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23571264 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haydar%20Zorlu | Haydar Zorlu | Haydar Zorlu (born 4 May 1967 in Karlıova) is a Kurdish-German actor.
Filmography
Films
1988 Eine türkische Hochzeit
1996 Der Trainer
2001 Nothing Less Than the Best
2003 September
2003 Worst Case
2008 Halbzeit
2008 Belanglos
TV
1991-92 Türkei - Land, Leute und Sprache
1993 Sterne des Südens
1993 Tatort
1994 Die Sendung mit der Maus
1997 Ein todsicheres Ding
1998 Tatort
1998 Reise in die Nacht
1998-2008 Die Anrheiner
1999 Ein starkes Team
2003 Die Kumpel
2002 Westentaschenvenus
2003
2003 SOKO 5113
2004 Forsthaus Falkenau
2004-2005 Verschollen
2005 Küstenwache
2006 Esir Kalpler
2006 Ein Fall für zwei
2006 Verschleppt - Kein Weg zurück, Regie: Hansjörg Thurn
2006-2008 Oben Ohne
2009 Oben Ohne - Weihnachts Special "DU HEILIGE NACHT"
Theatre
1989 Moritz Jäger in "Die Weber" - Stadttheater Oberhausen
1989 -1991 Ensemblemitglied des Arkadas Theater`s Köln
1995 Agathe, Schlucki, Dieter, Leichi, Kontrolleur u.a. in "Linie 1" - Theater in der Christallerie Wadgassen
1996 Haroon in "Borderline" - Wupper Theater
1996 Naim in "Vermummte" - Wupper Theater / Freies Werkstatt-Theater Köln
2005 Entertainer, Thorndyke, Bürgermeister u.a. in "Die Marx Brothers Radio Show" - Arkadas Theater Köln
2009 Faust, Mephisto, Gretchen u.a. in "Goethes Faust" als Schauspielsolo - Bühne der Kulturen Köln
References
External links
Official Website
1967 births
Living people
People from Karlıova
German people of Turkish descent
German male film actors
German male stage actors
German male television actors
Turkish male film actors
Turkish male stage actors
Turkish male television actors |
23571268 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion%20Act%201592 | Religion Act 1592 | The Religion Act 1592 (35 Eliz. I, c. 1) was an Act of the Parliament of England. The Act imprisoned without bail those over the age of sixteen who failed to attend Church; persuaded others to do the same; denied Queen Elizabeth I's authority in religious matters; and who attended unlawful religious meetings. The Act was cognisable in the Court of High Commission. If, after offending, they did not conform in the next three months, they would be exiled from England forever. The Act fined those who harboured recusants £10 for every month hidden. The Act stated that it would continue no longer than the end of the next session of Parliament. However, the Act was still in effect in 1661, when John Bunyan was tried and convicted for disobedience to it.
Towards the end of 1680, during the Exclusion Crisis, Parliament passed a Bill for repealing the Act. However, on the day of the proroguing of Parliament (10 January 1681), when the Bill ought to have been presented to Charles II to sign, he instructed the Clerk of the Crown to withdraw the Bill.
As late as 1683 the act was being used against a Quaker meeting in 'Gratious' Street (Gracechurch Street), London.
Notes
Acts of the Parliament of England concerning religion
1592 in law
1592 in England
1592 in Christianity |
6900669 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narjis | Narjis | Narjis () is believed by the Twelvers to have been the mother of their Hidden Imam, Muhammad al-Mahdi. His birth is said to have been providentially concealed by his father, Hasan al-Askari, out of fear of Abbasid persecution as they sought to eliminate an expected child of the eleventh Imam, whom persistent rumors described as a savior. After the death of his father in 260 AH (873-874 CE), al-Mahdi is believed by the Twelvers to have entered a state of occultation which continues until his rise in the end of time to establish peace and justice on earth. The origin of Narjis is recorded as the Byzantine empire or Nubia and her tomb is believed to be located in the al-Askari shrine in Samarra, Iraq.
Historical background
Until their deaths, the tenth and eleventh Shia Imams (Ali al-Hadi and Hasan al-Askari, respectively) were held under close surveillance in the garrison town of Samarra by the Abbasids, who are often responsible in Shia sources for poisoning the two Imams.
Contemporary to the tenth Imam, the Abbasid al-Mutawakkil heavily persecuted the Shia, partly due to a renewed Zaydi opposition. The restrictive policies of al-Mutawakkil towards the tenth Imam were later adopted by his son, al-Mu'tamid, who is reported to have kept the eleventh Imam under house arrest without any visitors. Instead, al-Askari is known to have mainly communicated with his followers through a network of representatives. Among them was Uthman ibn Sa'id, who is said to have disguised himself as a seller of cooking fat to avoid the Abbasid agents, hence his nickname al-Samman. Tabatabai suggests that these restrictions were placed on al-Askari because the caliphate had come to know about traditions among the Shia elite, predicting that the eleventh Imam would father the eschatological Mahdi.
Death of al-Askari
Al-Askari died in 260 (873-874) without an obvious heir. Immediately after the death of the eleventh Imam, his main representative, Uthman ibn Sa'id, claimed that the Imam had an infant son, named Muhammad, who was kept hidden from the public out of fear of Abbasid persecution, as they sought to eliminate an expected child of al-Askari, whom persistent rumors described as a savior. Uthman also claimed that he had been appointed to represent Muhammad, who is more commonly known as Muhammad al-Mahdi ().
Being the closest associate of al-Askari, Uthman's assertions were largely accepted by other representatives of al-Askari. Those who accepted the imamate of this Muhammad later formed the Twelvers. The other sects created over the succession of al-Askari disappeared within a hundred years.
Occultation
Thus began a period of about seventy years, later termed the Minor Occultation (, 260-329 AH, 874–941 CE), during which it is believed that four successive agents represented Muhammad al-Mahdi, the Hidden Imam. The fourth agent, al-Samarri, is said to have received a letter from Muhammad al-Mahdi shortly before his death in 941 CE. The letter predicted the death of al-Samarri in six days and announced the beginning of the complete occultation, later called the Major Occultation, which continues to this day. The letter, ascribed to Muhammad al-Mahdi, added that the complete occultation would continue until God granted him permission to manifest himself again in a time when the earth would be filled with tyranny.
Name
Muhammad al-Mahdi is said to have been born to Narjis, though some sources give her name differently as Sawsan, Rayhana, Sayqal, and Maryam. The first three are names of flowers. As a slave, those names were likely given to her by her owner, Hakima Khatun, in keeping with the practice of the day, while Sayqal might have been her real name.
Origin
The origin of Narjis is recorded by some sources as the Byzantine empire or Nubia. The earliest account about her origin is given by Ibn Babawayh (), based on a chain of authority leading to Bishr ibn Sulayman al-Nakhkhas. According to this account, Narjis was a slave, bought providentially by an agent of al-Hadi, who had recognized by clairvoyance in her the future mother of al-Mahdi. This and the detailed accounts of Majlesi and Tusi describe Narjis as a captured grand-daughter of the Byzantine emperor and a pious woman who learned about her future union with al-Askari in a dream. These accounts have been described as hagiographic.
Possibly the correct account is the one given by al-Mufid (), who writes that Narjis was a slave, born and raised in the house of Hakima Khatun, daughter of al-Jawad (the ninth Imam) and paternal aunt of al-Askari. Narjis was given in marriage to al-Askari by his father, al-Hadi, when the former was about twenty-two years old.
Birth of Muhammad al-Mahdi
Twelver sources report that the son of al-Askari was born to his wife, Narjis, around 255 (868). He was named Abu al-Qasim Muhammad, the same name and as the Islamic prophet, though he is more commonly known as Muhammad al-Mahdi. His birthdate is given differently, but most sources seem to agree on 15 Sha'ban, which is celebrated by the Shia for this occasion. The differences in these accounts have been attributed to al-Askari's attempts to hide the birth of his son from the Abbasids.
The birth of al-Mahdi is often compared in Twelver sources to the birth of Moses in the Quran, who was miraculously saved from the pharaoh. As a child Imam, al-Mahdi is also often compared in Twelver sources to Jesus, since both are viewed as the proof of God () and both spoke with the authority of an adult while still a child.
The earliest account of his birth is given by Ibn Babawayh on the authority of Hakima Khatun, a close relative who was held in high esteem by the tenth and eleventh Imams. The account describes that the pregnancy of Narjis miraculously had no physical signs, similar to Moses' mother, and that Hakima Khatun was brought in as midwife only when the birth was due. While this and similar accounts are hagiographic in nature, they seem to suggest that the pregnancy of Narjis and birth of his son were deliberately concealed.
The Twelver accounts add that, except for a few trusted associates, the existence of al-Mahdi was kept secret since the Abbasids sought to eliminate the son of al-Askari, whom persistent rumors described as a savior. Hussain writes that the infant must have been sent to Medina, where al-Askari's mother lived. It is also known that al-Askari left his estate to his mother, Hadith. Amir-Moezzi and Hussain suggest that this was another tactic by al-Askari to hide the birth of his son: in Shia jurisprudence (), under certain conditions, the mother is the sole inheritor if the deceased is childless.
After the death of al-Askari
The death of al-Askari in 260 (873-874) followed a brief illness, during which the Abbasid al-Mu'tamid sent his doctors and servants to attend the Imam. Considering that al-Askari did not have an obvious heir, some have suggested that the caliph intended to closely monitor al-Askari from within his residence.
After the death of al-Askari, there are reports that his residence was searched and the women were examined for pregnancy, possibly in the hope of finding his heir. A female servant of al-Askari was held for a while, perhaps due to false rumors of her pregnancy designed to distract the Abbasids in their search.
After the death of al-Askari, Narjis claimed to be pregnant to stop the officers from searching for the newborn, according to Sachedina. She was subsequently held in al-Mu'tamid's palace for observation. Her escape from the palace placed her at the center of disputes between Uthman and his son, on one side, and a brother of al-Askari, on the other side. Before his death, al-Askari left his estate to his mother, Hadith, to the exclusion of his brother, Ja'far, who had earlier unsuccessfully laid claim to the imamate after the death of their father, al-Hadi. Ja'far repeated his claims to the imamate after the death of al-Askari, which found a following this time in the form of the now-extinct Ja'fariyya and Fathiyya sects. Ja'far also contested al-Askari's will and raised the case with the authorities. Al-Askari was apparently childless, and Hadith was thus regarded as the sole inheritor in Shia law. The caliph, however, ruled the inheritance to be divided between Hadith and Ja'far. When Narjis escaped from al-Mu'tamid's palace, the tensions between the two groups heightened to the point that Narjis was given protection by a member of the powerful Shia family Nawbakhti.
Tomb
The tomb of Narjis is located in the al-Askari shrine in Samarra, Iraq. The shrine also houses the tombs of Hasan al-Askari, Ali al-Hadi, and Hakima Khatun. As an important destination for Shia pilgrimage, the shrine was bombed in February 2006 and badly damaged. Another attack was executed on 13 June 2007, which led to the destruction of the two minarets of the shrine. Authorities in Iraq hold al-Qaeda responsible for this attack.
A nearby shrine is said to mark the place where the occultation took place, under which there is a cellar () that hides a well (Bi'r al-Ghayba, ). Into this well, al-Mahdi is said to have disappeared.
In popular culture
Princess of Rome, directed by Hadi Mohamadian, is an animated movie about Narjis, the mother of Muhammad al-Mahdi. Princess of Rome was screened at the thirty-third Fajr International Film Festival in February 2015 in Tehran and received positive reviews.
See also
Ahl al-Bayt
The Twelve Imams
The Fourteen Infallibles
References
Sources
9th-century Byzantine women
9th-century Byzantine people
Shia Muslims
Twelvers
Wives of Shiite Imams
Mahdism |
23571292 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shek%20Yam%20Estate | Shek Yam Estate | Shek Yam Estate () is a public housing estate in North Kwai Chung, New Territories, Hong Kong. It was the first Government Low Cost Housing Scheme estate in Kwai Chung. It had 8 blocks built in 1968, which were all demolished in the 1990s and 2000s.
Ning Fung Court () is a Home Ownership Scheme court in North Kwai Chung, near Shek Yam Estate and Shek Yam East Estate. It has 4 blocks built in 2001.
Background
The estate was redeveloped into 4 phases. Phase 2 consists of three rental residential blocks, a car park podium and a shopping centre which were completed in 2000. Phase 3 consists of four HOS concord-typed blocks, Ning Fung Court. Phase 1 and Phase 4 were handed over to Leisure and Cultural Services Department to construct a park, Sham Yam Lei Muk Road Park. Phase 5 was the old site of Shek Yam Community Hall and a HOS building, but it was renamed Lai Shek House and changed to rental use.
Houses
Shek Yam Estate
Ning Fung Court
Demographics
According to the 2016 by-census, Shek Yam Estate had a population of 8,657 while Ning Fung Court had a population of 3,816. Altogether the population amounts to 12,473.
Politics
Shek Yam Estate and Ning Fung Court are located in Shek Yam constituency of the Kwai Tsing District Council. It was formerly represented by Andrew Wan Siu-kin, who was elected in the 2019 elections until May 2021.
Education
Shek Yam is in Primary One Admission (POA) School Net 64, which includes multiple aided schools (schools operated independently of the government but funded with government money); none of the schools in the net are government schools.
See also
Public housing estates in Kwai Chung
References
Kwai Chung
Public housing estates in Hong Kong
Residential buildings completed in 1968
Residential buildings completed in 2000
Residential buildings completed in 2006 |
23571302 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketu%20railway%20station | Ketu railway station | Ketu railway station is a railway station on the Qingzang railway. It serves Ketu and is located 122 km from Xining railway station.
See also
List of stations on Qingzang railway
Railway stations in Qinghai
Stations on the Qinghai–Tibet Railway |
23571309 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Keayne | Robert Keayne | Robert Keayne (1595 – March 23, 1656) was a prominent public figure in 17th-century Boston, Massachusetts. He co-founded the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company of Massachusetts and served as speaker of the House of the Massachusetts General Court. Keayne was a prosperous London merchant who joined his fellow Puritans in Boston where he built a fortune. He was accused of unfair business practices, and brought before the legislature, the Massachusetts General Court. It found Keayne guilty, fined him, and compelled him to confess his "sins." He proclaimed his innocence, and justified his actions in elaborate detail in his will. It bequeathed £2500 to Boston, to upgrade the infrastructure with an aqueduct, relieve the city's poor, and fund the First Town-House, a grand public meeting place. He attached a condition to the effect that the bequest would become void if there were any legal actions against his estate; there were none.
Biography
Keayne was born in Windsor, England in 1595. His father, John Keayne, worked as a butcher. While living in London, Keayne held membership in the Honourable Artillery Company and the Merchant Taylor's Company. He also kept notes in his private journal of sermons preached 1627-1628 by John Cotton, John Wilson, Hugh Peters, and John Davenport.
In 1617 Keayne married Anne Mansfield; they had a son, Benjamin Keayne, in 1619.
Keayne and his family arrived in Boston from London in 1635 on the ship Defence. In Boston, he worked as a tailor, and kept a shop on State Street, "living in apartments overhead, as was the custom in those times."
He belonged to the First Church congregation, and kept notes in his private journal of sermons preached by John Wilson, Thomas Cobbet, and John Cotton, who had moved to Boston in 1633.
In 1637, he was found guilty and fined 200 pounds by a Puritan court for overcharging customers. By today's capitalistic standards he would have been judged shrewd and successful. At the time, he penitently bewailed "his covetous and corrupt heart," but justified himself at length in his will.
In 1638, he helped to establish the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company of Massachusetts, serving as first captain.
He served as town Selectman for several years; and as a representative to the Massachusetts General Court, being appointed House Speaker in 1646.
Keayne left a 37-page will, covering a range of topics, which notably left several hundred pounds to establish the First Town-House, a building to "be used by the town and county government and be shared by the military company, with convenience for a market and conduit near by." Remarking on the need for a covered market, he wrote:
I having long thought and considered the want of some necessary things of public concernment which may not be only comodious, but very profitable and useful for the Town of Boston, as a market place ... useful for the country people that come with their provisions for the supply of the towne, that they may have a place to sett dry in and warme, both in cold raine and durty weather, and may have a place to leave their corne or any other things safe that they cannot sell, till they come again, which would be both an encouragement to come in and a great means to increase trading in the Towne also.
Keayne died in 1656 and is buried in the King's Chapel Burying Ground where a plaque has been affixed to his brick burial vault. Another memorial plaque, placed in 1925, honors Keayne in downtown Boston, on the corner of State and Washington Streets. Each year on the first Monday in June the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company leads a procession to the gravesite, laying a wreath in Keayne's memory.
References
Further reading
Bailyn, Bernard. "The Apologia of Robert Keayne." William and Mary Quarterly (1950): 568-587. in JSTOR
Dalzell, Jr. Robert F. The Good Rich and What They Cost Us (Yale University Press, 2013)
External links
People from colonial Boston
Speakers of the Massachusetts House of Representatives
American philanthropists
1595 births
1656 deaths
17th century in Boston
Burials in Boston
People from Windsor, Berkshire
Kingdom of England emigrants to Massachusetts Bay Colony
17th-century philanthropists
Honourable Artillery Company officers |
23571311 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qinghai%20Lake%20railway%20station | Qinghai Lake railway station | Qinghai Lake railway station is a railway station on the Qingzang railway. It serves Qinghai Lake and is located 133 km from Xining railway station.
See also
List of stations on Qingzang railway
Railway stations in Qinghai
Stations on the Qinghai–Tibet Railway |
23571315 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Intimate%20Adventures%20of%20a%20London%20Call%20Girl | The Intimate Adventures of a London Call Girl | The Intimate Adventures of a London Call Girl are memoirs of a former London call girl written by Dr. Brooke Magnanti, under the pseudonym Belle de Jour.
From the summer of 2003 to the autumn of 2004 Belle charted her day-to-day adventures on and off the field in a web diary. The blogs were then published into the book, in which Belle elaborates on the diary entries and tells of how she became a Call Girl.
Synopsis
The Intimate Adventures of a London Call Girl begins with Belle de Jour introducing herself as a "whore", then further explaining that she does not mean it metaphorically, and that she literally is a "whore".
After the prologue the book begins in a diary format, with Belle explaining the clients she meets and her personal complications that become entwined with her job as a call girl. The average diary entries last little longer than a page and are always titled with the date, which is written in French, for example, the first diary entry reads "Samedi, le 1 Novembre", which translates into Saturday, 1 November. Each chapter is broken apart by the month the diary entries were written in, for example "Novembre" (November).
People featured in the book
Belle: The writer of The Intimate Adventures of a London Call Girl. The book focuses primarily on Belle's life.
N: An ex-boyfriend of Belle's and her good friend.
The manager: Belle's madam, an intelligent woman, fluent in German and Arabic.
The Boy: Belle's boyfriend, who is aware of her job as a call girl.
Adaptation
An adaption was created for ITV2 in 2007 called Secret Diary of a Call Girl. The show stars Billie Piper as Belle but also shows her private life and her personal struggles; in the adaptation her real name is Hannah Baxter. The show has since been aired in America by Showtime.
Differences
Some of the characters in Secret Diary of a Call Girl have different personalities from their literary counterparts. N is described as "the hub of all gossip", whereas Ben in Secret Diary of a Call Girl does not seem to share this trait. The manager is described as rather nice, and Belle appears to have a pleasant enough relationship with her, however Stephanie, Belle's madam in Secret Diary, is a cynical woman who often argues with Belle. The Boy appears to have no television equivalent. The closest character to The Boy would be Alex; however the links between the two are somewhat tenuous. The character of Hannah Baxter, who also goes under the pseudonym Belle, remains very close to the original descriptions of Belle de Jour in the books.
References
External links
Orion Publishing
English non-fiction books
2005 non-fiction books
Non-fiction books about British prostitution
Prostitution in the United Kingdom |
17326903 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Granville%20Sharpe | Henry Granville Sharpe | Henry Granville Sharpe (April 30, 1858 – July 13, 1947) was the 24th Quartermaster General of the United States Army from 1916 to 1918.
Early life
Sharpe was born in Kingston, New York, in 1858, and was the son of Civil War veteran Brevet Major General George H. Sharpe and his wife, Caroline Hone (Hasbrouck) Sharpe. Both of his parents were descendants of the Hasbrouck family; his maternal grandfather was Congressman and Rutgers University president Abraham Bruyn Hasbrouck; his paternal great-grandfather was Congressman Abraham Joseph Hasbrouck.
His sister, Katherine Lawrence Hasbrouck, married Congressman Ira Davenport, and his brother Severyn Bruyn Sharpe was the Ulster County judge in 1898. He is also a descendant of Louis DuBois.
He attended the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, graduating in 1880.
Career
Sharpe served on frontier duty with the 4th Infantry Regiment (United States) at Fort Laramie, Wyoming for the next year and a half. Following a six months' leave of absence, he submitted his resignation from the Army to take effect June 1, 1882.
About fifteen months later on September 12, 1883, Sharpe was reappointed to the Army as a commissary of subsistence with the rank of Captain and assigned to temporary duty at New York City. He was then stationed at West Point 1884 to 1889.
From 1889 to 1898, he served as a commissary officer at various locations to include Washington, Oregon and the St. Louis Depot. He was promoted to the rank of Major on November 13, 1895. He transferred from St. Louis to Boston on March 15, 1897, but assumed his duties there only after he had purchased and distributed supplies for the relief of sufferers from the Mississippi flood at St. Louis, Missouri and at Cairo, Illinois.
When war with Spain was imminent in April 1898, he was appointed chief commissary of the First Army Corps, and deployed with the Corps to Puerto Rico. There he was promoted to Lieutenant Colonel and appointed an assistant commissary general of subsistence. He remained on duty in Puerto Rico until December 21, 1898.
For a short time, he was assigned to the Chicago Depot as purchasing commissary general, but in September 1899 he was ordered to Washington to act as assistant to the Commissary General of Subsistence. This assignment lasted until the spring of 1902. He was then sent to Manila as chief commissary of the Division of the Philippines. By that time he been promoted to the rank of Colonel and was the senior officer in the Subsistence Department.
On October 3, 1900, he was elected as a hereditary companion of the New York Commandery of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States by right of his father's service in the Union Army during the American Civil War.
Sharpe's tour of duty in the Philippines lasted until he was again recalled to Washington to act as assistant to the Commissary General of Subsistence. He served in this capacity from June 22, 1904, to October 8, 1905. He was commissioned Commissary General of Subsistence with the rank of Brigadier General on October 12, 1905, and was reappointed for a second four-year detail in 1909.
In the summer of 1907, he sailed to Europe at his own expense to investigate the supply departments of the British, French, and German armies. He visited the schools for bakers and cooks maintained by those armies. The data he obtained on the use of rolling kitchens in the French and German armies materially assisted in the development of similar equipment suitable for the U.S. Army.
Upon his return to Washington in September 1907, General Sharpe submitted recommendations to the War Department urging the establishment of a supply corps. While these were not adopted, they undoubtedly proved helpful when the subject of consolidating the Quartermaster, Subsistence, and Pay Departments into one agency was being considered four years later. Sharpe was so enthusiastic about establishing a consolidated supply corps that Quartermaster General James B. Aleshire called him the father of consolidation. Many of Sharpe's friends recommended that he be selected to head the newly created Quartermaster Corps in 1912. But when his classmate, General Aleshire, was appointed, Sharpe accepted a subordinate post in the Corps and worked devotedly to prove the value of consolidation.
When ill health brought General Aleshire's retirement four years later, General Sharpe was appointed to succeed him as Quartermaster General on September 16, 1916. This was approximately seven months before the United States declared war against Germany.
World War I
The Quartermaster Corps and the War Department generally were unprepared for World War I. The supply bureaus within the Quartermaster Corps were eager to procure and ship as quickly as possible the enormous quantities of supplies for which they were responsible. However, their uncoordinated procurement resulted in excessive and unbalanced railway shipments that overtaxed port facilities and finally developed into a serious congestion of the railroad system in the winter of 1917–18. By that time shortages in clothing, hospital equipment, and other supplies were causing hardships in Army camps, and it was charged by some that the lack of adequate clothing and shelter was responsible for an epidemic of pneumonia sweeping through the camps.
General Sharpe was held responsible by many for a large share of the supply crisis that had developed.
These developments stirred a widespread uneasiness that led to a Congressional hearing on the conduct of the war. In the end the General Staff took complete control of supplies and the Office of the Director of Purchase and Storage in the Purchase, Storage, and Traffic Division was erected on the foundation of the Quartermaster Corps.
On December 15, 1917, a War Council was formed consisting of the Secretary of War, the Assistant Secretary of War, the Quartermaster General, the Chief of Artillery, the Chief of Ordnance, the Judge Advocate General, and the Chief of Staff. The War Council was to oversee and coordinate all matters of supply and to plan for the more effective use of the military power of the nation. While serving on the Council, General Sharpe was required to delegate all his administrative duties to an acting chief Quartermaster designated by the Secretary of War.
In June 1918, General Sharpe was relieved from duty with the War Council and assigned to the command of the Southeastern Department. The following month he was appointed a Major General in the line of the Army, with rank from July 12 and officially ceased to be Quartermaster General.
General Sharpe requested retirement on May 1, 1920, he was then 62.
Retirement and death
In his later years, he lived in Providence, Rhode Island, where he died at the age of 89, on July 13, 1947. He was buried at Arlington National Cemetery.
General Sharpe was a Companion of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States by right of his father's service in the Union Army during the American Civil War.
Legacy
General Sharpe was inducted into the Quartermaster Hall of Fame in 1989.
References
External links
1858 births
1947 deaths
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
United States Military Academy alumni
United States Army generals of World War I
United States Army generals
American military personnel of the Spanish–American War
Quartermasters General of the United States Army
Commissary General of Subsistence (United States Army) |
23571318 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuole%20railway%20station | Tuole railway station | Tuole Railway Station is a railway station on the Qingzang railway in the People's Republic of China. It serves Tulai and is located 147 km from Xining Railway Station.
See also
List of stations on Qingzang railway
Railway stations in Qinghai
Stations on the Qinghai–Tibet Railway |
6900671 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Goodnight | James Goodnight | James Howard Goodnight (born January 6, 1943) is an American billionaire businessman and software developer. He has been the CEO of SAS Institute since 1976, which he co-founded that year with other faculty members of North Carolina State University. As of February 2022, his net worth was estimated at US$7.3 billion.
Early life and career
Goodnight was born to Albert Goodnight and Dorothy Patterson in Salisbury, North Carolina, on January 6, 1943. He lived in Greensboro until he was 12, when his family moved to Wilmington. As a kid he worked at his father's hardware store.
Goodnight's career with computers began with a computer course at North Carolina State University. One summer he got a job writing software programs for the agricultural economics department. Goodnight was a member of the Beta-Beta chapter of Tau Kappa Epsilon at NC State, and contributed to the construction of a new fraternity house for the chapter in 2002.
Goodnight received a master's degree in statistics in 1968. He also worked at a company building electronic equipment for the ground stations that communicated with the Apollo space capsules. While working on the Apollo program, Goodnight experienced a work environment with a high turnover rate and this shaped his views on corporate culture. Goodnight returned to North Carolina State University after working on the Apollo project, where he earned a PhD in statistics and was a faculty member from 1972 to 1976.
Career
Goodnight joined another faculty at North Carolina State in a research project to create a general purpose statistical analysis system (SAS) for analyzing agricultural data. The project was operated by a consortium of eight land-grant universities and funded primarily by the USDA. Goodnight along with another faculty member Anthony James Barr became project leaders for the development of the early version of SAS. When the software had 100 customers in 1976, Goodnight and three others from the University left the college to form SAS Institute in an office across the street.
Goodnight remained CEO of SAS Institute for more than 35 years as the company grew from $138,000 its first year in business, to $420 million in 1993 and $2.43 billion by 2010. Under his leadership, the company grew each year. Goodnight became known for creating and defending SAS' corporate culture, often described by the media as "utopian." He rejected acquisition offers and chose against going public to protect the company's work environment. Goodnight has maintained a flat organizational structure with about 27 people who report directly to him and three organizational layers.
