic, alicyclic, aromatic, or heterocyclic. Non-limiting examples of the aminocarboxylic acids can have about 2-18 carbon atoms, and include glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, sarcosine, asparagine, glutamine, glucoseamine, melamine, tryptamine, kynurenine, tyrosine, guanidine, polyguanides, ethylglutamic acid, carboxyglutamic acid, aspartic acid, methyl-aspartic acid, 4-aminobutyric acid, anthranilic acid, 3-aminobenzoic acid, 4-aminobenzoic acid, 4-amino-2-salicylic acid, 4-aminomethylbenzoic acid, 2-aminoadipic acid, alloxanic acid, co-aminoenanthic acid, ω-aminocaprylic acid, ω-aminopelargonic acid, ω-aminocapric acid, 11-aminoundecanoic acid, ω-aminolauric acid, 13-aminotridecanoic acid, ω-aminomyristic acid, 15-aminopentadecanoic acid, lactams thereof, amino esters thereof, and mixtures thereof. Hydroxy Acids Any and all hydroxy acids known and/or available to one skilled in the art, which have at least one reactive hydroxyl group and at least on acid group (such as carboxylic acid group), are suitable for use in the present disclosure. Also useful are cyclic esters of the corresponding amino acids, and hydroxy esters (such as methyl and ethyl esters) of the corresponding hydroxy acids. Hydroxy acids can be linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, aliphatic, alicyclic, aromatic, or heterocyclic. Non-limiting examples of the hydroxycarboxylic acids can have about 2-18 carbon atoms, and include benzilic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, gallic acid, gentisic acid, isovanillic acid, mandelic acid, resorcylic acid, salicylic acid, tropic acid, vanillic acid, pamoic acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, ascorbic acid, D,L-lactic acid, D-lactic acid, L-lactic acid, glycolic acid, hydroxy-functional amino acids as described above, and mixtures thereof. Also included are hydroxy acids of the corresponding cyclic compounds as disclosed herein, such as cyclic esters and cyclic anhydrides. Cyclic Esters and Cyclic Amides Any and all cyclic esters and cyclic amides known and/or available to one skilled in the art are suitable for use in the present disclosure. Also useful are amino acids and esters thereoof of the corresponding cyclic amides, and hydroxy acids and esters thereof of the corresponding cyclic esters. Cyclic esters and cyclic amides can be saturated or unsaturated, substituted or unsubstituted, and include lactones and lactams. Non-limiting examples of lactones can have about 4-20 carbon atoms, and include P-propiolactone, methyl propiolactone, bis(chloromethyl)propiolactone, β-butyrolactone, γ-butyrolactone, 3-hydroxy-γ-butyrolactone, 4-hydroxy-3-pentenoic acid lactone, hydroxymethyl-butyrolactone, α-angelicalactone, β-angelicalactone, 4-methyl-butyrolactone, γ-methyl-γ-butyrolactone, γ-hexalactone, γ-heptalactone, γ-octalactone, γ-nonalactone, γ-decalactone, γ-undecalactone, 3-methyl-γ-decalactone, γ-dodecalactone, β-valerolactone, γ-valerolactone, γ-hydroxy-valerolactone, mevalonic acid lactone, δ-valerolactone, methyl-δ-valerolactone, trimethoxyvalerolactone, δ-heptalactone, δ-octalactone, δ-nonalactone, δ-decalactone, δ-undecalactone, δ-dodecalactone, δ-tridecalactone, δ-tetradecalactone, ε-caprolactone, ε-caprolactone diol, ε-caprolactone triol, γ-methyl-ε-caprolactone, ε-methyl-ε-caprolactone, β,δdimethyl-ε-caprolactone, β-methyl-ε-isopropyl-caprolactone, ε-decalactone, ε-undecalactone, ε-dodecalactone, γ-caprylolactone, γ-ethyl-γ-caprylolactone, ζ-enantholactone, ω-octalactone, ω-nonalactone, ω-decalactone, ω-undecanolactone, ω-laurolactone, ω-tridecalactone, ω-tetradecalactone, (ω-pentadecalactone, ω-hexadecalactone, ω-heptadecalactone, ω-octadecalactone, neptalactone, ambrettolide, 3-butylidenephthalide, 7-decen-1,4-lactone, 9-decen-5-olide, δ-2-decenolactone, δ-7-decenolactone, dihydroactinidiolide, dihydroambrettolide, 3,3-dimethyl-2-hydroxy-4-butanolide, 3,4-dimethyl-5-pentyl-2(5H)-furanone, γ-6-dodecenolactone, dihydrocoumarin, 5-ethyl-3-hydroxy-4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, 5-(cis-3-hexenyl)dihydro-5-methyl-2(3H)-furanone, 3-hydroxy-4,5-dimethyl-2(5H)-furanone, 5-hydroxy-8-undecenoic acid δ-lactone, jasmolactone, massoia lactone, menthone lactone, β-methyl-γ-octalactone, mintlactone, γ-2-nonenolactone, δ-octadecalactone, 4,4-dibutyl-γ-butyrolactone, 6-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyloctanoic acid lactone, ω-6-hexadecenlactone, 5-hydroxy-2,4-decadienoic acid δ-lactone, octahydrocoumarin, 6-pentyl-α-pyrone, 3-propylidenephthalide, sclareolide, 4-vinyl-γ-valerolactone, 2,3-dimethyl-2,4-nonadien-4-olide, 2-buten-4-olide, 3,4-dimethyl-5-pentylidene-5H-furan-2-one, 3-decen-4-olide, 3-methyl-trans-5-decen-4-olide, 3-nonen-4-olide, α-oxo-β-ethyl-γ-butyrolactone, β-methyl-γ-nonalactone, cis-7-decen-4-olide, 2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethyl-γ-butyrolactone, hexahydro-3,6-dimethyl-2(3H)-benzofuranone, γ-thiobutyrolactone, and mixtures thereof. Non-limiting examples of lactams can have about 4-20 carbon atoms, and include propiolactam, N-methyl-β-propiolactam, N-phenyl-β-propiolactam, butyrolactam, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone, N-phenyl-2-pyrrolidone, N-t-butyl-2-pyrrolidone, N-methyl-5-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, valerolactam, N-methyl-2-piperidone, N-carbethoxy-2-piperidone, 4-chloro-N-methyl-2-piperidine, 4-hydroxy-N-methyl-2-piperidine, N-vinyl-2-piperidone, N-phenyl-2-piperidone, N-acetyl-2-piperidone, N-t-butyl-2-piperidone, dimethyl-2-piperidone, caprolactam, N-methyl-ε-caprolactam, N-phenyl-ε-caprolactam, enantholactam, caprylolactam, undecanolactam, laurolactam, N-methyl-ω-laurolactam, N-vinyl-ω-laurolactam, halogenated derivatives thereof, and mixtures thereof. Other cyclic compounds that can be blended with the cyclic esters and/or cyclic amides for copolymerization or other reactions include, without limitation, 1,4-dioxane-2-one, glycolide, lactides (i.e., D,L-lactide, D-lactide, and L-lactide), 1,4-dithiane-2,5-dione, cyclic oxalates such as ethylene oxalate, propylene oxalate, butylene oxalate, hexamethylene oxalate, and decamethylene oxalate, cyclic carbonates such as ethylene carbonate, vinylene carbonate, 1,2-propylene carbonate, 1,3-propylene carbonate, 2,2-dimethyl-trimethylene carbonate, 2,3-butylene carbonate, 1,2-butylene carbonate, 1,4-butylene carbonate, 1-isopropyl-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propylene carbonate, neopentylene carbonate, 3-methyl-pentamethylene carbonate, hexamethylene carbonate, octamethylene carbonate, cyclic anhydrides such as adipic anhydride. Diacrylic acid and/or dimethacrylic acid may be added. Isocyanate Reactants Any one or blend of two or more isocyanate-functional compounds available to one of ordinary skill in the art may be suitable for use in compositions of the present disclosure. Isocyanate-functional compounds can be organic isocyanates in general, and may have an isocyanate functionality of about 1 (i.e., monoisocyanates), such as about 2 or greater (i.e., polyisocyanates). Polyisocyanates for use according to the disclosure can include monomers, dimers (such as uretdiones of identical polyisocyanates and isocyanate derivatives of dimer acids or dimer amines), trimers (such as isocyanurates of identical or different polyisocyanates, isocyanate derivatives of trimer acids or trimer amines), tetramers, oligomers (of same or different monomers, or isocyanate derivatives of oligomer polyacids or oligomer polyamines), adducts (such as uretdiones of different polyisocyanates and isocyanate derivatives of adduct polyacids or adduct polyamines), polymers (such as isocyanate derivatives of polymer polyacids or polymer polyamines), polyisocyanate-terminated prepolymers, low-free-isocyanate prepolymers, quasi-prepolymers, isomers thereof, modified derivatives thereof, and combinations thereof. Structure of the isocyanate reactant can partially or fully be substituted, unsubstituted, saturated, unsaturated, hydrogenated, aliphatic, alicyclic, cyclic, polycyclic, aromatic, araliphatic, heteroaliphatic, and/or heterocyclic. Suitable polyisocyanates may have the generic structure of R(NCO)n, where n is about 2-4; R comprises one or more linear or branched, substituted or unsubstituted, saturated or unsaturated moieties having about 2-60 carbon atoms, such as aliphatic moieties of about 4-30 or about 6-20 carbon atoms, cyclic or alicyclic moieties of about 6-40 or about 6-30 carbon atoms, aromatic or araliphatic moieties of about 6-30 or about 6-18 carbon atoms, and mixtures thereof. When multiple cyclic or aromatic moieties are present, linear and/or branched aliphatic hydrocarbon moieties having about 1-20 or about 1-10 carbon atoms can be present as spacers separating adjacent ring structures. The cyclic or aromatic moieties may be substituted at 2-, 3-, 4- and/or other available positions. Any available hydrogen atoms in the polyisocyanate can also be substituted. Substituent moieties include, but are not limited to, linear or branched aliphatic hydrocarbons; halogens; organic moieties having one or more heteroatoms such as N, O, S, P, and/or Si (e.g., cyano, amine, silyl, hydroxyl, acid, ether, ester, etc.); or a mixture (such as isomeric or racemic mixtures) thereof. Also included are, for example, oligoisocyanates and polyisocyanates which can be prepared from the diisocyanates or triisocyanates listed or mixtures thereof by coupling by means of urethane, allophanate, urea, biuret, uretdione, amide, isocyanurate, carbodiimide, uretonimine, oxadiazinetrione, and/or iminooxadiazinedione structures. Exemplary polyisocyanates include, without limitation, aromatic diisocyanates such as p-phenylene diisocyanate (“PPDI,” i.e., 1,4-phenylene diisocyanate), m-phenylene diisocyanate (“MPDI,” i.e., 1,3-phenylene diisocyanate), o-phenylene diisocyanate (i.e., 1,2-phenylene diisocyanate), 4-chloro-1,3-phenylene diisocyanate, toluene diisocyanate (“TDI”), 2,2′-, 2,4′-, and 4,4′-biphenylene diisocyanates, 3,3′-dimethyl-4,4′-biphenylene diisocyanate (“TODI”), 3,3′-dimethoxy-4,4′-biphenylene diisocyanate (i.e., 3,3′-dimethoxy-4,4′-diisocyanato-diphenyl), 2,2′-, 2,4′-, and 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanates (“MDI”), 2,2′-, 2,4′-, and 4,4′-diphenyldimethylmethane diisocyanates, 2,2′-, 2,4′-, and 4,4′-diphenylethane diisocyanates, 2,2′-, 2,4′-, and 4,4′-stilbene diisocyanates, 3,3′-dimethyl-4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate, 1,4- and 1,5-naphthalene diisocyanates (“NDI”), anthracene diisocyanate, tetracene diisocyanate, mixtures of MDI and PMDI, and mixtures of TDI and PMDI; araliphatic diisocyanates such as 1,2-, 1,3-, and 1,4-xylene diisocyanates(“OXDI,” “MXDI,” “PXDI”), m-tetramethylxylene diisocyanate (“m-TMXDI”), and p-tetramethylxylene diisocyanate (“p-TMXDI”); aliphatic diisocyanates such as ethylene diisocyanate, 1,2- and 1,3-propylene diisocyanates, 1,2-, 1,3-, and 1,4-tetramethylene diisocyanates, 1,5-pentamethylene diisocyanate, 2-methyl-1,5-pentamethylene diisocyanate, 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (“HDI”) and isomers thereof, 2,4-dimethyl-hexamethylene diisocyanate (“DMHDI”) and isomers thereof, 2,2,4-trimethyl-hexamethylene diisocyanate (“TMDI”) and isomers thereof, 1,7-heptamethylene diisocyanate and isomers thereof, 1,8-octamethylene diisocyanate and isomers thereof, 1,9-novamethylene diisocyanate and isomers thereof, 1,10-decamethylene diisocyanate and isomers thereof, 1,12-dodecane diisocyanate and isomer thereof, bis(isocyanatomethyl)cyclohexane (i.e., 1,4-cyclohexane-bis(methylene isocyanate)), 2,4′- and 4,4′-bis(isocyanatomethyl) dicyclohexanes, isocyanatomethylcyclohexane isocyanate, isocyanatoethylcyclohexane isocyanate, and lysine alkyl (C1-10) ester diisocyanate; alicyclic diisocyanates such as 1,3-cyclobutane diisocyanate, 1,2-, 1,3-, and 1,4-cyclohexane diisocyanates, 2,4- and 2,6-methylcyclohexane diisocyanates (“HTDI,” i.e., 2,4- and 2,6-hexahydrotoluene diisocyanates), 2,2′-, 2,4′-, and 4,4′-dicyclohexylmethane diisocyanates (“H12MDI,” i.e., bis(isocyanatocyclohexyl)-methane), 2,4′- and 4,4′-dicyclohexane diisocyanates, 1,3-, 1,4- and 1,5-tetrahydronaphthalene diisocyanates, and isophorone diisocyanate (“IPDI,” i.e., 1-isocyanato-3,3,5-trimethyl-5-isocyanatomethylcyclohexane); monomeric unsaturated triisocyanates such as 2,4,4′-diphenylene triisocyanate, 2,4,4′-diphenylmethane triisocyanate, and 4,4′,4″-triphenylmethane triisocyanate; monomeric saturated triisocyanates such as 1,3,5-cyclohexane triisocyanate, triisocyanate of HDI, and triisocyanate of TMDI; dimerized uretdiones of unsaturated polyisocyanates such as uretdi one of toluene diisocyanates, and uretdione of diphenylmethane diisocyanates; dimerized uretdiones of saturated polyisocyanates such as uretdione of hexamethylene diisocyanates; trimerized isocyanurates of unsaturated polyisocyanates such as trimer of diphenylmethane diisocyanate, trimer of tetramethylxylene diisocyanate, and isocyanurate of toluene diisocyanates; and trimerized isocyanurates of saturated polyisocyanates such as isocyanurate of isophorone diisocyanate, isocyanurate of hexamethylene diisocyanate, and isocyanurate of trimethyl-hexamethylene diisocyanates. The following polyisocyanates are also useful for the present disclosure: perchlorinated, monochlorinated and unchlorinated aromatic diisocyanates and triisocyanates (such as are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,277,138); isocyanates derivable by dehydration and rearrangement of 1-amino-cyclohexanecarbohydroxamic acid hydrohalides (such as are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,703,542); diisocyanato-urethanes (such as are described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,813,380); polymethylene diisocyanates (such as are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,394,597, 3,465,024 and 3,840,572); isocyanates derivable by heating the cyclic nitrile sulfites of U.S. Pat. No. 3,268,542 (e.g., 3-hydroxy- or 3-nitro-1,4-diisocyanato benzene, 4-bromo-1,3,5-triisocyanato benzene and 2,2′-stilbene diisocyanate); ethylenically-unsaturated diisocyanates derivable by heating the cyclic nitrile sulfites of U.S. Pat. No. 3,560,492 (e.g., transvinylenediisocyanate); isocyanate-functional polymers derivable by heating the homo- and copolymers of ethylenically unsaturated cyclic nitrile carbonates and oxalates (such as are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,480,595, 3,652,507 and 3,813,365, e.g., the thermoplastic polyisocyanate formed upon heating a copolymer of styrene and p-vinylbenzonitrile carbonate and/or acrylonitrile carbonate); heteroaliphatic and heterocyclic isocyanates derivable from amine compounds in which acyclic and cyclic hydrocarbyl moieties are interrupted by or linked through —O—, —S—, —N(R)—, —N═, or other heteroatoms (non-limiting examples including β-ethoxy-N-amylamine, β-phenoxyethylamine, β-methylthio-ethylamine, di-(α-aminopropyl)-ether, 3-amino-diphenylether, di-(β-aminoethyl)-sulfide, ethyl-3-aminophenylsulfide, 2-aminothiophene, 1-furyl-2-aminopropane, 2-thenylamine, 2,4-diamino-5-phenylthiazole, 3,5-diaminopyridine, and 2,4′-diamino-diphenylsulfide); isocyanates derivable from polyaminehydrocarbons (such as are prepared by ammonolysis of chlorinated polyolefins under pressure in polar solvents such as ethanol or dimethylformamide); and isocyanates derivable from acetate esters of mono- and poly-hydroxamic acids or from dihydroxamic acids and their metal salts (the processes of which are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,465,024 and 2,394,597, respectively). The process of preparing isocyanates by heating cyclic nitrile carbonates is disclosed in detail in U.S. Pat. No. 3,507,900. A process for making difunctional cyclic nitrile carbonates by the reaction of dihydroxamic acids and phosgene is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,825,554. Isocyanates can be converted from the polyamines and polyamine telechelics disclosed herein by known methods such as those found in Synthetic Organic Chemistry (1953), Wagner and Zook, Wiley, N.Y., N.Y., pp. 460-1. Other suitable polyisocyanates include, for example, polymeric polyisocyanates and modified polyisocyanates (i.e., polyisocyanates containing carbodiimide groups, urethane groups, allophanate groups, isocyanurate groups, urea groups, biuret groups, or other groups known to one skilled in the art), such as, without limitation, polyphenylene polymethylene polyisocyanate (“PMDI,” i.e., polymeric MDI, or polyphenyl-polymethylene polyisocyanates, as are obtained by aniline-formaldehyde condensation and subsequent phosgenation and described, for example, in GB-874430 and GB-848671), m- and p-isocyanatophenylsulfonyl isocyanates according to U.S. Pat. No. 3,454,606, perchlorinated aryl polyisocyanates (as are described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,277,138), polyisocyanates containing carbodiimide groups (as are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,152,162, 4,077,989, 4,088,665, 4,294,719, and 4,344,855, such as carbodiimide-modified liquid MDI), norbornane diisocyanates according to U.S. Pat. No. 3,492,301, polyisocyanates containing allophanate groups (as are described in GB-994890, and in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,832,311 and 3,769,318), polyisocyanates containing isocyanurate groups (as are described in GB-843841, GB-1091949, GB-126701 1, and U.S. Pat. No. 3,738,947), polyisocyanates containing urethane groups (as are described, for example, in GB-1303201 and in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,394,164 and 3,644,457), polyisocyanates containing acylated urea groups according to U.S. Pat. No. 3,517,039, polyisocyanates containing biuret groups (as are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,124,605 and 3,201,372, and in GB-889050), polyisocyanates prepared by telomerisation reactions (as are described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,654,106), polyisocyanates containing ester groups (as are mentioned in GB-965474, GB-1072956, GB-1086404, and in U.S. Pat. No. 3,567,763), reaction products of the above-mentioned isocyanates with acetals according to U.S. Pat. No. 3,120,502, and polyisocyanates containing polymeric fatty acid esters according to U.S. Pat. No. 3,455,883. These disclosures are incorporated by reference herein. It is possible to use the distillation residues containing isocyanate groups that are formed in the commercial preparation of isocyanates, optionally dissolved in one or more of the above-mentioned polyisocyanates. It is also possible to use any desired mixtures of the above-mentioned polyisocyanates and isomers thereof. One or more or all of the reactable isocyanate groups within the polyisocyanate compound can be sterically hindered, so that the polyisocyanate compound provide the combination of reduced reactivity toward active hydrogen groups such as primary and secondary amines, and improved chemical stability toward actinic radiations such as UV light. Sterically hindered NCO group can have the following structure: where C1, C2, and C3 are independent tertiary (i.e., methine) or quaternary carbon atoms. One, two, or all three of C1, C2, and C3 can be free of C—H bonds. C1, C2, and C3 may in part form a substituted ring structure having about 4-30 carbon atoms. The ring structure may be saturated, unsaturated, aromatic, monocyclic, polycyclic (e.g., bicyclic, tricyclic, etc.), or heterocyclic having one or more O, N, or S atoms. The ring structure may have one, two, three, or more moieties of the structure (8), while the polyisocyanate compound may have one, two, or more of such ring structures. For example, the polyisocyanate may have a structure of: where Z1 to Z8 are independently chosen from halogenated or unhalogenated hydrocarbon moieties having about 1-20 carbon atoms, halogenated or unhalogenated organic moieties having at least one O, N, S, or Si atom and zero to about 12 carbon atoms, and halogens; Y1 to Y4 are independently chosen from hydrogen, halogenated or unhalogenated hydrocarbon moieties having about 1-20 carbon atoms, halogenated or unhalogenated organic moieties having at least one O, N, S, or Si atom and zero to about 12 carbon atoms, and halogens; Z is halogenated or unhalogenated hydrocarbon moieties having about 1-60 carbon atoms, or halogenated or unhalogenated organic moieties having at least one O, N, S, or Si atom and zero to about 60 carbon atoms. Z can have one of the structures (41)-(48) above. Other examples of sterically hindered polyisocyanates include, without limitation, 1,4-durene diisocyanate (“DDI,” i.e., 2,3,5,6-tetramethyl-1,4-diisocyanatobezene) and 2,3,5,6-tetramethyl-1,4-diisocyanatocyclohexane. Elastomer compositions comprising DDI as described in U.S. Publication No. 2003/0135008 are incorporated herein by reference. The polyisocyanate can have NCO groups of different reactivity, i.e., being regioselective. Reactants having high regioselectivity in general can enable efficient use in consecutive reactions such as polymerization steps and crosslinking. They can provide cost advantages by reducing waste of functional groups (i.e., reduction in unreacted reactants), provide handling advantages by reducing volatile “leftover” molecules, and provide performance advantages by enabling controlled architecture in the reaction products (e.g., reduced polydispersity). Regioselective polyisocyanates can be asymmetric in structure, having at least two sterically different NCO groups, one