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23574222 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bul%C4%83ie%C8%99ti | Bulăiești | Bulăiești is a commune and village in Orhei District, Moldova.
References
Communes of Orhei District |
23574223 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rokyt%C3%A1 | Rokytá | Rokytá is a municipality in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
The municipality is made up of villages of Dolní Rokytá and Horní Rokytá.
References
Villages in Mladá Boleslav District |
23574226 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rokytovec | Rokytovec | Rokytovec is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 200 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
The village of Malé Horky is an administrative part of Rokytovec.
References
Villages in Mladá Boleslav District |
23574227 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolumnia%20pulchella | Tolumnia pulchella | Tolumnia pulchella is a species of orchid endemic to Jamaica. It is the type species of the genus Tolumnia.
References
pulchella
Orchids of Jamaica
Endemic flora of Jamaica
Endemic orchids of North America
Flora without expected TNC conservation status |
23574228 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%98epov | Řepov | Řepov is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 700 inhabitants.
History
Řepov was founded in 1787.
References
Villages in Mladá Boleslav District |
20468817 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur%20Beadsworth | Arthur Beadsworth | Arthur Beadsworth (September 1876 – 9 October 1917) was an English professional football who played in the Football League for Burton United, Manchester United and Leicester Fosse as a forward.
Personal life
Beadsworth briefly served in the Leicestershire Regiment and the King's Royal Rifle Corps of the British Army in the early 1890s, before being discharged for being underage. He married in 1897, had four children and later worked as a shoe hand in Hinckley after his retirement from professional football in 1906. After the outbreak of the First World War in August 1914, Beadsworth re-enlisted in the Leicestershire Regiment. His battalion was deployed to the Western Front in July 1915 and by March 1916 he had risen to the rank of sergeant. Beadsworth was gassed during the Third Battle of Ypres, and he was transferred to Wimereux, France, where he died of his wounds on 9 October 1917. He was buried in Wimereux Communal Cemetery.
Career statistics
References
External links
MUFCInfo.com profile
1876 births
Footballers from Leicester
English footballers
Association football inside forwards
English Football League players
British Army personnel of World War I
1917 deaths
Royal Leicestershire Regiment soldiers
King's Royal Rifle Corps soldiers
Leicester City F.C. players
Association football outside forwards
Coventry City F.C. players
Nuneaton Borough F.C. players
Hinckley United F.C. players
Manchester United F.C. players
Swindon Town F.C. players
Gillingham F.C. players
Burton United F.C. players
Southern Football League players
British military personnel killed in World War I
Military personnel from Leicester |
6904085 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV%20Isle%20of%20Lewis | MV Isle of Lewis | MV Isle of Lewis is a ro-ro ferry, owned by Caledonian Maritime Assets, and operated by Caledonian MacBrayne between Oban and Castlebay, Barra. Built in 1995, she remains one of only two ships in the CalMac fleet over in length; the other, , being longer by almost 15 metres.
Originally built to operate between Ullapool and Stornoway, Isle of Lewis rarely deviated from that route for 20 years. Since March 2016, she has served the Isle of Barra all year round from Oban. The only other routes operated by CalMac she has ever worked on is the triangle between Uig, Lochmaddy & Tarbert and between Oban and Craignure, but only ever in an emergency situation.
History
Isle of Lewis was built by Ferguson Shipbuilders in Port Glasgow on the River Clyde and entered service in July 1995. When constructed she was largest ship ever built by Ferguson's. Her crossing time of around 2 hours and 45 minutes improved upon that of her predecessor, , by at least 45 minutes.
With increasing traffic on the crossing, there was speculation that Isle of Lewis might be replaced by a larger vessel. In September 2013 the freight vessel was chartered to relieve pressure on the route. On 10 June 2012, it was announced that a new £42 million replacement ferry was to be built in Germany. The new 116 metre long ROPAX ferry was named and is capable of continuous operation, with a capacity for up to 700 passengers, and 143 cars or 20 commercial vehicles. Loch Seaforth entered service in mid-February 2015 and took over both passenger and freight duties on the route. Since moving to the Barra service in March 2016, Isle of Lewis has been relegated to the role of Stornoway relief ship each October when Loch Seaforth departs for overhaul, with a second relief ship taking care of overnight freight traffic, owing to Isle of Lewis''' inability to carry certain hazardous cargo due to her fully enclosed and sealed car deck.
In June 2015, to assess her future deployment, Isle of Lewis undertook a tour of major terminals for berthing trials, with varied results. She called at Lochmaddy, Castlebay, Oban, Craignure, Brodick, Ardrossan, Troon, Campbeltown, and Tarbert between 4 and 9 June. No immediate decision was announced. Major work would be required to offset her stern ramp to starboard instead of to port, for her to operate on routes including Mull and Arran. Such adjustments would not prevent her returning to Stornoway for relief work, as both Stornoway and Ullapool harbours now have full-width linkspans.
In September 2015, it was announced that the Isle of Lewis was to become the Oban–Castlebay vessel from the following summer, thus allowing to commence daily return sailings between Lochboisdale and Mallaig.Isle of Lewis was on duty at Oban and Castlebay in 2017 when she undertook a series of special sailings between 4 and 6 June to transport those travelling to attend the funeral of Eilidh MacLeod, a Barra schoolgirl who died in the Manchester Arena bombing. As a mark of respect, the Isle of Lewis was shown with her CalMac pennant, along with the Barra flag, at half mast.