HSM Global described Goodnight's leadership style in a framework of three pillars: "help employees do their best work by keeping them intellectually challenged and by removing distractions; Make managers responsible for sparking creativity; eliminate arbitrary distinctions between 'suits' and 'creatives'; Engage customers as creative partners to help deliver superior products."
In 1981, Goodnight was elected as a Fellow of the American Statistical Association. In 1997, he received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement.
In 2004, he was named a Great American Business Leader by Harvard. That same year he was named one of America's 25 Most Fascinating Entrepreneurs by Inc. Magazine. He has also been a frequent speaker and participant at the World Economic Forum.
In March 2020, Jim Goodnight was awarded a CEO Great Place to Work For All Leadership Award by Great Place to Work.
Personal life
Goodnight met his wife, Ann, while he was a senior at North Carolina State University and she was attending Meredith College. They have been married approximately five decades and have three children. Goodnight's net worth was $7.3 billion, as of February 2022.
Goodnight has an interest in improving the state of education, particularly elementary and secondary education. In 1996, Goodnight and his wife, along with his business partner, John Sall and his wife Ginger, founded an independent prep school Cary Academy. Both of the Goodnights are also involved in the local Cary, NC, community. He owns Prestonwood Country Club and The Umstead Hotel and Spa situated on the edge of the SAS campus.
See also
List of Americans by net worth
List of Tau Kappa Epsilon brothers
Prestonwood Country Club
References
Further reading
External links
Goodnight's official Bio
1943 births
American billionaires
American technology chief executives
American humanitarians
American statisticians
Businesspeople in software
Living people
Businesspeople from North Carolina
North Carolina State University alumni
People from Cary, North Carolina
People from Salisbury, North Carolina
Fellows of the American Statistical Association
Activists from North Carolina |
23571325 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Bloudy%20Tenent%20of%20Persecution%20for%20Cause%20of%20Conscience | The Bloudy Tenent of Persecution for Cause of Conscience | The Bloudy Tenent of Persecution, for Cause of Conscience, Discussed in a Conference between Truth and Peace is a 1644 book about government force written by Roger Williams, the founder of Providence Plantations in New England and the co-founder of the First Baptist Church in America. Tenent is an obsolete variant of tenet, and the book argues for a "wall of separation" between church and state and for state toleration of various Christian denominations, including Catholicism, and also "paganish, Jewish, Turkish or anti-Christian consciences and worships." The book takes the form of a dialogue between Truth and Peace and is a response to correspondence by Boston minister John Cotton regarding Cotton's support for state enforcement of religious uniformity in Massachusetts Bay Colony. Williams argues that Christianity requires the existence of a separate civil authority which may not generally infringe upon liberty of conscience, which Williams interpreted to be a God-given right.
Impact
The 1644 text is considered one of Williams' best-developed arguments, even though it was written under presumably rushed conditions and is stylistically difficult. Many of the original copies of The Bloudy Tenent were burned by order of a Parliamentary faction offended by his view of government. John Cotton responded to the book by defending his positions in The Bloudy Tenent, Washed, and Made White in the Bloud of the Lamb. Upon his return to London in 1652, Williams published a defense of his positions and responded to Cotton in The Bloudy Tenent Yet More Bloudy by Mr. Cotton's Endeavour to Wash it White in the Blood of the Lamb; of Whose Precious Blood, Spilt in the Bloud of his Servants; and of the Blood of Millions Spilt in Former and Later Wars for Conscience Sake, That Most Bloody Tenent of Persecution for Cause of Conscience, upon, a Second Tryal Is Found More Apparently and More Notoriously Guilty, etc. (London, 1652). The Bloudy Tenent has been cited as a philosophical source for John Locke, the First Amendment to the United States Constitution, and several writings of Thomas Jefferson regarding religious freedom.
Biblical support for preventing governmental interference in religious matters
In the Bloudy Tenent and other writings, Williams interpreted many passages in the Old and New Testaments as limiting governmental interference in any religious matters, and therefore opposing the traditional Puritan exegesis which supported using state force in some religious matters:
Williams believed that historic Israel was a unique covenant kingdom and the kings should be interpreted using typology. Therefore, the covenant kings were not appropriate government models for New Testament Christians, who believed that the Old Testament covenant had been fulfilled through Christ, as the ultimate king. Accordingly, Williams asserted that the more informative Old Testament examples of civil government were good non-covenant kings such as Artaxerxes, a pagan who gave the Hebrews freedom to worship in but did not compel any kind of worship. For examples of bad kings, Williams mentioned Nebuchadnezzar in the Book of Daniel who oppressively forced the Jews (including Daniel, Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego) to worship the state god or face death. Williams also used the example of Naboth's unjust execution in as an example of a bad civil government abusing its religious power.
Williams interpreted the Parable of the Tares in the to support toleration of all of the "weeds", because civil persecution often inadvertently hurts the "wheat" (believers) too. He specifically defined the "weeds" as heretics who were clearly not Christians, such as Paul before his conversion, and not simply people with minor theological differences, as the Puritans asserted. Ultimately, he argued, it is God's duty to judge, not man's.
Williams cited the legitimate role of government in as applying only to enforcement of the second table of the Ten Commandments—that is, the last five commandments involving hurting other people. He further cited Paul's letters in , , and to explain how to use "spiritual weapons" rather than physical ones in dealing with unbelievers.
Williams interpreted to support the use of spiritual weapons rather than civil weapons, and pointed out that Christ's letters in these chapters were written to and applied to churches, not to civil governments. Williams interpreted 's Beast of Revelation prophecy as representing all state churches that used governmental force to coerce political goals in the name of Christianity, including those in Europe and Massachusetts.
See also
Roger Williams
A Key into the Language of America
Christian debate on persecution and toleration
References
External links
The Bloody Tenent of Persecution (1867 reprint) (accessed July 10, 2009, on Google Books)
Text of book
Roger Williams, Richard Groves, [https://books.google.com/books?id=YC-Oy0hswEkC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_navlinks_s The bloudy tenent of persecution for cause of conscience: discussed in a conference between truth and peace : who, in all tender affection, present to the High Court of Parliament, (as the result of their discourse) these, (among other passages) of highest consideration] (Mercer University Press, 2001)0865547661, 9780865547667 (accessible on Google Books, July 28, 2009)
1644 books
17th-century Christian texts
History books about the United States
History of religion in the United States
Rhode Island culture
Separation of church and state in the United States |
6900674 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muravyov | Muravyov | Muravyov (, from meaning ant), or Muravyova (feminine form; ), also transliterated as Muraviev, Muravyev or Murav'ev, is a common Russian last name. It may refer to:
Alexey Muravyov (1900–1941), Soviet army officer
Darya Muravyeva (born 1998), Kazakhstani water polo player
Dimitry Muravyev (born 1979), Kazakhstani road bicycle racer
Irina Muravyova (born 1949), Soviet actress
Konstantin Muraviev (1893–1965), Bulgarian politician
Matvey Muravyev (1784–1836), Russian explorer
Mikhail Muravyov (disambiguation) – several people
Nadezhda Muravyeva (born 1980), Russian handball player
Nikita Muravyov (1795–1843), a member of the Decembrist movement
Nikolay Muravyov-Amursky (1809–1881), a Russian statesman and diplomat
Nikolay Muraviev (1850–1908) Russian statesman
Nikolay Muravyov-Karsky (1794–1866), Russian military leader and statesman
Olena Muravyova (1867–1939), Ukrainian opera singer
Vladimir Muravyov (athlete) (born 1959), former Soviet track and field athlete
Vladimir Muravyov (translator) (1939–2001), Russian translator and literary critic
Vyacheslav Muravyev (born 1982), Kazakhstani sprinter
See also
Muraviev Amurski-class cruiser, pair of light cruisers Russian empire ordered in 1912 from a Danzig shipyard, seized in 1914 for the German Kriegsmarine
Muravyov-Apostol (disambiguation), several people
6538 Muraviov, an asteroid
Russian-language surnames |
23571329 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McIlwraith%2C%20McEacharn%20%26%20Co | McIlwraith, McEacharn & Co | McIlwraith, McEacharn & Co was an Australian shipping company.
History
McIlwraith, McEacharn & Co (MMC) was founded in 1875 in London by Scottish sea captains, Andrew McIlwraith and Malcolm McEacharn. In 1876 it began operating ships to take British migrants to the Australia under contract to the Government of Queensland. In 1891, it relocated it headquarters to Melbourne.
MMC built up a coal bunkering businesses, had a shareholding in Mount Morgan Mine and had associations with Burns Philp and Castlemaine Perkins. In 1958, MMC became a shareholder in bulk carrier operator Bulkships in partnership with the Adelaide Steamship Company.
In May 1993, MMC was sold to Cyprus Mining Company.
References
1875 establishments in England
Companies based in Melbourne
Companies formerly listed on the Australian Securities Exchange
Defunct shipping companies of Australia
Transport companies established in 1875 |
23571330 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganzihe%20railway%20station | Ganzihe railway station | Ganzihe railway station is a railway station on the Qinghai–Tibet Railway. It serves Ganzihe and is located 162 km from Xining railway station.
See also
List of stations on Qinghai–Tibet railway
Railway stations in Qinghai
Stations on the Qinghai–Tibet Railway |
23571335 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haergai%20railway%20station | Haergai railway station | Haergai railway station is a railway station on the Qinghai–Tibet Railway. It serves Hairag and is located 177 km from Xining railway station.
See also
List of stations on Qinghai–Tibet railway
Railway stations in Qinghai
Stations on the Qinghai–Tibet Railway |
6900703 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fullerton%20Fire%20Department | Fullerton Fire Department | The Fullerton Fire Department is the agency that provides fire protection and emergency medical services for Fullerton, California. The department is responsible for an area of approximately that has a population of just over 135,000 as of 2010.
History
The Fullerton Fire Department was formally established as a volunteer department on August 10, 1908. The initial apparatus included a hand-drawn hook and ladder truck, a hand-drawn chemical wagon, and some ancillary equipment. In 1913 the voters passed a $5,000 bond issue, which was used to purchase the first piece of motorized apparatus, a 1913 Seagrave triple-combination (ladder, hose, and chemical) engine that was housed in rented quarters in the 200 block of North Spadra (now Harbor Boulevard). The city's first formal fire station was opened in 1926 in the 100 block of West Wilshire Avenue. This building housed the department's apparatus on the ground floor, while the second floor housed the city hall. In 1942, when a new city hall was built, the second floor of the Wilshire Avenue building was converted into sleeping quarters for the firefighters.
A second station was added at Brookhurst and Valencia in 1953 to serve the west side of the city, and a third was added at 700 S. Acacia to serve the east side of the city. By 1961 the department had made the transition from a volunteer department to one staffed by career firefighters. A bond issue passed in the mid-1960s funded the construction of a new fire department headquarters building at 312 E. Commonwealth. At that time the Wilshire Avenue station was leveled. The same bond funded the construction of a fourth station at 3251 N. Harbor Blvd. to serve the north-central part of the city, and a fifth station at 2555 E. Yorba Linda Blvd. to serve the rapidly growing east side of the city, which included the Cal State Fullerton campus.
A sixth station was opened at 1500 North Gilbert on the west side of the city in 1968. In 2004 this station was replaced by a new $3.4 million station that was built for the city by private developers as part of an agreement that allowed the developers to build on property owned by Chevron Land and Development.
On May 3, 2011 Fullerton and the Brea Fire Department from the adjacent city of Brea entered into an agreement to share the command structure of their respective fire departments. Under this agreement both share a fire chief, three division chiefs (operations, fire marshal, and administration), and four battalion chiefs (BC's). Three are shift battalion chiefs, and one is the battalion chief in charge of training. The command structure sharing agreement, will save Fullerton $463,000 annually, and will save Brea $881,000 annually.
Metro Cities Fire Authority
The Fullerton Fire Department is part of the Metro Cities Fire Authority which provides emergency communications for multiple departments in and around Orange County. The call center, known as Metro Net Fire Dispatch, is located in Anaheim and provides 9-1-1 fire and EMS dispatch to over 1.2 million residence covering an area of . Other departments included in Metro Net include Anaheim Fire Department, Brea Fire Department, Fountain Valley, Huntington Beach Fire Department, Newport Beach Fire Department, Orange Fire Department and Orange County Fire Authority.
The Fullerton Fire Department also is part of the Orange County 800 MHz Countywide Coordinated Communications System. This system provides radio communications to law enforcement, fire services, public works departments, lifeguard, and marine safety services throughout the county. This system facilitates interoperability between units from different agencies, and makes possible a virtually seamless mutual aid system throughout the county.
Additionally, the Fullerton Fire Department is part of the county-wide automatic mutual aid system, which ensures that the nearest available fire and paramedic units are dispatched to a call regardless of the location. Fire departments throughout the county, including Fullerton, employ the incident command system routinely to coordinate resources during significant events. The automatic mutual aid system is used to dispatch resources from Fullerton and surrounding jurisdictions as needed in the event of a multiple alarm fire or other major emergency within the city. The automatic mutual aid system also is used to dispatch resources to incidents within the city when Fullerton units are unavailable owing to prior assignments, or for incidents occurring near the city limits in cases where the unit(s) from another jurisdiction can respond more quickly.
Stations & Apparatus
The Fullerton Fire Department currently has six fire stations strategically located throughout the city.
Community Emergency Response Team
The Community Emergency Response Team for the city of Fullerton is sponsored by the Fullerton Fire Department. The Fullerton CERT is integrated into the command structure of the fire department. The team has its own volunteer command structure, which reports directly to the fire department battalion chief in charge of training. The team generally sponsors three training academies for the general public each year, which are open to those people over 18 years of age who reside or work in the city. Those persons who complete the training academy, which covers the standard, basic CERT training curriculum provided by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) are eligible to become active members of Fullerton CERT provided that they successfully complete a fingerprint live scan and background check.
In the event of a major emergency that affects the city, Fullerton CERT is activated by the fire chief (or his designee).
References
External links
Fire departments in California
Emergency services in Orange County, California
Fire Department
Government of Fullerton, California
1908 establishments in California |
17326905 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis%2C%20Count%20of%20Vermandois | Louis, Count of Vermandois | Louis de Bourbon, Légitimé de France, Count of Vermandois, born Louis de La Blaume Le Blanc, also known as Louis de/of Vermandois (2 October 1667 – 18 November 1683) was a French nobleman, illegitimate but legitimised son of Louis XIV, King of France by his mistress, Louise de La Vallière. He died exiled and disgraced at the age of 16, unmarried and without issue.
Early life
Louis de La Blaume Le Blanc was born on 2 October 1667 at the Castle of Saint-Germain-en-Laye on 2 October 1667 to Louise de La Blaume Le Blanc de La Vallière, Mademoiselle de La Vallière (1644–1710). His father was his unmarried mother's long-time lover, Louis XIV, King of France (1638–1715). Her parents had been in an extramarital affair for about 6 years by then, but their relationship was nearing its end. They had had 4 children together, only one of whom, the already legitimised Marie-Anne de Bourbon, Mademoiselle de Blois (1666–1739) was still alive when La Blaume Le Blanc was born. He was named after his father.
At the age of 2, in 1669, La Blaume Le Blanc was legitimised, given the surname de Bourbon (of Bourbon), as opposed to the surname de France (of France) bore by his legitimate half-siblings. He was also created Count of Vermandois (comte de Vermandois) and appointed Admiral of France (Amiral de France).
Life with the Orléans family
In 1674, when Vermandois was 7 years old, his mother entered a Carmelite convent in Paris, and from then on, saw very little of her. He was entrusted to the care of his aunt (the wife of his paternal uncle, Philippe I, Duke of Orléans [1640–1701]), born Princess Elizabeth Charlotte "Liselotte" of the Palatinate (1652–1722), known as court as Madame or Madame Palatine. He lived with the Orléans family in the Palais-Royal in Paris, and became close with his aunt, despite her well-known disdain for the king's "bastards".
The Duke of Orléans was infamous for being effeminate and practicing le vice italien ("the Italian vice"), being homosexual or bisexual. He had children from both of his arranged marriages but had many male (and possibly also some female) lovers before and during them. One of these lovers was Philippe of Lorraine (1643–1702), known as the Chevalier de Lorraine ("Knight of Lorraine"), a man described as having an attractive face and a sharp mind, but also being "insinuating, brutal and devoid of scruple", as well as being "as greedy as a vulture". The young count became involved with the knight and his circle, which included among others François-Louis, Prince of La Roche-sur-Yon (later titular king of Poland and prince of Conti; 1644–1709). He joined a secret group of young aristocrats called La Sainte Congregation des Glorieux Pédérastes ("Holy Congregation of Glorious Pederasts").
When the king learned of his son's involvement with the duke's circles, he exiled the Chevalier de Lorraine and several other members of the "congregation". He reprimanded his son and decided to send him away from the royal court. It was suggested that 15-year-old Vermandois should be married as soon as possible to cover up the scandal, possibly to 6-year-old Louise-Bénédicte de Bourbon, Mademoiselle d'Enghien (1676–1753), the daughter of Henri-Jules, Duke of Enghien (later Prince of Condé; 1643–1709).
Exile and death
In June 1682, Vermandois was exiled to Normandy. Hoping to mend the relationship between father and son, his aunt Madame suggested that he be sent as a soldier to Flanders, then under French occupation. Agreeing with his sister-in-law, the king sent his son to the Siege of Kortrijk, where Vermandois soon fell ill. He was advised by a doctor that he should return to Lille and recover, but, desperate for his father's love, he remained on the battlefield. He died in Flanders on 18 November 1683, and was buried in the Arras Cathedral. His aunt and sister greatly mourned his death, while his father reportedly did not shed a tear. His mother, by then a Carmelite nun under the name of Sœur Louise de la Miséricordie ("Sister Louise of Grace"), was still obsessed with the sin of her affair with the king and said upon hearing the news of his son's death, "I ought to weep for his birth far more than his death".
It was later suggested that he might have been the Man in the Iron Mask, which could not be true as the unidentified prisoner died in 1703.
Ancestry
References
Sources
|-
|-
1667 births
1683 deaths
Illegitimate children of Louis XIV
People from Saint-Germain-en-Laye
17th-century French military personnel
Admirals of France
French nobility
Counts of Vermandois
French exiles
Man in the Iron Mask
LGBT people from France
17th-century LGBT people
LGBT nobility
LGBT military personnel
Sons of kings |
6900705 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygnotos%20%28vase%20painter%29 | Polygnotos (vase painter) | Polygnotos (active approx. 450 - 420 BCE), a Greek vase-painter in Athens, is considered one of the most important vase painters of the red figure style of the high-classical period. He received his training in the workshop of the Niobid Painter and specialized in monumental vases, as in the manner of Polygnotos of Thasos, after whom he probably designated himself. He was the leading vase painter of the Group of Polygnotos which carries his name.
He painted particularly large containers such as stamnoi, kraters, hydria and shoulder amphorae, as well as Nolan amphorae and pelike.
Beside this famous vase painter two further vase painters have the name Polygnotos. They have become known in the scholarly literature as the Lewis Painter and the Nausikaa Painter.
References
Further reading
5th-century BC deaths
Ancient Greek vase painters
Ancient Athenians
Year of birth unknown |
6900715 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port%20Fulton%2C%20Indiana | Port Fulton, Indiana | Port Fulton was a town located two miles up the river from Louisville, within present-day Jeffersonville, Indiana. At its height it stretched from the Ohio River to modern-day 10th Street, and from Crestview to Jefferson/Main Streets.
Port Fulton was laid out in 1835 by Victor Neff, and named for Robert Fulton, the inventor of steamboats. Its original boundaries were present day Jackson Street (east), Division Street (west), and between Court and Charlestown Streets to the north. It became a magnet for those in the maritime business. Henry French, a steamboat builder, already had a home there. The Howard Family resided there. The shipyards of both French and Howard became Jeffboat.
In April 1853 the city of Jeffersonville attempted to annex Port Fulton, only to be stymied by its residents.
The third-largest Civil War hospital, Jefferson General Hospital, was operated there, formed from the Brighton estate owned by Jesse Bright that was confiscated by Union authorities.
In 1880 the population was 907; in 1900, it was 1,104. However, Port Fulton's population declined to 971 in the 1920 census. This allowed Jeffersonville to finally annex Port Fulton in 1926.
Gallery
References
Jeffersonville, Indiana
Geography of Clark County, Indiana
Former municipalities in Indiana
Populated places established in 1835
1835 establishments in Indiana
1926 disestablishments in Indiana |
6900716 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trochlea | Trochlea | Trochlea (Latin for pulley) is a term in anatomy. It refers to a grooved structure reminiscent of a pulley's wheel.
Related to joints
Most commonly, trochleae bear the articular surface of saddle and other joints:
Trochlea of humerus (part of the elbow hinge joint with the ulna)
Trochlea of femur (forming the knee hinge joint with the patella)
The trochlea tali in the superior surface of the body of talus (part of the ankle hinge joint with the tibia)
Trochlear process of the calcaneus
In quadrupeds, the trochlea of Radius (bone)
The "knuckles" of the tarsometatarsus which articulate with the proximal phalanges in a bird's foot
Related to muscles
It also can refer to structures which serve as a guide for muscles:
Trochlea of superior oblique (see also superior oblique muscle), a mover of the eye which is supplied by the trochlear nerve, or fourth cranial nerve |
17326949 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Sharpe | Henry Sharpe | Henry Sharpe may refer to:
Henry Granville Sharpe (1858–1947), US Army officer
Henry Sharpe (priest) (fl. 1620s), Anglican priest in Ireland
Henry A. Sharpe (1848–1919), Justice of the Alabama Supreme Court |
17326956 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Localhost%20%28disambiguation%29 | Localhost (disambiguation) | localhost may refer to:
localhost, the loopback device IP address
.localhost, a reserved top-level domain name
Localhost (software), facilitates access to a peer-to-peer virtual file system via the BitTorrent protocol |
17326970 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick%20Metsger | Rick Metsger | Richard Thomas Metsger (born August 16, 1951) served in the Oregon State Senate from 1999 to 2011. President Barack Obama nominated Rick Metsger to serve on the Board of the National Credit Union Administration on May 16, 2013. The U.S. Senate confirmed Mr. Metsger on August 1, 2013, and he took the oath of office on August 23, 2013. He served as the ninth NCUA Board Chairman from May 1, 2016, through January 22, 2017.
Prior to his political career, Metsger was a sportscaster, teacher, and served on the board of directors of a credit union in Portland, Oregon.
Vice Chairman of the NCUA Board (Aug 4, 2014 - May 2016)
President Barack Obama nominated Metsger to serve on the Board of the National Credit Union Administration on May 16, 2013. The United States Senate confirmed Metsger on August 1, 2013.
After he took the oath of office on August 23, 2013, Metsger shared his vision "for NCUA to be recognized as an agency that manages its own fiscal house well, proposes regulatory action that is effectively targeted to achieve the desired outcome without placing unnecessary burdens on the credit unions themselves and, above all, maintains the confidence and trust the American public places in their local credit union."
On September 18, 2014, the NCUA Board designated Board Member Metsger as Vice Chairman of NCUA, pursuant to the requirements of NCUA's rules.
On Jan. 1, 2014, NCUA Board Chairman Debbie Matz appointed Metsger as NCUA's representative on the Board of NeighborWorks America, one of the nation's preeminent affordable housing and community development organizations.
He succeeded former NCUA Board Member Gigi Hyland, who left the NCUA Board October 5, 2012. Metsger's term continues through August 2, 2017.
During his tenure as Vice Chairman, Metsger has focused on modernizing regulations and the federal credit union charter to provide credit unions with greater flexibility to innovate and grow as well as regulatory relief. Metsger led the agency's efforts to update its regulations concerning fixed assets and credit unions' fields-of-membership regulation.
Chairman of the NCUA Board (May 2, 2016 - January 22, 2017)
Metsger was appointed chairman of the NCUA Board effective May 1, 2016 by President Barack Obama. As NCUA Board Chairman, Metsger heads the independent agency that charters, regulates, and supervises more than 3,700 federal credit unions. NCUA also operates the National Credit Union Share Insurance Fund, which protects the accounts of millions of Americans at more than 5,800 federally insured credit unions. Metsger succeeds Board Chairman Debbie Matz, whose tenure ended April 30, 2016.
Early life and career
Metsger was born in Portland, Oregon, where he attended elementary school. He graduated from Centennial High School in Gresham. In 1972, he earned a bachelor's degree in communication from Lewis & Clark College, where he also earned a master's degree in teaching in 1975.
Metsger taught at Sam Barlow High School in Gresham from 1973 to 1976 and was an assistant basketball coach at Lewis & Clark during that same time.
From 1993 to 2001, he served on the board of directors of the Portland Teachers Credit Union.
Sports anchor
In 1977, Metsger was hired as a sportscaster for Portland television station KOIN, eventually working his way up to sports anchor and sports director. In the early 1990s, Metsger was moved to a combination news and sports role. In August 1992, hours after completing an investigative report about leaking nuclear waste tanks at the Hanford Site, Metsger was fired from the station. The report aired three weeks later (narrated by another reporter), and later won the Best Investigative Reporting award from the Oregon Associated Press Broadcasters Association.
Political career
In 1998, Metsger sought his first political office, running as a Democrat for the Oregon State Senate in the 14th state senate district (later renumbered the 26th due to redistricting). He was unopposed in the Democratic primary, and in the general election; he defeated former Oregon House member Jerry Grisham, who had defeated incumbent Ken Baker in the Republican primary. Metsger was re-elected in 2002 and 2006.
In 2008, he became a candidate for Oregon Secretary of State, running to succeed incumbent Bill Bradbury, but lost the Democratic primary to Kate Brown. Metsger sought the Democratic nomination for Oregon State Treasurer in the special election to replace Ben Westlund, but lost to fellow Democrat Ted Wheeler.
During Metsger's 12 years in the Oregon State Senate, he chaired the Business and Transportation Committee and served on committees with jurisdiction in the areas of education, revenue, the judiciary, human services and consumer protection.
Metsger sponsored laws that expanded state-chartered credit unions' field of membership, refunded millions of dollars to consumers, combated predatory payday lending, and created the largest public transportation investment in the state's history.
Metsger left the Legislature in 2011. After his departure, Metsger owned and managed his own strategic communications consulting firm focused on the areas of financial services, capital construction, energy and transportation.
See also
Oregon state elections, 2008
References
Democratic Party Oregon state senators
Living people
1951 births
American sports announcers
Television anchors from Portland, Oregon
People from Gresham, Oregon
Lewis & Clark College alumni
21st-century American politicians |
23571343 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokkaido%20Colliery%20and%20Railway%20Company | Hokkaido Colliery and Railway Company | was a company engaged in coal mining, railway operation and shipping in Hokkaidō, Japan.
The company was established in 1889 when the state-owned and Horonai Railway were sold to the company. The company developed coal mines and transported coal to consumers by its own railways and a fleet of steamships.
The railway of the company was nationalized on October 1, 1906 under the Railway Nationalization Act. At this time the company was renamed , which continued mining until 1995 and is in business of coal importing from Russia as of 2014.
Railway
List of lines and stations
As of September 30, 1906
Muroran – Temiya
The Muroran–Iwamizawa section and the Iwamizawa–Otaru section are part of the Muroran Main Line and the Hakodate Main Line respectively today. The remaining Otaru–Temiya section became the Temiya Line, which was closed in 1985.
Iwamizawa – Utashinai
The Iwamizawa–Sunagawa section is the part of the Hakodate Main Line today. The remaining part became the Utashinai Line, which was closed in 1988.
Iwamizawa – Ikushunbetsu
This section later became a part of the Horonai Line, which was closed in 1987.
Horonaibuto – Horonai
This section later became a part of the Horonai Line, which was closed in 1987.
Oiwake – Yūbari
The section from Oiwake to Shin-Yubari (Momijiyama) is a part of the Sekishō Line (Main section) today while the remainder became the Yubari Branch Line which closed in 2019.
Sunagawa – Sorachigawa
The company leased this section to Japanese Government Railways. This section is a part of the Hakodate Main Line today.
