id
stringlengths 2
8
| url
stringlengths 31
390
| title
stringlengths 1
251
| text
stringlengths 2
429k
|
|---|---|---|---|
6904277 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.%20F.%20Worthington | F. F. Worthington | Major-General Frederic Franklin Worthington MC, MM, CD (September 17, 1889 – December 8, 1967), nicknamed "Worthy" and "Fighting Frank", was a senior Canadian Army officer. He is considered the father of the Royal Canadian Armoured Corps.
Early life and career
Worthington was born in Peterhead, Scotland. His military career began, somewhat unofficially, as a mercenary. He served in the Nicaraguan Army in the war against San Salvador and Honduras, but when the Nicaraguan Republican government fell, the army dissolved and Worthy left the country to avoid capture. He later found work sailing on cargo steamers.
The life of a mercenary was appealing to Worthy, and he soon found himself back in the thick of things, this time gunrunning to Cuba for which he was imprisoned in Cuba in 1908. In 1913, Worthy fought on the side of Francisco Madero in the Mexican Civil War against the Diaz government. His war service was short-lived however, as he was wounded in a battle.
Worthington served in the Canadian Machine Gun Corps in 1917. He was awarded the Military Medal for actions near Vimy Ridge, on 6 January 1917 for holding his position during a German advance.
After the First World War, he was a proponent of adopting armoured fighting vehicles. As a captain, Worthington took an eight-month course in the Canadian Armoured Fighting Vehicle School at Camp Borden in 1930, equipped with twelve Carden Loyd machine gun carriers. In 1936, then Major Worthington became an instructor at the Royal Tank School in Bovington Camp near Dorset, England, returning to Borden to assume the post of Commandant of the Canadian Armoured Fighting Vehicle School in 1938. Thanks to Worthington's determination, Canada acquired its first tanks in 1938: two Vickers light tanks, and ten more the following year.
Second World War
In 1940, the Canadian Armoured Corps was formally established (the Royal prefix was granted in 1945). As its first senior officer, Colonel Worthington bought 265 US-built M1917 tanks of First World War vintage to use in training. Because U.S. neutrality laws prohibited the sale of weapons to Canada, these antiques were bought for $120 each as scrap metal from the Rock Island Arsenal by the "Camp Borden Iron Foundry". During the Second World War Worthington organized the 1st Canadian Tank Brigade (later the 1st Canadian Armoured Brigade, an independent formation) and then converted the 4th Canadian Infantry Division to an armoured division in only five months. The division served overseas under the designation 4th Canadian (Armoured) Division and included the 4th Canadian Armoured Brigade and the 10th Canadian Infantry Brigade.
In early 1944, Worthy was forced to relinquish command of the 4th Armoured Division, "officially" due to poor health, but in fact it was due to changes in Canada's Army commanders. Worthy supported Lieutenant-General Andrew McNaughton, but it was Lieutenant-General Guy Simonds who got command of II Canadian Corps. Worthy was simply edged out in favour of others. It was the biggest regret of his career that he never commanded a Division in war. Simonds would later admit that he had made a mistake taking Worthy's command away from him (Ref: "Worthy": A Biography of Major-General F.F. Worthington CB, MC, MM by Larry Worthington).
In 1944 he returned to Canada to administer Camp Borden, where replacements were trained for the Canadian Armoured Corps and Infantry, as well as the Royal Canadian Army Service Corps and the Canadian Provost Corps. Worthy soon discovered that other things had changed since he left in 1942. Black market selling was out of control by this time, with fuel, food and building materials being the hot items. Worthy as usual had an unconventional method of stopping the stolen items from leaving the camp. He posted Provost Marshals at the gates to search vehicles leaving, forcing the thieves to take the back roads and trails to get out of camp. Worthy had the engineers dig trenches to make it impossible for vehicles to get through.
The most unconventional method however, was having the engineers lay landmines on the back trails, with the trigger points set back about 50 yards, thus ensuring that no one would actually get hurt. The troops got the message though, as no one wanted to take any chances with a commander who mined roadways.
The National Resources Mobilization Act (NRMA) of 1940 made military service compulsory for in-country service, but overseas service remained voluntary. Those who still refused to go active service met with Worthy's unconventional methods of training and persuasion, including being virtual targets of live-fire exercises and being forced to work so hard around the camp that they "volunteered" because it was the lesser of the evils.
Worthington served as General Officer Commander in Chief of Pacific Command from 1 April 1945 to 26 January 1946. Later he was appointed the first Colonel-Commandant of the Royal Canadian Armoured Corps.
Later life
Worthy died on 8 December 1967 at Ottawa's Military Hospital. After his funeral in Ottawa, Worthy's body was flown by a RCAF Caribou aircraft to Camp Borden and in accordance with his wishes, was interred in Worthington Park. Four Centurion tanks fired a 13 gun salute and three RCAF Chipmunk aircraft did a low-level "fly-past", in tribute to a great soldier and Canadian.
One of the things that his son, Toronto Sun columnist and founding editor Peter Worthington, always remembers about his father is that he used to say, "Until Vimy Ridge he really never felt Canadian, but after Vimy Ridge never felt he was anything but a Canadian."
Today Worthington Park remains as a strong reminder of the birthplace of the Royal Canadian Armoured Corps and a tribute to its father, Frederic Franklin "Fighting Frank" "Worthy" Worthington.
After Worthington's death, he was buried at Canadian Forces Base Borden according to his wishes. His wife was eventually buried beside him. The Major-General F.F. Worthington Memorial Park is also home to the tank collection of the Base Borden Military Museum. The Worthington Trophy for best Canadian armoured regiment was named after him.
Honours
He was a recipient of the Military Cross (MC) and Bar, the Military Medal (MM) and Bar and the Canadian Forces Decoration CD with two Bars.
References
Worthington, Larry (1961). "Worthy": A Biography of Major-General F.F. Worthington CB, MC, MM. Toronto: Macmillan.
Bruce Forsyth's Canadian Military History Page
Library and Archives Canada - Soldiers of the First World War CEF, RG150, Accession 1992-93/166, Box , Worthington, Frederick Frank, 17 September 1889, Cpt., #133314
External links
Worthington, Frederic Franklin at the Canadian Encyclopedia
The Canadian Armoured Corps in World War II
Worthy2s.jpg: portrait of Major-General F.F. Worthington, from the
Canada's Renault Tanks, 1940
Generals of World War II
1880s births
1967 deaths
People from Peterhead
Canadian military personnel of World War I
Canadian recipients of the Military Cross
Canadian recipients of the Military Medal
Canadian expatriates in Nicaragua
Canadian expatriates in Cuba
Canadian expatriates in Mexico
British emigrants to Canada
Military personnel from Aberdeenshire
Canadian Army generals of World War II
Canadian Expeditionary Force officers
Canadian generals
Canadian Machine Gun Corps officers |
6904288 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp%20Cariboo | Camp Cariboo | Camp Cariboo is a Canadian children's television program that aired on several CTV stations from 1986 to 1989. The show is best known for its rerun stint on YTV from September 2, 1989 to August 15, 1997.
Premise
Camp Cariboo grew out of the summer camping experiences of Tom Knowlton and Mark Baldwin, as well as the producer and co-creator Janis Nostbakken and directors John Matlock and Paul Francescutti. The series was produced at CKCO-TV in Kitchener, Ontario, and filmed in part on location in Ontario Camping Association camps. Hosted by Tom and Mark, each show featured real kids along with a variety of short skits, riddles, songs and stories, all portrayed in the setting of a fictional summer camp. Viewers took part by sending in their jokes, riddles and challenges that were shared during mail call time in the camp office.
An audio CD called "I Love Camp Cariboo" has been produced by the Cariboo team and is available on iTunes.
Main characters
Tom and Mark were the main characters of the show. Most episodes featured the two in interactive songs and sketches with kid-campers and in how-tos and comedy bits. Tom and Mark had alter-egos, "The Keeners", a couple of ageless campers so intent on coming back to camp each year that Tom and Mark gave them their moniker. In reality, the clips were in fast motion so that their voices would sound higher. The Keeners appeared in segments sharing camping tips taken to extremes and punctuated by one-liner jokes and groaners. Their popular theme song, I've Got a Head Like a Ping-Pong Ball, became a cult hit and a generation of kids grew up reciting the Cariboo credo: "We'll follow the path where the cariboo walked, Our cariboo headgear is off, on, locked!" The coveted eyes-and-antlers ball caps worn by the Keeners were featured in an exhibit at the Waterloo Region Museum. Another regular character was Uncle Wes (played by Tom) in a segment called "Woodsy Wisdom". Wes would usually make appearances around the camp fire telling old stories and offering camping advice.
Reception
The series was developed in close collaboration with kids from the Kitchener-Toronto region and pilot-tested before the final magazine-show format was decided upon. Positive feedback from audiences and critics on the first series of shows led to production of four more seasons. Camp Cariboo was honoured with four national television awards: two CanPro Gold Awards and two awards from The Children's Broadcast Institute (now Youth Media Alliance YMA).
References
External links
Official website (archived 1998-2002)
Official website (archived 2002-2009)
CKCO History - Camp Cariboo (archived)
CKCO History - Camp Cariboo
Facebook (dead link)
1986 Canadian television series debuts
1989 Canadian television series endings
1980s Canadian children's television series
CTV Television Network original programming
Television series about summer camps
Television series by Bell Media
Television shows filmed in Kitchener, Ontario |
6904312 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Wesley%20Cox | William Wesley Cox | William Wesley Cox (February 5, 1865 – October 29, 1948) was a presidential, vice presidential, and perennial U.S. Senate candidate of the Socialist Labor Party of America (SLP).
Cox was born in Illinois, later moving to Missouri. He was the Missouri state chairman of the SLP, and was an interior decorator by profession. He was an agnostic and member of the American Civil Liberties Union.
After serving as SLP vice-presidential candidate in 1904, Cox was nominated by the SLP for President in 1920, winning 31,084 votes. He ran in many elections, and his last attempt at office was in 1944, running for the United States Senate seat in Missouri, at the age of 79. Cox died of an apoplexy four years later on October 29, 1948, at the age of 83.
References
Candidates in the 1920 United States presidential election
20th-century American politicians
1904 United States vice-presidential candidates
1865 births
1948 deaths
Socialist Labor Party of America presidential nominees
Socialist Labor Party of America vice presidential nominees
Missouri socialists |
44497828 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June%201946%20French%20legislative%20election%20in%20Gabon%E2%80%93Moyen%20Congo | June 1946 French legislative election in Gabon–Moyen Congo | Elections to the French National Assembly were held in Gabon and French Congo on 2 June 1946, with a second round on 30 June.
Electoral system
The two seats allocated to the constituency were elected on two separate electoral rolls; French citizens elected one MP from the first college, whilst non-citizens elected one MP in the second college.
Results
First college
Second college
References
Gabon
1946 06
1946 06
1946 in Gabon
1946 in Moyen-Congo
1946
1946
Gabon |
23574344 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altar%20of%20Plagues | Altar of Plagues | Altar of Plagues were an Irish black metal band, founded in Cork by James Kelly. After gaining attention in the metal community with a series of self recorded demos and EPs, the band released their first studio album, White Tomb, in April 2009 on Profound Lore Records. Following a year of gigging and some changes to the lineup, the group announced their signing with Candlelight Records in January 2010. They released their second album Mammal in 2011, with US/Can and ROW editions featuring alternate artworks. The album was followed by subsequent touring, including a European headline tour and festival appearances.
They played the third annual Hopscotch Music Festival in Raleigh, North Carolina, USA which took place 6–8 September 2012.
Their third album, Teethed Glory and Injury was released in 2013 and met largely with critical acclaim. Anthony Fantano of the Needle Drop placed it at #3 on The Needle Drop's "Top-50 Albums of 2013" and later placed it at #56 on the "Top 200 Albums of the 2010s. Terrorizer named it #2 on "Terrorizer 50 Albums Of The Year 2013".
On 15 June 2013, the band announced via Facebook that they were splitting up and that their final live performance would be at the Unsound Festival in Poland in October. However, in January 2015, after having teased it for weeks, Altar of Plagues announced a few shows to take place in early 2015. Subsequently, in late 2015, the band announced it would embark on one last tour across mainland Europe with fellow Irish band Malthusian (with whom Altar of Plagues' drummer Johnny King also plays). Their final performance was at the Damnation Festival 2015.
James Kelly now releases music under the name WIFE while Johnny King drums for the doom metal band Conan.
Band members
Final lineup
James Kelly - guitar, vocals, keyboards, drums
Johnny King - drums
Live musicians
Barry O'Sullivan - guitar
Barry English - drums
Stavros Giannopoulos - guitar
Previous members
Dave Condon - Bass, Vocals
Bryan O'Sullivan - guitar
Jeremiah Spillane - guitar
Discography
Studio albums
White Tomb (2009)
Mammal (2011)
Teethed Glory and Injury (2013)
Demos and EPs
First Plague (2006)
Through the Cracks of the Earth (2007)
Tides (2010)
Split with Year of No Light (2011)
References
External links
Irish black metal musical groups
Irish post-rock groups
Musical groups established in 2006
Musical groups disestablished in 2013
2006 establishments in Ireland
2013 disestablishments in Ireland
Musical groups from Cork (city)
Musical quartets
Blackgaze musical groups
Profound Lore Records artists |
20469204 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigor%20Brown | Vigor Brown | John Vigor Brown (18 June 1854 – 2 September 1942), known as Vigor Brown, was a New Zealand Member of Parliament for Napier, in the North Island. He was Mayor of Napier for a total of 18 years. He was a well-known figure in his adopted city, a successful businessman, and involved in many clubs and organisations.
Early life
Brown was born in London in 1854. For his parents, Jessie Gilmour and John Brown, it was their third boy and last child. Both parents had Scottish ancestry. His father worked for a bank, and was later a commercial traveller. The family briefly lived in France before emigrating to Victoria, Australia. John Vigor Brown, his brothers and their mother arrived in Melbourne on 22 January 1862 on the Water Nymph. It is assumed that his father was already there. They made their home in South Yarra. He was educated at Melbourne Church of England Grammar School. James Drysdale Brown was an elder brother.
Professional career
Brown learned the trade of a wholesale merchant (clothing) at the firm Sargood, King and Sargood in Melbourne. He came to Wellington in 1875. For two years, he worked for the Wellington firm of A. P. Stewart and Company as a travelling sales person. His next employment brought him to Napier, where he remained for the rest of his life. He became branch manager for Archibald Clark and Sons, an importing company. He resigned from that position in May 1898 and took on the management of Neal and Close, where he was managing director at a later point. He formed his own company, J. Vigor Brown and Co. He was further managing director of White Swan Brewery, and Hawke's Bay Soap and Tannery. He was a director of the Napier Gas Company. He was the local agent for the United and Phoenix Fire Insurance Companies.
Local body politics
He was voted onto both the Napier Harbour Board and the Napier Borough Council in 1898. He was chairman of the Harbour Board from February 1904 until April 1911. He was a member of the Chamber of Commerce.
He was elected Mayor of Napier in April 1907. He was mayor for three periods: 1907–1917, 1919–1921 and 1927–1933. The 1931 Hawke's Bay earthquake fell into Brown's last period, and temporary governance arrangement included a Napier Citizens' Control Committee, followed by a two-man Government Commission. J. S. Barton and L. B. Campbell were farewelled by the mayor in May 1933, when their term ended and the municipal affairs once again rested with the borough council. The resulting mayoral election was contested by the incumbent and C O Morse, the chairman of the Earthquake Relief Committee. The election caused great interest, and Morse and Brown received 4110 and 1808 votes, respectively. At the time, mayoral elections were held every two years, but the 1931 election had been skipped due to the earthquake. While mayor Brown was involved in the new Hawke's Bay Rugby League and helped them secure access to McLean Park in 1911.
Member of Parliament
The Napier electorate had been held since the 1899 election by Alfred Fraser. Fraser stood again in the 1908 election, but although he was with the Liberal Party, Brown also contested the electorate as a Liberal. Brown won the contest with a majority of 1035 votes (3803 votes to 2768).
In the 1911 election, Brown was challenged by Henry Hill. Both men were supporters of the current Liberal government. Brown and Hill received 3858 and 2825 votes, respectively.
Brown successfully contested the for the Liberal Party, but the party's leader, Joseph Ward, failed to win re-election in the electorate. When Thomas Wilford became leader later in 1920, Brown objected and transferred his allegiance to the Reform Party.
Brown served in the New Zealand House of Representatives for fourteen years from 1908 to 1922. He contested the as the official candidate for the Reform Party and of the four candidates, he came last. The reasons for this were due to a split in the Reform vote. Prime Minister William Massey had given Brown the official party endorsement, despite the local Reform committee having already chosen John Mason as their candidate. Neither was victorious and the seat was won by Labour's Lew McIlvride.
In , Brown failed to receive Reform nomination with new party organizer Albert Davy ensuring it went to Mason. He later stood unsuccessfully as an independent in .
Family
Brown married Caroline Balaclava Cook, daughter of the late John Cook of Auckland, on 27 November 1880 at St John's Church in Napier. They had four daughters and two sons before Caroline died from peritonitis on 6 September 1891 at the young age of 36. He remarried on 19 September 1894 to Violet McConechie Bogle. There were no further children from this second marriage.
In 1910, Brown had a 31' launch built for the family, named Water Nymph after the ship used for his emigration to Victoria during his childhood.
His second wife predeceased him on 23 February 1924. Brown died on 2 September 1942 in Napier, where he had lived since 1877. After his death, his family took on the surname Vigor-Brown.
Notes
References
1854 births
1942 deaths
New Zealand Liberal Party MPs
Mayors of Napier, New Zealand
New Zealand businesspeople
New Zealand people of Scottish descent
New Zealand rugby league administrators
New Zealand MPs for North Island electorates
Members of the New Zealand House of Representatives
Unsuccessful candidates in the 1931 New Zealand general election
Unsuccessful candidates in the 1922 New Zealand general election
University of Canterbury alumni
Napier City Councillors
Reform Party (New Zealand) MPs
English emigrants to New Zealand |
23574345 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morozeni | Morozeni | Morozeni is a commune in Orhei District, Moldova. It is composed of two villages, Breanova and Morozeni.
References
Communes of Orhei District |
6904316 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rare%20Earth%20in%20Concert | Rare Earth in Concert | Rare Earth in Concert is a live album by rock band Rare Earth, which was released as a double-LP in 1971. It contains a 23:33 version of their signature hit "Get Ready", as well as a new studio song: "Nice To Be With You". It was issued a RIAA gold record award.
Track listing
Side one
"I Just Want to Celebrate" (Nick Zesses, Dino Fekaris)– 4:40
"Hey, Big Brother" (Nick Zesses, Dino Fekaris)– 7:26
"Born to Wander" (Tom Baird)– 4:24
Side two
"Get Ready" (William "Smokey" Robinson)– 23:33
The unedited performance ran close to an hour
Side three
"What'd I Say" (Ray Charles)– 6:31
"Thoughts" (Gilbert Bridges, Peter Hoorelbeke, Edward Guzman, John Persh, Mark Olson, Raymond Monette)— 10:53
Side four
"(I Know) I'm Losing You" (Cornelius Grant, Edward Holland Jr., Norman Whitfield)— 14:09
"Nice to Be with You" (Mark Olson, Raymond Monette, Peter Hoorelbeke)— 2:15
Charts
Personnel
Rare Earth
Gil Bridges – woodwinds, backing vocals, percussion, flute
Ray Monette – guitars, backing vocals
Mark Olson – keyboards, backing vocals
John Persh – bass guitar, backing vocals
Pete Rivera – drums, lead vocals, percussion
Ed Guzman – conga, percussion
Credits
Recording engineers: Cal Harris, Nate Jennings, John Lewis, Ken Sands, Bob Olhsson, Orson Lewis, Criteria Recording Company
Technical engineers: Don Boehrat, Gurdev Sandhu, Michael Grace, Don Fostie
Mastering engineer: Russ Terrana
Graphic Supervision: Tom Schlesinger
Art direction: Curtis McNair
Rare Earth photos: Joel Brodsky
Personal manager: Ron Strasner
Special thanks to: Harry Balk, Ralph Terrana
Recorded live at Civic Coliseum, Jacksonville, FL.; Marine Stadium, Miami, FL.; Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; and At The Pharmacy
"Nice to Be with You" recorded at Motown Studios
References
External links
http://www.discogs.com/Rare-Earth-Rare-Earth-In-Concert/release/507297 Discogs
http://coverparadise.to/?Module=ViewEntry&ID=100920 CD covers Cover-Paradies
Rare Earth (band) albums
1971 live albums
Motown live albums |
44497862 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945%20French%20constitutional%20referendum%20in%20Gabon%E2%80%93Moyen%20Congo | 1945 French constitutional referendum in Gabon–Moyen Congo | A constitutional referendum was held in Gabon and Moyen Congo on 21 October 1945 as part of the wider French constitutional referendum. Both questions were approved by large margins. Voter turnout was 68.1%.
Results
Question I
Question II
References
1945 referendums
October 1945 events in Africa
1945
1945 in Gabon
1945
1945 in Moyen-congo
1945
Constitutional referendums in France
1945 elections in France |
44497865 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin%20Simmons | Benjamin Simmons | Benjamin Simmons may refer to:
Ben Simmons (born 1996), Australian basketball player
Benjamin Stanley Simmons or B. Stanley Simmons (1871–1931), American architect.
Benjamin Taylor Simmons (1871–1933), American general
See also
Benjamin Simons, British theoretical physicist
Ben Simons (disambiguation) |
23574350 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1921%20East%20Dorset%20by-election | 1921 East Dorset by-election | The 1921 East Dorset by-election was a parliamentary by-election held for the House of Commons constituency of East Dorset on 16 April 1921.
Vacancy
The by-election was caused by the appointment of the sitting MP for East Dorset, Freddie Guest, to the office of Secretary of State for Air. Under the Parliamentary procedures of the day, he was obliged to resign his seat and fight a by-election.
Candidates
Guest re-contested the seat for the Coalition government of David Lloyd George. As its representative, he was supported by Liberals and Unionists.
He was to be opposed for Labour by the Reverend Fred Hopkins, a Methodist minister and former brickyard worker from the age of just ten years but Hopkins was reported to be very ill at the time for nominations and the local Labour Party decided not to contest the by-election. Hopkins stood for Parliament a number of times for Labour in different constituencies but was never elected.
The result
The election was uncontested and Guest was returned unopposed. At this time the Coalition was experiencing a good run of by-election results and Labour was making little headway in opposing the government.
References
See also
List of United Kingdom by-elections
United Kingdom by-election records
East Dorset by-election
By-elections to the Parliament of the United Kingdom in Dorset constituencies
Unopposed ministerial by-elections to the Parliament of the United Kingdom in English constituencies
East Dorset by-election
20th century in Dorset
East Dorset by-election |
44497876 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhiyuan | Zhiyuan | Zhiyuan may refer to:
Chinese cruiser Zhiyuan (致遠), an imperial Chinese cruiser which sank during the First Sino-Japanese War (1894)
Historical eras
Zhiyuan (至元, 1264–1294), era under Kublai Khan, Mongol emperor
Zhiyuan (至元, 1335–1340), era under Toghon Temür, Mongol emperor |
20469207 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow%20Hut | Bow Hut | The Bow Hut is an alpine hut located at an elevation of on the eastern edge of the Wapta Icefield in Banff National Park. It is the largest, best equipped, and most accessible of the four alpine huts on the Wapta Icefield, and serves as the base for a wide variety of ski tours and mountaineering ascents to half a dozen peaks on the Wapta. It is the easiest and safest starting point for the Wapta traverse; and Balfour Hut, the next hut on the traverse, can easily be reached from it in a day. It can also serve as an intermediate stop in a longer traverse which starts at the less easily accessible Peyto Hut. The hut is maintained by the Alpine Club of Canada.
The hut sleeps 30 and is equipped with propane powered lamps and stovetop, and a wood stove for heating. There are two indoor drum toilets.
History
The original Bow Hut was built in 1968 by a group led by Peter Fuhrmann, who later became president of the Alpine Club of Canada from 1984 to 1988, and was funded by Peter and Catharine Whyte. The construction was done mostly by members of the Alpine Club and the Calgary Ski Club. The location of the hut, near Bow Glacier, was chosen to assist ski tourers and mountaineers entering the Wapta Icefield via Bow Lake. The old hut saw severe overuse, with up to 7,000 people a year using a building that only slept 14 people at a time. By the 1980s it was in a state of serious disrepair and surrounded by contamination from the outhouses, causing many people to refer to it as Bow Ghetto. In 1989 a new hut was built under the direction of Mike Mortimer, Chairman of the Huts Committee of the Alpine Club of Canada and later President from 1994 to 2001. Money for the facility was primarily provided by the Calgary and Edmonton Sections of the Alpine Club. The new facility is much larger than the previous one, with much better cooking, and waste disposal facilities; and with sleeping areas separated from the rest of the hut to accommodate a number of different groups at a time.
Location
Bow Hut is located near the headwaters of the Bow River, about northwest of Lake Louise, Alberta along the Icefields Parkway in Banff National Park. The hut is situated above Bow Lake on the east edge of the Wapta Icefield, at an altitude of . It is about 1 kilometre northeast of Saint Nicholas Peak.
Access
Reaching the hut requires approximately 3 to 6 hours of hiking or skiing from the Icefields Parkway. The hut can also be reached by approximately 3 to 5 hours of glacier travel from the Balfour Hut, or 4 to 6 hours of glacier travel from the Peyto Hut.
Summer
The summer trail to Bow Hut leaves from the main parking lot on the highway at Bow Lake. It goes past Num-Ti-Jah Lodge and follows the north shore of the lake around to the main creek that feeds the lake. The trail ascends to the right of the canyon just upstream from the lake. At a junction it goes to the left, and crosses the creek, passing over a boulder lodged in the top of the canyon. The trail stays on the east side of the creek for a few kilometres until it opens out into moraine terrain near the treeline. A number of trails marked by cairns lead to the massive headwall below the hut, where hikers must cross the creek and can follow any of a number of trails up the steep slope to the hut. The trip requires 3 to 6 hours.
Winter
The winter route is a little different from the summer trail, and involves exposure to complex avalanche terrain. Skiers can cross the frozen lake, if the ice is thick enough, and at the far side can stay to the left of the creek, following a good trail that skirts the canyon. After about the route drops down onto the creek bed and follows it through a gorge. After the gorge becomes too difficult to negotiate, skiers must ascend the bank to the left at one of the easier points, and then angle up through the trees, parallel to the canyon. When the route reaches an open basin, it is possible to see the hut high up on the headwall to the right. From that point, skiers should aim for the right-hand corner of the headwall, staying left initially to avoid the worst of the moraine. Toward the end of the valley, a number of possible routes lead up through the headwall to the hut, which is a few hundred metres from the top of the headwall. The trip normally takes 3 to 5 hours.
Nearby
Wapta Icefield
Saint Nicholas Peak
Bow Glacier
Bow Lake
Bow River
R.J. Ritchie Hut, (Balfour Hut)
Peter and Catharine Whyte Hut, (Peyto Hut)
References
Mountain huts in Canada
1968 establishments in Alberta
Buildings and structures completed in 1968
Buildings and structures in Banff National Park |
44497879 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May%201946%20French%20constitutional%20referendum%20in%20Gabon%E2%80%93Moyen%20Congo | May 1946 French constitutional referendum in Gabon–Moyen Congo | A constitutional referendum was held in Gabon and Moyen Congo on 5 May 1946 as part of the wider French constitutional referendum. The proposed new constitution was rejected by 64% of voters in the territory, and 53% of voters overall.
Results
References
1946 referendums
May 1946 events in Africa
1946
1946 in Gabon
1946
1946 in Moyen-Congo
1946
1946 elections in France
Constitutional referendums in France |
6904317 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kostoln%C3%A1%20pri%20Dunaji | Kostolná pri Dunaji | Kostolná pri Dunaji (, meaning Church Tree, , meaning "Churchville by the Danube") is a village and municipality in western Slovakia in Senec District in the Bratislava Region.
Geography
The municipality lies at an altitude of 128 metres and covers an area of 8.072 km².
History
In historical records the village was first mentioned in 1332.
After the Austro-Hungarian army disintegrated in November 1918, Czechoslovak troops liberated the area, later acknowledged internationally by the Treaty of Trianon. Between 1938 and 1945 Kostolná pri Dunaji once more became occupied by Miklós Horthy's Hungary through the First Vienna Award. From 1945 until the Velvet Divorce, it was part of Czechoslovakia. Since then it has been part of Slovakia.
Population
According to the 2011 census, the municipality had 508 inhabitants. 265 of inhabitants were Hungarians, 235 Slovaks and 8 others and unspecified.
See also
List of municipalities and towns in Slovakia
References
Genealogical resources
The records for genealogical research are available at the state archive "Statny Archiv in Bratislava, Slovakia"
Roman Catholic church records (births/marriages/deaths): 1711-1898 (parish A)
External links/Sources
https://web.archive.org/web/20070513023228/http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/run.html
Surnames of living people in Kostolna pri Dunaji
Villages and municipalities in Senec District
Hungarian communities in Slovakia |
44497886 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San%20Simon%20Church | San Simon Church | The Our Lady of the Pillar Parish Church, also known as the San Simon Church, is a 19th-century Baroque church located at Barangay San Juan, San Simon, Pampanga, Philippines. The parish church, under the protection of its patron saints, the Virgin of the Pillar and Saint Peter, is under the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of San Fernando.
History and Architecture
The convent of San Simon was established by the Augustinians on April 20, 1771 and was placed under the patronage of Apostle Simon Peter. The town was formerly named after its secondary patron, Our Lady of the Pillar, and was purportedly named after its founder Mariano del Pilar de los Reyes. It was later renamed San Simon by Governor-general Simon de Anda y Salazar who named the town from his namesake upon the recommendation of his close allies, the Augustinian Friars. Governor General Anda moved the capital of the colony to Pampanga a few years before the founding of the town due to the 1762 British Invasion. Not much historical records are available regarding the construction of the current church other than that a stone edifice was constructed by Father Benito Ubierna in 1870. A certain Father Bernabe built the convent in 1889. Both structures were razed by fire by Filipino revolutionaries on May 5, 1898. Much of the stone walls of the church are intact while the façade and bell tower has been remodeled. The façade sports a triangular pediment, three triple-arched windows on its second level and a concrete porte-cochere. To its left stands the rectangular belfry topped with a pagoda-like canopy.
Image Gallery
References
Roman Catholic churches in Pampanga
Baroque architecture in the Philippines
Spanish Colonial architecture in the Philippines
Churches in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of San Fernando |
44497898 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October%201946%20French%20constitutional%20referendum%20in%20Gabon%E2%80%93Moyen%20Congo | October 1946 French constitutional referendum in Gabon–Moyen Congo | A constitutional referendum was held in Gabon and Moyen Congo on 13 October 1946 as part of the wider French constitutional referendum. Although the proposed new constitution was rejected by 72% of voters in the territory, it was approved by 53% of voters overall.
Results
See also
French Fourth Republic
Provisional Government of the French Republic
References
1946 referendums
October 1946 events in Africa
1946
1946 in Gabon
1946
1946 in Moyen-Congo
1946
Constitutional referendums in France
1946 elections in France |
44497904 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20G.%20Stabler | John G. Stabler | John G. Stabler was an associate justice and later chief justice on the South Carolina Supreme Court. He graduated from Wofford in 1905 and then taught Latin in Bamberg County, South Carolina. He graduated in 1908 from the law school at the University of South Carolina and practiced law in St. Matthews, South Carolina. From 1920 to 1926, he served in the South Carolina Senate until being elected to the South Carolina Supreme Court in 1926, taking his position in January 1926. On March 15, 1935, he was elevated to chief justice and served until his death in 1940.
References
Chief Justices of the South Carolina Supreme Court
Justices of the South Carolina Supreme Court
1940 deaths
1871 births |
44497919 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triticum%20zhukovskyi | Triticum zhukovskyi | Triticum zhukovskyi, or Zhukovsky's wheat, is a hexaploid wheat, very closely resembling the Triticum timopheevii, a tetraploid variety of wheat. T. zhukovskyi was first observed in Western Georgia in close proximity to Triticum timopheevii and Triticum monococcum and is believed to be an amphiploid arising from the cross of T. timopheevii and T. monococcum.
References
Wheat |
6904324 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa%20Hills%20High%20School%20%28Ohio%29 | Ottawa Hills High School (Ohio) | Ottawa Hills High School is a public high school in the village of Ottawa Hills, Ohio, United States, just west of Toledo. It is the only high school in the Ottawa Hills Local Schools district. The school's mascot is the Green Bears.
Appearance
The high school is attached to Ottawa Hills Junior High, and as a whole the building is commonly referred to as Ottawa Hills Junior/Senior High School or OHJHS by the villagers. Just outside is a flagpole built by Alumni of OHHS. The Liberty Memorial was added to the area around the flagpole with donations from community members and alumni. The Liberty Memorial was designed by Ottawa Hills resident and architect Todd Kime.
Students
The school frequently consists of between 300 and 400 high school students. Known for academics, students at Ottawa Hills excel with a college preparatory curriculum. In 2015, Newsweek ranked Ottawa Hills High School number #1 in Ohio and #45 in the nation.
Athletics
The Green Bears have won multiple state titles. Most recently, the boys' golf team won the 2013 Division III State Championship. Boys' basketball made it to the state final four for the first time in school history in March 2010, losing to Newark Catholic 48–36 in the state semifinals. In 2008 the Boys' soccer team defeated Worthington Christian 1–0, becoming the first school from Northwest Ohio to win a state soccer title.
The football team is tied for the most consecutive victories by a Northwest Ohio team with a 23-game winning streak from 1972 to 1974 (two undefeated seasons). Coach Norm Niedermeier was the football head coach for 40 years from 1957 to 1996, with 4 undefeated teams.
The boys' tennis team qualified for states for the first time in school history in 2016. The Green Bears defeated Lexington High School 3-0 after having a 9-year losing streak to them in the Regional Finals.
The women's dance team received second in state for POM division and fourth in state in Jazz division in 2017.
In the year of 2018 the soccer and lacrosse team were state runners-up. The baseball team and tennis team also went to the regional finals. The football team won their conference.
The tennis team advanced to the state finals in 2019.
Notable alumni
Christine Brennan—sports columnist, TV and radio commentator, best-selling author and nationally known speaker is especially known for her coverage of the Olympics
John Colenback–actor best known for portraying Dan Stewart on As the World Turns
Evan G. Galbraith—United States Ambassador to France from 1981 to 1985 under Ronald Reagan and the Secretary of Defense Representative to Europe and NATO under Donald Rumsfeld from 2002 to 2007
Steve Gordon (class of 1957)—screenwriter and director of the 1981 Academy Award-winning film, Arthur
Constance Hauman (class of 1979)—singer-songwriter and actress. She is credited with having the only live recording of Alban Berg's Lulu in the title role, recorded in Copenhagen 1996 at the Queen of Denmark's Castle. Constance Hauman's first full-length release of original songs, Falling Into Now, was chosen by the Guardian UK Music Critic Caroline Sullivan as one of the top 10 best pop albums of 2015.
Carl Eugene Heiles (class of 1957)—astrophysicist noted for his contribution to the understanding of diffuse interstellar matter through observational radio astronomy
Jamie O'Hara—country singer/songwriter who wrote the number one Grammy-winning country song of the year "Grandpa (Tell Me 'Bout the Good Ol' Days)" in 1986, performed by the group the Judds
Tom Scholz—rock musician, songwriter, inventor, engineer, and philanthropist, best known as the founder of the band Boston. He is also the inventor of the Rockman portable guitar amplifier. He has been described by Allmusic as "a notoriously 'un-rock n' roll' figure who never enjoyed the limelight of being a performer," preferring to concentrate almost exclusively on his music, and in more recent years, spending much of his time working with charities. Lead guitarist of the band Boston.
Mark D. Wagoner, Jr. (class of 1990)—politician and former Republican member of the Ohio Senate and Ohio House of Representatives
References
External links
District Website
High schools in Lucas County, Ohio
Public high schools in Ohio |
6904342 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Single%20Woman | A Single Woman | A Single Woman may refer to:
A Single Woman (album), an album by Nina Simone, and its title song
A Single Woman (play), a play by Jeanmarie Simpson
A Single Woman (film), a 2009 film made by Kamala Lopez
See also
"Single Women", a song by Dolly Parton
Single Ladies (disambiguation)
Bachelorette (disambiguation) |
44497928 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovidiu%20Constantinescu | Ovidiu Constantinescu | Ovidiu Constantinescu (1933 – January 23, 2012) was a Romanian mycologist known for his work on the taxonomy of the Peronosporales.
Biography
Constantinescu was born in Constanța in 1933. He first graduated military school before ultimately enrolling at the Biological Institute at the University of Bucharest in 1949. Traian Săvulescu, founder of the institute, and his wife Alice advised Constantinescu while he was a student. Constantinescu graduated in 1970 from the institute. Following his thesis defense, he remained at the Institute as an assistant as well as the curator of the Mycological Herbarium there. In 1974, Constantinescu published a book, Metode și tehnici în micologie, which was his first book on methods in mycology. Although it was never translated from Romanian, for its time it was widely recognized as one of the best mycological methods books. After working for one year in 1982 at the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures in Baarn, Netherlands, he moved to Sweden in 1984. He was hired at the Institute for Systematic Botany at the University of Uppsala. Because of his vast knowledge and expertise about members of the order Peronosporales, he began the university's culture collection, known as Mykoteket. Constantinescu dedicated the next 20 years building up the collection for the university. He remained in Sweden at Uppsala University for the rest of his life working on members of the family Peronosporaceae, describing six new genera to add to the family after none had been added for over 30 years. He compiled and published an annotated list of over 500 species in the genus Peronospora in 1991. He is also known for describing new species of and working on downy mildew pathogens.