being more sterically interfered than the other. The more sterically interfered NCO group can be directly attached to a tertiary carbon atom, or be one methine carbon atom away from either a quaternary carbon atom or two tertiary carbon atoms. The less sterically interfered NCO group can be at least two carbon atoms away from either a quaternary carbon atom or two tertiary carbon atoms, and can be attached directly to a methylene carbon or a methine carbon. Regioselective polyisocyanates can have a structure of: where R1, R2, and R4 are independent organic moieties having about 1-20 carbon atoms, such as linear or branched aliphatic hydrocarbon moieties having about 1-12 carbon atoms, like C1 to C8 alkyl groups; R3 is organic moieties having about 2-20 carbon atoms, such as linear or branched aliphatic hydrocarbon moieties having about 2-12 carbon atoms, like C2 to C9 alkylene moiety; R5 and R6 are the same or different organic moieties having about 1-20 carbon atoms, such as linear or branched aliphatic hydrocarbon moieties having about 1-8 carbon atoms, like C1 to C4 alkylene moieties; R7 is organic moieties having zero to about 20 carbon atoms, such as hydrogen or linear or branched aliphatic hydrocarbon moieties having about 1-12 carbon atoms, like C1 to C8 alkyl groups; R8 is organic moieties having about 1-20 carbon atoms, such as linear or branched aliphatic hydrocarbon moieties having about 1-12 carbon atoms, like C1 to C9 alkylene moiety; and x, y, and z are independently 0 or 1. The regioselective polyisocyanates can be saturated aliphatic or alicyclic. Non-limiting examples include 1,4-diisocyanato-4-methylpentane, 1,5-diisocyanato-5-methylhexane, 1,6-diisocyanato-6-methylheptane, 1,5-diisocyanato-2,2,5-trimethylhexane, 1,7-diisocyanato-3,7-dimethyloctane, 3(4)-isocyanatomethyl-1-methylcyclohexyl isocyanate (which is generally present as a mixture of the 3- and 4-isocyanatomethyl isomers), 3(4)-isocyanatomethyl-1-1,3(4)-dimethylcyclohexane isocyanate (which is generally present as a mixture of the 3-methyl-3-isocyanatomethyl and 4-methyl-4-isocyanatomethyl isomers), 3-isocyanatomethyl-1,2-dimethyl-3-ethyl-cyclopentane isocyanate, 3-(2-isocyanatoethyl)-1,2,2-trimethylcyclopentane isocyanate, 4-(4-isocyanatobut-2-yl)-1-methylcyclohexyl isocyanate, and 3-(4-isocyanatobut-1-yl)-1-n-butyl-cyclohexane isocyanate. In certain polyisocyanates, the NCO groups initially have about the same reactivity, but the reaction of a first NCO group with an active hydrogen functionality can induce a decrease in the reactivity of a second NCO group. Non-limiting examples of such polyisocyanates include polyisocyanates whose NCO groups are coupled via a delocalized electron system, such as tolidine diisocyanate, tolylene 2,4-diisocyanate (2,4-TDI), tolylene 2,6- diisocyanate (2,6-TDI), diphenylmethane-2,4′-diisocyanate (2,4′-MDI), phenylene-1,3- and 1,4-diisocyanate, naphthylene-1,5-diisocyanate, triisocyanatotoluene, and biphenyl diisocyanate. Other polyisocyanates include 1,7-diisocyanato-4-isocyanatomethylheptane, 1,8-diisocyanato-4-isocyanatomethyloctane, 2-butyl-2-ethylpentamethylene diisocyanate, 2-isocyanatopropylcyclohexyl isocyanate, isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), 4-methylcyclohexane-1,3-diisocyanate (HTDI), dicyclohexylmethane-2,4′-diisocyanate, and those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,808,691, column 12, line 17 to column 13, line 39, which are incorporate herein by reference. Polyisocyanates can be derived from the fatty polyacids of the present disclosure. The fatty polyisocyanates can have the same hydrocarbon structures as the fatty polyacids, except that each COOH group is replaced by an NCO group. For example, dimer diacids can be used to form saturated and/or unsaturated dimer diisocyanates. Dimer diisocyanates may be linear, branched (such as with linear or branched alkyl groups), cyclic, and/or substituted, and can be unsaturated, partly hydrogenated, or completely hydrogenated (i.e., fully saturated). Non-limiting dimer diisocyanates can have one of the following structures: where R is the same or different moieties chosen from hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, alicyclic, cycloalkyl, and alkoxy groups; x+y and m+n are both at least about 8, such as at least about 10, such as 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, or greater. Fatty polyisocyanates can have at least one divalent hydrocarbon radical having at least 30 carbon atoms, such as 36-180 carbon atoms, which can be linear, branched, cyclic, and/or substituted, such as monocycloaliphatic moiety having a 6-membered carbon ring (e.g., cyclohexene ring), bicycloaliphatic moiety having a 10-membered carbon ring, and substituted aliphatic moiety (e.g., halogenated aliphatic moiety such as fluoroaliphatic polyisocyanates). Fatty polyisocyanates such as dimer diisocyanates are water insensitive, have controllable reactivity and low toxicity when compared to other aliphatic polyisocyanates. The fatty polyisocyanates can have a % NCO content of 20% or less, 15% or less, 10% or less, 5% or greater, or any amounts therebetween, such as 6-9%, 12-16%, 13-15%, or 13.6-14.3%. The fatty polyisocyanates can have a molecular weight of 250 or greater, such as 500 or greater or 600 or greater, and up to about 15,000, such as about 500-10,000. Fatty polyisocyanates can be liquid at room temperature, having low to moderate viscosity at 25° C. (e.g., about 100-10,000 cP or about 500-5,000 cP). Other dimer diisocyanates are described in, for example, Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology 1979, volume 7, 3rd edition, p. 768-782, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., the disclosure of which is entirely incorporated herein by reference. Curatives Any and all of the compounds having two or more isocyanate-reactive functionalities as disclosed herein may be used as curatives to cure prepolymers into thermoplastic or thermoset compositions. These curatives can be polyamines, polyols, aminoalcohols, polyamine telechelics, and polyol telechelics, and aminoalcohol telechelics. To further improve the shear resistance of the resulting elastomers, trifunctional curatives, tetrafunctional curatives, and higher functionality curatives can be used to increase crosslink density. Other curatives include those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,808,691, from column 9, line 24 to column 12, line 16, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,484,870, from column 2, line 47 to column 3, line 41, which are incorporated herein by reference. The curative can be a modified curative blend as disclosed in co-pending U.S. Patent Publication No. 2003/0212240, bearing Ser. No. 10/339,603, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. For example, the curative may be modified with a freezing point depressing agent to create a curative blend having a slow onset of solidification and storage-stable pigment dispersion. A number of curatives have relatively high freezing points, e.g., hexamethylene diamine (105.8° F.), diethanolamine (82.4° F.), triethanolamine (69.8° F.), diisopropanolamine (73.4° F.), and triisopropanolamine (111.2° F.). Such curatives may be blended with one or more amine-based freezing point depressing agents such as, without limitation, ethylene diamine, 1,3-diaminopropane, dimethylaminopropylamine, tetraethylene pentamine, 1,2-propylenediamine, diethylaminopropylamine, 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,6-hexanediamine, and 2,4,4-trimethyl-1,6-hexanediamine. The freezing point depressing agent can be added in an amount sufficient to reduce the freezing point of the curative blend by a suitable amount to prevent loss of pigment dispersion, but not adversely affect the physical properties of the resulting golf ball, such as about 5% by weight or greater of the total blend, about 8%, about 10%, about 12%, about 14%, or any amount therebetween or even greater. After freezing and subsequent thawing, the modified curative blend can have a pigment dispersion of greater than 0 on the Hegman scale, such as about 1, about 2, about 3, about 4, about 5, about 6, about 7, or some level therebetween or even greater. Curatives comprising one or more ethylenic and/or acetylenic unsaturation moieties can be used to incorporate these moieties into the resulting material for subsequent crosslinking, as described herein below. Such unsaturated moieties include allyl groups and α,β-ethylenically unsaturated C3 to C8 carboxylate groups. Non-limiting examples of curatives comprising allyl groups include trimethylolpropane monoallyl ether, N-methylolacrylamide, glyceryl-α-allyl ether, 1,1-dihydroxymethylcyclohex-3-ene, 1,2-dihydroxymethylcyclohex-4-ene, and the like. Curatives comprising (meth)acryloyl groups include esters of (meth)acrylic acids with diols or polyols. Non-limiting examples include 2-hydroxyethyl, 2- or 3-hydroxypropyl or 2-, 3- or 4-hydroxybutyl (meth)acrylates and mixtures thereof. Monools comprising (meth)acryloyl groups or reaction products substantially composed of such alcohols that are obtained by esterification of n-hydric alcohols with (meth)acrylic acid are suitable. Mixtures of various alcohols can be used, such that n stands for an integer or a statistical average of greater than about 2 to about 10, preferably about 2 to about 4, and more preferably about 3. Per mole of the polyols mentioned, (n-0.6) to (n-2.2), (n-0.8) to (n-1.2), or (n-1) moles of (meth)acrylic acids can be used. These compounds or product mixtures include the reaction products of: (i) triols such as glycerol, trimethylolpropane and/or pentaerythritol; low-molecular-weight alkoxylation products of such alcohols (e.g., ethoxylated or propoxylated trimethylolpropane more specifically the addition product of ethylene oxide to trimethylolpropane having an OH number of 550); or mixtures of at least triols with diols (e.g., ethylene glycol or propylene glycol), and (ii) (meth)acrylic acid in the stated molar ratio. Said compounds have a molecular weight of 116 to 1000, such as 116 to 750 or 116 to 158. Furthermore, the reaction products of said monols comprising (meth)acryloyl groups with, for example, ε-caprolactone can also be used. Such products can be obtained, for example, as Tone® M-100, M-101, and M-201 monomers from Dow Chemical. These compounds have a molecular weight of 230 to 3000, such as 230 to 1206 or 344 to 572. (Meth)acryloyl alcohols also include urethane (meth)acrylates that contain (meth)acryloyl groups and free hydroxyl groups, such as reaction products of urethane (meth)acrylates with diols, optionally mixed with polyols. Aliphatic, cycloaliphatic and/or aromatic diols can be used as diols, for example ethylene glycol, the isomeric propanediols, butanediols, pentanediols, hexanediols, heptanediols, octanediols, nonanediols and cyclohexanedimethanol, hydrogenated bisphenol-A and derivatives of the above mentioned diols substituted with one or more C1-C6-alkyl groups. Also suitable are diols containing ester groups, ether groups such as (3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethylpropyl)-3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethylpropionate or diethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, and tripropylene glycol. Non-limiting examples are neopentyl glycol, 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediol, 2-ethyl-1,3-hexanediol, 2,5-dimethyl-1,6-hexanediol, 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol, and 3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethylpropyl 3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethylpropionate. The diols may also be used in the form of their alkoxylation products (ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, and C4-ether units). The use of polyester diols is also possible. These include the reaction products of dicarboxylic acids and/or their anhydrides, ethylenically unsaturated dicarboxylic acids and/or their anhydrides, and lactones (such as ε-caprolactone) with the above mentioned diols. Also suitable is cc,co-dihydroxypolyacrylates (for example, Tegomer® BD 1000 from Goldschmidt). Polyurea Compositions The compositions of the disclosure may comprise at least one polyurea formed from the well-known one-shot method or prepolymer method. In the latter, polyamine telechelic is reacted with excess polyisocyanate to form polyurea prepolymer, which is then reacted with curative to form the polyurea. Prepolymer to curative ratio can be as high as 1:0.9 or 1:0.95, such as when primary polyamine curatives are used, or as low as 1:1.1 or 1:1.05, such as 1:1.02, such as when secondary polyamine curatives are used. Curative includes polyamines, polyols, polyacids, aminoalcohols, aminoacids, and hydroxy acids, especially those disclosed herein, as well as epoxy-functional reactants, thio-containing reactants, and any other isocyanate-reactive compounds and materials. The polyurea composition can be castable, thermoplastic, thermoset, or millable. The content of reactable isocyanate moieties in the polyurea prepolymer, expressed as % NCO by weight, can be manipulated to control such factors as curing rate, hardness of the resulting material, and the like. All else being the same, the hardness of the resulting material can increase as the % NCO of the prepolymer increases, and can be greater in polyamine cured compositions than in polyol cured compositions. The polyurea prepolymer can be low-melting (such as being fluid at about 125° C.) or fluid at ambient temperature. The % NCO by weight in the prepolymer can be less than about 30%, such as about 15%, about 11%, about 9%, about 7%, or even less, or at least about 2%, such as about 3% or about 4% or greater, or any percentage therebetween, such as about 5-11%, about 6-9.5%, about 3-9%, about 2.5-7.5%, or about 4-6.8%. In forming the polyurea prepolymer, polyamine telechelics as disclosed herein can be used alone or in combination of two or more thereof to react with excess isocyanate. Prepolymers with higher % NCO (e.g., 14%) can be converted to prepolymers with lower % NCO (e.g., 10%) by further reacting with one or more other polyamines, polyols, polyamine telechelics, and/or polyol telechelics (e.g., polyamine polyamides, polyol polysiloxanes). The polyamine telechelic can have one amide linkage, two amide linkages, one or more segments having multiple amide linkages, or a polyamide backbone. When a plurality of amide linkages is present, one or more of them can conjoin consecutive repeating units or alternating repeating units. Polyurea prepolymers may contain a content of free isocyanate monomers by about 10% and up to about 20% of the total weight, which can be stripped down to about 1% or less, such as about 0.5% or less. When forming a saturated prepolymer, such as for use in highly light-stable compositions, saturated polyisocyanates being aliphatic, alicyclic, and/or heteroaliphatic can be used alone or in combinations of two or more thereof. Araliphatic polyisocyanates, alone or in mixtures of two or more thereof, may also be used to form relatively light-stable materials. Without being bound to any particular theory, it is believed that the direct attachment of the NCO moieties to aliphatic side chains without conjugation with the aromatic rings prevents the araliphatic polyisocyanates from, or diminishes their ability in, forming extended conjugated double bonds, which may give rise to discoloration (e.g., yellowing). The sterically hindered polyisocyanates are useful in forming highly or relatively light-stable materials. Without being bound to any particular theory, it is believed that the steric hinderance around the N atom tends to rotate it out of plane, thereby reducing its absorbance of UV wavelengths and achieving desired light-stability. Moreover, one or more of the NCO groups in the sterically hindered polyisocyanates can be attached to tertiary or quaternary carbon atoms that are substantially free of C—H bonds, thus eliminating or reducing the occurrence of UV-induced oxidation at the carbon atoms, and in turn slowing degradation or discoloration. The saturated polyisocyanates, the araliphatic polyisocyanates, and the sterically hindered polyisocyanates may be used alone or in any combinations of two or more thereof. Polyurethane Compositions The compositions of the disclosure may comprise at least one polyurethane, such as the reaction product of at least one polyurethane prepolymer and at least one curative, of which the polyurethane prepolymer is the reaction product of at least one polyol telechelic and at least one polyisocyanate. Prepolymer to curative ratio can be 1:0.9 to 1:1.1, such as 1:0.95, 1:1.05, or 1:1.02. One or more of the polyol telechelic, the polyisocyanate, and the curative can be chosen from those disclosed herein, can be saturated, and the resulting polyurethane can be saturated. Polyurethane prepolymers can have free isocyanate monomers by about 10% and up to about 20% of the total weight, which can be stripped down to about 1% or less, such as about 0.5% or less. The polyurethane composition can be castable, thermoplastic, thermoset, or millable. The % NCO by weight in the prepolymer can be less than about 30%, such as about 15%, about 11%, about 9%, about 7%, or even less, or at least about 2%, such as about 3% or about 4% or greater, or any percentage therebetween, such as about 5-11%, about 6-9.5%, about 3-9%, about 2.5-7.5%, or about 4-6.8%. In forming the polyurethane prepolymer, polyol telechelics as disclosed herein can be used alone or in combination of two or more thereof to react with excess isocyanate. Prepolymers with higher % NCO (e.g., 14%) can be converted to prepolymers with lower % NCO (e.g., 10%) by further reacting with one or more other polyamines, polyols, polyamine telechelics, and/or polyol telechelics (e.g., polyamine polyamides, polyol polysiloxanes). The polyol telechelic can have one or two amide linkages, one or more segments having multiple amide linkages, or a polyamide backbone. When a plurality of amide linkages is present, one or more of them can conjoin consecutive repeating units or alternating repeating units. Crosslinkable polyurethanes can be formed from polyol telechelics, curatives, and stoichiometrically deficient amounts of polyisocyanate such as diisocyanate. Any one or more the reactants can have one or more aliphatic, non-benzenoid >C═C< moieties for crosslinking. Such polyurethanes can have rubber elasticity and wear resistance and strength, and can be millable. Polyol telechelics of low crystallizability, such as those having linear or branched side chains and those formed by random copolymerization (e.g, polyol polyethers, polyol polyesters, polyol polyetheresters, and others as disclosed herein), can be used to form such polyurethanes. Non-limiting examples include polyethylene propylene adipate polyols, polyethylene butylene adipate polyols, polytetramethylene ether glycols (such as those having Mw of about 2,000), tetrahydrofuran (THF)-alkyl glycidyl ether random copolymers, and other polyol polyesters based on adipic acid and diols like ethanediol, butanediol, methylpropanediol, hexanediol. Polyol telechelics can be incorporated with ethylenic and/or acetylenic unsaturation moieties as disclosed above, such as by reacting them with α,β-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids, and then crosslinked using vulcanizing agents as disclose herein. Alternatively, the polyurethanes are substantially free of ethylenic Formulations comprising such polyurethane materials and optional additives such as vulcanizing agents, fillers, plasticizers, light stabilizers, and others as disclosed herein, can form golf ball portions such as cover layers by extrusion, transfer molding, compression molding, and/or injection molding. Hemispherical cup can be preformed, such as by compression molding at ambient temperature. The cup halves can then be compression molded over subassemblies such as cores into inner cover layer or dimpled outer cover layer at elevated temperature (e.g., 320° F.) and under increased pressure (e.g., 800 psi), during which the formulation is crosslinked. After a period of time (e.g., 2.5 minutes) the molds are cooled (e.g., 10 minutes with tap water or 1 minute with tap water and then 4 minutes with chilled water) and the molded objects are released from the molds. Properties of crosslinkable polyurethanes include Mooney viscosity at 100° C. of 40-70 (e.g., 50, 60, 65, or therebetween), tensile strength of 2,000-6,000 psi (e.g., 3,000 psi, 4,000 psi, 5,000 psi, or therebetween), tear strength of 300-600 lb/in (e.g., 400 lb/in, 500, lb/in, or therebetween), brittle point of −70° F. or lower (e.g., −80° F., −90° F., or lower), material hardness of 25 Shore A to 60 Shore D (e.g., 55 Shore D), elongation at break of 100-700% (e.g., 300%, 400%, 500%, 600%, or therebetween), Bashore rebound of 40-70% (45%, 55%, or therebetween), and abrasion index (ASTM D-1630) of 300 or greater. Other crosslinkable compositions and components thereof are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,103,852 and 6,008,312, and in U.S. Publication No. 2002/0115813, which are incorporated herein by reference. Poly(urethane-co-urea) Compositions The compositions of the disclosure may comprise at least one poly(urethane-co-urea) formed from poly(urethane-co-urea) prepolymer and curative. Prepolymer to curative ratio can be as high as 1:0.9 or 1:0.95, such as when primary polyamine curatives are used, or as low as 1:1.1 or 