Nationalization
As the Railway Nationalization Act was promulgated, on October 1, 1906, the company's railway (207 miles 51 chains), rolling stock (1,940), steamship (1), personnel (3,673) and other goods and contracts were transferred to the government of Japan, in exchange of 30,997,100 yen worth of government bond.
References
External links
Hokkaido Colliery & Steamship Co., Ltd.
Coal companies of Japan
Economic history of Japan
Defunct railway companies of Japan
Rail transport in Hokkaido
Railway companies established in 1889
Railway companies disestablished in 1906
Japanese companies established in 1889 |
23571345 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaitanya%20Mangala | Chaitanya Mangala | The Chaitanya Mangala () (c.16th century) of Lochana Dasa is an important hagiographical work on the Supreme Personality of Godhead, Sri Krishna Chaitanya - Chaitanya Mahaprabhu in Bengali. This work of Lochana Dasa or Lochananda Dasa is influenced by the Sanskrit Kadacha of Murari Gupta. The complete text is divided into four sections: the Sutra Khanda, the Adi Khanda, the Madhya Khanda and the Shesh Khanda. As this work was written for the purpose of singing only, it is not further sub-divided into chapters.
Contents
The Chaitanya Mangala comprises about 11000 verses. The Sutra Khanda has around 1800 verses, the Adi Khanda has about 3300 verses, the Madhya Khanda consists nearly 4300 verses and the Shesh Khanda comprises about 1600 verses. The Sutrakhanda is a prelude to the Krishna's appearance as the Gauranga avatar in Nabadwip, which describes the events which led to this incarnation. The Adi Khanda narrates the early life of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu up to his trip to Gaya. The Madhya Khanda describes events in Mahaprabhu's later life up to his meeting with Sarvabahuma Bhattacharya. The Shesh Khanda narrates his pilgrimages to southern and northern India. Some manuscripts also consist a description of the last part of the Mahaprabhu's life till his disappearance.
See also
Chaitanya Mahaprabhu
Chaitanya Bhagavata
Notes
Bengali-language literature
16th-century Indian books |
17326979 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DePauw%20Avenue%20Historic%20District | DePauw Avenue Historic District | The DePauw Avenue Historic District is a national historic district just northeast of downtown New Albany, Indiana, across the Ohio River from Louisville, Kentucky. The district consists mostly of Depauw Avenue from Vincennes Street in the west to Aebersold Drive to the east, and includes portions of the 1200 block of Beechwood Avenue and two residences on Vance Street. New Albany High School is located on the southern edge of the district.
Depauw Avenue is named for New Albany's Depauw family. Washington C. DePauw, a wealthy New Albany banker, was the original owner of the land. He made the bulk of his money from the American Glass Works, which by 1890 produced two thirds of the plate glass in the United States. His summer estate was what became Depauw Avenue. His son Charles Depauw started developing the land, but the first buildings were constructed after Charles died, leaving it to his widow Letitia. The district began as a neighborhood for upper-class residents, and quickly became a preferred place to live in New Albany. The initial four properties were built between 1906 and 1908, an additional four in 1911, and the bulk of the remainder built in the 1920s. Construction slowed during the Great Depression, and then concluded in the 1940s.
Of the seventy-one primary buildings in the district, sixty-eight are considered to contribute to the historic integrity of the district, with fifteen contributing outbuildings. Architectural styles are a mix of Colonial Revival, Craftsman/Bungalow (of which 39 of the district's 68 domiciles are), Dutch Colonial Revival, Queen Anne, and Tudor Revival. Residences on the eastern side of the district are long and are affected by the creekbed that runs by the district.
In 1994 an architectural study determined that DePauw Avenue could eventually achieve National Register status. In 2006 the Indiana Department of Natural Resources gave a grant of $6,150 to the city of New Albany to prepare DePauw Avenue, Cedar Bough Place Historic District, and the Shelby Place Historic District for registration on the National Register of Historic Places. (Depauw Avenue has an architectural style similar to Shelby Place's, but contains mostly larger domiciles, showing more architectural diversity.) All three neighborhoods were placed on the National Register on March 19, 2008.
References
Historic districts in New Albany, Indiana
Buildings and structures in Floyd County, Indiana
National Register of Historic Places in Floyd County, Indiana
Populated places established in 1906
1906 establishments in Indiana
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Indiana |
23571375 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan%20Winton | Alan Winton | Alan Peter Winton (born 4 September 1958) is the Bishop of Thetford in the Church of England Diocese of Norwich.
Education and family
Winton was born on 4 September 1958 in London, England. He was educated at Sheffield University, whence he was awarded his Bachelor of Arts (BA Hons) honours degree in Biblical Studies in 1983. He then studied for and received his Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) from that university in 1987, then trained for the ministry at Lincoln Theological College.
Winton married in 1982, and they have two children; his wife is also a priest.
Ordained ministry
Winton was made a deacon at Petertide 1991 (29 June), by Jim Thompson, Bishop of Stepney, at St Paul's Cathedral, and ordained a priest the Petertide following (29 June 1992), by Brian Masters, Bishop of Edmonton, at All Hallows, Gospel Oak; his first (title) post was as assistant curate (1991–1995) of Christ Church Southgate, London. His first post of responsibility was priest in charge of St Paul's Walden with Preston, Hertfordshire (1995–1999), during which time he was simultaneously Continuing Ministerial Education (CME) Officer for that diocese. Finally (before his appointment to the episcopate) he served in Welwyn, first as Rector (1999–2005) of St Mary the Virgin, Welwyn, and of St Michael, Welwyn, with St Peter, Ayot St Peter; then as Team Rector (2005–2009) of the new Welwyn Team Ministry. During the latter part of that appointment, from 2007, he was also an honorary canon of St Albans Abbey.
In 2009, he was appointed to become Bishop of Thetford, one of the two suffragan bishops in the Diocese of Norwich. He was consecrated as bishop by Rowan Williams, Archbishop of Canterbury, on 29 September 2009 (Michaelmas), at St Paul's Cathedral. In November 2022, it was announced that he would retire in April 2023.
Styles
The Reverend Doctor Alan Winton (1991–2007)
The Reverend Canon Doctor Alan Winton (2007–2009)
The Right Reverend Doctor Alan Winton (2009–present)
Notes
References
1958 births
Alumni of the University of Sheffield
21st-century Church of England bishops
Bishops of Thetford
Living people
Alumni of Lincoln Theological College |
17327009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland%20Route%20189 | Maryland Route 189 | Maryland Route 189 (MD 189) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Maryland. Known as Falls Road, the highway runs from MD 190 in Potomac to Great Falls Road and Maryland Avenue in Rockville. MD 189 connects Rockville with Potomac and the Great Falls of the Potomac River in southwestern Montgomery County. The highway was constructed from Rockville to Potomac by the early 1920s and extended toward Great Falls in the early 1930s. MD 189 was expanded to a divided highway around its newly-constructed interchange with Interstate 270 (I-270) in the late 1980s. The highway was truncated at both ends in the late 1990s.
Route description
MD 189 begins at an intersection with MD 190 (River Road) in the village center of Potomac. Falls Road continues south as a county highway to MacArthur Boulevard and the entrance to the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park, which includes the Great Falls of the Potomac. MD 189 heads north as a two-lane undivided road that passes through several sharp curves between the Bullis School to the southeast and the Falls Road Golf Course to the northwest. The highway meets the western end of Montrose Road shortly before entering the city of Rockville. MD 189 expands to a four-lane divided highway ahead of its intersection with Wootton Parkway. The highway continues through a single-point urban interchange with I-270 (Eisenhower Memorial Highway) shortly before reaching its northern terminus at a four-way intersection with Great Falls Road, Maryland Avenue, and Potomac Valley Road. Great Falls Road (formerly a direct continuation of Falls Road, now a left turn at the intersection) heads north toward the west end of downtown Rockville and Maryland Avenue heads northeast directly toward downtown.
History
MD 189 was paved as an macadam road from Montgomery Avenue (now MD 28) in Rockville to Potomac by 1921. The highway was extended as a concrete road from Potomac to what is now MacArthur Boulevard near Great Falls in 1930. MD 189 did not originally have an interchange with Washington National Pike (now I-270). The highway's single-point urban interchange with I-270 was built in 1988. As part of that project, MD 189 was expanded to a four-lane divided highway from south of Wootton Parkway to Maryland Avenue. The latter intersection was placed in its present form at that time, replacing the seamless transition from Falls Road to Great Falls Road just north of I-270. MD 189 was rolled back from Great Falls to its present southern terminus in Potomac in 1999. The highway was removed from Great Falls Road in Rockville in 2000.
Major intersections
See also
References
External links
MDRoads: MD 189
Maryland Route 189
189 |
17327014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television%20Preview | Television Preview | Television Preview (also known as "New TV Preview") is a market research company that purports to test pilots of new television shows while actually looking for audience's reactions to commercials presented in a "home-like" atmosphere between breaks in these shows. Based in Evansville, Indiana, Television Preview is a division of RSC the Quality Measurement Company, a member of the ArsGroup. The preview offer is considered a scam because, even though Television Preview takes no money from viewers, the company is not associated with any actual television producers and the "pilots" they preview are years old. Viewers are instead asked to rate the commercials they see. Also, under the guise of selecting prizes they'd like to win in a drawing, viewers choose their "favorites" from pages of pictures of consumer products.
The process
Television Preview randomly sends out invitations and tickets to specific screenings, usually held in hotel conference rooms. The invitation contains text, such as that shown below, insinuating that the viewer will help decide what will be featured on television's next fall lineup:
Instead, viewers are shown old television pilots that were never picked up. They are asked to give a thumbs-up or thumbs-down style rating, and then fill out pages of questionnaires about their purchasing preferences, brands they like, products they are likely to use, and so forth.
The programs
The programs can vary from screening to screening, but most often they seem to be two shows: a 1997 drama called Soulmates featuring Kim Raver, and a comedy called City starring Valerie Harper. City was a short-lived show from 1990. Audience members are either told that Valerie Harper is looking to make a comeback, and wants viewers to judge her likability, or that screenwriter Paul Haggis, who wrote the show, wants to retool it for next fall, but needs viewer's opinions on its feasibility first. Other attendees have reported being shown the pilot of Dads, a comedy show from 1997 starring C. Thomas Howell and Steven Eckholdt.
Associated companies
Within a few business days after the viewings, most participants receive phone calls come from a California based company called "Datascension", in which participants are asked additional questions about the presentation. The company has been known to make frequent, repeated calls, in the event no one at the participant's number answers, or if they reach an answering machine.
References
External links
Television Preview's official site
Datascension's website
American television commercials
Companies based in Evansville, Indiana
Confidence tricks
Market research companies of the United States |
17327020 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisenhower%20House | Eisenhower House | Eisenhower House, formerly known as the Commandant's Residence or Quarters Number One of Fort Adams, is a historic house that is part of Fort Adams State Park in Newport, Rhode Island.
History
The building was built by George C. Mason & Son in 1873. Its first inhabitant was General Henry Jackson Hunt. Dwight D. Eisenhower used the house as his summer residence during his presidency in 1958 and 1960. Initially, in 1958, the President was living at the Naval War College on Coasters Harbor Island. However, with his passion for golf, he moved to this location as it was close to the Newport Country Club. It then became the "Eisenhower House" and the Summer White House.
Today
The Eisenhower House became part of Fort Adams State Park after the U.S. Navy transferred Fort Adams to the State of Rhode Island in 1964. The residence was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. It is used for weddings and other social events.
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Newport County, Rhode Island
List of residences of presidents of the United States
References
External links
Rules for use/renting
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Rhode Island
Houses completed in 1873
Houses in Newport, Rhode Island
National Register of Historic Places in Newport, Rhode Island
Historic district contributing properties in Rhode Island
1873 establishments in Rhode Island |
17327032 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaff%20on%20the%20Wind | Chaff on the Wind | Chaff on the Wind (1986) is a novel by Ebou Dibba. Set in the Gambia during the 1930s, it was published by Macmillan of London.
Plot summary
Two young men, Dinding and Pateh, travel by ship from a rural village to the main city. Pateh is outgoing and reckless, with an eye for the ladies. Dinding is socially cautious, but sensible and possessing of business acumen. In the city, Dinding meets a young man, older than himself but not yet middle-aged, named James. James is a Christian and a very serious person. He becomes a major influence on Dinding.
Pateh gets a job on the loading docks, and seduces a young girl named Isatou. Pateh is fond of fine and showy clothes. To maintain his clothing budget and his schedule with the ladies, Pateh begins working as a smuggler.
Later, Isatou marries Charles, an old man who had never married before. He is the cousin of a Signare. Isatou does not feel close to Charles. After their marriage, Isatou finds herself pregnant with Pateh's child. The pair chooses to flee to Senegal. Dingding continues to prosper in business, and Pateh goes to work for Dinding. Pateh and Isatou become parents. While the child is still an infant, a French colonial policeman confronts Pateh with evidence of Pateh's criminal activities. Pateh sets the evidence on fire. During a fight with the policeman, the officer strikes a mortal blow. Pateh dies with his family by his side.
1986 novels
Novels set in the Gambia
Gambian novels
Fiction set in the 1930s
Macmillan Publishers books |
17327035 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine%20B%C3%A9cl%C3%A8re | Antoine Béclère | Antoine Louis Gustave Béclère (17 March 1856, Paris - 24 February 1939), virologist, immunologist, was a pioneer in radiology. In 1897 he created the first laboratory of radiology in Paris.
References
French virologists
French immunologists
1856 births
1939 deaths |
17327090 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta%20Heart%20Institute | Alberta Heart Institute | Alberta Heart Institute may refer to:
Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Canada
Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, Canada |
20464223 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%20Galician%20regional%20election | 2009 Galician regional election | The 2009 Galician regional election was held on Sunday, 1 March 2009, to elect the 8th Parliament of the autonomous community of Galicia. All 75 seats in the Parliament were up for election. The election was held simultaneously with a regional election in the Basque Country.
The election saw the People's Party (PP) retake control of the parliament from the coalition of the Socialists' Party of Galicia (PSdeG–PSOE) and the Galician Nationalist Bloc (BNG), with a majority of 1 seat. As a result, Alberto Núñez Feijoo became the new President of Galicia.
Overview
Electoral system
The Parliament of Galicia was the devolved, unicameral legislature of the autonomous community of Galicia, having legislative power in regional matters as defined by the Spanish Constitution of 1978 and the regional Statute of Autonomy, as well as the ability to vote confidence in or withdraw it from a regional president.
Voting for the Parliament was on the basis of universal suffrage, which comprised all nationals over 18 years of age, registered in Galicia and in full enjoyment of their political rights. The 75 members of the Parliament of Galicia were elected using the D'Hondt method and a closed list proportional representation, with an electoral threshold of five percent of valid votes—which included blank ballots—being applied in each constituency. Parties not reaching the threshold were not taken into consideration for seat distribution. Seats were allocated to constituencies, corresponding to the provinces of A Coruña, Lugo, Ourense and Pontevedra, with each being allocated an initial minimum of 10 seats and the remaining 35 being distributed in proportion to their populations.
The use of the D'Hondt method might result in a higher effective threshold, depending on the district magnitude.
Election date
The term of the Parliament of Galicia expired four years after the date of its previous election, unless it was dissolved earlier. The election decree was required to be issued no later than the twenty-fifth day prior to the date of expiry of parliament and published on the following day in the Official Journal of Galicia (DOG), with election day taking place between the fifty-fourth and the sixtieth day from publication. The previous election was held on 19 June 2005, which meant that the legislature's term would have expired on 19 June 2009. The election decree was required to be published in the DOG no later than 26 May 2009, with the election taking place up to the sixtieth day from publication, setting the latest possible election date for the Parliament on Saturday, 25 July 2009.
The president had the prerogative to dissolve the Parliament of Galicia and call a snap election, provided that it did not occur before one year had elapsed since a previous dissolution under this procedure. In the event of an investiture process failing to elect a regional president within a two-month period from the first ballot, the Parliament was to be automatically dissolved and a fresh election called.
Parties and candidates
The electoral law allowed for parties and federations registered in the interior ministry, coalitions and groupings of electors to present lists of candidates. Parties and federations intending to form a coalition ahead of an election were required to inform the relevant Electoral Commission within ten days of the election call, whereas groupings of electors needed to secure the signature of at least one percent of the electorate in the constituencies for which they sought election, disallowing electors from signing for more than one list of candidates.
Below is a list of the main parties and electoral alliances which contested the election:
Opinion polls
The tables below list opinion polling results in reverse chronological order, showing the most recent first and using the dates when the survey fieldwork was done, as opposed to the date of publication. Where the fieldwork dates are unknown, the date of publication is given instead. The highest percentage figure in each polling survey is displayed with its background shaded in the leading party's colour. If a tie ensues, this is applied to the figures with the highest percentages. The "Lead" column on the right shows the percentage-point difference between the parties with the highest percentages in a poll.
Voting intention estimates
The table below lists weighted voting intention estimates. Refusals are generally excluded from the party vote percentages, while question wording and the treatment of "don't know" responses and those not intending to vote may vary between polling organisations. When available, seat projections determined by the polling organisations are displayed below (or in place of) the percentages in a smaller font; 38 seats were required for an absolute majority in the Parliament of Galicia.
Voting preferences
The table below lists raw, unweighted voting preferences.
Victory preferences
The table below lists opinion polling on the victory preferences for each party in the event of a general election taking place.
Victory likelihood
The table below lists opinion polling on the perceived likelihood of victory for each party in the event of a regional election taking place.
Preferred President
The table below lists opinion polling on leader preferences to become president of the Regional Government of Galicia.
Results
Overall
Distribution by constituency
Aftermath
References
Opinion poll sources
Other
2009 in Galicia (Spain)
Galicia
Regional elections in Galicia (Spain)
March 2009 events in Europe |
23571378 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Members%20of%20the%20Victorian%20Legislative%20Assembly%2C%201856%E2%80%931859 | Members of the Victorian Legislative Assembly, 1856–1859 | This is a list of members of the Victorian Legislative Assembly from the elections of 23 September – 24 October 1856 to those of 26 August – 26 September 1859. The Assembly was created in 1856.
Note the "Term in Office" refers to that members term(s) in the Assembly, not necessarily for that electorate.
Notes
O'Shanassy won both Melbourne and Kilmore districts, deciding to represent the latter he resigned from Melbourne. The by-election for Melbourne in January 1857 was won by Henry Langlands.
Baragwanath resigned in December 1857, replaced by John Everard in an January 1858 by-election.
Cameron resigned in March 1857, replaced by John Wood in an April 1857 by-election.
Childers resigned in February 1857, replaced by John Findlay in a July 1857 by-election.
Clarke resigned in August 1858, replaced by Robert Anderson in an October 1858 by-election.
Fellows resigned in May 1858, replaced by John Crews in a May 1858 by-election.
Fyfe resigned in November 1857, replaced by George Board in a February 1858 by-election
Goodman resigned in January 1858, replaced by William Forlonge in a January 1858 by-election. Forlonge resigned in January 1859, replaced in turn by William Nicholson in a January 1859 by-election
Greeves resigned in March 1857, replaced by Richard Heales in a March 1857 by-election
Griffith resigned in February 1858, replaced by William Mollison in an April 1858 by-election
Haines left Parliament around November 1858, replaced by John Bell in a January 1859 by-election.
King resigned in September 1857, replaced by John Johnson in a November 1857 by-election
McDougall resigned in August 1857, replaced by Joseph Wilkie in an August 1857 by-election
Palmer resigned in July 1857, replaced by Richard Davies Ireland in an August 1857 by-election
Pasley resigned in July 1857, replaced by Sidney Ricardo in a July 1857 by-election.
Pyke resigned in February 1857, replaced by Robert Sitwell in a March 1857 by-election
Read resigned in February 1858, replaced by James Harrison in an April 1858 by-election
Rutherford resigned in July 1857, replaced by Theodore Hancock in a July 1857 by-election
Sargood resigned in December 1857, replaced by Henry Chapman in a January 1858 by-election.
Sladen resigned in March 1857, replaced by Alexander Thomson in December 1857
Stawell resigned in February 1857, replaced by James Service in March 1857
Were resigned in February 1857, replaced by Charles Ebden in a March 1857 by-election
References
Members of the Parliament of Victoria by term
19th-century Australian politicians |
23571388 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garena | Garena | Garena is a Singaporean game developer and publisher of free online games. It is the digital entertainment arm of parent company Sea Ltd, which was formerly named Garena.
The company distributes game titles on Garena+ in various countries across Southeast Asia and Taiwan, including the multiplayer online battle arena (MOBA) games League of Legends and Heroes of Newerth, the online football (soccer) game FIFA Online 3, the first-person shooter game Point Blank, the mobile MOBA game Arena of Valor and the mobile racing game Speed Drifters.
In 2017, it released Garena Free Fire, which had over 150 million daily active users globally as of May 2021.
History
Game developments
In November 2011, Garena announced its publishing rights for the team-based shooter game, Firefall, in Southeast Asia and Taiwan.
In December 2011, Garena announced their collaboration with online games developer, Changyou, to publish and operate the popular 3D martial arts game, Duke of Mount Deer, in Taiwan. The game was the first MMORPG game available through Garena+. The game combines a classic Chinese story with the latest 3D rendering technology and cinematic quality graphics. Duke of Mount Deer was created by several top online-gaming experts from China and South Korea and has gained much popularity in China. The same month, the "Dominion" game mode for Garena's League of Legends players in Singapore and Malaysia.
In 2012, it launched its first product, Garena+, an online game and social platform for people to discover, download and play online games.
In 2014, the World Startup Report valued Garena as a 1 billion internet company and ranked it as the largest internet company in Singapore.
Recent updates
In March 2015, the Ontario Teachers' Pension Plan (OTPP), one of the largest pension funds in the world, invested in Garena, valuing the company at over US$2.5 billion.
In May 2017, Garena was renamed to Sea Limited. However, Garena was retained as a brand name of Sea Limited (aka Sea Group).
In October 2017, Sea Limited filed for an initial public offering on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) and aimed to raise US$1 billion. Before the IPO, Tencent was the major shareholder of Sea Limited, for around 20% of outstanding shares and is currently at 18.7%. It was followed by Blue Dolphins Venture, established by Forrest Li, for 15%. Li personally owned 20% shares, and Chief Technology Officer, Gang Ye, 10%.
In January 2021, Garena acquired Vancouver-based Phoenix Labs, the developers of Dauntless. The acquisition did not affect the operations of Phoenix Labs or Dauntless, but helped Garena expand its international presence.
As of the second quarter of 2021, Garena recorded 725 million active users, 45% more than the year prior, while the number of paid users grew 85% year-on-year, reaching 92 million. The outlook for Garena is expected to decline in 2022, after reports in March 2022 suggested that Garena will post US$2.9 to US$3.1 billion in bookings for the year, down from US$4.6 billion in 2021. The muted forecast would be Garena's first decline in business ever. The ban imposed on its Free Fire title in India across both Google Play and Apple app stores has been cited as a contributory factor.
Products
Garena+ is an online game and social platform that has an interface similar to instant messaging platforms. Garena+ allows gamers to develop buddy lists, chat with friends online and check on game progress and achievements. Gamers can create their own unique identity by customizing their avatar or changing their names. Gamers are also able to form groups or clans, and chat with multiple gamers simultaneously through public or private channels through Garena+. Garena+ users use a virtual currency, Shells.
Other products include BeeTalk, TalkTalk.
Events and tournaments
In May 2012, Garena launched the Garena Premier League (GPL), a six-month-long online professional gaming league with more than 100 matches to be played. The first season of GPL is a League of Legends competition which comprises six professional teams. The teams are Bangkok Titans (Thailand), Kuala Lumpur Hunters (Malaysia), Manila Eagles (Philippines), Saigon Jokers (Vietnam), Taipei Assassins (Taiwan) and Singapore Sentinels (Singapore), which represent top players from respective countries. GPL matches are captured and broadcast online along with commentaries, which are available for viewers to watch on the GPL official website.
In January 2013, Garena announced the second season of the Garena Premier League, which would start on 4 January 2013. Garena Premier League 2013 includes two new teams from Taiwan and Vietnam, bringing the total number of teams to eight. The teams are: AHQ, Saigon Fantastic Five, Bangkok Titans, Kuala Lumpur Hunters, Manila Eagles, Saigon Jokers, Taipei Assassins and Singapore Sentinels.
In November 2014, the Garena e-Sports Stadium, a dedicated venue for esports, opened in Neihu District, Taipei. The studio was built partially to accommodate the beginning of the League of Legends Masters Series, the top-level Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Macau LoL league that was spin-off of the GPL.
In January 2015, Garena launched Iron Solari League, a women's League of Legends tournament in the Philippines. It is a monthly event organized in the second half of each month. It aims to encourage participation by under-represented groups and is open to all those who self-identify as female.
Besides competitive tournaments, Garena also organizes events to cater to users to meet and connect offline. This includes the annual Garena Carnival held in Singapore and Malaysia.
Controversies
On 3 February 2015, Garena eSports announced limitations on the number of gay and transgender people participating in a women-only League of Legends tournament, due to concerns that LGBT participants might have an "unfair advantage". This led to gamers questioning the decision, while League of Legends developer Riot Games responded that "LGBT players are welcome at official LoL tourneys". On 4 February 2015, Garena apologized and subsequently removed the restrictions.
Published games
Garena provides a platform for game titles such as Defense of the Ancients and Age of Empires, and also publishes games, like multiplayer online battle arena games League of Legends, Heroes of Newerth, Free Fire, Call of Duty and Black Shot for players in the region.
Garena-published games:
See also
List of game companies in Singapore
References
External links
Official website (Indonesian)
Official website (Taiwan)
2009 establishments in Singapore
Android (operating system) games
Companies of Singapore
iOS games
Mass media companies established in 2009
Multiplayer video game services
Singaporean brands
Singaporean social networking websites
Video game companies established in 2009 |
23571397 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C5%99e%C5%BEany%20I | Břežany I | Břežany I is a municipality and village in Kolín District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants.
The Roman numeral in the name serves to distinguish it from the nearby municipality of the same name, Břežany II.
Administrative parts
The village of Chocenice is an administrative part of Břežany I.
References
Villages in Kolín District |
23571398 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C5%99e%C5%BEany%20II | Břežany II | Břežany II is a municipality and village in Kolín District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 900 inhabitants.
The Roman numeral in the name serves to distinguish it from the nearby municipality of the same name, Břežany I.
References
Villages in Kolín District |
23571400 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%ADrkvice%20%28Kol%C3%ADn%20District%29 | Církvice (Kolín District) | Církvice is a municipality and village in Kolín District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 200 inhabitants.
References
Villages in Kolín District |
23571401 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dob%C5%99ichov | Dobřichov | Dobřichov is a municipality and village in Kolín District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 800 inhabitants.
References
Villages in Kolín District |
23571402 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doln%C3%AD%20Chvatliny | Dolní Chvatliny | Dolní Chvatliny is a municipality and village in Kolín District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 500 inhabitants.
Dolní Chvatliny is located southwest of Kolín and east of Prague.
Administrative parts
Villages of Horní Chvatliny and Mančice are administrative parts of Dolní Chvatliny.
History
The first written mention of Chvatliny, when Dolní Chvatliny and Horní Chvatliny have not yet been distinguished, is from 1250.
References
Villages in Kolín District |
23571404 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese%20submarine%20I-31 | Japanese submarine I-31 | The Japanese submarine I-31 was one of 20 Type B cruiser submarines of the B1 sub-class built for the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) during the 1940s.
Design and description
The Type B submarines were derived from the earlier KD6 sub-class of the and were equipped with an aircraft to enhance their scouting ability. They displaced surfaced and submerged. The submarines were long, had a beam of and a draft of . They had a diving depth of .
For surface running, the boats were powered by two diesel engines, each driving one propeller shaft. When submerged each propeller was driven by a electric motor. They could reach on the surface and underwater. On the surface, the B1s had a range of at ; submerged, they had a range of at .
The boats were armed with six internal bow torpedo tubes and carried a total of 17 torpedoes. They were also armed with a single /40 deck gun and two single mounts for Type 96 anti-aircraft guns. In the Type Bs, the aircraft hangar was faired into the base of the conning tower. A single catapult was positioned on the forward deck.