Eponymous species
Plasmopara constantinescui, Voglmayr & Thines, 2007
Deightoniella constantinescui, Melnik & Shabunin, 2011
Selected publications
Bontea V, Constantinescu O. 1967. Herbarium Mycologicum Romanicum "Tr. Săvulescu". Schedae fasc. 36–37 (No. 1751–1850), 36 pp.
Bontea V, Constantinescu O. 1968. Herbarium Mycologicum Romanicum "Tr. Săvulescu". Schedae fasc. I–XIX (No. 1–950), București. Pp. i–iv + 1–481.
Bontea V, Constantinescu O. 1968. Herbarium Mycologicum Romanicum "Tr. Săvulescu". Schedae fasc. XX–XXXV (No. 951– 1750), and indexes for fasc. 1–35, București. Pp. i–ii, 481–957.
Constantinescu O. 1974. Metode si tehnici in micologie. Bucuresti: Ceres. 215 pp.
Constantinescu O. & Negrean, G. 1975. "Herbarium Mycologicum Romanicum". Schedae fasc. 46–50 (No. 2251–2500), 95 pp.
Constantinescu O. 1985. Notes on Pseudoperonospora. Mycotaxon 24: 301–311.
Constantinescu O. 1991. An annotated list of Peronospora names. Thunbergia 15: 1–110.
Constantinescu O. 2004. The nomenclature of Plasmopara (Chromista, Peronosporales) parasitic on Geraniaceae. Taxon 53: 523–525.
Lane CR, Beales PA, O'Neill TM, McPherson GM, Finlay AR, David J, Constantinescu O & Henricot B. 2005. First report of Impatiens downy mildew (Plasmopara obducens) in the UK. Pl. Pathol. 54: 243.
Constantinescu O, Thines M. 2010. Plasmopara halstedii is absent from Australia and New Zealand. Polish Bot. J. 55: 293–298.
References
1933 births
2012 deaths
People from Constanța
Mycologists
University of Bucharest alumni
University of Bucharest faculty
Romanian emigrants to Sweden
Uppsala University faculty |
6904344 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinaleda | Marinaleda | Marinaleda is a Spanish municipality of the province of Seville that belongs to the region of Sierra Sur, located in the basin of Genil, in the autonomous community of Andalusia. It has an area of and a population of 2,778 inhabitants according to the 2011 census, with a population density of . It belongs to the judicial party of Estepa.
Marinaleda is a predominantly agricultural municipality and this makes up the bulk of its economy. It is noted for its left-leaning principles based on a leftist ideology led by Juan Manuel Sánchez Gordillo, mayor since 1979 and a member of the Unitarian Candidacy of Workers (CUT). Local workers and peasants have achieved a high rate of development and practically full employment for its people. The development of an alternative economic mode has achieved notable results, even during the economic crisis that began in 2008.
Critics claim that this economic and social progress is due in part to the fact that almost 66% of the income received by the City of Marinaleda is from administrative superiors such as the state, the autonomous community, and the Provincial Council of Seville. In reality, Marinaleda receives less than the average remittance received by municipalities in Andalusia (in 2011 it received around 6.61% less than the regional average).
Marinaleda is part of the "Network of Municipalities for the Third Republic" and the tricolor flag is present in civil buildings.
Geography
The town is located at an altitude of and lies east of the provincial capital, Seville. Marinaleda belongs to the comarca of Estepa and is situated between this latter town and Écija, in the eastern part of the province of Seville, in the basin of the Genil river. Its geographical coordinates are .
History
The first indications of human settlement in the territory now covered by the Marinaleda municipality go back to the late Neolithic and Chalcolithic periods, about 5,000 years ago. Stone tools and traces of seeds and dwelling places have been found.
There was a major Roman presence, and some date the foundation of the village to this period. The Roman road connecting the villages of Astigi (present-day Écija) and Ostippo (Estepa) ran by Marinaleda, and there have been many discoveries from the period.
The Arab presence is visible in monuments such as the Towers of Gallape and the fortress of Alhonoz. The region was conquered by the Christian monarchs in the 13th century, and Marinaleda came under the rule of the religious Order of Santiago. Philip II granted the village to the first Marquess of Estepa, and it would remain under this ownership until manors were dissolved in the 19th century.
Marinaleda then grew as a population centre due to the influx of day labourers working for large landowners, especially the Marquesses of Estepa. There is evidence that, in 1751, there were 60 houses lived in by landless labourers, who earned two reals for a full day's work.
In the 18th century, Marinaleda had three clergymen and a shop belonging to the Marquess of Peñaflor, who lived in Écija. The main economic activity was rain-fed agriculture.
During the 19th century in Marinaleda and neighbouring territories, there were several groups of bandits involving residents of the municipality. Notable groups include those commanded by José María Hinojosa Cobacho, "El Tempranillo", Francisco Ríos González "El Pernales", and Juan Caballero.
In 1931, the population of Marinaleda was 2,318, of whom only 317 were entitled to vote. The elections of 12 April that year were won by monarchist supporters, whereas those of 31 May were won by republicans. The final elections of the Republican period, on 16 February 1936, were won by the Popular Front.
At the start of the Civil War, troops supporting the coup assassinated the mayor, Vicente Cejas Moreno, his son, and at least 30 other residents. In the postwar period, the population suffered great poverty, hunger, and repression. The poor survived by gleaning olives and acorns from the fields of the estates.
The industrialization of Spain beginning in the 1960s encouraged emigration from Marinaleda to industrial areas, especially Catalonia, as well as to other countries such as Germany, France, and Switzerland.
Upon the death of Francisco Franco in 1975, the dictatorship he had established in Spain gave way to a representative democracy. In 1977, the Sindicato de Obreros del Campo (Union of Farm Workers) was founded in Marinaleda. The following year, a struggle for land began with a two-day occupation of the Bocatinaja estate, between Osuna and Los Corrales.
The first post-Franco municipal elections were held in 1979. The Colectivo de Unidad de los Trabajadores (Workers' Unity Collective) won in Marinaleda, gaining 9 of the 11 council seats. The new council replaced street names associated with the victors of the Civil War by names of left-wing heroes. For example, Muñoz Grandes street became Che Guevara street, the Plaza of Spain became the People's Plaza, and the Plaza of Francisco Franco was renamed after Salvador Allende.
In 1980, 700 people staged a 13-day hunger strike, demanding better pay and stricter regulation of the old system of employment. The success of this action led to intensification of the land struggle, with further occupations of large landowners' estates under the slogan "Land to those who work on it". In 1984, the Cordobilla marsh was occupied for 30 days to demand irrigation for a farm called El Humoso, property of the Duke of Infantado, facilitating its later expropriation.
In 1985, the occupation of estates increased in number by at least 100, as well as in length, extending to over 90 days. This led to many legal actions.
In 1991, a tract of El Humoso farm was handed over to Marinaleda for the use of the population. Demonstrations demanding a life of dignity increased between 1992 and 1994, with many occupations of government buildings and institutions.
In 1997, irrigation was extended to the whole of the El Humoso, and the Marinaleda S.C.A. A cooperative was founded to cultivate the farm collectively. Three years later, a food processing plant was set up, supplied by the raw materials of the cooperative: piquillo pepper, beans, artichokes, and olives. An oil press was also built. Production continued to increase, and employment along with it.
The economic crisis that began in 2008 affected the European Union by 2010, particularly its southern countries. While 30% of the active population in Andalusia was without work, Marinaleda had full employment.
The social and political system that has been implemented in the community, and the good results obtained in terms of economic development and well-being of the inhabitants, has brought Marinaleda to the attention of the media in Spain and abroad.
The "Social Democracy" tab on the town's website states the following:
Demographics
Local government
For over 30 years, the mayor of Marinaleda has been Juan Manuel Sánchez Gordillo of the United Left Party. Gordillo has anointed Marinaleda a "utopia for peace", which has no municipal police (saving $350,000 a year). Additionally, political murals and revolutionary slogans adorn the town's whitewashed walls and streets are named after Latin American leftists. Every few weeks, the town hall declares a Red Sunday over a bullhorn and volunteers clean the streets or do odd jobs.
Marinaleda has a long tradition of sociopolitical struggle by agricultural labourers, which has decisively influenced the attainment of diverse political and social advances. Marinaleda was ruled by CUT-BAI (Collective for the Unity of Workers - Andalusian Left Bloc) from 1979 until 1986, when CUT-BAI joined United Left (IU), which has since been the ruling party, although most of the members of IU's local branch are basically members of CUT-BAI.
Composition of the Municipal Council
Izquierda Unida (IU)
Juan Manuel Sánchez Gordillo (Mayor)
Rafaela Vázquez Jiménez
Antonio Sánchez Hinojosa
Juanita Sánchez Aires
Antonio José Montenegro Rodríguez
Esperanza de Rosario Saavedra Martín
Romualdo Romero Aires
Rocío Rodríguez Saavedra
Manuel Pradas Martín
Partido Socialista Obrero Español-Andalucía (PSOE-A)
Mariano Pradas Saavedra
José Rodríguez Cobacho
Local economy
The town operates a farming cooperative with 2,650 workers. Marinaleda is surrounded by sloping olive groves and features a farm. The farm is located seven miles (11 km) north of Marinaleda, and grows labour-intensive crops like artichokes, hot peppers, broccoli, and broad beans, as well as wheat.
Town planning
Marinaleda represents a local exception of the national housing crisis caused by real estate speculation. The municipality was the subject of national news when it became known that one could own a house in this town for no more than 15 euros per month through the self-building program.
Self-building
The Ayuntamiento (local government) of Marinaleda bought and expropriated thousands of square metres of land, now communal property, for the construction of new houses. Land, building materials, and architectural plans are provided to the self-builder through public grants. Free assistance from professional builders is also provided. The hours spent by the resident on construction (if any) are deducted from the total cost. Prospective owners usually donate about 450 days of their work to the construction. Finally, a monthly payment of up to 15.52 euros is arranged with the contractors and the government for the resident to achieve ownership. To prevent speculation, citizens are prohibited from selling their homes.
Layout
Marinaleda's citizens reside in a colony of neat houses, each with three bedrooms, one bathroom, and a garden of , allowing for future expansions. In recent years 350 single-family homes have been built according to this scheme, even though the town has fewer than 3,000 inhabitants.
See also
Eurozone crisis
References
Further reading
Victoria Burnett (23 April 2009). "To Capitalist Folly, Town in Spain Offers Reply". The New York Times.
Yorgos Angelopoulos (20 April 2010). "Χωρίς παπά και χωροφύλακα". Τα Νέα .
Dan Hancox (15 August 2012). "The Spanish Robin Hood". The Guardian.
Dan Hancox (19 October 2013). "Spain's communist model village". The Guardian.
External links
Marinaleda - Territorial information system of Andalusia
Location of Marinaleda in Seville province
Municipalities of the Province of Seville
Cooperatives in Spain
Mutualism (movement) |
20469221 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency%20Severity%20Index | Emergency Severity Index | The Emergency Severity Index (ESI) is a five-level emergency department triage algorithm, initially developed in 1999. It was previously maintained by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), but is currently maintained by the Emergency Nurses Association (ENA).
Algorithm
ESI triage is based on the acuity of patients' health care problems and the number of resources their care is anticipated to require. This differs from standardized triage algorithms used in several other countries, such as the Australasian Triage Scale, which attempt to divide patients based on the time they may safely wait.
The concept of a "resource" in ESI means types of complex interventions or diagnostic tools, above and beyond physical examination. Examples of resources include X-ray, blood tests, sutures, and intravenous or intramuscular medications. Oral medications and prescriptions are specifically not considered resources by the ESI algorithm.
The ESI levels are numbered one through five, with level one indicating the greatest urgency. However, levels 3, 4, and 5 have are determined not by urgency, but by the number of resources expected to be used as determined by an experienced nurse. The levels are as follows:
References
Diagnostic emergency medicine
Triage |
6904345 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miloslavov | Miloslavov | Miloslavov () is a village and municipality in western Slovakia in Senec District in the Bratislava Region.
History
In historical records the village was first mentioned in 1332–1337.
Geography
The municipality lies at an altitude of 129 metres and covers an area of 10.194 km². It consists of two parts. Miloslava and Alžbetin Dvor. Both are now under heavy real estate investment which is happening now all around Bratislava.
Demographics
According to the 2011 census, the municipality had 1,780 inhabitants. 1,589 of inhabitants were Slovaks, 47 Hungarians, 12 Czechs and 132 others and unspecified.
References
External links/Sources
Miloslavov - Webpage of Miloslavov
https://web.archive.org/web/20070513023228/http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/run.html
Villages and municipalities in Senec District |
20469249 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikuno%20Dam | Ikuno Dam | is a dam in Asago, Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan.
References
Dams in Hyogo Prefecture
Dams completed in 1984 |
6904363 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western%20Province%20cricket%20team | Western Province cricket team | Western Province is the team representing Western Cape province in domestic first-class cricket in South Africa. The team began playing in January 1890 and its main venue has always been Newlands in Cape Town. Under the reorganisation of professional South African cricket in the 1990s and more recently, Western Province joined with Boland to form the side that now plays in the SuperSport Series under the name Cape Cobras and divides its time between Newlands and the Boland Park ground in Paarl. Western Province still competes under its provincial name in the UCB Provincial series. As Western Province, the team won the SuperSport Series (under its previous names, as the Currie Cup and the Castle Cup) 18 times.
Honours
Currie Cup (18) – 1892–93, 1893–94, 1896–97, 1897–98, 1908–09, 1920–21, 1931–32, 1952–53, 1955–56, 1974–75, 1977–78, 1981–82, 1985–86, 1990–91, 1995–96, 1998–99, 2000–01, 2003–04; shared (3) – 1921–22, 1969–70, 1989–90
One Day Cup (5) – 1985–86, 1986–87, 1987–88, 1990–91, 2002–03
CSA 3-Day Cup (2) – 2010–11, 2013–14
CSA 1-Day Cup (0) –
Africa T20 Cup (0) –
Gillette Cup/Nissan Shield (5) – 1969–70, 1970–71, 1972–73, 1981–82, 1988–89
Venues
Venues have included:
Newlands, Cape Town (main venue 1890–present)
RJE Burt Oval, Cape Town (occasional venue Nov 1976 – Oct 1991)
Boon Wallace Oval, Cape Town (occasional venue Dec 1985 – Jan 1992)
PP Smit Stadium, Bellville, Cape Town (occasional venue Dec 1997 – Oct 2002)
Squad
In April 2021, Cricket South Africa confirmed the following squad ahead of the 2021–22 season.
Zubayr Hamza
Kyle Verreynne
George Linde
Tony De Zorzi
Nandre Burger
Yaseen Vallie
Kyle Simmonds
Jonathan Bird
Hashim Amla
Mihlali Mpongwana
Tshepo Moreki
David Bedingham
Aviwe Mgijima
Vernon Philander
Basheer Walters
Wayne Parnell
Beuran Hendricks
References
Sources
South African Cricket Annual – various editions
Wisden Cricketers' Almanack – various editions
South African first-class cricket teams
Sport in Cape Town
Cricket in the Western Cape |
20469268 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.%20B.%20MacKinnon | J. B. MacKinnon | James Bernard MacKinnon, commonly cited as J.B. MacKinnon, is a Canadian journalist, contributing editor and book author. MacKinnon is best known for co-authoring with Alisa Smith the bestselling book The 100-Mile Diet: A Year of Local Eating, encouraging readers to focus on local eating as a way to address current environmental and economic issues. MacKinnon and Smith also collaborated in the creation of the Food Network Canada television series The 100 Mile Challenge, based on the book. He has won six National Magazine Awards, and the 2006 Charles Taylor Prize for best work of Literary Non-Fiction.
As a contributing editor to Canadian magazines Adbusters, Explore, and Vancouver, and freelance journalist, MacKinnon's writings span many literary genres and topics, including travel, sports, and politics. MacKinnon's first book, Dead Man in Paradise, combines family history and unsolved mystery in the retelling of the murder of MacKinnon's uncle, a Canadian priest, in 1965 in the Dominican Republic. It won the Charles Taylor Prize. In 2008, MacKinnon co-authored I Live Here with Mia Kirshner, Michael Simons, and Paul Shoebridge, a collection of stories about victims of crisis throughout the globe. In 2011, he wrote the script for the interactive web documentary Bear 71, which premiered at the Sundance Film Festival. MacKinnon lives in Vancouver, British Columbia.
In 2021 he published The Day the World Stops Shopping: How ending consumerism gives us a better life and a greener world.
Notes
See also
The I Live Here Projects
References
External links
1970 births
Living people
Journalists from British Columbia
Canadian magazine writers
Canadian magazine editors
Writers from Vancouver |
6904364 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undringar | Undringar | Undringar is the debut studio album from Swedish singer/songwriter Ted Gärdestad, released in 1972 on the Polar Music label. It contains his breakthrough single "Jag vill ha en egen måne" as well as "Hela världen runt", "När du kommer" and "Snurra du min värld". The album was produced by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus, engineered by Michael B. Tretow and features uncredited vocals by Agnetha Fältskog and Anni-Frid Lyngstad. In 1991 the album was released on CD.
Track listing
Music by Ted Gärdestad, lyrics by Kenneth Gärdestad except where noted.
Side A:
"Helena" (T. Gärdestad) – 3:19
"Sommarlängtan" – 2:37
"Jag vill ha en egen måne" – 3:17
"Räcker jag till" – 3:00
"Ett stilla regn" – 3:26
"När du kommer" – 2:47
Side B:
"Snurra du min värld" – 2:59
"Så mycket bättre" – 3:54
"Hela världen runt" – 2:41
"I dröm och fantasi" – 4:05
"Beat It, Girl" – 4:34
Personnel
Ted Gärdestad – lead vocals, guitar
Benny Andersson – piano, backing vocals
Björn Ulvaeus – acoustic guitar, backing vocals
Janne Schaffer – acoustic guitar, electric guitar
Mike Watson – bass guitar
Ola Brunkert – drums
Agnetha Fältskog – backing vocals
Anni-Frid Lyngstad – backing vocals
Lena Andersson – backing vocals ("Helena")
Production
Benny Andersson – producer
Björn Ulvaeus – producer
Michael B. Tretow – sound engineer
Rune Persson – sound engineer
Åke Elmsäter – sound engineer
Recorded at Metronome Studios, Stockholm
Originally released as Polar POLS 234, 1972.
References
Liner notes Undringar, Ted Gärdestad, Polar Music POLS 234, 1972.
1972 debut albums
Ted Gärdestad albums
Swedish-language albums |
6904380 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State%20of%20the%20Art%20%28book%29 | State of the Art (book) | State of the Art: Film Writings 1983–1985 is the eighth collection of movie reviews by the American critic Pauline Kael.
In the Author's Note at the beginning of this collection she wrote:
"The title of this book is a deliberate break with my sexually tinged titles of the past. It seemed time for a change; this has not been a period for anything like Grand Passions. I hope that State of the Art will sound ominous and sweeping and just slightly clinical. What I try to get at in this collection of reviews from June 1983 to July 1985 is the state of the art of moviemaking. And despite the dubious state of the art[..]there has always been something to recommend."
Kael reviews 117 films in this eighth collection. She gives rich praise to the work of performers and directors she admires, for example, Molly Ringwald's performance in Sixteen Candles, - Steve Martin, Robin Williams, and Nick Nolte, ( three perennial Kael favourites), and Luchino Visconti, for his work on The Leopard - "The Leopard is so beautifully felt that it calls up a whole culture. It casts an intelligent spell - intelligent and rapturous." (Though Visconti's film had originally been released in 1963, Kael is here reviewing the release of a full length three hours and five minutes version). And she's typically cool to work she regards as second rate; 'When you come out of Desperately Seeking Susan, you don't want to know who the director is - you want to know who the perpetrator is.' And Steven Spielberg's segment of Twilight Zone: The Movie - a, " lump of ironclad whimsy. It's as if Steven Spielberg had sat down and thought out what he could do that would make his detractors happiest." And Sylvester Stallone's work on Staying Alive; "What can be done about this mock writer-director-producer-actor? He has become the stupidos' Orson Welles."
Films she recommends in this eighth collection include The Survivors, The Grey Fox, The Leopard, Under Fire, Heart Like a Wheel, Yentl, Choose Me, Splash, Moscow on the Hudson, Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, Repo Man, Dreamscape, Carmen, Utu, Stop Making Sense, A Soldier's Story, Comfort and Joy, Independence Day, Mrs. Soffel, A Passage to India, Micki + Maude, The Makioka Sisters, The Return of the Soldier, A Private Function, The Purple Rose of Cairo, Heartbreakers, Lost in America, Ghare Baire, Prizzi's Honor, The Shooting Party.
The book is out-of-print in the United States, but is still published by Marion Boyars Publishers in the United Kingdom.
Films reviewed
The Man with Two Brains OctopussyFlashdance
Superman II Trading Places Betrayal
The Survivors Twilight Zone: The Movie
Zelig The Grey Fox
The Draughtsman's Contract Staying Alive
Pauline at the Beach Risky Business Daniel
Moon in the Gutter The Leopard
Cross Creek Lonely Hearts
The Right Stuff The Big Chill
Under Fire
Heart Like a Wheel Educating Rita
Yentl Star 80
Terms of Endearment Never Cry Wolf
Scarface
Silkwood To Be or Not To Be
The Dresser Uncommon ValorSudden Impact
Broadway Danny RoseBasileus Quartet
The Lonely Guy El Norte Blame It on Rio
Entre Nous Footloose
Splash Against All Odds
Greystoke: The Legend of Tarzan, Lord of the Apes Racing with the Moon Unfaithfully Yours
Moscow on the Hudson
Iceman Romancing the Stone
Swing Shift
The Natural Sixteen Candles
Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom Eréndira The Bounty
Gremlins Ghostbusters
The Fourth Man Star Trek III: The Search for SpockUnder the Volcano
The Pope of Greenwich Village
The Bostonians Repo Man
Purple Rain The Adventures of Buckaroo Banzai
All of Me Sheena First Name: Carmen
Dreamscape Country Swann in Love Tightrope
Utu Places in the Heart
Amadeus Carmen
The Little Drummer Girl Stranger Than Paradise Body Double
Stop Making Sense Comfort and Joy A Soldier's Story
The Killing Fields Falling in Love Independence Day
Dune Beverly Hills Cop Choose Me
Mrs. Soffel The Cotton Club
A Passage to India
Micki + Maude Starman The Flamingo Kid
The Falcon and the SnowmanBirdy
Witness Blood Simple
The Makioka Sisters The Return of the Soldier The Mean Season
The Purple Rose of Cairo A Private Function
Lost in America The Breakfast Club
Heartbreakers Desperately Seeking Susan
Ladyhawke
Once Upon a Time in America
What Have I Done to Deserve This? Dangerous Moves A View to a Kill Stick
The Shooting Party Rambo: First Blood Part II
Prizzi's Honor Ghare Baire
Editions
Pub: E. P. Dutton, 1985, hardcover ()
Pub: Plume, 1985, soft cover ()
Pub: Marion Boyars, 1987, hardbound ()
Pub: Marion Boyars, 1998 (new ed), paperback ()
1985 non-fiction books
Books of film criticism
Books about film
Books by Pauline Kael
American non-fiction books
E. P. Dutton books
Plume (publisher) books |
6904382 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princes%20Quay | Princes Quay | Princes Quay is a shopping centre in the heart of Kingston upon Hull, East Riding of Yorkshire, England. The centre is unusual in that it is built on stilts over Prince's Dock after which it is named. It was opened in 1991.
Description
To take advantage of its location the shopping centre is constructed with large windows giving visitors panoramic views of the Hull Marina and the dock. The centre also builds its image on a nautical theme, for example by calling its retail floors decks, although most shoppers still refer to them as floors.
The centre, built round a central atrium, opened to the public on 15 March 1991 and consisted of 3 decks of over 80 retail outlets. The centre includes a Food Court on the lowest deck, known as Harbour Deck. A fourth floor, known as Top Deck, was converted from retail units in 2007 into a 10-screen cinema by Vue with Europe's first digital screen.
A 1,000 place multi-storey car park is integrated with the centre and is accessed from the main A63 when travelling eastbound into the city. Princes Quay is well served by public transport with many bus routes stopping immediately outside the centre and with Hull Paragon Interchange only a few minutes' walk away.
In February 2011 a plan to revamp the food court into several new casual dining restaurants, overlooking the dock commenced and has seen the return of Pizza Express to the city and has also seen Nandos open a second outlet in the city centre. The restaurants are already proving popular and add to the already increasing vibrancy of Princes Dock Street. Other major restaurant operators such as Wagamama are rumoured to be taking a place in the new food quarter.
Quay West expansion project
In December 2006, outline planning permission was granted for the western expansion of the centre. The £300 million retail development, known as Quay West, would add of shopping space, 60 shops and two department stores. It would also feature cafés and restaurants and a leisure complex comprising a health and sports club as well as a 175-bedroom hotel. The site was earmarked to open in 2011 and it was thought the development would inject an extra £42.66 million per year into the local economy. The project was cancelled in October 2010 due to a change in ownership, the economic downturn and cuts to regeneration projects.
Refurbishment
In August 2015 plans were announced to give the centre a multimillion-pound makeover.
By February 2016 plans included the development of up to 28 new outlets on what has been marketed as the Outlet Deck, the ground floor food court was also to receive a facelift. By October 2016 Next was announced as the new anchor tenant for the development and that work would be starting with a completion expected for Easter 2017.
Trivia
Since 1991, the Hull International Canoe Polo tournament has been held every July on the waters surrounding the shopping centre. The tournament is organised and run by Kingston Kayak Club; a local club based at Albert Avenue Pools Complex. One of the local teams, 'Humbersiders', have always been prominent and have been crowned champions on three occasions.
See also
Tokyo Industries
References
External links
Princes Quay shopping centre
Princes Quay shopping centre on The Retail Database
Buildings and structures in Kingston upon Hull
Tourist attractions in Kingston upon Hull
Shopping centres in the East Riding of Yorkshire |
17334094 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservation%20poverty | Reservation poverty | Reservations in the United States, known as Indian reservations, are sovereign Native American territories that are managed by a tribal government in cooperation with the federal Bureau of Indian Affairs, a branch of the Department of the Interior, located in Washington, DC. There are 334 reservations in the United States today. As of 2008, almost a third of Native Americans in the United States live on reservations, totaling approximately 700,000 individuals. About half of all Native Americans living on reservations are concentrated on the ten largest reservations.
Reservations vary drastically in their size, population, political economy, culture and traditions. Despite such variation, all reservations share similar histories of colonization, and face similar contemporary challenges. One of these challenges is poverty. In 2010, the poverty rate on US reservations was 28.4 percent, compared with 22 percent among all Native Americans (on and off reservations). The U.S. poverty rate among all groups is much lower, at 12.7 percent as of 2016. In addition to poverty rates, reservations are hindered by education levels significantly lower than the national average. Poor healthcare services, low employment, substandard housing, and deficient economic infrastructure are also persistent problems.
Background
The official poverty rate on reservations is 28.4 percent, compared with 12.7 nationally. About 36 percent of families with children are below the poverty line on reservations, compared with 9.2 percent of families nationally. These figures are absolute poverty rates as determined by the US Census. In 2010, the poverty threshold for a family of four with two children was $22,113. Some reservations in Washington, California, Wisconsin, Michigan, North Dakota, South Dakota, Arizona, and New Mexico fare worse, with more than 60 percent of residents living in poverty.
Income levels on some reservations are extremely low. Five of the lowest per capita incomes in the country are found on reservations. Allen, South Dakota, on the Pine Ridge Reservation, has a low per capita income in the country, at $1,539 per year. The Lummi Nation gives their members zero per capita, even though they have a thriving Casino on their Reservation; the Silver Reef Casino, located 20 minutes from the Canadian Boarder. Overall, the per capita income of American Indians on Reservations is half that of all Americans. The median income on reservations is $14,097, compared to $41,994 nationally.
Poverty rates on the ten largest reservations
Figures from the 2000 census.
Extreme poverty
The extreme poverty rate of a population is the percentage of families earning less than half of the poverty threshold. For a family of four in 2010, the extreme poverty threshold was approximately $11,000 or less than $3,000 per person. On large reservations, the extreme poverty rate is as much as six times the national rate. On average, the extreme poverty rate on the largest reservations is almost four times the national rate. A breakdown is provided in the following table.
Extreme poverty rates on the ten largest reservations
Figures from the 2000 census.
Changes over time
Historic data on poverty on reservations is extremely limited because of the tumultuous history of gathering data in these areas. American Indians were not included in census counts until 1840. Reservation-specific data was only produced following 1870.
In the 1970s, poverty on reservations decreased by as much as 20 percent on many reservations. In the 1980s, however, these gains were lost, and rates rose to levels comparable to those in the 2000. Through 2016, though, rates again rose, and rates in 2000 were very close to those in 1969. Explanations for these fluctuations suggest a need for further research, and careful consideration of how data was gathered, to ensure that figures reflect true changes in poverty rates rather than changes in reporting.
Changes in poverty rates on largest reservations
Historical data not available for Uintah and Ouray and Tohono O'odham Reservations.
Figures from Trosper (1996).
Historical factors
Early development
Following the American Revolution, the United States' strategy for native relations was to purchase Native American land by treaties. The United States also sought to assimilate Native Americans. The reservation system was created following the expansion of the United States into tribal lands. White settlers were considered unable to live alongside native peoples, and so various treaties continually limited the lands Native people were "allowed" to inhabit. This effort started under the presidency of Andrew Jackson with the Indian Removal Act of 1830, which created the first reservations. As forced relocation progressed, many tribes lost access to tribal traditional lifeways, which centered around community living and hunting and gathering.
During this violent period, tribes were often forced to move to geographic areas unfamiliar to them, most commonly from Eastern states to Western states. Reservations were created on lands that were deemed worthless to white settlers. Reservations were placed on lands considered resource deficient, unfit for agriculture or cultivation, and which were isolated from urban centers and transportation networks. Mainstream political discourse of this era favored removing tribes from areas populated by or desirable to the white population. During the nineteenth century, many Native American nations resisted forced migration by mounting upheavals which often turned bloody. Known as the American Indian Wars, these battles between American settlers or the United States government and Native Americans culminated in the Massacre at Wounded Knee of 1890, during which US military forces killed more than 150 Lakota men, women, and children.
Dawes Act era
As the white population began moving West, into the land formerly assigned to tribes, government policy underwent a transformation. In 1887, the Dawes Act was passed. The Dawes Act represented a shift in federal policy towards American Indians. This legislation divided tribal lands into individual parcels to be assigned to individual tribal members. The net result was more land available for non-native settlers, and less land held by American Indians. Policies starting with and following the Dawes act attempted to eliminate native lifeways, cultures, and communities. Political leaders asserted that forcing American Indians to hold private property would assimilate them into American culture. To facilitate assimilation, they were given food, housing, and clothing. The explicit aim of these policies were to forcibly eliminate traditional cultures, and "kill the Indian, save the man".
During this era, Native American children were removed from the home and sent to boarding schools, where they were given Western clothes, food, and education. They were allowed little to no communication with families, and siblings were often separated. Boarding school students were prohibited from practicing tribal traditional lifeways and from speaking indigenous languages. In several instances when students were caught maintaining Native culture or language, students were physically abused.
Forced assimilation took away the livelihoods of many Native people, without providing anything in its place. Tribal members were prohibited from making a living through hunting, fishing, and arts. Furthermore, native people who provided educational, religious, medical, and culinary services to their communities were replaced with non-native, government and Church-sponsored individuals. In the early twentieth century, tribes were further hindered by the Indian Reorganization Act, which imposed particular forms of governance and organization for tribal leadership. Traditional systems of social and political organization were replaced by forced constitutional forms and acted as a tool for further assimilation.
Forced assimilation policies explicitly aimed to forcibly strip Native people of their history, identities and their livelihoods. Because the land on which reservations were created tended to be barren, resource deficient land, there was little chance of developing economically viable agricultural enterprises. Prohibition of tribal traditional lifeways combined with the remote locations of the reservations created very few opportunities for economic solvency within reservations and for very few opportunities for economic interaction with white settlements.
Contemporary policy
In the last half-century, the principle guiding federal Native American policy became self-determination. The logic of this principle is to let tribes set their own policies, set their own visions, and determine their own futures. It was largely inspired by American Indian activists since the 1970s. Self-determination recognizes reservations as sovereign nations within US boundaries, meaning they are able to make and enforce their own laws and regulations, are independent from states' laws and regulations, and must abide by most federal laws.
Almost all boarding schools were eliminated and replaced with a combination of federally and locally managed day schools. Assistance programs aimed at forcing cultural change on tribal members were replaced with general assistance programs comparable to those available to the general population. However, by the time these changes occurred, traditional cultures had been severely and violently reduced, local economies had not been developed, families had been broken apart, and the stage for persistent poverty was set. Self-determination represented an important ideological shift in government policy, but did not change conditions of poverty and limited opportunities.
Concentration Effects
The history of the reservation system has resulted in concentrated poverty. Regardless of urbanicity, areas of concentrated poverty tend to have higher crime rates, underperforming schools, poor housing, poor health conditions, limited private services, and few job opportunities. In addition, residents of these areas must contend with a geographic separation from areas of opportunity. Sociologist Gary Sandefur has called reservations the "first underclass areas" because of their concentrated poverty, high unemployment, and low educational attainment levels. Sociologist Loïc Wacquant has described reservations as areas of "socio-spatial seclusion," where residents are corralled and isolated, and that the reservations were created to immobilize native peoples.
Employment
The official unemployment rate on reservations as of the 2000 census was 14 percent, but there is much variation. Reservations nearer urban centers, especially on the East Coast, tend to have employment rates similar to or higher than the national average. On many large, rural reservations, though, a majority of adults are unemployed or out of the workforce. On reservations in California, Oregon, Nevada, Arizona, Utah, Florida, Washington, New Mexico, Nebraska, Montana, and Alaska, reservation unemployment rates are above 25 percent. On some California reservations, the number exceeds 75 percent.
Out of the adult population without jobs, unemployment rates only include those who are both able to work and are actively looking for work. On reservations, a much larger portion is out of the labor force entirely, meaning they either are unable to work or are not actively looking for employment. Because of the severity of the lack of employment opportunities, many residents are not actively seeking work. People tend to hear of job opportunities through informal networks, rather than through conventional postings and applications. As such, an individual might be desiring employment, but not take the proactive steps needed to be defined as "looking for work." Some researchers have suggested that asking reservation residents if they seek job opportunities when they occur would be a more accurate measure of unemployment than asking if they had applied for work recently.
Unemployment Rates on the Ten Largest Reservations
Figures from the 2000 census.
There are very few jobs available on the reservation. Schools are the biggest employer, followed by various public service positions with the postal service, commodity and provisions office, and tribal police forces. Troublesomely, the lack of quality educational systems and job opportunities has created a reservation workforce that lacks the training and education demanded by many professions. Because reservation residents have not had the opportunity to receive formal training and credentialing, they are often not eligible for what few jobs are available. Even tribal leadership and administrative positions are occasionally staffed by individuals from off the reservation, or from other reservations, because of required levels of training or experience.
Rural areas tend to lack jobs with promotion opportunities, and rural residents often must migrate to cities for employment and advancement opportunity. However, reservation residents rarely are able to meet the educational and requirements of jobs off the reservation, and in addition, often encounter discrimination from employers who are hesitant to hire reservation natives.
The lack of formally educated, experienced workers and entrepreneurs also opens reservations up to exploitation from outside firms looking to capitalize on the resources of reservation land. Although this land is often incredibly isolated geographically and absent of natural resources or productive potential, some areas do hold potential for development. Such development, though, requires a substantial amount be invested at the onset to build necessary infrastructure. Tribes are at a disadvantage, not having the resources or specialists needed. As such, they contract development out to firms off the reservation, who keep a great majority of the profits.
Although the tribe usually receives a nominal amount of profits, they lose the rights to their land and the potential for truly sovereign development. The rule of native lands by non-natives off the reservation is particularly prevalent on many large reservations in the Midwest and Rocky Mountain regions. Although the land provides opportunity for ranching, few reservation residents possess the capital required to raise cattle. Instead, they lease the land to non-native ranchers for minimal amounts. As the reservation residents do not have alternative ways of making money on the reservation, ranchers can drive the lease rates down to mere dollars a year.
Education
The boarding school system had the doubly negative effect of inadequately educating a generation of reservation youth while simultaneously fostering a resentment of formal education. Through the boarding school era, Westernized education was synonymous with cultural destruction. Even since the abolition of boarding schools, levels of formal educational attainment have remained very low. Overall, just over half of the adults on reservations have a high school diploma. Reservation residents' high school graduation rate is half that of all American Indians in the United States. On the Gila River Reservation in Arizona, which has one of the lowest educational attainment levels in the country, barely one third of adults possess this credential.