1:1.05, such as 1: 1.02, such as when secondary polyamine curatives are used. Curative includes polyamines, polyols, polyacids, aminoalcohols, aminoacids, and hydroxy acids, especially those disclosed herein, as well as epoxy-functional reactants, thio-containing reactants, and any other isocyanate-reactive compounds and materials. Poly(urethane-co-urea) prepolymer refers to isocyanate-functional prepolymer having at least one urethane linkage and at least one urea linkage in the backbone. Such a prepolymer is distinct from polyurethane prepolymer, polyurea prepolymer, and blends thereof. The poly(urethane-co-urea) prepolymer can be formed by reacting excess isocyanate with a blend of at least one polyamine telechelic and at least one polyol telechelic. Molar ratio of polyol telechelic to polyamine telechelic in the blend can be about 0.5:1 to about 10:1, such as about 0.6:1 to about 7:1. Examples of blend include polyether polyols such as polyoxytetramethylene diol and polyether polyamines such as polyoxypropylene diamine. The poly(urethane-co-urea) composition can be castable, thermoplastic, thermoset, or millable. The % NCO by weight in the prepolymer can be less than about 30%, such as about 15%, about 11%, about 9%, about 7%, or even less, or at least about 2%, such as about 3% or about 4% or greater, or any percentage therebetween, such as about 5-11%, about 6-9.5%, about 3-9%, about 2.5-7.5%, or about 4-6.8%. Prepolymers with higher % NCO (e.g., 14%) can be converted to prepolymers with lower % NCO (e.g., 10%) by further reacting with one or more other polyamines, polyols, polyamine telechelics, and/or polyol telechelics (e.g., polyamine polyamides, polyol polysiloxanes). The poly(urethane-co-urea) prepolymer can be formed by reacting excess isocyanate with an aminoalcohol telechelic (or a blend of two or more thereof), optionally mixed with at least one polyamine reactant and/or at least one polyol reactant. The poly(urethane-co-urea) prepolymer can also be formed by reacting excess isocyanate with a polyamine reactant having at least one urethane linkage in the backbone, or with a polyol reactant having at least one urea linkage in the backbone. Polyamine reactants include any one or more polyamine telechelics and polyamines disclosed herein. Polyol reactants include any one or more polyol telechelics and polyols disclosed herein. The poly(urethane-co-urea) prepolymer can further be formed in situ from a mixture of at least one polyisocyanate, at least one cyclic compound such as cyclic ether, and at least one telechelic chosen from polyamine telechelics, polyol telechelics, and aminoalcohol telechelics as disclosed herein. Acid-functionalized and Ionomerized Compositions The reactive compositions of the present disclosure can be covalently incorporated or functionalized with ionic groups or precursor groups thereof, which can impart desirable properties to the resulting polymer materials. The term “ionic group or precursor group thereof” means a group either already in an anionic or cationic form or else, by neutralization with a reagent, readily converted to the anionic or cationic form respectively. The term “neutralize” as used herein for converting precursor groups to ionic groups refers not only to neutralization using true acids and bases but also includes quaternarization and ternarization. Illustrative of precursor anionic groups (and neutralized form) are acid groups like carboxylic group —COOH(—COO⊖), sulfonic group —SO2OH(—SO2O⊖), and phosphoric group (i.e., ═POOH or ═POO⊖); illustrative of precursor cationic groups (and neutralized form) are ≡N(≡N—⊕), ≡P(≡P—⊕), and ═S(═S—⊕). Without being bound to any particular theory, it is believed that acid functional moieties or groups can improve adhesion of the resulting material to other components or layers in the golf ball, while strong electrostatic interactions among cationic and/or anionic groups form ionic aggregates, which may afford desired mechanical and optical properties such as cut and abrasion resistance and transparency. More than one type of ionic group or precursor group thereof may be incorporated into the reactive composition of the present disclosure. Acid and/or ionic functionalization of the reactive compositions is disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,610,812, 6,207,784, 6,103,822, and 5,661,207. The precursor groups of ionic groups can be incorporated into the isocyanate-reactive telechelic (including polyamine telechelics, polyol telechelics, and aminoalcohol telechelics), the isocyanate, and/or the curative before, during, or after the prepolymer formation or the curing reaction. They can be neutralized to corresponding ionic groups before, during, or after the prepolymer formation or the curing reaction. For example, the acid groups may be neutralized to form the corresponding carboxylate anion, sulfonate anion, and phosphate anion by treatment with inorganic or organic bases. Cationic precursor groups such as tertiary amine, phosphine, and sulfide groups can be neutralized by neutralization or quaternarization of the tertiary amine, or reacting the phosphine or sulfide with compounds capable of alkylating the phosphine or sulfide groups. Suitable inorganic bases used for partial or total neutralization may include ammonia, oxides, hydroxides, carbonates, bicarbonates and acetates. Cation for the inorganic base can be ammonium or metal cations such as, without limitation, Group IA, IB, IIA, IIB, IIIA, IIIB, IVA, IVB, VA, VB, VIA, VIB, VIIB and VIIIB metal ions, which include, without limitation, lithium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, zinc, calcium, cobalt, nickel, tin, iron, copper, manganese, aluminum, tungsten, zirconium, titanium and hafnium. Suitable organic bases used for partial or full neutralization can be hindered organic tertiary amines such as tributylamine, triethylamine, tripropylamine, triethylene diamine, dimethyl cetylamine and similar compounds. Primary or secondary amines may be used, such as if the neutralization takes place after the polymer is formed, because the amine hydrogen can react with the isocyanate groups thereby interfering with the polyurea or polyurethane polymerization. One of ordinary skill in the art is aware of additional appropriate chemicals for neutralization. At least a portion of the ionic groups can be covalently incorporated into the isocyanate-reactive telechelic before prepolymer formation. Suitable acid functional isocyanate-reactive telechelics may have any molecular weight, such as 1,500, an acid number (calculated by dividing acid equivalent weight to 56,100) of at least about 5, such as at least about 10, at least about 25, at least about 30, or at least about 50, may be about 420 or less, such as about 200 or less, about 150 or less, about 100 or less, and an acid functionality of greater than 1, such as 1.4 or greater. In the case of polyol telechelics, the hydroxyl number of the polyols may be at least about 10, such as at least about 20, at least about 50, or at least about 65, may be about 840 or less, such as about 300 or less, about 200 or less, about 150 or less. The polyol telechelics may also have a hydroxyl functionality (average number of hydroxyl groups per polyol molecule) of greater than 1, about 2 or greater, like 1.8, and up to about 4. The acid functional telechelic can be liquid or wax at ambient temperature, and can have a viscosity at 60° C. of less than 5,000 cP, or 3,000 cP or less, such as 2,700 cP or less. Ionic groups or precursor groups thereof may be incorporated into the monomers comprised in the telechelic. Monomers containing one or more ionic groups or precursor groups thereof can be, but are not limited to, cyclic ethers or diol monomers used to form polyether chains or segments, cyclic esters, diol monomers or polycarboxylic acids (such as lithium neutralized sulfonated isophthalic acid, tricarboxylic acids, or higher acids) used to form polyester chains or segments, cyclic amides, diamine monomers or polycarboxylic acids used to form polyamide chains or segments, cyclic siloxanes used to form polysiloxane chains or segments, (meth)acrylic acids used to form poly(meth)acrylic chains or segments, and fatty polyacids having three or more carboxylic acid functionalities and isocyanate-reactive derivatives thereof. Alternatively, the ionic groups or precursor groups thereof may be incorporated into the telechelic via the likes of addition or condensation reactions between suitable functional groups. For example, unsaturated carboxylic acids such as (meth)acrylic acids and unsaturated fatty acids as disclosed herein may react with unsaturation in the telechelic, thereby forming pendant carboxylic acids along the telechelic chain. Other methods of incorporating acid groups into the telechelic reactant are disclosed, for example, in U.S. Patent Application No. 2002/0183443, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. For example, dimethylolpropionic acid (DMPA) can provide acid groups by reacting with a starting polyol and a diisocyanate to form an isocyanate-terminated prepolymer at a temperature that permits the reaction of the hydroxyl groups with excess isocyanate without consuming all of the acid groups. Mono- or polycarboxylic acids or mono- or polyanhydrides (such as those disclosed herein, like hexanedioic acid) can provide acid groups by reacting with the starting polyols in the absence of an isocyanate, under reaction conditions that permit the reaction of the anhydride with the hydroxyl groups of the polyol, but are mild enough to prevent further reaction of the residual carboxylic acids with hydroxyl groups. Examples of such isocyanate-free acid functional polyol telechelics include Lexorez® 1405-65 and 4505-52, both available from Inolex Chemical Company of, Philadelphia, Pa. (. These acid functional polyol telechelic and other polyols as disclosed herein can further react with mono- or polycarboxylic acids or mono- or polyanhydrides (such as those disclosed herein, like aromatic anhydrides such as trimellitic anhydride, pyromellitic dianhydride, and phthalic anhydride, or alicyclic anhydrides such as hexahydrophthalic anhydride and (2,5-dioxotetrahydrol)-3-methyl 3-cyclohexene-1,2 dicarboxylic anhydride) to form additional acid functional polyol telechelics. At least a portion of the ionic groups can be covalently incorporated into the isocyanate before prepolymer formation. Isocyanates having at least one acid functional group may be formed by reacting a isocyanate and an acid functional group containing compound as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,956,438 and 5,071,578, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. The acid groups may also be incorporated during a post-polymerization reaction, wherein the acid functional groups are introduced or attached to the polyurea, the polyurethane, or the poly(urethane-co-urea). Moreover, the acid functional polyurea, polyurethane, or poly(urethane-co-urea) made by ways of copolymerization as described above may be further incorporated with additional acid functional groups through such post-polymerization reactions. Suitable agents to incorporate acid functional groups and methods for making are described at least in U.S. Pat. No. 6,207,784, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein. One of ordinary skill in the art would be aware of other ways to prepare the acid functional polymer composition. For example, a combination of the means for acid functionality incorporation as described above may be used as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,661,207, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein. Composition Additives Additional materials may be incorporated into any of the reactive compositions of the present disclosure, or any one or more of the reactive subcomponents thereof. These additives include, but are not limited to, catalysts to alter the reaction rate, fillers to adjust density and/or modulus, processing aids or oils (such as reactive or non-reactive diluents) to affect rheological and/or mixing properties, reinforcing materials, impact modifiers, wetting agents, viscosity modifiers, release agents, internal and/or external plasticizers, compatibilizing agents, coupling agents, dispersing agents, crosslinking agents, defoaming agents, surfactants, lubricants, softening agents, coloring agents including pigments and dyes, optical brighteners, whitening agents, UV absorbers, hindered amine light stabilizers, blowing agents, foaming agents, and any other modifying agents known or available to one of ordinary skill in the art. One or more of these additives are used in amounts sufficient to achieve their respective purposes and desired effects. For example, wetting additives may be added to the modified curative blends of the disclosure to more effectively disperse pigments. Suitable wetting agents are available from Byk-Chemle and Crompton Corporation, among others. a) Catalysts One or more catalysts may be employed to alter the reaction rate between the prepolymer and the curative for the reactive compositions. In polyurethane compositions, positive catalysts (i.e., promoters) are typically used to speed up the reaction between isocyanate groups and hydroxyl groups. In polyurea compositions, negative catalysts (i.e., inhibitors) may be used to slow down the typically fast reaction between isocyanate groups and amine groups. The same catalyst may be a promoter in a polyurethane system and an inhibitor in a polyurea system. Suitable catalysts include, but are not limited to, bismuth catalysts; zinc catalysts such as zinc octoate; cobalt catalysts such as cobalt (II) octoate; zirconium catalysts such as zirconium (IV) acetoacetonate and zirconium (IV) acetylacetone-2,4-pentanedione; tin catalysts such as dibutyltin dilaurate (DABCO® T-12), dibutyltin diacetate (DABCO® T-1), dibutyltin maleate, dioctyltin dilaurate, dibutyltin di-2-ethylhexoate, tin(II) ethylhexoate, tin(II) laurate, tin(II) octoate, dibutyltin oxide, tin (II) chloride, tin (IV) chloride, dibutyltin dimethoxide (FASCAT®-4211), dibutyltin dibutoxide (FASCAT® 4214), dioctyltin diisooctylmercaptoacetate (FORMEZ® UL-29), dibutyltin diisooctylmercaptoacetate, dimethyltin diisooctylmercaptoacetate, dibutyltin dilaurylmercaptide, dioctyltin dilaurylmercaptide, dimethyltin dilaurylmercaptide, stannous octoate (DABCO® T-9), butyl stannoic acid, dimethyl-bis[1-oxonedecyl)oxy]stannane (FORMEZ® UL-28), and 1,3-diacetoxytetrabutylstannoxane; titanium catalysts such as 2-ethylhexyl titanate, tetraisopropyl titanate, tetrabutyl titanate, and tetrakis-2-ethylhexyl titanate; amine catalysts such as triethylenediamine (DABCO® 33-LV), triethylamine, tributylamine, and N-methylmorpholine; organic acids such as acetic acid, adipic acid, azelaic acid, and oleic acid; delayed catalysts such as phenol-blocked 1,8-diaza-bicyclo(5,4,0)undecene-7 (Polycat™ SA-1/10), Polycat™ SA-1, Polycat™ SA-2, Polycat™ SA-102, Polycat™ 8154, Polycat™, and the like. These catalysts can be used alone or in combinations of two or more thereof. Delayed action catalysts can also be used. These catalysts display their catalytic activity at a later time point in the reaction. They can be heat-activated, when external heating and/or internal heat from the exothermal reaction elevate the temperature of the reaction mixture to or above the activation temperature of the catalyst. One group of the delayed action catalyst is cyclic amidines, which can have a generic structure of: where n=0 or 1; R1 to R7 are independently chosen from hydrogen and linear or branched aliphatic, alicyclic, araliphatic, and aromatic moieties, such as C1-C4 linear or branched alkyl, C5-C10 cycloalkyl, C7-C13 aralkyl, and C6-C18 aryl moieties, or at least one of R2/R3, R4/R5, R6/R7, R2/R4 and R2/R6 is a C1-C5 alkylene moiety; R8 is chosen from hydrogen and linear or branched aliphatic, alicyclic, araliphatic, and aromatic moieties having 1-36 carbon atoms, optionally substituted by one or more of OH, COOH, OR, NR9R10, or comprising at least one (up to about 10) of keto, amide, and ester moieties, or —CH(R)—[OCH2—CH(R)]p—H, where p is 1-40, R is chosen from linear or branched C1-C20 alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, and aralkyl moieties (e.g., C1-C15 alkyl, C6-C19 aryl), R9 and R10 are independently chosen from hydrogen and linear or branched aliphatic, alicyclic, araliphatic, and aromatic moieties (e.g., C1-C12 linear or branched alkyl, C6-C8 cycloalkyl) or R9/R10 is a C4-C6 alkylene moiety. Alternatively, these cyclic amidines can be used as blocking agent to block isocyanate functionalities in the prepolymer, allowing the isocyanate-blocked prepolymer to be thoroughly blended with the curative, and then de-blocking the prepolymer to enable the cure. This mechanism can be used in curing of polyurea composition to slow down reaction and extend potlife. These and other cyclic amidines as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,698,426 are incorporated herein by reference. The catalyst can be added in an amount sufficient to catalyze the reaction of the components in the reactive mixture, such as about 0.001-5% by weight of the composition, about 0.005-1%, about 0.05% or greater, or about 0.5% or greater. Use of low levels of tin catalysts, such as about 0-0.04%, may require high temperatures to achieve a suitable reaction rate, which can result in degradation of the prepolymer. Greater amounts of catalysts may allow reduction in process temperatures with comparable cure, and allow reduction in mixing speeds. Unconventionally high amounts of catalysts can be about 0.01-0.55%, about 0.05-0.4%, or about 0.1-0.25%. Diluents As used herein, the term “diluent” refers to any compound or composition that can reduce viscosity, reduce reaction exotherm, and/or impart or enhance properties such as flame retardancy, processability, compatibility, and moisture resistance, without adversely affecting the qualitative or physical properties of the resulting polymer. Diluents are distinct from solvents in that diluents remain within the polymer post-cure, while solvents are evaporated off post-cure. Diluent can be linear or branched, aliphatic, alicyclic, aromatic, or araliphatic, saturated or unsaturated, substituted or unsubstituted, halogenated or halogen-free, and/or hydrophobic or hydrophilic, and include within its scope plasticizer materials. Diluents can be reactive or substantially unreactive. Diluent can be substantially water insoluble. Diluent can be added at any time before, during, or after prepolymer preparation, e.g., separately or as a mixture with one or more reaction components prior to prepolymer preparation, in amount sufficient to reduce the viscosity of the prepolymer to about 1,000-4,000 cP at temperatures of about 125° C. or less. Diluents can have a viscosity of about 50 cP or less at 25° C. Diluents can have a boiling point of greater than 90° C. The diluent can be used individually or in blends of two or more thereof, and can comprise at least about 0.05% by weight of the prepolymer or the total reactive composition, such as 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 10%, 15%, 18%, 20%, 35%, 50%, 60%, 70%, or greater or any amount therebetween. Suitable diluent can be chosen according to parameters such as compatibility with the composition and desired properties of the final polymer. For example, ester diluents tend to be compatible with polyester-based prepolymers. Reactive diluents can react with one or more functionalities of one or more ingredients in the composition. For example, epoxy and carbonate diluents can react with ingredients having amine groups and/or hydroxyl groups, while ethylenically unsaturated diluents can react with ingredients having ethylenic unsaturation. Suitable diluents include those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,773,697, 5,929,153, 3,929,700 and 3,936,410, and 4,343,925 (column 9, line 37 to column 13, line 62), the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. Non-limiting examples of diluents include phosphates, esters, epoxies, carbonates, ethers, alkoxylated alcohols, fatty telechelics, such as: a) cyclic carbonates which can be substituted (with groups such as alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, halogen, etc.) or unsubstituted, and can be prepared such as reacting a compound having an oxirane group (e.g., cyclic ether such as propylene oxide) with carbon dioxide, having a structure of: where x is about 1-9, such as 1 or 2; n is 1 to about 40, such as 1, 2, 3, or even integers of about 4-20, like 4 or 6; R is the same or different moieties independently chosen from hydrogen, linear or branched hydrocarbon groups (such as alkyl, aryl, cyclic, saturated, or unsaturated) having about 1-20 carbon atoms, such as about 1-18, about 1-6, or about 1-3 carbon atoms, linear or branched hydroxyalkyl groups having about 1-20 carbon atoms, such as about 1-18, about 1-6, or about 1-3 carbon atoms, linear or branched alkoxyalkylene or polyalkoxyalkylene, linear or branched haloalkyl groups having about 1-20 carbon atoms, such as chloromethyl, linear or branched —CmH2m+1 or —CmH2mOH where m is about 1-8, and linear or branched —(CH2)mH or —CH2)mOH where m is about 1-2, linear or branched alkoxy groups such as methoxyl and ethoxyl, aryloxy groups such as phenoxyl, including 5-membered cyclic carbonates such as ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, isobutylene carbonate, styrene carbonate, phenylethylene