Career
November 1942 I-31 was spotted doing doing reconnaissance with its seaplane off Suva, Fiji.
On 12 May 1943 I-31 torpedoed attacked the USS Pennsylvania and the USS Santa Fe (CL-60) nine miles northeast of Holtz Bay, all missed.
On 12 May 1943, near Holtz Bay, Attu, her periscope was sighted by American destroyers, and , who immediately opened fire. I-31 dove quickly but not before Edwards scored hits. The destroyers quickly made sonar contact and began a series of depth charge attacks until, after surviving for 10 hours, she was sunk by Frazier on 13 May.
Notes
References
External links
1941 ships
1943 in Alaska
World War II submarines of Japan
Japanese submarines lost during World War II
Ships built by Yokosuka Naval Arsenal
Ships of the Aleutian Islands campaign
Shipwrecks of the Alaska coast
Type B1 submarines
World War II shipwrecks in the Pacific Ocean
Maritime incidents in May 1943 |
23571405 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dom%C3%A1novice | Dománovice | Dománovice is a municipality and village in Kolín District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 100 inhabitants.
References
Villages in Kolín District |
23571406 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doubrav%C4%8Dice | Doubravčice | Doubravčice is a municipality and village in Kolín District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,100 inhabitants.
References
Villages in Kolín District |
6900719 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North-East%20Region%2C%20Singapore | North-East Region, Singapore | The North-East Region of Singapore is one of the five regions in the city-state. The region is the most densely populated and has the highest population among the five, with Sengkang being its most populous town as of 2020 and Seletar as the regional centre. Comprising 13,810 hectares, it includes seven planning areas and is largely a residential region with 217,120 homes. Housing largely consists of high-density HDB public housing estates, however private housing is also present in the region. As its name implies, it is located in the north-eastern part of Singapore.
The North-East Region, along with the four other planning regions, was officially established by the Urban Redevelopment Authority in 1999. Prior to the 1970s, the region was predominantly rural and experienced very little urbanisation. It was only with the development of towns such as Ang Mo Kio and Hougang over the next few decades that the region began to grow significantly in population and experienced dramatic urban development. As of 2020, the North-East Region has a population of 930,910. While predominantly a residential region, the North-East Region is also home to tourist attractions, such as Pulau Ubin and Coney Island. The region has a number of hospitals, parks, educational facilities, and security and defence services. There are also a variety of transport options, including Mass Rapid Transit, Light Rail Transit and public bus services, facilitating transport within and outside the region.
History
Before the 1960s, the North-East Region was primarily made up of farmland and rainforest. At this time the majority of urbanisation in Singapore was concentrated in the southern part of the country, where the Central Region is now located. The first Master Plan was adopted in 1958. The Master Plan was a statutory plan which regulated land use and development over a 20-year period, to be reviewed every five years. One of the main aims of this plan was to establish New Towns away from the Central Region, laying the precedent for the North-East Region’s urban development. However, this plan was soon deemed inefficient and not flexible enough to accommodate the rapid demographic and economic development in Singapore. In 1971 the Concept Plan was introduced, a more long-term plan which rather than providing a detailed guide for urban planning, it simply provided a general direction for development over the next 40 to 50 years. These two combined planning processes (The Master Plan and the Concept Plan) continue to be revised every few years, led by the Urban Redevelopment Authority.
It was over the next few decades that towns within the North East Region were built up. The first new towns were Ang Mo Kio and Hougang. Ang Mo Kio New Town began development in 1973 and Hougang in 1979. Up until the 1990s, the North-East Region was included as part of the Rural Planning Area. This area consisted of most of the land outside of the Central Planning Area. However, under the 1991 Concept Plan, the country was officially organised into five regions, along with 55 subdivision. Thus, the North East Region was established. This system allowed for more area specific planning and detailed land use guides.
Geography
Situated at the northeastern corner of Singapore Island, the region comprises a total land area of , including the North-Eastern cluster of islands, Pulau Ubin, Pulau Tekong and Pulau Tekong Kechil. It borders Singapore's East Region to the east, Central Region to the south and North Region to the west.
Government
The North-East Region is governed locally by four different Community Development Councils, namely the Central CDC, North East CDC, North West CDC and South East CDC.
Planning Areas
The North-East Region is divided into 7 different planning areas, with a total of 48 subzones.
Demographics
According to the Singapore Department of Statistics’ 2020 Population Trends report, the total population of the North-East Region is 930,910. Out of its 7 planning areas, Sengkang is the most populated, with 249,370 residents. Alternatively, the North-Eastern Islands is the least populated area with only 50 residents, as it is one of the few areas in Singapore that has not experienced dramatic urban development.
According to the 2015 General Household Survey, the most common ethnic background in the North-East Region is Chinese, accounting for the majority of the population. Additionally, English is the most common language spoken at home (35.4%), closely followed by Mandarin (33.9%). Other common languages spoken at home include other Chinese dialects (13.4%), Malay (7.8%) and Tamil (3.5%). The most popular religion followed is Buddhism (36.3%), while other prevalent religions in the region include Christianity (19.3%), Taoism (11.1%), Islam (9.1%) and Hinduism (4.6%). In addition, 19.1% of people practise no religion.
Economy
The region is home to the Seletar Aerospace Park, which houses several aviation manufacturing and research facilities owned by companies such as Rolls-Royce, Pratt & Whitney and Singapore Technologies Aerospace, allowing the aviation industry in Singapore to expand out of Changi, which is a major aviation and commercial zone located in the East region of the country. Several industrial zones are also located within the region such as Defu Industrial Estate in Hougang and Ang Mo Kio Industrial Park in Ang Mo Kio.
Tourism
Located within the North-Eastern Islands planning area, Pulau Ubin is a popular tourist attraction with both local and foreign visitors visiting the island as it is one of the last rural areas in Singapore, with an abundance of natural flora and fauna. It is particularly popular for outdoor activities such as mountain biking, as it is home to the Ketam Mountain Bike Park. Additionally, the Chek Jawa wetlands is also a popular attraction due to its array of wildlife and unique biodiversity. Ubin Town is the only settlement on the island and offers a number of restaurants, bicycle rental shops and other small shops catering to tourism.
Coney Island, also known as Pulau Serangoon, is also a popular attraction within the region. Located off the northeastern coast within the planning area of Punggol, Coney island is accessible via two bridges at the eastern and western ends of the island, linking it to the main island. Visitors to the island can participate in activities such as cycling, bird watching and nature walks. Coney island park is managed by the National Parks Board and home to a range of different habitats and a variety of fauna and flora.
Infrastructure
Education
Residents living within the area have access to different educational facilities ranging from preschools to primary and secondary schools as these are located around the different towns in the North-East region.
There are 28 secondary schools within the North-East Region, including:
Anderson Secondary School
Ang Mo Kio Secondary School
Bowen Secondary School
CHIJ St. Joseph's Convent
CHIJ St. Nicholas Girls' School
Compassvale Secondary School
Deyi Secondary School
Edgefield Secondary School
Greendale Secondary School
Holy Innocents' High School
Hougang Secondary School
Mayflower Secondary School
Montfort Secondary School
Nan Chiau High School
North Vista Secondary School
Paya Lebar Methodist Girls' School
Pei Hwa Secondary School
Peicai Secondary School
Presbyterian High School
Punggol Secondary School
Seng Kang Secondary School
Serangoon Garden Secondary School
Serangoon Secondary School
St. Gabriel's Secondary School
Xinmin Secondary School
Yio Chu Kang Secondary School
Yuying Secondary School
Zhonghua Secondary School
There are also 44 primary schools within the region, including:
Anchor Green Primary School
Anderson Primary School
Ang Mo Kio Primary School
CHIJ Our Lady of Good Counsel
CHIJ Our Lady of the Nativity
CHIJ St. Nicholas Girls' School
Compassvale Primary School
Edgefield Primary School
Fern Green Primary School
Fernvale Primary School
Greendale Primary School
Holy Innocents' Primary School
Horizon Primary School
Hougang Primary School
Jing Shan Primary School
Mayflower Primary School
Mee Toh School
Montfort Junior School
Nan Chiau Primary School
North Spring Primary School
North Vista Primary School
Northshore Primary School
Oasis Primary School
Palm View Primary School
Paya Lebar Methodist Girls' School
Punggol Cove Primary School
Punggol Green Primary School
Punggol Primary School
Punggol View Primary School
Rivervale Primary School
Rosyth School
Seng Kang Primary School
Sengkang Green Primary School
Springdale Primary School
St. Gabriel's Primary School
Teck Ghee Primary School
Townsville Primary School
Valour Primary School
Waterway Primary School
Xinghua Primary School
Xinmin Primary School
Yangzheng Primary School
Yio Chu Kang Primary School
Zhonghua Primary School
The area is also home to various tertiary institutions such as, Anderson Serangoon Junior College, ITE College Central, Nanyang Junior College, Nanyang Polytechnic and the Singapore Institute of Technology. There are also 3 international schools, namely, the Australian International School Singapore, the French School of Singapore and the Global Indian International School Singapore.
Healthcare
Sengkang General Hospital is the largest hospital in the region. The 1000-bed hospital was opened on the 18th of August 2018 and is managed by SingHealth. Other hospitals in the North-East region include Ang Mo Kio - Thye Hua Kwan Hospital, Bright Vision Hospital and Sengkang Community Hospital, which is attached to Sengkang General Hospital.
Parklands
There are a number of parks within the region, all of which are managed by the National Parks Board.
Parks within the North-East region include:
Ang Mo Kio Town Garden East
Ang Mo Kio Town Garden West
Chek Jawa
Coney Island
Japanese Cemetery Park
Ketam Mountain Bike Park
Pulau Ubin
Punggol Park
Punggol Point Park
Punggol Waterway Park
Sengkang Riverside Park
Sengkang Sculpture Park
Fire Department
The Singapore Civil Defence Force operates two fire stations in the region:
Ang Mo Kio Fire Station
Sengkang Fire Station
Ang Mo Kio Fire Station has been operational since 1984 and provides services to Ang Mo Kio and Serangoon.
Sengkang Fire Station has been operational since 2001 and provides services to Hougang, Punggol, Sengkang and Serangoon.
Along with the fire stations, there are also two fire posts in the region:
Punggol North Fire Post
Cheng San Fire Post
Transportation
The public transport system in Singapore was designed to connect the North-East Region to the city centre, with Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) stations in each town centre. There is also a number of bus stops and Light Rail Transit (LRT) stations which connect towns within the region. As of 2015, 59.5% of the working population aged fifteen and older use public transport regularly to get to work. The North East region also has one airport: Seletar Airport. The airport was formally a military airbase, but is now owned by the Singapore government and operated by Changi Airport Group. It is mostly used for flight training, private aircraft and chartered flights.
Rail
There are three MRT lines that operate in the North-East Region: North East line, North-South line and Circle Line. The North East line is the most prominent. It runs from HarbourFront station in the Central Region to Punggol station in the north, connecting six MRT stations within the North-East Region, namely Serangoon, Kovan, Hougang, Buangkok, Sengkang and Punggol stations. In 2024 the line is expected to be extended to include the Punggol Coast MRT station, which is under construction. Yio Chu Kang and Ang Mo Kio are the stations located on the North-South line in this region. Tai Seng, Bartley, Serangoon and Lorong Chuan stations are on the Circle line in this region.
In addition, the Cross Island MRT line, which is currently under planning, is expected to cross through the region. Plans for the project were first announced in 2013, and the Land Transport Authority expects that it will be completed by 2030. The line will connect to Ang Mo Kio station, Hougang station, Punggol station and Riviera station, along with future MRT stations including Serangoon North station, Defu station, Tavistock station and Teck Ghee station.
There are also 28 operational LRT stations in the region, connecting residential areas to the MRT lines. There are two main LRT lines in the region: the Punggol LRT line and the Sengkang LRT line.
Bus
The North-East Region has an established public bus network and a number of bus interchanges connecting towns within the region and to other parts of the country.
The following bus interchanges are located within the North-East Region:
Ang Mo Kio Bus Interchange
Compassvale Bus Interchange
Hougang Central Bus Interchange
Punggol Temporary Bus Interchange
Sengkang Bus Interchange
Serangoon Bus Interchange
Yio Chu Kang Bus Interchange
Expressways
There are four expressways that pass through the North East Region: Central Expressway, Seletar Expressway, Tampines Expressway and Kallang–Paya Lebar Expressway. Additionally, the North–South Corridor, an under-construction expressway, is planned to connect to Ang Mo Kio.
Housing
The North-East Region is predominantly a residential area. Like other regions outside the city centre, towns in the North-East Region are largely made up of high-density, high-rise public housing, provided by the Housing and Development Board (HDB). HDB estates make up 78.72% of households in the region. Each of these housing developments are designed for self-sufficiency, with schools, hospitals, parks, sports facilities, shopping malls and other amenities easily available to residents. The North-East Region experiences continual development of housing and other public facilities. New housing in Ang Mo Kio, Hougang and Serangoon is being developed, along with new transport options, parks and other amenities. In recent years, the HBD has also developed more of a focus on sustainability and incorporating ecological considerations into town planning. The town of Punggol was branded as the “first eco-town”, with more greenery incorporated into the area, along with the development of the Punggol Promenade and Waterway.
While the majority of housing in the region is still public, some have noted that there has also been an increase in private housing in the North East Region. Excluding the Central Region, the North East Region accounted for 40.3% of all private residential sales transactions in Singapore in 2019.
Landmarks
Historic sites
The National Heritage Board has designated a number of “historic sites” in Singapore, some of which are located in the North-East Region. These include:
Chee Tong Temple, located in Hougang and finally completed in 1987.
Church of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary, a Roman Catholic church built in Hougang in 1853.
Masjid Haji Yusoff, the oldest mosque in Hougang, originally built in 1921.
Paya Lebar Methodist Church, a church located in Hougang. It was established in 1932 and completed in 1998.
Seletar Airfield, a British Royal Air Force base designed to protect the naval base in Sembawang during World War II.
St. Paul's Church, an Anglican church built in Hougang in 1936.
Tou Mu Kung, a Taoist temple completed in 1921. It is the oldest temple in Singapore dedicated to the worship of Jiu Huang Ye.
Woodbridge Museum, established in 1993, provides information and exhibitions surrounding the history of the old Woodbridge Hospital, which has now become the Institute of Mental Health. The hospital dates back to 1841, where it was the first medical facility in Singapore for treating the mentally ill. It was also used during World War II to provide treatment to soldiers and civilians.
Zi Yun Kai Ji Gong, a complex of three temples completed in 1996. The three temples are Keat Sun Beo, Kai Hock Tong and Chao Ying Kong.
References
External links
North-East Region, Singapore
Planning areas in Singapore
Regions of Singapore |
6900728 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roughskin%20spurdog | Roughskin spurdog | The roughskin spurdog (Cirrhigaleus asper) is a dogfish of the family Squalidae, found circumglobally between latitudes 35°N and 35°S, at depths of between and . It reaches a length of .
The roughskin spurdog is ovoviviparous with 21 to 22 young in a litter.
References
Compagno, Dando, & Fowler, Sharks of the World, Princeton University Press, New Jersey 2005
Cirrhigaleus
Fish described in 1973
Taxa named by Nigel Merrett |
6900735 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucifixion%20%28disambiguation%29 | Crucifixion (disambiguation) | Crucifixion is an ancient method of execution.
Crucifixion may also refer to:
The Crucifixion or crucifixion of Jesus, a first-century AD event central to the founding and beliefs of Christianity
Music
"Crucify" (song), a 1992 song by Tori Amos from Little Earthquakes
"Crucified" (Army of Lovers song) (1991)
"Crucified" (Bella & Filippa song) (2017)
"Crucifixion" (song), a 1966 song by Phil Ochs from Pleasures of the Harbor
"Crucified" (Sevendust song) (2001)
"The Crucifixion" (Stainer), an 1887 Passion cantata or oratorio by John Stainer
"Crucifixion" or "He Never Said a Mumblin' Word", a spiritual song recorded by Lead Belly in 1945 and by Marian Anderson in 1951
"Crucifixion", a song from the 1971 rock opera Jesus Christ Superstar by Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice
"Crucified", a 1996 song by Accept from Predator
"Crucified", a 2010 song by Disturbed from Asylum
"Crucified", a 2015 song by Venom from From the Very Depths
"Crucified", a 2017 song by Eighteen Visions from XVIII
Paintings
Crucifixion (Antonello da Messina), any of three 15th-century paintings by Antonello da Messina
Crucifixion (Bellini), a 15th-century painting by Giovanni Bellini
Crucifixion (Francis Bacon, 1965), a 1965 triptych painting by Francis Bacon
The Crucifixion (Cranach), a 1532 painting by Lucas Cranach the Elder
Crucifixion (Corpus Hypercubus), a 1954 painting by Salvador Dalí
The Crucifixion (Gérôme), a 1867 painting by Jean-Léon Gérôme
Crucifixion (Heemskerck), 1543 painting by Maarten van Heemskerck
Crucifixion (Nabil Kanso), a 1983 painting by Nabil Kanso
Crucifixion (Mantegna), a 1450s painting by Andrea Mantegna
Crucifixion (Masaccio), a 1426 painting by Masaccio
Crucifixion (Modena), a 1375 painting by Barnaba da Modena
The Crucifixion (Pavias), a 15th-century painting by Andreas Pavias
Crucifixion, seen from the Cross, an 1880s painting by James Tissot
Crucifixion (Titian), a 1558 painting by Titian
Crucifixion Diptych (van der Weyden), a 1460s two-panel painting by Rogier van der Weyden
Crucifixion (van Dyck), a 1630 painting by Anthony van Dyck
Crucifixion (van Eyck), a 15th-century drawing attributed to Jan van Eyck
Crucifixion (after van Eyck?), a c. 1440-50 painting usually attributed to the workshop of Jan van Eyck
Other uses
The Crucifixion (film), a 2017 horror film by Xavier Gens
See also
Christ Crucified (disambiguation)
Crucifixion between Sts. Jerome and Christopher, a 1480s painting by Pinturicchio
Crucifixion in the arts
Crucifixion With a Donor (Bosch), a 1480s painting by Hieronymus Bosch
Crucifixion with Pietà (Lotto), 1530 painting by Lorenzo Lotto |
6900745 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Collins%20%28Irish%20author%29 | Michael Collins (Irish author) | Michael Collins (born 4 June 1964) is an Irish novelist and international ultra-distance runner. His novel The Keepers of Truth was shortlisted for the 2000 Booker Prize. He has also won the Irish Novel of the Year Award and the Lucien Barriere Literary Prize at the Deauville American Film Festival. Collins is a graduate of Oxford University.
Early life and education
Collins was born in Limerick. He earned an athletic scholarship to University of Notre Dame and received his PhD in Creative Writing from the Oxford University.
Athletics
A former member of the Irish National Team for the 100k distance (62.2 miles), Collins holds the Irish national masters record over the 100k distance. As captain of the Irish National Team in 2010, he won a bronze medal at the World 100k Championships held in Gibraltar. He has also won The 100-mile Himalayan Stage Race and The Mount Everest Challenge Marathon, along with The Last Marathon in Antarctica, and The North Pole Marathon.
Works
The Meat Eaters (short stories, also published as The Man who Dreamt of Lobsters), 1992
The Life and Times of a Teaboy, 1993
The Feminists Go Swimming, 1994,
Emerald Underground, 1998
The Keepers of Truth, 2000
The Resurrectionists, 2003
Lost Souls, 2004
Death of a Writer (British title: The Secret Life of E. Robert Pendleton), 2006
Midnight in a Perfect Life (British title), 2010
The New Existence (British title: The Death of all Things Seen), 2016
Referenten
External links
Michael Collins official website
Profile, runnersworld.com
1964 births
Date of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Irish expatriates in the United States
Irish male long-distance runners
Writers from Limerick (city)
Irish ultramarathon runners
Irish male novelists
Male ultramarathon runners |
17327112 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek%20diacritics | Greek diacritics | Greek orthography has used a variety of diacritics starting in the Hellenistic period. The more complex polytonic orthography (), which includes five diacritics, notates Ancient Greek phonology. The simpler monotonic orthography (), introduced in 1982, corresponds to Modern Greek phonology, and requires only two diacritics.
Polytonic orthography () is the standard system for Ancient Greek and Medieval Greek. The acute accent (´), the circumflex (ˆ), and the grave accent (`) indicate different kinds of pitch accent. The rough breathing (῾) indicates the presence of the sound before a letter, while the smooth breathing (᾿) indicates the absence of .
Since in Modern Greek the pitch accent has been replaced by a dynamic accent (stress), and was lost, most polytonic diacritics have no phonetic significance, and merely reveal the underlying Ancient Greek etymology.
Monotonic orthography () is the standard system for Modern Greek. It retains two diacritics: a single accent or tonos (΄) that indicates stress, and the diaeresis ( ¨ ), which usually indicates a hiatus but occasionally indicates a diphthong: compare modern Greek (, "lamb chops"), with a diphthong, and (, "little children") with a simple vowel. A tonos and a diaeresis can be combined on a single vowel to indicate a stressed vowel after a hiatus, as in the verb (, "to feed").
Although it is not a diacritic, the hypodiastole (comma) has in a similar way the function of a sound-changing diacritic in a handful of Greek words, principally distinguishing (, "whatever") from (, "that").
History
The original Greek alphabet did not have diacritics. The Greek alphabet is attested since the 8th century BC, and until 403 BC, variations of the Greek alphabet—which exclusively used what are now known as capitals—were used in different cities and areas. From 403 on, the Athenians decided to employ a version of the Ionian alphabet. With the spread of Koine Greek, a continuation of the Attic dialect, the Ionic alphabet superseded the other alphabets, known as epichoric, with varying degrees of speed. The Ionian alphabet, however, also only consisted of capitals.
Introduction of breathings
The rough and smooth breathings were introduced in classical times in order to represent the presence or absence of an in Attic Greek, which had adopted a form of the alphabet in which the letter Η (eta) was no longer available for this purpose as it was used to represent the long vowel .
Introduction of accents
During the Hellenistic period (3rd century BC), Aristophanes of Byzantium introduced the breathings—marks of aspiration (the aspiration however being already noted on certain inscriptions, not by means of diacritics but by regular letters or modified letters)—and the accents, of which the use started to spread, to become standard in the Middle Ages. It was not until the 2nd century AD that accents and breathings appeared sporadically in papyri. The need for the diacritics arose from the gradual divergence between spelling and pronunciation.
Uncial script
The majuscule, i.e., a system where text is written entirely in capital letters, was used until the 8th century, when the minuscule polytonic supplanted it.
Grave accent rule
By the Byzantine period, the modern rule which turns an acute accent (oxeia) on the last syllable into a grave accent (bareia)—except before a punctuation sign or an enclitic—had been firmly established. Certain authors have argued that the grave originally denoted the absence of accent; the modern rule is, in their view, a purely orthographic convention. Originally, certain proclitic words lost their accent before another word and received the grave, and later this was generalized to all words in the orthography. Others—drawing on, for instance, evidence from ancient Greek music—consider that the grave was "linguistically real" and expressed a word-final modification of the acute pitch.
Stress accent
In the later development of the language, the ancient pitch accent was replaced by an intensity or stress accent, making the three types of accent identical, and the sound became silent.
Simplification
At the beginning of the 20th century (official since the 1960s), the grave was replaced by the acute, and the iota subscript and the breathings on the rho were abolished, except in printed texts. Greek typewriters from that era did not have keys for the grave accent or the iota subscript, and these diacritics were also not taught in primary schools where instruction was in Demotic Greek.
Official adoption of monotonic system
Following the official adoption of the demotic form of the language, the monotonic orthography was imposed by law in 1982. The latter uses only the acute accent (or sometimes a vertical bar, intentionally distinct from any of the traditional accents) and diaeresis and omits the breathings. This simplification has been criticized on the grounds that polytonic orthography provides a cultural link to the past.
Modern use of polytonic system
Some individuals, institutions, and publishers continue to prefer the polytonic system (with or without grave accent), though an official reintroduction of the polytonic system does not seem probable. The Greek Orthodox church, the daily newspaper Estia, as well as books written in Katharevousa continue to use the polytonic orthography. Though the polytonic system was not used in Classical Greece, these critics argue that modern Greek, as a continuation of Byzantine and post-medieval Greek, should continue their writing conventions.
Some textbooks of Ancient Greek for foreigners have retained the breathings, but dropped all the accents in order to simplify the task for the learner.
Description
Polytonic Greek uses many different diacritics in several categories. At the time of Ancient Greek, each of these marked a significant distinction in pronunciation.
Monotonic orthography for Modern Greek uses only two diacritics, the tonos and diaeresis (sometimes used in combination) that have significance in pronunciation. Initial is no longer pronounced, and so the rough and smooth breathings are no longer necessary. The unique pitch patterns of the three accents have disappeared, and only a stress accent remains. The iota subscript was a diacritic invented to mark an etymological vowel that was no longer pronounced, so it was dispensed with as well.
The transliteration of Greek names follows Latin transliteration of Ancient Greek; modern transliteration is different, and does not distinguish many letters and digraphs that have merged by iotacism.
Accents
The accents (, singular: ) are placed on an accented vowel or on the last of the two vowels of a diphthong (ά, but αί) and indicated pitch patterns in Ancient Greek. The precise nature of the patterns is not certain, but the general nature of each is known.
The acute accent ( or "high") '' marked high pitch on a short vowel or rising pitch on a long vowel.
The acute is also used on the first of two (or occasionally three) successive vowels in Modern Greek to indicate that they are pronounced together as a stressed diphthong.
The grave accent ( or "low", modern varia) '' marked normal or low pitch.
The grave was originally written on all unaccented syllables. By the Byzantine period it was only used to replace the acute at the end of a word if another accented word follows immediately without punctuation.
The circumflex () '' marked high and falling pitch within one syllable. In distinction to the angled Latin circumflex, the Greek circumflex is printed in the form of either a tilde () or an inverted breve (). It was also known as "high-low" or "acute-grave", and its original form ( ) was from a combining of the acute and grave diacritics. Because of its compound nature, it only appeared on long vowels or diphthongs.
Breathings
The breathings were written over a vowel or ρ.
The rough breathing (; Latin )—''—indicates a voiceless glottal fricative () before the vowel in Ancient Greek. In Greek grammar, this is known as aspiration. This is different from aspiration in phonetics, which applies to consonants, not vowels.
Rho (Ρρ) at the beginning of a word always takes rough breathing, probably marking unvoiced pronunciation. In Latin, this was transcribed as rh.
Upsilon (Υυ) at the beginning of a word always takes rough breathing. Thus, words from Greek begin with hy-, never with y-.
The smooth breathing (; Latin )—''—marked the absence of .
A double rho in the middle of a word was originally written with smooth breathing on the first rho and rough breathing on the second one (). In Latin, this was transcribed as rrh (diarrhoea or diarrhea).
Coronis
The coronis () marks a vowel contracted by crasis. It was formerly an apostrophe placed after the contracted vowel, but is now placed over the vowel and is identical to the smooth breathing. Unlike the smooth breathing, it often occurs inside a word.
Subscript
The iota subscript ()—''—is placed under the long vowels ᾱ, η, and ω to mark the ancient long diphthongs ᾱι, ηι, and ωι, in which the ι is no longer pronounced.
Adscript
Next to a capital, the iota subscript is usually written as a lower-case letter (Αι), in which case it is called iota adscript ().
Diaeresis
In Ancient Greek, the diaeresis ( or ) – – appears on the letters and to show that a pair of vowel letters is pronounced separately, rather than as a diphthong.
In Modern Greek, the diaeresis usually indicates that two successive vowels are pronounced separately (as in , "I trick, mock"), but occasionally, it marks vowels that are pronounced together as an unstressed diphthong rather than as a digraph (as in , "I boycott"). The distinction between two separate vowels and an unstressed diphthong is not always clear, although two separate vowels are far more common.
The diaeresis can be combined with the acute, grave and circumflex but never with breathings, since the letter with the diaeresis cannot be the first vowel of the word.