On reservations, more individuals have less than a ninth grade education than have a college diploma. More than 10 percent lack any high school education. It is not uncommon on reservations in California and New Mexico to have more than half the population with less than a ninth grade education. In North Dakota, Nevada, California, New Mexico, South Dakota, Utah, Colorado, and Wyoming, many reservations have over three quarters of their population without high school degrees. This is compared to 12 percent nationwide.
Banking institutions
There are few commercial banks or lending institutions located on reservations. Reservations are generally seen as very high-risk areas to place financial institutions, because of the lack of potential investors and overall dearth of economic activity. As of 2008, there were only six banks and seven credit unions operated by American Indians on reservations. Without formal financial institutions, many reservation residents are unable to save or invest what income they do have, and do not have access to loans for homes, cars, or businesses.
Due to the lack of commercial establishments, non-cash transactions are common on some reservations. Although a bartering system can function within the reservation community, it inhibits economic interaction with those off the reservation or on other reservations, meaning, non-cash economies serve to further isolate reservation residents from the national or global economy.
Geographic isolation
For employment, education, and financial opportunity, many reservation residents are expected to leave the reservation. However, reservations were placed intentionally far from urban centers, and many of the roads serving these areas are substandard. Many key roads were never designed or built for vehicular traffic. According to the Bureau of Indian Affairs, only 15% of the nearly 28,000 miles of reservation roads are in acceptable conditions and pass current safety regulations.
Furthermore, almost a quarter of reservation households do not have access to a vehicle. However, barely one percent of reservation residents rely on any kind of public transportation. Although the federal government has made funds available to improve transportation on reservations, local transportation authorities have not taken advantage of these monies. These local authorities often lack the human capital needed to engineer and carry out improvements. The lack of safe roads and adequate transportation further isolates reservation communities and strengthens the neighborhood effects of concentrated poverty.
Problematic behaviors
The rate of violent crime on reservations is more than twice the national average. Although not heavily studied, gang violence is a problem on the Navajo and Pine Ridge Reservations. The extent to such activity on other reservations is a topic for future inquiry, although almost one fourth of a national sample of reservation residents report gang activity in their communities.
The use of drugs, alcohol, and cigarettes on reservations is also higher than national averages. This is especially true among youth, with the rate of youth drug use among reservation populations more than twice that of the general population. The suicide rate among reservation residents is twice that of the general population, suggesting the troubling psychological impact of living in areas of extreme and concentrated poverty. In fact, among youth ages 15–24, suicide is the leading cause of death on reservations.
Government assistance
Types of assistance
Reservation residents are eligible for all federal social assistance programs, including Temporary Aid for Needy Families (TANF), Supplemental Security Income (SSI), and food stamp programs. In addition, Food Distribution on Indian Reservations (FDPIR), often called "commodities," provides in-kind handouts of food. This program is the result of treaties established in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries that included provisions that the government would provide food and shelter for tribal members. Each reservation has a commodities office, from which monthly food supplies are given out.
Unfortunately, this food tends to be nonperishable, heavy on simple starches, and nutritionally deficient, thus contributing to high rates of obesity and diabetes on reservations. Public assistance does not effectively reduce poverty on the reservation. Although it may keep many families from being completely unable to survive, it does not build economies, reinstitute cultural institutions, or create a source of pride for reservation residents.
Percent receiving aid
The percent of reservation residents eligible for government aid tends to be much higher than that of the general population. On the ten largest reservations, the percent of residents receiving cash assistance ranges from four to fifteen times the national average. In addition, a higher portion of reservation residents are eligible for Supplemental Security Income. On average, ten percent of the population on the largest reservations are eligible for SSI benefits, compared with eight percent of all Americans. The percentage of reservation residents eligible for social security benefits is comparable to that of the national population.
Problems with existing data
Relatively little current, valid data exists about today's reservations. Annual demographic surveys generally do not have a large enough reservation-based sample to present data. Researchers gathering data on American Indians rarely differentiate between reservation residents and non-reservation residents, even though there are huge differences in lifestyles and often much tension between the groups. Furthermore, the rural nature of many reservations, the lack of available contact information and telephone numbers, protective rules by tribal councils, and a distrust of outsiders present data collection challenges. Lastly, an overwhelming majority of research focuses on the Pine Ridge and Navajo Reservations, suggesting a need for more comparative analyses of conditions on individual reservations.
Government Assistance on the Ten Largest Reservations
Figures from the 2000 census.
Local reform efforts
The federal government allows tribes some authority in creating their own versions of Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) with federal monies. Such programs must abide by federal regulations, such as the 60-month limitation, but may incorporate aspects of culture and tradition into the requirements for aid. Economist Elizabeth Zahrt Geib stressed the potential for tribes to define work for purposes of welfare distribution to include traditional tasks and arts more in line with native lifestyles before the reservation system was created.
The Tanana Chiefs Conference of Alaska and the Lac du Flambeau Bank of Lake Superior Chippewa of Wisconsin have already included hunting and fishing as work activities for purposes of welfare distribution. In addition, locally controlled welfare programs usually mean much easier application processes and increased accessibility to offices, allowing a greater number of eligible individuals to become recipients.
The amount of money made available to tribes is calculated from the amount that individual states made available to reservation residents in years prior. Unfortunately, many states did not educate reservation residents on procedures for applying for aid, meaning that the number of receiving individuals was less than the number of eligible individuals, and limiting the amount currently made available.
Anti-poverty programs
Across the country, individuals and organizations both on and off reservations are fighting to reduce the poverty discussed above. Most efforts have focused on gaming casinos, tribal economic entrepreneurship, and cultural revival.
Environmental protection efforts
Reservations in relatively close proximity to urban areas have become sites for waste treatment, storage, and disposal facilities (TSDFs), adding environmental degradation to the landscape of poverty. Living in proximity to high levels of pollution or industrial facilities has been linked to serious short-term and long-term health impacts. In what is perhaps the most negative use of Native American lands, the federal government has used reservations for nuclear testing and nuclear waste disposal. Uranium mining, uranium conversion and enrichment, and nuclear weapons testing have all occurred on reservation lands in the past century. After creating the Nevada Test Site on Western Shoshone lands in Nevada, the federal government tested over one thousand atomic weapons on Western Shoshone land between the 1950-90s. The Western Shoshone people call themselves the "most bombed nation on the planet." Similar activities happened on Paiute Shoshone lands as well.
For Native American nations, environmental justice on reservations is more than the enforcement of equitable protection of human health and natural resources, it is also a matter of tribal sovereignty, self determination, and redistribution of power. The field of environmental justice (EJ) focuses on measuring and mitigating patterns of disproportionate exposure to environmental pollutants and health hazards, has been a useful ally for Native nations in the fight against environmental degradation on reservations. Over the past several decades, EJ communities, researchers and activists have used varied methodology to measure the disparate siting and long-term health effects of locally unwanted land uses, waste treatment facilities, and other noxious point sources of pollution in relation to communities of color and other socioeconomically disadvantaged groups. Native governments on reservations have used their legal "Treatment as State" status with the Federal government to mount EJ claims with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in several cases to successfully legally push back against pollution and environmental degradation on their lands . However, many Native activists argue that a seat at the table "does not ensure a comparable serving of the environmental protection pie"
Influence of casinos
Indian gaming casinos are often considered a potential solution to reservation poverty. Because reservations are exempt from many federal and state regulations, including those prohibiting gambling, tribes are able to operate commercial casinos on reservations. These casinos can provide jobs on the reservation, attract tourists, and bring in money for tribes to fund education, health, and social service programs. The Ojibwe of Minnesota have built two schools, the Choctaw of Oklahoma have built a new hospital, and the Pueblo of New Mexico have rebuilt their water system, all using casino profits. Other tribes fund child and elder care programs, health services, fire and police protection, and housing development with gambling earnings.
Casinos also provide much-needed job opportunities on reservations. In 1989, average levels of unemployment on reservations was above 30 percent. In the next decade, that rate dropped to 13 percent on reservations with casinos, while remaining stagnant on reservations without casinos.
Casinos' impact on overall economic conditions, however, is limited. Through the 1990s, the number of reservation residents eligible for public assistance programs increased across most reservations. Although the rate of increase was slightly less on reservations that had casinos, the casinos were unable to reverse trends of worsening poverty. There are a number of factors explaining why casinos have done little to change living conditions on many reservations, despite the income they bring in. First, a relatively small number of casinos bring in the majority of casino income. In the 1990s, ten casinos brought in more than half the earned money, and 20 percent of casinos brought in more than 80 percent of earnings.
Those that are most financially successful tend to be small reservations with relatively few inhabitants located near metropolitan areas that do not have as high poverty rates as larger, more rural reservations, which hold a much greater portion of the nations' reservation inhabitants. Many of the reservations facing the most dire poverty also are the most geographically isolated, meaning outside tourists rarely travel to the casinos. Instead, they are visited by reservation residents. Depending on the profit distribution plan of the tribe, this can result in a redistribution of income from many to a few, and a fractionalization of the reservation population between those who spend at casinos and those who earn from them.
When reservation residents spend portions of their sometimes very sparse incomes gambling, casinos can serve to exacerbate rather than relieve conditions of poverty. This is especially true when a casino's income is sent off the reservation, as is frequently the case when tribal governments must rely on outside investors to build casinos. These non-native investors often take substantial portions of the profits for years following construction to repay their initial contributions. Beyond initial investments, some casinos rely on outside management companies for day-to-day operations. Currently, fifteen percent of casino revenues go to such management firms.
Beyond limited economic efficacy, casinos have faced criticism on cultural grounds. Some tribal leaders have raised concerns that gambling goes against cultural beliefs and values, and is not a solid cultural foundation for native economic development. Without culturally sensitive investment in education and job creation, they assert, conditions of poverty will not change.
Economic development
Some have suggested that private enterprise originating on the reservation is the key to poverty alleviation. Once a critical mass of business exists, jobs will be created. By keeping the circulation of money on the reservation, economies will grow. Currently, there are 236,691 businesses in the US owned by American Indians and Alaskan Natives, most located off reservations. Although 1.5 percent of the population identifies as American Indian or Alaskan Native, these businesses represent less than one percent of all businesses in the nation. Native-owned businesses tend to be very small, with only 10 percent of them having any employees, and only 162 having more than 100 employees. However, trends suggest the number of natively owned businesses is growing. The number has risen 18 percent in the past decade, and native-business profits rose nearly 30 percent.
Some Native entrepreneurs have brought economic development to their reservations. Small businesses thrive on reservations throughout the country. For example, the Native American Natural Foods Company of Kyle, South Dakota, on Pine Ridge produces energy bars using buffalo meat and cranberries that are sold in gourmet grocery stores throughout the country. They serve as a model for other reservation-based businesses. An artists' cooperative on the Siletz Reservation in Oregon sells Native artwork and is staffed by young reservation residents, providing the artists with business and the employees with important work experience.
In some areas, reservation residents have developed professional networks to share resources as they develop businesses. For example, four tribes in Oregon created the Oregon Native American Business and Entrepreneurial Network, which offers training to assist tribal members start, fund, and operate business ventures. The organization has assisted more than 10,000 individuals since its founding in 1993. Unfortunately, for every successful business, there are many that are not able to sustain themselves, and many more ideas without the resources needed to implement them.
Alaska Native Corporations
The federal government has taken an active role in fostering business on native lands through the creation of Alaska Native Corporations (ANCs). These corporations, created by the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act of 1971, were created to settle land disputes with Alaska Natives. Rather than creating reservations, the government divided Alaskan lands into corporations, each of which owns a segment of land on which tribal members reside. In addition to owning tribal lands, these corporations have a business relationship with the government, who can contract with them for any number of tasks.
Alaskan corporations have held federal contracts to deal with defense, sexual harassment regulation, and more. Such contracts have not brought substantial money or economic activity to Alaska. Frequently, large, non-natively owned corporations in the continental United States will subcontract with the Alaskan Native Corporations. Due to the circumstances of their creation, contracts with ANCs are free from much of the regulation conventional contractors face, such as requirements for competitive bidding and spending caps. As such, the subcontractors are able to avoid regulation, while only passing on a very small portion of funds to the native shareholders of the Alaskan Native Corporation. In practice, the Alaskan Native Corporation system has done little to reduce poverty among Alaska's natives despite its effort to provide tribes with opportunities for economic activity.
Business challenges on reservations
There are many challenges facing business leaders on reservations. As discussed above, the substandard educational system leaves many aspiring entrepreneurs without necessary skills to fulfill their visions. The concentration of poverty and geographic isolation of many reservations severely limits the human capital from which business owners may draw to develop their business plans. The lack of disposable income of residents, furthermore, leaves reservation businesses with a limited customer base, while the shortcomings of telecommunications technologies can prevent expansion beyond reservation borders. In addition to material challenges facing economic development, some have criticized the ideological view of business ownership and development as solutions to reservation poverty. These critics have stated that conventional capitalist business plans run counter to many Native traditions, which stress community and interdependence rather than individualism and competition.
It is often noted that the reservation system needs change. Some have asserted that the entire system needs to be eliminated, but disagree on what should take its place. Anthropologist Shuichi Nagata has stated that both the reservations and modern American cities clash with traditional Native lifestyles. What is needed, he writes, is something separate from either that combines the cultural richness of reservations with the opportunity of contemporary urban centers.
See also
Modern social statistics of Native Americans
Native Americans and reservation inequality
Alcohol and Native Americans
Methamphetamine and Native Americans
Native American disease and epidemics
Impact of Native American gaming
Administration:
Native American reservation politics
Native American gambling enterprises
Former Indian Reservations in Oklahoma
General:
Native American self-determination
Tribal disenrollment
Tribal sovereignty
New World Syndrome
References
Native American topics
Native American health
Poverty in the United States
American Indian reservations |
20469278 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag%20Me%20to%20Hell | Drag Me to Hell | Drag Me to Hell is a 2009 American supernatural horror film directed and co-written by Sam Raimi. It stars Alison Lohman, Justin Long, Lorna Raver, Dileep Rao, David Paymer, and Adriana Barraza. The plot, written with his older brother Ivan, focuses on a loan officer, who, because she has to prove to her boss that she can make the "hard decisions", chooses not to extend an elderly woman's mortgage. In retaliation, the woman places a curse on the loan officer that, after three days of escalating torment, will plunge her into the depths of Hell to burn for eternity.
Raimi wrote Drag Me to Hell with his brother before working on the Spider-Man trilogy. The film premiered at the Cannes Film Festival and was a box office success, grossing over $90 million worldwide. Drag Me to Hell won the award for Best Horror Film at the 2009 Scream Awards and the 2010 Saturn Awards.
Plot
In 1969 Pasadena, a Hispanic couple seek help from young medium Shaun San Dena, saying their son is ill and hears evil voices after stealing a silver necklace from a Gypsy wagon, despite trying to return it. San Dena prepares a séance, but an unseen force attacks them and drags the boy to Hell. San Dena vows to fight the demon again one day.
In present-day Los Angeles, bank loan officer Christine Brown vies for a promotion to assistant branch manager with her co-worker Stu Rubin. Her boss, Jim Jacks, advises her to demonstrate tough decision-making. Sylvia Ganush, an elderly and disheveled European Roma woman, asks for a third extension on her mortgage. After Christine denies her request, Ganush cries and begs not to have her house repossessed. Security guards arrive and she leaves, angrily accusing Christine of shaming her. In the parking lot, Ganush ambushes and violently attacks Christine. After a long struggle, Ganush rips a button from Christine's coat and curses it. Later, Christine and her boyfriend Clay Dalton visit fortune teller Rham Jas, who tells Christine a dark spirit is haunting her. At home, the entity begins to violently attack Christine. At work, she hallucinates about Ganush and bleeds profusely from her nose while spewing blood on Jacks. As Christine leaves, Stu steals a file from her desk.
Christine goes to beg Ganush for forgiveness but discovers she has recently died. After causing a scene at the funeral, a family member of Ganush warns her that she deserves everything she's about to get. Christine returns to Jas, who explains that as long as she owns the cursed button, a powerful demon known as the Lamia will torment her for three days before dragging her to Hell. He suggests a sacrifice may appease it. Christine reluctantly sacrifices her pet kitten before meeting Clay's parents at their house for dinner, during which grotesque hallucinations torment her again.
Christine returns to Jas, who requests a fee of $10,000. He introduces her to San Dena, who prepares a séance to trap Lamia in a goat and kill it. However, the Lamia possesses her and then her assistant, who vomits up the corpse of Christine's cat, saying it wants her soul. San Dena manages to successfully banish the Lamia from the séance, but dies afterwards. Jas seals the button in an envelope and tells Christine that she can only remove the curse by giving the button to someone else. She attempts to give the envelope at a diner: to a tearful Stu (whom she tries to blackmail into accepting it) and to an ailing, married elderly woman; out of pity, she does neither. Rather, she digs up Ganush's grave and shoves the envelope into her mouth at dawn. Christine returns home and prepares to meet Clay at Los Angeles Union Station for a weekend trip. Jacks notifies her of the promotion after Stu confessed to stealing her file and was fired.
At the station, Clay, hoping to propose to Christine, hands her the envelope with her missing button he found in his car, unaware of its significance. She realizes that she accidentally gave the wrong envelope to Ganush, which means the curse was never lifted. Horrified, Christine backs away and falls onto the tracks, just as fiery, demonic hands emerge. Clay tries to rescue Christine, but a train speeds through and he can only watch as the hands drag her to Hell.
Cast
The film includes cameo appearances by Raimi himself as an uncredited ghost at the séance, his younger brother Ted as a doctor, and his eldest children Emma, Henry, and Lorne in minor roles. Frequent Raimi collaborator Scott Spiegel appears as a mourner at the death feast, while fellow frequent Raimi collaborator John Paxton and Irene Roseen appear as the old couple at the diner.
Production
Background
The original story for Drag Me to Hell was written ten years before the film went into production and was written by Sam Raimi and his brother Ivan Raimi. The film went into production under the name The Curse. The Raimis wrote the script as a morality tale, desiring to write a story about a character who wants to be a good person, but makes a sinful choice out of greed for her own betterment and pays the price for it. The Raimis tried to make the character of Christine the main focal point in the film, and tried to have Christine in almost all the scenes in the film. Elements of the film's story are drawn from the British horror film Night of the Demon (itself an adaptation of M.R. James' short story "Casting the Runes") such as the similar-shaped demons and the three-day curse theme in the film. The most significant parallel is that both stories involve the passing of a cursed object, which has to be passed to someone else, or its possessor will be devoured by one or more demons. Unlike his past horror films, Raimi wanted the film to be rated PG-13 and not strictly driven by gore, stating, "I didn't want to do exactly the same thing I had done before."
After finishing the script, Raimi desired to make the picture after the first draft of the script was completed, but other projects such as the Spider-Man film series became a nearly decade-long endeavor, pushing opportunities to continue work on Drag Me to Hell to late 2007. Raimi offered director Edgar Wright to direct Drag Me to Hell which Wright turned down as he was filming Hot Fuzz and felt that "If I did it, it would just feel like karaoke." After the previous three Spider-Man films, Raimi came back to the script of Drag Me to Hell, wanting to make a simpler and lower-budget film. In 2007, Sam Raimi's friend and producer Robert Tapert of Ghost House Pictures had the company sign on to finance the film. Universal Studios agreed to distribute domestically.
Casting
After completing the script and having the project greenlit, Raimi started casting the film. Elliot Page was originally cast for the main role of Christine, but dropped out of the project due to SAG strike-related scheduling issues. The main role eventually went to Lohman, who did not enjoy horror films, but enjoyed doing the stunts during filming. Stage actress Lorna Raver auditioned for the role of Mrs. Ganush. Raver was not aware of the specific nature of her character until being cast, stating that all she had read was "about a little old lady coming into the bank because they're closing down her house. It was only later that I saw the whole script and said, 'Oh my!'". To prepare for this role, Raver met with a Hungarian dialect coach and asked to have portions of the script translated into Hungarian. Raimi would later ask Raver to use some of the Hungarian words in the scenes of Ganush's attacking Christine. Dileep Rao, who plays Rham Jas, made producer Grant Curtis mildly hesitant in casting him, stating that during his audition "he was a little bit younger than he read in the script. But as we were looking at his reading, Sam said, 'There's no minimum age requirement on wisdom.' Dileep has that wisdom and presence on screen, and that's what made him right. Once he got on camera, he brought that shoulder for Alison to lean on." Many of the actors playing secondary characters in Drag Me to Hell have appeared previously in Raimi's films, including Joanne Baron, Tom Carey, Molly Cheek, Aimee Miles, John Paxton, Ted Raimi, Bill E. Rogers, Chelcie Ross, and Octavia Spencer.
Filming
Raimi said he set out to create "a horror film with lots of wild moments and lots of suspense and big shocks that'll hopefully make audiences jump. But I also wanted to have a lot of dark humor sprinkled throughout. I spent the last decade doing Spider-Man and you come to rely on a lot of people doing things for you and a lot of help, but it's refreshing and wonderful to be reminded that, as with most filmmakers, the best way to do it is yourself, with a tight team doing the main jobs."
Production for Drag Me to Hell began on location in Tarzana, California. The production team included director of photography Peter Deming, production designer Steve Saklad and visual effects supervisor Bruce Jones. The film was produced by Grant Curtis and Rob Tapert. Tapert and Raimi are longtime collaborators, having attended college together in Michigan.
Editing
Drag Me to Hell was edited by Bob Murawski, who has collaborated with Raimi on several films including the Spider-Man series, The Gift, and Army of Darkness. Raimi has said of working with Murawski on Drag Me to Hell, "He'd come (down to the set) to see how things were going and to let me know if he'd just cut something that wasn't working the way he'd wanted it to, or to suggest a pick-up shot I should get for a piece he felt we needed in a sequence I hadn't realized I needed. He's very detail-oriented... So we're very close collaborators." Raimi finds editing with Murawski to be "relaxing", adding, "I love it. For me, it's so relaxing, unlike pre-production, which is fraught with anxiety and fear about how we're going to do things, and production, which is so rushed and a sleepless time and you're just racing to finish every shot and worrying about focus and so on. So post is soothing and I can watch the film come together, so it's a time of discovery for me as Bob and I fit all the pieces together. I see new possibilities in post, as Bob puts the film together, sometimes in a way I never imagined..." The film was edited by Murawski on an Avid computer system in a West Los Angeles facility. The color grading was completed at Company 3 with colorist Stephen Nakamura. Nakamura used DaVinci Resolve. It was CO3's first start-to-finish feature in 4K resolution. "For us, post is a very creative time where it's not just about this factory producing the blueprinted product. It's really a very creative, experimental time where we try and take everything that's been written and then shot to the next level," said Raimi. The final sound mix was completed at the Dub Stage in Burbank with mixers Marti Humphrey and Chris Jacobson.
Effects
The effects in Drag Me to Hell were created in many different ways, including green screen, puppets, prosthetics and computer-generated imagery. Bruce Jones was the visual effects supervisor on the film. Of Jones, Raimi commented, "He brought a great can-do approach to the film... He's got a great team of artists and technicians with him, and he's got great instincts."
There were hundreds of visual effects in the film, and different effects houses were utilized. According to Raimi, the Bay Area's Tippett Studio was a big player. "We also had work done by Amalgamated Pixels, Ghost VFX, KNB Effects, Home Digital, Cinesoup and IE Effects," said Raimi. According to Raimi, "Bob (Murawski) and I kept adding visual effects as post proceeded. In this film, the supernatural, the unseen, is almost another character, so sequences were developed — even in post — that would suggest the presence of the supernatural, and we kept on adding. The same with the sound effects, so it was a very ongoing, very live process in post."
Director of photography Peter Deming tried to use realistic lighting in the film. Said Deming, "Normally, you'd put all corrected bulbs in, but we went with what was there, including the shots in the street. We used the streetlight look and mixed that with interior lighting. There were a lot of odd color sources that we chose to leave the way they would be naturally. It's a heightened sense of realism." One of the earliest projects the special effects teams did was the scene in which Mrs. Ganush attacks Christine in her car. To film the action, which included close-ups of Christine jamming her foot on the pedal, hitting the brake, and shifting gears, the team created a puzzle car which allowed the front engine compartment and back trunk — as well as all four sides and doors — to come away from the car. The roof came off in two directions.
Soundtrack
The film score was composed by Christopher Young. Young has worked with director Raimi previously on his films The Gift and Spider-Man 3. The soundtrack was released on August 18, 2009. Sam Raimi stated that emphasis was on using the soundtrack to create a world that didn't exist, a world of the "supernatural". The score contains elements of Young's previous work on Flowers in the Attic. This is particularly apparent in the utilization of the ethereal childlike soprano vocals that feature prominently throughout the soundtrack.
All tracks composed by Christopher Young.
The soundtrack was released by Waxwork Records in 2018 on vinyl record.
Release
Drag Me to Hell was first shown to the public as a "Work in Progress" print at the South by Southwest festival on March 15, 2009. The film debuted in its full form at the 2009 Cannes Film Festival, where it was shown out of competition on May 20, 2009, as a midnight screening.
Reception
Box office
The film was released in the United States on May 29, 2009. The film opened at #4 with $15.8 million from 2,900 screens at 2,508 theaters, an average of $6,310 per theater ($5,457 average per screen). In its second weekend, it dropped 56%, falling to #7, with $7 million, for an average of $2,805 per theater ($2,514 average per screen), and bringing the 10-day gross to $28,233,230. Drag Me to Hell closed on August 6, 2009, with a final gross in the United States and Canada of $42.1 million, and an additional $48.7 million internationally for a total of $90.8 million worldwide.
Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 92% based on 270 reviews, and an average rating of 7.6/10. The site's critical consensus states, "Sam Raimi returns to top form with Drag Me to Hell, a frightening, hilarious, delightfully campy thrill ride." On Metacritic the film has a weighted average score of 83 out of 100, based on 32 critics, indicating "universal acclaim". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B−" on an A+ to F scale.
Positive critical reception of the film generally praised the film's scary but humorous and campy tone. Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly gave the film an A rating, stating that "Raimi has made the most crazy, fun, and terrifying horror movie in years." Betsy Sharkey of the Los Angeles Times praised the film, stating that it "should not be dismissed as yet another horror flick just for teens. The filmmakers have given us a 10-story winding staircase of psychological tension that is making very small circles near the end." Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune described the film as a "hellaciously effective B-movie [that] comes with a handy moral tucked inside its scares, laughs and Raimi's specialty, the scare/laugh hybrid." Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun Times gave the film 3 out of 4 stars, and stated that the film "is a sometimes funny and often startling horror movie. That is what it wants to be, and that is what it is." In a positive review, Variety said of the film: "Scant and barren of subtext, the pic is single-mindedly devoted to pushing the audience's buttons... Still, there's no denying it delivers far more than competing PG-13 thrillers."
Bloody Disgusting gave the film four and a half stars out of five, with the review calling it "quite simply the most perfect horror film I've seen in a long, long while... [It's] a blast and moved quickly from start to finish [and] is well on its way to becoming an immediate classic." The film was then ranked thirteenth in Bloody Disgusting's list of the 'Top 20 Horror Films of the Decade'.
Kyle Smith of the New York Post thought it was cheesy, with too many "gross-outs", Rex Reed of The New York Observer thought that the plot wasn't believable enough, and Peter Howell of The Toronto Star disliked Lohman's performance and thought it was "just not very funny".
Reviews have also received the film as a comedy horror in a more classic Raimi vein. Vic Holtreman of Screenrant claims the film is a long-awaited movie that combines both genres as Army of Darkness had done. A reviewer at UGO Networks says that the film is very much more a comedy than horror and that this is in keeping with Raimi not having produced a "true horror" film since he began directing.
Accolades
The film was nominated for "Choice Movie: Horror/Thriller" at the 2009 Teen Choice Awards, which the film lost to Friday the 13th (2009). At the 2009 Scream Awards show, Drag Me to Hell won the awards for Best Horror Movie and Best Scream-play.
Home media
Drag Me to Hell was released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc in the US on October 13, 2009. Both media include an Unrated Director's Cut as well as the Theatrical Version. In its first two weeks the DVD sold 459,217 copies generating $7.98 million in sales. It since accumulated $13.9 million in DVD sales in the United States.
On February 13, 2018, Scream Factory released a two-disc Collector's Edition of Drag Me to Hell, which included both edits of the film remastered from the 2K digital intermediate, archival interviews and featurettes and all-new interviews with Alison Lohman, Lorna Raver and Christopher Young.
See also
Evil Dead
Hellbound, a 2021 South Korean TV series with a similar plot
Inferno, a 2016 film with a similar theme
List of ghost films
References
External links
Drag Me to Hell Full Production Notes
2009 films
2009 horror films
2000s supernatural films
American ghost films
American supernatural horror films
Demons in film
Fictional representations of Romani people
Films about curses
American films about revenge
Films directed by Sam Raimi
Films scored by Christopher Young
Films set in 1969
Films set in 2009
Films set in Los Angeles
Films set in Pasadena, California
Hell in popular culture
Films about Romani people
Films with screenplays by Sam Raimi
2000s Spanish-language films
Films about spirit possession
Universal Pictures films
Films about witchcraft
Films shot in Los Angeles
2000s English-language films
2000s American films |
44497938 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliott%20Broidy | Elliott Broidy | Elliott B. Broidy (born 1956/1957) is an American venture capitalist and businessman. From 2005 to 2008, he served as finance chairman of the Republican National Committee (RNC). In 2009, he was convicted in a public corruption and bribery case in New York.
From 2017 to April 2018 he was a deputy finance chairman of the RNC, resigning after The Wall Street Journal reported that he had been a party to a non-disclosure agreement with former Playboy Playmate Shera Bechard, under which he paid $1.6 million for her silence about a sexual affair between them. As of May 2019, the United States Department of Justice was investigating Broidy's business and political dealings.
In October 2020, Broidy pleaded guilty to acting as an unregistered foreign agent working for Chinese and Malaysian interests. He sought to lobby the highest levels of the U.S. Government to deport a dissident of the People's Republic of China (PRC) living in the United States, and tried to arrange meetings for a PRC Minister with the Attorney General, the Secretary of Homeland Security, and other high-level officials during the PRC Minister's visit to the United States, all while concealing the foreign principals he represented. He had been charged as part of a federal probe into efforts to influence the Trump administration to stop investigations about a 1MDB Malaysian state fund fraud. On January 20, 2021, Broidy was pardoned by President Donald Trump.
Early life
Broidy is the son of Sherman G. Broidy (1924–2014), an educator and property developer, and Dorothy Horowitz, a nurse, and was raised in Westwood. He is Jewish.
Broidy says he put himself through the University of Southern California "working as a commercial salmon fisherman" and that he "saved $10,000 and bought an East Los Angeles laundromat that he visited almost every day." Broidy graduated from USC where he received a Bachelor of Science degree in Accounting and Finance. He was a Certified Public Accountant from 1982 to 1993.
Career
Business
Broidy began his career in finance at Arthur Andersen in the tax department. One of his clients, Glen Bell, the founder of Taco Bell, hired him to manage his personal investments. He was the managing director at Bell Enterprises from 1982 to 1991 during which Broidy became enormously wealthy. In 1991, he founded Broidy Capital Management, an investment firm, serving as its chairman and chief executive officer.
In the early 2000s, he established Markstone through which he invested large sums in Israeli firms becoming a very close friend of Benjamin Netanyahu, who was finance minister of Israel at the time. He raised $800 million for Markstone primarily with close cooperation of elected managers of government workers' pension funds in California, New York, and other states, as well as the city of Los Angeles which he was on the board of trustees for the Los Angeles Fire and Police Pension fund.
Broidy served as chairman of ESI Holdings, an event management firm. He served as commissioner and chairman of the Alternative Investment Committee of the Los Angeles City Fire and Police Pension Fund from 2002 to 2009.
Becoming interested in politics after the 9/11 attacks, he joined the Republican Jewish Coalition and ultimately became a member of the board of directors, a position he still holds as of 2019. Between 2002 and 2004 he became a “Super Ranger", donating more than $300,000 to the George W. Bush 2004 presidential campaign. From 2004 to 2006 he raised campaign funds for many Republican candidates. In October 2006, he hosted a fundraiser for Bush, where $1 million was raised. Later that year, he was appointed by Homeland Security Secretary Michael Chertoff to the Homeland Security Advisory Council as well as the Terrorism Task Force and New Technology Task Force.
He led the fund raising for Republicans from 2005 to 2008 as finance chairman for the Republican National Committee (RNC) including the 2008 elections involving John McCain and Sarah Palin and, for the 2016 elections, he was a top fund raiser for Ted Cruz, Lindsey Graham, Marco Rubio, and Donald Trump. From April 2017 until April 13, 2018, he was a deputy finance chairman of the RNC. According to Bruce Bialosky of the Republican Jewish Coalition "A lot of people talked a big game, but when he said he could raise big money, he actually did."
In addition to his other activities, Broidy was the executive producer of two independent films: Sugar and Snake and Mongoose (both 2013).
In 2014, Broidy purchased the Virginia-based private security company Circinus LLC, which provides services to the United States and other governments. The company has hundreds of millions of dollars in contracts with the United Arab Emirates. After meeting with both Jared Kushner and later President Donald Trump in October 2017 at the White House and discussing Circinus with the President during which Broidy felt the President was "extremely enthusiastic" about the firm to gain a security contract with the United Arab Emirates (UAE), in 2018, Broidy intended to take a business trip with George Nader to meet with the Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia, in order to sell the prince a $650 million contract with Circinus. The plan fell apart when F.B.I. agents took Nader in for questioning upon his arrival at Dulles Airport.
New York State Common Pension Fund conviction
In 2002, Broidy founded Markstone Capital Partners, a private equity firm which invested in companies in Israel. The lead investor was the New York State Common Pension Fund. The pension fund invested $250 million with Markstone. After falling under investigation by then New York attorney general Andrew Cuomo, in 2009, Broidy entered a guilty plea to a single felony count of attempting to provide excess gratuity to former New York State Comptroller Alan Hevesi. The charge was later reduced to a misdemeanor in exchange for cooperation that helped lead to the conviction of Hevesi and six other pension officials. Broidy had provided $1 million in illegal gifts to New York State pension authorities. The gifts included luxury trips to Israel, payouts, and an undisclosed investment in a film produced by the brother of the chief investment officer of the New York State Retirement Fund. In exchange for the gifts, the state pension fund had invested $250 million with Markstone Capital Partners. As part of the plea deal, Broidy paid $18 million in restitution of management fees paid by the pension fund to Markstone and resigned from the chairmanship of Markstone.
Donald Trump administration
In 2016, Broidy served as a vice chairman of the Trump Victory Committee, a joint fundraising committee between the Donald Trump campaign and the RNC. In addition, he served as a vice-chairman of the Presidential Inaugural Committee. In April 2017, Broidy was named one of three national deputy finance chairmen of the RNC, along with Trump's lawyer Michael Cohen and the businessman Louis DeJoy.
After Trump won the election, Broidy used his connections to the president to recruit international clients for his security business Circinus, promising that he could arrange meetings with Trump or other high government officials. He obtained defense contracts worth more than $200 million from the United Arab Emirates. Many of his clients had unsavory records. Broidy offered inauguration tickets to Denis Sassou-Nguesso, a Congolese strongman whose lavish lifestyle was paid by public funds. He arranged for an Angolan politician João Lourenço to meet with Republican senators and offered him a trip to Mar-A-Lago. Liviu Dragnea, a Romanian parliamentarian jailed for corruption in May 2019, got to attend an inauguration party and pose for pictures with the president. He attempted to expand Circinus assistance with Tunisia through Tunisians Eymen Errais and Fadhel Abdelkefi and with Cyprus allowing Circinus to create a "misatrributed environment" in which information and surveillance would be laundered through the United States masking a foreign government's actions and reducing "the risk of being exposed to Google analytics or compromising the IP addresses of the machine or network originating the search."<ref name = unsavory/
In April 2017, Broidy was appointed as deputy finance chairman of the Republican National Committee (RNC).
In October 2017, in a private meeting with president Donald Trump, Broidy praised a paramilitary force his company Circinus was creating for the United Arab Emirates (UAE). He urged the president to meet with the UAE's military commander Crown Prince Mohammed bin Zayed al-Nahyan, to support the UAE's hawkish policies in the Middle East, and to fire United States Secretary of State Rex Tillerson. He was also harshly critical of Qatar, an American ally at odds with the UAE. Revealed on March 22, 2018, after Tillerson had been fired, Broidy had been paid allegedly $2.6 million from George Nader to lobby the White House on behalf of the best interests of both the UAE and Saudi Arabia and against Qatar. In March 2018, The New York Times reported that Lebanese-American businessman George Nader "worked for more than a year to turn Broidy into an instrument of influence at the White House for the rulers of Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, according to interviews and previously undisclosed documents. ...High on the agenda of the two men...was pushing the White House to remove Secretary of State Rex W. Tillerson, backing confrontational approaches to Iran and Qatar and repeatedly pressing the president to meet privately outside the White House with the leader of the U.A.E."