carbonate, butyl soyate carbonate, butyl linseed carbonate, and glycerin carbonate, fatty acid carbonates like oleic acid 8,9-carbonate, succinic acid glyceryl carbonate monoester, glutaric acid glyceryl carbonate monoester, 9,10-dihydroxystearic acid carbonate, and 6-membered cyclic carbonates such as cyclic trimethylolpropane carbonate and those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,501,905 and 4,440,937, which are incorporated herein by reference, with suitable examples available under the tradename Jeffsol® from Huntsman Corporation, Austin, Tex.; b) phosphorus-containing compounds including phosphites (e.g., triaryl phosphites like triphenyl- and tritolyl phosphite, dialkyl phosphites like diisopropyl-, dibutyl-, bis(2-ethylhexyl)-, bis(tridecyl)-, and dioleyl phosphites, trialkyl phosphites like tris(2-ethylhexyl)-, triisopropyl-, tributyl-, tris(2-chloroethyl)-, and triisooctyl phosphites, cyclic phosphate esters and cyclic phosphonate esters (e.g., those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,030,674, column 3, line 63 to column 4, line 55, which is incorporated by reference herein), and phosphate esters (e.g., trialkyl phosphates like triethyl-, tributyl-, tris(2-ethylhexyl)-, tricresyl-, trioctyl-, 2-ethylhexyldiphenyl phosphate, isodecyldiphenyl phosphate, cresyldiphenyl phosphate, p-t-butylphenyldiphenyl phosphate, triphenyl phosphate, trixylyl phosphate, trixylenyl phosphate, phenyldicresyl phosphate, xylenyldicresyl phosphate, cresyldixylenyl phosphate, tributoxy ethylphosphate, chloroalkyldiphosphate esters, trichloroethyl phosphate, and tris(isopropyl)chlorophosphate, chlorinated biphenyl phosphate, chlorinated diphosphate, phosphonates such as chlorinated polyphosphonate, alkyloxylated fatty alcohol phosphate esters such as oleth-2 phosphate, oleth-3 phosphate, oleth-4 phosphate, oleth-10 phosphate, oleth-20 phosphate, ceteth-8 phosphate, ceteareth-5 phosphate, ceteareth-10 phosphate, PPG ceteth-10 phosphate, some of which are available from Albemarle Corporation of Baton Rouge, La., Great Lakes Chemical Corporation of West Lafayette, Ind., and Rhodia Inc. of Cranbury, N.J.; c) epoxies such as butylepoxy stearate, octylepoxy stearate, epoxybutyl oleate, epoxidized butyl oleate, epoxidized soybean oil, epoxidized linseed oil, epoxidized alkyl oil, epoxidized alkyl oil alcohol ester, mono-, di-, and polyglycidyl ethers of castor oil and other fatty polyols and fatty polyol telechelics like those disclosed herein, mono-, di-, and polyglycidyl esters of fatty polyacids and dimer acids like those disclosed herein, such as Heloxy® and Cardura® by Resolution Performance Products of Houston, Tex.; d) alkyl and/or aryl esters, diesters, triesters, dialkyl or diaryl diesters, trialkyl or triaryl triesters of such acids and anhydrides as acetic acid, hexanoic acid, adipic acid, azelaic acid, benzoic acid, citric acid, dimer acids, fumaric acid, isobutyric acid, isophthalic acid, lauric acid, linoleic acid, maleic acid, maleic anhydride, melissic acid, myristic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid, phthalic acid, ricinoleic acid, sebacic acid, stearic acid, succinic acid, 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, and the like, and mixtures thereof, where the alkyl group can independently be linear or branched alkyl having about 1-20 carbon atoms, H3CO(CO)(CH2)n(CO)OCH3 where n is an integer of about 1-10 or about 8-20, such as methyl 2-ethylhexanoate, butyl acetate, methyl laurate, methyl linoleate, isopropyl myristate, butyl oleate, methyl palmitate, butyl ricinoleate, methyl stearate, dibenzoate esters, di(aminobenoate) esters, 2-ethylhexylbenzoate, dimethyl adipate, diisopropyl adipate, dibutyl adipate, di-2-ethylhexyl adipate, dicapryl adipate, di-n-decyl adipate, and diisodecyl adipate, polypropylene adipate, heptyl nonyl adipate, dimethyl azelate, dimethyl sebacate, dibutyl sebacate, di-2-ethylhexyl sebacate, dimethyl glutarate, dimethyl succinate, diethyl succinate, dibutyl fumarate, dioctyl fumarate, di-n-butyl maleate, butyl octyl phthalate, butylcyclohexyl phthalate, butyllauryl phthalate, butylcoconutalkyl phthalate, heptylnonyl phthalate, octyldecanoyl phthalate, octyldecyl phthalate, isooctylisodecyl phthalate, dimethyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, di-n-butyl phthalate, diisobutyl phthalate, di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate, dihexyl phthalate, bis(3,5,5-trimethylhexyl) phthalate, dicyclohexyl phthalate, diheptyl phthalate, di-n-octyl phthalate, diisooctyl phthalate, dinonyl phthalate, diisononyl phthalate, diisodecyl phthalate, dicapryl phthalate, dilauryl phthalate, diundecyl phthalate, ditridecyl phthalate, diphenyl phthalate, dimethoxyethyl phthalate, butylbenzyl phthalate, butylphenylmethyl phthalate, C7/C9 alkylbenzyl phthalate, isodecylbenzyl phthalate, texanolbenzyl phthalate, 7-(2,6,6,8-tetramethyl-4-oxa-3-oxo-nonyl)benzyl phthalate, bis(diethyleneglycolmonomethylether) phthalate, dimethylglycol phthalate, triethyl citrate, acetyltriethyl citrate, tributyl citrate, acetyltributyl citrate, tricapryl trimellitate, trioctyl trimellitate, triisononyl trimellitate, tridecyl trimellitate, triisodecyl trimellitate, heptylnonyl trimellitate, methylphthalyl ethylene glycolate, ethylphthalyl ethylene glycolate, butylphthalyl ethylene glycolate, glycerol triacetate, benzphenol, and mixtures thereof (e.g., about 20% by weight of dimethyl succinate, 21% by weight of dimethyl adipate and about 59% by weight of dimethyl glutarate); e) mono-, di-, or polyesters of fatty acids having about 8 or more carbon atoms with di-, tri-, or polyhydric alcohols, such as glycerin monostearate, glycerin 12-hydroxy stearate, glycerin distearate, diglycerin monostearate, tetraglycerin monostearate, glycerin monolaurate, diglycerin monolaurate, and tetraglycerin monolaurate; f) diesters of α,ω-diols where the acid can be linear or branched chain alkanoic acid having about 1-6 carbon atoms or aromatic acid and the diol can be linear of branched chain aliphatic diol, such as diethylene glycol dibenzoate, dipropylene glycol dibenzoate, polyethylene glycol dibenzoate, 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate (TXIB available from Eastman Chemical Company of Kingsport, Tenn.) and diethylene glycol dibenzoate, 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol monoisobutyrate benzoate, g) mono- and di-alkyl (such as C1-C6) glycol ethers of alkylene and polyalkylene glycols, and analogs of such glycol ethers as some of the polyol telechelics disclosed herein, such as monomethyl diethylene glycol, monoethyl dipropylene glycol, and monomethyltripropylene glycol; h) alkoxylated alcohols, such as nonyl phenols alkoxylated with about 1-50 (such as about 7-12) moles of an alkoxylating agent or mixture of alkoxylating agents having about 1-6 (such as about 2-4) carbon atoms, alkoxylated bisphenol A like ethoxylated bisphenol A, and propoxylated trimethylolpropane, some of which are available from Stepan Company of Northfield, Ill.; i) fatty telechelics such as fatty polyamine telechelics and fatty polyol telechelics disclosed herein, some of which can be liquid at ambient temperature, like castor oil, soy and linseed oils; j) compounds and mixtures having ethylenic unsaturation, such as polyesters of unsaturated carboxylic acids (e.g., tripropylene glycol diacrylate, Bisphenol A diglycidylether diacrylate, 1,6-Hexanediol diacrylate, 1,4-butanediol dimethacrylate, ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate, polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate, diethylene glycol dimethacrylate, urethane dimethacrylate, tetraethylene glycol dimethacrylate, triethylene glycol dimethacrylate, trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate, pentaerythritol triacrylate, and trimethylolpropane triacrylate), bismaleimides (e.g., N,N′-m-phenylenedimaleimide), polyamides of unsaturated carboxylic acids, esteramides of unsaturated carboxylic acids, allyl esters of cyanurates (e.g., triallyl cyanurate), allyl esters of isocyanurates (e.g., triallyl isocyanurate), allyl esters of aromatic acids(e.g., triallyl trimaletate and triallyl trimellitate), liquid vinyl polydienes (e.g, liquid vinyl polybutadiene homopolymers and copolymers having molecular weight of about 1,000 to about 5,000, such as about 1,800 to about 4,000, or about 2,000 to about 3,500, like 90% high vinyl polybutadiene having a molecular weight of about 3,200, 70% high vinyl 1,2-polybutadiene having a molecular weight of about 2,400, and 70% high vinyl poly(butadiene-styrene) copolymer having a molecular weight of about 2,400), mono- and polyunsaturated polycarboxylic acids and anhydrides, monoesters, polyesters, monoamides, polyamides, esteramides, and polyesteramides thereof (e.g., citraconic acid, itaconic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, mesaconic acid, aconitic acid, maleic anhydride, itaconic anhydride, citraconic anhydride, poly(meth)acrylic acid, polyitaconic acid, copolymers of (meth)acrylic acid and maleic acid, copolymers of (meth)acrylic acid and styrene, and fatty acids having a C6 or longer chain, such as hexadecenedioic acid, octadecenedioic acid, vinyl-tetradecenedioic acid, eicosedienedioic acid, dimethyl-eicosedienedioic acid, 8-vinyl-10-octadecenedioic acid, anhydrides thereof, methyl, ethyl, and other linear or branched alkyl esters thereof, amides thereof, esteramides thereof, and mixtures thereof), unsaturated oils, polyester diol reaction product of o-phthalic acid and diethylene glycol, and mixtures thereof; k) other miscellaneous compounds including alkoxy alkyl esters such as methoxy propylacetate and ethoxy propylacetate, pyrrolidones such as N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone and N-vinyl-pyrrolidone, monohydroxylated polybutadienes, silicones such as dimethicone copolyol esters, dimethiconol esters, and silicone carboxylates, aromatic petroleum condensate, partially hydrogenated terphenyls, guerbet esters, cyclic esters, cyclic ethers, and/or cyclic amides such as those disclosed herein; and l) mixtures of two or more compounds chosen from a)-k). Fillers As used herein, the term “filler” refers to any compound or composition or mixture thereof that can be used to vary certain properties of selected portions of the golf ball, including density or specific gravity, flexural modulus, tensile modulus, tear strength, moment of inertia, hardness, abrasion resistance, weatherability, volume, weight, etc. The fillers can be in the forms of nano-scale or micro-scale powders, fibers, filaments, flakes, platelets, whiskers, wires, tubes, or particulates for homogenous dispersion. Suitable fillers for golf balls may be solid or hollow, and include, for example, metal (or metal alloy) powder, metal oxide and salts, ceramics, particulates, carbonaceous materials, polymeric materials, glass microspheres, and the like or blends thereof. Non-limiting examples of metal (or metal alloy) powders include bismuth, brass, bronze, cobalt, copper, inconel, iron, molybdenum, nickel, stainless steel, titanium, aluminum, tungsten, beryllium, zinc, magnesium, manganese, and tin. Non-limiting examples of metal oxides and salts include zinc oxide, iron oxide, aluminum oxide, titanium dioxide, magnesium oxide, zirconium oxide, tungsten trioxide, zirconium oxide, tungsten carbide, tungsten oxide, tin oxide, zinc sulfide, zinc sulfate, zinc carbonate, barium sulfate, barium carbonate, calcium carbonate, calcium metasilicate, magnesium carbonate, and silicates. Non-limiting examples of carbonaceous materials include graphite and carbon black. Examples of other useful fillers include precipitated hydrated silica, boron, clay, talc, glass fibers, aramid fibers, mica, diatomaceous earth, regrind (typically recycled core material mixed and ground to 30 mesh particle size), high Mooney viscosity rubber regrind, and mixtures thereof. Examples of polymeric materials include, but are not limited to, hollow spheres or microspheres of chemically or physically foamed thermoplastic or thermosetting polymers, such as epoxies, urethanes, polyesters, nucleated reaction injection molded polyurethanes or polyureas. The selection of fillers is in part dependent upon the type of golf ball desired, i.e., one-piece, two-piece, multi-component, or wound. Fillers may be used to modify the weight of any portion of the golf ball. The filler can be inorganic, having a density of greater than 4 g/cc, and can be present in amounts of 5-65 wt. % of the polymer components included in the golf ball portion. Blowing and/or Foaming Agents The compositions may be foamed by the addition of at least one physical or chemical blowing or foaming agent. Foamed polymer allows one to adjust the density or mass distribution of the ball to adjust the angular moment of inertia, and, thus, the spin rate and performance of the ball. Blowing or foaming agents useful include, but are not limited to, organic blowing agents such as azobisformamide, azobisisobutyronitrile, diazoaminobenzene, N,N-dimethyl-N,N-dinitrosoterephthalamide, N,N-dinitrosopentamethylenetetramine, benzenesulfonylhydrazide, benzene-1,3-disulfonylhydrazide, diphenylsulfon-3-3, disulfonylhydrazide, 4,4′-oxybisbenzene sulfonylhydrazide, p-toluene sulfonylsemicarbizide, barium azodicarboxylate, butylaminenitrile, nitroureas, trihydrazinotriazine, phenyl-methyl-uranthan, p-sulfonylhydrazide, peroxides, and inorganic blowing agents such as ammonium bicarbonate and sodium bicarbonate. A gas, such as air, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, etc., can also be injected into the composition during the injection molding process as a blowing agent. Additionally, foamed compositions may be formed by blending microspheres to the compositions either during or before molding. Polymeric, ceramic, metal, and glass microspheres are useful, and may be solid, hollow, filled, or unfilled. Microspheres up to about 1,000 microns in diameter can be useful. Furthermore, the use of liquid nitrogen for foaming, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,386,992, which is incorporated by reference herein, may produce highly uniform foamed compositions for use in the present disclosure. Light Stabilizers The compositions may comprise one or more light stabilizers to prevent significant yellowing from any unsaturated components contained therein, and to prevent cover surface fractures due to photo-degradation. As used herein, “light stabilizer” may be understood to include hindered amine light stabilizers, ultraviolet (UV) absorbers, and antioxidants. The light stabilizing component can be used in compositions having a difference in yellowness (ΔY) of about 12 or greater following one-hour exposure to QUV test per ASTM G 154-00a at an irradiance power of 1.00 W/m2/nm, such as about 15 or greater. Light stabilizers can be used in visible layers, such as the outer cover layer, or any internal layer when the outer layer(s) are translucent or transparent. Suitable UV absorbers include Uvinul® DS49 (disodium 2,2′-dihydroxy-4,4′-dimethyoxy-5,5′-disulfobenzophenone) and Uvinul® DS50 (2,2′,4,4′-tetrahydroxy-benzophenone) by BASF Corporation; Tinuvin® 328 (2-(2′-hydroxy-3′,5′-di(t-amylphenyl)benzotriazole), Tinuvin® 571 (2-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-6-dodecyl-4-methylphenol), Tinuvin® P (2-(2-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)benzotriazole), and CGL 1545 (experimental triazine derivative) by Ciba Specialty Chemicals Corporation; Sanduvor® PR-25 (dimethyl-4-methoxy-benzylidenemalonate) by Clariant Corporation; Cyasorb® UV-2337 (2-(2′-hydroxy-3′,5′-di(t-amylphenyl)benzotriazole), Cyasorb® UV-1164 (2-(4,6-bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-5-octyloxyphenol), and Cyasorb® UV-3638 (2,2′-(1,4-phenylene)-bis(4-3,1-benzoxazin-4-one)) by Cytec Industries; Quercetin® (3,3′,4′,5,7-pentahydroxy flavone) by EM Industries; UV-Chek(® AM-300 (2-hydroxy-4-n-octyloxy-benzophenone) and UV-Chek® AM-340 (2,4-di(t-butylphenyl)-3,5-di(t-butyl)-4-hydroxybenzoate) by Ferro Corporation; Maxgard® DPA-8 (2-ethylhexyl-2-cyano-3,3-diphenylacrylate) by Garrison Industries; Givsorb® 2 (propanedione), Givsorb(& 13, Givsorb® 14, and Givsorb® 15 by Givaudan-Roure Corporation; Norbloc(® 6000 (2-(2′-hydroxy-5′-(2-hydroxyethyl)benzotriazole) and Norbloc® 7966 (2-(2′-hydroxy-5′-methacryloxyethylphenyl)-2H-benzotriazole) by Jessen Pharmaceuticals. Suitable light stabilizers include, but are not limited to, Tinuvin® 622LD (dimethyl succinate polymer with 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidine ethanol) and Tinuvin® 765 (bis(1,2,2,6,6-pentamethyl-4-piperidinyl)sebacate) by Ciba Specialty Chemicals Corporation; Sanduvor® 3070 (hindered amine) by Clariant Corporation; Cyasorb® UV-3581 (3-dodecyl-1-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidylpyrrolidin-2,5-dione) by Cytec Industries. For aromatic and unsaturated formulations, the UV absorber can be Tinuvin® 328, and the hindered amine light stabilizer can be Tinuvin® 765, among others. Light stabilizer for saturated formulations can be Tinuvin® 292, among others. In addition, Tinuvin® 213 and 770, and antioxidants such as Irganox®V 1010 (tetrakis(3,5-di(t-butyl-hydroxyhydrocinnamate))methane) and Irganox® 1135 (C7-9-branched alkyl ester of 3,5-di(t-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamic acid) by Ciba Specialty Chemicals Corporation and Sandostab® P-EPQ (aryl phosphonite) by Clariant Corporation, are also applicable. Light stabilizers can be used alone or in combinations of two or more thereof, or in combination with coloring agents such as dyes and pigments, as well as optical brighteners, in golf ball compositions disclosed herein. Pigments may be fluorescent, autofluorescent, luminescent, or chemoluminescent, and include white pigments such as titanium oxide and zinc oxide. These coloring agents may be added in any amounts that will achieve their desired purpose. Freezing Point Depressants Multi-functional curing agents can be used in the compositions of the present disclosure. The multi-functional curing agent can include, or be modified with, at least one compatible freezing point depressant including triols such as trimethylolpropane, tetraols such as N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(2-hydroxylpropyl)ethylenediamine, primary diamines such as 3,3′-dimethyl-4,4′-diaminodicyclohexylmethane and 4,4′-diaminodicyclohexylmethane, among others. Vulcanizing Agents When the composition of the present disclosure comprise ethylenic and/or acetylenic unsaturation moieties, one or more vulcanizing agents, such as radical initiators, polyisocyanates, co-crosslinking agent, curatives comprising ethylenic and/or acetylenic unsaturation moieties, cis-to-trans catalysts, organosulfur compounds, and/or processing aids, can be added to the composition, which can then be crosslinked at elevated temperature under increased pressure. Radical initiators include sulfur-based compounds such as element sulfur and thiazole accelerators, carbon-carbon initiators such as those disclosed in co-owned and co-pending application bearing Ser. No. 10/614,325, which are incorporated herein by reference, and various peroxides including, but are not limited to, diacyl peroxides, ketone peroxides, peroxydicarbonates, peroxyesters, alkyl aralkyl peroxides, diaraylkyl peroxides, dialkyl peroxides, hydroperoxides, and peroxyketals. Non-limiting examples of dialkyl peroxides include di-t-amyl peroxide, di-t-butyl peroxide, t-butyl cumyl peroxide, di-cumyl peroxide (DCP), di(2-methyl-1-phenyl-2-propyl) peroxide, t-butyl 2-methyl-1-phenyl-2-propyl peroxide, di(t-butylperoxy)-diisopropylbenzene, 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(t-butylperoxy)hexane, 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(t-butylperoxy)hexyne-3,1,1-di(t-butylperoxy)-3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane, 4,4-di(t-butylperoxy)-n-butylvalerate, and mixtures thereof. DCP is the most commonly used peroxide in golf ball manufacturing. Di(t-butylperoxy)-diisopropylbenzene can provide higher crosslinking efficiency, low odor and longer scorch time, among other properties. DCP can be blended with di(t-butylperoxy)-diisopropylbenzene. In the pure form, the radical initiator or a blend thereof can be used in an amount of 0.25-10, 0.25-5, or 0.5-2.5 phr by weight of the elastomer. Polyisocyanates as disclosed herein can be used to crosslink reactive compositions comprising urethane and/or urea linkages. Isocyanate group can react with urethane linkage to form allophanate linkage having a general structure of: or react with urea linkage to form biuret linkage having a general structure of: Polyisocyanate crosslinked compositions can have a material hardness of 70 Shore A to 60 Shore D. Sulfur or peroxide cured compositions can have a material hardness of 25-85 Shore A. Suitable co-crosslinking agents all have di- or polyunsaturation and at least one readily extractable hydrogen in the α position to the unsaturated bonds. Useful co-crosslinking agents include, but are not limited to, mono- or polyfunctional unsaturated carboxylate metallic compounds, polyesters of unsaturated carboxylic acids, polyamides of unsaturated carboxylic acids, esteramides of unsaturated carboxylic acids, bismaleimides, allyl esters of cyanurates, allyl esters of isocyanurates, allyl esters of aromatic acids, mono- and polyunsaturated polycarboxylic acids, anhydrides of mono- and polyunsaturated polycarboxylic acids, monoesters and polyesters of