In Modern Greek, the combination of the acute and diaeresis indicates a stressed vowel after a hiatus.
Vowel length
In textbooks and dictionaries of Ancient Greek, the macron—''—and breve—''—are often used over , , and to indicate that they are long or short, respectively.
Nonstandard diacritics
Caron
In some modern non-standard orthographies of Greek dialects, such as Cypriot Greek and Griko, a caron (ˇ) may be used on some consonants to show a palatalized pronunciation. They are not encoded as precombined characters in Unicode, so they are typed by adding the to the Greek letter. Latin diacritics on Greek letters may not be supported by many fonts, and as a fall-back a caron may be replaced by an iota ⟨ι⟩ following the consonant.
Examples of Greek letters with a combining caron and their pronunciation: ζ̌ , κ̌ or , λ̌ , ν̌ , ξ̌ , π̌ , σ̌ ς̌ , τ̌ , τζ̌ or , τσ̌ τς̌ or , ψ̌ .
Dot above
A dot diacritic was used above some consonants and vowels in Karamanli Turkish, which was written with the Greek alphabet.
Position in letters
Diacritics are written above lower-case letters and at the upper left of capital letters. In the case of a digraph, the second vowel takes the diacritics. A breathing diacritic is written to the left of an acute or grave accent but below a circumflex. Accents are written above a diaeresis or between its two dots. Diacritics are only written on capital letters if they are at the beginning of a word with the exception of the diaeresis, which is always written. Diacritics can be found above capital letters in medieval texts.
Examples
Computer encoding
There have been problems in representing polytonic Greek on computers, and in displaying polytonic Greek on computer screens and printouts, but these have largely been overcome by the advent of Unicode and appropriate fonts.
IETF language tag
The IETF language tags have registered subtag codes for the different orthographies:
for monotonic Greek.
for polytonic Greek.
Unicode
While the tónos of monotonic orthography looks similar to the oxeîa of polytonic orthography in most fonts, Unicode has historically separate symbols for letters with these diacritics. For example, the monotonic "Greek small letter alpha with tónos" is at U+03AC, while the polytonic "Greek small letter alpha with oxeîa" is at U+1F71. The monotonic and polytonic accent however have been de jure equivalent since 1986, and accordingly the oxeîa diacritic in Unicode decomposes canonically to the monotonic tónos—both are underlyingly treated as equivalent to the multiscript acute accent, U+0301, since letters with oxia decompose to letters with tonos, which decompose in turn to base letter plus multiscript acute accent. For example: U+1F71 GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA ➔ U+03AC GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH TONOS ➔ U+03B1 GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA, U+0301 COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT.
Below are the accented characters provided in Unicode. In the uppercase letters, the iota adscript may appear as subscript depending on font.
Upper case
Lower case
See also
Acute accent
Voiceless glottal fricative
Diaeresis – Synaeresis
Greek language
Koine Greek phonology
Modern Greek grammar
Greek alphabet
Greek language question
Greek ligatures
Greek braille
Greek minuscule
Textual criticism
Aristarchian symbols
Obelism
Dagger (typography)
Greek numerals
Attic numerals
Isopsephy
Ancient Greek Musical Notation
Byzantine Musical Symbols
References
Further reading
Panayotakis is critical of the adoption of monotonic, and also provides a useful historical sketch.
See also: .
External links
General information:
Accentuation history and tutorial
Citizens' Movement for the Reintroduction of the Polytonic System, in Greek and English
How the law to abandon polytonic orthography was passed in the Greek parliament, in Greek
Greek polytonic to monotonic converter (free online tool)
Program that converts (correct) written monotonic texts into polytonic texts
Polytonic Greek fonts:
Greek Font Society public domain polytonic fonts
Public domain Greek polytonic unicode fonts
Athena, public domain polytonic Greek font
How-to guides for polytonic keyboard layouts:
Google Docs guide for Linux Covers installation of layouts, use of dead-keys etc. Updated to 2010.
Diacritics
Diacritics
Diacritics
Diacritics
Orthographies by language
Orthography
Spelling reform
Keyboard layouts |
6900749 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eli%20Eshed | Eli Eshed | Eli Eshed is an Israeli researcher of popular culture.
Literary criticism
Eli Eshed writes about Israeli pulp magazines and paperbacks of the 1950s and 1960s with a special focus on the pirated Tarzan books popular among Israeli youth at the time which were published anonymously and without authorization from the estate of Edgar Rice Burroughs. In 2000, Eshed published a limited edition of Tarzan in the Holy Land, a history of Tarzan in Hebrew with illustrations.
In 2002, Eshed published From Tarzan to Zbeng about the pulp literature of Israel. This book became a best seller and earned Eshed the title "Writer of the Year" from Maariv. He also researched the adventures of pulp icons such as Patrick Kim, a fictional Korean CIA agent who uses karate against a variety of enemies worldwide.
In 2003, Eshed co-published The Golem: A Story of an Israeli Comicbook with Israeli comics artist Uri Fink. The Golem is a Hebrew super-hero who works alongside a beautiful woman super-heroine, Lilith.
The book traces the history of the series since the 1940s, when it was drawn by the young comics artist Jack Kirby (Jacob Kurtzberg in that alternative reality), who immigrated to Palestine. The Golem collaborates with real-life Israeli personalities like Yitzhak Rabin, Moshe Dayan and Ariel Sharon, as well as fictional characters like Tarzan and well-known Israeli fictional heroes like Danny Din the invisible boy. Gil Biderman created a song and an animated clip sung by award-winning artist Yasmin Even about the Golem’s adventures. Both imitate the style of the 1970s.
Though imaginary, the book is based on real events and personalities in the world of Hebrew popular culture, featuring Pinchas Sadeh, Asher Dickstein, and Etgar Keret. Israeli literary critic Menachem Ben called it“a master work of Israeli mythology,“ and screenwriter and producer Alon Rozenblum called it "a must-have book in every home."
References
External links
The Golem comic-strip
Comics critics
Israeli comics writers
Living people
Israeli literary critics
Bar-Ilan University alumni
Ben-Gurion University of the Negev alumni
Year of birth missing (living people) |
6900751 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansembourg | Ansembourg | Ansembourg (, ) is a village in the commune of Helperknapp, in western Luxembourg. , the village had a population of 61.
Ansembourg is in part of the Eisch valley known as the Valley of the Seven Castles. The village is the site of two of the seven castles. The New Castle of Ansembourg, located about one kilometre or just over half a mile below the Old Castle, was built by the industrialist Thomas Bidart in 1639 and is now known for its more modern finish and its terraced gardens.
References
Mersch (canton)
Villages in Luxembourg |
17327122 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan%20God%C3%ADnez | Juan Godínez | Juan Godíñez (1517 - 1571) Conquistador Juan Godínez, was born in the city of Úbeda, Spain. He came to the Americas in 1532. After coming to Peru, he campaigned with Diego de Almagro in Chile. He later served in Peru in the subjugation of Manco Inca, and in the expeditions of the captains Pedro de Candia and Diego de Rojas. Afterward, he returned to Chile in 1540 with Pedro de Valdivia serving in the wars of the Conquest of Chile until the arrival of García Hurtado de Mendoza.
He was captain of cavalry during the campaign against Lautaro in 1556 where, after the Battle of Peteroa, his company pursued the retreating Mapuche and destroyed a detachment of Lautaro's army near the Maule River. In 1557 his command defending Santiago joined that of the Governor Francisco de Villagra to destroy Lautaro's army in the Battle of Mataquito. He then served in the army of García Hurtado de Mendoza in his campaign during the Arauco War in southern Chile.
He was an encomendero of Choapa. He was a regidor of Santiago, Chile in 1550, 1554 and 1556. He married Catalina de la Cueva in 1557 and had eight children. His mestiza daughter, Leonor Godínez, married Don Juan Hurtado, notary public of Serena and Santiago. He died in 1571.
References
Sources
Jerónimo de Vivar, Crónica y relación copiosa y verdadera de los reinos de Chile (Chronicle and abundant and true relation of the kingdoms of Chile) ARTEHISTORIA REVISTA DIGITAL; Crónicas de América (on line in Spanish)
de Góngora Marmolejo, Alonso, Historia de Todas las Cosas que han Acaecido en el Reino de Chile y de los que lo han gobernado (1536-1575) (History of All the Things that Have happened in the Kingdom of Chile and of those that have governed it (1536-1575)), University of Chile: Document Collections in complete texts: Cronicles (on line in Spanish)
XXII. De cómo vino de el audiencia de lo reyes proveído Villagra por corregidor de todo el reino, y de lo que hizo
José Toribio Medina, Colección de documentos inéditos para la historia de Chile, Vols. 6-7, IV.— Información de senidos de Alonso López de la Eaigada, vecino de la ciudad de Santiago de Chile. (Archivo de Indias, Patronato, 1-5-34/18), Vols. 6-7 published by Impr. y Encuadernacido Barcelona; v.8-30 by Impr. Elzeviriana., 1901.
Mariño de Lobera, Pedro, Crónica del Reino de Chile, escrita por el capitán Pedro Mariño de Lobera....reducido a nuevo método y estilo por el Padre Bartolomé de Escobar. Edición digital a partir de Crónicas del Reino de Chile Madrid, Atlas, 1960, pp. 227-562, (Biblioteca de Autores Españoles ; 569-575). Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes (on line in Spanish)
Capítulo LIV: Cómo el capitán Lautaro fué sobre la ciudad de Santiago con un copioso ejército y tuvo dos batallas con los capitanes Diego Cano y Pedro de Villagrán
Capítulo LV: De la batalla que el general Francisco de Villagrán y los capitanes Alonso de Escobar y Juan Gudines dieron a Lautaro, donde perdió la vida, en el valle de Mataquito
Diego Barros Arana, Historia general de Chile, Tomo Primero
José Toribio Medina, Diccionario Biográfico Colonial de Chile, Imprenta Elzeviriana, Santiago, 1906, Juan Godíñez
pg. 348.
Spanish conquistadors
Spanish generals
Encomenderos
Viceroyalty of Peru people
Captaincy General of Chile
Colonial Peru
1571 deaths
1517 births
16th-century Peruvian people |
17327124 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vamaj | Vamaj | Vamaj is a small village situated near Kadi (a town known for its oil industry) and Kalol. Its Panchayat code is 162352. It is also famous for Shri Vamaj Tirth, a temple belonging to the Jain religion. The idol of Dada Adishvar in the temple belongs to the times of king Samprati
References
Villages in Mehsana district |
23571409 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drahobudice | Drahobudice | Drahobudice is a municipality and village in Kolín District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants.
References
Villages in Kolín District |
23571410 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landgericht | Landgericht | Landgericht may refer to:
Landgericht (Germany), a mid-level court in the present-day judicial system of Germany
For example,
Landgericht Berlin
Landgericht Bremen
Landgericht (medieval), a regional magistracy in the Holy Roman Empire |
23571411 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grunta | Grunta | Grunta is a municipality and village in Kolín District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 90 inhabitants.
References
Villages in Kolín District |
23571412 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrade%C5%A1%C3%ADn | Hradešín | Hradešín is a municipality and village in Kolín District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 600 inhabitants.
References
Villages in Kolín District |
23571413 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chotutice | Chotutice | Chotutice is a municipality and village in Kolín District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 500 inhabitants.
History
The first written mention of Chotutice is from 1100.
References
Villages in Kolín District |
23571414 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cho%C5%A5ovice | Choťovice | Choťovice is a municipality and village in Kolín District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 200 inhabitants.
References
Villages in Kolín District |
23571415 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chr%C3%A1%C5%A1%C5%A5any%20%28Kol%C3%ADn%20District%29 | Chrášťany (Kolín District) | Chrášťany is a municipality and village in Kolín District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 700 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
Villages of Bylany and Chotouň are administrative parts of Chrášťany.
Notable people
Procopius of Sázava (?–1053), saint; born in Chotouň according to legend
References
Villages in Kolín District |
23571416 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jest%C5%99ab%C3%AD%20Lhota | Jestřabí Lhota | Jestřabí Lhota is a municipality and village in Kolín District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 500 inhabitants.
References
Villages in Kolín District |
17327234 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee%20International | Lee International | Lee Electric (Lighting) Ltd was incorporated as a business in 1961 by John and Benny Lee, two film lighting electricians. Lee Electric was primarily involved in the rental of lighting equipment for commercial and documentary productions, as all principal film and television studios were at the time equipped with their own lighting equipment.
From 1961 to 1985
Although the lighting rental market grew throughout the 1960s, largely due to the impact of commercial television, the market was dominated by a single manufacturer of lighting equipment, Mole-Richardson (England) Ltd, which was also the largest rental house.
Lee Electric was founded as SunBurst Lighting by electrical engineer Bill Burst in 1961. In 1967 Lee Electric started to purchase lighting equipment from the Italian manufacturer, Ianiro, which was itself attempting to establish a foothold in the international market. In addition, Lee Filters was formed to design, market and, from 1974, to manufacture lighting filters.
Also in 1967, BBC2 began to transmit in colour, with BBC1 and ITV following in 1969. The introduction of colour broadcasts entailed a substantial increase in the amount of lighting needed in studios as well as on location. With a major increase in the amount of equipment available to it as a result of purchasing Ianiro equipment, Lee Electric was able to tender for and to win a five-year contract with the BBC for the supply of lighting equipment for U.K. television outside broadcasts. The contract, which was retained by Lee Electric for many more years necessitated further substantial investment in equipment and established Lee Electric's leading reputation and position in the lighting rental market. The contract was gained from Mole Richardson (England) Ltd, which was ultimately acquired by Lee Electric in 1975, and subsequently extended to 1990.
In 1968, Lee Electric purchased a site in North Kensington, which was converted to provide premises for the lighting equipment rental business and a three-stage film studio. Lee Electric was able to compete with the major U.K. studios because it offered its stages on a 'four wall' basis, that is without the requirement to use the studio's labour and equipment. Significant feature films made at the Kensington studios included A Touch of Class (1973) and The Who rock opera, Tommy (1975). In the same year Lee Electric acquired Telefilm Lighting Services Ltd, a competitor, thereby further increasing the quantity of equipment that Lee Electric could provide and expanding its range of marketing contracts.
To enhance the services offered to the television companies, Lee Scaffolding Ltd was formed in 1969 to hire scaffolding for rigging lighting equipment for television outside broadcasts. Stagemate Ltd was also established to provide scaffolding to film production companies.
Lee Electric (Northern) Ltd was formed in 1972, primarily to service the lighting requirements of the BBC in the North of U.K. It then became a major rental house in its own right.
In 1974, Lee Enterprises Ltd was formed to act as a bulk buyer of consumable items, principally for the rest of the Lee Group but also as a wholesaler to third parties. In 1975 Joe Dunton Cameras Ltd was formed to provide a camera rental service to the film industry.
In 1977, Lee Electric moved to Lee International Film Studios, Wembley (later known as Fountain Studios). Over the two year following the studios acquisition, Lee Electric completely refurbished and refitted these studios for film and television productions and commercials.
By 1979, Lee Electric had established working relationships with a number of U.S. film production companies whose lighting requirements outside of the U.S.A were serviced by Lee Electric and who used Wembley Studios. In that year Lee Electric took the strategic step of opening a lighting rental house in New York City. The establishment of Lee Lighting America was coupled with the acquisition of Belden, a New York-based distributor and selling agent for film and television equipment, which had been the exclusive U.S. distributor for Lee Filters since 1976. In January, 1986 a second rental house was opened in Los Angeles. In August 1984, Lee Electric acquired the Shepperton Film Studios complex.
In October 1984, a new holding Company, Media Technology International PLC, was formed to acquire Lee Filters and Joe Dunton Cameras and admission was obtained to the Unlisted Securities Market on the London Stock Exchange. At that time, Lee Electric and John and Benny Lee owned in aggregate 59.3 per cent. of MTI's issued share capital. It was considered that the allied but self-contained activities of Lee Filters and Joe Dunton Cameras could be more successfully developed under its own management and with direct access to the capital markets. In June, 1984, Joe Dunton Cameras had established a subsidiary in the U.S.A.
In June 1985, Lee Electric acquired Colortran, a U.S. manufacturer of lighting products, with a U.K. branch in Norfolk. Its products included advanced computerised dimming control systems and specialist lights for theatres and architectural applications. Through this acquisition the Lee Group secured an international network of distributors and agents.
In November 1985, MTI acquired Mitchell Camera Corporation, which was based in Los Angeles and was one of the oldest manufacturers of film cameras. The acquisition reduced the Lee Group's interest in MTI to 53.9%, which was further reduced to 29.9 per cent. As part of the reorganisation that took place prior to the Offer for Sale.
Lee International was formed in May 1985, and is now the holding company for the Lee Group.
In November 1985, Lee International made a recommended cash offer for a listed company, Humphries Holdings PLC, which rents lighting equipment in Europe, manufactures low voltage lighting, operates music recording studios and duplicated video tapes. The offer was declared unconditional on 5 December 1985 at which date it had been accepted in respect of shares representing 94.2% of the issued share capital.
Financials
1981-1987 Geographical Analysis
1985 profit include £450,000 exceptional item largely due from an insurance claim for rental assets destroyed in a fire at Pinewood Studios, over their book value.
1981-1985 Class of Business Analysis
1986-1987 Class of Business Analysis
Associated company figures are for Lee's investment income from Media Technology International PLC
Acquisition of Colortran
In June 1985 Lee announced that it had completed the takeover of Colortran, a film and television lighting equipment manufacturer with operations in Burbank California USA and Thetford England. In a deal reported to be worth around £3.7 million, Lee paid £850,000 in cash and the rest was to service Colortran's existing debt finance. Lee bought 85 per cent. of Colortran whilst Ken Boyda Colortran's UK chief executive retained a 15 per cent. stake, Lee later acquired this outstanding 15 per cent. in December 1985 in exchange for shares.
In contracts dated 16 May 1985, Lee acquired 85% of the issued share capital of Colortran Holdings Inc from its US parent company Forward Technology Industries Inc. for cash sums of $601,800 and £345,950. Lee also contracted through Colortran to buy of land with office and factory buildings at Thetford Norfolk England for £460,000 cash.
The manufacturing business was renamed Lee Colortran and saw the factory at Thetford refurbished whilst Lee International's site at Kearsley, Bolton became the northern England manufacturing base for Lee Colortran where a factory also undertook research and development of new electronic lighting control equipment. In North America was leased for office space, factory and warehousing, split between two sites in Burbank California.
Acquisition of Humphries Holdings PLC
Lee announced in October 1985 that it had agreed a cash offer to acquire rental and services group Humphries Holdings PLC, valuing it at £2.5 million. The offer of 33.5 pence per ordinary share was accepted by majority shareholder BET plc, holding 75% of Humphries issued share capital. Lee's offer was a 20 per cent premium over Humphries recent mid market share price of 28 pence. Humphries made an attributable loss of £2.46 million to the year ending March 1985 on turnover of £14.22 million.
Operating under the Mole-Richardson name Humphries ran two European film and television lighting rental houses located in France and Spain. The French subsidiary also manufactured low voltage lighting for architectural and display purposes, many of its low voltage lights being installed in shops; hotels; banks and numerous other buildings. Mole-Richardson had a showroom in Whitfield Street London selling their low voltage lights. Humphries had recently closed and sold off its film laboratory interests however it retained a video duplication operation based in London. Humphries also ran CTS Recording Studios a sound and music recording studio based in Wembley.
Two consequences of the Humphries takeover were firstly to delay the imminent public flotation of Lee International PLC, allowing Lee time to prepare and publish its offer document to include the Humphries acquisition figures. Secondly the acquisition of Humphries brought about a significant change in the makeup of the Lee International board of directors, bringing in John Davey and Colin Wills in the non-executive positions of chairman and director respectively. The appointment of these two senior executives to board of Lee, who both had a long track record of working in executive roles for quoted companies, would significantly enhance the Lee boardroom.
Lee's finance director David Mindel was quoted in the 25 October 1985, issue of Broadcast periodical commenting on the acquisition. "We had to choose between buying Humphries Holdings when the opportunity occurred or postponing our flotation plans, really, there was no choice, Humphries is too good an opportunity to pass up. Its figures will be included in Lee results when we go public next spring."
Acquisition of Panavision
Lee International PLC announced on 3 September 1987 that it had made an offer of $100 million (£61 million) for Panavision, the Hollywood manufacturer and renter of motion picture cameras and lenses.
At that time it was estimated Panavision had a stock of some 700 movie cameras only available for rental from Panavision offices or through agents. Panavision estimated that its cameras were used on 35% of worldwide feature film production. In 1986 it had a turnover of $29.07 million and made a pre–tax profit of $2.5 million.
Simultaneously, Lee's management were organising a buyout of Lee International PLC, worth £198 million to take the company private just 18 months after its £85 million flotation in April 1986, which valued Lee's shares at £1.80.
Lee International's shareholders were offered £3.60 a share in cash or one ordinary share in a new holding company called Westward Communications Ltd for every Lee share held. Lee's shares rose sharply on the news gaining 68p to finish at £3.38 on the day. The Financial Times reported in October 1987, that virtually all the non-management shareholders in Lee International had accepted the cash offer of £3.60 accounting for 32.7 per cent of Lee shares.
Lee International PLC had 55,108,720 ordinary shares in issue as stated in their 1987 Annual Report, of this figure John Lee owned 14,102,892 and his brother Benny slightly more with 14,137,892. Lee's financial director, David J Mindel owned 1,374,797 shares with other senior management holding a total of 824,318 Lee shares. This gave Lee's management control over 30,438,901, just over 55% of the voting shares in the company.
The Westward buy-out was formulated after the London Stock Exchange voiced concern about Panavision's short independent life, having only recently been bought by its management in 1985 from Warner Communications, and its comparable size to Lee International, the purchase of the camera company would represent around 30 per cent of the two names joining forces.
Lee's purchase of Panavision looked thwarted from the very beginning; instigated by the London Stock Exchange, Lee's management were forced into buying back stock that had sold for £1.80 in a stock market flotation in April 1986, only 18 months earlier and it now was faced with the prospect of paying £3.60 for these shares facilitated by the new buy-out vehicle Westward Communications Ltd. Arguments were made that Lee was paying twice over for Panavision. Westward's purchase of both Lee and Panavision would cost a staggering $340 million, this was almost twice the estimated assets of the combined group. Finance for the two deals was provided by Citicorp Industrial Credit and another $10 million from parties connected with Lee's management. Westward intended to seek a US listing for its shares within 18 months of the deal that was struck in September 1987 and a return to the London market would be considered too. It was estimated at the time that Westward would have a market value in the region of £400 million.
Lee was purchasing Panavision from Frederick W "Ted" Field's Interscope Communications Inc. The purchase price of $100 million cash with Lee assuming Panavision's $47 million debt was substantially higher than the $52.5 million Field paid Warner Communications for the company back in 1984.
Lee's takeover of Panavision was hit by two significant events that impacted heavily on their acquisition. Firstly, within eight weeks of the Panavision purchase world stock markets suffered what is now known as Black Monday, where stock markets crashed on 19 October 1987, throughout the world. The following global financial crisis put paid to plans for Westward Communications seeking a public listing on the New York Stock Exchange within 18 months of the deal. Secondly, 1988 saw the Writers Guild of America on strike for close on 22 weeks, from 7 March through 7 August. The strike affected the making of many American television series and to a lesser extent Hollywood movie production. Panavision's revenue experienced a major downturn during this time, a report in the Los Angeles Times in August 1988 estimated Panavision sales had fallen 20% that year primarily due to the five-month writers strike.
Financial Crisis
By early 1988, Lee International, with its heavy debt burden, had hit serious financial difficulties. It was in default on the $340 million loan, having insufficient cash to the meet interest payments. In August, 1988 a spokesman for Citicorp, which led a syndicate of 17 international banks to fund both Lee's purchase of Panavision and buyout vehicle Westward Communications Ltd, announced that the Lee group of companies was indeed in crisis.
Further news emerged around this time that brothers John and Benny Lee, who founded the company in the early 1960s, had resigned as directors of the group's parent company even though they remained majority shareholders.
Within weeks of these developments US based Warburg Pincus Capital LP, a private equity company, was approached by Citicorp to engage in restructuring Lee's debt. Warburg stepped in investing $60 million in a new company Lee Panavision International Inc, which assumed Westward's $340 million debt.
Under the deal, Lee Panavision International would acquire all Lee Group assets except for the UK lighting operation Lee Lighting Ltd. However, Lee Panavision International had an option to purchase Lee Lighting exercisable at any time until 17 December 1990, furthermore Lee Panavision entered into a management agreement of Lee Lighting.
In December 1988, Warburg Pincus appointed William C Scott as chairman, president and CEO of Lee Panavision International Inc. Scott finally succeeded in taking the Panavision Inc. public in 1996 and remained with Lee Panavision until his resignation in January 1999.
Companies based in the London Borough of Brent
Business services companies established in 1961 |
23571417 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kbel%20%28Kol%C3%ADn%20District%29 | Kbel (Kolín District) | Kbel is a municipality and village in Kolín District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 200 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
The village of Kbílek is an administrative part of Kbel.
References
Villages in Kolín District |
17327236 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secnidazole | Secnidazole | Secnidazole (trade names Flagentyl, Sindose, Secnil, Solosec) is a nitroimidazole anti-infective. Effectiveness in the treatment of dientamoebiasis has been reported. It has also been tested against Atopobium vaginae.
In the United States, secnidazole is FDA approved for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis and trichomoniasis in adult women.
References
Further reading
Nitroimidazole antibiotics
Antiprotozoal agents |
23571418 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004%20Rink%20Hockey%20Men%27s%20B%20World%20Championship | 2004 Rink Hockey Men's B World Championship | The 2004 Rink Hockey Men's B World Championship was the 36th edition of the Rink Hockey B World Championship, held from October 16 to 23, in Macau.
The champion was Catalonia, that had obtained a FIRS provisional membership few months before the tournament. However, FIRS did not endorse final acceptance of Catalonia for subsequent editions.
Format
Competition's schedule included 11 countries, divided in two groups, but North Korea withdrew a few days before the opening.
Matches
All times are Macau local time (UTC+8).
Group stage
Group A
Group B
9th and 10th places
5th place bracket
Championship Knockout stage
Final standings
B
Rink Hockey Men's B World Championship
Men's B World Championship
International sports competitions hosted by Macau
Roller hockey in Macau
International roller hockey competitions hosted by China |
23571419 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kl%C3%A1%C5%A1tern%C3%AD%20Skalice | Klášterní Skalice | Klášterní Skalice is a municipality and village in Kolín District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 100 inhabitants.
References
Villages in Kolín District |
23571420 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klu%C4%8Dov%20%28Kol%C3%ADn%20District%29 | Klučov (Kolín District) | Klučov is a municipality and village in Kolín District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,100 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
Villages of Lstiboř, Skramníky and Žhery are administrative parts of Klučov.
References
Villages in Kolín District |
23571423 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%99enice | Kořenice | Kořenice is a municipality and village in Kolín District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 600 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
Villages of Chotouchov and Pučery are administrative parts of Kořenice.
References
Villages in Kolín District |
23571428 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crkvari | Crkvari | Crkvari is a village in north-eastern Slavonia, situated in municipality town of Orahovica, Virovitica-Podravina County, Croatia.
Population
References
CD-rom: "Naselja i stanovništvo RH od 1857-2001. godine", Izdanje Državnog zavoda za statistiku Republike Hrvatske, Zagreb, 2005.
Populated places in Virovitica-Podravina County |
23571430 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krakovany%20%28Kol%C3%ADn%20District%29 | Krakovany (Kolín District) | Krakovany is a municipality and village in Kolín District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 900 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
The village of Božec is an administrative part of Krakovany.
References
Villages in Kolín District |
23571432 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Tersolo | Charles Tersolo | Charles Tersolo (born 1974 in Rochester, New Hampshire) is a Boston artist and member of the Copley Society of Art. He paints much of his works outdoors, or en plein air in the tradition of Corot, Monet, and American Impressionists such as Childe Hassam. The coloring of his works is closer to the broad palette of the Boston School of painters, who mix American impressionist technique with more traditional coloring and paint application.