In March 2018, Broidy filed a lawsuit against Qatar, alleging that Qatar's government stole and leaked his emails in order to discredit him because he was viewed "as an impediment to their plan to improve the country's standing in Washington." In May 2018, the lawsuit named Mohammed bin Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani, brother of the Emir of Qatar, and his associate Ahmed Al-Rumaihi, as allegedly orchestrating Qatar's cyber warfare campaign against Broidy. Broidy accused UN diplomat Jamal Benomar of being a secret Qatari agent, and filed suit for the alleged hacking. In the case Broidy Capital Management LLC v. Jamal Benomar, it was determined that Jamal Benomar (of Qatar) had diplomatic immunity that prevented him from facing litigation. As per the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, diplomatic immunity is subject to waiver if the diplomat engaged in commercial activity. In this case, it was not proven that Benomar had engaged in said commercial activity. The appellate court determined that there was not sufficient evidence to waive Benomar's diplomatic immunity, and the case was dismissed.
Beginning in March 2018, Broidy became embroiled in a criminal investigation launched by the Prosecutor General of Ukraine for Broidy's June 12, 2014, deal to provide political support for VTB Bank and Investment Capital Ukraine (ICU), which acts as a financial advisor to President of Ukraine Petro Poroshenko. Broidy was to receive five payments of $2.5 million each through the British Virgin Islands firm with a Dubai address, Quillas Equities SA, which has Yuri Soloviev as a large shareholder according to the Panama Papers. Yuri Soloviev is a member of the management board for VTB and is the first deputy president and chairman of its management board. Yuri Soloviev's Quillas Equities has accounts in the Swiss Pictet Bank through which money transfers often occur to the VTB-owned bank in Cyprus, RCB Cyprus. In early 2014, VTB fell under numerous international sanctions due to Russia attacking Ukraine.
On April 13, 2018, Broidy resigned as deputy finance chairman of Republican National Committee (RNC) amid allegations of a relationship with Shera Bechard. To ensure that Bechard would not disclose the relationship, the $1.6 million payments beginning in 2017 to McDougal, which was arranged by Michael Cohen, was allegedly very similar to the payment Cohen made to Stormy Daniels which came from accounts that Cohen had established to receive very large sums from Viktor Vekselberg associated firms in the Renova Group and others. Both Vekselberg, who is very close to Vladimir Putin, and his Renova Group fell under United States sanctions on April 6, 2018, which froze $1.5-$2 billion of Vekselberg's assets.
Sex scandal
On April 13, 2018, The Wall Street Journal reported that Broidy had a sexual relationship with Playboy Playmate Shera Bechard, resulting in a pregnancy in late 2017. The model later had an abortion. Donald Trump's personal lawyer Michael Cohen negotiated for Broidy to pay $1.6 million for the woman's silence. The settlement was falsely characterized at the time as a personal injury settlement. In response to the Journal article, Broidy issued a statement acknowledging that he had had a "consensual relationship with a Playboy Playmate", that Cohen had contacted him after being approached by the woman's attorney, Keith M. Davidson, and that Broidy had then hired Cohen to work out a non-disclosure agreement. Broidy resigned his post at the RNC the same day the article appeared. A few days later Cohen confirmed in court that Broidy was one of the three clients he had given legal advice to in the previous year. Some columnists have since speculated that Donald Trump was really the person who had the affair with Bechard, with Broidy agreeing to provide cover for Trump. Broidy's lawyer, Chris Clark, stated that Broidy will withhold forthcoming payments to Bechard due to an alleged breach of the non-disclosure agreement on her part. On July 6, 2018, Bechard filed a lawsuit against Broidy and the attorney Michael Avenatti, in relation to the cessation of the settlement payments. Bechard has alleged in a complaint that Broidy was physically, sexually, and emotionally abusive of her, and that he exposed her to herpes. Broidy has denied the allegations. On September 7, 2018, California Superior Court Judge Elizabeth White granted Broidy's request to strike allegations from the case going forward that were not relevant to the breach-of-contract dispute.
Recent business
A July 2018 report revealed that Broidy had paid Rick Gates, Donald Trump's former campaign chairman, at least $125,000 for "advice and business insight." Gates had been indicted in October 2017 as a result of the probe by special counsel Robert Mueller into Russian interference in the 2016 presidential election. The payments began in March 2017 and went on until at least July.
In June 2020, a 112-page legal filing was submitted by Broidy in a federal court in New York, in which he accused Qatar of paying tens of millions of dollars to Global Risk Advisors (GRA), including its chief executive Kevin Chalker, for years to hack, surveil, and silence American citizens who criticized Qatar.
The Global Risk Advisors sent email messages, purporting to be from Google's security team, which got Broidy's wife and his executive assistant to provide passwords for their personal gmail accounts.
In August 2020, The Wall Street Journal reported that Broidy was hired by Sun Lijun, the former deputy head of China's Ministry of Public Security, to lobby the Trump administration to extradite Guo Wengui, a fugitive billionaire. Guo has become an ally of former Trump White House adviser Steve Bannon.
Involvement with 1MDB, federal indictment, guilty plea, and pardon
In March 2018, The Wall Street Journal reported that Broidy had been in negotiations to earn tens of millions of dollars by lobbying the U.S. Justice Department to drop its investigation into a multibillion-dollar graft, the 1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal involving a Malaysian state investment fund, 1MDB, according to emails reviewed by the Journal. One email showed a proposal that would have given Broidy and his wife $75 million if they got the Justice Department to drop its probe into 1MDB. Broidy also prepared talking points for Malaysian Prime Minister Najib Razak to use with President Trump during his 2017 visit to Washington, D.C. This included playing up Malaysia's relationship with the U.S. in fighting North Korea, and arguing against pursuing legal action against 1MDB. Najib would eventually be convicted of corruption by a Malaysian court. The Department of Justice is investigating whether the Trump Victory Committee took a $100,000 donation from Malaysian businessman and international fugitive Jho Low, who is accused of being the mastermind of the 1MDB fraud.
In November 2018, The New York Times reported that Federal prosecutors accused Broidy of involvement in a scheme to launder millions of dollars into the United States to help Jho Low end a Justice Department investigation into the embezzlement of billions of dollars from 1MDB.
On October 8, 2020, federal prosecutors announced that they were charging Broidy with conspiring to act as a foreign agent as he lobbied the Trump administration on behalf of Malaysian and Chinese government interests, a felony. On October 20, 2020 Broidy pleaded guilty to these charges. As part of his plea deal, Broidy agreed to forfeit $6.6 million to the federal government. The felony to which Broidy pleaded guilty carries a prison sentence of up to five years.
On January 19, 2021 Broidy was granted a full pardon by President Donald J. Trump.
On June 11, 2021, the U. S. Department of Justice charged associates of Mr. Broidy. "Low Taek Jho, 39, also known as Jho Low, and Prakazrel “Pras” Michel, 48, are alleged to have conspired with Elliott Broidy" related to their "... engaging in undisclosed lobbying campaigns at the direction of Low and the Vice Minister of Public Security for the People's Republic of China".
Post Trump administration
On 5 August 2021, a lawsuit was filed by a Qatari luxury travel company, Mosafer Inc., according to which Elliott Broidy was paid millions of dollars by the United Arab Emirates to orchestrate a disinformation campaign against Qatar and for illegally lobbying the US federal officials to take "anti-Qatari" stance.
Philanthropic and nonprofit activities
In 2006, Bush appointed Broidy to the board of trustees of the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts.
Broidy served on the board of governors and the endowment committee of Hebrew Union College and the board of trustees of the Hillel Foundation, as well as the Center for Investment Studies at the Marshall School of Business at his alma mater, the University of Southern California. He served on the board of governors of the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and the board of trustees of the Simon Wiesenthal Center. He was the 2008 recipient of the Raoul Wallenberg Award by the Raoul Wallenberg Committee of the United States for his Jewish philanthropy.
Personal life
Broidy is married to Robin Rosenzweig, a former senior executive of 20th Century Fox. After residing in Holmby Hills, they moved to Bel Air in 2005. In 2001, they rented their Bel Air house to Angelina Jolie but, later, tore it down, built their own dream home and currently reside at that location in a mansion similar to the Howard Phipps Jr. owned Erchless at Old Westbury in Long Island. The couple have three children.
See also
1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal
References
1957 births
Living people
People from Bel Air, Los Angeles
Marshall School of Business alumni
American political fundraisers
American venture capitalists
Philanthropists from California
California Republicans
Film producers from California
Jewish American philanthropists
American people convicted of bribery
People from Holmby Hills, Los Angeles
Recipients of American presidential pardons
21st-century American Jews |
17334095 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallabi%20Limestone | Wallabi Limestone | Wallabi Limestone is the name given to the dense calcretised, limestone platform that underlies the Wallabi Group of the Houtman Abrolhos, an archipelago off the coast of Western Australia. This platform, which arises abruptly from a flat shelf, is about 40 metres thick, and is of marine biogenic origin, having originated as a coral reef. It reached its maximum size during the Eemian Stage (about 125,000 years ago), when sea levels were higher than at present. The subsequent fall in sea level resulted in the reef becoming emergent in places, thus forming the basement of the group's "central platform" islands, namely West Wallabi Island, East Wallabi Island and North Island.
References
See also
List of types of limestone
Limestone formations
Geologic formations of Australia
Geology of Western Australia
Houtman Abrolhos
Pleistocene Australia |
44497945 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalenenkirche%2C%20Hildesheim | Magdalenenkirche, Hildesheim | The Magdalenenkirche or St. Magdalenen (Church St. Mary Magdalene) is one of the churches in Hildesheim, Lower Saxony, Germany. The Magdalenenkirche is a Catholic church that was once a monastery church, and is situated in the old town at 25 Mühlenstraße.
Founded in 1224, the current building was consecrated in 1294, the first Gothic building in Hildesheim. Extensive rebuilding took place in the 15th century and further additions were made in the 19th century. In the fifteenth century (ca. 1416) an altarpiece was created by an unknown artist, referred to as the Meister des Göttinger Barfüßeraltars depicting scenes from the life of Mary Magdalene (Magdalenenlegende). This has since been broken up and various panels are found in different museums. One of these, the Noli me tangere is in the Staatsgalerie Stuttgart.
The church was badly damaged in World War II on 22 March 1945 and partly restored in a simplified manner. The restoration was completed in 1961.
Magdalenengarten, a baroque park laid out 1720–25, is close by. The small street Süsternstraße beside the church features a well-preserved part of the medieval city wall with a round tower.
References
Sources
Hermann Engfer: St. Magdalenen Hildesheim. Libertas Verlag für Kirche und Heimat Hubert Baum. Stuttgart 1961.
Ina Birkenbeul: Das „Elfen-Altarretabel“ in der St. Magdalenenkirche, Hildesheim. Diplomprüfung an der Fachhochschule Hildesheim/Holzminden, Institut für Restaurierung und Denkmalpflege, Winter 1999/2000.
Werner Lemke, Stefan Mahr, Roman Seifert: Die Seifert-Orgel in St. Magdalenen Hildesheim. DKV-Kunstführer Nr. 662 (Reihe der Klosterkammer Hannover, Heft 3), 1. Auflage, February 2010, .
Mary Magdalene
Roman Catholic churches in Hildesheim
Churches in the Diocese of Hildesheim |
6904383 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malinovo%2C%20Slovakia | Malinovo, Slovakia | Malinovo (, ) is a village and municipality in western Slovakia in Senec District in the Bratislava Region.
Names and etymology
The original name comes from a Germanic personal name Eberhardt. The earliest mentions are Yberhart (1209), Ybrehart (1216), Eburhardi (1260). In 1946, the village was renamed to Malinovo in honor of Soviet Marshal Rodion Malinovsky. Éberhárd is still the official name in the language of the Hungarian minority.
Geography
The municipality lies at an altitude of 128 metres and covers an area of 8.829 km2.
History
In historical records the village was first mentioned in 1209. In the 13th century, the village was inhabited by Germans who lived there until the 16th century. Malinovo was an important port on the Little Danube where also river tolls were charged. In 1548, the village was already completely abandoned and re-settled again. In 1773, it was already mostly Hungarian.
The old village castle was acquired in June 1763 by Count György Apponyi of the Apponyi family. It was rebuilt into its current form by the Apponyis in the early 19th century. Statesman György Apponyi died in the castle in 1899, and his son Albert Apponyi often received guests there. In 1923 it became the home of the State Agricultural School of Czechoslovakia. It is still home to a Horticultural School named after Gustav Čejka (cs).
After World War I, it became a part of Czechoslovakia. Between 1938 and 1945, through the First Vienna Award, Malinovo became a part of Miklós Horthy's Hungary . After World War II, the Hungarian population was partially expelled and replaced by Slovaks from Hungary.
Point of Interest
The Apponyi castle is still standing in a public park, but (as of late 2019) in need of renovation.
Demographics
According to the 2011 census, the municipality had 1,861 inhabitants. 1,158 of inhabitants were Slovaks, 625 Hungarians, 13 Czechs and 65 others and unspecified.
References
External links
Official page
https://web.archive.org/web/20071217080336/http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/run.html
Villages and municipalities in Senec District |
6904400 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1lesie | Zálesie | Zálesie may refer to:
Zálesie, Kežmarok District, Slovakia
Zálesie, Senec District, Slovakia
See also
Zalesie (disambiguation)
Zalesye
pl:Zalesie |
6904403 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiane%20Krause | Christiane Krause | Christiane Krause (born 14 December 1950) is a German athlete who competed mainly in the 100 metres.
She competed for West Germany in the 1972 Summer Olympics held in Munich, Germany in the 4 x 100 metres where she won the gold medal with her teammates Ingrid Becker, Annegret Richter and Heide Rosendahl.
References
West German female sprinters
Olympic gold medalists for West Germany
Athletes (track and field) at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes of West Germany
1950 births
Living people
Medalists at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists in athletics (track and field)
Olympic female sprinters |
20469288 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kean%20Soo | Kean Soo | Kean Soo is the creator of the children's comic character Jellaby. Born in Romford, England, but raised in Hong Kong, Soo is currently residing in Canada and was formally trained as an engineer.
Webcomics
Soo drew comics on-and-off in school, and began taking his hobby more seriously when he attended university, where he drew several short stories and comic strips. Soo started posting webcomics in Q3 2002, as an affordable alternative to printing minicomics. Soo was inspired by figures such as Patrick Farley, Kazu Kibuishi, Derek Kirk Kim, Jason Turner, and the people behind Pants Press. One of Soo's first longer webcomics was Elsewhere, which he drew on 24 Hour Comic Day.
Soo experimented much with the use of sound and music in webcomics in the early 2000s. He embedded MP3-files on the pages of his short webcomics such as Devil in the Kitchen, Bottle Up and Explode!, and Passing Afternoon. Soo found that different readers read the webcomics at different rates, which made it difficult sync up the images with the audio. However, he was not interested in using Adobe Flash to direct the user's experience, fearing that the webcomic would turn into a "musical slideshow." Instead, Soo sometimes used lyrics to pace the reader's experience, such as to ensure that readers would reach emotional climax of Bottle Up and Explode! just as the instrumental section of its accompanying song kicked in. Other times, such as for Snowstorm, the accompanying song is purely intended to convey and enhance the mood of the scene.
Career
In 2004, Soo became interested in working on a long-form project, and doodles of the "girl hugging a grub-like monster" Jellaby in his sketchbook caught his eye. Soo met Hope Larson, who had just moved to Toronto at the time, and he realized that his story idea was similar to that of Larson's Salamander Dream, which he had been reading online. Both he and Larson were interested in getting graphic novels published, so the two decided to launch a website to act as a venue to try to sell books to a publisher. The two created the website Secret Friend Society at the start of 2005, and about a year later Disney Press emailed him about their interest in publishing Jellaby. The first issue of Jellaby was eventually published by Disney's Hyperion in 2008.
Soo has had many collaborations and contributing works published. His work has been featured in the comic anthology Flight, and has acted as the anthology's assistant editor since Volume 2. He has also worked as an assistant on the children's graphic novel series Amulet, by Kazu Kibuishi.
Published works
March Grand Prix: The Race at Harewood, 2015
March Grand Prix: The Fast and the Furriest, 2015
March Grand Prix: The Baker's Run, 2015
Jellaby Volume One 2008
Jellaby, Monster in the City 2009
Flight Volume One (contributor) 2004
Flight Volume Two (contributor) 2005
Flight Volume Three (contributor) 2006
Flight Volume Five (contributor) 2008
Flight Explorer Volume One (contributor) 2008
Daisy Kutter: The Last Train (pin-up contributor) 2005
Notes
External links
Personal Homepage
Flight Comics Homepage
Canadian comics artists
Living people
Canadian webcomic creators
Canadian graphic novelists
Year of birth missing (living people) |
44497956 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noel%20Newman%20Lombard%20Craig | Noel Newman Lombard Craig | Noel Newman Lombard Craig (1884–1968) was an Irish soldier who served in the First World War. He was decorated on several occasions including Distinguished Service Order, Legion of Honour, Order of the British Empire and the Sword of Honour.
Early life
Craig was born in 1884, in Naas, Co. Kildare, Ireland. He was named after Cardinal Newman, who was a friend of his mother. In later years, Craig added Noel to his name by Deed Poll. He was given the nickname "Bungo" by his older brother George, because he thought his little brother's bright and intelligent eyes resembled the famous elephant in Dublin Zoo, Bungo, who used to gaze at visitors at length as though he wanted to have a friendly conversation. He attended Trinity College, Dublin to study politics, graduating with a B.A. in 1905. He enlisted into the Cameron Highlanders in 1906, later transferring to The Royal Munster Fusiliers. During his training Craig was awarded the Sword of Honour for excellence in military training.
Military and Decorations
Whilst a member of the Royal Munster Fusiliers, Craig served in India until 1913. He fought at Mons (1914) and the Battle of Messines (1917). In June 1917, at Wytschaete, he was the only one of a group of officers to survive German shelling.
During World War II, Craig was a Military attaché and was posted to Norway, Finland, Spain, and Denmark, with his activities earning him a place on the Nazi blacklist. Craig was awarded a number of honours including the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) and becoming a member of the French Legion of Honour.
Later life
Craig married Marian Eleanor Quinby in 1926, having three daughters, Pamela, Clemency and Rosemary. Craig retired from the British diplomatic service in 1954, returning to London to practice law at King’s Inn. He was also a published author, writing several novels and over fifty short stories, including Gulfs (1932). Quinby was a native of Titusville, Pennsylvania, with Craig appearing to retire there later in life.
References
External links
1884 births
1968 deaths
Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
20th-century Anglo-Irish people
Royal Munster Fusiliers officers
Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders soldiers
Recipients of the Legion of Honour
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Irish people of World War I |
20469299 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open%20Tarragona%20Costa%20Daurada | Open Tarragona Costa Daurada | The Open Tarragona Costa Daurada was a tennis tournament held in Tarragona, Spain since 2006. The event was part of the ATP Challenger Tour and was played on outdoor clay courts.
Spanish player Alberto Martín detains the record for victories, two, in singles.
Past finals
Singles
Doubles
External links
Official website
ITF search
ATP Challenger Tour
Defunct tennis tournaments in Spain
Tarra |
23574353 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interracial%20marriage%20in%20the%20United%20States | Interracial marriage in the United States | Interracial marriage has been legal throughout the United States since at least the 1967 U.S. Supreme Court (Warren Court) decision Loving v. Virginia (1967) that held that anti-miscegenation laws were unconstitutional via the 14th Amendment adopted in 1868. Chief Justice Earl Warren wrote in the court opinion that "the freedom to marry, or not marry, a person of another race resides with the individual, and cannot be infringed by the State." Since Loving, several states repealed their defunct bans, the last of which was Alabama in a 2000 referendum. Interracial marriages have been formally protected by federal statute through the Respect for Marriage Act since 2022.
The number of interracial marriages as a proportion of new marriages has been increasing from 3% in 1967 to 19% in 2019.
Public approval of interracial marriage rose from around 5% in the 1950s to 94% in 2021.
Historical background
The first "interracial" marriage in what is today the United States was that of the woman today commonly known as Pocahontas, who married tobacco planter John Rolfe in 1614.
The first ever law prohibiting interracial marriage was passed by the Maryland General Assembly in 1691.
The Quaker Zephaniah Kingsley married (outside the U.S.) a black enslaved woman that he bought in Cuba. He also had three black common-law enslaved wives; he manumitted all four. In 1828 he published a Treatise, reprinted three times, on the benefits of intermarriage, which according to Kingsley produced healthier and more beautiful children, and better citizens. In Spanish Florida, where Kingsley lived, he was tolerated until Florida became a U.S. territory, for which reason he eventually moved with his family to Haiti (today the Dominican Republic).
The prospect of black men marrying white women terrified many Americans before the Civil War. Extramarital "interracial" unions were not rare, most commonly white male and black female (see Sally Hemings, Lydia Hamilton Smith, and Children of the plantation), and although restricted to the lower classes common-law unions of black male with white female are not unknown.
However, the first legal black-white marriage in the United States was that of African-American professor William G. Allen and a white student, Mary King, in 1853. When their plans to marry were announced, Allen narrowly escaped being lynched. Their marriage was secret, and they left the country immediately for England, never to return.
While opposed to slavery, in a speech in Charleston, Illinois in 1858, Abraham Lincoln stated, "I am not, nor ever have been in favor of making voters or jurors of negroes, nor of qualifying them to hold office, nor to intermarry with white people. I as much as any man am in favor of the superior position assigned to the white race". By 1924, the ban on interracial marriage was still in force in 29 states. While interracial marriage had been legal in California since 1948, in 1957 actor Sammy Davis Jr. faced a backlash for his relationship with a white woman, actress Kim Novak. In 1958, Davis briefly married a black woman, actress and dancer Loray White, to protect himself from mob violence.
In Social Trends in America and Strategic Approaches to the Negro Problem (1948), Swedish economist Gunnar Myrdal ranked the social areas where restrictions were imposed on the freedom of Black Americans by Southern White Americans through racial segregation, from the least to the most important: basic public facility access, social equality, jobs, courts and police, politics and marriage. This ranking scheme illustrates the manner in which the barriers against desegregation fell: Of less importance was the segregation in basic public facilities, which was abolished with the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
However, the most tenacious form of legal segregation, the banning of interracial marriage, was not fully lifted until the last anti-miscegenation laws were struck down by the U.S. Supreme Court under Chief Justice Earl Warren in a unanimous ruling Loving v. Virginia. The court's landmark decision, which was made on June 12, 1967, has been commemorated and celebrated every year on the Loving Day (June 12) in the United States.
Academic researches
Cultural aspects
The differing ages of individuals, culminating in the generation divides, have traditionally played a large role in how mixed ethnic couples are perceived in American society. Interracial marriages have typically been highlighted through two points of view in the United States: Egalitarianism and cultural conservatism. Egalitarianism's view of interracial marriage is acceptance of the phenomenon, while traditionalists view interracial marriage as taboo and as socially unacceptable. Egalitarian viewpoints typically are held by younger generations, however older generations have an inherent influence on the views of the younger. Gurung & Duong (1999) compiled a study relating to mixed-ethnic relationships ("MER"s) and same-ethnic relationships ("SER"s), concluding that individuals part of "MER"s generally do not view themselves differently from same-ethnic couples. Research led by Barnett, Burma, and Monahan in 1963 and 1971 showed people who marry outside of their race are usually older and are more likely to live in an urban setting.
Social enterprise research conducted on behalf of the Columbia Business School (2005–2007) showed that regional differences within the United States in how interracial relationships are perceived have persisted: Daters of both sexes from south of the Mason–Dixon line were found to have much stronger same-race preferences than northern daters did. The study also observed a clear gender divide in racial preference with regards to marriage: Women of all the races which were studied revealed a strong preference for men of their own race for marriage, with the caveat that East Asian women only discriminated against Black and Hispanic men, and not against White men. A woman's race was found to have no effect on the men's choices.
Socio-economic aspects
Several studies have found that a factor which significantly affects an individual's choices with regards to marriage is socio-economic status ("SES")—the measure of a person's income, education, social class, profession, etc. For example, a study by the Centre for Behaviour and Evolution, Newcastle University confirmed that women show a tendency to marry up in socio-economic status; this reduces the probability of marriage of low SES men.
Research at the universities of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) and Texas A&M addressing the topic of socio-economic status, among other factors, showed that none of the socio-economic status variables appeared to be positively related to outmarriage within the Asian American community, and found lower-socioeconomically stable Asians sometimes utilized outmarriage to whites as a means to advance social status.
Marital stability
A 2008 study by Jenifer Bratter and Rosalind King conducted on behalf of the Education Resources Information Center examined whether crossing racial boundaries increased the risk of divorce. Comparisons across marriage cohorts revealed that, overall, interracial couples have higher rates of divorce, particularly for those that married during the late 1980s. A 2009 study by Yuanting Zhang and Jennifer Van Hook also found that interracial couples were at increased risk of divorce.
One consistent finding of this research is that gender is significantly related to divorce risk. Interracial marriages involving a White woman have a higher risk of divorce, as compared with interracial marriages involving Asian or Black women.
According to authors Stella Ting-Toomey and Tenzin Dorjee, the increased risk of divorce observed in couples with a White wife may be related to decreased support from family members and friends. They note that White women were viewed as "unqualified" by their non-White in-laws to raise and nurture mixed race children, due to their lack of experience in "navigating American culture as a minority". A 2018 study by Jennifer Bratter and Ellen Whitehead found that white women with mixed race children were less likely to receive family support than were non-white women with mixed race children.
In one study, White women married to Black men were more likely to report incidents of racial discrimination in public, such as inferior restaurant service or police profiling, compared to other interracial pairings. Such prejudicial factors may place these marriages at an increased risk of divorce.
A study published in 2008 reported a lower risk of divorce for inter-ethnic marriages between Hispanics and non-Hispanic Whites. However, another study, published in 2011, found that these intermarriages were at an increased risk of divorce. Gender was found to be related to the probability of divorce, with marriages involving White women and Hispanic men having the highest risk of divorce.
Census Bureau statistics
The number of interracial marriages has steadily continued to increase since the 1967 Supreme Court ruling in Loving v. Virginia, but also continues to represent an absolute minority among the total number of wed couples. According to the United States Census Bureau, the number of interracially married couples has increased from 310,000 in 1970 to 651,000 in 1980, to 964,000 in 1990, to 1,464,000 in 2000 and to 2,340,000 in 2008; accounting for 0.7%, 1.3%, 1.8%, 2.6% and 3.9% of the total number of married couples in those years, respectively.
These statistics do not take into account the mixing of ancestries within the same "race"; e.g. a marriage involving Indian and Japanese ancestries would not be classified as interracial due to the Census regarding both as the same category. Likewise, since Hispanic is not a race but an ethnicity, Hispanic marriages with non-Hispanics are not registered as interracial if both partners are of the same race (i.e. a Black Hispanic marrying a non-Hispanic Black partner).
Based on these figures:
White Americans were statistically the least likely to wed interracially, though in absolute terms they were involved in interracial marriages more than any other racial group due to their demographic majority. 2.1% of married White women and 2.3% of married White men had a non-White spouse. 1.0% of all married White men were married to an Asian American woman, and 1.0% of married White women were married to a man classified as "other".
4.6% of married Black American women and 10.8% of married Black American men had a non-Black spouse. 8.5% of married Black men and 3.9% of married Black women had a White spouse. 0.2% of married Black women were married to Asian American men, representing the least prevalent marital combination.
There is a notable disparity in the rates of exogamy by Asian American males and females. Of all Asian American/White marriages, only 29% involved an Asian American male and a White female. However Indian American males married more non-Indians than females, although Indian Americans displayed the highest rates of endogamy, with very low levels of outmarriage overall. Of all Asian American/Black marriages only 19% involved an Asian American male and a Black female. 17.5% of married Asian American women and 8.2% of married Asian American men had a non-Asian American spouse.
The most common interracial marriage in the United States is an Asian American female married to a White American male, this is followed by a White American female married to a Black American male.
In 2006, 88% of foreign-born White Hispanic males were married to White Hispanic females. In terms of out-marriage, Hispanic males who identified as White had non-Hispanic wives more often than other Hispanic men.
2008 Pew Research Center Report
The table (U.S. Census Bureau's 2008 American Community Survey) shows that among whites who out-married in 2008, there were different patterns by gender in the race of their spouses. More than a quarter of white men (26.9%) married an Asian woman, and about 6.9% married a black woman. In contrast, 20.1% of white women married a black man, while just 9.4% married an Asian man.
A slightly higher proportion of white women than white men married a Hispanic person (51% versus 46%), and a similar share of each
gender married someone in the other group.
The study found that in 2008:
A record 14.6% of all new marriages in the United States in 2008 were between spouses of a different race or ethnicity from one another. This compares to 8.0% of all current marriages regardless of when they occurred. This includes marriages between a Hispanic and non-Hispanic (Hispanics are an ethnic group, not a race) as well as marriages between spouses of different races – be they white, black, Asian, American Indian or those who identify as being of multiple races or some other race.
Among all newlyweds in 2008, 9% of whites, 16% of blacks, 26% of Hispanics and 31% of Asians married someone whose race or ethnicity was different from their own.
Among all newlyweds in 2008, intermarried pairings were primarily White-Hispanic (41%) as compared to White-Asian (15%), White-Black (11%), and Other Combinations (33%). Other combinations consists of pairings between different minority groups, multi-racial people, and American Indians.
Among all newlyweds in 2008, native-born Hispanics and Asians were far more likely to intermarry than foreign-born Hispanics and Asians: 41.3% of native-born Hispanic men out-married compared to 11.3% of foreign-born Hispanic men; 37.4% of native-born Hispanic women out-married compared to 12.2% of foreign-born Hispanic women; 41.7% of native-born Asian men out-married compared to 11.7% of foreign-born Asian men; 50.8% of native-born Asian women out-married compared to 36.8% of foreign-born Asian women. Foreign-born excludes immigrants who arrived married.
Gender patterns in intermarriage vary widely. Some 22% of all black male newlyweds in 2008 married outside their race, compared with just 9% of black female newlyweds. Among Asians, the gender pattern runs the other way. Some 40% of Asian female newlyweds married outside their race in 2008, compared with just 20% of Asian male newlyweds. Among whites and Hispanics, by contrast, there are no gender differences in intermarriage rates.
Rates of intermarriages among newlyweds in the U.S. more than doubled between 1980 (6.7%) and 2008 (14.6%). However, different groups experienced different trends. Rates more than doubled among whites and nearly tripled among blacks. But for both Hispanics and Asians, rates were nearly identical in 2008 and 1980.
These seemingly contradictory trends were driven by the heavy, ongoing Hispanic and Asian immigration wave of the past four decades. For whites and blacks, these immigrants (and, increasingly, their U.S.-born children who are now of marrying age) have enlarged the pool of potential spouses for out-marriage. But for Hispanics and Asians, the ongoing immigration wave has also enlarged the pool of potential partners for in-group marriage.
There is a strong regional pattern to intermarriage. Among all new marriages in 2008, 22% in the West were interracial or interethnic, compared with 13% in both the South and Northeast and 11% in the Midwest.
Most Americans say they approve of racial or ethnic intermarriage – not just in the abstract, but in their own families. More than six-in-ten say it would be fine with them if a family member told them they were going to marry someone from any of three major race/ethnic groups other than their own.
More than a third of adults (35%) say they have a family member who is married to someone of a different race. Blacks say this at higher rates than do whites; younger adults at higher rates than older adults; and Westerners at higher rates than people living in other regions of the country.
2010 Pew Research Center Report
The study (U.S. Census Bureau's 2010 American Community Survey) found that in 2010:
A record 15.1% of all new marriages in the United States were between spouses of a different race or ethnicity from one another. This compares to 8.4% of all current marriages regardless of when they occurred. This includes marriages between a Hispanic and non-Hispanic (Hispanics are an ethnic group, not a race) as well as marriages between spouses of different races – be they white, black, Asian, American Indian or those who identify as being of multiple races or some other race.
Among all newlyweds, 9.4% of whites, 17.1% of blacks, 25.7% of Hispanics and 27.7% of Asians married someone whose race or ethnicity was different from their own.
Among all newlyweds, intermarried pairings were primarily White-Hispanic (43.3%) as compared to White-Asian (14.4%), White-Black (11.9%), and Other Combinations (30.4%). Other combinations consists of pairings between different minority groups, multi-racial people, and American Indians.
Among all newlyweds, native-born Hispanics and Asians were far more likely to intermarry than foreign-born Hispanics and Asians: 36.2% of native-born Hispanics (both men and women) out-married compared to 14.2% of foreign-born Hispanics; 32% of native-born Asian men out-married compared to 11% of foreign-born Asian men; 43% of native-born Asian women out-married compared to 34% of foreign-born Asian women. Foreign-born excludes immigrants who arrived married.
Gender patterns in intermarriage vary widely. Some 24% of all black male newlyweds in 2010 married outside their race, compared with just 9% of black female newlyweds. Among Asians, the gender pattern runs the other way. Some 36% of Asian female newlyweds married outside their race in 2010, compared with just 17% of Asian male newlyweds. Among whites and Hispanics, by contrast, there are no gender differences in intermarriage rates.
Rates of intermarriages among newlyweds in the U.S. have nearly tripled since 1980 (6.7%) increasing to 14.6% in 2008 and 15.1% in 2010.
There is a strong regional pattern to intermarriage. Among all new marriages in 2010, 22% in the West were interracial or interethnic, compared with 14% in the South, 13% in the Northeast and 11% in the Midwest.
Interracial marriage by pairing
Asian and White
Marriages between European Americans and Asian Americans are increasingly common for both genders in the United States.
Asian Americans of both genders who are U.S.-raised are much more likely to be married to Whites than their non-U.S.-raised counterparts. A 1998 Washington Post article states 36% of young Asian Pacific American men born in the United States married White women, and 45% of U.S.-born Asian Pacific American women took White husbands during the year of publication.
The 1960 census showed Asian-White was the most common marriages. White women most common intermarriage pairings with Asian American was with Filipino males (12,000), followed by Indian males (11,200), followed by Japanese males (3,500) and Chinese males (3,500). For White males, the most common was with Japanese females (21,700), Indian females (17,500), followed by Filipina females (4,500) and Chinese females (2,900).
Anti-miscegenation laws discouraging marriages between Whites and non-Whites were affecting Asian immigrants and their spouses from the late 17th to early 20th century. By 1910, 28 states prohibited certain forms of interracial marriage. Eight states including Arizona, California, Mississippi, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Texas, and Utah extended their prohibitions to include people of Asian descent. The laws of Arizona, California, Mississippi, Texas, and Utah referred to "Mongolians". Asians in California were barred by anti-miscegenation laws from marrying White Americans (a group including Hispanic Americans). Nevada and Oregon referred to "Chinese," while Montana listed both "Chinese" and "Japanese" persons. For example, a Eurasian daughter born to an Indian father and Irish mother in Maryland in 1680 was classified as a "mulato" and sold into slavery, and the Bengali revolutionary Tarak Nath Das's white American wife, Mary K. Das, was stripped of her American citizenship for her marriage to an "alien ineligible for citizenship."
In 1918, there was controversy in Arizona when an Indian farmer married the sixteen-year-old daughter of one of his White tenants. California law did not explicitly bar Filipinos and whites from marrying, a fact brought to wide public attention by the 1933 California Supreme Court case Roldan v. Los Angeles County; however, the legislature quickly moved to amend the laws to prohibit such marriages as well in the aftermath of the case. Virginia in addition implicitly forbade marriage between white and Asians in the 1924 Racial Integrity Act, which banned marriages between whites and people who had "a trace whatsoever of any blood other than Caucasian" except for people with 1/16 or less Native American ancestry.
Research conducted in the late 1970s in Los Angeles County, California, showed Japanese were, on average, more likely to marry outside of their race compared to Chinese and Koreans in the county. In 1979, 41.2% of Chinese marriages had a spouse of a different race. Koreans had a 27.6% rate of interracial marriages, and Japanese had a rate of 60.6%. The research also showed that, among Asians living in the United States, the percentage of women who married outside their race was higher than the percentage of men. Specifically, Korean-American women are involved in a higher percent of interracial marriages than Chinese or Japanese women. The research considered marriages to other Asians outside a person's ethnicity to be interracial marriages, for example, a Korean marrying a Japanese person.
Black and White
In the United States, there has been a historical disparity between Black female and Black male exogamy ratios: according to the United States Census Bureau, there were 354,000 White female/Black male and 196,000 Black female/White male marriages in March 2009, representing a ratio of 181:100. This traditional disparity has seen a rapid decline over the last two decades, contrasted with its peak in 1981 when the ratio was still 371:100. In 2007, 4.6% of all married Blacks in the United States were wed to a White partner, and 0.4% of all Whites were married to a Black partner.The role of gender in interracial divorce dynamics, found in social studies by Jenifer L. Bratter and Rosalind B. King, was highlighted when examining marital instability among Black/White unions. White wife/Black husband marriages show twice the divorce rate of White wife/White husband couples by the 10th year of marriage, whereas Black wife/White husband marriages are 44% less likely to end in divorce than White wife/White husband couples over the same period.
According to Census Bureau data, in 1985 black men participated in 143,000 interracial marriages (approximately 3% of all married black men in the U.S.).
Historically, mixed-race offspring of black and white people such as mulattos and quadroons were often denominated to whichever race was the minority, an example of the "one-drop rule", as a way to maintain the racial hierarchy. When slavery was legal, most mixed children came from an African American mother and white father. Relations between an African American man and white woman were deeply frowned upon, often due to the frequent portrayal of the men as sexual dangers. (By the 1970s, intermarriages flipped to be more common between a white woman and African American man). Once slavery was abolished, intermarriage was more common among higher educated and more affluent African Americans. There became a balance between racial prestige and socioeconomic prestige in intermarriages. Intermarriage between African Americans and whites was seen as the ultimate objective of integrationism. They believed these intermarriages were the solution to racism and discrimination.