mono- and polyunsaturated polycarboxylic acids, monoamides and polyamides of mono- and polyunsaturated polycarboxylic acids, esteramides and polyesteramides of mono- and polyunsaturated polycarboxylic acids, liquid vinyl polydienes, and mixtures thereof. Unsaturated carboxylate metallic compounds are Type I co-crosslinking agents. They differ from all others, which are Type II co-crosslinking agent, in their effect on the curing characteristics of the system. Type I co-crosslinking agents generally form relatively more reactive free radicals which increase both cure rate and the state of cure of the system, and form ionic crosslinks primarily. Type II co-crosslinking agents form relatively less reactive and more stable free radicals and increase primarily the state of cure of the elastomer, and primarily form carbon-carbon crosslinks. The co-crosslinking agent can be present in the amount of at least about 0.1 parts per one-hundred parts by weight of the base rubber (phr), such as about 0.5 phr, 1 phr, 2 phr, 6 phr, 8 phr, 10 phr, 15 phr, 20 phr, 25 phr, 30 phr, or 40 phr, and up to about 80 phr, such as up to about 60 phr. The amount of carbon-carbon-crosslinks in the resulting thermoset material can be no less than the amount of ionic crosslinks. Unsaturated carboxylate metallic compounds can have one or more α,β-unsaturated carboxylate functionalities such as acrylates and methacrylates. The compounds can have one or more metal ions associated with one or more of the unsaturated carboxylate functionalities, such as Zn, Ca, Co, Fe, Mg, Ti, Ni, Cu, etc. Metallic compounds of difunctional unsaturated carboxylates include, without limitation, zinc diacrylate (ZDA), zinc dimethacrylate (ZDMA), calcium diacrylate, and a blend thereof. Metallic compounds of polyfunctional unsaturated carboxylates include reaction products of a) mono-basic unsaturated carboxylic acids such as acrylic acid and/or methacrylic acid, b) di-basic and/or polybasic carboxylic acids having mono- or polyunsaturation, and/or anhydrides thereof, such as those disclosed herein below, and c) divalent metal oxide. Examples of such metallic compounds and their synthesis are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,566,483, the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference. Unsaturated carboxylic acids can be condensed with polyamines (forming polyamides), polyols (forming polyesters), or aminoalcohols (forming esteramides). Non-limiting examples of unsaturated carboxylic acid condensates include tripropylene glycol diacrylate, Bisphenol A diglycidylether diacrylate, 1,6-Hexanediol diacrylate, 1,4-butanediol dimethacrylate, ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate, polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate, diethylene glycol dimethacrylate, urethane dimethacrylate, tetraethylene glycol dimethacrylate, triethylene glycol dimethacrylate, trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate, pentaerythritol triacrylate, and trimethylolpropane triacrylate. Non-limiting example of bismaleimide include N,N′-m-phenylenedimaleimide (HVA-2, available from Dupont). Non-limiting examples of allyl esters include triallyl cyanurate (Akrosorb® 19203, available from Akrochem Corp. of Akron, Ohio), triallyl isocyanurate (Akrosorb® 19251, also available from Akrochem Corp.), and triallyl trimaletate (TATM, available from Sartomer Company of Exton, Pa.). Non-limiting examples of mono- or polyunsaturated polycarboxylic acids and derivatives thereof include citraconic acid, itaconic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, mesaconic acid, aconitic acid, maleic anhydride, itaconic anhydride, citraconic anhydride, poly(meth)acrylic acid, polyitaconic acid, copolymers of (meth)acrylic acid and maleic acid, copolymers of (meth)acrylic acid and styrene, and fatty acids having a C6 or longer chain, such as hexadecenedioic acid, octadecenedioic acid, vinyl-tetradecenedioic acid, eicosedienedioic acid, dimethyl-eicosedienedioic acid, 8-vinyl-10-octadecenedioic acid, anhydrides thereof, methyl, ethyl, and other linear or branched alkyl esters thereof, amides thereof, esteramides thereof, and mixtures thereof. Liquid vinyl polydienes are liquid at ambient temperature, such as liquid vinyl polybutadiene homopolymers and copolymers, and can have low to moderate viscosity, low volatility and emission, high boiling point (such as greater than 300° C.), and molecular weight of about 1,000 to about 5,000, such as about 1,800 to about 4,000, or about 2,000 to about 3,500. Non-limiting examples of liquid vinyl polydienes include 90% high vinyl polybutadiene having a molecular weight of about 3,200, 0 (70% high vinyl 1,2-polybutadiene having a molecular weight of about 2,400, and 70% high vinyl poly(butadiene-styrene) copolymer having a molecular weight of about 2,400. The cis-to-trans catalyst or organosulfur compound, such as halogenated compound, can be one having cis-to-trans catalytic activity or a sulfur atom (or both), and can be present in the polymeric composition by at least about 2.2 phr, such as less than about 2.2-5 phr. Useful compounds of this category include those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,525,141, 6,465,578, 6,184,301, 6,139,447, 5,697,856, 5,816,944, and 5,252,652, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference in their entirety. The halogenated organosulfur compound may include pentafluorothiophenol; 2-fluorothiophenol; 3-fluorothiophenol; 4-fluorothiophenol; 2,3-fluorothiophenol; 2,4-fluorothiophenol; 3,4-fluorothiophenol; 3,5-fluorothiophenol 2,3,4-fluorothiophenol; 3,4,5-fluorothiophenol; 2,3,4,5-tetrafluorothiophenol; 2,3,5,6-tetrafluorothiophenol; 4-chlorotetrafluorothiophenol; pentachlorothiophenol; 2-chlorothiophenol; 3-chlorothiophenol; 4-chlorothiophenol; 2,3-chlorothiophenol; 2,4-chlorothiophenol; 3,4-chlorothiophenol; 3,5-chlorothiophenol; 2,3,4-chlorothiophenol; 3,4,5-chlorothiophenol; 2,3,4,5-tetrachlorothiophenol; 2,3,5,6-tetrachlorothiophenol; pentabromothiophenol; 2-bromothiophenol; 3-bromothiophenol; 4-bromothiophenol; 2,3-bromothiophenol; 2,4-bromothiophenol; 3,4-bromothiophenol; 3,5-bromothiophenol; 2,3,4-bromothiophenol; 3,4,5-bromothiophenol; 2,3,4,5-tetrabromothiophenol; 2,3,5,6-tetrabromothiophenol; pentaiodothiophenol; 2-iodothiophenol; 3-iodothiophenol; 4-iodothiophenol; 2,3-iodothiophenol; 2,4-iodothiophenol; 3,4-iodothiophenol; 3,5-iodothiophenol; 2,3,4-iodothiophenol; 3,4,5-iodothiophenol; 2,3,4,5-tetraiodothiophenol; 2,3,5,6-tetraiodothiophenoland; the metal salts thereof, and mixtures thereof. The metal salt may be zinc, calcium, potassium, magnesium, sodium, and lithium. Pentachlorothiophenol is commercially available from Strucktol Company of Stow, Ohio, and zinc pentachlorothiophenol is commercially available from eChinachem of San Francisco, Calif. Processing acids for the crosslinkable compositions include, without limitation, organic acids, metal salts thereof, esters thereof (such as linear or branched C1 to C8 alkyl esters), and alcohols derived from such organic acids, which can be non-volatile and non-migratory. Any of the fatty acids, fatty alcohols, fatty esters, and metal cations disclosed herein can be used. For example, the processing aid can be one or more aliphatic, mono-functional, saturated, mono-unsaturated, or poly-unsaturated organic acids having about 36 carbon atoms or fewer, such as 6-26, 6-18, or 6-12 carbon atoms, and/or metal salts thereof. Metal cations can be one or more alkali metal, transition metal, or alkaline earth metal cations, or a combination of such cations. Non-limiting examples of the organic acids include caproic acid, caprylic acid, capric acid, lauric acid, stearic acid, behenic acid, erucic acid, oleic acid, and linoleic acid. Non-limiting examples of the metal cations include lithium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, barium, and zinc. Agents other than organic acids/salts may be used, as long as they also exhibit ionic array plasticizing and ethylene crystallinity suppression properties. The processing aids can be added in an amount sufficient to enhance the resilience of the crosslinkable elastomer, and/or substantially eliminate crystallinity therein. The amount can be at least about 0.1 % by weight of the total amount of the elastomer and processing aid, such as 1%, 5%, 15%, 20%, 35%, 40%, and up to 50%. Alternatively, the amount of the processing aids can be 0.25-150 phr by weight of the elastomer or blend of elastomers. Other processing aids for crosslinkable compositions include those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,141,978, which are incorporated herein by reference. Moisture Scavengers Moisture scavengers can be low-viscosity, reactive, non-reactive, include isocyanate-containing compounds such as monomeric compounds like p-tolune sulfonyl isocyanate (PTSI from VanDeMark Inc. of Lockport, N.Y.) and polymeric compounds like polymeric methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (PAPI® MDI from Dow Chemical), oxazolidines, oxazolanes, orthoformates such as trimethyl- and triethyl orthoformates, orthoacetates such as trimethyl- and triethyl orthoacetates, alkyl (linear or branched C1 to C12 alkyls) esters of toluene sulfonic acid such as methyl p-toluene sulfonate (MTS), and vinyl silanes. These moisture scavengers can be used alone or in combination thereof, or in combinations with other moisture scavengers such as calcium oxide and molecular sieves. Amount of the moisture scavengers can be about 10 phr or less, such as about 5 phr or less, and can be about 0.01 phr or greater, such as about 0.05 phr or greater, or about 0.1 phr or greater. Various light stabilizers, UV absorbers, photoinitiators, and silane crosslinkers are all readily available. Fragrance Components As used herein, a material or component is regarded as odorous when its odor threshold is greater than 0.029 mg/m3 in air. A fragrance or masking component may be added to compositions comprising such odorous materials or components, in an amount of at least 0.01 % by weight of the composition, such as 0.03%, 0.08%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.2%, 1.5%, or any amounts therebetween. Suitable fragrance components include, but are not limited to, Long Lasting Fragrance Masks #59672, #46064, and #55248, Non-Descript Fragrance Mask #97779, Fresh and Clean Fragrance Mask #88177, and Garden Fresh Fragrance Mask #87473, available from Flavor and Fragrance Specialties of Mahwah, N.J. Other non-limiting fragrance components include benzaldehyde, benzyl benzoate, benzyl propionate, benzyl salicylate, benzyl alcohol, cinnamic aldehydes, natural and essential oils derived from botanical sources, and mixtures thereof. Composition Blends The compositions of the disclosure can be used in amounts of 1-100%, such as 10-90% or 10-75%, to form any portion of the golf ball, optionally in blend with one or more other materials being present in amounts of 1-95%, 10-90%, or 25-90%. The percentages are based on the weight of the portion in question. Conventional materials for golf ball cover, intermediate layer, and core suitable as the other materials include: 1) Non-ionomeric acid polymers, such as copolymers E/Y of an olefin E having 2-8 carbon atoms and a carboxylic acid Y having 3-8 carbon atoms, or terpolymers E/X/Y having an additional softening comonomer X. The olefin E can be ethylene, and the acid Y can be acrylic, methacrylic, crotonic, maleic, fumaric, itaconic acid, or combinations thereof. The comonomer X can be vinyl esters of aliphatic carboxylic acids having 2-10 carbon atoms, alkyl ethers, alkyl acrylates, and alkyl alkylacrylates where alkyl groups can be linear or branched having 1-10 carbon atoms. Depending on the acid content by weight, the polymer may be referred to as low acid (2-10%), medium acid (10-16%), and high acid (16-50%). The comonomer, when present, may be in an amount of 2-40% by weight of the acid polymer. Examples include Nucrel® from E. I. Du Pont de Nemours & Company and Escor® from ExxonMobil. 2) Anionic and cationic ionomers such as the acid polymers above partially or fully neutralized with organic or inorganic cations, such as zinc, sodium, lithium, magnesium, potassium, calcium, manganese, nickel, ammonium (primary, secondary, tertiary), and the like. The extent of neutralization can be 1-105% in terms of stoichiometric ratio of total cation to total anion, such as 50%, 70%, or greater. Examples include Surlyn® from E. I. Du Pont de Nemours & Company and lotekg from ExxonMobil, as well as the material compositions disclosed in U.S. Application 09/691,284, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,653,382, U.S. application Ser. No. 10/108,793, now U.S. Publication No. 2003/0050373, U.S. Application 10/230,015, now U.S. Publication No. 2003/0114565, and U.S. application Ser. No. 10/269,341, now U.S. Publication No. 2003/0130434, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. 3) Thermoplastic or thermoset (vulcanized) synthetic or natural rubbers, including polyolefins and copolymers or blends thereof, such as balata, polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutylene, isoprene rubber, ethylene-propylene rubber, ethylene-butylene rubber, ethylene-propylene-(non-conjugated diene) terpolymers; polystyrenes and copolymers thereof, such as styrene-butadiene copolymers, poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride), acrylonitrile-butylene-styrene copolymers, poly(styrene sulfonate); and homopolymers or copolymers produced using single-site catalyst such as metallocene (grafted or non-grafted). 4) Polyphenylene oxide resins, polyacrylene ethers, or blends of polyphenylene oxide with high impact polystyrene such as Noryl® from General Electric Company. 5) Aliphatic and/or aromatic thermoplastics, including polyesters, such as ethylene methylacrylate, ethylene ethylacrylate, ethylene vinyl acetate, poly(ethylene terephthalate), poly(butylene terephthalate), poly(propylene terephthalate), poly(trimethylene terephthalate), modified poly(ethylene terephthalate)/glycol, poly(ethylene naphthalate), cellulose esters, Hytrel® from E. I. Du Pont de Nemours & Company, and Lomod® from General Electric Company; polycarbonates; polyacetals; polyimides; polyetherketones; polyamideimides; thermoplastic block copolymers (Kraton® rubbers from Shell Chemical); co-polyetheramides (Pebax® from AtoFina); and elastomers in general. 6) Vinyl resins such as polyvinyl alcohols, polyvinyl alcohol copolymers, polyvinyl chloride, block copolymers of alkenyl aromatics with vinyl aromatics and polyesteramides, copolymers of vinyl chloride with vinyl acetate, acrylic esters or vinylidene chloride. 7) Polyamides such as poly(hexamethylene adipamide) and others prepared from diamines, fatty acids, dibasic acids, and amino acids (like polycaprolactams), and blends of polyamides with Surlyn®, ethylene homopolymers or copolymers or terpolymers, etc. 8) Acrylic resins and blends of these resins with polyvinyl chloride or other elastomers. 9) Epoxy resins and silicones, including siloxanes and urethane epoxies such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,908,358, which is incorporated by reference herein. 10) Blends and alloys, including blends of polycarbonate and acrylonitrile-butylene-styrene, blends of polycarbonate and polyurethane, blends of polyvinyl chloride with acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene or ethylene vinyl acetate or other elastomers, blends of thermoplastic rubbers with polyethylene or polypropylene. Preferably, a thermoplastic composition of the present disclosure is blended with one or more thermoplastic materials listed above to form the golf ball portion. One of ordinary skill in the art would be aware of methods to blend the materials with the compositions of the disclosure. Core Compositions The cores of the golf balls formed according to the disclosure may be solid, semi-solid, hollow, fluid-filled, gas-filled, powder-filled, one-piece or multi-component cores. The term “semi-solid” as used herein refers to a paste, a gel, or the like. Any core material known to one of ordinary skill in that art is suitable for use in the golf balls of the disclosure. Suitable core materials include thermoset materials, such as rubber, styrene butadiene, polybutadiene, isoprene, polyisoprene, trans-isoprene, as well as thermoplastics such as ionomer resins, polyamides, and polyesters, and thermoplastic or thermoset polyurethane or polyurea elastomers. As mentioned above, the compositions of the present disclosure may be incorporated into any portion of the golf ball, including the core. For example, an inner core center or a core layer may comprise at least one of the reactive compositions disclosed herein. The golf ball core can comprise one or more materials chosen from base rubber (natural, synthetic, or a combination thereof, such as polybutadiene), crosslinking initiator (such as dialkyl peroxide), co-crosslinking agent (such as those having di- or polyunsaturation and at least one readily extractable hydrogen in the a position to the unsaturated bonds), filler, cis-to-trans catalyst, organosulfur compound, among others. Choices for these materials are known to one skilled in the art, such as those disclosed in co-pending and co-assigned U.S. Patent Publication No. 2003/0119989, bearing Ser. No. 10/190,705, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein. The core compositions can be used to form any other portions of the golf ball, such as one or more of the intermediate layers and cover layers. Intermediate Layer Compositions When the golf ball comprises at least one intermediate layer, such as one disposed between the cover and the core, or an inner cover layer or outer core layer, i.e., any layer(s) disposed between the inner core and the outer cover of the golf ball, this layer can be formed from any one or more thermoplastic and thermosetting materials known to those of ordinary skill. These materials can be any and all of the compositions disclosed herein, including those listed under “Composition Blends” above, as well as those disclosed in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2003/0119989 and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,334,673 and 5,484,870, which are all incorporated by reference herein. The intermediate layer may include homopolymers or copolymers of ethylene, propylene, butylene, butene, and/or hexene, optionally incorporating functional monomers such as acrylic and methacrylic acid, optionally being fully or partially neutralized ionomer resins and their blends, imidized, amino group containing polymers, polycarbonate, reinforced polyamides, polyphenylene oxide, high impact polystyrene, polyether ketone, polysulfone, poly(phenylene sulfide), acrylonitrile-butadiene, acrylic-styrene-acrylonitrile, poly(ethylene terephthalate), poly(butylene terephthalate), poly(ethylene vinyl alcohol), poly(tetrafluoroethylene) and their copolymers including functional comonomers, and blends thereof. The intermediate layer may include at least one ionomer, such as acid-containing ethylene copolymer ionomers, including E/X/Y terpolymers where E is ethylene, X is an acrylate or methacrylate-based softening comonomer in 0-50 wt. %, and Y is acrylic or methacrylic acid in 5-35 wt. % (such as 8-35 wt. % or 8-20 wt. %). The acid copolymers can be E/X or E/X/Y copolymers where E is ethylene, X is α,β-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid or a combination of two or more thereof, such as having about 3-8 carbon atoms (e.g., acrylic acid and/or methacrylic acid), and Y is a softening comonomer, such as alkyl (meth)acrylate where the alkyl group can be linear or branched and have about 1-8 carbon atoms (e.g., n-butyl). By “softening,” it is meant that the crystallinity is disrupted (the polymer is made less crystalline). X can be at least about 2 wt.