A history of the Isle of Lewis by Mark Nicolson was published by The Islands Book Trust on 31 July 2016, in time for the 21st anniversary of the vessel's inauguration in 1995.
LayoutIsle of Lewis is a further development of and ' design with a fully enclosed car deck. The car deck is accessed by bow and stern ramps, the latter being offset from the centre of the ship to accommodate the linkspan in Ullapool. The bow ramp is a folding design that is watertight and further protected by a conventional upward hinging bow visor. The bow ramp was originally off-set to suit Stornoway's original linkspan until new facilities opened in April 1997. During an overhaul at Greenock in 2016, the bow ramp was changed to be off-set to port in order to prepare her for her new role as the summer Barra ferry, to make berthing in Oban easier.
There are three lanes to port and two to starboard of the central casing. A hydraulically operated mezzanine deck along each side can be raised or lowered according to traffic requirements. Two stairways from the car deck bring passengers out in the entrance square on deck 4, where the passenger gangways enter.
The entrance square houses the information desk and gift shop. Forward is a large cafeteria overlooking the bow and occupying the full width of the ship. Aft are a designated dog area and a truckers' quiet lounge, with the reclining lounge and bar at the stern. Deck 5 houses the observation lounge at the bow, crew accommodation further aft and an open promenade deck stretching down both sides of the ship. Four stairways lead up to the open top deck, where seating is available.
The upper works of the ship are completed with two raked funnels in red and black company colours and two buff coloured masts. The smaller mast is on top of the wheelhouse and carries the twin radar scanners and radio antennae, while the larger mast is mounted aft on the promenade deck, carrying antennae and the house flag. During the winter refit in 2009, the funnels were fitted with angled exhaust extensions on the funnel tops to direct engine exhaust away from the decks. They were later removed during her 2019 overhaul. The ship carries a fast rescue craft and two large motor-driven lifeboats, one to port and one to starboard, with a set of automatically deploying inflatable life rafts. The two large lifeboats were replaced in 2019 with new inflatable life rafts.
ServiceIsle of Lewis spent the first twenty years of her career sailing back and forth between Ullapool and Stornoway. Until April 2015, she had hardly sailed on any other route, and has endured some treacherous seas crossing The Minch, some of the most exposed waters around the British Isles. Tidal constraints from her 4.2 metre draught make her unsuitable for full-time use on other routes. Her ramps not being suitable for many of the linkspans around the CalMac network further reduces her versatility.
Over the years, Isle of Lewis has called at other stations for a variety of purposes. During her initial delivery voyage in July 1995, she called at Ardrossan to collect supplies and be formally handed over to her new owners, and then called at Uig, Lochmaddy & Tarbert for berthing trials to assess her suitability on the 'Uig Triangle' should an emergency arise there, and making her debut calls at Ullapool and Stornoway a few hours later.
Two calls at Lochmaddy followed in April & May 1998, under charter to transport Ministry of Defence traffic to and from North Uist. However, Isle of Lewis suffered a major breakdown at Lochmaddy on the first charter, requiring repairs lasting roughly four weeks and being replaced at Stornoway by the smaller Isle of Mull. On 28 November 1998, whilst returning from an overhaul at North Shields, Isle of Lewis called at Stromness, Orkney for the purpose of 'showing the flag' to demonstrate CalMac's keen bid for the Northern Isles ferry services instead of the then-incumbent P&O Scottish Ferries.
Further calls on the 'Uig Triangle' by Isle of Lewis in 2008 and 2015. Firstly, in November 2008, a call was made at Uig to uplift stranded freight traffic whilst Ullapool's linkspan was closed for maintenance. On 3 April 2015, Isle of Lewis made her first commercial sailing on a route other than between Stornoway and Ullapool, when she carried out a special sailing from Uig to Lochmaddy for the benefit of extra Easter traffic travelling to North Uist. Further extra sailings - helped by the demotion of Isle of Lewis to the status as a back up vessel following her displacement by the new Loch Seaforth - followed. Isle of Lewis sailed between Tarbert and Lochmaddy on two consecutive evenings in June 2015. When Hebrides broke down in July 2015, Isle of Lewis relieved her on the full service between Uig, Lochmaddy and Tarbert for two days.
Around the time that strike action by the RMT union took in June 2015, Isle of Lewis was drafted in to assist at Oban, and was to make her first sailings between Oban and Castlebay. This included a unique 0046 departure from Oban to Barra, on the same day as the annual Barrathon was taking place. Following redeployments due to the separate breakdowns of Finlaggan & Lord of the Isles in August 2015, Isle of Lewis again took over the Oban to Castlebay services, sailing direct, and omitting Lochboisdale due to her being far too large and deep to use the South Uist facilities.
In early 2016, Isle of Lewis relieved on the Scrabster - Stromness route for NorthLink whilst sailed for her refit. This was a reciprocal arrangement after provided cover at Stornoway during the dry-docking of Loch Seaforth.