The 1960 and 1970 censuses showed that interracial marriage between black people and white people was least likely to occur in the South and most likely to occur in the West, specifically the West coast. In the 1960 census, 0.8% of black women and 0.6% of black men in the South were married to a white person. Ten years later, 0.5% of black women and 0.5% of black men in the South were married to a white person. By contrast, in the western U.S., 1.6% of black women and 2.1% of black men had white spouses in the 1960 census; the comparable figures in the 1970 census were 1.6% of black women and 4.9% of black men. In the 1980 census, the percentage of black men in the western U.S. in interracial marriages had increased to 16.5%. However, in 2020, births between blacks and whites were much more common in the South than other regions with approximately half occurring there and were least common in the West due to the low black percentage.
Native American and Asian
Filipino Americans have frequently married Native American and Alaskan Native people. In the 17th century, when Filipinos were under Spanish rule, the Spanish colonists ensured a Filipino trade between the Philippines and the Americas. When the Mexicans revolted against the Spanish, the Filipinos first escaped into Mexico, then traveled to Louisiana, where the exclusively male Filipinos married Native American women. In the 1920s, Filipino American communities of workers also grew in Alaska, and Filipino American men married Alaskan Native women. On the west coast, Filipino Americans married Native American women in Bainbridge Island, Washington.
Asian and Black
With African Americans and Asian Americans, the ratios are even further imbalanced, with roughly five times more Asian female/African male marriages than Asian male/African female marriages. However, C.N. Le estimated that among Asian Americans of the 1.5 generation and of the five largest Asian American ethnic groups this ratio narrows to approximately two to one. Even though the disparity between African American and Asian American interracial marriages by gender is high according to the 2000 US Census, the total numbers of Asian American/African American interracial marriages are low, numbering only 0.22% percent for Asian American male marriages and 1.30% percent of Asian female marriages, partially contributed by the recent flux of Asian immigrants.
Historically, Chinese American men married African American women in high proportions to their total marriage numbers due to few Chinese American women being in the United States. After the Emancipation Proclamation, many Chinese Americans immigrated to the Southern states, particularly Arkansas, to work on plantations. The tenth year of US Census of Louisiana alone had counted 57% of interracial marriages between these Chinese Americans to be with African Americans and 43% to be with European American women. After the Chinese Exclusion Act, Chinese American men had fewer potential ethnically Chinese wives, so they increasingly married African American women on the West Coast. In Jamaica and other Caribbean nations as well many Chinese males over past generations took up African wives, gradually assimilating or absorbing many Chinese descendants into the African Caribbean community or the overall mixed-race community.
Native American and White
The interracial disparity between genders among Native Americans is low. Women are slightly more likely to "marry out" than men in this group: 61% of American Indian female newlyweds married outside their race, compared with 54% of American Indian male newlyweds.
Historically in Latin America, and to a lesser degree in the United States, Native Americans have married out at a high rate. Many countries in Latin America have large Mestizo populations; in many cases, mestizos are the largest ethnic group in their respective countries.
Native American and Black
In the United States, interracial unions between Native Americans and African Americans have also existed throughout the 16th through early 20th century resulting in some African Americans having Native American heritage.
Throughout American history, there has been frequent mixing between Native Americans and black Africans. When Native Americans invaded the European colony of Jamestown, Virginia in 1622, they killed the Europeans but took the African slaves as captives, gradually integrating them. Interracial relationships occurred between African Americans and members of other tribes along coastal states. During the transitional period of Africans becoming the primary race enslaved, Native Americans were sometimes enslaved with them. Africans and Native Americans worked together, some even intermarried and had mixed children. The relationship between Africans and Native-Americans was seen as a threat to Europeans and European-Americans, who actively tried to divide Native-Americans and Africans and put them against each other.
During the 18th Century, some Native American women turned to freed or runaway African men due to a major decline in the male population in Native American villages. At the same time, the early slave population in America was disproportionately male. Records show that some Native American women bought African men as slaves. Unknown to European sellers, the women freed and married the men into their tribe.
Some African men chose Native American women as their partners because their children would be free, as the child's status followed that of the mother. The men could marry into some of the matrilineal tribes and be accepted, as their children were still considered to belong to the mother's people. As European expansion increased in the Southeast, African and Native American marriages became more numerous.
Public opinion
Historically, interracial marriage in the United States was subject to great public opposition (often a taboo), especially among whites. According to opinion polls, by 1986 only one third of Americans approved of interracial marriage in general. In contrast, in 2011, the vast majority of Americans approved of marriages between different races in general, while just 20 years earlier, in 1991, less than half approved.
It was only in 1994 when more than half of Americans approved of such marriages in general. The approval/disapproval rate differs between demographic groups (for example by race, gender, age, and socioeconomic and marital status).
A 2018 YouGov/Economist poll found that 17% of Americans oppose interracial marriage; with 19% of "other" ethnic groups, 18% of blacks, 17% of whites, and 15% of Hispanics opposing.
Attitudes towards interracial marriage can vary depending upon the race of the union and the person judging them.
Relevant fields
Marriage squeeze
A term has arisen to describe the social phenomenon of the so-called "marriage squeeze" for African American females. The "marriage squeeze" refers to the perception that the most "eligible" and "desirable" African American men are marrying non-African American women at a higher rate, leaving African American women who wish to marry African American men with fewer partnering options. According to Newsweek, 43% of African American women between the ages of 30 and 34 have never been married.
Religion and interracial marriage
Historically, many American religions disapproved of interracial marriage. Religious tradition and church attendance are consistent predictors for attitudes towards interracial marriages. Biblical literalists are less likely to support interracial marriage to Asians and Latinos. Whites who attend multiracial congregations or engage in devotional religious practices are more likely to support interracial marriages. Region also moderates the relationship between religion and interracial dating. Children with a religious upbringing in non-Western states, particularly the South, were less likely to have interracially dated than those without religious upbringings. Religious attitudes combined with Christian nationalism increased opposition to intermarriage more than either attribute measured independently.
According to a Baylor University study "people with no religious affiliation were not statistically more likely to be in intermarriages than evangelical or mainline Protestants or people from other religions" with one exception, Catholics. Catholics were twice as likely to be in an interracial marriage than the general population. It is speculated that the reason for this is twofold: the increasing diversity of the Catholic population (which has seen a huge influx of immigrants, Catholicism has sizable to significant number of adherents from many nationalities worldwide) and the fact that Catholics typically base their choice of parish on geography rather than on its ethnic or racial makeup which creates more opportunities for interracial mixing. Jews were also more likely to date interracially than Protestants.
Some religions actively teach against interracial marriages. For example, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints recommends against interracial marriages, but does not prohibit it. On the other hand, the Baháʼí Faith promotes interracial marriage as a prerequisite to achieving world peace.
Even into the twentieth century, marriage between subcultures of Judaism was rare. Eastern European Jews were the most analyzed subgroup due to having the largest presence in the U.S. During 1908–1912, only 2.27% of Jews in New York City were part of an intermarriage. This figure only rose to 3.6% by 1919. Despite enjoying new freedom in America after escaping the oppression of the Old World, some Jews were still hesitant about interfaith marriage. One of the greatest factors that swayed Jews away from intermarriage was a fear of assimilation and loss of identity. Although the beginnings of a melting pot culture appeared to encourage diversity, it was also seen as a threat to the Jewish culture and religion. However, there was also fear of persecution due to racial tensions and frequent discrimination.
Not all Jews were hesitant about assimilating into American culture. Some early Jewish authors such as Mary Antin were strong proponents of abandoning their Jewish heritage and encouraged interfaith marriage. It was suggested as a way to make immigration easier and reflect positively on the Jews in a time of prevailing discrimination. They believed that intermarriage was beneficial to both the Jewish community and America as a whole.
While intermarriage was relatively common among ethnic groups like the German and Italians, the practice of endogamy was still the domineering practice among the newer ethnic groups. It has been found that rates in Jewish intermarriage increase from the initial immigrant wave with each subsequent generation.
Immigrants and interracial marriage
Racial endogamy is significantly stronger among recent immigrants. This result holds for all racial groups, with the strongest endogamy found among immigrants of African descent. Gender differences in interracial marriage change significantly when the non-white partner is an immigrant. For instance, female immigrants of Chinese descent are more likely to marry U.S.-born Caucasians than are their male counterparts.
Interracial marriage versus cohabitation
In the United States, rates of interracial cohabitation are significantly higher than those of marriage. Although only 7% of married African American men have European American wives, 12.5% of cohabitating African American men have European American partners. 25% of married Asian American women have European spouses, but 45% of cohabitating Asian American women are with European American men—higher than the percentage cohabiting with Asian men (less than 43%).
Of cohabiting Asian men, slightly over 37% of Asian men have white female partners and over 10% married to white women. These numbers suggest that the prevalence of intimate interracial contact is around double that of what is represented by marriage data.
See also
Same-sex marriage in the United States
Hispanic and Latino Americans#Intermarriage
Multiracial American
Race (United States Census)
References
Further reading |
44498003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eeramana%20Rojave | Eeramana Rojave | Eeramana Rojave () is a 1991 Indian Tamil-language film, directed and produced by Keyaar. The film stars Shiva Subramanian, Mohini, Srividya and Nassar. The film had musical score by Ilaiyaraaja. The movie was also dubbed and released in Telugu as Premalekhalu in the same year. Mohini was barely 12 years of age when the movie was filmed.
Plot
Shanthi (Mohini) and Siva (Shiva) go to the same college and after some initial misunderstandings, fall in love. A psychotic fellow student, known as Helmet, tortures any couple he sees that are in love. He's sadistic and despises love. Shanthi's friend Anitha and her boyfriend Ravi are killed by Helmet. This spurs Shanthi to stand up against him. Helmet conspires to get Siva expelled as revenge and Shanthi, in turn, has Helmet arrested. Shanthi's rich father JK (Nassar) learns about his daughter's love and arranges her marriage with the son of his friend. The young couple run away with the help of Shanthi's grandmother (Srividya) but fall into Helmet's sadistic hands. The young couple must escape his clutches and change JK's mind.
Cast
Shiva as Shiva (debut)
Mohini as Shanthi (debut)
Srividya as Shanthi's Grand Mother
Nassar as JK
Venniradai Moorthy as Tamil Professor
Chinni Jayanth as Maari
Kula Deivam V. R. Rajagopal as Chellaiah
Kumarimuthu
Thyagu
Disco Shanthi
Hema
Production
Eeramana Rojave is the acting debut of Shiva and Mohini.
Soundtrack
The music was composed by Ilaiyaraaja.
Tamil (Original) version
Telugu (Dubbed) version
This film was dubbed into Telugu as Premalekhalu. All songs were written by Rajasri.
Release and reception
Eeramana Rojave was released on 12 January 1991. The Indian Express wrote on 25 January, "Despite the cliched theme the script maintains the suspense."
References
External links
1991 films
Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja
1990s Tamil-language films
Films directed by Keyaar |
44498013 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiser-Joseph-Stra%C3%9Fe | Kaiser-Joseph-Straße | The Kaiser-Joseph-Straße (often shortened to Kajo) in Freiburg im Breisgau is a shopping street of about 900 meters, which runs through the center of Freiburg's historic downtown from north to south. It is one of the most expensive locations in Germany.
Location and traffic
The street begins in the north of Freiburg at Siegesdenkmal, which is located on the outskirts of the historic city center. From the central street crossing, at Bertoldsbrunnen, Bertoldstraße branches off westwards and Salzstraße eastwards. On the southern outskirts of the historical city center Kaiser-Joseph-Straße passes through the Martinstor gate and continues on to Kaiserbrücke, which crosses the Dreisam. Like many other streets in downtown Freiburg, Kaiser-Joseph-Straße has a Bächle. Most of the buildings between Siegesdenkmal and Martinstor were completely destroyed in World War II during an air raid on 27 November 1944. Because of the tram, which opened in 1901, the people in charge had to build arcades into the buildings on either side of the street in order to create more space for pedestrian and other traffic, so the tram could continue passing through the Kaiser-Joseph-Straße. Traffic was regulated by traffic lights located at Bertoldsbrunnen. In November 1972, the street became one of the first traffic-calmed areas for pedestrians in Germany. Only tramline 2 (Zähringen-Günstertal), tramline 3 in the south (Vauban-Haid), as well as tramline 5 (Rieselfeld-Hornusstraße) and certain delivery vehicles are allowed to use this street now. These restrictions do not affect the part of Kaiser-Joseph-Straße which is located south of Martinstor.
History
The Kaiser-Joseph-Straße was originally called the "Große Gass" (big alley), where a weekly market was held in medieval times. This is the reason for the great width compared to other streets in historic downtown. In the 15th century the weekly market was relocated to the area in front of the Freiburg Minster.
The connection between the "Große Gass" and the settlements outside the city walls – in the form of the Martinstor – was severed in the 17th century when Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban had the city fortified and the settlements outside the city walls leveled. Salzstraße was then used as an access road from Höllental. For the bridal procession of the future French Queen Marie Antoinette, consisting of 235 people, 57 wagons and 250 draft and saddle horses, however, the street was not wide enough. In order to give her a welcome which befitted her social status in spite of this, it was decided that she was to enter the city through the gateway called Breisacher Tor via Gartenstraße on 4 May 1770. For this reason two new streets, "Dreisamstraße" and "Schreiberstraße", were built on the northern bank of the Dreisam. Three arcs of triumph were constructed in honor of the Dauphin of France by three of the city’s greater organisations: one by the City of Freiburg erected at the "Karlskaserne", barracks near the town; one by the University where what is today the Old City Hall (Altes Rathaus) and one by the representation of the estates of the realm on "Große Gass". The latter was the biggest of them, measuring 24 meters in height and 18 meters in width. The arc was constructed by Johann Christian Wentzinger, using only wood and plaster. Marie Antoinette stayed at the Kageneckschen House, a locally well-known landmark, on Salzstraße, right before moving on to Schuttern Abbey on the morning of May 6.
After a visit from Joseph II in 1777, the thoroughfare was renamed "Kaiserstraße" in his honor. Around 1840, the thoroughfare was extended southwards, starting from the Martinstor down to the Dreisam. This section was initially named "Stephanienstraße" in honor of Stéphanie de Beauharnais, Grand Duchess of Baden. As a result, the new quarter built in this context was named "Stephanien-Vorstadt". At the turn of the century, there were two wells on the thoroughfare: the "Fischbrunnen" (German for "Fish Well") from the 16th century, which was superseded by the Bertoldsbrunnen in 1806, and the Albert-Ludwig-Brunnen by Josef Alois Knittel from 1868. It was located close to the Siegesdenkmal on the former Kaiser-Wilhelms-Platz.
During the time of National Socialism the entirety of the Kaiserstraße, including its extensions to the north (Zähringerstraße) and to the south (Günterstalstraße), was renamed Adolf-Hitler-Straße. After the Second World War the part that led from the city center to the Dreisam was called Kaiser-Joseph-Straße, while the northern part of the former Adolf-Hitler-Straße was given the name of Habsburgerstraße, in reference to the Habsburg descent of the emperor. In order to keep the established house numbers, however, today they start at 143 on the east side and at 166 on the west side of the Kaiser-Joseph-Straße.
Numerous branches of big trading companies own offices on this street. In the 1970s there were five department stores here, at the beginning of the 21st century only two remained. Basler Hof, which was built by Konrad Stürtzel as a residence in the 15th century, is the only building without any commercial use nowadays. It is one of the most important secular buildings in Freiburg. The name derives from the Basel cathedral chapter who used the residence from 1587 to 1677 when they were forced to relocate to Freiburg as a result of the Reformation in their home town. It currently serves as the representative official residence of Freiburg's district president.
The Kaiser Bridge, which originates from the turn of the century and is located at the other end of the Kaiser-Joseph-Straße, used to be decorated with bronze statues of the Salian Henry V. and Frederick Barbarossa of the House of Hohenstaufen, created by Julius Seitz, as well as statues of Rudolf of Habsburg and Maximilian I., by Fridolin Dietsche. In 1942 they were dismantled and taken to Hamburg to be melted down. Although this did not happen until the war had ended, the municipal council voted down a potential recall of the statues in 1950 because of the potentially substantial transport costs. The statues' foundations can still be seen today.
References
Tourist attractions in Freiburg im Breisgau
Transport in Freiburg im Breisgau
Shopping districts and streets in Germany |
17334108 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neighbors%3A%20The%20Destruction%20of%20the%20Jewish%20Community%20in%20Jedwabne%2C%20Poland | Neighbors: The Destruction of the Jewish Community in Jedwabne, Poland | Neighbors: The Destruction of the Jewish Community in Jedwabne, Poland is a 2000 book by Princeton University historian Jan T. Gross exploring the July 1941 Jedwabne massacre committed against Polish Jews by their non-Jewish neighbors in the village of Jedwabne in Nazi-occupied Poland.
The book was first published in Polish as Sąsiedzi: Historia zagłady żydowskiego miasteczka (lit. Neighbors: The History of Destruction of a Jewish Town). An English translation was published in 2001.
Background
In 1988 Polish filmmaker Agnieszka Arnold went to Jedwabne with a film-crew and produced two documentaries based on interviews with the local villagers. Gdzie mój starszy syn Kain (1999, “Where Is My Older Son Cain”) was inspired by an ongoing debate in the Polish print media. The second one, Sąsiedzi (2001, “Neighbors”), was aired by the Polish TVP II Channel.
Gross has said that watching Arnold's films inspired him to write his book. With her approval, he used her transcriptions of interviews, in addition to other materials, and her second film title for the title of his book. Arnold was unhappy about the effects of the book on the Jedwabne people.
Content and impact
The book describes the perpetration of the massacre by Polish civilians (a fact first noted by Szymon Datner in 1966), refuting a common notion that the perpetrators were the German occupation forces. The debate that ensued in the media prompted the Polish Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) to open a forensic investigation, which confirmed parts of Gross's findings. The IPN's report stated that "[depositions] made by witnesses confirm complicity of both Germans and Polish inhabitants of the town," and that "residents of Jedwabne and its environs, of Polish nationality, committed these acts." However, it concluded that Gross's estimate of 1,600 victims "seems highly unlikely," giving a plausible range of 250 to 340 victims. Other historians have suggested anything from 600 to close to 1,000 victims.
At the time of the book's publication, the Nazi plan to exterminate Europe's Jewry was well known, but the fact that ordinary Poles in Jedwabne committed such atrocities less so. The publication resulted in much controversy, and a vigorous debate in Poland and abroad. It has led to further forensic study, and discussions of the history of Polish-Jewish relations. According to Geneviève Zubrzycki, "Neighbors created such a rupture in the national narrative of the war that one could speak of Poland “before” and “after” its publication (…) Neighbors provoked... the questioning of a key story of the nation, shaking its identity to its core."
Neighbors provoked an intensive two-year debate in Poland on Polish-Jewish relations. In response to Neighbors, the Polish Parliament ordered an investigation of the Jedwabne pogrom, the IPN investigation. From May 2000 onward, Jedwabne became a frequent topic of discussion in the Polish media. A list compiled by the Polish daily Rzeczpospolita counted over 130 articles in Polish on the pogrom. The Catholic periodical Wiez published a collection of 34 articles on the Jedwabne pogrom, Thou shalt not kill: Poles on Jedwabne, available in English. In 2003 an extensive collection of articles from the Polish debate, in English translation, was compiled by Joanna Michlic and Professor Antony Polonsky of Brandeis University and published under the title The Neighbors Respond.
Neighbors sparked a controversy in Poland. Some readers refused to accept it as a factual account of the Jedwabne pogrom. While Polish historians praised Gross for drawing attention to a topic that had received insufficient attention for a half-century, Marek Jan Chodakiewicz and Tomasz Strzembosz criticized Neighbors for including accounts they considered uncorroborated, and for editorial decisions they believed Gross had made, such as favoring testimonies that presented the Poles in the worst possible light when there were conflicting accounts.
Neighbors inspired among Poles "a new curiosity in Polish Jewish history," including for the Polish film director and screenwriter Władysław Pasikowski. The book and its related controversy inspired his dramatic film Aftermath (2012 Pokłosie), which he wrote and directed.
Reception
Polish edition
As noted by Joshua D. Zimmerman in his book about contested Polish history, Neighbors inspired a wide-ranging debate in Poland on its release in 2000. While the mainstream Polish press expressed consensus regarding the basic accuracy of Gross's findings, specific details and questions about Gross's methodology were debated by Polish scholars.
According to Jaroslaw Anders, although the book has been criticized in Poland, it has also generated acknowledgment from leading Polish figures such as Józef Cardinal Glemp, who described it as "incontestable", and from Polish President Aleksander Kwaśniewski, who asked Poles to "seek forgiveness for what our compatriots have done." Polish News Service is said to have reported that other Polish publications such as Nasz Dziennik, Głos, Mysl Polska, and Niedziela accused the book of being a "part of international campaign aimed at damaging the image of Poland and preparing ground for restitution of Jewish property."
Tomasz Strzembosz criticized the fact that the often contradictory testimonies on which the book was based were extracted from Polish witnesses in pre-trial beatings conducted by the Security Office (UB) in 1949 as well as selection (and exclusion) of specific testimonies.
Stanisław Musiał, who had been a leading figure in advocating a Catholic-Jewish dialogue and Polish-Jewish reconciliation, wrote that Gross' book had shattered the myth that Poles were solely victims who "themselves never wronged anyone."<ref>Joshua D. Zimmerman. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uHJyoGiep2gC&pg=PA11&dq=musial+wrote&sig=Y1z7ZVbXN_6-43DZgpKC82EywxE Contested Memories: Poles and Jews during the Holocaust and its Aftermath.], Rutgers University Press, 2003.</ref> Agnieszka Magdziak-Miszewska, a former deputy editor-in-chief of the Polish Catholic magazine Znak and Polish consul-general, wrote "I am convinced that Neighbors is a book which had to be written and which is needed. Facing up to the painful truth of Jedwabne is, in my conviction, the most serious test that we Poles have had to confront in the last decade."
According to Joanna B. Michlic, "Gross and his supporters referred to the Polish version of the notion of Judeo-communism (see żydokomuna) as an antisemitic cliché, whereas Gross's opponents, to varying degrees, treated it as an actual historical fact. In the latter group, Judeo-communism served the purpose of rationalizing and explaining the participation of ethnic Poles in killing their Jewish neighbors and, thus, in minimizing the criminal nature of the murder." In the introduction to The Neighbors Respond, Antony Polonsky and Joanna B. Michlic state about the that the harshest critics of Gross, such as Tomasz Strzembosz: "Many of those who have espoused what Andrzejowski describes as a "defensive open" stance in the controversy came to adopt quite extreme positions, as has been the case with Tomasz Strzembosz. They seem to have great difficulty abandoning the self-image of the Poles as heroes and victims and use strongly apologetic arguments."
Gross defended the conclusions he drew from his use of testimonials, and insisted that he differentiated between types of testimony. He pointed out that Neighbors contained "an extensive justification why depositions produced during a trial conducted in Stalinist Poland, extracted by abusive secret police interrogators, are credible in this case."
English editionNeighbors was a 2001 National Book Critics Circle Award Finalist and a 2001 National Book Award Finalist.The National Book Foundation. The National Book Awards Winners & Finalists, Since 1950 The publication of Neighbors was credited with launching a debate about the Polish role in the Holocaust.John Connelly, " Poles and Jews in the Second World War: the Revisions of Jan T. Gross" Contemporary European History. Cambridge: Nov 2002. Vol. 11, Issue 4. Bernard Wasserstein described the book as having "played a productive role in refreshing Polish collective memory of this aspect of World War 2."
Alexander B. Rossino, a research historian at the Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C., wrote: "while Neighbors contributed to an ongoing re-examination of the history of the Holocaust in Poland, Gross' failure to examine German documentary sources fundamentally flawed his depiction of the events. The result was a skewed history that did not investigate SS operations in the region or German interaction with the Polish population."
'
Dariusz Stola writing in Holocaust and Genocide Studies states that the book "deserves careful reading and serious critique" and that "if Neighbors were simply poorly researched and written, as some of Gross's critics charge, it would not have been so influential. However, this does not mean the book is flawless." Stola writes that the available evidence is far from sufficient to confirm exact number of victims and a number of eyewitness accounts raise doubts. The postwar accounts of some Jewish survivors, which were contradicted later; and records from the 1949-53 interrogations and trials of the Polish perpetrators by the communist "Security Office", which were often obtained by use of torture, have limited value and can be open to interpretations. Likewise the context of the crime—the unfolding Nazi Holocaust is missing largely from the publication. Stola questions Gross' assumption about lack of Jewish collaboration with the Soviets and the unorganised, spontaneous, "grassroots" nature of the pogrom.
In other mediaNeighbors and its surrounding controversy inspired Władysław Pasikowski's dramatic 2012 film Aftermath (Pokłosie), which he wrote and directed. Pasikowski said, "The film isn't an adaptation of the book, which is documented and factual, but the film did grow out of it, since it was the source of my knowledge and shame."
Further reading
Antony Polonsky and Joanna Michlic (eds), The Neighbors Respond (Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004)
Marek Chodakiewicz, The Massacre in Jedwabne July 10, 1941. Before, During and After (Boulder CO: East European Monographs, 2005)
Israel Bartal, Antony Polonsky, Scott Ury, (eds.) Jews and their Neighbours in Eastern Europe since 1750'' (Oxford: Littman, 2012).
References
2000 non-fiction books
Antisemitism in Poland
History books about the Holocaust
Controversies in Poland
Religious controversies in Poland
Books about Jewish Polish history
Jedwabne pogrom |
20469323 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bambouseraie%20de%20Prafrance | Bambouseraie de Prafrance | The Bambouseraie de Prafrance (34 hectares, 84 acres) is a private botanical garden specializing in bamboos, located in Générargues, near Anduze, Gard, Languedoc-Roussillon, France. It is open daily in the warmer months; an admission fee is charged.
The garden contains one of Europe's oldest bamboo collections, established in 1856 by amateur botanist Eugène Mazel (1828-1890), who had made his fortune in the spice trade, and who continued to build the collection until he encountered financial problems in 1890. Although the garden subsequently changed ownership several times, it has continued to be a showcase for bamboos, and today contains around 300 bamboo species and cultivars, as well as other plantings of Asiatic shrubs and trees, Ginkgo biloba, sequoia, Trachycarpus fortunei, a replica of a Laotian village, and some 5 km of water canals.
Bamboo collections
Miniature bamboos (10–15 cm.) - Pleioblastus distichus, Pleioblastus fortunei, Pleioblastus pumilus, Pleioblastus pygmaeus, Pleioblastus viridistriatus, Pleioblastus viridistriatus "Chrysophyllus", Pleioblastus viridistriatuss "Vagans", Sasa admirabilis, Sasa masamuneana "Albostriata", Sasa masamuneana "Aureostriata", and Shibataea Kumasaca.
Small bamboos (1–3 meters) - Bambusa multiplex "Elegans", Chimonobambusa marmorea, Chimonobambusa marmorea "Variegata", Fargesia murielae, Fargesia murielae "Harewood", Fargesia murielae "Jumbo", F. murielae "Simba", Fargesia nitida, Fargesia robusta, Hibanobambusa tranquillans "Shiroshima", Pleioblastus chino "Elegantissimus", Pleioblastus shibuyanus "Tsuboï", Sasa latifolia, Sasa palmata "Nebulosa", Sasa tessellata, Sasa tsuboiana, Sasa veitchii, and Sinobambusa rubroligula.
Medium bamboos (3–8 meters) - Arundinaria kunishii, Arundinaria anceps, Bambusa multiplex, Bambusa multiplex "Alphonse Karr", Bambusa multiplex "Golden goddess", Bambusa ventricosa, Bambusa ventricosa "Kimmei", Chimonobambusa quadrangularis, Chimonobambusa quadrangularis "Tatejima", Chimonobambusa tumidissinoda, Chusquea coronalis, Hibanobambusa tranquillans, Himalayacalamus asper, Otatea acuminata, Phyllostachys arcana "Luteosulcata", Phyllostachys aurea, Phyllostachys aurea "Flavescens inversa", Phyllostachys aurea "Holochrysa", Phyllostachys aurea "Koi", Phyllostachys aureosulcata, Phyllostachys aureosulcata "Aureocaulis", Phyllostachys aureosulcata "Spectabilis", Phyllostachys bambusoides "Marliacea", Phyllostachys bambusoides "Subvariegata", Phyllostachys bissetii, Phyllostachys dulcis, Phyllostachys flexuosa, Phyllostachys glauca, Phyllostachys heteroclada, Phyllostachys humilis, Phyllostachys manii, Phyllostachys meyeri, Phyllostachys nidularia, Phyllostachys nigra, Phyllostachys nuda, Phyllostachys nuda "Localis", Phyllostachys pubescens "Heterocycla", Phyllostachys praecox, Phyllostachys praecox "Viridisulcata", Phyllostachys proprinqua, Phyllostachys rubromarginata, Pleioblastus gramineus, Pleioblastus hindsii, Pleioblastus linearis, Pseudosasa amabilis, Pseudosasa japonica, Pseudosasa japonica "Variegata", Pseudosasa japonica "Tsutsumiana", Semiarundinaria fastuosa, Semiarundinaria makinoi, Semiarundinaria okuboi, Semiarundinaria yashadake "Kimmei", Sinobambusa tootsik, Sinobambusa tootsik "Albovariegata", and Thamnocalamus tessellatus.
Giant bamboos (8–28 meters) - Bambusa arundinacea, Bambusa oldhamii, Bambusa textilis, Bambusa vulgaris "Striata", Phyllostachys bambusoides, Phyllostachys bambusoides "Castillonis", Phyllostachys bambusoides "Castilloni inversa", Phyllostachys bambusoides "Holocrysa", Phyllostachys bambusoides "Tanakae", Phyllostachys edulis "Moso",Phyllostachys makinoi, Phyllostachys nigra "Boryana", Phyllostachys nigra "Henonis", Phyllostachys pubescens, Phyllostachys pubescens "Bicolor", Phyllostachys viridis "Mitis", Phyllostachys viridis "Sulfurea", Phyllostachys vivax, Phyllostachys vivax "Aureocaulis", Phyllostachys vivax "Huanvenzhu", Phyllostachys violascens, and Phyllostachys viridiglaucescens.
See also
List of botanical gardens in France
References
Bambouseraie de Prafrance
Patrick Taylor (ed), The Oxford Companion to the Garden, Oxford University Press, pages 33–34. .
GetFrench.com description
GardenVisit description
Bamboo Society description
Gardens in Gard
Botanical gardens in France |
44498014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University%20of%20Liep%C4%81ja | University of Liepāja | University of Liepāja () is a university in Liepāja, Latvia.
General Information
Liepaja University, founded in 1954, is an accredited state higher educational establishment, which implements study programmes at all three study levels: basic studies, Master and Doctorate studies. The number of students is around 2000 divided over around 30 study directions. Liepaja University offers five full degree study programs taught in English: Computer science, Physics, Information Technology (Bachelor) and Information Technology, New Media Arts (Master). Liepaja University is one of the oldest higher educational establishments in the Kurzeme region.
Organization
Faculties
The University consists of four faculties:
Faculty of Management and Social Sciences
Faculty of Science and Engineering
Faculty of Humanitarian sciences and Arts
Faculty of Pedagogy and Social work
Institutes
Institute of Educational Sciences
Kurzeme Institute of Humanities
Institute of Science and Innovative Technologies
Institute of Management Sciences
References
External links
Universities in Latvia
Educational institutions established in 1954
1954 establishments in the Soviet Union |
17334130 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truman%20G.%20Yuncker | Truman G. Yuncker | Truman George Yuncker (March 20, 1891 – January 8, 1964) was a taxonomic botanist best known for his work in the family Piperaceae. Yuncker first taught at Manual High School in Indianapolis, Indiana. After service in World War I, he received his doctorate from the University of Illinois in 1919. Soon after, he became a faculty member at DePauw University and became head of the botany and bacteriology department in 1921 and held that post until retirement in 1956. During his tenure he described 839 new species, 211 new varieties and 25 new formae in the Piperaceae. He wrote the treatment of that family in almost every regional flora published during his lifetime. His early studies were on the genus Cuscuta, in which he described 67 new species and 39 new varieties.
Footnotes
External links
1891 births
1964 deaths
American botanists
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign alumni
DePauw University faculty |
44498019 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Guyett%20Scadding | John Guyett Scadding | John Guyett Scadding (30 August 1907 – 10 November 1999) was a British physician.
He was born in north London, the son of John William and Jessima Alice (née Guyett) Scadding.
He was appointed physician at the Brompton Hospital, London from 1939 to 1972 and at the Royal Postgraduate Medical School, Hammersmith Hospital, from 1946 to 1972. He was also Dean of the Institute of Diseases of the Chest at London University from 1946 to 1960, their Director of Studies from 1950–62 and Professor of Medicine (Emeritus) from 1962 to 1972. In 1946 he became a founder member of a Medical Research Council Committee set up to study the treatment of tuberculosis by newly discovered drugs. He was best known for his seminal work on sarcoidosis and his studies in fibrosing alveolitis.
During the Second World War, he served as Lieutenant-Colonel in charge of a medical division in Egypt, and assisted with the treatment of Winston Churchill for pneumonia at U.S. General Dwight D. Eisenhower's villa in Carthage.
He was Editor of Thorax from 1946 to 1959 and delivered the Bradshaw Lecture at the Royal College of Physicians in 1949 on sarcoidosis. President of the British Tuberculosis Association, 1959–61 and President of the Thoracic Society, 1971-72 he was a major influence in the 1982 merger of the two societies (by which time the British Tuberculosis Society had evolved into the British Thoracic Association) as the British Thoracic Society.
He died at Beaconsfield in 1999. He had married Mabel Pennington and had one son and two daughters.
References
1907 births
1999 deaths
20th-century English medical doctors |
20469337 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto%20Gimelli | Roberto Gimelli | Roberto Gimelli (born 16 July 1982 in Canosa di Puglia, Italy) is an Italian footballer who plays as a defender. He is currently playing for Italian Lega Pro Prima Divisione team Pisa.
External links
Profile at aic.football.it
1982 births
Living people
People from Canosa di Puglia
Italian footballers
Vastese Calcio 1902 players
U.S. Catanzaro 1929 players
U.S. Triestina Calcio 1918 players
U.S. Pistoiese 1921 players
A.C. Ancona players
Pisa S.C. players
U.S. Viterbese 1908 players
Serie C players
Association football defenders
Footballers from Apulia
Sportspeople from the Province of Barletta-Andria-Trani |
17334190 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utricularia%20macrocheilos | Utricularia macrocheilos | Utricularia macrocheilos is a small annual carnivorous plant that belongs to the genus Utricularia. It is endemic to western tropical Africa, where it is only known from the mountain ranges of Guinea and Sierra Leone. U. macrocheilos grows as a terrestrial plant among wet rocks at medium altitudes. It flowers between August and January. A specimen of U. macrocheilos was originally included in the description of U. prehensilis by François Pellegrin in 1914 and also in John Hutchinson and Nicol Alexander Dalzell's 1931 description of U. micropetala. Peter Taylor recognized these specimens as a different taxon in a 1963 review of African species and treated it as a variety of U. micropetala. After further discussions with other botanists and review of the specimens, he elevated the variety to the species level in 1986 as U. macrocheilos. Compared to U. micropetala, U. macrocheilos has much longer corolla lips and less acute fruiting calyx lobe apices. Taylor notes, however, that the vegetative body of the plants and the seeds appear to be identical.
See also
List of Utricularia species
References
Carnivorous plants of Africa
Flora of Guinea
Flora of Sierra Leone
macrocheilos |
23574359 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969%20ICF%20Canoe%20Slalom%20World%20Championships | 1969 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships | The 1969 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships were held in Bourg St.-Maurice, France under the auspices of International Canoe Federation. It was the 11th edition. The mixed C2 team event returned for the third and final time after not being held at the previous championships. East Germany did not win any medals for the first time since 1951.
Note
Only two teams completed the course in the women's K1 team event.
Medal summary
Men's
Canoe
Kayak
Mixed
Canoe
Women's
Kayak
Medals table
References
External links
International Canoe Federation
Icf Canoe Slalom World Championships, 1969
ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships
International sports competitions hosted by France
Icf Canoe Slalom World Championships, 1969 |
44498046 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At%20Christmas%20%28Sara%20Evans%20album%29 | At Christmas (Sara Evans album) | At Christmas is the eighth studio album and first full-length Christmas album by American country music artist Sara Evans. It was released on November 17, 2014 via RCA Nashville. The physical copy of the album was released exclusively through Walmart stores.
Content
The album features a selection of well-known classic Christmas songs and one original song, the title track, written by Shane Stevens and Toby Lightman. "The Twelve Days of Christmas" features vocals from two of Evans' daughters, Olivia and Audrey. The final three tracks were recorded and released previously on various artist albums: "O Come All Ye Faithful" was featured on Country Christmas 1999, "Go Tell It on the Mountain" on Country Christmas 2001 and "I'll Be Home for Christmas" on Hear Something Country: Christmas 2007. The tracks were first compiled together for a digital EP release in 2009, entitled I'll Be Home for Christmas.