% of the copolymer, such as 2-30, 3-30, 4-20, 4-25, 5-20, or 5-20 wt. % of the polymer, and Y can be present in 0-30, 3-25, 10-23, 17-40, 20-40, or 24-35 wt. % of the acid copolymer. Soft, resilient ionomers included in this disclosure can be partially neutralized ethylene/(meth) acrylic acid/butyl (meth) acrylate copolymers having a melt index (MI) and level of neutralization that results in a melt-processible polymer that has useful physical properties. The copolymers are at least partially neutralized. At least 40%, or at least 55%, such as about 70% or about 80% of the acid moiety of the acid copolymer can be neutralized by one or more alkali metal, transition metal, or alkaline earth metal cations, such as lithium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, barium, or zinc, or a combination of such cations. Soft, resilient, thermoplastic, “modified” ionomers are also exemplary materials for use in any one or more golf ball portions present in any construction, such as the inner center, inner core layer, intermediate core layer, outer core layer, intermediate layer, inner cover layer, intermediate cover layer, outer cover layer, and the like and equivalents thereof. The “modified” ionomer can comprise a melt blend of (a) the acid copolymers or the melt processible ionomers made therefrom as described above and (b) one or more organic acid(s) or salt(s) thereof, wherein greater than 80%, or greater than 90%, even 100% of all the acid of (a) and of (b) can be neutralized by one or more cations. Amount of cations in excess of the amount required to neutralize 100% of the acid in (a) and (b) can be used to neutralize the acid in (a) and (b). Blends with fatty acids or fatty acid salts can be used. The organic acids or salts thereof can be added in an amount sufficient to enhance the resilience of the copolymer, and/or substantially eliminate crystallinity of the copolymer. The amount can be at least about 5% by weight of the total amount of copolymer and organic acid(s), such as at least about 15%, or at least about 20%, and up to about 50%, such as up to about 40% or up to about 35%. Alternatively, the amount of the organic acids or salts thereof can be about 25-150 phr by weight of the copolymer or blend of copolymers. The non-volatile, non-migratory organic acids can be aliphatic, mono-functional, saturated or unsaturated organic acids or salts thereof as described below, such as those having less than about 36 carbon atoms, like fatty acids (e.g., stearic acid and oleic acid) or salts thereof. Agents other than organic acids/salts may be used, as long as they also exhibit ionic array plasticizing and ethylene crystallinity suppression properties. Processes for fatty acid/salt modifications are known in the art. The modified highly-neutralized soft, resilient acid copolymer ionomers can be produced by: (a) melt-blending 1) ethylene, α,β-ethylenically unsaturated C3 to C8 carboxylic acid copolymer(s) or melt-processible ionomer(s) thereof, optionally having crystallinity disrupted by addition of a softening monomer or other means, with 2) sufficient amount of non-volatile, non-migratory organic acids to substantially enhance the resilience and to disrupt or remove the remaining ethylene crystallinity, and then, concurrently or subsequently; and (b) adding a sufficient amount of a cation source to increase the level of neutralization of all the acid moieties (including those in the acid copolymer and in the organic acid if the non-volatile, non-migratory organic acid is an organic acid) to the desired level. The ethylene-acid copolymers with high levels of acid (X) are difficult to prepare in continuous polymerizers because of monomer-polymer phase separation. This difficulty can be avoided however by use of “co-solvent technology” as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,028,674, or by employing somewhat higher pressures than those which copolymers with lower acid can be prepared. The weight ratio of X to Y in the composition can be at least about 1:20, such as at least about 1:15, or at least about 1:10, and up to about 2:1, such as up to about 1.2:1, up to about 1:1.67, up to about 1:2, or up to about 1:2.2. The acid copolymers can be “direct” acid copolymers (containing high levels of softening monomers). As noted above, the copolymers can be partially, highly, or fully neutralized, such as at least about 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 70, 80%, 90%, or 100% neutralized. The MI of the acid copolymer should be sufficiently high so that the resulting neutralized resin has a measurable MI in accord with ASTM D-1238, condition E, at 190° C., using a 2160 gram weight, such as at least about 0.1 g/10 min, at least about 0.5 g/10 min, or about 1 g/10 min or greater. In highly neutralized acid copolymer, the MI of the acid copolymer base resin can be at least about 20 g/10 min, at least 40 g/10 min, at least 75 g/10 min, at least 100 g/10 min, or at least 150 g/10 min. Specific acid-copolymers include ethylene/(meth)acrylic acid/n-butyl (meth) acrylate, ethylene/(meth) acrylic acid/iso-butyl (meth) acrylate, ethylene/(meth) acrylic acid/methyl (meth) acrylate, and ethylene/(meth) acrylic acid/ethyl (meth) acrylate terpolymers. The organic acids and salts thereof employed can be aliphatic, mono-functional (saturated, mono-unsaturated, or poly-unsaturated) organic acids, including those having fewer than 36 carbon atoms, such as 6-26, 6-18, or 6-12 carbon atoms. The salts may be any of a wide variety, including the barium, lithium, sodium, zinc, bismuth, potassium, strontium, magnesium and calcium salts of the organic acids. Non-limiting examples of the organic acids include caproic acid, caprylic acid, capric acid, lauric acid, stearic acid, behenic acid, erucic acid, oleic acid, and linoleic acid. Other fatty acids and salts thereof include any and all of those disclosed herein above, such as fatty polyacids and polymerized fatty polyacids (e.g., dimer diacids) and salts thereof. Partial esters of polyacids (i.e., having at least one un-esterified acid group) and salts thereof are also useful. When mono- and/or poly-unsaturated organic acids and/or salts thereof are used, the ionomer composition can be crosslinked into a thermoset material using reactants known to one skilled in the art, such as peroxide and/or sulfur initiators, some of which are disclosed herein. Alternatively, radiations such as electron beam radiation and others disclosed herein can be used to crosslink the ionomer composition. Optional additives include acid copolymer wax (e.g., Allied wax AC 143 believed to be an ethylene/16-18% acrylic acid copolymer with a number average molecular weight of 2,040), which assist in preventing reaction between the filler materials (e.g., ZnO) and the acid moiety in the ethylene copolymer, TiO2 (a whitening agent), optical brighteners, etc. Ionomers may be blended with conventional ionomeric copolymers and terpolymers, and non-ionomeric thermoplastic resins. The non-ionomeric thermoplastic resins include, without limit, thermoplastic elastomers such as polyurethane, poly-ether-ester, poly-amide-ether, polyether-urea, PEBAX (a family of block copolymers based on polyether-block-amide, commercially supplied by Atochem), styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) block copolymers, styrene(ethylene-butylene)-styrene block copolymers, etc., poly amide (oligomeric and polymeric), polyesters, polyolefins including PE, PP, E/P copolymers, etc., ethylene copolymers with various comonomers, such as vinyl acetate, (meth)acrylates, (meth)acrylic acid, epoxy-functionalized monomer, CO, etc., functionalized polymers with maleic anhydride grafting, epoxidization etc., elastomers such as EPDM, metallocene catalyzed PE and copolymer, ground up powders of the thermoset elastomers, etc. Such thermoplastic blends can comprise about 1% to about 99% by weight of a first thermoplastic and about 99% to about 1% by weight of a second thermoplastic. Thermoplastic polymer components, such as copolyetheresters, copolyesteresters, copolyetheramides, elastomeric polyolefins, styrene diene block copolymers and their hydrogenated derivatives, copolyesteramides, thermoplastic polyurethanes, such as copolyetherurethanes, copolyesterurethanes, copolyureaurethanes, epoxy-based polyurethanes, polycaprolactone-based polyurethanes, polyureas, and polycarbonate-based polyurethanes fillers, and other ingredients, if included, can be blended in either before, during, or after the acid moieties are neutralized. Examples of these materials are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,565,466 and 6,565,455, which are incorporated herein by reference. In addition, polyamides, discussed in more detail below, may also be blended with ionomers. The intermediate layer composition may include 1-99 phr (such as 5-90 phr, 10-75 phr, or 10-50 phr) of at least one grafted metallocene catalyzed polymer and 99-1 phr (such as 95-10 phr, 90-25 phr, or 90-50 phr) of at least one ionomer. The intermediate layer composition may also include at least one ionomer and at least one primarily or fully non-ionomeric thermoplastic material, such as polyamides, polyamide blends, grafted and non-grafted metallocene catalyzed polyolefins and polyamides, polyamide/ionomer blends, polyamide/non-ionomer blends, polyphenylene ether/ionomer blends, and mixtures thereof, like those disclosed in co-pending U.S. Patent Publication No. 2003/0078348, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein. One example of a polyamide/non-ionomer blend is a polyamide and non-ionic polymers produced using non-metallocene single-site catalysts. As used herein, the term “non-metallocene catalyst” or “non-metallocene single-site catalyst” refers to a single-site catalyst other than a metallocene catalyst. Examples of suitable single-site catalyzed polymers are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,476,130, of which the disclosure is incorporated by reference herein. The intermediate layer may also be formed from the compositions as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,688,191, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein. The intermediate layer may also be formed of a binding material and an interstitial material distributed in the binding material, wherein the effective material properties of the intermediate layer can be different for applied forces normal to the surface of the ball from applied forces tangential to the surface of the ball. Examples of this type of intermediate layer are disclosed in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2003/0125134, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein. At least one intermediate layer may also be a moisture barrier layer, such as the ones described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,820,488, which is incorporated by reference herein. Cover Compositions Obviously, one or more of the cover layers may be formed, at least in part, from the compositions of the present disclosure. The cover layers include outer cover layer, inner cover layer, and any intermediate layer disposed between the inner and outer cover layers. The cover compositions can include one or more of the polyurethane prepolymers, polyurea prepolymers, poly(urethane-co-urea) prepolymers, polyisocyanates, curatives, and additives. Other materials useful in cover composition blends include those disclosed herein for the core and the intermediate layer. Golf Ball Constructions The golf ball can have any construction, including, but not limited to, one-piece, two-piece, three-piece, four-piece, and other multi-piece designs. The golf ball can have a single core, a 2-layer core, a 3-layer core, a 4-layer core, a 5-layer core, a 6-layer core, a multi-layer core, a single cover, a 2-layer cover, a 3-layer cover, a 4-layer cover, a 5-layer cover, a 6-layer cover, a multi-layer cover, a multi-layer cover, and/or one or more intermediate layers. The compositions of the disclosure may be used in any one or more of these golf ball portions, each of which may have a single-layer or multi-layer structure. As used herein, the term “multi-layer” means at least two layers. Any of these portions can be one of a continuous layer, a discontinuous layer, a wound layer, a molded layer, a lattice network layer, a web or net, an adhesion or coupling layer, a barrier layer, a layer of uniformed or non-uniformed thickness, a layer having a plurality of discrete elements such as islands or protrusions, a solid layer, a metallic layer, a liquid-filled layer, a gel-filled portion, a powder-filled portion, a gas-filled layer, a hollow portion, or a foamed layer. In addition, when the golf ball of the present disclosure includes an intermediate layer, this layer may be incorporated with a single or multilayer cover, a single or multi-piece core, with both a single layer cover and core, or with both a multilayer cover and a multilayer core. The intermediate layer may be an inner cover layer or outer core layer, or any other layer(s) disposed between the inner core and the outer cover of a golf ball. As with the core, the intermediate layer may also include a plurality of layers. It will be appreciated that any number or type of intermediate layers may be used, as desired. The intermediate layer may also be a tensioned elastomeric material wound around a solid, semi-solid, hollow, fluid-filled, or powder-filled center. As used herein, the term “fluid” refers to a liquid or gas and the term “semi-solid” refers to a paste, gel, or the like. A wound layer may be described as a core layer or an intermediate layer for the purposes of the disclosure. The would layer may be formed from a composition of the disclosure having at least one hydrophobic backbone or segment for improved water resistance. The tensioned elastomeric material may also be formed of any suitable material known to those of ordinary skill in the art, such as a polybutadiene reaction product, conventional polyisoprene, solvent spun polyether urea as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,149,535, or a high tensile filament as disclosed in co-pending U.S. Patent Publication No. 2002/0160859, or coated with a binding material to improve adhere to the core and cover, as disclosed in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2002/0160862. The disclosures of the above-mentioned patents and publications are incorporated by reference herein. While hardness gradients can be used in a golf ball to achieve certain characteristics, the present disclosure also contemplates the compositions of the disclosure being used in a golf ball with multiple cover layers having essentially the same hardness, wherein at least one of the layers can be modified in some way to alter a property that affects the performance of the ball. Such ball constructions are disclosed in co-pending U.S. Application Publication No. 2003/0232666 and incorporated by reference herein. Other non-limiting golf ball constructions include those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,548,618, 6,149,535, 6,056,842, 5,981,658, 5,981,654, 5,965,669, 5,919,100, 5,885,172, 5,803,831, 5,713,801, 5,688,191, as well as in U.S. Application Publication Nos. 2002/0025862 and 2001/0009310, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein. Methods of Forming Layers The golf balls of the disclosure may be formed using a variety of application techniques such as compression molding, flip molding, injection molding, retractable pin injection molding, reaction injection molding (RIM), liquid injection molding (LIM), casting, vacuum forming, powder coating, flow coating, spin coating, dipping, spraying, and the like. Conventionally, compression molding and injection molding are applied to thermoplastic materials, whereas RIM, liquid injection molding, and casting are employed on thermoset materials. These and other manufacture methods are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,207,784 and 5,484,870, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. The compositions of the disclosure may be formed over the core using a combination of casting and compression molding. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,733,428, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference, discloses a suitable method for forming a polyurethane cover on a golf ball core. Because this method relates to the use of both casting thermosetting and thermoplastic material as the golf ball cover, wherein the cover is formed around the core by mixing and introducing the material in mold halves, other reactive liquid compositions such as polyurea compositions may also be used employing the same casting process. Once the polyurea composition is mixed, an exothermic reaction commences and continues until the material is solidified around the core. Viscosity can be measured over time, so that the subsequent steps of filling each mold half, introducing the core into one half and closing the mold can be timed in order to center the core and achieve overall uniformity. A suitable viscosity range for molding the reactive composition can be about 2,000-30,000 cP, such as about 8,000-15,000 cP. For illustration, the prepolymer and curative can be mixed in a motorized mixer inside a mixing head by metering amounts of the curative and prepolymer through the feed lines. Top preheated mold halves can be filled and placed in fixture units using centering pins moving into apertures in each mold half. At a later time, the cavity of a bottom mold half, or the cavities of a series of bottom mold halves, can be filled with similar mixture amounts as used in the top mold halves. After the reacting materials have resided in top mold halves for about 40-100 seconds, such as about 50-90 seconds, about 60-80 seconds, or about 70-80 seconds, golf ball subassemblies such as cores can be lowered at a controlled speed into the reacting mixture. Ball cups can hold the subassemblies by applying reduced pressure (or partial vacuum). Upon location of the subassemblies in the top mold halves after gelling for about 4-12 seconds, such as about 5-10 seconds, the vacuum can be released to release the subassembly. The top mold halves can then be removed from the centering fixture unit, inverted and mated with the bottom mold halves having a selected quantity of reacting composition gelling therein. Other non-limiting molding techniques include those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,006,297 and 5,334,673, and others known to those skilled in the art, which are incorporated herein by reference. Injection molding and/or compression molding may be used. For example, half-shells of thermoplastic compositions may be made by injection molding or compression molding in conventional half-shell molds, then placed about the pre-formed subassembly within a compression molding machine, and compression molded at about 250-400° F. The molded balls can then be cooled in the mold and removed when the molded layer is hard enough to be handled without deforming. Prior to forming the layer, the subassembly may be surface treated to increase the adhesion between the subassembly and the molded layer. Examples of surface treatment techniques can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 6,315,915, which are incorporated by reference. Dimples The use of various dimple patterns and profiles provides a relatively effective way to modify the aerodynamic characteristics of a golf ball. As such, the manner in which the dimples are arranged on the surface of the ball can be by any available method. Non-limiting dimple patterns include icosahedral (U.S. Pat. No. 4,560,168), octahedral (U.S. Pat. No. 4,960,281), phyllotactic (U.S. Pat. No. 6,338,684), and Archimedean (U.S. Pat. No. 6,705,959) with non-linear parting line, including truncated octahedron, great rhombcuboctahedron, truncated dodecahedron, and great rhombicosidodecahedron. The dimples can be circular and/or non-circular, such as amorphous (U.S. Pat. No. 6,409,615), have tubular lattice pattern (U.S. Pat. No. 6,290,615), having catenary curvature (U.S. Patent Publication No. 2003/0114255), have varying sizes (U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,358,161 and 6,213,898), and/or have high percentage of surface coverage (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,562,552, 5,575,477, 5,957,787, 5,249,804, and 4,925,193). These disclosures are all incorporated by reference herein. Golf Ball Post-Processing The golf balls of the present disclosure may be painted, coated, or surface treated for further advantages. The use of light stable reactive compositions may obviate the need for certain post-processing such as applying pigmented coating or clear topcoat, thus reducing cost and production time, reducing use of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and improving labor efficiency. Toning the golf ball cover with titanium dioxide can enhance its whiteness. The cover can be subjected to such surface treatment as corona treatment, plasma treatment, UV treatment, flame treatment, electron beam treatment, and/or applying one or more layers of clear paint, which optionally may contain one or more fluorescent whitening agents. Trademarks and/or other indicia may be stamped, i.e., pad-printed, on the cover, and then covered with one or more clear coats for protection and glossy look. UV treatment can be used to cure UV-curable topcoat and/or ink layer (used as a paint layer or a discrete marking tool for logo and indicia), as disclosed in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,500,495, 6,248,804, and 6,099,415. One or more portions of the golf ball may be subjected to dye sublimation, as disclosed in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2003/0106442, and/or laser marking or ablation, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,248,878 and 6,462,303. The disclosures of these patents and publications are incorporated by reference herein. Golf Ball Properties Physical properties of each golf ball portion, such as hardness, modulus, compression, and thickness/diameter, can affect play characteristics such as spin, initial velocity, and feel. It should be understood that the ranges herein are meant to be intermixed with one another, i.e., the low end of one range may be combined with the high end of another range. Component Dimensions Golf balls and portions thereof of the present disclosure can have any dimensions, i.e., thickness and/or diameter. While USGA specifications limit the size of a competition golf ball to 1.68 inches or greater in diameter, golf balls of any sizes smaller or larger can be used for leisure play. As such, the golf ball diameter can be 1.68-1.8 inches, 1.68-1.76 inches, 1.68-1.74 inches, or 1.7-1.95 inches. Golf ball subassemblies comprising the core and one or more intermediate layers can have a diameter of 80-98% of that of the finished ball. The core may have a diameter of 0.09-1.65 inches, such as 1.2-1.63 inches, 1.3-1.6 inches, 1.4-1.6 inches, 1.5-1.6 inches, or 1.55-1.65 inches. Alternatively, the core diameter can be 1.54 inches or greater, such as 1.55 inches or greater, or 1.59 inches or