In March 2016, Isle of Lewis began a new phase of her life, serving Oban and Castlebay on Barra year-round, which allowed to commence a daily return service between Lochboisdale and Mallaig, thus ending South Uist's direct link to Oban. With Isle of Lewis deployment there, the Isle of Barra receives a daily dedicated service. These summer arrangements, announced by Transport Scotland, are likely to be a stop-gap until the new is commissioned at Arran, and Hull 802 is commissioned (possibly on the Uig-Lochmaddy/Tarbert service). On her first official day on the Barra service, 25 March 2016, Isle of Lewis completed all of her sailings in spite of an amber alert of adverse weather and swell conditions.Isle of Lewis'' returned to the Stornoway - Ullapool service in April and May 2021, while was undergoing repairs to the port engine. This left to combine the Lochboisdale and Castlebay services.
References
External links
MV Isle of Lewis on www.calmac.co.uk
Caledonian MacBrayne
Ships built on the River Clyde
1995 ships |
44497716 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20Geyer | Frank Geyer | {{Infobox police officer
| name = Detective Frank P. Geyer
| image = File:Philadelphia City Detective Frank Geyer.jpg
| caption =Geyer in 1896
| currentstatus =
| department =City of Philadelphia Police Department
| birth_date =
| death_date =
| nickname =
|rank=Detective, January 1888 until retirement, August 1903, appointed by Philadelphia Mayor Edwin Henry FitlerSpecial Officer, from February 1877 to January 1888Patrolman, May 6, 1876 to February 1887, appointed by Mayor William Stokley
|birth_place=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
|death_place= Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
|resting_place=Hillside Cemetery, Roslyn, Pennsylvania|badgenumber=840, 887, and detective badge|serviceyears=27 years at City of Philadelphia Police Department|laterwork=Author of Holmes-Pitezel case: a history of the greatest crime of the century and of the search for the missing Pitezel children, 1896Invented "Shutter or Door Fastener," 1896Invented "Safety-Lock," 1907Founded "Frank P. Geyer Detective Agency," Philadelphia, PA, after retirement
|spouse=
|children = 1 daughter
}}
Frank Geyer (July 28, 1853 – October 4, 1918) was an American police detective from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, best known for his investigation of H. H. Holmes, one of America's first serial killers. Geyer was a longtime city employee of the Philadelphia Police Department, and in 1894 was assigned to investigate the Holmes-Pitezel Case. He published the story in his book The Holmes-Pitezel Case: a history of the greatest crime of the century and of the search for the missing Pitezel children.
Son of Reuben K. Geyer and Camilla Buck, Frank Geyer died at the age of 65 due to La Grippe (Spanish Flu) and his funeral was attended by hundreds of policemen and detectives.
The Holmes–Pitezel Case
H.H. Holmes's recorded crimes began in Chicago in 1893 when he opened a hotel called The World's Fair Hotel for the World's Columbian Exposition. The structure, built by Holmes, would later be known as the 'Murder Castle', as demonstrably false press accounts averred that labyrinthine constructions on the top two floors were used by Holmes to torture and kill numerous victims. Reports by the yellow press claimed the structure contained secret torture chambers, trap doors, gas chambers and a basement crematorium; none of these claims were true. Even a 1937 article in the Chicago Tribune described: "There were rooms that had no doors. There were doors that had no rooms. A mysterious house it was indeed -- a crooked house, a reflex of the builder's own distorted mind. In that house occurred dark and eerie deeds.". While Holmes' "Murder Castle" is a total fabrication, it is true that he killed multiple times, partly in furtherance of an insurance fraud scheme. In doing so, Holmes left a complicated trail of evidence through several US states and the Canadian province of Ontario.
Boston police inspectors and a Pinkerton detective apprehended Holmes in 1894 in Boston on a coroner's warrant for insurance fraud perpetrated in Philadelphia; however, Boston officials did not find the warrant sufficient to hold Holmes so they contacted Fort Worth, Texas for an outstanding warrant of horse theft. Holmes volunteered to be extradited to Philadelphia for the insurance fraud as he felt he would receive a much lighter sentence. Texas was notorious for rendering harsh sentences to horse thieves. The City of Philadelphia Police Department sent Detective Thomas Crawford to Boston to bring H. H. Holmes and his accomplice, Mrs. Carrie Pitezel, to Philadelphia for a trial.
Philadelphia city detective Frank Geyer was tasked with investigating and the trail led him through the Mid West and Toronto, Canada, where he found the remains of two of the Pitezel children. They were the children of Benjamin Pitezel, Holmes's former partner in crime, whom he had murdered to commit life insurance fraud. Pitezel, however, was only involved in fraud and had no knowledge of the murders.
The initial investigation was concerned with the insurance fraud but it soon became apparent that Holmes had killed Pitezel. In June 1895 Frank Geyer left Philadelphia to retrace Holmes's steps. His findings in Toronto led to further investigations of Holmes's Chicago property, which sealed his fate. Geyer used information from the unsent letters written by the Pitezel children which, for an unknown reason, were kept by Holmes. In Toronto, he found the bodies of Alice and Nellie Pitezel. He continued his search and found the burnt remains of Howard Pitezel, the third child, in a house Holmes had rented in Irvington, Indianapolis.