Track listing
Charts
References
2014 Christmas albums
Christmas albums by American artists
Country Christmas albums
Sara Evans albums
RCA Records Christmas albums
Albums produced by Mark Bright (record producer)
Albums produced by Norro Wilson
Albums produced by John Shanks
Albums produced by Patrick Leonard
Albums produced by Buddy Cannon |
44498052 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stars%20Are%20Born | Stars Are Born | Stars Are Born was an early American television series which aired in New York City during 1951. A local series, it aired on DuMont Television Network's flagship station WABD, and like most WABD series was likely considered eligible to be picked up as a network series. It ran for several months, and aired in a 30-minute time-slot. It is not known if the series had a sponsor (surviving kinescopes of DuMont and WABD series suggest that, if it had a sponsor, the running time was about 24–25 minutes excluding commercials). It debuted February 4 and ran into May. The series featured dance numbers performed by children enrolled in various dancing schools in New York City. The program is likely lost, as most "local" shows of the 1950s are lost.
Reception
Bob Lanigan for the Brooklyn Eagle newspaper said the program was "far from dull" and "had plenty of sparkle and imagination".
References
External links
Stars are Born on IMDb
1950s American children's television series
1951 American television series debuts
1951 American television series endings
American live television series
Lost American television shows
Black-and-white American television shows
Dance television shows
Local children's television programming in the United States |
20469338 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alec%20Graham | Alec Graham | Andrew Alexander Kenny Graham (7 August 1929 – 9 May 2021) was an English Anglican bishop.
Graham was educated at Tonbridge School and St John's College, Oxford. After studies at Ely Theological College he was ordained in 1956. He was ordained in the Church of England: made a deacon on Trinity Sunday 1955 (5 June)
and ordained a priest the Trinity following (27 May 1956), both times by George Bell, Bishop of Chichester, at Chichester Cathedral. His first post was as a curate at Hove from where he moved to be a lecturer at Worcester College, Oxford. After time as warden of Lincoln Theological College he was appointed the Bishop of Bedford in 1977. He was consecrated a bishop on 31 March 1977, by Donald Coggan, Archbishop of Canterbury at Westminster Abbey.
With his nomination on 21 May and confirmation on 29 June 1981, he was translated to Bishop of Newcastle where he stayed for sixteen years. In retirement he was an honorary assistant bishop in the Diocese of Carlisle.
Graham died at his home in Butterwick, on 9 May 2021, at the age of 91.
References
1929 births
2021 deaths
20th-century Church of England bishops
Alumni of Ely Theological College
Alumni of St John's College, Oxford
Bishops of Bedford
Bishops of Newcastle
Fellows of St John's College, Oxford
Fellows of Worcester College, Oxford
People educated at Tonbridge School
Staff of Lincoln Theological College |
23574368 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelivan | Pelivan | Pelivan is a commune in Orhei District, Moldova. It is composed of two villages, Cișmea and Pelivan.
References
Communes of Orhei District |
23574371 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gatti | Gatti | Gatti is an Italian name. Notable people with the surname include:
Alessandra Mirka Gatti, Italian Eurobeat singer
Annibale Gatti, Italian 19th-century fresco painter
Armand Gatti (1924–2017), French playwright
Arturo Gatti, Italian-Canadian professional boxer
Attilio Gatti, Italian explorer of Africa
Bernardino Gatti, Italian painter of the Renaissance
Bruno Gatti (* 1941), Swiss footballer
Carlo Gatti, Swiss entrepreneur in the Victorian era
Carmine Biagio Gatti (born 1988), Italian professional football player
Claudio Gatti, Italian investigative journalist based in New York City
Daniele Gatti, Italian conductor
Darío Javier Franco Gatti (born 1969), Argentine football manager and a former international footballer
Eduardo Gatti (born 1949), Chilean singer-songwriter
Elena Gatti Caporaso (1918–1999), Italian socialist politician and feminist
Emilio Gatti (1922–2016), Italian engineer and professor of nuclear electronics at the Politecnico of Milan
Enrico Gatti (born 1955), Italian violinist, known for playing Baroque music
Enrique Gatti, German musician of the English and German indie rock band Art Brut
Fabio Gatti, Italian footballer
Fabrizio Gatti (born 1966), Italian investigative journalist and author
Fortunato Gatti (early 17th century) was an Italian painter active near Parma and Modena
Franco Gatti (born 1942), the founder of the Italian group Ricchi e Poveri
Gabriele Gatti, Sammarinese politician
Gabriella Gatti (1908–2003), Italian operatic soprano
Gervasio Gatti (c. 1550–c. 1631), Italian late-Renaissance, active in Parma, Piacenza, and Cremona
Giacomo Gatti (died 1817), Italian painter of the late-Baroque, active mainly in his native Mantua
Girolamo Gatti (1682–1726), Italian painter, active mainly in Bologna.
Giulio Gatti-Casazza, Italian opera manager
Guido Carlo Gatti (born 1938), Italian former basketball player
Héctor Gustavo Gatti (born 1972), former Argentine footballer
Hugo Gatti, former Argentine professional football goalkeeper
Isabelle Laure Gatti de Gamond (1839–1905), Belgian educationalist, feminist, and politician
Jennifer Gatti, American television actress
Joe Gatti (born 1967), Canadian former middleweight boxer
John Maria Emilio Gatti, Sir (1872–1929), Anglo-Swiss theatre manager, restaurateur and businessman
Lou Gatti (1915-1977), Australian rules footballer
Lucas Cassius Gatti (born 1978), retired Argentine football midfielder
Luigi Gatti (composer) (1740–1817), Venetian classical composer
Luigi Gatti (businessman) (1875–1912), restaurateur
Luigi Gatti (weightlifter), Italian weightlifter
Luigi Gatti (politician) (1913–1945), Italian politician
Luigi Gatti (nuncio) (born 1946), Vatican diplomat
Marcello Gatti (1924–2013), Italian cinematographer
María Ester Gatti de Islas (1918–2010), Uruguayan teacher and human rights activist
Natalia Gatti (born 1982), Argentine female football forward
Mauro Gatti (born 1937), a retired Italian professional football player and coach
Nando Gatti (1927-date of death unknown), former South African international lawn bowler
Oliviero Gatti (1579–1648), Italian painter and engraver
Pierluigi Gatti (born 1938), Italian athlete
Rafael Savério Gatti (born 1984), Brazilian football goalkeeper
Riccardo Gatti (born 1997), Italian football player
Federico Gatti (born 1998), Italian football player
Roberto Gatti (born 1954), retired Italian football defender and later manager
Roberto Cazzolla Gatti (born 1984), Italian environmental and evolutionary biologist
Saturnino Gatti (1463–1518), Italian painter and sculptor
Simon Gatti, Canadian footballer
Stanlee Gatti (born 1955), American event designer
Theobaldo di Gatti (c.1650-1727), Florentine composer and musician
Italian-language surnames |
44498061 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souls%20Grown%20Deep%20Foundation | Souls Grown Deep Foundation | Souls Grown Deep Foundation is a non-profit organization dedicated to documenting, preserving, and promoting the work of leading contemporary African American artists from the Southeastern United States. Its mission is to include their contributions in the canon of American art history through acquisitions from its collection by major museums, as well as through exhibitions, programs, and publications. The foundation derives its name from a 1921 poem by Langston Hughes (1902–1967) titled "The Negro Speaks of Rivers," the last line of which is "My soul has grown deep like the rivers.
The foundation is led by Maxwell L. Anderson, who serves as its president, and a member of its board of trustees. Anderson was previously director of the Dallas Museum of Art and the Whitney Museum of American Art in New York.
Collection
The Souls Grown Deep Foundation Collection contains over 1,100 works by more than 160 artists, two-thirds of whom are women. Ranging from large-scale assemblages to works on paper, the foundation is particularly strong in works dating from the death of Martin Luther King Jr. to the end of the twentieth century. The roots of these works can be traced to slave cemeteries and secluded woods. Following the Civil War, when the southern agrarian economy collapsed and rural African American sharecroppers and tenant farmers were forced to migrate for survival to major population centers—particularly in and around Birmingham, Alabama, where iron and steel production created jobs—a new and more public language of quilts, funerary, and yard arts arose. Beyond painting, sculpture, assemblage, drawing, and textile-making, this tradition also included music, dance, oral literature, informal theater, culinary arts, and more. Much like jazz musicians, the artists of this tradition reflect the rich, symbolic world of the black rural South through highly charged works that address a wide range of revelatory social and political subjects.
Among the artists represented are Thornton Dial, Lonnie Holley, Mary T. Smith, Joe Minter, Nellie Mae Rowe, Purvis Young, Emmer Sewell, Ronald Lockett, Joe Light, and the Gees Bend quilters.
Origins
Souls Grown Deep Foundation was founded in 2010, but traces its roots to the mid-1980s, when William S. Arnett, an art historian and collector, began to collect the artworks of largely undiscovered African American artists across nine southeastern states. Developed outside of the structure of schools, galleries, and museums, these rich yet largely unknown African American visual art traditions present a distinct post–Civil Rights phenomenon that offers powerful insight and fresh perspectives into the most compelling political and social issues of our time. The majority of the works and ephemeral documents held by the foundation were compiled by Arnett and his sons over three decades, with the goal of creating a collection that could serve as a record and legacy of this culture.
By the mid-1990s Arnett's efforts culminated in an ambitious survey exhibition of this tradition titled Souls Grown Deep: African American Vernacular Art of the South, presented in conjunction with the 1996 Olympic Games in Atlanta and in partnership with the City of Atlanta and the Michael C. Carlos Museum of Emory University. The subsequent two-volume publication Souls Grown Deep: African American Vernacular Art of the South, remains the most in-depth examination of the movement.
Transfer of collection
In 2014 the Souls Grown Deep Foundation began a multi-year program to transfer the majority of works in its care to the permanent collections of leading American and international art museums. To date, this program has led to the acquisition of over 350 works by more than 100 artists from the foundation's collection by 17 museums including the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, the High Museum of Art, the New Orleans Museum of Art, the Philadelphia Museum of Art, the Ackland Art Museum, the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, the Brooklyn Museum, the Morgan Library & Museum, the Dallas Museum of Art, the Spelman College Museum of Fine Art, the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Clark Atlanta University Art Museum, the Minneapolis Institute of Art, the Montgomery Museum of Fine Arts, and The Phillips Collection. Forty works by 21 artists were purchased by the National Gallery of Art in 2020.
Exhibitions of acquisitions from the Souls Grown Deep Foundation include Revelations: Art from the African American South (2017-2018) at the de Young Museum in San Francisco; History Refused to Die: Highlights from the Souls Grown Deep Foundation Gift (2018) at The Metropolitan Museum of Art; Cosmologies from the Tree of Life: Art from the African American South (2019) at the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts; Souls Grown Deep: Artists of the African American South (2019) at the Philadelphia Museum of Art; and Called to Create: Black Artists of the American South (2022-2023) at the National Gallery of Art.
References
External links
Press Release from Philadelphia Museum of Art: "Museum Celebrates Recent Acquisition of Works from Souls Grown Deep Foundation with Two Summer Exhibitions", May 23, 2019.
2010 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
African-American cultural history
Arts foundations based in the United States
Organizations based in Atlanta
Arts organizations established in 2010 |
20469341 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emeritus%20%28album%29 | Emeritus (album) | Emeritus is the tenth studio album by American rapper Scarface. The album was released December 2, 2008, on Rap-A-Lot Records, Asylum Records, and Warner Bros. Records in the United States. At the time of its release, he had stated that it would be his final studio album. The album debuted at number 24 on the U.S. Billboard 200 chart, selling 42,000 copies in its first week. It has sold 167,000 copies in the United States . Upon its release, Emeritus received praise from music critics, with critical response aggregator Metacritic assigning a score of 85/100.
Track listing
Personnel
Credits for Emeritus adapted from Allmusic.
* Cey Adams – art direction, design
John Bido – mastering, mixing
Cory Mo – audio engineer
Mike Dean – producer, engineer, mastering, mixing, audio engineer
Christian Gugielmo – audio engineer
Mike Mo – engineer, audio engineer
N.O. Joe – producer
Nottz – audio engineer
Anthony Price – management
J. Prince – executive producer, audio production
Scarface – audio production
Marc Smilow – audio engineer
Tone Capone – producer
Gina Victoria – engineer, audio engineer
Chart positions
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
References
2008 albums
Scarface (rapper) albums
Albums produced by Cool & Dre
Albums produced by Illmind
Albums produced by DJ Green Lantern
Albums produced by Jake One
Albums produced by N.O. Joe
Albums produced by Nottz
Albums produced by Scram Jones
Albums produced by Sha Money XL
Rap-A-Lot Records albums |
44498064 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive%20Order%2013139 | Executive Order 13139 | Executive Order 13139— entitled Improving Health Protection of Military Personnel Participating in Particular Military Operations — as an executive order (EO) issued by U.S. President Bill Clinton on 30 September 1999. It outlines the conditions under which Investigational New Drug (IND) and off-label pharmaceuticals can be administered to U.S. service members. An “off-label" indication is a use of a drug in a manner (or for a condition) other than that for which they were originally licensed.
EO13139 provides the US Secretary of Defense guidance regarding the provision of IND products or products unapproved for their intended use as antidotes to chemical, biological, or radiological weapons; stipulates that the U.S. government will administer products approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration only for their intended use; provides the circumstances and controls under which IND products may be used.
It also stipulates that to administer an IND product, informed consent must be obtained from individual service members. However, the President of the United States may waive informed consent (at the request of the Secretary of Defense and only the Secretary of Defense) if:
Informed consent is not feasible
Informed consent is contrary to the best interests of the service member
Obtaining informed consent is not in the best interests of national security.
In the 2003 case of Doe v. Rumsfeld, the United States District Court for the District of Columbia enjoined the United States Air Force from requiring administration of an unlicensed anthrax vaccine to personnel pursuant to EO13139, noting that a waiver from the President had not been requested. This injunction dissolved in 2005, when the vaccine was licensed, and no longer considered experimental.
References
External links
EO13139 in the Federal Register.
13139
Legal history of the United States
1999 in American law
Biological warfare |
20469343 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaufort%20%28novel%29 | Beaufort (novel) | Beaufort (English translation of אם יש גן עדן; in Hebrew: If There's a Heaven) is the first novel by Israeli author and media professional Ron Leshem. The work was initially published in 2005 and in English translation under this title in 2007. The novel was the basis for the 2007 Academy Award-nominated film Beaufort.
Beaufort is about an Israel Defense Forces unit stationed at the Beaufort Castle, Lebanon post in Southern Lebanon during the South Lebanon conflict. It takes the form of a narrative written by the unit's commander, Liraz Librati, who was the last commander of the Beaufort castle before the Israeli withdrawal in 2000.
The Hebrew original of Beaufort won Israel's 2006 Sapir Prize for Literature and the Yitzhak Sadeh Prize for Military Literature.
Bibliography
Ron Leshem, Im yesh gan eden. Tel Aviv: Zmora Bitan Publishing (2005)
Ron Leshem, Beaufort, New York: Random House (2007), translation: Evan Fallenberg
Ron Leshem, Beaufort, London: Harvill Secker (2008), British English edition
External links
Beaufort synopsis at Random House, Inc.
Reviewed by Tim Rutten, Los Angeles Times
21st-century Israeli novels
Novels about the military
2005 novels
Novels set in Lebanon |
17334193 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%20San%20Jose%20Stealth%20season | 2005 San Jose Stealth season | The San Jose Stealth are a lacrosse team based in San Jose, California playing in the National Lacrosse League (NLL). The 2005 season was the 2nd in franchise history.
The Stealth finished 2nd in the West in 2004, but did not fare so well in 2005. They started with a 3-2 record, beating division rivals Calgary, Colorado, and Arizona, but then lost 10 of their last 11 games to finish 4-12 and last place overall.
Regular season
Conference standings
Game log
Reference:
Player stats
Reference:
Runners (Top 10)
Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; LB = Loose Balls; PIM = Penalty minutes
Goaltenders
Note: GP = Games played; MIN = Minutes; W = Wins; L = Losses; GA = Goals against; Sv% = Save percentage; GAA = Goals against average
Awards
Transactions
Trades
Roster
Reference:
See also
2005 NLL season
References
San Jose
San Jose Stealth |
23574374 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo%20Gulotta | Guglielmo Gulotta | Guglielmo Gulotta has been a full professor (retired since 2009) at the University of Turin, Department of Psychology. He continues his career in law as a criminal barrister of the Milan Court, and his law activity takes him all around Italy. He is a psychologist and a psychotherapist.
Despite his retirement as an academic, Guglielmo Gulotta continues to give lectures and participate in important national debates regarding psychology as a science of human facts. His major expertise concerns the forensic setting, having been one of the first Italian criminal barristers to have a psychology specialisation. This dual competence (law and psychology) has promoted a novel and enriched approach to studying criminal law and to go beyond the mechanical application of the legal norms to the forensic case.
His scientific career has been witnessed by his work done in various areas of psychology and the law.
Gulotta is the Editor of two scientific series with the Milan Publisher – [Giuffrè]: Juridical and Criminal Psychology Series and Notebooks on Psychology Series.
He has published up to now, as an author and a co-author, 50 books, and more than 300 scientific papers, some of them in different languages.
Gulotta is considered one of the most prominent contemporary authorities in Juridical and Forensic Psychology in Italy.
His fundamental scientific work lies in the complex and controversial task of reducing the gap between the law and psychology, and in creating a bridge between these two areas of human investigation and behaviour.
The scientific influence of Guglielmo Gulotta has spread widely from criminal law through:
attribution theory;
child abuse allegations;
ethics in psychology and in professional practice;
forensic neuroscience;
forensic psychology;
humour in life and in psychotherapy;
interpersonal influence studies;
mobbing;
psychoanalysis and individual responsibility;
psychology of last will and testament;
social psychology as a science of everyday life;
systemic theory and family conflicts;
touristic psychology;
victimology.
Personal life
Guglielmo Gulotta was born in Milan on 11 July 1939. His family can be traced back to Sicily and Naples, and his pride in his roots is warmly expressed by his high spirit and vibrant character, which broadens his personality.
Gulotta lives between Milan and Turin, and travels around all Italy.
Academic life
After his Upper Honour Degree in Law cum laude at the University of Milan in 1964, Gulotta continued his practice in law, and in 1966 he passed the exam to be on the Board of Lawyers of the Milan Tribunal.
His curiosity for human behaviour and interpersonal relationships continued to grow and in 1968 he was awarded a scholarship, which lasted until 1970, to follow a research programme at the Institute of Criminal Law in the University of Milan. Since the beginning of his life as a researcher he has believed that the science of psychology could shed some light on the complexity of mental dimensions and human relationships of the different actors in the court.
He started to study psychology avidly and in 1969 obtained his specialisation in Psychology at the University of Turin, where he subsequently returned as a Full Professor in 1995.
He always remembers a film that he went to watch at the cinema, when it was first released in 1962, which apparently changed his life and his way of thinking for ever: Freud: The Secret Passion, also known as Freud. The film was a drama based on the life of the Austrian psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud.
Gulotta started then to see the possible and amazing use of psychology within the legal and criminal law scenarios. His career as a criminal barrister and as an academic started to take off.
He believes that the law and psychology are two overlapping disciplines; they both study human behaviour. The first to control it; the second to explain it.
In 1974 he became a collaborator, in a four-year research contract, with Prof. Pietro Nuvolone at the Institute of Criminal Law, University of Milan. In 1978 he worked at the Institute of Psychology alongside professor Marcello Cesa-Bianchi, director of the Juridical Psychology Section at the Department of Medicine (University of Milan). From 1982 to 1984 he was the President of AGAM (Association of Young Lawyers in Milan).
In 1982 he obtained a researcher post at the Institute of Criminal Law, University of Milan, where is stayed until 1986, the year in which his interest and specialisation in psychology took him to Sardinia. At the University of Cagliari he was appointed as a full Professor in Social Psychology.
He enjoyed his academic life in Cagliari and his interest in joining law and psychology even closer developed greatly. In 1995 he was granted a post as a Full Professor in Juridical Psychology, at the University of Turin.
The cathedra of Juridical Psychology granted to him was the first in Italy. His high commitment and work in the field was starting to pay off, not only within his practice as a barrister, but also as an academic. In 2000 he directed a group of research about serial homicides and murder without a probable cause.
He retired as university professor in 2009.
Among his many students should be mentioned professor Cristina Cabras, doctor Roberta Bruzzone, doctor Alessandra Bramante, doctor Angelo Zappalà and doctor Fabrizio Russo.
Scientific and professional life
The most crucial insight within his scientific legacy is that human behaviour can be assessed and judged, as it happens every day in the Court, only by contextualising human actions and choices within the psychosocial reality of the defendant, the witnesses, the public prosecutor, the jury, and the Judge, and by recognising the psychological influences upon them.
This was a remarkable insight by a person who was first trained in law and who first practiced in a field in which psychology was seen as something akin to astrology, and remote from the certainty and clear cut attitude required in Court.
In one of his edited books Treatise of Juridical Psychology [Trattato di Psicologia giudiziaria], 1987, inspired by the novels and plays of Luigi Pirandello and in line with the work of Erving Goffman, he described the Court as a theatre. He identified the different figures operating there, both on the stage and in the backstage, with actors reciting their own roles within their specific status.
In this forensic theatre, the drama of life is unfolded daily, and every day the case presented to the Judge exists only by virtue of how the evidence was gathered and collated; how the public accuser perceives and understands the dynamics of personal and social responsibilities involved; how the lawyer or the barrister introduces and argues the defense; how the defendant furnishes information about their behaviour and their possible involvement, or not, in the case; how the alleged victim reports the experience; how the witnesses contribute to the understanding of the case; how the experts provide clarity.
Many of these dimensions imply that what we deal with in the Court is not actually anymore the factual historical reality of events, but has something to do with the [procedural reality], which is how events are reconstructed via a process affected by personal memory, perception, and understanding of what was and is going on.
Inspired by the work of scientists such as Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckmann, and of the Scottish psychiatrist R. D. Laing, Gulotta believes that reality is a social construction, and that human beings are directly responsible for this natural fabrication of life and interpersonal relationships. Gulotta has also devoted some attention to victimology, paying a specific tribute to family violence.
Guglielmo Gulotta calls his interdisciplinary approach the psychology of everyday life in which he thinks it is essential to include forensic psychology as well. 'How' and 'why' people respect the law, as well as 'how' and 'why' people break the law, can depend on the extent to which individuals are supported by or alienated from their own individual and social conditions, and also on the opportunities that society gives them to develop (or not) who they are and can be. His prolific publication track record is an example of how he can move easily from one subject to another. For those interested in the list of his publications, the website of the Guglielmo Gulotta Foundation lists them in detail: see link publications
Protocols and guidelines
Guglielmo Gulotta is actively involved in applying theory to practice and in the course of his long professional career he has been the creator and the promoter of many published protocols and documents.
The Noto Charter [Carta di Noto], created and developed with Luisella DeCataldo and other professionals in 1996, was then revised on July 7 2002, on June 12 2011 and again on October 14 2017, in its fourth edition. It is a document which contains guidelines for the examination of a minor in cases of sexual abuse.
The Venice Protocol [Protocollo di Venezia] was crafted and produced on September 21–23 2007, with a group of professionals from different scientific disciplines such as law, psychology, criminology, child neuropsychology, and psychiatry. The document intends to be a guideline and a methodological tool to assist professionals in those cases in which a forensic diagnosis of an alleged sexual collective abuse of a minor is required.
Both documents have been shaped: with faithful reference to the jurisprudence and legislative developments in law; with wide recognition of the specialised international literature; with humble respect of the evidence-based findings offered by the progress of scientific research in this area.
The Forensic Psychology Guidelines have been published as a book entitled Innocenza e colpevolezza sul banco degli imputati (Innocence and guilt in the dock) in 2018, with the famous Italian Publisher Giuffrè. This work is the highest expression of the combination of forensic activity and psychology in its various expressions, such as cognitive, social, neuroscience, communication and interpersonal relationships. It is a commentary on the Guidelines drawn up by a group of scholars, academics and professionals in the legal and psychosocial sciences who have drafted them with the intention of limiting the numerous judicial errors - both in the sense of the acquittal of a guilty person and the conviction of an innocent person - that afflict the criminal justice system and, as a consequence, our society. The book provides a description of the entire criminal process, from the investigation to the trial, and all criminal matters are examined to counter the errors, to reduce preconceptions and biases that can pollute the forensic action, with the aim of achieving an informed and critical cognitive vigilance.
Guglielmo Gulotta is, along other colleagues, the developer of the Patavino Memorandum, which is concerned with the application of neuroscience to legal capacities. This memorandum is a compendium about the most recent neuroscientific techniques used in the forensic field in Italy; it is, therefore an indispensable tool for professionals: forensic experts, technical consultants, magistrates, judges, and lawyers.
The commission of a crime is a human phenomenon which is profoundly complex and affected by many factors and variables, not always controllable. It must be understood and defined according to the interactionist language. The concepts of "mind", "consciousness" and "awareness" are parts of a much larger context of the interaction between cognitive functioning, individual psychological and psychophysiological responses, social, environmental and cultural influences. It is in the light of this perspective that the Memorandum speaks of individual responsibility as a derivative of the so-called "social brain", whose structure and function are represented by human interaction. The Patavino Memorandum was inspired by the Brain Waves Module 4: Neuroscience and the law (2011), and suggests that, in the current state of the art, neuroscience is not able to be the keystone of judicial diagnoses on its own. Neuroscience constitutes rather a contribution which, however authoritative and fascinating, is likely to continuously require interaction with and contribution from other sciences, in particular, empirical-social sciences.
Family violence
International studies have underlined a preoccupying rise in family dysfunction, abuse and violence, and yet these domestic troubles remain, in most cases, secrets or, at best, unknown to the extent that the shifting manifestation of deviance stays underestimated.
At the Septieme Congress Des nations Unies Pour la Prevention du Crime et le Traitment des Delinquants, in 1985, Gulotta, in his personal communication entitled "Victims within the family" offered the following discerning words on family victimology:
"The fact that the family has the delicate function of first adapting the individual to society and also serv[ing] as a refuge from the stresses of social life outside its confines, means that victimization within the family represents a phenomenon of special gravity, calling for particular intervention […] (Gulotta, 1985, p. 13)”.
Family victimology has been the stepping stone for his work on child abuse.
No doubt children have been often and for lengthy periods, silent victims of maltreatment, neglect, physical, psychological and sexual violence.
The family setting is at times the most privileged environment for this type of crime to take place. It makes it easier to get access to children, to groom them and viciously entangle him/her in a promiscuous relationship. Family settings, once they permit the abuse dynamic to take place, can easily sustain it because of the claim to family privacy that allows the clearance of all external interferences.
Family is supposed to provide a child with a climate of protection, love and care.
Who can then be allowed to unveil the truth behind this paradisiacal scenario?
Real experiences and scientific evidence are extensively gathering data to reveal, unfortunately, that family members, and not least parents, can, at times, be responsible for such heinous acts.
In all this drama, which clusters together political, scientific, and professional forces, there exists another form of silent victimology, the one that focuses on false positives, that is the cases in which children of any age, and even adults, become convinced or are made to believe that they have experienced some form of sexual abuse either at present or in their past.
The reality of false positives was born within the realm of public hysteria in which the urgency to protect children has been made so extreme that everything, every gesture or word that an adult performs, is considered abuse unless otherwise proved. In all this paraphernalia, Gulotta is convinced that the result of all this is that more victims are made and more suffering emerges.
Gulotta considers that for a child to believe and to grow up with the credence that he/she has been abused by either their mother or father, or by one of their relatives, or by their school teacher or neighbour, when in fact it has not actually occurred, can perhaps be as emotionally damaging and traumatic as a real endured abuse.
Cross examinations studies
In 2018 Guglielmo Gulotta published the new edition of his book (edited in 2012) on the cross-examination, what he calls a "scientific art". This volume identifies two hundred rules for cross-examination. The origin of these rules derives from the Code of Criminal Procedure, from the professional experience of Guglielmo Gulotta and other professionals in court, from an extensive Italian and Anglo-American literature on the subject of cross-examination, and from practices and customs that make up what could be defined as "procedural etiquette". On the one hand, Guglielmo Gulotta defines this activity as a scientific art because it involves a certain talent composed of critical sense, flexibility, and creativity. On the other hand, this definition suggests that the compass of implied behaviours is of a scientific nature. There is a dual reference to the science of law and to psycho-social sciences that study human conduct, and in particular psychology and psycho-socio-linguistics. The volume is organized by charts associated with the 200 rules, and that helps to explain, justify, encourage and criticize behaviours that are suggested or discouraged within the forensic setting and in the court.
Other areas of scientific interest
Guglielmo Gulotta has been using "everyday life" as a laboratory to explore empirically many of the concepts of social psychology and of the psychology of communication. His versatile mind has allowed Guglielmo Gulotta to develop in Italy the psychology of tourism. Because of his achievement he is now the President of ARIPT - Associazione Ricerche Interdisciplinari Psicologia del Turismo – (The Association of the Interdisciplinary Research of the Psychology of Tourism).
How to communicate is particularly important in the academic and legal career of any professional. Gugliemo Gulotta has made his interest for communication a topic of his research attention. This scientific interest has led to different scientific publications. One of the most important ones is Sapersi esprimere, published with another colleague, and by the publisher Giuffrè in 2009. This works is related to the know-how of how to express oneself, combined with the analysis of two dimensions of communication and human behaviour: lying and falsehood, and sincerity and honesty. An assumption addressed in the book is that if communication between humans could be carried out telepathically, there might be less interference, than what happens with expressing ourselves in words and gestures, and with all our behaviour. Guglielmo Gulotta and Luisella De Cataldo (the co-author) have taken on the task of addressing the complex topic of communication using the results of the most up-to-date psychological research available. The conclusions are encouraging: communication competence, both in the private and professional context, can be learned and improved.
Psychotherapy and hypnosis are two other areas of interests for Guglielmo Gulotta, which highlights his versatile professional and vibrant personality, which conveys curiosity, creativity and an interest to integrate ideas and areas of knowledge.
Recent achievements
Justice, and this is the great value, which has inspired the professional and scientific work of Gulotta, can be achieved only when a scientific-evidence methodology is appropriately used to explore, address and resolve the complexity of sex abuse allegations.
Within his long track record of studies done in forensic psychology, with the aim of addressing the matter of false negative allegations of child abuse, two important documents should be remembered and be associated with his name: the above mentioned Noto Charter and Venice Protocol.
One of Gulotta's books, Juridical psychology and psychological law is a comprehensive theoretical and empirical analysis of how these two main domains (law and psychology) are intertwined in the real world. The book collects some of the work Gulotta has shared with his collaborators. It moves from a similar point of view Gulotta's Compendium of legal-forensic, criminal and investigative psychology, recently published in a new edition with multimedia content.
He has been involved in hundreds of conferences and symposiums, in numerous radio and TV programmes and his competence has been widely appreciated.
A recent achievement of Gulotta is the creation of a Foundation under his name, Guglielmo Gulotta Foundation (see link). The aims are the promotion, realisation, and dissemination of studies, scientific research, and professional training in forensic and social psychology, and strategic communication. The scope is to help experienced professionals to update and enrich their competence, or to develop in new generation of professionals, those skills – the social and forensic psychology know how – which have become so indispensable and fundamental within the social and forensic fields where they are called upon to perform.
The rationale of the Guglielmo Gulotta Foundation is to make a contribution to the development of professionals who show fairness in the words they proffer, justice in their decisions, honesty in their actions, and sensitivity in their handling of cases.
The gratitude of all his students and colleagues goes out to him not just for what he has been able to teach, but for making them appreciate that what is also important in science is to have the courage to make one's own choice, and to address it with a sense of personal and professional responsibility.
A recent book (Il nuovo codice deontologico degli psicologi. Commentato articolo per articolo con decisioni ordinistiche e giurisprudenza ordinaria) which was published in 2018 with two other colleagues (Eugenio Calvi and Elena Leardini) is a new edition of the commentary on the Code of Ethics for Psychologists, in which each article of the Code of Ethics is analysed with ordinary decisions and case law, and contextualised with how they are applied to the professional practice of psychologists.
Major works
Gulotta G. (1976). Commedie e drammi nel matrimonio [Comedy and drama in marriage]. Milan: Giuffrè.
Gulotta G. (1984). Famiglia e violenza [Family and violence]. Milan: Giuffrè.
Gulotta G. (1985). Victims within the family. Septieme Congress Des nations Unies Pour la Prevention du Crime et le Traitment des Delinquants.
Gulotta G. (1987). Trattato di Psicologia giudiziaria [Treatise of Juridical Psychology]. Milan: Giuffrè.
Gulotta G. (1995). La psicologia della vita quotidiana [The psychology of everyday life]. Milan: Giuffrè.
Gulotta G. (1997). L'intelligenza sociale [Social Intelligence]. Milan: Giuffrè.
Gulotta G. (2002) (Ed.). Elementi di psicologia giuridica e di diritto psicologico [Juridical psychology and psychological law]. Milan: Giuffrè.
Gulotta G. (2008) (Ed.). La vita quotidiana come laboratorio di psicologia sociale [The daily life as a laboratory of social psychology]. Milan: Giuffrè.
Bianchi A., Gulotta G., & Sartori G. (2009), Manuale di neuroscienze forensi [Manual of Forensic Neuroscience], Milano: Giuffrè.
Gulotta G. e Cutica I. (2009), Guida alla perizia in tema di abuso sessuale e alla sua critica [A guide for the evaluation of sexual abuse and its critic], Milano: Giuffrè.
Gulotta G., & Tuosto E.M. (2017), Il volto nell'investigazione e nel processo. Nuova fisiognomica forense [New Forensic physiognomic], Milano: Giuffrè.
Gulotta G. (2018). Le 200 regole della cross-examination. Un’arte scientifica [The 200 rules of cross-examination]. Milan: Giuffrè.
Gulotta G. (2018). Innocenza e colpevolezza sul banco degli imputati [Innocence and guilt in the dock]. Milan: Giuffrè.
Gulotta G., Calvi E., & Leardini E. (2018). Il nuovo codice deontologico degli psicologi. Commentato articolo per articolo con decisioni ordinistiche e giurisprudenza ordinaria [The new Code of Ethics for psychologists. Commented article by article with ordinary decisions and case law]. Milan: Giuffrè.
Gulotta G. (2020). Compendio di psicologia giuridico-forense, criminale e investigativa [Compendium of legal-forensic, criminal and investigative psychology. Update in 2020 with multimedia references]. Milan: Giuffrè.
Notes
References
Brown J. & E. Campbell (in press) (Eds.). Cambridge Handbook of Forensic Psychology. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press.
De Cataldo L. (1997). Abuso sessuale di minore e processo penale: ruoli e responsabilità. Padua: Cedam.
De Cataldo L. (1988). Psicologia della testimonianza e prova testimoniale. Milan: Giuffrè.
De Leo G. (1995). Oggetto, competenze e funzioni della psicologia giuridica. In A. Quadrio & G. De Leo (Eds.). Manuale di psicologia giuridica (pp. 17–30). Milano: Led.
Quadrio A. & De Leo G. (1995) (Eds.). Manuale di psicologia giuridica. Milan: Led.
Di Blasio P. (1995). Interazioni tra psicologia e giustizia nelle problematiche del maltrattamento ai minori. In A. Quadrio & G. De Leo (Eds.). Manuale di psicologia giuridica (pp. 425–441). Milano: Led.
Fornari U. (2004, 3rd ed.). Trattato di psichiatria forense. Turin: UTET.
Mazzoni G. (2003). Si può credere a un testimone?. Bologna: Il Mulino Contemporanea.
Ost J., Foster S., Costall A., & Bull R. (2005). False reports of childhood events in appropriate interviews. Memory, 13, 700–710.
Partlett D.F. & Nurcombe B. (1998). Recovered memories of child sexual abuse and liability: Society, science, and the law in a comparative setting. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 4(4), 1253–1306.
Poole D.A. & Lindsay S.D. (2002). Reducing child witnesses' false reports of misinformation from parents. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 81, 117–140.
People in health professions from Turin
1939 births
Living people
University of Turin faculty
University of Cagliari faculty
Italian psychologists
Jurists from Turin
20th-century Italian lawyers
21st-century Italian lawyers |
20469360 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buttimer | Buttimer | Buttimer is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Anne Buttimer (1938–2017), Irish geographer
Anthony Buttimer, Irish soccer referee
James Buttimer, shot dead in the Dunmanway killings
Jerry Buttimer (born 1967), Irish politician
Jim Buttimer, Irish sportsperson |
23574380 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Step-Soci | Step-Soci | Step-Soci is a commune in Orhei District, Moldova. It is composed of two villages, Budăi and Step-Soci.
References
Communes of Orhei District |
17334206 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrique%20Bologna | Enrique Bologna | Enrique Alberto Bologna Gómez (born 13 February 1982 in Claypole, Buenos Aires), known as Enrique Bologna, is an Argentine professional footballer who plays for Banfield.
Career
Bologna began playing for Banfield in 2003, he spent 2008 on loan to Peruvian side Alianza Lima. He returned to Banfield in 2008 and was a non playing member of the squad that won the Apertura 2009 championship.