His largest public work is a Synthetic Impressionist piece of the Harvard Footbridge. This 9 foot by 4.5 feet high painting resides in the lobby of the Harvard Doubletree Hotel. Other public works include a painting of the South End of Boston in the Back Bay Hilton of Boston.
Subject matter covered by this artist includes Provincetown, Boston, Paris, the Grand Canyon, Santa Fe, Monument Valley, Valley of the Gods, New York City, San Francisco, Portland, Cape Elizabeth, and Mount Desert Island, Maine, and Portsmouth, New Hampshire.
References
20th-century American painters
American male painters
21st-century American painters
Living people
People from Rochester, New Hampshire
1974 births
20th-century American male artists |
23571437 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS%20Deltargentino | SS Deltargentino | SS Deltargentino may refer to one of two Type C3-P&C ships built for the United States Maritime Commission by Bethlehem Sparrows Point Shipyard and intended for the Mississippi Shipping Company:
(MC hull number 50), designated for transfer to the United States Navy as transport USS J. W. McAndrew (AP-47), but instead went to United States Army as USAT J. W. McAndrew; collided with in 1945; sold for commercial use in 1947; scrapped 1972
(MC hull number 152), transferred to the United States Navy as transport USS Monrovia (AP-64); later converted to an attack transport and redesignated APA-31; scrapped 1968
Ship names |
23571438 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHDO-CD | WHDO-CD | WHDO-CD, virtual channel 38 (UHF digital channel 36), is a low-powered, Class A Mega TV-affiliated television station licensed to Orlando, Florida, United States. The station is owned by Western Pacific Broadcast, LLC. Its transmitter is located near the SR-417 and Florida's Turnpike intersection, along with low-powered Azteca America affiliate WATV-LD and WURF's FM translator W279DI. It previously broadcast programming from Tuff TV until that network ceased operations on August 26, 2018.
External links
HDO-CD
Low-power television stations in the United States |
23571440 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christophe%20Veyrier | Christophe Veyrier | Christophe Veyrier (25 June 1637 – 10 June 1689) was a French sculptor, the nephew and follower of Pierre Puget.
Veyrier was born in Trets, Bouches-du-Rhône, France. He arrived in Genoa in 1663 and stayed for a number of years, before moving to Rome to live from 1668-70. In 1674 he married the daughter of the sister of Puget's wife.
He worked in Aix-en-Provence, then settled in Toulon, where he lived until his death in 1689. In one of his most important commissions, he created religious statues for the Chapel of Corpus Domini in Toulon Cathedral. He also worked at Montpellier. Statues of ancient and mythological subjects are attributed to him, including the white marble relief of the family of Darius displayed at Stowe House in England. The most recent studies attribute to him the statue of the Immaculate Conception in Tivoli Cathedral (according to older literature the statue was formerly attributed to Puget himself).
His sculptures are held by the Musée d'Art, Toulon; the Musée Granet, Aix-en-Provence; the Musée du Louvre, Paris; the Victoria and Albert Museum, London; and the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
External links
Brief Biography
Photos of some of Veyrier's sculptures
17th-century French sculptors
French male sculptors
Artists from Toulon
1637 births
1689 deaths |
23571442 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Fullarton%20Arnott | James Fullarton Arnott | James Fullarton Arnott (29 April 1914 – 22 November 1982) was a Scottish professor, author, and theatrical director.
Arnott was born in Glasgow, Scotland, on 29 April 1914. His parents were Hezekiah Merricks Arnott and Susie Willock Fullarton. He attended the Ardrossan Academy. Arnott graduated from the University of Glasgow with a Master of Arts in 1936. He went on to attend Merton College, Oxford, where he received his Master of Letters, and Peterhouse, Cambridge. He also studied at the Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama. James Fullarton Arnott died in 1982.
Career
After teaching at Hull University, Arnott became an assistant lecturer in the English department at the University of Glasgow in 1939. In 1952, he directed a production of Murder in the Cathedral. In 1962, Arnott became a Senior Lecturer at Glasgow. He then directed Shakespeare's comedy Love's Labour's Lost in 1964. That same year he also became an editor of the journal that would later become known as Theatre Research International. In 1966, Arnott became the first Head of the Drama Department at Glasgow. He went on to direct several plays, including the Play of Daniel and Curlew River in 1968 and The Forrigan Reel in 1970. He wrote English Theatrical Literature 1559-1900 in 1970.
The University of Glasgow granted Arnott the rank of Reader in 1971 and Professor in 1973. He served as President of the International Federation for Theatre Research from 1975 through 1979. Arnott also served as the Chairman of the Drama Committee of the Scottish Arts Council from 1976 through 1979. He was a member of the Arts Council of Great Britain from 1977 through 1979. From 1980 until his death in 1982, Arnott was a member of the UK National Commission for UNESCO. The University of Glasgow renamed its Chair of Drama the "James Arnott Chair" in 1996.
Notes
1914 births
1982 deaths
Alumni of the University of Glasgow
Alumni of Merton College, Oxford
Alumni of Peterhouse, Cambridge
Alumni of the Royal Conservatoire of Scotland
British theatre directors
Scottish theatre directors
Scottish scholars and academics
Writers from Glasgow |
23571452 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS%20Delorleans | SS Delorleans | SS Delorleans may refer to one of two Type C3-P&C ships built for the United States Maritime Commission by Bethlehem Sparrows Point Shipyard and intended for the Mississippi Shipping Company:
(MC hull number 49), delivered to Mississippi Shipping in August 1940; acquired by the United States Navy as transport USS Crescent City (AP-40) in June 1941; later converted to an attack transport and redesignated APA-21; served as training ship Golden Bear for the California Maritime Academy; as Artship, she was scrapped in 2012
(MC hull number 151), transferred to the United States Navy as transport USS Calvert (AP-65); later converted to an attack transport and redesignated APA-32; later scrapped
Ship names |
23571476 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred%20County%20Railway | Alfred County Railway | Alfred County Railway is an abandoned narrow gauge railway in South Africa, which runs from the southern transport hub of Port Shepstone on the Indian Ocean, via Izotsha and Paddock for to Harding, KwaZulu-Natal.
Background
South Africa, rich in natural resources and fertile lands, has many areas that are ideal for agricultural production. However, the steep mountainous terrain between the resource rich areas in the high veld and the coastal ports presented a transport challenge.
Before well maintained and reliable access roads had been developed, narrow gauge railways were used extensively by South African farmers to move produce from their large farms to central sorting and packing points on their own land. As a result, entrepreneurial business people created linking railways to transport the produce from the sorting and packing points to the coastal ports. Their choice of gauge was determined by the gauge that was being used in each local area and varied between the early to the later Cape gauge of .
Original operations
Designed as part of the Natal Government Railways' (NGR) project to transport sugar cane and bananas grown in the agricultural Harding district to Port Shepstone, the NGR commissioned Stoke-on-Trent based Kerr Stuart to build seven Class NG4 4-6-2T tank locomotives, based on the 1907 Class NG3 4-6-2T.
The route of the Alfred County Railway had some curves of , but with gradients of up to 3 in 100 / 3% (ruling grade of 1 in 37 / 2.7% for after leaving the coast), the NG4s and their replacements were often double-headed to haul the diverse freight traffic of wood, sugar cane and bananas to Port Shepstone. The line's management decided against purchasing more powerful articulated Garratt locomotives, because their longer wheelbase would make access to the sugar cane fields more difficult.
From the mid-1970s, steam was replaced by Class 91-000 diesel-electric locomotives on the SAR's longer routes, which were more powerful. Also, being shorter in chassis length, these diesel-electric locomotives were able to access the growers' farms. Therefore, the SAR decided to transfer the NG G13 and NG G16 Garratts to the Alfred County Railway in Natal.
Due to underinvestment, the Alfred County Railway became increasingly unreliable, and was closed to operations by the SAR in 1986.
Port Shepstone and Alfred County Railway
As South Africa's farmers re-entered the global markets in the late 1980s, the quality of produce going to markets became increasingly important. As handling is a key issue in the retail quality of bananas in particular, the farmers were in favour of reviving the Alfred County Railway, to reduce the amount of handling from banana plantation to port.
To raise funds and reduce government expenditure, the Government of South Africa announced it would gradually put into private hands its huge state-owned corporations, including the state electricity corporation, Eskom, and SA Transport Services which owned SAR. The Alfred County Railway was hence chosen as the pilot railway privatisation project.
In reality, SAR/Transnet still owned the line, infrastructure and the stock as a nationally strategic asset; while the new Port Shepstone and Alfred County Railway (PSACR) was granted an operational and maintenance lease for a period of 199 years. The company inherited 25 steam locomotives - of which only one, an NG G16, was operational - plus rolling stock. The company announced a business plan expected to win back lucrative business from farmers and timber growers. In March 1988, the PSACR raised funds by offering 1.8 million shares for sale at one rand each.
Class NG G16A
As part of their development to keep the railway competitive, the PSACR upgraded two of their existing Class NG G16 locomotives. The engineers incorporated developments proposed by L.D. Porta, including GPCS, Lempor exhaust, an improved spark arrestor, lightweight multi-ring articulated piston valves, improved valve events and improved mechanical lubrication. Two locomotives were modified: No. 141 in 1989 and No. 155 in 1990, and reclassified to Class NG G16A. In comparative testing No. 141 gave a fuel saving of 25% compared to a standard SAR Class NG G16 Garratt, and was easily maintained in regular service.
Demise to road transport
Initially, the venture lost money heavily, but after making profits from year three, the venture decided to try to return to an all-steam powered railway. The tourism based passenger train, the Banana Express, had always been steam powered, while the advantages of power and a short wheelbase meant that PSACR decided to lease SAR 91 Class diesels to provide hauling for commercial freight services.
The revived PSACR became Spoornet's second largest customer at Port Shepstone. This was driven by the operations of Kulu Lime and the Natal Portland Cement, plus pulpwood, poplar logs (for matchwood), creosoted telegraph poles, and manufactured wooden items from Harding. North bound inland traffic was general cargo for the farmers, such as maize, fertilizer, salt, cement, farm implements and water tanks and small parcels. The company also revived the Banana Express.
In 1991 Spoornet acquired one-million shares in PSACR, equivalent to a 28% shareholding, which gave users greater confidence in the PSACR service. The "Narrow Arrow" piggyback train was introduced for supply to the Port Shepstone pulp mill, where an entire train of 26 narrow gauge wagons was ramped onto a Spoornet train consisting of 13 wagons, having flexible connecting bridges. This eliminated the trans-shipping of timber at Port Shepstone and reduced transfer time from 14 hours to two hours. A further endeavour was the "Timbertainer," an intermodal system where pulpwood could be loaded into an open container at a plantation and taken through to the mill. Plans were in place for a similar initiative for sugar cane shipments.
However, by the mid-1990s the effects of transport deregulation began to impact of the profitability of the PSACR as larger, often overloaded, road trucks becoming ever more competitive. Although Spoornet made representations to the government, transport regulations were further relaxed to allow a higher gross vehicle mass (GVM) of
, a higher axle load from , together with a 5% overload tolerance: the highest heavy vehicle mass with unlimited access to the roads of any country in the world.
As a result, Spoornet began to lose general freight traffic, and PSACR's reliance on trans-shipment increased transport times and costs. The railway began a gradual decline, eventually failing in 2001 when it lost the key Port Shepstone "Narrow Arrow" wood pulping contract, due to unreliability problems resulting from labour relation issues at Spoornet.
Suspending freight operations, the line continued to operate the Banana Express, but accumulated huge debts to Spoornet. As a result of these increasing debts, Transnet decided to legally force the venture into bankruptcy in 2004.
Banana Express
After the termination of the PSACR lease, Patons Country Narrow Gauge Railway (PCNGR) was granted a temporary permit to continue running the Banana Express, from Port Shepstone to Paddock. The company had three locomotives available to it: NGG16 Nos.151 and 127; plus an ex-sugar estate 0-4-0T, SAR NG UVE2.
With a 6-hour journey totally devoted to tourism and enabling access to local attractions and businesses, it again became very popular with tourists because of both the scenery and the access to local businesses.
Before reaching Shelley Beach the railway traversed several river bridges along the Hibiscus Coast. The train then veered inland and chugged up through banana plantations and cane fields towards Izotsha, passed through lush sub-tropical native forests and rondavel-dotted hillsides, before stopping in Paddock for lunch and then the direct return journey.
Although PCNGR had proposals to reopen the line to Harding, in December 2005 Transnet shut the Banana Express, after they decreed a lease did not exist between SAR and PCNGR.
On 18 June 2008 a huge storm hit the coast, which resulted in large amounts of flash flooding. This damaged many of the railway's bridges along the Hibiscus Coast so that they were considered to be beyond economic repair, and washed most of the Izotsha rail bridges away.
Several steam locomotives and several carriages that were used on the Banana Express are stored at Paddock
Hamba Wehelle Express
In 2015 a short section of the railway line - between Paddock and Plains - was in use and a limited tourist service was being provided using a light weight carriage and an industrial Hunslet diesel locomotive
The service is known as the Hamba Wehelle Express (or Humba Weheli Express) and was operated in conjunction with the Gorgez View Bed and Breakfast/Conference Centre/Coffee Shop at Paddock however by 2016 the service was suspended
See also
Avontuur Railway
Sandstone Estates
Welsh Highland Railway
South African Class 91-000
Two foot gauge railways in South Africa
References
External links
Press Release re closure of Banana Express
Youtube Video of the railway in 1991.
Narrow Gauge World Magazine May - June 2010 - Article about this railway
2 ft gauge railways in South Africa
Railway lines in South Africa
Transport in KwaZulu-Natal
1917 establishments in South Africa |
23571480 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy%20Ryan%20%28Australian%20footballer%29 | Tommy Ryan (Australian footballer) | Jeremiah "Tommy" Ryan (12 August 1873 – 29 August 1948) was an Australian rules footballer who played for the Melbourne Football Club and St Kilda Football Club in the Victorian Football League (VFL).
Ryan, a rover and forward, came to Melbourne from Richmond City. He had spent 1893, 1895 and 1896 playing in the Victorian Football Association (VFA) for both Carlton and Richmond.
On his VFL debut, Ryan kicked five goals as Melbourne defeated St Kilda by 93 points at the MCG. He was the club's leading goal-kicker in their premiership year of 1900 with 24 goals, one of those in the 1900 VFL Grand Final which he played from a forward pocket.
References
Holmesby, Russell and Main, Jim (2007). The Encyclopedia of AFL Footballers. 7th ed. Melbourne: Bas Publishing.
External links
Demonwiki profile
Blueseum profile
1873 births
1948 deaths
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (Australia)
Australian Rules footballers: place kick exponents
Richmond Football Club (VFA) players
Melbourne Football Club players
St Kilda Football Club players
Melbourne Football Club Premiership players
One-time VFL/AFL Premiership players |
23571483 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akaflieg%20Stuttgart%20F.1 | Akaflieg Stuttgart F.1 | The Akaflieg Stuttgart F-1 Fledermaus (Bat) was a glider designed and built in Germany from 1932.
Development
The 'F.1' was the first glider designed and built at Akaflieg Stuttgart (Akademische Fliegergruppe) using a wind tunnel and innovative thinking. As built, the F.1 had no vertical tail, using rotatable wing-tip panels for roll and yaw control. The fuselage was curved to follow the downwash from the wing and rested solely on a single large skid under the forward fuselage, not having a tail-skid.
The completely enclosed cockpit included a hanging control column, to simplify the control run, and airbrakes, for use on the ground, using the cockpit canopy.
The F.1 entered its first competition at Rhön in 1933, but the technical committee insisted that the glider be given a conventional vertical tail, despite protests that the F.1 had already flown a 300 km distance task as built. The fliegergruppe acquiesced and built a vertical tail overnight, with the F.1 claiming several prizes during the competition.
Specifications (F.1)
See also
References
External links
Photo of F 1, D-Fledermaus, flown by K.Baur, Rhön 1934.
1930s German sport aircraft
1930s German sailplanes
Glider aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1933
Akaflieg Stuttgart aircraft |
23571485 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USAT%20J.%20W.%20McAndrew | USAT J. W. McAndrew | USAT J. W. McAndrew was a Type C3-P&C troop ship for the United States Army during World War II.
The ship was built by the Bethlehem Sparrows Point Shipyard of Baltimore in 1940 as SS Deltargentino for the United States Maritime Commission on behalf of the Mississippi Shipping Company in 1940 for operation by its Delta Line. The ship was delivered to Mississippi Shipping in November 1940.
Deltargentino was among the ships designated for the Army among the twenty-eight merchant vessels (twenty-one for the Navy and seven to the Army) requisitioned by the Maritime Commission's Division of Emergency Shipping announced on 4 June 1941.
The Army acquired Deltargentino in New Orleans on 28 June 1941 giving it the name J. W. McAndrew honoring Major General James William McAndrew. The ship was quickly converted for troop transport and made four voyages between New Orleans and Cristobal, Panama Canal Zone. In November the transport was assigned to the New York Port of Embarkation from which it made trips to Puerto Rico, Jamaica, the Canal Zone, Trinidad, and New Orleans.
In late January 1942 the transport left New York for Australia returning in April and then in May transported troops to Iceland and Glasgow. From Glasgow the ship went to Cape Town, South Africa, before returning to New York in August to prepare for the invasion of North Africa 8–16 November 1942. After the landing the transport returned to New York to make regular voyages to African and European ports until May–June 1944 when the ship underwent major repairs. The ship would have been transferred to the Navy and named USS J. W. McAndrew (AP-47) in 1943, but this was cancelled. The major ports served between the North African landings and the end of the war were Oran, Casablanca, Algiers, Gibraltar, Belfast, the Clyde, Naples, Plymouth and Southampton and after the Normandy landings Cherbourg and Le Havre.
On 13 March 1945 in convoy during a storm the lost steering and collided with the transport resulting in the loss of 68 troops and one Naval Armed Guardsman. The destroyer escorts Earl K. Olsen and Roche rescued some men from the water. The transport put into Ponta Delgada, Azores for repairs before undergoing hull repairs at Bethlehem, Baltimore during May and June 1945. After repairs the transport made voyages out of the Hampton Roads Port of Embarkation going to Naples in July then making voyages from there and New York to Italian and French ports including Marseille through 1946.
J. W. McAndrew was returned to the Maritime Administration (MARAD) on 5 May 1947 as surplus and allocated by MARAD to Farrell Lines for operation by its American South African Line. The line purchased the ship on 22 December 1948 renaming it African Enterprise for operation until 22 September 1960 when the ship was traded in for credit. The ship was laid up in the James River National Defense Reserve Fleet 19 October, withdrawn briefly 28 September to 6 October 1966 for Navy to remove a spare tail shaft. On 9 April 1969 the ship was one of three sold for $191,666.66 as scrap to The Boston Metals Company. The ship was withdrawn from the fleet for scrapping on 8 May 1969. The ship was broken up in Baltimore in February 1972.
References
Bibliography
Type C3-P&C ships of the United States Army
Ships built in Sparrows Point, Maryland
1940 ships
World War II auxiliary ships of the United States
Maritime incidents in March 1945 |
23571494 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20French%20Revolution%20%28poem%29 | The French Revolution (poem) | The French Revolution is a poem written by William Blake in 1791. It was intended to be seven books in length, but only one book survives. In that book, Blake describes the problems of the French monarchy and seeks the destruction of the Bastille in the name of Freedom.
Background
Blake felt that there was a strong connection between the American and French revolutions and that these revolutions had a universal and historical impact. The French Revolution was intended as a poetic history of these current events in Blake's life and was supposed to be an account of Blake's understanding of the French Revolution described in seven books of poetry first published in 1791. Although Blake was not part of any radical political organizations in England at the time of the French Revolution, his works suggest a connection to revolutionary thought and the poem serves as his involvement in the debate over the merits of the French Revolution.
In reaction to the French Revolution and the support of it in England, there was a series of attacks upon the supporters which led to the imprisonment of Joseph Johnson, the printer of French Revolution. This possibly disrupted the completion of the books, as Johnson was just starting to print the first book, and the project was discontinued. The only pages that survived are the original proofs for the first book, which are now in the collection of the Huntington Library. Although it cannot be known why Johnson stopped printing Blake's poem, he did print other works by Blake including For Children and Songs of Innocence. The poem currently appears in only one proof copy, and there are few references to The French Revolution until the 20th century. One of these is from Samuel Palmer, a follower of Blake, who wrote on 10 October 1827 that he wished to find a copy of the poem. The other is from Alexander Gilchrist, an early biographer of Blake, who wrote on 24 November 1860 to John Linnell, a collector of Blake's works, requesting to see the manuscript of The French Revolution.
Poem
The work is an anapestic iambic septenary poem, a poetic meter unique in Blake's poetry to this poem, that describes the events surrounding the French Revolution. Blake was an early supporter of the American Revolution and believed that it would bring about liberty to the rest of mankind. The French, according to Blake, were stuck in a problematic feudal system that was represented by the Bastille, a prison that kept enemies of the state. As the work continues, he demands that the Bastille be removed and he explains how the American Revolution provoked the French Revolution.
The dates spanned in the first book is from May 1789 until July 1789. Although Blake relies on history, he includes characters that are his own, but none of them are characters that he used in his mythological works. The work deals with the symbolism of the Bastille, which the seven towers of the Bastille representing a character type that was repressed by an oppressive government. As the work progresses, a dispute over governmental systems involves many characters including the representative of the feudal system, called Peer, Duke of Burgundy, and the Archbishop of Paris.
Themes
Within the work, Blake emphasizes the problems of the feudal system and the corruption and decay of the French monarchy and church. The poem operates, according to G. E. Bentley, as a "psychomachia, a war of spirits, of the spirits of freedom and privilege. Some of the noblest rhetoric in the poem defends the ancient bastions of civilization". The language that Blake relies on in the poem is very political, but Blake felt that language in such discussions is replaced by rhetoric. In order to overcome that problem, he attempts to return to an original language.
Revolution is a recurring theme in Blake's works. In Blake's America, his views are expressed in the character of Orc. In The French Revolution, the ideas expressed are in direct contrast to those who stood against the French Revolution, including Edmund Burke. He accomplishes this by merging myth with history in order to create an apocalyptic vision that connects with the revolution. Other Romantic poets use apocalyptic imagery, but Blake's interpretation has a strong moral foundation. Like Blake's view of the American Revolution, in America, or the views expressed in Visions of the Daughters of Albion, the politics of the time are incorporated into a greater myth system.
Notes
References
Altizer, Thomas. History as Apocalypse. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1985.
Bentley, G. E. The Stranger from Paradise. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2003.
Bentley, G. E. William Blake: The Critical Heritage. London: Routledge, 1995.
Crafton, Lisa. The French Revolution Debate in English Literature and Culture. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1997.
Damon, S. Foster. A Blake Dictionary''. Hanover: University Press of New England, 1988.
1791 poems
Christian poetry
French Revolution
Poetry by William Blake
Unfinished poems |
23571496 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poul%20Schierbeck | Poul Schierbeck | Poul Schierbeck (8 June 1888 – 9 February 1949) was a Danish composer and organist. He was a pupil of Carl Nielsen and Thomas Laub. From 1931 he taught composition and instrumentation at the Royal Danish Academy of Music. His pupils include Axel Borup-Jørgensen, Jørgen Jersild, Leif Kayser, Svend S. Schultz, and Leif Thybo.
He composed the music for Carl Theodor Dreyer's movie Day of Wrath, and Dreyer also used his music for the movie The Word. Other works include the opera Fête galante.
References
External links
1888 births
1949 deaths
20th-century classical composers
Danish classical organists
Male classical organists
Danish classical composers
Danish male classical composers
Place of birth missing
Place of death missing
Pupils of Carl Nielsen
Burials at Holmen Cemetery
20th-century male musicians |
23571508 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolci%2C%20Croatia | Dolci, Croatia | Dolci is a village in north-eastern Slavonia, situated in municipality town of Orahovica, Virovitica-Podravina County, Croatia.
Population
References
CD-rom: "Naselja i stanovništvo RH od 1857-2001. godine", Izdanje Državnog zavoda za statistiku Republike Hrvatske, Zagreb, 2005.
Populated places in Virovitica-Podravina County |
23571516 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swinton%2C%20Scottish%20Borders | Swinton, Scottish Borders | Swinton is a small village in the Scottish Borders. It is in the former county of Berwickshire, around southeast of Duns, and northwest of the Anglo-Scottish border.
History
Swinton dates to the 11th century or earlier, and is associated with the Swinton family, who took their name from the settlement. In 1769, the village was re-designed and a market was created, now marked by the market cross. A parish church was built and still stands today. In the churchyard, the Swintons have their own burial enclosure. In 1843, the Free Church of Swinton was built, but in the 1900s the spire was removed and it became the local village hall.
The main parish church was remodelled in 1910 by Robert Lorimer.
Notable people
Daniel Laidlaw, recipient of the Victoria Cross
Etymology
The name of the village is a contraction of Swine Town, a name borne from the large number of wild boar the land was once inhabited by.
Swinton House
Swinton House, west of the village, dates in its current form to 1800, and was the residence of many of the Swinton family. It was built to replace an earlier house, which was destroyed by fire in the late 18th century. Both the house and the nearby 18th century dovecote are protected as category A listed buildings.
References
Villages in the Scottish Borders |
23571517 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premiere%20%281938%20film%29 | Premiere (1938 film) | Premiere is a 1938 British musical mystery film directed by Walter Summers and starring John Lodge, Judy Kelly, Joan Marion, Hugh Williams. In Paris a leading theatre impresario is murdered on opening night, shortly after replacing his leading lady. A police Inspector in the audience takes over the investigation.
The film was shot at Elstree Studios. It was a close remake of the 1937 Austrian film Premiere and re-used a number of musical scenes from the original which were dubbed into English.
Cast
John Lodge as Inspector Bonnard
Judy Kelly as Carmen Daviot
Joan Marion as Lydia Lavalle
Hugh Williams as Nissen, Rene
Edward Chapman as Lohrmann
Steven Geray as Frolich
Edmund Breon as Morel
Wallace Geoffrey as Renoir
Geoffrey Sumner as Captain Curry
Joss Ambler as Spectator
Jack Lambert as Stage manager
References
Bibliography
Wood, Linda. British Films 1927-1939. British Film Institute, 1986.
External links
1938 films
1938 mystery films
1938 musical films
British musical films
British mystery films
Films shot at Associated British Studios
1930s English-language films
Films directed by Walter Summers
Remakes of Austrian films
Films set in Paris
British black-and-white films
1930s British films |
17327260 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309%202.%20Bundesliga | 2008–09 2. Bundesliga | The 2008–09 2. Bundesliga was the 35th season of the 2. Bundesliga, the second tier of Germany's football league. The season began on 15 August 2008 and ended on 24 May 2009.
SC Freiburg were the first team to win promotion to Bundesliga 2009–10 after securing the 2. Bundesliga championship on 10 May 2009. 1. FSV Mainz 05 were also directly promoted as runners-up after a 4–0 home victory over Rot-Weiß Oberhausen. 1. FC Nürnberg defeated Bundesliga sides Energie Cottbus in a two-legged playoff for one spot in 2009–10 Bundesliga and thus earned promotion as well.
Changes from 2007–08
Starting with the 2008–09 season, only two teams are promoted automatically. Two-leg relegation playoffs between the third last team of the Bundesliga and the third team of the 2. Bundesliga at the end of the regular season will be reintroduced.
Likewise, instead of formerly four teams only the two bottom teams are relegated to the new 3. Liga automatically. The third last team plays a two-leg playoff against the third team of the third tier over the remaining place in the 2. Bundesliga.
Teams
Movement between Bundesliga and 2. Bundesliga
Borussia Mönchengladbach, TSG 1899 Hoffenheim and 1. FC Köln were promoted to Bundesliga after finishing 1st through third in 2. Bundesliga in 2007–08. They were replaced by 1. FC Nürnberg, Hansa Rostock and MSV Duisburg, which were relegated at the end of the 2007–08 Bundesliga season.