Holmes was found guilty murder in the first degree and executed in May 1896 at the age of 34. Wildly exaggerated accounts have estimated Holmes' total number of victims at around 200, but with no sources to back up the figure. Erik Larson, who wrote extensively about Holmes in The Devil in the White City (2003), thought this was a gross exaggeration. Holmes himself confessed to 27 murders, although some of the people he claimed to have killed were still in fact alive. Modern thought links Holmes to the murders of Ben Pitezel and his three children, as well as very possibly (though by no means unquestionably) to five women he had various personal and business dealings with in the late 1880s and early 1890s, and who disappeared at various points and were never found. The murder of Ben Pitezel was the only murder for which Holmes was charged and convicted.
That same year Frank Geyer published his book detailing the case. In the book George S. Graham, District Attorney of Philadelphia, described the story as "one of the most marvellous [sic] stories of modern times".
False Claims of Geyer's Family Dying in Fire
Several popular books falsely claimed Detective Geyer's wife and twelve-year-old daughter died in a fire shortly after he was assigned to investigate H. H. Holmes and the three missing Pitezel children.
However, Geyer's beloved wife and daughter never died in a fire and continued to live well past his death in 1918.
Other Work by Detective Geyer
In 1896, Detective Geyer became an author and inventor. He authored the Holmes-Pitezel case: a history of the greatest crime of the century and of the search for the missing Pitezel children, which became an instant best seller. Shortly after its release, his "Shutter or Door Fastener" patent application was approved by the United States Patent Office on March 10, 1896, Patent No. 556,141. After 27 years with the City of Philadelphia Police Department, Geyer opened the Frank P. Geyer Detective Agency, located at 1328 Arch Street in Philadelphia and investigated high profile cases, mostly in the Pennsylvania and New Jersey areas. In 1907, he invented the "Safety-Lock for Pocket Books and Hand Bags, which was approved by the Patent Office December 3, 1907, Patent No. 872,619.
References
1853 births
1918 deaths
Private detectives and investigators
People from Philadelphia
Philadelphia Police Department officers
19th-century American inventors
20th-century American inventors
Deaths from Spanish flu |
20468820 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcotango%20en%20vivo | Narcotango en vivo | Narcotango en vivo is a live album by Argentine Carlos Libedinsky.
Track listing
2008 albums
Carlos Libedinsky albums |
23574229 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cli%C8%99ova | Clișova | Clișova is a village in Orhei District, Moldova.
References
Villages of Orhei District |
23574232 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%98itonice | Řitonice | Řitonice is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 80 inhabitants.
References
Villages in Mladá Boleslav District |
44497729 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varam%20%28film%29 | Varam (film) | Varam is a 1993 Indian Malayalam film, directed by Haridas and produced by Hamsa Muhammed. The film stars Mukesh, Mohini, Sukumari and Thilakan in the lead roles. The film has musical score by Ouseppachan.
Cast
Mukesh as Eby Perera
Mohini as Neelima
Sukumari as Neelima's Aunt
Thilakan as Dr. Uncle
A. C. Zainuddin as Peter Fernadez
Ganesh Kumar as Daniel Dizuza
Janardanan as Gangadhara Menon (Neelima's Father)
Mamukkoya as patient
Beena Antony as Leena (Neelima's Friend)
Soundtrack
The music was composed by Ouseppachan and the lyrics were written by Gireesh Puthenchery.
References
1993 films
1990s Malayalam-language films
Films scored by Ouseppachan |
6904097 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murasame-class%20destroyer%20%281958%29 | Murasame-class destroyer (1958) | The Murasame-class destroyer was a destroyer class built for the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF) in the late 1950s as a successor to the destroyers. Like its predecessor, its main task was anti-submarine warfare, but its improved weaponry also enabled it to perform better in the anti-air role, so this class was classified as "DDA" (anti-air destroyer or all purpose destroyer) unofficially.
Like its predecessor, the , this class adopted a "long forecastle" design with inclined afterdeck called "Holland Slope", named after the scenic sloping street in Nagasaki City. The propulsion system was almost the same as the one of the .
The sensor suite and weapon system was almost the same as the one of the latter batch of the Ayanami class, but three 5-inch/54 caliber Mark 16 guns (with Mark 39 single mounts) were added to extend effective range against air and surface threats in addition to four 3-inch/50 caliber Mark 22 guns (with Mark 33 dual mounts). The 5-inch guns were controlled by one Mark 57 GFCS, and the 3-inch guns were done by one Mark 63 controller. The main air-search radar was an OPS-1, the Japanese version of the American AN/SPS-6.
Ships
References
Destroyer classes |
23574234 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedlec%20%28Mlad%C3%A1%20Boleslav%20District%29 | Sedlec (Mladá Boleslav District) | Sedlec is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 200 inhabitants.
References
Villages in Mladá Boleslav District |
6904103 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZINC%20database | ZINC database | The ZINC database (recursive acronym: ZINC is not commercial) is a curated collection of commercially available chemical compounds prepared especially for virtual screening. ZINC is used by investigators (generally people with training as biologists or chemists) in pharmaceutical companies, biotechnology companies, and research universities.
Scope and access
ZINC is different from other chemical databases because it aims to represent the biologically relevant, three dimensional form of the molecule.