Honours
Banfield
Argentine Primera División: Apertura 2009
Primera B Nacional: 2013–14
Peñarol
Uruguayan Primera División: 2012–13
River Plate
Recopa Sudamericana: 2016
Copa Argentina: 2015–16
Supercopa Argentina: 2017
Copa Libertadores: 2018
See also
List of goalscoring goalkeepers
Notes
External links
1982 births
Living people
Argentine footballers
Argentine expatriate footballers
Association football goalkeepers
Sportspeople from Buenos Aires Province
Argentine people of Italian descent
Club Alianza Lima footballers
Club Atlético Banfield footballers
Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata footballers
Club Atlético River Plate footballers
Peñarol players
Argentine Primera División players
Primera Nacional players
Uruguayan Primera División players
Peruvian Primera División players
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Peru
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Uruguay
Expatriate footballers in Peru
Expatriate footballers in Uruguay |
23574402 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%20Tomb | White Tomb | White Tomb is the debut album by Irish ambient black metal band Altar of Plagues. It was recorded at Data Studios, Kerry.
Track listing
Personnel
Altar of Plagues
James Kelly – vocals, guitars, keyboards
Jeremiah Spillane – guitars
Dave Condon – bass, vocals
S. MacAnri – drums
Guest musicians
Stephen Lordan - guest vocals on "Gentian Truth"
Nathan Misterek - guest vocals on "Earth: As a Furnace" and "Gentian Truth"
Production and recording
Ross O'Donovan - recording and mixing
Jason Carroll - assistant engineering
Colin Marston - mastering
References
2009 albums
Altar of Plagues albums
Profound Lore Records albums |
17334207 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carleton%20Village | Carleton Village | Carleton Village is a neighbourhood in the city of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is centered along Davenport Road, south of St. Clair Avenue West and surrounded on the other three sides by railway lines. The CNR/CPR mainline to the west, the CNR railway lines to the east, and the CPR east–west railway lines to the south.
The at grade crossing of two separate lines is referred to as the Davenport Junction. Metrolinx is working to eliminate this crossing to improve service and safety with a flyover to carry GO Train traffic. The separatio will also create green space for residents.
Character
The neighbourhood is an extremely mixed neighbourhood. The residential area is primarily single-family semi-detached homes, occupying the centre of the neighbourhood area. Along all of the rail lines are light industrial areas. Along St. Clair Avenue West is an area of commercial storefronts and service industries, tied together by the St. Clair Gardens Business Improvement Area. The 512 St. Clair streetcar provides transit access through the neighbourhood.
History
Carlton and Davenport villages
The first European settlement in the area was the village of Carlton, at the intersection of St. Clair Avenue and today's Old Weston Road. Carlton was established in the late 1840s around the carriage and wagon-making shop of William Bull and appears in the 1851 Browne's Map of the Township of York. It was named after governor Guy Carleton. The settlement was not large, consisting of approximately thirty buildings. Carlton railway station was opened in 1857 and Carlton Post Office opened in 1858. By 1865, it was listed as having 150 residents. A new Carlton & Weston Road railway station was built in 1885 on the east side of the CNR tracks. It was renamed West Toronto Station and additions were added in 1902 and 1912. It still stands.
Along Davenport at today's Perth Avenue, the settlement of Davenport developed. When the Northern Railway line was built, a Davenport Station was built. Davenport was also small, having only a population of 120 by 1875. The two villages grew steadily and more building lots were developed, all getting their water from wells. The neighbouring village of West Toronto Junction was incorporated in 1887. Rather than join the junction, villagers proposed forming a new merged village of 'Stanley', after Lord Stanley the Governor General of Canada at the time. The plan failed and Carlton and Davenport were later annexed into West Toronto Junction in 1889.
Connolly Street in the area was first laid out as Carlton Avenue and renamed when West Toronto was annexed by the City of Toronto in 1909 (likely to avoid confusion with Carlton Street).
At the centre of the neighbourhood is Wadsworth Park, named after long-serving Alderman and Controller William J. Wadsworth.
Most development dates from the era of the building of St. Clair Avenue after the annexation by Toronto.
Demographics
Carleton Village falls within the City of Toronto's "Weston-Pelham Park" neighborhood. According to the 2016 Neighborhood Profile, the median family income is $78,988 (5% below the City average of $82,859).
Census tract 0108.00 of the 2006 Canadian census overlaps exactly with Carleton Village. According to that census, the neighbourhood has 6,544 residents. The ten most common language spoken at home, after English, are:
Portuguese - 17.0%
Spanish - 5.7%
Italian - 4.4%
Cantonese - 2.5%
Vietnamese - 2.1%
Punjabi - 2.0%
Unspecified Chinese - 1.7%
Hindi - 0.5%
Korean - 0.5%
Tagalog - 0.4%
Education
Three public school boards operate within Carleton Village, the public secular Toronto District School Board (TDSB), and Conseil scolaire Viamonde (CSV), and the public separate Toronto Catholic District School Board. All three school boards operate a public elementary school within the neighbourhood. They include:
Blessed Pope Paul VI Catholic School (TCDSB)
Carleton Village Junior and Senior Sports Academy (TDSB)
École élémentaire Charles-Sauriol (CSV)
Previously, the TCDSB operated Brother Edmund Rice Catholic Secondary School from 1977 to 2001.
In 2001, the south building of the school at 2054 Davenport Road closed. Some efforts were made by the local community to preserve elements of the old building, and as of 2009, early plans to completely demolish the existing structure and erect a new home for the local police division have been significantly altered. The architecture of the 1913 building will be preserved in the new plan for the station, with a contemporary wing replacing the addition from the 1960s.
References
Notes
External links
Weston-Pellam Park neighbourhood profile
Toronto's BIAs: St. Clair Gardens
Neighbourhoods in Toronto |
23574413 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kusume%20Rumal | Kusume Rumal | Kusume Rumal (; ) is a 1985 Nepali romantic film written and directed by Tulsi Ghimire. It was produced by Sumitra Paudel under the banner of Sayapatri Films. The film featured Bhuwan K.C, Tripti Nadakar, Udit Narayan and Neer Shah in lead roles. This was the first film in which singer Udit Narayan acted. It is one of the most loved films in Nepal and was the first Nepali film to celebrate silver jubilee.
The film received critical acclaim for its story, portrayal of class discrimination, performance of the cast, especially Bhuwan K.C., and the chartbuster music. The movie was a big commercial success and went on to become the highest grossing Nepali film of all time, a record it held for 16 years until it was broken by another Tulsi Ghimire film, Darpan Chaya. The film's songs with music by Ranjit Gazmer were all huge hits and are remembered till today. The film's music album is considered one of the best music albums ever made. In 2009, the son of the producer of this film directed Kusume Rumal 2, which was the story of the second generation of the original cast. Both Tripti Nadakar and Neer Shah acted in minor roles as an ode to the original film.
Storyline
The film is a triangular love story about Amar (Udit Narayan) and Suniti (Tripti Nadakar) who are collegemates and lovers. When she returns to her hometown, she spends some time with Arjun (Bhuwan K.C.) who works at her house; without her knowledge; he falls for her. The rest of the story is about the conclusion of this love story when another classmate of Suniti's college forcibly tries to marry her.
Cast
Udit Narayan as Amar
Tripti Nadakar as Suniti
Bhuwan K.C. as Arjun
Neer Shah
Biswa Hingmang as Jetay
Box office
Kusume Rumal was a huge box office success becoming the highest-grossing movie of the time until another Tulsi Ghimire film Darpan Chaya broke its record in 2001. The movie was the first Nepali movie to spend 25 weeks in the box office top ten list and the first actual blockbuster.
Soundtrack
References
External links
1985 films
Nepalese romantic drama films
Nepali-language films
1985 romantic drama films
Films shot in Kathmandu
Films directed by Tulsi Ghimire
Films scored by Ranjit Gazmer |
17334214 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th%20Estonian%20Rifle%20Corps | 8th Estonian Rifle Corps | The 8th Estonian Rifle Corps (2nd formation) (, ) was a formation in the Red Army, created on 6 November 1942, during World War II.
An 8th Rifle Corps (but not made up of Estonian personnel) had been previously formed, taking part in the Soviet invasion of Poland as part of the 5th Army, and, on the outbreak of war on 22 June 1941, this first formation was part of the 26th Army in the Kiev Special Military District, consisting of the 99th, the 173rd, and the 72nd Mountain Rifle Divisions. The first formation of the 8th Rifle Corps was destroyed in the first three months of the German invasion and is not present on the Soviet order of battle after August 1941.
The 8th Estonian Rifle Corps was formed of mobilized ethnic Estonians, who were at first brought in Russia (where many of them died because of poor conditions); the battalions created in Estonia and incorporated former personnel of the Republic of Estonia's army. In the order of battle, the corps appears in the Stavka Reserves by 1 November 1942 and is subordinated to the Kalinin Front by 1 December 1942.
When 2nd formation was formed in 1942, the corps' structure consisted of the 7th and 249th Rifle Divisions stationed in Estonia, reinforced by volunteers from the Estonian Communist Party organisation. In an effort to increase overall formation experience, the battle-hardened 19th Guards Rifle Division later joined the 8th Rifle Corps. As a result, the corps was briefly re-designated as 8th Guards Rifle Corps. Throughout its entire existence, the rifle corps was commanded by Lieutenant General Lembit Pärn.
War service
The corps fought a total 916 days in the war, and at different times it was in service on the Kalinin, the Leningrad and the 2nd Baltic Front. For 344 days, parts of the corps were engaged with German forces, but no significant gains were made. For the next 123 days, the formation was engaging in the Battle of Velikiye Luki where 13,000 of the 27,000 men were killed or wounded. Then, 37 days were spent in the Battle of Narva, and the final 88 days were devoted to the Battle of Courland. During the Battle of Narva in 1944, the artillery of the rifle corps fired on the 20th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Estonian), consisting of Estonians fighting in the Waffen SS. The infantry of the corps was engaged in direct battle with the Estonians on the German side in the battles of Porkuni and Avinurme on 20 and 21 September 1944, where a detachment of the rifle corps murdered a number of wounded prisoners of war. On 22 September elements of the 7th Rifle Division, along with the 45th Estonian Tank Regiment and the 952nd SU Regiment (SU-76s), formed the forward detachment of the corps and entered Tallinn, for which all three units received the name of that city as a battle honor.
The corps appears to have spent the last of its World War II service in the 42nd Army.
Post-war
In total, 4100 settlements were captured by the 8th Estonian Rifle Corps. Of the whole rifle corps, one division, six regiments, and one battalion were decorated with an order. The 8th Estonian Rifle Corps was also given the honorific "Tallinn", and on 28 June 1945, the corps was renamed the 41st Guards Estonian Tallinn Rifle Corps. The two component divisions were also honored; the 7th became the 118th Guards Rifle Division and the 249th became the 122nd Guards Rifle Division. In 1946, both divisions were inactivated to provide personnel for other Soviet activities in the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic.
According to the 23 June 1945 decision of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union, demobilization of the Red Army started. The first 8th Rifle Corps fighters were demobilized on 16 July 1945. By the end of 1946, 16,550 men were demobilized. Of those, 3,425 (20.7%) started to work in the administrative or legal bodies of the Soviet occupation regime (Communist Party, Komsomol, trade unions etc.).
See also
Estonia in World War II
Citations and references
Cited sources and further reading
Боевой путь Эстонского стрелкового гвардейского корпуса / сост. В. Кюлаотс. — Таллин, 1945. — 251 стр.
И. Курчавов. Эстонская гвардия. — Таллин, 1946.
Эстонский национальный корпус Советской армии в Великой Отечественной войне, 1941—1945. — Таллин, 1949.
Ф. Паульман. Огонь и маневр: Артиллеристы эстонского стрелкового корпуса в Великой Отечественной войне 1941—1945. / вст. слово: К. Ару. — Таллин: Ээсти Раамат, 1968.
Pokrovsky, Gen. Col., Perecheni No.4: Headquarters of corps included in the structure of the active army during the years of the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945, Military-Scientific Directorate of General Staff, Moscow, 1954
Галицкий К. Н. Годы суровых испытаний. 1941—1944 (записки командарма) — М.: Наука, 1973.
008
Military history of Estonia during World War II
Military units and formations established in 1942
Military units and formations disestablished in 1946
Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic |
6904406 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MHC%20restriction | MHC restriction | MHC-restricted antigen recognition, or MHC restriction, refers to the fact that a T cell can interact with a self-major histocompatibility complex molecule and a foreign peptide bound to it, but will only respond to the antigen when it is bound to a particular MHC molecule.
When foreign proteins enter a cell, they are broken into smaller pieces called peptides. These peptides, also known as antigens, can derive from pathogens such as viruses or intracellular bacteria. Foreign peptides are brought to the surface of the cell and presented to T cells by proteins called the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). During T cell development, T cells go through a selection process in the thymus to ensure that the T cell receptor (TCR) will not recognize MHC molecule presenting self-antigens, i.e that its affinity is not too high. High affinity means it will be autoreactive, but no affinity means it will not bind strongly enough to the MHC. The selection process results in developed T cells with specific TCRs that might only respond to certain MHC molecules but not others. The fact that the TCR will recognize only some MHC molecules but not others contributes to "MHC restriction". The biological reason of MHC restriction is to prevent supernumerary wandering lymphocytes generation, hence energy saving and economy of cell-building materials.
T-cells are a type of lymphocyte that is significant in the immune system to activate other immune cells. T-cells will recognize foreign peptides through T-cell receptors (TCRs) on the surface of the T cells, and then perform different roles depending on the type of T cell they are in order to defend the host from the foreign peptide, which may have come from pathogens like bacteria, viruses or parasites. Enforcing the restriction that T cells are activated by peptide antigens only when the antigens are bound to self-MHC molecules, MHC restriction adds another dimension to the specificity of T cell receptors so that an antigen is recognized only as peptide-MHC complexes.
MHC restriction in T cells occurs during their development in the thymus, specifically positive selection. Only the thymocytes (developing T cells in the thymus) that are capable of binding, with an appropriate affinity, with the MHC molecules can receive a survival signal and go on to the next level of selection. MHC restriction is significant for T cells to function properly when it leaves the thymus because it allows T cell receptors to bind to MHC and detect cells that are infected by intracellular pathogens, viral proteins and bearing genetic defects. Two models explaining how restriction arose are the germline model and the selection model.
The germline model suggests that MHC restriction is a result of evolutionary pressure favoring T cell receptors that are capable of binding to MHC. The selection model suggests that not all T cell receptors show MHC restriction, however only the T cell receptors with MHC restriction are expressed after thymus selection. In fact, both hypotheses are reflected in the determination of TCR restriction, such that both germline-encoded interactions between TCR and MHC and co-receptor interactions with CD4 or CD8 to signal T cell maturation occur during selection.
Introduction
The TCRs of T cells recognize linear peptide antigens only if coupled with a MHC molecule. In other words, the ligands of TCRs are specific peptide-MHC complexes. MHC restriction is particularly important for self-tolerance, which makes sure that the immune system does not target self-antigens. When primary lymphocytes are developing and differentiating in the thymus or bone marrow, T cells die by apoptosis if they express high affinity for self-antigens presented by an MHC molecule or express too low an affinity for self MHC.
T cell maturation involves two distinct developmental stages: positive selection and negative selection. Positive selection ensures that any T-cells with a high enough affinity for MHC bound peptide survive and goes on to negative selection, while negative selection induces death in T-cells which bind self-peptide-MHC complex too strongly. Ultimately, the T-cells differentiate and mature to become either T helper cells or T cytotoxic cells. At this point the T cells leave the primary lymphoid organ and enter the blood stream.
The interaction between TCRs and peptide-MHC complex is significant in maintaining the immune system against foreign antigens. MHC restriction allows TCRs to detect host cells that are infected by pathogens, contains non-self proteins or bears foreign DNA. However, MHC restriction is also responsible for chronic autoimmune diseases and hypersensitivity.
Structural specificity
The peptide-MHC complex presents a surface that looks like an altered self to the TCR. The surface consisting of two α helices from the MHC and a bound peptide sequence is projected away from the host cell to the T cells, whose TCRs are projected away from the T cells towards the host cells. In contrast with T cell receptors which recognize linear peptide epitopes, B cell receptors recognize a variety of conformational epitopes (including peptide, carbohydrate, lipid and DNA) with specific three-dimensional structures.
Imposition
The imposition of MHC restriction on the highly variable TCR has caused heated debate. Two models have been proposed to explain the imposition of MHC restriction. The Germline model proposes that MHC restriction is hard-wired in the TCR Germline sequence due to co-evolution of TCR and MHC to interact with each other. The Selection model suggests that MHC restriction is not a hard-wired property in the Germline sequences of TCRs, but imposed on them by CD4 and CD8 co-receptors during positive selection. The relative importance of the two models are not yet determined.
Germline model
The Germline hypothesis suggests that the ability to bind to MHC is intrinsic and encoded within the germline DNA that are coding for TCRs. This is because of evolutionary pressure selects for TCRs that are capable of binding to MHC and selects against those that are not capable of binding to MHC. Since the emergence of TCR and MHC ~500 million years ago, there is ample opportunity for TCR and MHC to coevolve to recognize each other. Therefore, it is proposed that evolutionary pressure would lead to conserved amino acid sequences at regions of contact with MHCs on TCRs.
Evidence from X-ray crystallography has shown comparable binding topologies between various TCR and MHC-peptide complexes. In addition, conserved interactions between TCR and specific MHCs support the hypothesis that MHC restriction is related to the co-evolution of TCR and MHC to some extent.
Selection model
The selection hypothesis argues that instead of being an intrinsic property, MHC restriction is imposed on the T cells during positive thymic selection after random TCRs are produced. According to this model, T cells are capable of recognizing a variety of peptide epitopes independent of MHC molecules before undergoing thymic selection. During thymic selection, only the T cells with affinity to MHC are signaled to survive after the CD4 or CD8 co-receptors also bind to the MHC molecule. This is called positive selection.
During positive selection, co-receptors CD4 and CD8 initiate a signaling cascade following MHC binding. This involves the recruitment of Lck, a tyrosine kinase essential for T cell maturation that is associated with the cytoplasmic tail of the CD4 or CD8 co-receptors. Selection model argues that Lck is directed to TCRs by co-receptors CD4 and CD8 when they recognize MHC molecules. Since TCRs interact better with Lck when they are binding to the MHC molecules that are binding to the co-receptors in a ternary complex, T cells that can interact with MHCs bound to by the co-receptors can activate the Lck kinase and receive a survival signal.
Supporting this argument, genetically modified T cells without CD4 and CD8 co-receptors express MHC-independent TCRs. It follows that MHC restriction is imposed by CD4 and CD8 co-receptors during positive selection of T cell selection.
Reconciliation
A reconciliation of the two models was offered later on suggesting that both co-receptor and germline predisposition to MHC binding play significant roles in imposing MHC restriction. Since only those T cells that are capable of binding to MHCs are selected for during positive selection in the thymus, to some extent evolutionary pressure selects for germline TCR sequences that bind MHC molecules. On the other hand, as suggested by the selection model, T cell maturation requires the TCRs to bind to the same MHC molecules as the CD4 or CD8 co-receptor during T cell selection, thus imposing MHC restriction.
References
External links
Immune system |
17334262 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gealtacht%20Mael%20M%C3%B3rdha | Gealtacht Mael Mórdha | Gealtacht Mael Mórdha is the second full-length studio album by Irish celtic doom metal band Mael Mórdha.
Track listing
"Atlas of Sorrow" – 10:37
"Godless Commune of Sodom" – 6:01
"A Window of Madness" – 5:50
"Curse of the Bard" – 4:47
"The Struggle Eternal" – 7:22
"Gealtacht Mael Mórdha" – 5:23
"Minions of Manannan" – 4:32
Personnel
Roibéard Ó Bogail – Vocals, piano, whistle
Gerry Clince – Guitars
Anthony Lindsay – Guitars
Dave Murphy – Bass
Shane Cahill – Drums
External links
Gealtacht Mael Mórdha @ Encyclopaedia Metallum
Gealtacht Mael Mórdha @ metalstorm.ee
2007 albums
Mael Mórdha albums |
17334264 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Against%20the%20Current | Against the Current | Against the Current may refer to:
Film
Against the Current (film), a 2009 film starring Joseph Fiennes, Elizabeth Reaser and Justin Kirk
Print media
Against the Current: Essays in the History of Ideas, 1979 book
Against the Current (journal), the journal of the American socialist group Solidarity
Against the Current: How Albert Schweitzer Inspired a Young Man's Journey, 2014 book about Mark Huntington Higgins
Music
Against the Current (band), a band signed by Fueled By Ramen
Against the Current, also known as Contra La Corriente, a 1997 album by Marc Anthony
Boats Against the Current, a 1977 album by Eric Carmen
See also
Countercurrent (disambiguation) |
17334291 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Split%20Lip%20Rayfield%20%28album%29 | Split Lip Rayfield (album) | Split Lip Rayfield is the First studio album by the American Bluegrass band Split Lip Rayfield, released in 1998 (see 1998 in music).
Track listing
All songs written by Kirk Rundstrom except where noted.
"Coffee" – 2:07
"Outlaw" – 2:57
"Long Haul Weekend" (E H Ebner/B Spears/ J Rhodes) – 1:16
"Combine" (Rundstrom/Eaton/Mardis) – 3:02
"Barnburner" (Rundstrom/Eaton) – 2:26
"Blue Tick Hound" (Dermer/Rundstrom) – 1:22
"Sunshine" (Rundstrom/Eaton/Mardis) – 2:20
"Pinball Machine" (L L Irving) – 3:09
"Judas" – 1:58
"Cutie Pie" (Rundstrom/Eaton) – 2:43
"Flat Black Rag" (Rundstrom/Eaton) – 1:57
"Freckle Faced Liza Jane" (Trad.) – 2:11
"No Idea" – 2:11
"San Antone" – 2:43
"Tiger In My Tank" (J T Nesbitt Jr.) – 1:58
Personnel
Kirk Rundstrom - Guitar, Vocals
Jeff Eaton - Gas Tank Bass, Vocals, Kazoo
Eric Mardis - Banjo, Vocals
Additional personnel
Mandolin on "Coffee" and "Blue Tick Hound" by Craig "Big Country" Dermer
Bass Drum on "Pinball" by Colin Mahoney
References
1998 albums
Split Lip Rayfield albums
Bloodshot Records albums |
6904411 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlky | Vlky | Vlky () is a village and municipality in Senec District in the Bratislava Region, in western Slovakia.
Geography
The municipality lies at an altitude of 128 metres and covers an area of 3.622 km2. It has a population of 428 people (2011).
History
In historical records the village was first mentioned in 1283.
After the Austro-Hungarian army disintegrated in November 1918, Czechoslovak troops occupied the area, later acknowledged internationally by the Treaty of Trianon. Between 1938 and 1945 Vlky once more became part of Miklós Horthy's Hungary through the First Vienna Award. From 1945 until the Velvet Divorce, it was part of Czechoslovakia. Since then it has been part of Slovakia.
Demography
Population by nationality (2001):
Hungarian: 77,44%, Slovak: 21,05%
References
External links/Sources
https://web.archive.org/web/20051125052434/http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/run.html
Villages and municipalities in Senec District |
6904415 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carla%20Bodendorf | Carla Bodendorf | Carla Bodendorf (née Rietig on 13 August 1953 in Eilsleben, Bezirk Magdeburg) is a retired East German sprint runner who won a gold medal in the 4 × 100 m relay at the 1976 Summer Olympics; individually she finished fourth in the 200 meters. She won two bronze medals in these events at the 1978 European Athletics Championships.
She was part of two East German 4×100 relay teams that held the world record for three years from 1976 to 1979.
After retiring from competitions, Bodendorf worked as a sports teacher, and then became a politician and project manager at the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Saxony-Anhalt. She is married to Jürgen Bodendorf, a long and triple jumper and a football coach.
References
1953 births
Living people
People from Börde (district)
People from Bezirk Magdeburg
East German female sprinters
Sportspeople from Saxony-Anhalt
Olympic athletes of East Germany
Olympic gold medalists for East Germany
Athletes (track and field) at the 1976 Summer Olympics
European Athletics Championships medalists
Medalists at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists in athletics (track and field)
Recipients of the Patriotic Order of Merit in silver
Olympic female sprinters |
44498068 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20A-League%20Men%20highest%20scoring%20games | List of A-League Men highest scoring games | This is a summary of the highest scoring games and biggest winning margins in the A-League since its establishment in the 2005–06 season. The record for the biggest win is Adelaide United's 8–1 victory against North Queensland Fury on 21 January 2011.
Only two games have had ten goals scored in the fourteen seasons of the A-League, both 8–2 results involving Central Coast Mariners. Seven games have had nine goals scored.
Highest scoring games
Biggest winning margin
References
General
Specific
A-League Men records and statistics
A-League Men lists |
6904429 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay%20High%20School%20%28Oregon%2C%20Ohio%29 | Clay High School (Oregon, Ohio) | Clay High School is a public high school in Oregon, Ohio, United States, east of Toledo. It is the only high school in the Oregon City School District. The school is named for Jeremiah Clay, who donated his farmland for the school to be built on.
Over the last few years the Clay High School Campus has undergone remodeling. An addition was made to the main building, while the old elementary and the Annex were demolished. The Main building also was gutted and redone.
The school colors are green and yellow. Their nickname is the Eagles, after their mascots Eddy and Edna the Eagle. Clay was a member of the Great Lakes League until 2003 when they joined the Toledo City League. Clay's joining of the TCL made them the second non-Toledo team to join the league (Cardinal Stritch 1971-1994) though they have played the Toledo City League schools for years prior to joining. In 2011, Clay joined the newly formed Three Rivers Athletic Conference as a charter member.
Demographics
Career Technical Education Programs
Clay High School offers Career Technical Education (CTE) programs, also sometimes referred to as Career Tech, as a form of vocational education. The current CTE programs offered are:
Automotive Technologies
Construction Trades
Cosmetology
Culinary Arts
Engineering Design & Development
Environmental & Agriculture
Integrated Machining & Engineering
Marketing
Medical Technologies
Musical Theatre
Programming & Software Development
Athletics
Ohio High School Athletic Association Team State Championships
Boys Baseball – 1979
Performing Arts
Marching, Concert, and Symphonic Band
The modern band program at Clay was started by Clay graduate and saxophonist Nancy Fox Bricker in 1952, cementing the band as a marching band known as the Clay High School Fighting Eagle Marching Band. After Mrs. Bricker became ill and her husband assumed directing duties, Clay graduate Charles Neal was made the new director in 1967. The traditions of the Clay band were continued and expanded by its next director, Clay graduate Brian Gyuras, whom was named the new director in 1999 and brought back student direction of the band. The current director of the band is Joseph Kuzdzal, whom has held the position since 2019.
The band performs at Clay football games, and during the off season performs concerts and other parades. The band is split into two sections based on grade level, the concert band for freshmen and sophomores, and the symphonic band for juniors and seniors. The band also has multiple subgroups, in the form of jazz band and pep band. The band also claims the largest Alumni band in Ohio, which performs every other year during the homecoming football game.
Concert Chorale
Clay High School includes a choir program in the form of Concert Chorale. The program educates students in various subjects of good musicianship, and contributes to an enrolled student's fine arts credit needed to graduate. The program also puts on multiple concerts throughout the school year, and performs at other events. The current director of the program is Thom Sneed.
The Concert Chorale is also host to Varsity Voices, an audition based group which learns additional music outside of the school day to perform at concerts. The program also formerly had two gender based groups, a men's chorus and an all female chorus named "Bel Canto".
Theater Department
Aside from the Musical Theatre CTE program, Clay High School also has a theatre group in the form of the CHS Limelighters. The group typically puts on three productions per school year, and membership is open to the Clay student body. The group puts on a combination of musicals, plays, and one-acts and is under the direction of Thom Sneed, Leah Walsh, and Elizabeth Gibson.
Notable alumni
A. J. Achter - Former pitcher Michigan State University, currently plays for the Los Angeles Angels
Kate Achter - Current head coach of Detroit Mercy women's basketball team, formerly spent six seasons at Loyola Chicago
Chris Fussell - Former pitcher with the Baltimore Orioles
Jordan Kovacs - Former safety and captain for the University of Michigan football team, currently a defensive quality control coach for the Cincinnati Bengals
Justin Thomas - Pitcher with the Uni-President 7-Eleven Lions of the Chinese Professional Baseball League
Eric Herman - NFL Offensive Guard for the Indianapolis Colts.
References
External links
Oregon City Schools Official website of Oregon City Schools
High schools in Lucas County, Ohio
Public high schools in Ohio |
6904432 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tant%20Strul | Tant Strul | Tant Strul was a Swedish punk rock band that are considered as the leading all female punk rock band in Sweden, although they at times had a male member. The last setting before they split up was: vocalist, guitarist and songwriter Kajsa Grytt, keyboardist Malena Jönsson, bassist Liten Falkeholm, drummer Nike Markelius, and cellist Sebastian Öberg (from the Flesh Quartet).
History
The band started in 1981 with band members Kärsti Stiege (the mother of Swedish pop star Lykke Li), Liten Falkeholm, Kajsa Grytt, Malena Jönsson and Micke Westerlund. Kärsti left after the first two singles, and Micke left after the first LP "Tant Strul" (1981) and was replaced by Nike. The band now consisted of four women: Kajsa Grytt, Malena Jönsson, Liten Falkeholm and Nike Markelius. After the second LP "Amason" (1983), Sebastian Öberg joined the group. After the third LP "Jag önskar dig" (1984) the group split up.
Their style of music got softer over the years, and by the time the cellist Öberg joined the group they could hardly be called a punk rock group any more. After the split, Kajsa Grytt and Malena Jönsson formed a duo who released two LP's with laid back songs, based on Malena's piano and Kajsa's voice: "Historier från en väg" (1986) and "Den andra världen" (1988). Then Kajsa Grytt became a solo artist who so far has released four albums: "Kajsa Grytt" (1990), "Revolution" (1994), "Är vi på väg hem" (2003) and "Brott och straff" (2006).
Before joining Tant Strul, Kajsa Grytt was briefly a member of Pink Champagne, and Liten Falkenholm played with Eldkvarn.
References
External links
Kajsa Grytt official internet page
SvD article on the 2005 reunion
Swedish punk rock groups
Feminism in Sweden
1981 establishments in Sweden |
20469392 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamen%20Rider%20Decade | Kamen Rider Decade | is the title of the first installment of the 2009 editions of the long-running Kamen Rider Series of tokusatsu dramas. Decade, as its title suggests, is the tenth of the Heisei Rider special anniversary Series, having begun with Kamen Rider Kuuga in 2000. It began broadcasting the week following the finale of Kamen Rider Kiva and was featured in Super Hero Time alongside the 2009 edition of the Super Sentai Series, Samurai Sentai Shinkenger and replaced by Tensou Sentai Goseiger. Kamen Rider Zi-O, the last Heisei era series of 2018-2019, acts as a spiritual sequel, where both Decade and Diend play prominent roles as re-occurring side characters who are directly involved in that series plotline.
Production And Casting
The Kamen Rider Decade trademark was registered by Toei on July 29, 2008.
Masahiro Inoue, who portrayed Keigo Atobe in the Prince of Tennis musicals, was cast in the lead role for Decade as Tsukasa Kadoya/Kamen Rider Decade. Also involved were Kanna Mori as Natsumi Hikari/Kamen Rider Kivala, and Renji Ishibashi as Natsumi's grandfather Eijiro Hikari. Another member of the cast was Tatsuhito Okuda as the mysterious Narutaki. The world of Kamen Rider Kuuga, as well as most of the other Rider Worlds, sport several characters who have been renamed and cast with different actors. Ryota Murai was cast as Yusuke Onodera who is the series' version of Kamen Rider Kuuga. Rounding up the cast was Kimito Totani who portrayed the thief Daiki Kaito/Kamen Rider Diend.
Synopsis
The story follows Tsukasa Kadoya, an amnesiac photographer in the World of Natsumi. During an attack of many different Kaijin from throughout the Heisei Kamen Rider history Tsukasa becomes Kamen Rider Decade. He then learns that he needs to save the World of Natsumi by traveling to the nine AR worlds, meaning other rider worlds or alternate reality worlds. He begins traveling through the worlds with his friend Natsumi and her grandfather. However, he later begins traveling with Yusuke Onodera from the World of Kuuga, Kivala from the World of Kiva, and Daiki Kaito from the World of Diend, who can transform into Kamen Rider Diend. While journeying through the worlds Tsukasa and his companions meet Narutaki, a man who believes Tsukasa is the destroyer of worlds. They also begin running into Dai-Shocker, an alliance of terrorist organizations from across the many worlds. Will Tsukasa and his companions save the many worlds and stop Dai-Shocker, or will Tsukasa become the prophesied destroyer of worlds?
To fit with the printing motif of the series, the main Kamen Riders of the series follow the CMYK color model: Decade is magenta, Diend is cyan, and Kuuga (Rising Ultimate Form) is black and yellow. In the Cho-Den-O Trilogy film Episode Yellow: Treasure de End Pirates, Diend is the primary character, emphasizing the yellow accents on his DienDriver and the enhanced Kamen Rider Diend card.
Rider War
The , first revealed in Natsumi Hikari's dream, is a predestined event composed of many Kamen Riders called the , all of whom were seemingly defeated by Decade. However, Kuuga survived the initial battle, assuming Ultimate Form to confront Decade once again with the two seemingly destroying each other in the ensuing battle. As Narutaki explains to Natsumi, the dream is a predestined event in which Decade will destroy all the worlds.
Episodes
Generally, episodes of Decade are titled similarly to the episodes of the series that they reference. Kamen Rider Kuugas episodes were titled with only two kanji and episodes of Kamen Rider Kiva have a musical reference and musical notation in the title. For the World of Hibiki story arc, the episode title cards are stylized in calligraphy similar to the styles featured in Kamen Rider Hibiki. For the World of Amazon story arc, the episode title had a reference from Kamen Rider Amazon episode 3. An episode arc also features a crossover with Samurai Sentai Shinkenger.
In an interview in the March 2009 issue of Kindai Magazine, Masahiro Inoue stated that Decade was slated as having only 30 episodes. A subsequent interview in Otonafami magazine confirmed that only 30 episodes were filmed, with 31 episodes airing in total.
Films
The Onigashima Warship
was released on May 1, 2009. The film takes place between episodes 15 and 16 of Decade and primarily features the cast characters from Kamen Rider Den-O in their new media franchise, the Cho-Den-O Series.
All Riders vs. Dai-Shocker
The film opened in Japanese theaters on August 8, 2009, double-booked with the Shinkenger film. The film is billed as featuring twenty-six Kamen Riders: the original ten Showa Riders, Black, Black RX, Shin, ZO, J, the previous nine titular Heisei Riders, Decade, and Diend, serving as a tribute to the entire Kamen Rider franchise as a whole. It also features the first on-screen appearance of the 11th Heisei Kamen Rider: Kamen Rider Double. The film provides light to Tsukasa's past and Decade's relation with the mysterious Dai-Shocker organization, whose membership is composed of the various villains and monsters that previous Kamen Riders battled with. The events of the movie take place between episodes 29 and 30.
Movie War 2010
As part of the triple feature, Decades film tells the story of what happens following the television series' cliffhanger finale, and was released in Japanese theaters on December 12, 2009 (initially hinted during a post credits trailer after All Riders vs. Dai-Shocker). Kamen Rider W was also featured in the sequence. The October issue of TV-Kun also makes reference to this movie, stating that . Gackt once again performed the film's theme song, "Stay the Ride Alive" that was released on January 1, 2010.
Super Hero Taisen
is a film which features a crossover between the characters of the Kamen Rider and Super Sentai Series, including the protagonists of Kamen Rider Decade and Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger alongside the casts of Kamen Rider Fourze, Kamen Rider OOO, and Tokumei Sentai Go-Busters. Masahiro Inoue and Kimito Totani reprised their roles as Tsukasa Kadoya and Daiki Kaito, along with Tatsuhito Okuda as Narutaki and Doktor G.
Kamen Rider Taisen
made its theater debut on March 29, 2014. Masahiro Inoue, playing Kamen Rider Decade, alongside many other lead actors of other series appear in the film, including Gaku Sano of Kamen Rider Gaim, Renn Kiriyama of Kamen Rider W, Kohei Murakami and Kento Handa of Kamen Rider 555, Shunya Shiraishi from Kamen Rider Wizard, Ryo Hayami of Kamen Rider X, and Hiroshi Fujioka of the original Kamen Rider. The Sentai teams' Ressha Sentai ToQger and Ryo Ryusei as Daigo Kiryu from Zyuden Sentai Kyoryuger are also in the movie. Shun Sugata playing Kamen Rider ZX from the Birth of the 10th! Kamen Riders All Together!! TV special returns, also performing as Ambassador Darkness. Itsuji Itao of Kamen Rider The First plays Ren Aoi, Kamen Rider Fifteen, a main antagonist of the film.
Kamen Rider G
In addition to commemorating the 10th anniversary of the Heisei Kamen Rider Series, Kamen Rider Decade was broadcast during the 50th anniversary of TV Asahi broadcasting. In a collaboration with popular band SMAP, TV Asahi and Ishimori Productions put forward a special production for SMAP's SmaSTATION talk show titled . It premiered on January 31, 2009.