greater, and 1.64 inches or less. The core diameter can be 90-98% of the ball diameter, such as 94-96%. When the core comprises an inner center and at least one outer core layer, the inner center can have a diameter of 0.9 inches or greater, such as 0.09-1.2 inches or 0.095-1.1 inches, and the outer core layer can have a thickness of 0.13 inches or greater, such as 0.1-0.8 inches, or 0.2 or less, such as 0.12-0.01 inches or 0.1-0.03 inches. Two, three, four, or more of outer core layers of different thickness such as the ranges above may be used in combination. Thickness of the intermediate layer may vary widely, because it can be any one of a number of different layers, e.g., outer core layer, inner cover layer, wound layer, and/or moisture/vapor barrier layer. The thickness of the intermediate layer can be 0.3 inches or less, such as 0.1 inches, 0.09 inches, 0.06 inches, 0.05 inches, or less, and can be 0.002 inches or greater, such as 0.01 inches or greater. The intermediate layer thickness can be 0.01-0.045 inches, 0.02-0.04 inches, 0.025-0.035 inches, 0.03-0.035 inches. Two, three, four, or more of intermediate layers of different thickness such as the ranges above may be used in combination. The core and intermediate layer(s) together form an inner ball, which can have a diameter of 1.48 inches or greater, such as 1.5 inches, 1.52 inches, or greater, or 1.7 inches or less, such as 1.66 inches or less. The cover thickness can be 0.35 inches or less, such as 0.12 inches, 0.1 inches, 0.07 inches, or 0.05 inches or less, and 0.01 inches or greater, such as 0.02 inches or greater. The cover thickness can be 0.02-0.05 inches, 0.02-0.045 inches, or 0.025-0.04 inches, such as about 0.03 inches. Thickness ratio of the intermediate layer (e.g., as an inner cover layer) to the cover (e.g., as an outer cover layer) can be 10 or less, such as 3 or less, or 1 or less. Hardness Golf balls can comprise layers of different hardness, e.g., hardness gradients, to achieve desired performance characteristics. The hardness of any two adjacent or adjoined layers can be the same or different. One of ordinary skill in the art understands that there is a difference between “material hardness” and “hardness, as measured directly on a golf ball.” Material hardness is defined by the procedure set forth in ASTM-D2240 and generally involves measuring the hardness of a flat “slab” or “button” formed of the material in question. Hardness, when measured directly on a golf ball (or other spherical surface) is influenced by a number of factors including, but not limited to, ball construction (i.e., core type, number of core and/or cover layers, etc.), ball (or sphere) diameter, and the material composition of adjacent layers, and can therefore be different from the material hardness. The two hardness measurements are not linearly related and, therefore, cannot easily be correlated. The cores of the present disclosure may have varying hardness depending at least in part on the golf ball construction. The core hardness as measured on a formed sphere can be at least 15 Shore A, such as at least 30 Shore A, about 50 Shore A to about 90 Shore D, about 80 Shore D or less, about 30-65 Shore D, or about 35-60 Shore D. The intermediate layer(s) of the present disclosure may also vary in hardness, depending at least in part on the ball construction. The hardness of the intermediate layer can be about 30 Shore D or greater, such as about 50 Shore D or greater, about 55 Shore D or greater, or about 65 Shore D or greater, and can be about 90 Shore D or less, such as about 80 Shore D or less or about 70 Shore D or less, or about 55-65 Shore D. The intermediate layer can be harder than the core layer, having a ratio of hardness of about 2 or less, such as about 1.8 or less, or about 1.3 or less. The intermediate layer can be different (i.e., harder or softer) than the core layer with a hardness difference of at least 1 unit in Shore A, C, or D, such as at least 3 units, or at least 5 units, or at least 8 units, or at least 10 units, or less than 20 units, or less than 10 units, or less than 5 units. The hardness of the cover layer may vary, depending at least in part on the construction and desired characteristics of the golf ball. On the Shore C scale, the cover layer may have a hardness of about 70 Shore C or greater, such as about 80 Shore C or greater, and about 95 Shore C or less, such as about 90 Shore C or less. The difference or ratio of hardness between the cover layer and the inner ball can be manipulated to influence the aerodynamics and/or spin characteristics of a ball. When the intermediate layer (such as inner cover layer) is at least harder than the cover layer (such as outer cover layer), or intended to be the hardest portion in the ball, e.g., about 50-75 Shore D, the cover layer may have a material hardness of about 20 Shore D or greater, such as about 25 Shore D or greater, or about 30 Shore D or greater, or the cover hardness as measured on the ball can be about 30 Shore D or greater, such as about 30-70 Shore D, about 40-65 Shore D, about 40-55 Shore D, less than about 45 Shore D, less than about 40 Shore D, about 25-40 Shore D, or about 30-40 Shore D. The material hardness ratio of softer layer to harder layer can be about 0.8 or less, such as about 0.75, about 0.7, about 0.5, about 0.45, or less. When the intermediate layer and the cover layer have substantially the same hardness, the material hardness ratio can be about 0.9 or greater, and up to 1.0, and the cover layer may have a hardness of about 55-65 Shore D. Alternatively, the cover layer can be harder than the intermediate layer, with the hardness ratio of the cover layer to the intermediate layer being about 1.33 or less, such as about 1.14 or less. The core may be softer than the cover. For example, the cover hardness may be about 50-80 Shore D, and the core hardness may be about 30-50 Shore D, with the hardness ratio being about 1.75 or less, such as about 1.55 or less or about 1.25 or less. Compression As used herein, the terms “Atti compression” or “compression” refers to the deflection of an object or material relative to the deflection of a calibrated spring, as measured with an Atti Compression Gauge available from Atti Engineering Corp. of Union City, N.J. Compression values of the golf ball or portion thereof can be at least in part dependent on the diameter. Atti compression of the core or portion thereof can be 80 or less, such as 75 or less, 40-80, 50-70, 50 or less, 25 or less, 20 or less, 10 or less, or 0, or below the measurable limit of the Atti Compression Gauge. The core or portion thereof may have a Soft Center Deflection Index (SCDI) compression of 160 or less, such as 40-160 or 60-120. The golf ball can have an Atti compression of 40 or greater, such as 55 or greater, 50-120, 60-120, 50-120, 60-100, 75-95, or 80-95. Initial Velocity and COR USGA limits the initial velocity of a golf ball up to 250±5 ft/s. The initial velocity of the golf ball of the present disclosure can be 245-255 ft/s, or greater, such as 250 ft/s or greater, 253-254 ft/s, or about 255 ft/s. Coefficient of restitution (COR) of a ball or a portion thereof is measured by taking the ratio of the outbound or rebound velocity to the inbound or incoming velocity (such as, but not limited to, 125 ft/s). COR can be maximized so that the initial velocity is contained with a certain limit. COR of the golf ball can be 0.7 or greater at an inbound velocity of 125 ft/s, such as 0.75 or greater, 0.78 or greater, 0.8 or greater, and up to about 0.85, such as 0.8-0.815. The core and/or the inner ball can have a COR of 0.78 or more, such as 0.79 or greater. Spin Rate Spin rate of a golf ball can at least in part be dependent on construction, and can vary off different golf clubs (e.g., driver, woods, irons, wedges, etc.). In a multi-layer (e.g., 2-piece, 3-piece, 4-piece, wound) ball, the driver spin rate can be 2,700 rpm or greater, such as 2,700-3,300 rpm, 2,800-3,500 rpm, 2,900-3,400 rpm, or less than 2,700 rpm. Non-limiting measurements of spin rate are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,500,073, 6,488,591, 6,286,364, and 6,241,622, which are incorporated by reference herein. Flexural Modulus As used herein, the term “flexural modulus” or “modulus” refers to the ratio of stress to strain within the elastic limit (measured in flexural mode) of a material, indicates the bending stiffness of the material, and is similar to tensile modulus. Flexural modulus, typically reported in Pascal (“Pa”) or pounds per square inch (“psi”), is measured in accordance to ASTM D6272-02. The intermediate layer (e.g., outer core layer, inner cover layer) can have any flexural modulus of 500-500,000 psi, such as 1,000-250,000 psi or 2,000-200,000 psi. The flexural modulus of the cover layer (e.g., outer cover layer, inner cover layer, intermediate cover layer) can be 2,000 psi or greater, such as 5,000 psi or greater, 10,000-150,000 psi, 15,000-120,000 psi, 18,000-110,000 psi, 100,000 psi or less, 80,000 or less, 70,000 psi or less, 10,000-70,000 psi, 12,000-60,000 psi, or 14,000-50,000 psi. The cover layer (e.g., inner cover, intermediate cover, outer cover layers) can have any flexural modulus, such as the numerical ranges illustrated for intermediate layer above. When the cover layer has a hardness of 50-60 Shore D, the flexural modulus can be 55,000-65,000 psi. In multi-layer covers, the cover layers can have substantially the same hardness but different flexural moduli. The difference in flexural modulus between any two cover layers can be 10,000 psi or less, 5,000 psi or less, or 500 psi or greater, such as 1,000-2,500 psi. The ratio in flexural modulus of the intermediate layer to the cover layer can be 0.003-50, such as 0.006-4.5 or 0.11-4.5. Specific Gravity The specific gravity of a cover or intermediate layer can be at least 0.7, such as 0.8 or greater, 0.9 or greater, 1 or greater, 1.05 or greater, or 1.1 or greater. The core may have a specific gravity of 1 or greater, such as 1.05 or greater. In one example, the intermediate layer has a specific gravity of 0.9 or greater and the cover has a specific gravity of 0.95 or greater. In another example, the core specific gravity is 1.1 or greater and the cover specific gravity is about 0.95 or greater. Adhesion Strength The adhesion, or peel, strength of the compositions as presently disclosed can be 5 lbf/in or greater, such as 10 lbf/in or greater, 20 lbf/in or greater, 24 lbf/in or greater, or 26 lbf/in or greater, or 30 lbf/in or less, such as 25 lbf/in, 20 lbf/in, or less. Adhesion strength of a golf ball layer can be assessed using cross-hatch test (i.e., cutting the material into small pieces in mutually perpendicular directions, applying a piece of adhesive cellophane tape over the material, rapidly pulling off the tape, and counting the number of pieces removed) and repeated ball impact test (i.e., subjecting the finished golf ball to repeated impact and visually examining the coating film for peeling), as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,316,730, which is incorporated by reference herein. Water Resistance Water resistance of a golf ball portion can be reflected by absorption (i.e., weight gain following a period of exposure at a specific temperature and humidity differential) and transmission (i.e., water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) according to ASTM E96-00, which refers to the mass of water vapor that diffuses into a material of a given thickness per unit area per unit time at a specific temperature and humidity differential). The golf ball or a portion thereof can have a weight gain of 0.15 g or less, such as 0.13 g, 0.09 g, 0.06 g, 0.03 g, or less, and a diameter gain of 0.001 inches or less, over seven weeks at 100% relative humidity and 72° F. The golf ball portion such as the outer or inner cover layer can have a WVTR of 2 g/(m2×day) or less, such as 0.45-0.95 g/(m2×day), 0.01-0.9 g/(m2×day), or less, at 38° C. and 90% relative humidity. Shear/Cut Resistance The shear/cut resistance of a golf ball portion (e.g., inner or outer cover layer) may be determined using a shear test having a scale from 1 to 6 in damage and appearance. The cover layer can have a number of 3, 2, 1, or less on the shear test scale. Light Stability Light stability (such as to UV irradiance power of 1.00 W/m2 /nm) of the cover layer (e.g., a visible layer such as an outer cover layer or an inner/intermediate cover layer having transparent or translucent outer cover layers) may be quantified using difference in yellowness index (ΔYI, according to ASTM D1925) before and after a predetermined period (such as 120 hrs) of exposure. The ΔYI of the cover layer can be 10 or less, such as 6, 4, 2, 1, or less. Difference in yellow-to-blue chroma dimension before and after the exposure (Δb) can also quantify light stability. The Δb of the cover layer can be 4 or less, such as 3, 2, 1, or less. EXAMPLES The following non-limiting examples are included herein merely for illustration, and are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the present disclosure. Example 1 Saturated Polyurethane Golf Ball Cover Golf balls comprising a saturated polyurethane cover were made following the teachings of U.S. Pat. No. 5,733,428. Cover composition and properties of cover and ball are listed below. TABLE 1 GOLF BALLS WITH SATURATED POLYURETHANE COVER Cover Composition H12MDI Prepolymer* 458.73 g 1,4-Butanediol 42.75 g HCC-19584 Color Dispersion** 17.55 g Physical Properties Cover Shore D Hardness 54 Ball Weight (g) 45.58 Ball Compression 89 Cover Shear Resistance Good Cover Color Stability Comparable to Surlyn ® Reaction product of 4,4′-dicyclohexylmethane diisocyanate and PTMEG with Mw of 2,000. A white-blue color dispersion manufactured by the PolyOne Corporation These molded balls were compared to golf balls having aromatic polyurethane or Surlyn® covers by subjecting them to a QUV test in accordance with ASTM G 53-88 “Standard Practice for Operating Light and Water-Exposure Apparatus (Fluorescent UV-Condensation Type) for Exposure of Nonmetallic Materials.” Six balls of each variety were placed in golf ball holders and placed into the sample rack of a Q-PANEL model OUV/SER Accelerated Weathering Tester (Q-Panel Lab Products of Cleveland, Ohio). Each ball at its closes point was about 1.75 inches away from an UVA-340 bulb. The weathering tester was cycled every four hours between Condition 1 (UV on at irradiance power of 1.00 W/m2/nm, water bath 50° C.) and Condition 2 (UV off, water bath 40° C.). Color was measured before weathering and after each time cycle using a BYK-Gardner Model TCS II sphere type Spectrophotometer with a 25-mm port. A D65/10° illumination was used in specular reflectance included mode. Test results are tabulated in Table 3, where ΔL is difference in light-to-dark dimension, Δa* is difference in red-to-green chroma dimension, ΔC* is the combined chroma difference (a* and b), ΔH is total hue difference (excluding effects of luminescence and saturation), ΔE* is total color difference, and ΔWI (ASTM E313) is difference in whiteness index. TABLE 2 UV STABILITY DATA Duration Sample Golf Balls ΔL* Δa* Δb* ΔC* ΔH* ΔE* ΔWI ΔYI 24 hours Aliphatic PU Cover −0.21 −0.30 1.54 −1.26 −0.94 1.58 −9.07 2.99 Aromatic PU Cover −17.27 11.36 46.14 47.31 4.36 50.56 −142.35 93.80 Surlyn ® Cover −0.39 −0.25 0.91 −0.76 −0.55 1.02 −6.19 1.69 48 hours Aliphatic PU Cover −0.48 −0.37 2.54 −2.02 −1.59 2.61 −15.16 4.98 Aromatic PU Cover −23.46 15.01 42.75 45.18 3.44 51.02 −127.75 98.96 Surlyn ® Cover −0.54 −0.39 1.43 −1.18 −0.91 1.58 −9.50 2.66 120 hours Aliphatic PU Cover −0.92 −0.46 5.87 −3.01 −5.06 5.96 −33.72 11.68 Aromatic PU Cover −30.06 16.80 33.37 37.29 2.11 47.95 −107.12 94.42 Surlyn ® Cover −0.99 −0.85 4.06 −2.91 −2.96 4.26 −24.88 7.73 Example 2 Diol-cured Polyurea Cover Golf balls were made having a polyurea cover comprising a prepolymer of H12MDI and polyoxyalkylene diamine (Mw 2,000), cured with 1,4-butanediol. Properties and performance results in comparison with aliphatic polyurethane covered golf balls of Example 1 above are listed below. TABLE 3 GOLF BALL WITH DIOL-CURED POLYUREA COVER Ball Properties Ex. 1 Covered Ball Ex. 2 Covered Ball Compression 86 86 COR @ 125 ft/sec 0.807 0.805 Cold Crack Test, 5° F. no failure no failure ΔYI (5 Days QUV) 3.2 0.8 Δb* (5 Days QUV) 1.7 0.4 Shear Test 3 2 Example 3 Diamine-cured Polyurea Cover Golf balls were made having a polyurea cover comprising a prepolymer of H12MDI and polyoxyalkylene diamine (Mw 2,000), cured with Clearlink® 1000. Properties and performance results as compared to aliphatic polyurethane covered golf balls of Example 1 are listed below. TABLE 4 GOLF BALL WITH DIAMINE-CURED POLYUREA COVER Properties/Performance Ex. 1 Covered Ball Ex. 3 Covered Ball Compression 89 92 COR @ 125 ft/s 0.807 0.815 Cold Crack at 5° F. no failure no failure ΔYI (5 Days QUV) 4.3 0.6 Δb* (5 Days QUV) 2.4 0.3 Shear Test 3 1 Example 4 H12MDI Amine-Terminated Compound Urea Cured with a Diamine Golf balls were made having a polyurea cover comprising a prepolymer of H12MDI and amine-terminated polybutadiene, cured with N,N′-diisopropyl-isophorone diamine (Jefflink® 754 by Huntsman Corporation). These balls, in comparison with aliphatic polyurethane covered balls of Example 1 above, had better shear resistance, improved light stability, and higher COR. Example 5 Moisture Resistance of Polyurethane-covered Golf Balls Golf balls were made having a cover comprising a prepolymer of MDI and hydroxy-terminated polybutadiene, cured with 4,4′-bis(sec-butylamino)diphenylmethane (Unilink® 4200 by Huntsman Corporation), and compared to aliphatic polyurethane covered golf balls of Example 1 above. The covers were molded over wound cores of 1.58 inches in diameter, and finished with a conventional coating. The golf balls were incubated at 50% relative humidity and 72° F. for one week, and then at 100% relative humidity and 72° F. for 7 weeks. Weight and size gains at different time points are listed below. TABLE 5 WEIGHT & SIZE GAINS IN POLYURETHANE-COVERED GOLF BALLS Balls 4 days 1 week 12 days 18 days 3 weeks 4 weeks 5 weeks 7 weeks Ex. 1 +0.06 g +0.08 g +0.09 g +0.13 g +0.13 g +0.13 g +0.15 g +0.18 g Covered 0 +0.001 in. +0.001 in. +0.001 in. +0.001 in. +0.001 in. +0.001 in. +0.001 in. Ex. 5 +0.01 g +0.01 g +0.01 g +0.02 g +0.02 g +0.02 g +0.02 g +0.03 g Covered 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Example 6 Moisture Resistance of Polyurea-covered Golf Balls Golf balls were made having a solid core, an intermediate layer, and a polyurea cover comprising a prepolymer of H12MDI and amine-terminated polybutadiene, cured with Unilink® 4200 and/or Jefflink® 754, and compared to golf balls having the cover of Example 5 above, using the same incubation procedure. The polyurea-covered golf balls had a weight gain of 75-80% less than the polyurethane-covered golf balls, and no size gain after 7 weeks. Example 7 Polyamide Polyurea Compositions Golf balls were made having polyurea covers comprising prepolymers of H12MDI and diamino polyamides (reaction products of Jeffamine® D2000 and adipic acid or dimer diacid), cured with Clearlink® 1000. Properties and performance results in comparison with aromatic polyurethane covered control golf balls are listed below. TABLE 6 POLYAMIDE POLYUREA GOLF BALL COVERS Control Example 7A Example 7B Formulations Isocyanate MDI H12MDI H12MDI Telechelic PTMEG with Diamino Diamino Mw of 2,000 Polyamide A1 Polyamide B2 Curative Ethacure ® 3003 Clearlink ® 1000 Clearlink ® 1000 Ball Diameter Pole 1.682 1.689 1.688 (in.) Equator 1.682 1.685 1.684 Weight Average (oz.) 1.610 1.608 1.603 Compression 84 85 85 Cover Shore C 80 77 78 Hardness Shore D 59 56 58 COR @ 125 ft/s 0.810 0.808 0.806 Shear Test 1 3 2 Durability @ 400 hits No failures No failures No failures Cold Crack No failures No failures No failures Test @ 5° F., 15 hits Light Stability (8 Days QUV) Yellowing No Change No Change 1Reaction product of Jeffamine ® D2000 and adipic acid. 2Reaction product of Jeffamine ® D2000 and Empol ® 1008 (dimer diacid from Monson of Leominster, MA). 3Dimethylthiotoluene diamine from Albemarle Corporation of Baton Rouge, LA. Golf balls were made having polyurea covers comprising prepolymers of H12MDI and diamino polyamides (reaction products of adipic acid and blends of Jeffamine® D400 and D2000), cured with 1.02 eq. of Clearlink® 1000. Properties and performance results in comparison with aromatic polyurethane covered control golf balls are listed below. TABLE 7 POLYAMIDE POLYUREA GOLF BALL COVERS Control Example 7C Example 7D Formulations Isocyanate MDI H12MDI H12MDI Telechelic PTMEG with Diamino Diamino Mw of 2,000 Polyamide C1 Polyamide D2 Curative Ethacure ® 300 Clearlink ® 1000 Clearlink ® 1000 Ball Diameter Pole 1.683 1.686 1.685 (in.) Equator 1.683 1.683 1.683 Weight Average (oz.) 1.609 1.599 1.600 Compression 87 89 90 Cover Shore C 82 86 84 Hardness Shore D 58 62 60 Material Hardness (Shore D) 48 52 51 COR @ 125 ft/s 0.810 0.808 0.808 Shear Test 1.2 4.8 6 Durability @ 400 hits No failures 1 failure No failures Cold Crack No failures 4 cracked No failures Test @ 5° F., 15 hits Light Stability (8 Days QUV) Yellowing No Change No Change 160% D400, 40% D2000, % NCO 6.4%. 