Curation and updates
ZINC is updated regularly and may be downloaded and used free of charge. It is developed by John Irwin in the Shoichet Laboratory in the Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry at the University of California, San Francisco.
Version
The latest release of the website interface is "ZINC 15" (2015). The previous website was at ZINC, but the maintainers recommend moving to ZINC15 because of its better search capabilities. The database contents are continuously updated.
See also
PubChem a database of small molecules from the chemical and biological literature, hosted by NCBI
ChEMBL, a database of information about medicinal chemistry and biological activities of small molecules.
External links
ZINC database
Chemical databases
Biological databases |
23574236 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isacova | Isacova | Isacova is a village in Orhei District, Moldova.
History
Isacova is an old village in Orhei County, inhabited mostly by descendants of small land owners from medieval times ("razesi" (razashi) and "mazili").
According to one of the earliest documents mentioning Isacova, in 1645 is set the limit between Isacova and Orhei.
Notable people
Teodor Uncu
Gavril Buciușcan
References
Documente privitoare la târgul și ținutul Orheiului, publicate cu un studiu introductiv de Sava Aurel, Institutul de Istorie Națională din București, București,1944, LV+561p, B.A.R.: II 234647+; B.C.U. Page 84.
Villages of Orhei District
Orgeyevsky Uyezd |
44497731 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945%20French%20legislative%20election%20in%20Gabon%E2%80%93Moyen%20Congo | 1945 French legislative election in Gabon–Moyen Congo | Elections to the French National Assembly were held in Gabon and French Congo on 21 October 1945, with a second round of voting on 18 November. Gabriel d'Arboussier and Jean-Félix Tchicaya were elected.
Electoral system
The two seats allocated to the constituency were elected on two separate electoral rolls; French citizens elected one MP from the first college, whilst non-citizens elected one MP in the second college.
Campaign
The election campaign was largely a contest between three large ethnic groups; the Fang of Gabon, the Mbochi in the north of Congo and the Vili from the Pointe-Noire coastal area. One other large group, the Kongo, refused to vote or wrote the name of the religious figure André Matsoua (who had died in prison in 1942) on the ballot paper.
The Fang candidate was Jean-Hilaire Aubame, whilst the Vili candidate was Jean-Félix Tchicaya.
Results
First college
Second college
Aftermath
Following the elections, Senegalese MP Lamine Guèye attempted to persuade all the African MPs to form an African Bloc, which would be affiliated with the SFIO. However, the attempt failed, and although Tchicaya did sit with the SFIO, d'Arboussier joined the MUR.
References
Gabon
October 1945 events in Africa
Elections in Gabon
Elections in the Republic of the Congo
1945 in Gabon
1945 in French Equatorial Africa
1945 elections in France |
23574238 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sezemice%20%28Mlad%C3%A1%20Boleslav%20District%29 | Sezemice (Mladá Boleslav District) | Sezemice is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 100 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
The hamlet of Jirsko 1.díl is an administrative part of Sezemice.
Notable people
Stanislav Libenský (1921–2002), contemporary artist
References
Villages in Mladá Boleslav District |
23574243 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skalsko%20%28Mlad%C3%A1%20Boleslav%20District%29 | Skalsko (Mladá Boleslav District) | Skalsko is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 400 inhabitants.
History
The first written mention of Skalsko is from 1352.
Gallery
References
Villages in Mladá Boleslav District |
6904106 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Duck%20Factory | The Duck Factory | The Duck Factory is an American sitcom produced by MTM Enterprises that aired on NBC from April 12 until July 11, 1984. It was Jim Carrey's first lead role in a Hollywood production. It was also the only time when Don Messick appeared in live-action, although he also voiced a cartoon character in the sitcom as well. The show was set at a small independent animation studio, and was co-created by Allan Burns and Herbert Klynn. It won two Emmy Awards.
Background
Burns had started his career as a writer/animator for The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show and George of the Jungle, before turning to live action and co-creating The Mary Tyler Moore Show; Klynn had worked in various production capacities on Mr. Magoo and Gerald McBoing-Boing, amongst many other cartoons.
Overview
The premiere episode introduces Skip Tarkenton (Carrey), a somewhat naive and optimistic young man who has come to Hollywood looking for a job as a cartoonist. When he arrives at a low-budget animation company called Buddy Winkler Productions, he finds out Buddy Winkler has just died, and the company desperately needs new blood. So Skip gets an animation job at the firm, which is nicknamed "The Duck Factory" as their main cartoon is "The Dippy Duck Show".
Other Duck Factory employees seen regularly on the show were man-of-a-thousand-cartoon voices Wally Wooster (played by real-life cartoon voice artist Don Messick); cynical, sometimes lazy comedy writer Marty Fenneman (played by real-life comedy writer Jay Tarses); veteran artist and animator Brooks Carmichael (Jack Gilford); younger storyboard artist Roland Culp (Clarence Gilyard); sarcastic editor Andrea Lewin; and hard-nosed, penny-pinching business manager Aggie Aylesworth. Buddy Winkler Productions was now owned by Buddy's young, ditzy but good-hearted widow, Mrs. Sheree Winkler (Teresa Ganzel), a former topless ice dancer who had been married to Buddy for all of three weeks before his death.