Kamen Rider G featured several actors from previous Kamen Rider programs in cameos. Kohei Murakami of Kamen Rider 555 fame played a medical experiment subject. Mitsuru Karahashi (also from 555) and Kenji Matsuda (from Hibiki and Kiva) portrayed members of the Shade terrorist cell. Kazutoshi Yokoyama and Eitoku, two suit actors commonly used by the Kamen Rider production team portrayed security guards in the TV Asahi building. Voice actor Katsumi Shiono provides vocal effects for the Phylloxera Worm, as he often does for Kamen Rider monsters. Popular TV Asahi announcer Yoko Ooshita also makes an appearance in Kamen Rider G as herself.
The original characters for Kamen Rider G are all wine-themed. The titular character's transformation requires a bottle of wine to be inserted into a transformation belt that acts as a wine opener, and he is armed with a sword that resembles a corkscrew as well as a sommelier knife. His Rider Kick finisher is also wine-based, as it is called the . The letter "G" in the title is taken to either meaning "Good", referring to the actor Goro Inagaki, or as an onomatopoeia of the sound of wine being poured out of a bottle (). The antagonist of the piece is a Worm called the ; the phylloxera fly is a grapevine pest. The Phylloxera Worm would later be used as the antagonist for the Kamen Rider Kabuto episodes of Decade.
Within the small production, a terrorist organization known as takes over the TV Asahi studios in Tokyo. The group led by Daidō Oda (Yusuke Kamiji) demands that the Japanese government release their leader Seizan Tokugawa (Show Aikawa), who was arrested after the group's human experimentations came to light. The Shade cell is assisted by the brainwashed Goro (SMAP's Goro Inagaki), but when he sees that his girlfriend Eri Hinata (Yumiko Shaku) is amongst the hostages, he regains his memories and turns on the Shade terrorists. Oda is forced to reveal himself as the Phylloxera Worm, and reveals that several other Shade members have been converted into Worms. Goro transforms into Kamen Rider G to take on the Worms, defeating them all save for Phylloxera who is much too strong for him. Just then, Kamen Rider Decade and the other Heisei Kamen Riders appear to give Kamen Rider G the confidence he needs to destroy the Phylloxera Worm with his Swirling Rider Kick. As the Phylloxera Worm says in his last breath that the war is not over, Goro reunites with Eri before proclaiming he will protect the world from Shade's evil influence.
Super Adventure DVD
The called is the Hyper Battle DVD for Decade. Like Kivas DVD, it is another "Choose Your Own Adventure" style story. The viewer's choices throughout the DVD affect how Decade and Diend's fight against Dai-Shocker's as well as Yusuke Onodera's completion of the Decade Bazooka weapon from a punch out sheet in the back of a Televi-Kun magazine. The events of the specials take place between episodes 29 and 30.
World of Stronger
For Decades S.I.C Hero Saga side story tells of how Tsukasa and the Hikari Studio crew enter the reality in which Kamen Rider Stronger takes place and meet up with the characters within, such as the original Yuriko Misaki. The first episode was published in Hobby Japan, June 2010.
Novel
, written by Aki Kanehiro and supervised by Toshiki Inoue, is part of a series of spin-off novel adaptions of the Heisei Era Kamen Riders. The novel was released on April 12, 2013.
Cast
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
DecaDriver Voice, DienDriver Voice, K-Touch Voice:
Narration:
Guest stars
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
, :
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
Songs
Opening theme
"Journey Through the Decade"
Lyrics: Shoko Fujibayashi
Composition: Ryo (of defspiral)
Arrangement: Kōtarō Nakagawa, Ryo
Artist: Gackt
Episodes: Nine Worlds arc (first verse), New Worlds arc (second verse)
In its first week on the Oricon Weekly Charts, "Journey Through the Decade" reached the #2 spot, having sold approximately 51,666 records in that time.
Insert themes
"Ride the Wind"
Lyrics: Shoko Fujibayashi
Composition & Arrangement: Shuhei Naruse
Artist: Tsukasa Kadoya (Masahiro Inoue)
Episodes: 10 - 22, 28
Masahiro Inoue had been recording "Ride the Wind" with Shuhei Naruse released on April 22, 2009. Prior to its appearance in the series, Inoue announced the song on his blog and that he would record it under his character's name.
"Treasure Sniper"
Lyrics: Shoko Fujibayashi
Composition & Arrangement: Ryo
Artist: Daiki Kaito (Kimito Totani)
Episodes: 23 - 27, 29 - 31
On June 23, 2009, Kimito Totani announced on his personal blog that he was recording a new song for Decade. The Toei blog for Decade announced its title was "Treasure Sniper". Although "Treasure Sniper" did not have a release as a single, it and its instrumental are included on the MASKED RIDER DECADE COMPLETE CD-BOX boxed set. It was later released as the B-side to the single "Climax-Action ~The Den-O History~", the theme song for the Cho-Den-O Trilogy film in which Kamen Rider Diend is the main character.
Avex Group, as part of Decades soundtrack, released a series of albums featuring the songs of the previous nine Heisei Rider series titled the Masked Rider series Theme song Re-Product CD SONG ATTACK RIDE series. Each album features the original opening theme song, as well as a rearrangement of each by "Kamen Rider's official band" Rider Chips and by "Climax Jump" composer Shuhei Naruse. The first album, released on May 20, 2009, features originally performed by Masayuki Tanaka for Kamen Rider Kuuga, "Break the Chain" originally performed by Tourbillon for Kamen Rider Kiva, and "Alive A life" originally performed by Rica Matsumoto for Kamen Rider Ryuki. The second album, released on June 24, 2009, features "Round ZERO~BLADE BRAVE" originally performed by Nanase Aikawa for Kamen Rider Blade, "Justiφ's" originally performed by Issa of Da Pump for Kamen Rider 555, and originally performed by Shinichi Ishihara for Kamen Rider Agito. The third album was released on July 22, 2009, and features the "Climax Jump" by AAA DEN-O form for Kamen Rider Den-O, "NEXT LEVEL" by YU-KI for Kamen Rider Kabuto, and by Akira Fuse for Kamen Rider Hibiki.
Gackt performed the theme to the film Kamen Rider Decade: All Riders vs. Dai-Shocker. The song is titled "The Next Decade", and was released on August 11, 2009.
References
External links
at Toei Company
at Avex Group
2009 Japanese television series debuts
2009 Japanese television series endings
Crossover tokusatsu television series
Decade
Television series about parallel universes
Fiction about amnesia |
20469399 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncial%200259 | Uncial 0259 | Uncial 0259 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), is a Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament. Paleographically it has been assigned to the 7th century. The codex contains some parts of the 1 Timothy 1:4-5.6-7, on 2 parchment leaves (12 cm by 10 cm). Written in one column per page, 11 lines per page, in uncial letters.
Text
[transcribed by Kurt Treu]
According to Elliott Treu wrongly deciphered reading οικονομιαν, according to him the manuscript reads οικοδομη.
The nomina sacra contracted. It has two singular readings:
εξετραπτησαν instead of εξετραπησαν
νοσουντης instead of νοουντης.
The text-type of this codex is mixed. Aland placed it in Category III.
History
Currently it is dated by the INTF to the 7th century.
Currently the codex is housed at the Berlin State Museums (P. 3605) in Berlin.
See also
List of New Testament uncials
Textual criticism
Uncial 0262
References
Further reading
Peter Head, Two Parchments Witnessing First Timothy 1 (2007)
G. H. R. Horseley, "New Documents Illustrating Early Christianity" 2 (Macquarie University, 1982), pp. 125-140.
Elliott, J.K., The Greek Text of the Epistles to Timothy and Titus. (Studies and Documents 26). Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1968. p. 19.
Kurt Treu, "Neue Neutestamentliche Fragmente der Berliner Papyrussammlung", APF 18 (Berlin: 1966), pp. 23-38.
Greek New Testament uncials
7th-century biblical manuscripts |
44498069 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Coghlan | Michael Coghlan | Michael Coghlan (born 15 January 1985) is an English footballer who plays for Northern League club Washington.
A midfielder, Coghlan played in the Football League for Darlington and in non-league football for numerous clubs in the north-east of England.
Football career
Sunderland-born Coghlan began his football career with Darlington. As a 16-year-old, he was playing for their reserve team, and was included in the travelling squad, though not among the matchday 16, for Darlington's League Cup visit to Wolverhampton Wanderers in September 2003. A week later, he was an unused substitute for the Third Division match at home to Southend United, and on 11 October, as a member of "one of the youngest and smallest squads in the Third Division"Coghlan himself had been dubbed "pint-sized"he made his debut in the Football League. He entered the match as a second-half substitute with his team already two goals down at home to Bristol Rovers; it finished as a 4–0 defeat. In the Football League Trophy, against a Hull City side with eleven changes from their previous league match, Coghlan's "low, fierce shot" was blocked, rebounding to Mark Sheeran who scored to reduce Hull's lead to 2–1, but Darlington were eliminated.
He played twice more in the league in December, before joining Northern Premier League club Harrogate Town on loan in March 2004. The manager thought he "maybe struggled with the pace of the game" in his first appearance, in a defeat at Alfreton Town, and he was back with Darlington a few days later. He played regularly for the reserves in 2004–05according to his 2004 profile on the club's website, he had "shown he is a good passer of the ball with plenty to offer in midfield"but in November was one of seven players with contracts due to expire at the end of the season whom manager David Hodgson listed for transfer or loan and told to prove their worth to the club. After spending time with Bishop Auckland, another Northern Premier League club, on loan, Coghlan finished the season with Darlington's reserves, and was released when his contract expired.
He then went on a tour of non-league football in the north-east of England, playing for clubs including Ryhope CA, Durham City, Crook Town, another spell at Bishop Auckland, Sunderland RCA, Jarrow Roofing, Chester-le-Street Town, Seaham Red Star, and most recently Washington.
He also captained Humbledon Plains Farm, a Sunderland-based team, to victory in the 2014 FA Sunday Cup.
References
External links
1985 births
Living people
Footballers from Sunderland
English footballers
Association football midfielders
Darlington F.C. players
Harrogate Town A.F.C. players
Bishop Auckland F.C. players
Sunderland Ryhope Community Association F.C. players
Durham City A.F.C. players
Crook Town A.F.C. players
Jarrow Roofing Boldon Community Association F.C. players
Chester-le-Street Town F.C. players
Seaham Red Star F.C. players
Washington F.C. players
English Football League players
Northern Premier League players
Northern Football League players |
20469403 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nunobiki%20Dam | Nunobiki Dam | Nunobiki Dam is a dam in Kobe, in Hyōgo Prefecture of Japan. It is the first concrete gravity dam in Japan. It is situated in Chuo-ku, Kobe, at the foot of the mountain stream Nunohiki and waterfall of the same name. In 2006 with the modernization of water resources and water supply, the dam was designated as important heritage site.
History
The modern water supply plan in Japan was originally drawn up in 1887 but in 1892, Professor William Barton from the British Ministry of Engineering proposed an earth-fill dam with a reservoir capacity of about 31 million tons. Construction began in 1897 and it was completed in 1900. In 2005, the dam was partly reconstructed to incorporate seismic strengthening and sediment dredging was completed.
Gallery
Dams in Hyogo Prefecture
Dams completed in 1900
Buildings of the Meiji period
Important Cultural Properties of Japan |
44498073 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angry%20Birds%20Stella%20%28TV%20series%29 | Angry Birds Stella (TV series) | Angry Birds Stella is a Finnish computer-animated adventure television series based on the whole all-device mobile game Angry Birds: Slingshot Stella produced by Rovio Entertainment. The first episode, "A Fork in the Friendship", aired on Toons.TV on November 1, 2014. The series ended on March 11, 2016.
Overview
The series recounts the tale of young Stella, along with her friends Luca, a builder; Willow, a creative painter and artist with work of art; Poppy, a crazily loud drummer; and Dahlia, a scientist, a total brain, and an inventor as they struggle to contain Gale, the former friend of Stella, that is the queen of the minion pigs in Golden Island.
Characters
Main characters
Stella, A pink galah – The de facto leader of the flock, Stella is described as adventurous, fierce, friendly, courageous, and bold. Despite being very upset with her former friend Gale for the latter's departure and betrayal in the name of vanity, she still considers Gale a friend.
Dahlia, a brownish long-eared owl – The brains of the whole flock and a smart inventing genius and the oldest, but some of her inventions often backfire.
Luca, A sky blue scrub-jay – The youngest and the only male in the flock. He is very playful and imaginative, and, unlike the others, has little to no ill-will towards Gale after the latter left the flock.
Poppy, A light yellow Cockatiel – Loud and boisterous, Poppy has a fondness for music, but the amount of noise she makes from her percussion often irks her friends instead, as Poppy frequently enjoys herself to the point she is unaware of the racket she makes.
Willow, A dark blue western crowned pigeon with feathers resembling dreadlocks (most of which are concealed underneath her signature striped, floppy hat) – Very shy and insecure, however, she is a very talented artist, specializes in painting portraits and Luca's older sister.
Gale, a dark purple violet-backed starling, also known as the Bad Princess – A selfish and extremely vain bird, formerly one of the flock and was once a close friend of Stella. She left the flock after discovering that, unlike her friends, the pigs were willing to have her as their queen without question and will answer her every whim. Despite leaving the flock, Gale remains highly motivated to keep the attention of her former friends, which often comes into direct conflict with her superiority complex.
Supporting characters
Handsome Pig, a pig with a blond wig who has a crush on Gale.
Minion Pigs, pigs who are assistants of Gale.
Episodes
Home media
Sony Pictures Home Entertainment is the DVD distributor for the series.
Angry Birds Stella: The Complete 1st Season (December 1, 2015)
Angry Birds Stella: The Complete 2nd Season (March 1, 2016)
Film
in November 2022 Huayi Brothers and HB wink animation are developed to make a Film adaptation of the original series had not yet confirmed to be Netflix announced soon. as Mike Mitchell would directed the film. and the finale second season of angry birds Stella with Sony Pictures Animation.
References
Angry Birds television series
2014 Finnish television series debuts
2016 Finnish television series endings
2010s Finnish television series
Finnish children's animated adventure television series
Finnish children's animated comedy television series
Finnish children's animated drama television series
Computer-animated television series
KidsClick
Television series by Rovio Entertainment
Animated television series spinoffs
Animated television series about birds
Animated television series without speech |
20469414 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20D%27Ambrosio | Paul D'Ambrosio | Paul D'Ambrosio is an American journalist and novelist. He is the former executive editor of the Asbury Park Press, and creator of DataUniverse.com, a public records site used by multiple Gannett newspapers.
Education
D'Ambrosio graduated from The George Washington University. In 2018, he received an M.A. in journalism and strategic communications from the University of Memphis.
Career
Journalism
In October 1981, D'Ambrosio joined the Asbury Park Press as a reporter responsible for covering Jackson Township, New Jersey. He was later promoted to an investigations editor, senior regional news strategist, and director of investigations and news director for the newspaper before becoming the executive editor in 2019.
D'Ambrosio works in a field of journalism called computer-assisted reporting, which uses various programs to analyze government data. An unnamed precursor to DataUniverse was launched in the Spring of 2005 by D'Ambrosio, and the full DataUniverse was launched on the Asbury Park Press's website, on December 1, 2006. The site is programmed and maintained by D'Ambrosio. DataUniverse contains more than two dozen databases from crime records to property sale information, and garners about 1 million page views a week. The DataUniverse model has been widely duplicated throughout the Gannett newspaper chain and other news outlets.
As both editor and writer, he has won and shared in the Selden Ring Award for Investigative Reporting, the Farfel Prize for Excellence in Investigative Reporting, the National Headliner awards for Public Service and Series Writing, two Associated Press Managing Editors' awards for Public Service, the Clark Mollenhoff Memorial Award for Investigative Reporting, three National Press Club awards for consumer journalism, and three Brechner Freedom of Information awards.
"Fighting New Jersey's Tax Crush" (2009), which D'Ambrosio edited and co-wrote, was named a finalist for the 2010 Pulitzer Prize for Public Service. He was named executive editor of the Press in February 2019 and departed the company in November 2022.
Fiction writing
D'Ambrosio's debut novel, Cold Rolled Dead, was a finalist for the Eric Hoffer Award in 2008, and was a best-seller for several weeks on Amazon.com's Techno-thriller list. His work has been compared to Tom Clancy by The SandPaper news magazine. The Asbury Park Press, D'Ambrosio's employer, called the novel "... a page-turner with hefty detail on police procedure ... and human nature at its darkest....
Selected works
News articles
Vital Signs (1996) (D'Ambrosio, Linsk, McEnry, Becker)
House of Cards (1997–98) (Asbury Park Press Staff)
Right to Know Nothing (1999) (D'Ambrosio)
Profiting from Public Service (2003–2004) (D'Ambrosio and Gannett New Jersey staff)
Pay to Play and The Power Brokers (2004) (D'Ambrosio, Prado Roberts, and Gannett Staff)
Fighting New Jersey's Tax Crush (2009) (D'Ambrosio, Mikle, Clurfeld, Bates, Mullen)
Novels
Cold Rolled Dead (2007), Down the Shore Publishing Inc.
Easy Squeezy (2013), Down the Shore Publishing Inc.
References
20th-century American novelists
American thriller writers
Columbian College of Arts and Sciences alumni
American investigative journalists
Living people
Writers from Philadelphia
Syracuse University faculty
21st-century American novelists
American expatriates in Thailand
American male novelists
Novelists from Pennsylvania
Novelists from New York (state)
21st-century American non-fiction writers
American male non-fiction writers
Year of birth missing (living people)
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American male writers |
17334297 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20reservoirs%20by%20volume | List of reservoirs by volume | The classification of a reservoir by volume is not as straightforward as it may seem. As the name implies, water is held in reserve by a reservoir so it can serve a purpose. For example, in Thailand, reservoirs tend to store water from the wet season to prevent flooding, then release it during the dry season for farmers to grow rice. For this type of reservoir, almost the entire volume of the reservoir functions for the purpose it was built. Hydroelectric power generation, on the other hand, requires many dams to build up a large volume before operation can begin. For this type of reservoir only a small portion of the water held behind the dam is useful. Therefore, knowing the purpose for which a reservoir has been constructed, and knowing how much water can be used for that purpose, helps determine how much water is in possible reserve.
Terminology
The following terms are used in connection with the volume of reservoirs:
Nominal Volume or Capacity is the total volume of all water held behind a dam at the maximum level possible.
Initial or Design Volume refers to the possible volume within the reservoir after it first opens. Many rivers are high in silt that over time deposits behind a dam reducing capacity.
Active or Live volume equals the total capacity minus the dead pool volume. This is the volume that can serve some downstream purpose. For example, it is the volume available to make hydroelectric power or provide drinking water to a city.
Dead pool or Minimum volume refers to the amount of water left in a reservoir that cannot be used for the general purpose the reservoir was constructed. At this state, the reservoir is termed fully drawn down. For example, if built to supply water in the dry season, it is the water left behind when no more water can be extracted. Frequently, the effective minimum volume is greater if the water is needed for a purpose behind a dam.
Available capacity may require knowing the reservoir's primary purpose. If it is designed to prevent flooding, it may be the volume of water that can be retained before reaching maximum or top water.
Actual or Current when coupled with another term reflects the fact the level behind the dam is not constant.
Expanded versus artificial lakes
The list below largely ignores many natural lakes that have been augmented with the addition of a relatively minor dam. For example, a small dam, two hydroelectric plants, and locks on the outlet of Lake Superior make it possible to artificially control the lake level. Certainly, the great majority of the lake is natural. However, the control of water that can be held in reserve means a portion of the vast lake functions as a reservoir.
Recognition of lakes like Lake Superior greatly changes the list below. For example, the Francis H. Clergue Generating Station and Saint Marys Falls Hydropower Plant, which are both on the lake's outlet, operate with just 5.9 meters total head. This is short compared to other dams. However, when viewed against the 81,200 km2 area of the lake, even a small range in Lake Superior's water level means its active volume is greater than the largest nominal in the table below.
List
See also
List of reservoirs by surface area
List of conventional hydroelectric power stations
List of largest reservoirs in the United States
References
Lists of buildings and structures
Lists of bodies of water |
44498076 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985%20in%20Taiwan | 1985 in Taiwan | Events from the year 1985 in Taiwan, Republic of China. This year is numbered Minguo 74 according to the official Republic of China calendar.
Incumbents
President – Chiang Ching-kuo
Vice President – Lee Teng-hui
Premier – Yu Kuo-hwa
Vice Premier – Lin Yang-kang
Events
January
5 January – The establishment of Institute of Transportation.
February
9 February – the total amount of loans made by the Taipei 10th Credit Corporation(臺北十信) accounted for 102% of the total deposits. In order to protect the legitimate rights and interests of depositors, the Ministry of Finance ordered the cooperative to suspend business for three days, and temporarily took over the cooperation from the Taiwan Provincial Cooperative, strictly inspecting and rectifying the situation.
August
1 August – The opening of Minghu Dam in Nantou County.
27 August – The inauguration of Keelung City Cultural Center in Keelung.
October
19 October – The start of the construction to expand Yunlin Prison in Huwei Township, Yunlin County.
25 October – The opening of Zhongli Arts Hall in Taoyuan County (now Taoyuan City).
December
31 December – The inauguration of Taipei World Trade Center in Xinyi District, Taipei.
Births
8 January – Chan Chin-wei, tennis athlete
10 January – Ko Chia-yen, actress
15 January – Hush, singer
22 January – Chen Cho-yi, swimmer
26 January – Allison Lin, actress
28 February – Lee Tai-lin, football athlete
18 March – Chen Hui-shan, football goalkeeper
6 April – Lu Ying-chi, weightlifting athlete
11 May – Tia Lee, singer, actress and model
20 June – Cheng Chi-hung, baseball player
2 July – Renée Chen, singer and songwriter
15 July – Crowd Lu, singer-songwriter and actor
18 September – Amber An, model, singer and actress
5 November – Ma Chih-hung, luge athlete
20 November – Aaron Yan, model, actor and singer
25 December – Chang Han, football athlete
Deaths
12 March – Yang Kui, former writer.
26 August – Chang Chi-yun, Minister of Education (1954–1958).
2 September – Yu Ching-tang, Vice Premier (1963–1966).
References
Years of the 20th century in Taiwan |
20469418 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.J.%20Ritchie%20Hut | R.J. Ritchie Hut | The R.J. Ritchie Hut (Balfour Hut) is an alpine hut located at an altitude of between the southern tip of the Wapta Icefield and the northern tip of the Waputik Icefield in Banff National Park. The hut is at the half-way mark for the Wapta traverse and is usually used in conjunction with the other huts in this chain while attempting a cross-glacier ski trip. The hut is maintained by the Alpine Club of Canada.
The hut sleeps 18 in the summer and 16 in the winter. It is equipped with propane-powered lamps and stovetop.
The hut requires approximately three to five hours of glacier travel to get to from the Bow Hut, or six to eight hours from the Scott Duncan Hut.
Location
The hut is found on low, rocky hills at the toe of the Vulture Glacier. It is east of Balfour Pass and the continental divide, just inside the boundary of Banff National Park.
History
The original Balfour Hut, a fibreglass igloo built in 1965 at Balfour Pass in Banff National Park, was the first hut on the Wapta Icefield. Construction was undertaken by the Alpine Club of Canada and the Calgary Ski Club. It survived until 1971, having been disassembled and reassembled entirely with Swiss Army Knives, airlifted by helicopter, and inadvertently dropped onto a glacial moraine. Eventually, marauding bands of wolverines destroyed it.
The second Balfour Hut was constructed in 1971 of cedar logs on the south side of Mount Olive to the west of the continental divide in Yoho National Park. It lasted for 18 years.
In 1989, the current metal hut was built at a new location in Banff National Park: the toe of the Vulture Glacier.
Nearby
Wapta Icefield
Waputik Icefield
Bow Hut
Scott Duncan Hut
References
Mountain huts in Canada
Buildings and structures in Banff National Park |
17334301 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social%20photography | Social photography | Social photography is a subcategory of photography focusing upon the technology, interaction and activities of individuals who take photographs. Digital cameras, photo sharing websites and the Internet have enabled new tools and methods of social networking while consumer trends such as flashpacking and adventure travel have led to a worldwide increase in socially connected photographers.
The proliferation of easy-to-use open source blogging methods, inexpensively-priced equipment and content management system applications has led to an increase in photography for social change and amateur photojournalism.
Some extensions of social photography include geotagging and online mapping, while online social networking destinations like Facebook have led to an increase in the popularity of technology employing the real-time transfer of images. Where Facebook allows for users to instantly upload a picture from their mobile phone to their profile, there have recently been a number of services sprouting up that allows users to create real time photo streams.
A wireless digital camera enables photographers to connect to cellular networks or other hotspots to share photos, print wirelessly and save photos directly to an image hosting website. Geographic areas serviced by outdoor WiFi networks permit extended applications for geocaching which can include the use of Global Positioning Systems and smartphones.
Some news networks and online broadcasters encourage viewers to send in photographs of live, breaking and current events, enabling citizen journalists and amateur photographers to participate in the news gathering process.
See also
Photojournalism
Social networking
Gallery Project
Travel journal
Image sharing
External links
Photographers and Photography Meetups
References
Photography by genre
Technology in society |
20469477 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivano%20Ciano | Ivano Ciano | Ivano Ciano (born 3 May 1983 in San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy) is an Italian footballer. He plays as a defender. He is currently playing for Italian Lega Pro Seconda Divisione team Catanzaro.
External links
Career statistics
Italian footballers
Vastese Calcio 1902 players
U.S. Catanzaro 1929 players
Living people
1983 births
Association football defenders |
20469504 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow%20P.%20Freeman | Snow P. Freeman | Snow Parker Freeman (1805–1862) was a lawyer and political figure from Liverpool, Nova Scotia. He represented Queen's County in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly from 1843 to 1855. He married Annie Head Mitchell in Halifax on March 24, 1846. She was the daughter of George Mitchell, Esq., of Halifax, a former merchant.
He was the son of Joseph Freeman. Freeman served as a judge in the probate court and also as consular agent for the United States. He died in Liverpool.
References
More, James F The History of Queens County, N.S (1972)
1805 births
1862 deaths
Nova Scotia pre-Confederation MLAs |
17334339 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre%20Dame-Siena%20College%20of%20Polomolok | Notre Dame-Siena College of Polomolok | Notre Dame-Siena College of Polomolok is a private, Catholic, non-stock basic and higher education institution run by the Congregation of the Dominican Sisters of St. Catherine of Siena in Polomolok, South Cotabato, Philippines. It was founded by the (Siena Sisters) in 1957 and was named Notre Dame of Polomolok (NDP) but changed its name to Notre Dame-Siena College of Polomolok at the opening of its college department in 2004. Notre Dame-Siena College of Polomolok is a member of the Notre Dame Educational Association, a group of Notre Dame Schools in the Philippines under the patronage of the Blessed Virgin Mary. The college offers a complete basic education and selected college education programs as follows:
Bachelor of Science in Computer Science (BSCS)
Bachelor of Science in Information Technology (BSIT)
Bachelor of Elementary Education (BEED) major in Content Areas
Bachelor of Secondary Education (BSED)
Bachelor of Science in Business Administration (BSBA) major in Business Management
Bachelor of Science in Entrepreneurship (BSE)
Bachelor in Technical and Vocational Education (BTVE)
ND-SCP is administered by the Dominican Sisters of St. Catherine of Siena.
Presidents
2004-2005 ----- Sr. Lina G. Tuyac, OP, Ph.D.
2005-2008 ----- Sr. Anna Marie Gatmaytan, O.P., Ph.D.
2008-2011 ----- Sr. Mercedes R. Lalisan, O.P., Ph.D.
2011-2014 ----- Sr. Lina G. Tuyac, O.P., Ph.D.
2014-2019 ----- Sr. Gina M. Galang, O.P., Ph.D.
2019–present - Sr. Pinlyn B. Dahili, OP., Ph.D.
See also
Siena College of Quezon City
Siena College of Taytay, Rizal
External links
ND-SCP web site
High schools in the Philippines
Universities and colleges in South Cotabato
Notre Dame Educational Association |
44498085 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Elders | John Elders | John Elders (18 December 1930 – 3 May 2015) was an English rugby union player and coach. He played with Leicester Tigers between 1953–1958, scoring the third most tries in the 1950s for his club (38). Elders was also club captain for a number of seasons.
Elders coached the England team between 1972–1974. He guided England to their first ever away win against New Zealand, and also coached England through an unbeaten tour of South Africa. Elders played one game for Barbarian FC in the late 1950s.
Elders was the sports master at the Newcastle Royal Grammar School between 1957–1982. Whilst teaching there he played and coached for Northern FC and (Old) Novocastrians. He joined Old Novocastrians whilst a teacher at the Newcastle Royal Grammar School and was always an advocate for the club, helping bring many players to the club in the 1960s, 70s and 80s. Elders captained Old Novos from 1959–61.
Elders coached the Downlands College First XV. The 1987 team went undefeated, including matches against Sydney's King's, Riverview and St Joseph's colleges. The side included future Wallabies Brett Johnstone, Brett Robinson, Garrick Morgan, Peter Ryan and Tim Horan.
He died on 3 May 2015, aged 84, after a long illness.
References
1930 births
2015 deaths
English rugby union coaches
Rugby union centres
Leicester Tigers players
Barbarian F.C. players
England national rugby union team coaches |
17334342 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore%20Herpin | Théodore Herpin | Théodore-Joseph-Dieudonné Herpin (27 August 1799 – 17 July 1865) was a French and Swiss neurologist who was a native of Lyon. He studied medicine at the Universities of Paris and Geneva, and spent most of his medical career at Geneva.
Herpin is remembered for his extensive contributions made in the study of epilepsy. He examined hundreds of epileptic patients, and noticed that all epileptic episodes, whether they be complete or incomplete, started the same way, and surmised that they originated in the same location in the brain. Herpin's primary focus of epileptic research was to instruct other physicians to be able to recognize and treat the condition in its early stages. His pioneer research predated John Hughlings Jackson's (1835-1911) similar findings of the disorder.
Herpin is also credited for his comprehensive description of juvenile myoclonic epilepsy.
Written works
Du pronostic et du traitement curatif de l’épilepsie (1852).
Des accès incomplets d’épilepsie, (published posthumously in 1867).
References
European Neurology Théodore Herpin: Neglected Contributions in the Understanding of Epilepsy
1799 births
1865 deaths
University of Paris alumni
University of Geneva alumni
French neurologists
Swiss neurologists
Physicians from Lyon |
44498102 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest%20Macnaghten | Ernest Macnaghten | Ernest Brander Macnaghten CMG, DSO (1872–1948) was a British Army officer who also served as the chairman of the Shanghai Municipal Council from 1930 to 1932.
Early life
Macnaghten was born 11 September 1872 in India, the son of William Hay Macnaghten and Alice Ellen Brander. He was educated at Wellington College, Berkshire and the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, where he was awarded the Sword of Honour.
Military career
Macnaghten was commissioned in the Royal Artillery in November 1894. He served in India (1894–1896), West Africa (1898–1899), South Africa (1900–1902), Somaliland (1903–1904), India (1905–1909), England (1910–1914) and in France during World War I where he was awarded two brevets, CMG, DSO, Croix de Guerre and eight mentions in dispatches. He rose to the rank of Colonel.
Shanghai
After the war, Macnaghten resigned his commission with the honorary rank of Brigadier General.
He joined British American Tobacco in Shanghai, China. From 1930 to 1932 he served as Chairman of the Shanghai Municipal Council. He was also President of the United Services Association and the St Andrew's Society.
Marriage and children
Macnaghten married Yvonne Marie Forrester at Windsor, England on 4 October 1906. They had five children, Susan May, Joan Yvonne Marie, Audrey Clarisse and James Steuart (twins) and Garrelle Renee.
Retirement and death
Macnaghten retired to his house Haygates in Finchampstead, Berkshire. He died on 21 November 1948 in the same town.
References
External links
Picture of Macnaghten in military uniform
Picture of McNaghten in 1937 arriving for a meeting of the Nanshi Supervisory Committee Meeting
Picture of Macnaghten at an Armistice Day ceremony at the Shanghai cenotaph in 1939
Article about and picture of plaque unveiled by Macnaghten in Shanghai in 1931
History of Shanghai
Chairmen of the Shanghai Municipal Council
1872 births
1948 deaths
Royal Artillery officers
British Army personnel of World War I
British Army personnel of the Second Boer War
Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George
Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1914–1918 (France)
People from Finchampstead
Military personnel of British India
British Army brigadiers |
44498103 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suryodaya%20higher%20secondary%20school | Suryodaya higher secondary school | Suryodaya Higher Secondary School is a private, English language school administered by the government of Nepal. It was founded in 2014.
Educational institutions established in 2014
Schools in Nepal
2014 establishments in Nepal |
17334365 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anataboshi | Anataboshi | is the sixth opening theme song from the Japanese anime Kirarin Revolution. The song was released on April 30, 2008 and is performed by MilkyWay, a Japanese project group consisting of Morning Musume member Koharu Kusumi, Hello Pro Egg member Sayaka Kitahara, and Hello Pro Egg member You Kikkawa as their characters, Kirari Tsukishima, Noel Yukino, and Kobeni Hanasaki. The song was released as MilkyWay's first single.
Background and release
"Anataboshi" is the sixth opening theme song to Kirarin Revolution and is performed by Koharu Kusumi from Morning Musume, Sayaka Kitahara, and You Kikkawa from Hello Pro Egg, who play the characters Kirari Tsukishima, Noel Yukino, and Kobeni Hanasaki. The song was released as MilkyWay's debut single.
The single was released on April 30, 2008 under the Zetima label. "Sansan Gogo", the tenth ending theme song to Kirarin Revolution, was included as a B-side and is also performed by MilkyWay.
A video single, referred as a "Single V", was released on May 8, 2008.
Music video
The music video was directed by Hideo Kawatani and produced by Tetsushi Suehiro. The Starlight Headset and Starlight Tambourine featured in the music video were produced as toys by Takara Tomy. The Starlight Headset Mini and Starlight Tambourine Mini were also produced for toddler-sized children.
Reception
The CD single debuted at #3 in the Oricon Weekly Singles Chart and charted for 12 weeks. The video single charted at #22 on the Oricon Weekly DVD Charts.
Track listing
Single
DVD single
Charts
Single
DVD single
References
External links
Anataboshi (Japanese) entry on the Up-Front Works official website
2008 singles
2008 songs
Anime songs
Children's television theme songs
Hello! Project songs
Kirarin Revolution
Animated series theme songs
Zetima Records singles |
6904435 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20world%20featherweight%20boxing%20champions | List of world featherweight boxing champions |
Championship recognition
Public Acclamation: 1884 to 1921
Champions were recognized by wide public acclamation. A heavyweight champion was a boxer who had a notable win over another notable boxer and then went without defeat. Retirements from the ring periodically led to a "true" champion going unrecognized, or for several to be recognized by the public for periods of time. Typically, public interest in having a single, "true" champion resulted in claimants to the heavyweight title being matched with one another; the winner of that bout was subsequently deemed the champion, with the claim (and title lineage) of the defeated boxer largely forgotten.
Sanctioning Bodies: 1921 to present
The National Boxing Association (NBA), was formed in 1921 as the first organization aimed at regulating boxing on a national (and later global) level. The prominence of New York City as the epicenter of boxing would lead to a governmental entity, the powerful New York State Athletic Commission (NYSAC), to join the NBA in sanctioning bouts as "world championships." A third entity, with lesser public recognition inside the USA, the European Boxing Union (EBU), would follow suit, with this triumvirate typically (but not always) recognizing the same boxers as world champions.
At its 1962 convention the NBA's non-U.S. members exploited a membership rule and took control of the organization, rebranding it the World Boxing Association. The (WBA), was joined a year later by a combination of state and national boxing commissions (including the NYSAC and IBU) to form a separate sanctioning body, the World Boxing Council (WBC). Each organization would later have a spin-off competing sanctioning body emerge: the International Boxing Federation (IBF), which was formed by members of the United States Boxing Association in 1983; and the World Boxing Organization (WBO), which was formed in 1989. A fifth significant (but not as publicly accepted) body came in the form of the International Boxing Organization (IBO), in 1991, and today there are over a dozen sanctioning organizations, of varying degrees of public acceptance, sanctioning bouts as for a world championship and proclaiming their title winners "Champion of the World."
See also
List of current boxing champions
List of current female world boxing champions
List of undisputed boxing champions
List of WBA world champions
List of WBC world champions
List of IBF world champions
List of WBO world champions
List of The Ring world champions
List of British world boxing champions
References
External links
Featherweight Champions
World boxing champions by weight class |
6904436 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolf%20Ridderwall | Rolf Ridderwall | Rolf Lennart "Riddarn" ("the Knight") Ridderwall (born 20 November 1958) is a retired Swedish ice hockey goaltender. He played for Djurgårdens IF in the Swedish Elite League almost his entire career. Ridderwall won the Golden Puck as the top player in Sweden for the 1989-90 season.
Family
His son, Stefan Ridderwall, is also a hockey goaltender, and his nephew, Calle Ridderwall, is currently playing professional ice hockey in Germany with the Düsseldorfer EG of the Deutsche Eishockey Liga.
References
External links
Rolf Ridderwall Biography and Statistics - Olympics at Sports-Reference.com
1958 births
Living people
AIK IF players
Djurgårdens IF Hockey players
Ice hockey players at the 1984 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 1984 Winter Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists for Sweden
Olympic ice hockey players of Sweden
Olympic medalists in ice hockey
Ice hockey people from Stockholm
Swedish ice hockey goaltenders |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.