Movement between 2. Bundesliga and third-level divisions
Kickers Offenbach, Erzgebirge Aue, FC Carl Zeiss Jena and SC Paderborn 07 were relegated to the newly formed 3. Liga following the 2007–08 season due to finishing 15th through 18th. They were replaced by the champions and runners-up of both divisions of the 2007–08 Regionalliga. Rot Weiss Ahlen and Rot-Weiss Oberhausen earned promotion in the Regionalliga Nord while FSV Frankfurt and FC Ingolstadt 04 were promoted from the Regionalliga Süd.
Stadiums and locations
Personnel and sponsoring
Managerial changes
League table
Results
Relegation play-offs
VfL Osnabrück as 16th-placed team had to face third-placed 3. Liga team SC Paderborn 07 for a two-legged playoff. Paderborn won both matches on an aggregated score of 2–0 and thus secured promotion to 2. Bundesliga 2009–10, while Osnabrück were relegated to 3. Liga 2009–10.
Top goalscorers
16 goals
Benjamin Auer (Alemannia Aachen)
Cédric Makiadi (MSV Duisburg)
Marek Mintál (1. FC Nürnberg)
15 goals
Sami Allagui (SpVgg Greuther Fürth)
Benjamin Lauth (1860 Munich)
14 goals
Aristide Bancé (1. FSV Mainz 05)
Erik Jendrišek (1. FC Kaiserslautern)
Dorge Kouemaha (MSV Duisburg)
Michael Thurk (FC Augsburg)
13 goals
Mohammadou Idrissou (SC Freiburg)
Lars Toborg (Rot Weiss Ahlen)
Source:www.kicker.de
References
External links
Official Bundesliga site
2. Bundesliga @ DFB
Kicker.de
2. Bundesliga seasons
2008–09 in German football leagues
Germany |
23571520 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiele%20people | Tiele people | The Tiele (, Mongolian *Tegreg "[People of the] Carts"), also transliterated as Dili (), Chile (), Zhile (), Tele (), also named Gaoche or Gaoju (, "High Carts"), were a tribal confederation of Turkic ethnic origins living to the north of China proper and in Central Asia, emerging after the disintegration of the confederacy of the Xiongnu. Chinese sources associate them with the earlier Dingling ().
Chile and Gaoche
The name "Chile" and "Gaoche" first appear in Chinese records during the campaigns of Former Yan and Dai in 357 and 363 respectively. However, the protagonists were also addressed as "Dingling" in the records of the Southern Dynasties. The name Gaoche ("high cart") was a nickname given by the Chinese.
Book of Jin, compiled by Fang Xuanling et al., listed Chile as the fifth of 19 Southern Xiongnu tribes (種). By the time of the Rouran domination, the Gaoche comprised six tribes and twelve clans (姓).
One group known as the Eastern Gaoche (东部高车) probably dwelled from the Onon River to Lake Baikal (巳尼陂). However, their relationship with the rest of the Gaoche and its tribal components is unclear.
Mythological origin
The Book of Wei preserved the Gaoche's origin myth.
Rouran Domination
In 391 the Rouran chief, Heduohan (曷多汗) was killed by the Tuoba Northern Wei. Heduohan's brother Shelun raided several tribal dependencies of the Tuoba in retaliation, but reportedly suffered a serious defeat in 399, and was forced to flee westward. Here Shelun defeated the Hulu (斛律) tribe and subjugated them. With the aid of a Hulu named Chiluohou (叱洛侯), Shelun conquered most of the Gaoche tribes and proclaimed himself Kaghan of the Rouran on March 11, 402. Many Gaoche, such as Chiluohou, were promoted to establish better control.
During the reign of Shelun and his successor Datan, the Rouran pushed as far as the Issyk Kul, where they defeated the Wusun and drove them to the south. In the east they raided the Northern Wei before they were defeated on June 16, 429. Afterwards, as many as 1.5 million Gaoche were said to have been captured and settled to areas adjacent to the capital Pingcheng in the south.
After this settlement they were called the Western Chile (西部敕勒), including a section of the Ordos Desert south of the Yellow River known as the Hexi Chile (河西敕勒), the Eastern Chile (东部敕勒), between Wuzhou (武周) and the capital suburbs, and the Northern Chile (北部敕勒), to the north and around the borders.
The greater part of the latter two possibly fled back to the steppe and were not heard of after 524 and 445 respectively. The Western Chile (mainly the Hulu and Tiele related to Fufuluo's Qifuli (泣伏利) clan) being caused by a horse race, by which south and north were eventually assimilated.
With the loss of numerous subjects and vital resources, the Rouran went into a temporary decline. However, in 460 they launched new campaigns in the west, destroying the remnant of Northern Liang. During a campaign against Khotan in 470, the king wrote in his supplicatory letter to the Toba Emperor that all of the statelets in the west had submitted to the Rouran. In 472, Yucheng attacked Northern Wei across the western border. By the time of his death in 485, Yucheng had restored the Kaghanate to a status even more powerful than the times of Datan.
During these wars, a southwestern Gaoche tribal group known as the Fufuluo united twelve clans and rebelled, but were defeated by the Rouran. They escaped and established a state northwest of Gaochang in 487. From then on, little is known about the rest of the Gaoche until the Göktürks.
Fufuluo
The Fufuluo (副伏罗) were a Gaoche tribe of twelve clans, dwelling close to the Gaochang kingdom (likely by the Tuin River of the Govi-Altai range. Early on a Fufuluo clan known as the Yizhan (which had lived there since the mid 2nd century) allied with the Touba. In 481, the Fufuluo began to interfere with the Gaochang and deposed one of their kings. The Fufuluo were then subjugated by the Rouran Khaganate.
After the death of the Rouran ruler Yucheng in 485 CE, his belligerent son Dulun fought more wars against the Touba Northern Wei.
After a disagreement, A-Fuzhiluo betrayed him, and in 487, together with his younger cousin Qiongqi (穷奇), they managed their clans of over 100,000 yurts to escape from the pursuing armies, led by Dulun and his uncle Nagai by defeating them.
After they settled, he founded a statelet (also known as the A-Fuzhiluo kingdom) under the title of Ulu Beglik (候娄匐勒, based on an interpretation of Shiratori Kurakichi and Pulleyblank). Like the later Qibi and Xueyantuo in 605, the Fufuluo divided their rule between north and south at Dzungaria.
The Fufuluo allied with the Northern Wei in 490 and fought against the Rouran until 541 when they were dispersed by them.
Shortly after the death of Dulun in 492, several important cities on the eastern route were taken by Fufuluo, separating the Rouran from the west. With the elimination of Rouran influence, the Hephthalites, kindred steppe nomads, for the first time extended their domain as far as Karashahr, where Qiongqi was killed and his son Mietu (弥俄突) was taken hostage.
After 507, the Hephthalites uninterruptedly sent eighteen embassies with gifts (朝献/朝贡) to the Chinese courts (twelve to Northern Wei, three to Liang Dynasty, two to Western Wei and one to Northern Zhou), as opposed to only one in 456. Like Peroz I and his son Kavadh I earlier in the west, the Hephthalites helped Mietu. He returned to his realm and Biliyan (跋利延), the successor of A-Fuzhiluo, was overthrown by his tribesmen, while shortly paying tribute to the Touba. In 508, Yujiulü Futu attacked the Fufuluo and gained a victory, but was killed by Mietu on his course back. Later in 516, l, son of Futu, defeated Mietu, and in reprisal had him towed to death by a horse. The Fufuluo went for several years into exile under the refuge of the Hephthalites. In 520, Chounu was repulsed by his younger brother Yifu (伊匐) who restored the realm. After his defeat, Chounu returned to the east, where he was killed in a coup in which the ruling clan of Yujiulu (郁久闾) was split into two factions. In 521, the Fufuluo penetrated into the Rouran territory, but were finally repulsed by 524. Thereafter, the Fufuluo suffered a series of defeats from Anagui before being annihilated in 541. During the final decade, they helped the Eastern Wei to fight the Western Wei in a civil war. After defeat, the nobility surrendered to them.
Rulers of Gaoche
Tiele
Emergence of the Tiele
The term Tiele appeared in Chinese literature from the 6th Century to 8th Century, and most scholars agree that Tiele is simply different Chinese characters used to describe the same Turkic word as Chile, although some scholars disagree on what the specific original Turkic word may be: Tölöš ~ Töliš, Türk, or Tegreg ~ Tägräg. The name "Tiele" was first interpreted as "Tölis" by Édouard Chavannes and Vilhelm Thomsen, but this was pointed out as inaccurate in 1937 by Cen Zhongmian, as Tölis applied to the Turkic title of official (突利失 Tulishi) in the east that also came to be attached to the Xueyantuo qaghan. Some scholars (Haneda, Onogawa, Geng, etc.) proposed that Tiele, Dili, Dingling, Chile, Tele, & Tujue all transliterated underlying Türk; however, Golden proposed that Dili, Dingling, Chile, Tele, & Tiele transliterated Tegrek while Tujue transliterated Türküt, plural of Türk. The appelation Türük (Old Turkic: 𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰰) ~ Türk (OT: 𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰚) (whence Middle Chinese 突厥 *dwət-kuɑt > *tɦut-kyat > standard Chinese: Tūjué) was initially reserved exclusively for the Göktürks by Chinese, Tibetans, and even the Turkic-speaking Uyghurs. In contrast, medieval Muslim writers, including Turkic speakers like Ottoman historian Mustafa Âlî and explorer Evliya Çelebi as well as Timurid scientist Ulugh Beg, often viewed Inner Asian tribes, "as forming a single entity regardless of their linguistic affiliation" commonly used Turk as a generic name for Inner Asians (whether Turkic- or Mongolic-speaking). Only in modern era do modern historians use Turks to refer to all peoples speaking Turkic languages, differentiated from non-Turkic speakers.
In 546 the remainder of the Fufuluo, now called Tiele, rebelled and were defeated by Bumin Khan at Dzungaria. Around 250,000 of them were then incorporated into his army. In 552, Bumin Khan sent his army and defeated Anagui just north of the Chinese border. Two years before his death, he eliminated the remnants of the Rouran to the north and subjugated the Tiele.
According to Suishu, the Tiele consisted of over 40 tribes divided into seven locations:
The original manuscript contains no punctuation, so different scholars read and reconstruct the ethonyms differently.
The Tiele were a large tribal group, however it is unlikely they would have been under a unified leadership. References of the tribes in the remote areas west of the Pamir Mountains were sparse and mentioned only in passing, some tribes like the Alans were probably erroneously added. By the end of the 6th century nothing more was known about them. Those tribes in the eastern areas (north of China and near Lake Baikal), such as the Guligan (骨利干), Duolange (多览葛) Xijie (奚结) and Baixi (白霫) were being rewarded afterward, though a few like the Fuluo (覆罗), Mengchen (蒙陈) and Turuhe (吐如纥) disappeared. Fuluo (覆羅) were possibly linked to the 伏利(具) Fuli(-ju) in Book of Sui, the 匐利(羽) Fuli(-yu) in Tanghuiyao and the Bökli-Çöligil (𐰋𐰇𐰚𐰲𐰃:𐰲𐰇𐰠𐰏𐰠) on Kul Tigin inscription.
According to some researchers (Onogawa, 1940; Duan, 1988; Lung, 2011; Davis, 2008; Tang, 2009; etc.), the Göktürks' leading Ashina clan were descended from the Tiele tribe by ancestral lineage. Like the Göktürks, the Tiele were probably one of many nomadic Turkic peoples on the steppe. However, Lee & Kuang (2017) state that Chinese histories did not describe the Ashina-led Göktürks as descending from the Dingling or belonging to the Tiele confederation.
The Tiele were ruled by the Göktürks during the mid 6th century and early 7th century. Many of their tribal chiefs were expelled and some were killed during this period. When Göktürks' power peaked, at least 15 Tiele tribes were named:
Tiele allied themselves in a rebellion against the Göktürks during the turmoil between 599 and 603. This might have already started as early as in 582, when rumor was spread about a revolt in the north when a raiding campaign led Ishbara Qaghan away from the capital. Among the rivals of Ishbara in the west was Tardu, son of Istämi. He allied with Apa Khan, a qaghan at the northern Dzungaria and Khovd River, and declared himself independent.
In 587 Baga Khan, heir of Ishbara, captured Apa with the help of the Chinese but died the next year on a campaign in the west. Later on, Dulan took over his reign and in 599 he, together with Tardu, launched a civil war against his son Qimin, who sided with the Chinese. However, he was unsuccessful and was assassinated during his battles with the Chinese. His partner Tardu took over and launched a revolt against the Qaghanate. In 603 he was revolted against by the Tiele tribes, provoked by the Chinese, and fled to the Tuyuhun. Earlier, when Apa was captured, Nili took over from him, but he died after the defeat of Tardu in the east. His son Heshana Khan succeeded him in the Western Qaghanate, levying heavy taxes on the Tiele. To prevent a revolt he gathered several hundreds of chiefs and murdered them. In 605 an alliance among the Tiele under the Qibi (契苾) and Xueyantuo (薛延陀) tribes was formed to overthrow him. They captured most of the Dzungaria and defeated his occupying army, taking several important cities, including Kumul, Karashahr and Gaochang, pushing Heshana Khan further west to the lower Ili River by 607.
After victory, the Qibi chief Geleng (哥楞) was proclaimed as the qaghan by the tribes and the Xueyantuo chief Yiedie Khan as subordinate qaghan. At the same year Geleng allied with the Chinese to defeat the Tuyuhun to resolve a conflict at Dunhuang.
In 611, Shekui, a qaghan from Tashkent and grandson of Tardu, attacked Chuluo and forced him to escape to China. The return of Shekui marked the end of the rebellion, although exactly when the rebels were put down is uncertain. One Chinese account indicated that the Gaochang kingdom still remained under their vassal until the year 612. They were most likely subdued after this year as Shekui restored order in the Western Qaghanate.
Failure to put down these uprisings led to a fatal division within the Gökturks ruling Ashina clan. Under the leadership of Zhenzhu Khan in 628, grandson of Yishibo, the Xueyantuo made their crossing over the Altai, and quickly founded a confederation with the rest of the Tiele at the east.
The Xueyantuo founded a short-lived Qaghanate over the steppe under Zhenzhu Khan, his son Duomi Khan and nephew Yitewushi Khan, the last of which eventually surrendered to the Chinese.
Chinese subjugation
Shortly after 646, the Uyghur and the rest of the twelve Tiele chiefs (and subsequently the far-away Guligan and Dubo) arrived at the Chinese court. They were bestowed either with the title of commander-in-chief (都督 dudu) or prefect (刺史 ) under the loose control (羁縻 jimi) of the northern protectorate or "pacificed north" (安北府), whose seat and name changed at certain times.
The Uyghur were prominent among the Tiele tribes next to the Xueyantuo. Their name first appeared in 390 as Yuanhe (袁纥). Under the leadership of Pusa (菩萨), son of chief Tejian (特健), the Uyghur co-operated with the Xueyantuo to make a stand against the Eastern Qaghanate. Soon after his death, his successor Tumidu (吐迷度) formed a new alliance with the Chinese and turned against his former ally. Thereafter, Tumidu was granted a Chinese title like the rest of the Tiele chiefs, and carried the title of qaghan among the other tribes, who now annually donated furs to the Chinese to fulfill their tax obligations.
In 648, Tumidu was murdered by his nephew Wuhe (乌纥) and another tribesman named Juluobo (俱罗勃). Both were sons-in-law of the Chebi Khan, the ruler of the Eastern Qaghanate at the northern Altai, who now held hegemony over the surrounding tribes, including the Qarluq. This alerted the Chinese, and Wuhe was assassinated by a ruse upon receiving his uncle's position from the Chinese deputy in the north. Later Juluobo was detained by the Chinese. On November 17, Porun (婆闰) was granted his fathers title.
Since their submission, the Tiele (mainly the Uyghur) had participated in several campaigns under Chinese leadership. Under the command of Ashina Sheer (阿史那社尔), Yuan Lichen (元礼臣), Gao Kan (高侃), Liang Jianfang (梁建方), Cheng Zhijie (程知节), Su Ding Fang and Xiao Siya (萧嗣业) this resulted in the capture of Chebi Khan in 650 and the end of the Western Qaghanate in 657, except for a last campaign at Goguryeo which probably killed Porun.
During those campaigns, visits would be paid to restrain the tribes. In 658 such a visit was repelled, a revolt broke out in 660 starting with the Sijie (思结), Bayegu (拔野古), Pugu (仆骨) and Tongluo (同罗), and it was joined by the other 5 tribes later. The reason for this revolt is unclear, perhaps due to the Chinese repression of the surrounding tribes during the campaigns. Two years later the revolts were suppressed by the Chinese at the upper Selenge River around Khangai. The battle was short, and a massacre was said to be committed by the two leading commanders. According to one exaggerated account from Tang Huiyao around 900,000 surrendered tribesmen were slaughtered, though it is certain that a large number of them were captured. After the event, a message was sent to the north to appease the restless Tiele.
In 669 similar unsuccessful revolts had been made by the Xueyantuo, but the details of these are vague. The last revolt was mentioned in 686, led by the Pugu and Tongluo to join with the Ashina clan, who had formed the Second Turkic Khaganate under Ilterish Qaghan in 682. They were immediately suppressed by an army dispatched from Juyan. A number of them were moved to that region along with the seat of the protectorate under the jurisdiction of Ganzhou. Earlier during the rebellion contacts between the northern protectorate and the Chinese capital were cut off, and the only way to pass was through the area of Suzhou.
Rise of the Uyghur Khaganate
After the disintegration of the Eastern Qaghanate in 630, many Göktürk nobles were resettled either at the Chinese border or in the capital. Some went on to participate in frontier campaigns for the Chinese.
In 679 a major rebellion was led by three Göktürk nobles. Among them, Ashina Nishufu (阿史那泥熟匐), a direct descendant of Illig, was chosen as their qaghan. They were quickly subdued by the Chinese and their leader was betrayed and killed by his own troops. The rest of the Göktürks managed to escape and allied themselves with Ashina Funian (阿史那伏念) for a new rebellion. Funian declared himself qaghan in 681, but his revolt did not succeed and more than fifty participants were executed on November 16 at the Chinese capital. The remaining rebellious Göktürks formed the Second Turkic Eastern Qaghanate under Ilteris Sad and his 5,000 supporters. They were mostly active in the southern region bordering China at mount Čoγay (总材山). Over the decade they held countless raids across the Chinese border.
Exactly when or how the Tiele came under their subjection is unclear. However, during this period, a number of pro-Chinese Tiele groups who had earlier cooperated with the Chinese against them, such as Uyghur, Qibi, Sijie and Hun (浑), escaped into the Hexi Corridor and eventually resettled to Liangzhou.
According to the Tonyukuk and Kültigin Orkhon script, the Göktürks made five out of forty-seven attacks on the Tiele who were led by Ilteris. Among them, four seem to have been mere raids while the last attack could be seen as their re-subjection on the northern steppe. The estimated date for the Tiele submission to the Göktürks would be around 687, probably without much resistance.
The establishment of a second Göktürk capital at the foot of the sacred mountain Ötüken (於都斤山) brought unrest to the Tiele tribes. After the Uyghur chief was killed, they were recruited for their annual raiding campaigns over the Chinese border after 694. These raids were halted in 708, as the Chinese constructed fortifications along the Ordos. Raids continued elsewhere as Qapagan turned his attention to the west and the Turgesh and Qarluq tribes between 708 and 715. By this time, some of the Tiele had escaped into China and were settled in Lingzhou and elsewhere, while others like the Bayegu had revolted in 707. These revolts continued until 716 and Qapagan, on his way back from suppressing revolts by the Uyghur, Tongluo, Baixi, Bayegu and Pugu, was ambushed and killed by a Bayegu tribesman named Xiezhilue (颉质略) on July 22. In conclusion, not all tribes were involved in the revolts. Two of the northernmost tribal allies, the Guligan and Dubo (都播) did not participate in any of the revolts.
Soon, Bilge Khan took over the reign and together with Tonyukuk, began to appease the subjected Tiele. Tonyukuk was born in China and was considered a wise statesman in both Turkic and Chinese accounts. Meanwhile, a friendly relationship was built with the Chinese. Till the end of the Second Eastern Qaghanate only one raid in 720 was made on the Chinese border. Bilge Khan started to call for a return of the former members of the Tiele tribes who had settled in China. He had risen in status among the tribal chiefs, especially the Uyghur within the Qaghanate.
During this period, many Tiele had betrayed the local Chinese authorities and fled to the north, in particular the five communities around Liang, Ling, Xia, Feng, and Bingzhou, while minor insurgencies had occurred throughout the process. Among the returning Tiele tribes was the Uyghur, specifically the Yaoluoge, who had escaped into China until 727. The Yaoluoge consisted one of nine clans of Uyghur, and had dominated probably for six generations since the fall of Xueyantuo.
After Bilge Khan was poisoned, there were factional struggles within the ruling clan. Within a few years, an alliance was established between the Basmyl (拔悉蜜), Uyghur and Qarluq. They overthrew the Göktürks and killed the qaghan. Most of the heirs were killed subsequently. At the same time the Basmyl chief, who was approved as qaghan, was overthrown by the allies.
In 745 the exiled qaghan of the Göktürks was killed by a Uyghur chief named Qutlugh Boyla, son of Hushu (护输). He founded the new Uyghur Qaghanate under the title of Qutlugh Bilge Köl Qaghan. The name "Tiele", and the "nine allies (of Tiele)" (九姓) or Toquz Oguz (based on the interpretation of scholar Cen Zhongmian in the late 1950s) is not mentioned afterwards, and was probably replaced by the name Huihu (Uyghur) in historic records. From then on the Uyghur consisted of seven former Tiele tribes and two new tribes, while eight former Tiele tribal names had now disappeared.
References
Primary sources
Sima Guang (1985). A Translation (in Vernacular Chinese) and Annotation of Zizhi Tongjian by Bo Yang (Vol.27). Taipei: Yuan-Liou Publishing Company Ltd. .
Sima Guang (1986). A Translation (in Vernacular Chinese) and Annotation of Zizhi Tongjian by Bo Yang (Vol.30). Taipei: Yuan-Liou Publishing Company Ltd. .
Sima Guang (1987). A Translation (in Vernacular Chinese) and Annotation of Zizhi Tongjian by Bo Yang (Vol.38). Taipei: Yuan-Liou Publishing Company Ltd. .
Sima Guang (1987). A Translation (in Vernacular Chinese) and Annotation of Zizhi Tongjian by Bo Yang (Vol.41). Taipei: Yuan-Liou Publishing Company Ltd. .
Sima Guang (1987). A Translation (in Vernacular Chinese) and Annotation of Zizhi Tongjian by Bo Yang (Vol.42). Taipei: Yuan-Liou Publishing Company Ltd. .
Sima Guang (1988). A Translation (in Vernacular Chinese) and Annotation of Zizhi Tongjian by Bo Yang (Vol.46). Taipei: Yuan-Liou Publishing Company Ltd. .
Sima Guang (1988). A Translation (in Vernacular Chinese) and Annotation of Zizhi Tongjian by Bo Yang (Vol.47). Taipei: Yuan-Liou Publishing Company Ltd. .
Sima Guang (1988). A Translation (in Vernacular Chinese) and Annotation of Zizhi Tongjian by Bo Yang (Vol.48). Taipei: Yuan-Liou Publishing Company Ltd. .
Sima Guang (1989). A Translation (in Vernacular Chinese) and Annotation of Zizhi Tongjian by Bo Yang (Vol.50). Taipei: Yuan-Liou Publishing Company Ltd. .
Secondary sources
Duan, Lianqin (1988). "Dingling, Gaoju and Tiele". Shanghai: Shanghai People's Press. .
Li, Jihe (2003). "A Research on Migration of Northwestern Minorities Between pre-Qin to Sui and Tang". Beijing: Nationalities Press. .
Lu, Simian [1934] (1996). "A History of Ethnic Groups in China". Beijing: Oriental Press. .
Pulleyblank, Edwin G (2002). "Central Asia and Non-Chinese Peoples of Ancient China". Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing. .
Trever, Camilla (1932). "Excavations in Northern Mongolia (1924–1925)". Leningrad: J. Fedorov Printing House. OCLC 2566311.
Shen, Youliang (1998). "A Research on Northern Ethnic Groups and Regimes". Beijing: Central Nationalities University Press. .
Suribadalaha (1986). "New Studies of the Origins of the Mongols". Beijing: Nationalities Press. OCLC 19390448.
Wang, Xiaofu (1992). "Political Relationship Between the Chinese, Tibetan and Arab". Beijing: Peking University Press. .
Xue, Zongzheng (1992). "A History of Turks". Beijing: Chinese Social Sciences Press. .
Zhang, Bibo, and Dong, Guoyao (2001). "Cultural History of Ancient Northern Ethnic Groups in China". Harbin: Heilongjiang People's Press. .
The Peoples of the West, University of Washington, from the Weilue, by Yu Huan
Turkic peoples of Asia
Ethnic groups in Chinese history
History of Central Asia |
23571523 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%20City%20of%20Toronto%20inside%20and%20outside%20workers%20strike | 2009 City of Toronto inside and outside workers strike | The 2009 City of Toronto inside and outside workers strike (also known as the 2009 Toronto strike) was a legal strike action that was undertaken by the Toronto Civic Employees Union Local 416 and CUPE Local 79, two locals of the Canadian Union of Public Employees in the city of Toronto.
It involved approximately 24,000 city employees.
Background
On June 22 at midnight Toronto municipal workers belonging to 2 separate unions (CUPE Local 416 - representing the outside workers, and CUPE Local 79 - representing the inside workers) went on strike following six months negotiating with the municipality over contract renewal.
Issues
The union said that the main issue for the strike were requests, from the city, for concessions from the union in the new contract.
According to the CBC, the main issues were regard changes to job security, seniority and the banking of sick days. The previous contract allowed some union members to bank unused sick days and cash them out upon retirement. The city proposed contract was to disallow the practise.
CUPE Local 79 President, Ann Dembinski was quoted as saying "This is about getting a fair deal similar to what everyone else got. Everyone else was able to negotiate a collective agreement without huge takeaways. These are huge concessions. No other City of Toronto workforce has had to negotiate any concessions in order to get a collective agreement."
Services affected
Union members from Local 416 and Local 79 work in various departments within the city and the work stoppage affected many of their services, including:
Garbage Collection - from single detached dwellings, low-rise residential dwellings and some small commercial businesses. (exception: former city of Etobicoke which contracted out services before amalgamation).
Parks and Recreation - including city run pools and recreation facilities, grass cutting in parks and summer programmes. Toronto Island ferries halted for visitors and residents.
City run daycare facilities.
Municipal Licensing - including building permits, signage permits, taxi cab licenses and burlesque licenses. Marriage licenses were not affected.
Public Health - including regular health inspections of restaurants, public pools, city beaches, city run health clinics and dental offices.
Toronto EMS - Ambulance service running at 75% capacity with priority calls unaffected.
Water Supply/Water Treatment
Animal Services
Garbage collection
The cessation of garbage collection was one of the more noticeable effects of the labour disruption. Four days into the strike the city announced 19 temporary garbage drop off locations for residential waste. This decision proved controversial in the neighbourhoods containing the sites as residents expressed concerns about pesticide and rodenticide spraying, as well as odour and leaching caused by the piles of garbage. Junk removal entrepreneurs took the opportunity to increase their customer base, specifically because plenty of residents were left without options to deal with their garbage.
Final resolution
On July 27, after extensions to a union-imposed midnight deadline to reach an agreement, CUPE local 416 President Mark Ferguson announced that the union had "the basis for a deal" with the City of Toronto. Ferguson exhorted the city to turn its attention to resolving outstanding issues with the city's inside workers represented by 416's sister local, local 79.
The final vote by the council on the agreement put forward by the mayor resulted in 21 "yes" votes, 18 "no" votes, and 6 absences.