240% D400, 60% D2000, % NCO 6.95%. Example 8 Polyamide Polyurethane Compositions Golf balls were made having polyurethane covers comprising prepolymers of H12MDI and polyamide diol with caprolactone and 7% Desmophen® N, cured with Clearlink® 1000. Properties and performance results in comparison with aromatic polyurethane covered control golf balls are listed below. TABLE 8 POLYAMIDE POLYURETHANE GOLF BALL COVERS Control Example 8C Formulations Isocyanate MDI H12MDI Telechelic PTMEG with Polyamide diol with Mw of 2,000 caprolactone and 7% Desmophen ® N1 Curative Ethacure ® 300 Clearlink ® 1000 Compression 87 89 Cover Shore C 82 84 Hardness Shore D 59 60 Material Hardness (Shore D) 48 46 COR @ 125 ft/s 0.808 0.806 Shear Test 1.5 2.7 Light Stability (8 Days QUV) Yellowing No Change Durability @ 400 hits No failures No failures Cold Crack No failures No failures Test @ 5° F., 15 hits Example 9 Aminoalcohol Telechelic Based Reactive Compositions Golf balls were made having covers comprising prepolymers of uretdione of HDI or H12MDI and aminoalcohol telechelics, cured with Ethacures 100 LC or Clearlink® 1000. Properties and performance results in comparison with aromatic polyurethane covered control golf balls are listed below. TABLE 9 AMINOALCOHOL TELECHELIC BASED GOLF BALL COVERS Control Example 8A Example 8B Formulations Isocyanate MDI Uretdione of HDI H12MDI Telechelic PTMEG with Aminoalcohol Aminoalcohol Mw of 2,000 Telechelic A1 Telechelic B2 Curative Ethacure ® 300 Ethacure ® 100 LC Clearlink ® 1000 Material Hardness (Shore D) 48 49 51 Compression 86 87 88 COR @ 125 ft/s 0.807 0.808 0.809 Shear Test 2 2.2 2.8 Durability @ 400 hits No failures No failures No failures ΔYI (8 Days QUV) 65.2 25.6 1.7 Δb* (8 Days QUV) 24.9 14.5 0.9 1% NCO at 8.5%. 2% NCO at 7.5%. Golf balls were made having covers comprising prepolymer (10% NCO) of uretdione of HDI and aminoalcohol telechelics, cured with a blend of 0.825 eq. Clearlink® 1000 and 0.125 eq. Desmophen® 1520 (from Bayer Corp.). Properties and performance results in comparison with polyurea covered control golf balls are listed below. TABLE 10 AMINOALCOHOL TELECHELIC BASED GOLF BALL COVERS Control Example 8C Formulations Isocyanate H12MDI Uretdione of HDI Telechelic Polyoxyalkylene Aminoalcohol diamine Telechelic C1 (Mw of 2,000) Curative Clearlink ® 1000 Clearlink ® 1000 & Desmophen ® 1520 Compression 90 93 Cover Shore C 84 90 Hardness Shore D 58 60 COR @ 125 ft/s 0.805 0.805 Shear Test 2 1 ΔYI (8 Days QUV) 0.9 4.2 Δb* (8 Days QUV) 0.5 2.4 Heat Resistance (8 Days QUV) No cracks No cracks or wrinkles or wrinkles 1 % NCO is 10%. Example 10 Amorphous Polycarbonate Telechelic Based Reactive Compositions Golf balls were made having polyurethane covers comprising prepolymers of H12MDI and amorphous polycarbonate polyols, cured with 1,4-butanediol. Properties and performance results in comparison with polyurea covered control golf balls are listed below. TABLE 11 AMORPHOUS POLYCARBONATE TELECHELIC BASED GOLF BALL COVERS Control Example 8B Formulations Isocyanate H12MDI H12MDI Telechelic Polyoxyalkylene Poly(hexamethylene diamine carbonate-block- (Mw of 2,000) trioxyethylene carbonate- block hexamethylene carbonate) diol Curative 1,4-butanediol 1 ,4-butanediol Material Hardness (Shore D) 48 47 Compression 85 85 COR @ 125 ft/s 0.806 0.801 Shear Test 1 2 Durability @ 400 hits No failures No failures ΔYI (8 Days QUV) 0.8 1.2 Δb* (8 Days QUV) 0.4 0.6 The forgoing disclosure and the claims below are not to be limited in scope by the illustrative examples presented herein. Any equivalent examples are intended to be within the scope of this disclosure. For example, while disclosure is directed mainly to compositions for use in golf balls, the same compositions may be used in other golf equipment such as putters (e.g., as inserts or in the grip), golf clubs and portions thereof (e.g., heads, shafts, or grips), golf shoes and portions thereof, and golf bags and portions thereof. Indeed, various modifications of the disclosure in addition to those shown and described herein will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing description. Such modifications are also intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims. Disclosures of relevant subject matters in all patents, applications, and publications as cited in the foregoing disclosure are expressly incorporate herein by reference in their entirety.			20040602	20060829	20050106	72528.0		0	BUTTNER, DAVID J	COMPOSITIONS FOR GOLF EQUIPMENT	UNDISCOUNTED	1	CONT-ACCEPTED		2,004
10,859,549	ACCEPTED	Method and machine for making an article presenting a secret code hidden by a layer of opaque removable material	In a method and a machine (1) for making an article (2), in particular a card of plastic or paper, presenting a secret code (3) hidden by a layer (4) of opaque, removable material, a first application device (8) applies the secret code (3) on the article (2), a second application device (11) places the layer (4) of opaque removable material over the secret code (3) and a marking device (16) impresses on the article (2) an anti-counterfeit mark (17). The latter is made by at least one laser beam and at least partly on the layer (4) of opaque removable material in such a way as to selectively remove a part of the opaque removable material to produce a defined anti-counterfeit code (20).	1. a method for making an article (2) presenting a secret code (3) hidden by a layer (4) of opaque, removable material; the method comprising the steps of applying the code (3) on the article (2) and hiding the secret code (3) under the layer (4) of opaque, removable material; the method further comprising a step of applying on the article (2) at least one anti-counterfeit marking (17) made at least partly on the layer (4) of opaque, removable material: 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the marking (17) is made by at least one laser beam. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the marking (17) is made by selectively removing the opaque, removable material. 4. The method according to claim 3, wherein the selective removal of the opaque, removable material produces on the layer (4) the image of an anti-counterfeit code (20). 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the marking (17) produces on the article (2) the image of an anti-counterfeit code (20); said image being reproduced in such a way that it overlaps at least one edge (14) of the layer (4), a first part of it being applied directly on the article (2) and the remaining, second part of it being made on the layer (4) by selective removal of the opaque, removable material. 6. The method according to claim 4, wherein the anti-counterfeit code (20) is a numeric code. 7. The method according to claim 4, wherein the anti-counterfeit code (20) is an alphanumeric code. 8. The method according to claim 4, further comprising a step of applying an additional code (9), exposed to view, on the article (2); the anti-counterfeit code (20) being an exact copy of the additional code (9). 9. The method according to any of claim 1, wherein the layer (4) of opaque, removable material is applied directly on the article (2) to cover the secret code (3). 10. The method according to claim 1, wherein the layer (4) of opaque, removable material is applied on one side of a transparent label (13), whose other side is fixed permanently to the article (2) in such a way as to cover the secret code (3). 11. A machine (1) for making an article (2) presenting a secret code (3) hidden by a layer (4) of opaque, removable material; the machine (1) comprising a first application device (8) that applies the secret code (3) on the article (2), and a second application device (11) that applies the layer (4) of opaque removable material over the secret code (3); the machine (1) further comprising at least one marking device (16) that applies on the article (2) an anti-counterfeit marking (17) made at least partly on the layer (4) of opaque removable material. 12. The machine according to claim 11, wherein the marking device (16) comprises at least one unit for emitting at least one marking laser beam. 13. The machine according to claim 11, wherein the first application device (8) comprises a printing device. 14. The machine according to claim 11, wherein the second application device (11) comprises a printing device. 15. The machine according to claim 11, wherein the second application device (11) comprises a labeling unit (12) for permanently fixing a transparent label (13) to the article (2) in such a way as to cover the secret code (3); the layer (4) of opaque, removable material being applied on the side of the label (13) opposite the side that is fixed permanently to the article (2). 16. An article presenting a secret code (3) hidden by a layer (4) of opaque, removable material; the article (2) comprising at least one anti-counterfeit marking (17) made at least partly on the layer (4) of opaque, removable material. 17. The article according to claim 16, wherein the marking (17) is made by at least one laser beam. 18. The article according to claim 16, wherein the marking (17) is made by selectively removing the opaque, removable material. 19. The article according to claim 18, wherein the selective removal of the opaque, removable material produces on the layer (4) the image of an anti-counterfeit code (20). 20. The article according to claim 16, wherein the marking (17) produces on the article (2) the image of an anti-counterfeit code (20); said image being reproduced in such a way that it overlaps at least one edge (14) of the layer (4), a first part of it being applied directly on the article (2) and the remaining, second part of it being made on the layer (4) by selective removal of the opaque, removable material. 21. The article according to claim 19, wherein the anti-counterfeit code (20) is a numeric code. 22. The article according to claim 19, wherein the anti-counterfeit code (20) is an alphanumeric code. 23. The article according to claim 19, comprising an additional code (9) that is exposed to view; the anti-counterfeit code (20) being an exact copy of this additional code (9). 24. The article according to claim 16, wherein the layer (4) of opaque, removable material is applied directly on the article (2) to cover the secret code (3). 25. The article according to claim 16, wherein the layer (4) of opaque, removable material is applied on one side of a transparent label (13), whose other side is fixed permanently to the article (2) in such a way as to cover the secret code (3). 26. The article according to claim 16, comprising a card (2) or ticket (2) made of plastic or paper. 27. The article according to claim 16, wherein the layer (4) of opaque, removable material can be removed by scraping or by the use of a solvent.	BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a method and a machine for making an article presenting a secret code hidden by a layer of opaque removable material. The present specification refers, but without thereby adhere restricting the scope of the invention, to articles made of paper or plastic, such as cards, coupons, tickets or tokens having a certain monetary value and distributed by private or public service organizations. More specifically, this specification refers, purely by way of example, to phone recharge cards which, as is known, have on them a secret numeric code hidden by a layer of opaque, removable material. The latter usually consists of a film of scratch-off ink, which disintegrates into minute particles when scratched and which can be scraped off the paper using a blade, coin or similar item. The ink film may be applied directly to the paper or to one side of transparent plastic label whose other side has a permanent adhesive on it, by which it sticks to the card in such a way as to cover the code. In both cases, the only way of exposing the code to view is by scraping off at least part of the ink film, which means that it is easy for anyone looking at the card to see whether someone else has already gained access to the code. Although both methods of hiding the code have been widely adopted because of their simplicity, relatively inexpensive machines are now readily available which can be used to restore the layer of ink for fraudulent purposes. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention has for an aim to provide a method which can be used to make an article presenting a secret code hidden by a layer of opaque removable material and which is free of the above mentioned disadvantage. The technical characteristics of the invention, with reference to the above aim, can be easily inferred from the appended claims, in particular claim 1, and preferably any of the claims that depend, whether directly or indirectly, on claim 1. Another aim of the invention is to provide a machine which can be used to make, in a simple and economical manner, an article presenting a secret code hidden by a layer of opaque removable material and which overcomes the above mentioned disadvantage. Accordingly, the invention provides a machine as defined in claim 11 and, preferably, in any of the claims that depend, whether directly or indirectly, on claim 11. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The advantages of the invention are apparent from the detailed description which follows, with reference to the accompanying drawings which illustrate a preferred embodiment of the invention provided merely by way of example and without restricting the scope of the inventive concept. In the accompanying drawings: FIG. 1 is a schematic front view of an embodiment of the machine according to the present invention; FIGS. 2 and 3 illustrate two intermediate, successive stages in the production of the article according to the present invention; and FIGS. 4a and 4b illustrate two alternative final stages in the production of the article according to the present invention. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS With reference to the accompanying drawings, the numeral 1 denotes in its entirety a machine for making articles 2, each presenting a secret code 3 hidden by a layer 4 or film of opaque, removable material. More specifically, the layer 4 consists of a film of scratch-off ink that can be removed by scraping. Alternatively, the layer 4 may consist of an opaque material that can be removed with a solvent. In the exemplary embodiment described, illustrated in FIGS. 2 to 4, each article 2 made by the machine 1 is a plastic or paper card, such as, for example, a phone recharge card or a card for a scratch and win contest. The machine 1 comprises a base 5 along which there extends a conveying and processing line 6 for the articles 2. At a first processing station 7 on the line 6, the machine 1 is equipped with a first application device 8 comprising a printing device of known type designed to print on each article 2 a code 3 and another code 9, for example, a serial code. Unlike the code 3, the code 9 is designed to remain visible and not to be hidden by the layer 4. The code 9 may be positioned alongside and in line with the code 3, as shown in FIG. 2. Downstream of the station 7, along the line 6, the machine 1 presents a second station 10, equipped with a second application device 11 designed to apply the layer 4 to completely cover the code 3. The device 11 comprises a labeling unit 12 for permanently fixing a transparent label 13 on each article 2. The layer 4 is applied, or more precisely, printed, so that it totally covers one side of the label 13, whose other side is permanently fixed by means of a transparent adhesive to the article 2 in such a way as to cover the code 3. According to another embodiment which is not illustrated, the labeling unit 12 is substituted by a printing device that applies the layer 4 directly on each article 2 over the code 3. In both cases, the layer 4 completely hides the code 3 and is delimited by an edge 14, in this instance rectangular, along which it adheres directly to the article 2. Downstream of the station 7, along the line 6, the machine 1 presents a third station 15, equipped with at least one marking device 16 designed to apply on each article 2 at least one anti-counterfeit marking 17 made at least partly on the layer 4. The device 16, of known type, comprises at least one unit for emitting at least one marking laser beam. Downstream of the stations 7 and 15 there are two cameras 18 and 19 controlled by an apparatus (not illustrated) designed to check that the stations 7 and 15, respectively, are working correctly. More specifically, the camera 18 checks the quality and position of the printing of the codes 3 and 9, whilst the camera 19 checks both the position of the label 12, or the position and print quality of the layer 4, and the position and quality of the marking 17. The invention will now be described with reference to the operation of the machine 1 from the moment an article 2 is fed through the station 7. At the station 7, the device 8 prints on the article 2 the codes 3 and 9, whose printing quality and position are checked by the camera 18 located downstream of the station 7. The article 2 passes through the inspection field of the camera 18, as shown in FIG. 2. Next, at the station 10, the label 13, already covered completely by the layer 4, is applied to the article 2. The label 13 is glued over the code 3 in such a way as to hide it, as shown in FIG. 3. At this point, the article 2 reaches the station 15, where it is marked by the laser marking device 16. Depending on how it is positioned relative to the feed line of the layer 4, the device 16 may apply on the article 2 a marking 17 of the type shown in FIG. 4a or a marking 17 of the type shown in FIG. 4b. In the case shown in FIG. 4a, the marking 17 is substantially centered on the layer 4 and is made by selectively removing part of the layer 4 itself. The marking 17 reproduces the image of an anti-counterfeit code 20 on the layer 4. In the case shown in FIG. 4b, the marking 17 again reproduces the image of an anti-counterfeit code 20 but is not centered relative to the layer 4. In this case, the image overlaps the edge 14 of the layer 4, the first part of it being made directly on the article 2 by burning or engraving the latter, while the remaining, second part is made by selectively removing part of the layer 4 itself. In both cases, selective removal of the layer 4 does not affect the latter's function, which is that of hiding the code 3 from view until the layer 4 is scratched off. Further, the code 20 in both cases may be a numeric or alphanumeric code. Preferably, as shown in FIGS. 4a and 4b, the code 20 is an exact copy of the code 9. After passing the station 15, the article 2 is checked by the camera 19 before being fed out of the conveying and processing line 6. It will be understood that the invention described, useful in many industrial applications, may be modified and adapted in several ways without thereby departing from the scope of the inventive concept and that all the details of the invention may be substituted by technically equivalent elements.	<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>The present invention relates to a method and a machine for making an article presenting a secret code hidden by a layer of opaque removable material. The present specification refers, but without thereby adhere restricting the scope of the invention, to articles made of paper or plastic, such as cards, coupons, tickets or tokens having a certain monetary value and distributed by private or public service organizations. More specifically, this specification refers, purely by way of example, to phone recharge cards which, as is known, have on them a secret numeric code hidden by a layer of opaque, removable material. The latter usually consists of a film of scratch-off ink, which disintegrates into minute particles when scratched and which can be scraped off the paper using a blade, coin or similar item. The ink film may be applied directly to the paper or to one side of transparent plastic label whose other side has a permanent adhesive on it, by which it sticks to the card in such a way as to cover the code. In both cases, the only way of exposing the code to view is by scraping off at least part of the ink film, which means that it is easy for anyone looking at the card to see whether someone else has already gained access to the code. Although both methods of hiding the code have been widely adopted because of their simplicity, relatively inexpensive machines are now readily available which can be used to restore the layer of ink for fraudulent purposes.	<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>The present invention has for an aim to provide a method which can be used to make an article presenting a secret code hidden by a layer of opaque removable material and which is free of the above mentioned disadvantage. The technical characteristics of the invention, with reference to the above aim, can be easily inferred from the appended claims, in particular claim 1 , and preferably any of the claims that depend, whether directly or indirectly, on claim 1 . Another aim of the invention is to provide a machine which can be used to make, in a simple and economical manner, an article presenting a secret code hidden by a layer of opaque removable material and which overcomes the above mentioned disadvantage. Accordingly, the invention provides a machine as defined in claim 11 and, preferably, in any of the claims that depend, whether directly or indirectly, on claim 11 .	20040603	20071030	20050609	95128.0		0	KOYAMA, KUMIKO C	METHOD AND MACHINE FOR MAKING AN ARTICLE PRESENTING A SECRET CODE HIDDEN BY A LAYER OF OPAQUE REMOVABLE MATERIAL	SMALL	0	ACCEPTED		2,004

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