Production
Seen in some episodes were clips from various "Dippy Duck" shows the Buddy Winkler crew were working on—sometimes fully animated, sometimes in pencil sketch or animatic form. The opening and closing credits were also animated. Series co-creator Klynn was also credited as the show's "creative animation consultant", while production of the actual animated material was done by Ted and Gerry Woolery for which each won an Emmy.
Show history
The Duck Factory lasted thirteen episodes; it premiered April 12, 1984. It was directed primarily by Gene Reynolds, Rod Daniel, and Victor Lobel, who each did three episodes. The show initially aired at 9:30 on Thursday nights, directly after Cheers (at the time, not yet a top ten hit; Cheers finished the 1983/84 television season in 34th place). The show replaced Buffalo Bill on NBC's schedule. Jay Tarses, an actor on The Duck Factory, had been the co-creator and executive producer of Buffalo Bill, which had its final network telecast on Thursday, April 5, 1984.
Episodes of The Duck Factory were shown out of the producers' intended order by NBC, leading to significant continuity problems with the series. Most notably, the eighth episode (in which Skip is promoted to being the producer of "The Dippy Duck Show", much to the resentment of the show's staff) was shown as episode 2. As broadcast, succeeding episodes ping-ponged between Skip being the show's producer, and Skip being the show's low-ranking apprentice animator, with no explanation as to the reason for the constant change of status. As well, what the producers had intended to air as the second episode (and which set up the continuing premise of the series) was shown as the thirteenth; Mrs. Winkler was the receptionist in second episode as broadcast, but then in the fourth episode she becomes the receptionist, etc.
The show changed timeslots in June, moving to Wednesdays at 9:30. The last original episode of The Duck Factory was broadcast on July 11, 1984.
Cast
Jim Carrey as Skip Tarkenton
Jack Gilford as Brooks Carmichael
Nancy Lane as Andrea Lewin
Jay Tarses as Marty Fenneman
Don Messick as Wally Wooster
Messick also voiced Dippy Duck
Julie Payne as Aggie Aylesworth
Clarence Gilyard Jr as Roland Culp
Teresa Ganzel as Mrs. Sheree Winkler
Episodes
US television ratings
Home media
In 1995, at the height of Carrey's career, two VHS videocassettes were released in the United States by MTM Home Video, one containing the first three episodes, the other the last three episodes. The two volumes were released in the United Kingdom in 1997 (Pictured above), slightly expanded to the first four and the last four episodes of the series (which had never been broadcast in the UK).
References
External links
First episode posted by The Museum of Classic Chicago Television on YouTube
All episodes on Internet Archive
NBC original programming
1984 American television series debuts
1984 American television series endings
1980s American sitcoms
1980s American workplace comedy television series
American television series with live action and animation
Animated television series about ducks
Television series about television
Television series by MTM Enterprises
Television shows set in Los Angeles |
23574244 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peresecina | Peresecina | Peresecina is a village in Orhei District, Moldova.
Notable people
Sergiu Niță
Radu Sîrbu
Alexandra Remenco
References
Villages of Orhei District
Ulichs |
23574247 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skorkov%20%28Mlad%C3%A1%20Boleslav%20District%29 | Skorkov (Mladá Boleslav District) | Skorkov is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 600 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
Villages of Otradovice and Podbrahy are administrative parts of Skorkov.
References
Villages in Mladá Boleslav District |
23574248 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pohorniceni | Pohorniceni | Pohorniceni is a village in Orhei District, Moldova.
References
Villages of Orhei District |
23574249 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smilovice%20%28Mlad%C3%A1%20Boleslav%20District%29 | Smilovice (Mladá Boleslav District) | Smilovice is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 700 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
Villages of Bratronice, Rejšice, Újezd and Újezdec are administrative parts of Smilovice.
References
Villages in Mladá Boleslav District |
6904122 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauro%20Gianetti | Mauro Gianetti | Mauro Gianetti (born 16 March 1964 in Lugano) is a Swiss former professional road cyclist and later directeur sportif. Gianetti was employed as team manager for the cycling team throughout its existence between 2004 and 2011.
Several riders have been sanctioned for doping violations that occurred during his tenure as directeur sportif, including Riccardo Riccò and Juan José Cobo. Gianetti currently sits on the Board of Directors of UAE Team Emirates.
With over 30 professional victories, Gianetti's biggest career accomplishments as a rider include winning the 1995 Liège–Bastogne–Liège and Amstel Gold Race and representing Switzerland at the 2000 Summer Olympics.
His son Noé Gianetti was also a professional cyclist.