See also
2009 City of Windsor inside and outside workers strike
Mayor David Miller
References
External links
City of Toronto's Labour dispute homepage
City Of Toronto Inside And Outside Workers Strike, 2009
Labour disputes in Ontario
Canadian Union of Public Employees
City Of Toronto Inside And Outside Workers Strike, 2009 |
20464225 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%20Basque%20regional%20election | 2009 Basque regional election | The 2009 Basque regional election was held on Sunday, 1 March 2009, to elect the 9th Parliament of the Basque Autonomous Community. All 75 seats in the Parliament were up for election. The election was held simultaneously with a regional election in Galicia. It would be the first time that the elections for two of the Spanish "historical regions"—namely, those comprising Andalusia, Catalonia, Galicia and the Basque Country itself—were held simultaneously. This would evolve into an unwritten convention in subsequent years, with Basque and Galician elections being held concurrently in 2012, 2016 and 2020.
The 2009 Basque election was the first one to be held without any major electoral candidacy from the abertzale left, after their previous iterations—the Communist Party of the Basque Homelands (PCTV/EHAK) and Basque Nationalist Action (ANV)—had been outlawed in September 2008 because of their reported ties to ETA and the outlawed Batasuna party. In early February 2009, two political groupings formed by abertzale left members to contest the election, Demokrazia Hiru Milioi (D3M) and Askatasuna ("Freedom"), were barred from contesting the election by both the Supreme Court and the Constitutional Court. In response, the abertzale left asked their voters to cast invalid ballots, both in protest to the court rulings and seeking to prevent tactical voting in favour of either Lehendakari Juan José Ibarretxe's Basque Nationalist Party (PNV) or Eusko Alkartasuna (EA).
The election resulted in an upset, as Basque nationalist parties lost their parliamentary majority for the first time in 30 years, paving the way for a non-PNV led government. The Socialist Party of the Basque Country–Basque Country Left (PSE–EE) under Patxi López gained seven seats to command a 25-strong caucus, the best historical showing of the party in a Basque regional election. The People's Party (PP), which had switched leaders less than a year before the election as former leader María San Gil quit over disagreements with the national leadership of Mariano Rajoy, had a net loss of two seats from 2005. The new Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD) party, founded in 2007 by former PSOE member and regional minister Rosa Díez was able to achieve a breakthrough in Álava and have its regional candidate Gorka Maneiro elected. Meanwhile, PNV's previous coalition partners, Eusko Alkartasuna (EA) and Ezker Batua (EB), suffered a harsh electoral downturn with both their leaders losing their seats and resigning in the aftermath of the election.
The PSE formed a minority government with López as the first non-PNV lehendakari since 1979 through a confidence and supply agreement with the PP. While both parties had established an uneasy alliance in the Basque Country since the late 1990s despite their overall national rivalry, this would constitute the most relevant agreement reached between both parties at any level of administration.
Overview
Electoral system
The Basque Parliament was the devolved, unicameral legislature of the autonomous community of the Basque Country, having legislative power in regional matters as defined by the Spanish Constitution of 1978 and the regional Statute of Autonomy, as well as the ability to vote confidence in or withdraw it from a lehendakari.
Voting for the Parliament was on the basis of universal suffrage, which comprised all nationals over 18 years of age, registered in the Basque Country and in full enjoyment of their political rights. The 75 members of the Basque Parliament were elected using the D'Hondt method and a closed list proportional representation, with an electoral threshold of three percent of valid votes—which included blank ballots—being applied in each constituency. Seats were allocated to constituencies, corresponding to the provinces of Álava, Biscay and Gipuzkoa, being allocated a fixed number of 25 seats each to provide for an equal representation of the three provinces in parliament as required under the regional statute of autonomy. This meant that Álava was allocated the same number of seats as Biscay and Gipuzkoa, despite their populations being, as of 1 January 2009: 315,280, 1,154,628 and 704,173, respectively.
The use of the D'Hondt method might result in a higher effective threshold, depending on the district magnitude.
Election date
The term of the Basque Parliament expired four years after the date of its previous election, unless it was dissolved earlier. The election decree was required to be issued no later than the twenty-fifth day prior to the date of expiry of parliament and published on the following day in the Official Gazette of the Basque Country (BOPV), with election day taking place on the fifty-fourth day from publication. The previous election was held on 17 April 2005, which meant that the legislature's term would have expired on 17 April 2009. The election decree was required to be published in the BOPV no later than 24 March 2009, with the election taking place on the fifty-fourth day from publication, setting the latest possible election date for the Parliament on Sunday, 17 May 2009.
The lehendakari had the prerogative to dissolve the Basque Parliament at any given time and call a snap election, provided that no motion of no confidence was in process. In the event of an investiture process failing to elect a lehendakari within a sixty-day period from the Parliament re-assembly, the Parliament was to be dissolved and a fresh election called.
Lehendakari Ibarretxe had been scheduled to announce a snap election for autumn 2008 following his expected failure in holding a proposed referendum on the Basque Country's political status for 25 October 2008, to be averted by the Spanish government. The electoral defeat of the Basque Nationalist Party (PNV) in the 2008 Spanish general election in the region and internal opposition from the PNV leadership to an immediate election delayed the scheduled snap vote to early 2009. Finally on 3 January 2009, Ibarretxe took advantage of Galician president Emilio Pérez Touriño's previous announcement of a Galician election for 1 March to call the Basque election simultaneously, a move which was interpreted by the media and by political parties as intending to caught his political rivals by surprise (particularly, the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) and the People's Party (PP), by forcing them to run two simultaneous election campaigns).
Background
The Ibarretxe Plan, a major proposal by Lehendakari Juan José Ibarretxe to reform the 1979 Basque Statute of Autonomy and turn the region into an associated state to Spain as a way to ending the ongoing conflict with the paramilitary ETA group, was brought to a standstill following its parliamentary defeat in a vote in the Congress of Deputies on 1 February 2005 and the subsequent electoral setback of Ibarretxe's coalition in the April 2005 regional election. On 22 March 2006, ETA declared a "permanent ceasefire" to allow for a peace process to ensue with the Spanish government under then-Prime Minister José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero, but peace talks terminated as a result of the 2006 Madrid–Barajas Airport bombing on 30 December.
Later into the legislature on 28 September 2007, Ibarretxe attempted to revive his statute reform plan by announcing a new "right to decide roadmap" which provided for a referendum on the proposal being held by 25 October 2008, whether it was in agreement with the Spanish government or without it. The law establishing the legal framework allowing the Basque government to hold the vote was approved by the Basque Parliament in June 2008, but was subsequently suspended and overturned by the Constitutional Court, which ended up ruling that the law and the proposed referendum were unconstitutional.
On 31 August 2006, the leadership of Eusko Alkartasuna (EA) had voted for terminating their electoral alliance with the Basque Nationalist Party (PNV) ahead of the 2007 foral and local elections, after seven years of collaboration; on 10 November 2008, the decision was made irreversible after EA announced its maintainment ahead of the incoming 2009 regional election. The 2007 elections had seen strong gains for the Socialist Party of the Basque Country–Basque Country Left (PSE–EE) and a decline for the parties supporting Ibarretxe's government, PNV, EA and Ezker Batua (EB), a situation confirmed one year later in the 2008 Spanish general election in the region as the PSE–EE emerged as the most voted party with 38.1% and 9 out of 18 Congress seats.
Concurrently, and in application of the 2002 Law of Political Parties—which allowed the outlawing of parties "whose activity violates democratic principles, particularly when it seeks to deteriorate or destroy the regime of freedoms or prevent or eliminate the democratic system by promoting, justifying or exculpating attacks on the life or integrity of people, legitimizing violence as a method to achieve political objectives or politically supporting the action of terrorist organizations to achieve their purposes of subverting the constitutional order"—the Supreme Court and the Constitutional Court barred several parties from contesting elections because of their reported ties to ETA and the outlawed Batasuna party; namely, the Communist Party of the Basque Homelands (PCTV/EHAK), Basque Nationalist Action (ANV), several groupings created specifically to contest the 2007 local elections (such as Abertzale Sozialisten Batasuna and Abertzale Sozialistak) or the 2009 regional election (Demokrazia Hiru Milioi and Askatasuna).
Parliamentary composition
The Basque Parliament was officially dissolved on 6 January 2009, after the publication of the dissolution decree in the Official Gazette of the Basque Country. The table below shows the composition of the parliamentary groups in the chamber at the time of dissolution.
Parties and candidates
The electoral law allowed for parties and federations registered in the interior ministry, coalitions and groupings of electors to present lists of candidates. Parties and federations intending to form a coalition ahead of an election were required to inform the relevant Electoral Commission within ten days of the election call, whereas groupings of electors needed to secure the signature of at least one percent of the electorate in the constituencies for which they sought election, disallowing electors from signing for more than one list of candidates.
Below is a list of the main parties and electoral alliances which contested the election:
Opinion polls
The table below lists voting intention estimates in reverse chronological order, showing the most recent first and using the dates when the survey fieldwork was done, as opposed to the date of publication. Where the fieldwork dates are unknown, the date of publication is given instead. The highest percentage figure in each polling survey is displayed with its background shaded in the leading party's colour. If a tie ensues, this is applied to the figures with the highest percentages. The "Lead" column on the right shows the percentage-point difference between the parties with the highest percentages in a poll. When available, seat projections determined by the polling organisations are displayed below (or in place of) the percentages in a smaller font; 38 seats were required for an absolute majority in the Basque Parliament.
Results
Overall
Distribution by constituency
Aftermath
Invalid votes
After Demokrazia Hiru Milioi (D3M) and Askatasuna ("Freedom") were outlawed in February 2009, Basque separatists were asked to cast their vote for D3M, whose ballots would be counted as invalid. According to some sources, the pro-independence Basque left (that were formerly represented by Batasuna and later by EHAK) was surprised by the lower support of their void option. If the void votes are to be counted as the support of this option, it would have obtained the worst results in their history, having received 100,924 void votes, 50,000 less than in the previous regional election and less than half their historical top in the 1998 election.
Major electoral analysis has been performed on the results and the issue of the void votes by pro-Basque nationalist and non-Basque nationalist parties alike. It is a frequent misunderstanding that, had the votes for the illegal lists been counted as valid, they would have been entitled to seven seats. Actually, taking into account that the average of "normal" void votes (struck-out names, double-voting, etc.) in the last three Basque regional elections (1998, 2001 and 2005) was about 0.4%, and assuming that all the void votes that could not be accounted for by that statistic alone were cast for a hypothetical unitary abertzale list (instead of for two different lists, Askatasuna and D3M), those ~97,000 votes would have accounted for at most 6 seats.
Government formation
The election results saw the Basque Nationalist Party (PNV) of Lehendakari Juan José Ibarretxe securing a clear victory with 38.1% of the vote and 30 seats, but it came at the expense of Ibarretxe's erstwhile allies, Eusko Alkartasuna (EA) and Ezker Batua (EB). Together with Aralar, which had seen a remarkable rise of support in absence of electoral competition from other abertzale left parties—a result of their illegalization because of their ties with ETA and Batasuna—the parties in support of Ibarretxe could only muster 36 out of the 75 seats in the Basque Parliament, against 39 of the combined totals for the Socialist Party of the Basque Country–Basque Country Left (PSE–EE), the People's Party (PP) and Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD), meaning that for the first time since 1979 the possibility existed for a non-PNV lehendakari to be appointed. Upon learning of the results, PP regional leader Antonio Basagoiti proclaimed his satisfaction and announced his support for Socialist Patxi López as new lehendakari, who had previously announced that he felt "legitimated to lead the change" and would be running for investiture.
As the PNV–EA–EB alliance—in government since 2001—was no longer workable, the PNV attempted to figure out a coalition agreement with the PSE to remain in power, mirroring the historical collaboration that the two parties had maintained from 1986 to 1998, and hinting at withdrawing PNV's support to Prime Minister José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero's government in the Cortes Generales if the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) did not back their plan. The PSE rejected supporting a new PNV administration even if Ibarretxe was replaced with a different candidate, conditioning any agreement on Patxi López becoming lehendakari, which the PNV refused. Instead, the PSE proposed the formation of a minority cabinet led by López that could be supported by the PP, ruling out a full-fledged coalition. Concurrently, the PSOE's national leadership supported López's bid and defended the PSE's autonomy to agree on any pact that their local branch deemed fit, despite the PNV's threat of withdrawing their support nationally.
Seeking to provide the new government of parliamentary stability, the PSE and the PP—which had been and still were arch-rivals at the national level—reached an unprecedented confidence and supply agreement on 30 March that would see the Basque nationalists ousted from power after 30 years of uninterrupted government. The PNV, which had dubbed any such agreement as "legitimate" but as a "fraud to the electorate" and an "act of political aggression", announced a "harsh" opposition to López's government and vowed to put forth Ibarretxe as their candidate in the investiture session, citing their "right" to head the government as the top-voted party. As part of their agreement, the PSE would support PP's Arantza Quiroga as new president of the Basque Parliament and treat the PP as their "preferred" parliamentary partner, whereas the PP would refrain from moving or supporting any vote of no confidence on the new cabinet.
López was elected as new lehendakari on a 39–35 vote in the investiture session held on 5 May 2009, garnering the additional support of the sole legislator from Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD), and was sworn in two days later. Simultaneously, his political defeat led Ibarretxe to announce his farewell from politics altogether, a move which would allow his party to reorganize itself from opposition hands-free and, eventually, lead to the abandonment of Ibarretxe's sovereigntist plans and discourse.
Notes
References
Opinion poll sources
Other
2009 in the Basque Country (autonomous community)
Basque Country
Regional elections in the Basque Country (autonomous community)
March 2009 events in Europe |
20464229 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go%20In%20and%20Out%20the%20Window | Go In and Out the Window | "Go In and Out the Window" is a popular song composed by Hall of Fame songwriter Lew Pollack (1895–1946). The song remains popular
as a children's music standard.
The lyrics of the song were featured in Shirley Jackson's horror novel "The Haunting of Hill House."
Melody c. 1762; lyrics "Bear Went" c. 1939 (Linscott); Earliest Date for US version of Go in and Out the Window: 1911; certainly dates back to 19th century. English versions published 1898.
External links
http://www.bluegrassmessengers.com/go-in-and-out-the-window--version-3-english-1898.aspx
Children's songs
Songs written by Lew Pollack |
20464233 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998%20Newsweek%20Champions%20Cup%20%E2%80%93%20Singles | 1998 Newsweek Champions Cup – Singles | Marcelo Ríos defeated Greg Rusedski in the final, 6–3, 6–7(15–17), 7–6(7–4), 6–4 to win the men's singles tennis title at the 1998 Indian Wells Masters.
Michael Chang was the two-time reigning champion, but did not participate this year.
Seeds
The top eight seeds received a bye into the second round.
Draw
Finals
Top half
Section 1
Section 2
Bottom half
Section 3
Section 4
Qualifying
Seeds
Qualifiers
Lucky loser
Nicolás Lapentti
Qualifying draw
First qualifier
Second qualifier
Third qualifier
Fourth qualifier
Fifth qualifier
Sixth qualifier
Seventh qualifier
References
Official results archive (ATP)
Official results archive (ITF)
Newsweek Champions Cup |
17327264 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310%202.%20Bundesliga | 2009–10 2. Bundesliga | The 2009–10 2. Bundesliga was the 36th season of the 2. Bundesliga, the second tier of Germany's football league. The season began on 7 August 2009 and ended on 9 May 2010. A winter break was held between 21 December 2009 and 14 January 2010, though the period has been reduced from six to three weeks.
Teams
2008–09 2. Bundesliga champions SC Freiburg and runners-up 1. FSV Mainz 05 were promoted to the 2009–10 Bundesliga. They were replaced by Karlsruher SC and Arminia Bielefeld, who finished 17th and 18th respectively in the 2008–09 Bundesliga season.
FC Ingolstadt 04 and SV Wehen-Wiesbaden were relegated to the 2009–10 3. Liga following the 2008–09 season. They were replaced by 2008–09 3. Liga champions 1. FC Union Berlin and runners-up Fortuna Düsseldorf.
Two further spots were available through relegation/promotion play-offs. 1. FC Nürnberg gained promotion to the Bundesliga by beating Bundesliga side FC Energie Cottbus 5–0 on aggregate in the Bundesliga play-off, sending the team from the Eastern part of Germany to the second tier of German football. At the bottom end of the table, VfL Osnabrück lost both of their play-off matches against 3. Liga side SC Paderborn 07 and thus were relegated to the 2009–10 3. Liga.
Stadiums and locations
Several teams moved to different grounds for the 2009–10 season; Alemannia Aachen and Augsburg were relocating to new stadia, replacing their old structures, while FSV Frankfurt and Union Berlin returned to their original home grounds which had undergone renovation.
Personnel and sponsorship
Managerial changes
League table
Results
Relegation play-offs
The 16th-placed Hansa Rostock faced the third-placed 3. Liga team FC Ingolstadt for a two-legged play-off. FC Ingolstadt, as the winner on aggregated score after both matches earned a spot in the 2010–11 2. Bundesliga. The matches took place on 14 and 17 May, with the 3. Liga club playing at home first.
Hansa Rostock was relegated to 3. Liga and Ingolstadt was promoted to 2. Bundesliga for the 2010–11 season.
Statistics
Top goalscorersSource: kicker magazine23 goals
Michael Thurk (FC Augsburg)20 goals
Marius Ebbers (FC St. Pauli)15 goals
Erik Jendrišek (1. FC Kaiserslautern) Christopher Nöthe (Greuther Fürth) Mahir Sağlık (SC Paderborn)14 goals
Benjamin Auer (Alemannia Aachen)13 goals
Martin Harnik (Fortuna Düsseldorf)12 goals
Sami Allagui (Greuther Fürth) Giovanni Federico (Arminia Bielefeld) Emil Jula (Energie Cottbus)Top assistantsSource: kicker magazine12 assists
Giovanni Federico (Arminia Bielefeld) Emil Jula (Energie Cottbus) Christian Tiffert (MSV Duisburg)11 assists
Alexander Bugera (1. FC Kaiserslautern) Ibrahima Traoré (FC Augsburg)10 assists
Marco Christ (Fortuna Düsseldorf) Deniz Naki (FC St. Pauli)9 assists
Sami Allagui (Greuther Fürth) Marius Ebbers (FC St. Pauli) Jürgen Gjasula (FSV Frankfurt) Marcel Ndjeng (FC Augsburg) Mahir Sağlık (SC Paderborn)''
References
External links
Official Bundesliga site
2. Bundesliga @ DFB
kicker.de
2. Bundesliga seasons
2009–10 in German football leagues
Germany |
17327291 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conanicut%20Island%20Light | Conanicut Island Light | Conanicut Island Light (also known as Conanicut Island Lighthouse), built in 1886, is an inactive lighthouse in Jamestown, Rhode Island.
The light was built primarily to assist the ferry between Jamestown and Newport, Rhode Island. The lighthouse lies on the northern tip of Conanicut Island in Jamestown. The light was deactivated in 1933 and its lantern was removed. In 1934 it was sold as government surplus and is now a private residence. The lighthouse is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It was featured in Wes Anderson's 2012 film Moonrise Kingdom.
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Newport County, Rhode Island
Notes
References
Lighthouse pics and info
America's Atlantic Coast Lighthouses, Kenneth Kochel, Betken Publications; 2nd ed., 1996.
Northeast Lights: Lighthouses and Lightships, Rhode Island to Cape May, New Jersey, Robert Bachand, Sea Sports Publications. 1989.
"Conanicut Lighthouse, RI," George Worthylake, The Keeper's Log, Winter 2004.
Lighthouses completed in 1886
Lighthouses on the National Register of Historic Places in Rhode Island
Lighthouses in Newport County, Rhode Island
Buildings and structures in Jamestown, Rhode Island
National Register of Historic Places in Newport County, Rhode Island |
17327326 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badway%20Green | Badway Green | Badway Green is a piece of common land in the parish of Church Broughton in Derbyshire, England.
References
Geography of Derbyshire
South Derbyshire District |
6900765 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline%20of%20the%20American%20Old%20West | Timeline of the American Old West | This timeline of the American Old West is a chronologically ordered list of events significant to the development of the American West as a region of the continental United States. The term "American Old West" refers to a vast geographical area and lengthy-time period of imprecise boundaries, and historians' definitions vary. The events in this timeline occurred primarily in the portion of the modern continental United States west of the Mississippi River, and mostly in the period between the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 and the admission of the last western territories as states in 1912 where most of the frontier was already settled and became urbanized; a few typical frontier episodes happened after that, such as the admission of Alaska into the Union in 1959. A brief section summarizing early exploration and settlement prior to 1803 is included to provide a foundation for later developments. Rarely, events significant to the history of the West but which occurred within the modern boundaries of Canada and Mexico are included as well.
Western North America was inhabited for millennia by various groups of Native Americans and later served as a frontier to the Spanish Empire, which began colonizing the region starting in the 16th century. British, French, and Russian claims followed in the 18th and 19th centuries, though these did not result in settlement and the region remained in Spanish hands. After the American Revolution, the newly independent United States began securing its own frontier from the Appalachian Mountains westward for settlement and economic investment by American pioneers. The long history of American expansion into these lands has played a central role in shaping American culture, iconography, and the modern national identity, and remains a popular topic for study by scholars and historians.
Events listed below are notable developments for the region as a whole, not just for a particular state or smaller subdivision of the region; as historians Hine and Faragher put it, they "tell the story of the creation and defense of communities, the use of the lands, the development of markets, and the formation of states.... It is a tale of conquest, but also one of survival, persistence, and the merging of peoples and cultures."
Early exploration and settlement
For almost three centuries after Columbus' voyages to the New World, much of western North America remained unsettled by white colonists, despite various territorial claims made by European colonial powers. European interest in the vast territory was initially motivated by the search for precious metals, especially gold, and the fur trade, with miners, trappers, and hunters among the first people of European descent to permanently settle in the West. The early years were also a period of scientific exploration and survey, such that by 1830 the rough outline of the western half of the continent had been mapped to the Pacific Ocean.
1800s
1810s
1820s
1830s
1840s
1850s
1860s
1870s
1880s
1890s
1900s
1910s
1950s
See also
Historic regions of the United States
Territorial evolution of the United States
List of Old West gunfights
Western United States
Mountain States
Northwestern United States
Southwestern United States
Pacific States
Great Plains
Rocky Mountains
Great Basin
Sierra Nevada
Cascade Range
References
External links
New Perspectives On The West. The West Film Project, WETA-TV, 2001.
Old West
American Old West |
6900780 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bour%2C%20Luxembourg | Bour, Luxembourg | Bour () is a village in the commune of Tuntange, in western Luxembourg. , the town has a population of 64.
Mersch (canton)
Towns in Luxembourg |
6900801 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte%20Harbor%20and%20Northern%20Railway%20Depot | Charlotte Harbor and Northern Railway Depot | The Charlotte Harbor and Northern Railway Depot is a historic Charlotte Harbor and Northern Railway (CH&N) depot in Boca Grande, Florida. It is located at Park and 4th Streets. The station was built by the CH&N in 1910; the railroad's parent company, the American Agriculture and Chemical Company, had several phosphate mines in the area and wanted a railroad to ship its phosphate and other goods. The company played an important role in Boca Grande's early development, both by building the railroad and station and by opening a hotel and selling land. The station continued service when the railroad was acquired by the Seaboard Air Line Railroad in the 1920s. Rail service began to diminish during the Great Depression, and later during the post-World War II period, when it closed in 1958. Until its closure, the railroad was the only land connection between Boca Grande and mainland Florida.
On December 13, 1979, the station was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places. Since 1985, the station has been a notable landmark along the Boca Grande Bike Path.
References
External links
Lee County listings at National Register of Historic Places
Florida's Office of Cultural and Historical Programs
Lee County listings
Historic Railroad Depot
Railway stations on the National Register of Historic Places in Florida
Seaboard Air Line Railroad stations
National Register of Historic Places in Lee County, Florida
Gasparilla Island
Transportation buildings and structures in Lee County, Florida |
20464254 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%20Andorran%20parliamentary%20election | 2009 Andorran parliamentary election | Parliamentary elections were held in Andorra on 26 April 2009, the fourth under the 1993 Constitution. The elections were held at the end of the normal four-year term of the General Council (Consell General, Andorra's parliament), but also following months of intense pressure from Co-Prince Nicolas Sarkozy to change the country's banking secrecy laws.
The Social Democratic Party led by Jaume Bartumeu was the clear winner, with 45.03% of votes for its national list, followed by the "Reformist Coalition" led by the Liberal Party of Andorra (32.34%) and the new Andorra for Change party (18.86%). The Social Democrats hold fourteen seats in the General Council, against eleven for the Liberals and three for Andorra for Change.
The electorate, restricted to Andorran citizens, was 20,298 voters out of a population of about 85,000. There were 114 candidates for 28 seats, more than one candidate for every 200 voters. Turnout was 75.3%.
Issues
The main issue in the elections is the possible changes required to Andorra's economic model to facilitate its international relations.
On 11 March 2009, three weeks before the 2009 G-20 London Summit, the Head of Government Albert Pintat made a unilateral declaration in Paris promising to improve the exchange of information (for tax purposes) about non-residents who hold bank accounts in Andorra. He committed the incoming government to drafting changes to the banking secrecy laws by 1 September 2009, which would then be passed by the General Council before 15 November 2009. He also announced that he would not be leading the Liberal Party of Andorra in the elections so as to devote his time to negotiating tax treaties with other countries, starting with France. Such agreements would also abolish the punitive customs duties which France and Spain impose on Andorran exports (33% and 25% respectively). The Liberal Party and the Social Democratic Party have agreed to cooperate in the drafting of the new legislation.
The negotiation of tax treaties is complicated by the present tax structure of Andorra. The state is funded mostly by indirect taxation, such as levies on water supplies and telecommunications, and by fees for administrative permits. The Social Democratic Party proposes the introduction of income tax and value added tax, albeit at low rates, whereas the Liberal Party prefers keeping changes to the tax system to a minimum. Andorra for Change rejects any changes whatsoever to the current system.
A third issue is the relationship Andorra should have with the European Economic Area (EEA): at present, Andorra has a limited set of bilateral agreements with the European Union in the fields of economic, social, and cultural cooperation, signed in June 2004. The Social Democratic Party favours expanding these into a fully fledged association agreement; the Liberal Party is more reticent, but has promised to cooperate in any discussions.
Electoral system
Twenty-eight "general councillors" were elected on 26 April 2009, based on party lists (closed list system):
two general councillors from each of the seven parishes, elected from the list with most votes in each parish;
fourteen general councillors elected from national lists using the largest remainder method of proportional representation.
The parish lists and the national list are independent of one another: the same person cannot appear on both the national list and on a parish list, and voters cast two separate ballots (there is no requirement to vote for the same party for both lists).
Party lists
Results
References
"Law 28/2007": Llei 28/2007, del 22 de novembre, qualificada de modificació de la Llei qualificada del règim electoral i del referèndum.
External links
Official site on the 2009 parliamentary elections from the Government of Andorra
El Periòdic d'Andorra , daily newspaper
Diari d'Andorra, daily newspaper
Homepages for party lists
Reformist Coalition
Social Democratic Party
Andorra for Change
National Union of Progress
Greens of Andorra
Parliamentary
Andorra
Parliamentary elections in Andorra
General Council (Andorra)
April 2009 events in Europe |
17327371 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%20Lincolnshire%20County%20Council%20election | 2005 Lincolnshire County Council election | The 2005 Lincolnshire County Council election was held on Thursday, 5 May 2005, the same day as the general election. The whole council of 77 members was up for election and the election resulted in the Conservative Party retaining control of the council, winning 45 seats.
Election result
Results by division
Alford and Sutton
Ancholme Cliff
Bardney and Cherry Willingham
Bassingham Rural
Billinghay and Metheringham
Boston Coastal
Boston East
Boston Fishtoft
Boston North West
Boston Rural
Boston South
Boston West
Bourne Abbey
Bourne Castle
Bracebridge Heath and Waddington
Branston and Navenby
Colsterworth Rural
Crowland and Whaplode
Deeping St James
Donington Rural
Folkingham Rural
Gainsborough Hill
Gainsborough Rural South
Gainsborough Trent
Grantham Barrowby
References
2005 English local elections
2000s in Lincolnshire
2005 |
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