Major results
1981
3rd Road race, National Road Championships
1982
1st Road race, National Junior Road Championships
1983
2nd Gran Premio di Chiasso
1984
1st Stage 5b Settimana Ciclistica Bergamasca
1985
2nd Circuito Belvedere
1986
1st GP Lugano
5th Tour du Nord-Ouest
1987
7th Giro dell'Emilia
9th Coppa Placci
10th Giro di Toscana
1988
5th Road race, UCI Road World Championships
7th Overall Tour de Suisse
9th Züri-Metzgete
10th Giro dell'Emilia
10th Coppa Sabatini
1989
1st Tour du Nord-Ouest
2nd Overall Kellogg's Tour of Britain
1st Stage 4
2nd Kuurne–Brussels–Kuurne
3rd Giro dell'Emilia
5th Amstel Gold Race
5th Trofeo Pantalica
7th Paris–Camembert
1990
1st Milano–Torino
1st Coppa Placci
3rd Grand Prix de Fourmies
5th Overall Settimana Internazionale Coppi e Bartali
8th Giro dell'Emilia
10th Rund um den Henninger Turm
1991
4th GP des Amériques
5th Milano–Torino
7th Coppa Sabatini
7th Giro dell'Emilia
1992
3rd Grand Prix de Fourmies
5th Grand Prix d'Isbergues
7th Trofeo Laigueglia
1993
2nd Trofeo Melinda
6th Giro del Veneto
1994
1st Chur–Arosa
2nd Milano–Torino
9th Overall Tour de Suisse
9th Giro di Lombardia
9th Giro dell'Emilia
9th Coppa Sabatini
1995
1st Liège–Bastogne–Liège
1st Amstel Gold Race
2nd Overall Escalada a Montjuïc
1st Stage 1b (ITT)
2nd Klasika Primavera
3rd Overall UCI Road World Cup
3rd Japan Cup
3rd Subida a Txitxarro
4th Road race, UCI Road World Championships
5th Milano–Torino
7th Overall Tour of the Basque Country
1996
1st Japan Cup
1st Klasika Primavera
1st Chur–Arosa
2nd Road race, UCI Road World Championships
2nd Overall Escalada a Montjuïc
1st Stage 1a
3rd Overall Critérium International
1st Stage 2
3rd Liège–Bastogne–Liège
3rd Giro del Piemonte
3rd Giro del Veneto
4th Overall Tour of the Basque Country
4th La Flèche Wallonne
5th Overall Tour de Romandie
6th Overall UCI Road World Cup
6th Subida a Urkiola
8th Giro di Lombardia
1997
1st Paris–Camembert
1st Polymultipliée de l'Hautil
2nd Trophée des Grimpeurs
3rd Japan Cup
3rd Rund um den Henninger Turm
5th Amstel Gold Race
6th Overall Critérium International
7th Grand Prix de Fourmies
10th Liège–Bastogne–Liège
1998
7th Liège–Bastogne–Liège
1999
1st Trofeo Melinda
1st Wartenberg Rundfahrt
3rd Road race, National Road Championships
6th Giro del Friuli
7th Overall Settimana Internazionale Coppi e Bartali
2001
1st Overall Tour of Japan
1st Stage 3
5th Road race, National Road Championships
5th Sparkassen Giro Bochum
6th Liège–Bastogne–Liège
9th La Flèche Wallonne
2002
2nd Tour de Berne
4th Road race, National Road Championships
6th Luk-Cup Bühl
6th Grand Prix de Wallonie
After retirement
Gianetti became assistant director of Dante Lam, and helped to film the Milan leg of Taiwanese movie To The Fore.
References
External links
1964 births
Living people
Swiss male cyclists
Olympic cyclists of Switzerland
Cyclists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Lugano
Swiss people of Italian descent |
23574250 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%83m%C4%83nanca | Sămănanca | Sămănanca is a village in Orhei District, Moldova.
References
Villages of Orhei District |
20468824 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%20Sitter%20invariant%20special%20relativity | De Sitter invariant special relativity | In mathematical physics, de Sitter invariant special relativity is the speculative idea that the fundamental symmetry group of spacetime is the indefinite orthogonal group SO(4,1), that of de Sitter space. In the standard theory of general relativity, de Sitter space is a highly symmetrical special vacuum solution, which requires a cosmological constant or the stress–energy of a constant scalar field to sustain.
The idea of de Sitter invariant relativity is to require that the laws of physics are not fundamentally invariant under the Poincaré group of special relativity, but under the symmetry group of de Sitter space instead. With this assumption, empty space automatically has de Sitter symmetry, and what would normally be called the cosmological constant in general relativity becomes a fundamental dimensional parameter describing the symmetry structure of spacetime.
First proposed by Luigi Fantappiè in 1954, the theory remained obscure until it was rediscovered in 1968 by Henri Bacry and Jean-Marc Lévy-Leblond. In 1972, Freeman Dyson popularized it as a hypothetical road by which mathematicians could have guessed part of the structure of general relativity before it was discovered. The discovery of the accelerating expansion of the universe has led to a revival of interest in de Sitter invariant theories, in conjunction with other speculative proposals for new physics, like doubly special relativity.
Introduction
De Sitter suggested that spacetime curvature might not be due solely to gravity but he did not give any mathematical details of how this could be accomplished. In 1968 Henri Bacry and Jean-Marc Lévy-Leblond showed that the de Sitter group was the most general group compatible with isotropy, homogeneity and boost invariance. Later, Freeman Dyson advocated this as an approach to making the mathematical structure of general relativity more self-evident.
Minkowski's unification of space and time within special relativity replaces the Galilean group of Newtonian mechanics with the Lorentz group. This is called a unification of space and time because the Lorentz group is simple, while the Galilean group is a semi-direct product of rotations and Galilean boosts. This means that the Lorentz group mixes up space and time such that they cannot be disentangled, while the Galilean group treats time as a parameter with different units of measurement than space.
An analogous thing can be made to happen with the ordinary rotation group in three dimensions. If you imagine a nearly flat world, one in which pancake-like creatures wander around on a pancake flat world, their conventional unit of height might be the micrometre (μm), since that is how high typical structures are in their world, while their unit of distance could be the metre, because that is their body's horizontal extent. Such creatures would describe the basic symmetry of their world as SO(2), being the known rotations in the horizontal (x–y) plane. Later on, they might discover rotations around the x- and y-axes—and in their everyday experience such rotations might always be by an infinitesimal angle, so that these rotations would effectively commute with each other.
The rotations around the horizontal axes would tilt objects by an infinitesimal amount. The tilt in the x–z plane (the "x-tilt") would be one parameter, and the tilt in the y–z plane (the "y-tilt") another. The symmetry group of this pancake world is then SO(2) semidirect product with R2, meaning that a two-dimensional rotation plus two extra parameters, the x-tilt and the y-tilt. The reason it is a semidirect product is that, when you rotate, the x-tilt and the y-tilt rotate into each other, since they form a vector and not two scalars. In this world, the difference in height between two objects at the same x, y would be a rotationally invariant quantity unrelated to length and width. The z-coordinate is effectively separate from x and y.
Eventually, experiments at large angles would convince the creatures that the symmetry of the world is SO(3). Then they would understand that z is really the same as x and y, since they can be mixed up by rotations. The SO(2) semidirect product R2 limit would be understood as the limit that the free parameter μ, the ratio of the height range μm to the length range m, approaches 0. The Lorentz group is analogous—it is a simple group that turns into the Galilean group when the time range is made long compared to the space range, or where velocities may be regarded as infinitesimal, or equivalently, may be regarded as the limit , where relativistic effects become observable "as good as at infinite velocity".
The symmetry group of special relativity is not entirely simple, due to translations. The Lorentz group is the set of the transformations that keep the origin fixed, but translations are not included. The full Poincaré group is the semi-direct product of translations with the Lorentz group. If translations are to be similar to elements of the Lorentz group, then as boosts are non-commutative, translations would also be non-commutative.
In the pancake world, this would manifest if the creatures were living on an enormous sphere rather than on a plane. In this case, when they wander around their sphere, they would eventually come to realize that translations are not entirely separate from rotations, because if they move around on the surface of a sphere, when they come back to where they started, they find that they have been rotated by the holonomy of parallel transport on the sphere. If the universe is the same everywhere (homogeneous) and there are no preferred directions (isotropic), then there are not many options for the symmetry group: they either live on a flat plane, or on a sphere with a constant positive curvature, or on a Lobachevski plane with constant negative curvature. If they are not living on the plane, they can describe positions using dimensionless angles, the same parameters that describe rotations, so that translations and rotations are nominally unified.
In relativity, if translations mix up nontrivially with rotations, but the universe is still homogeneous and isotropic, the only option is that spacetime has a uniform scalar curvature. If the curvature is positive, the analog of the sphere case for the two-dimensional creatures, the spacetime is de Sitter space and its symmetry group is the de Sitter group rather than the Poincaré group.
De Sitter special relativity postulates that the empty space has de Sitter symmetry as a fundamental law of nature. This means that spacetime is slightly curved even in the absence of matter or energy. This residual curvature implies a positive cosmological constant to be determined by observation. Due to the small magnitude of the constant, special relativity with its Poincaré group is indistinguishable from de Sitter space for most practical purposes.
Modern proponents of this idea, such as S. Cacciatori, V. Gorini and A. Kamenshchik, have reinterpreted this theory as physics, not just mathematics. They postulate that the acceleration of the expansion of the universe is not entirely due to vacuum energy, but at least partly due to the kinematics of the de Sitter group, which would replace the Poincaré group.
A modification of this idea allows to change with time, so that inflation may come from the cosmological constant being larger near the Big Bang than nowadays. It can also be viewed as a different approach to the problem of quantum gravity.
High energy
The Poincaré group contracts to the Galilean group for low-velocity kinematics, meaning that when all velocities are small the Poincaré group "morphs" into the Galilean group. (This can be made precise with İnönü and Wigner's concept of group contraction.)
Similarly, the de Sitter group contracts to the Poincaré group for short-distance kinematics, when the magnitudes of all translations considered are very small compared to the de Sitter radius. In quantum mechanics, short distances are probed by high energies, so that for energies above a very small value related to the cosmological constant, the Poincaré group is a good approximation to the de Sitter group.
In de Sitter relativity, the cosmological constant is no longer a free parameter of the same type; it is determined by the de Sitter radius, a fundamental quantity that determines the commutation relation of translation with rotations/boosts. This means that the theory of de Sitter relativity might be able to provide insight on the value of the cosmological constant, perhaps explaining the cosmic coincidence. Unfortunately, the de Sitter radius, which determines the cosmological constant, is an adjustable parameter in de Sitter relativity, so the theory requires a separate condition to determine its value in relation to the measurement scale.
When a cosmological constant is viewed as a kinematic parameter, the definitions of energy and momentum must be changed from those of special relativity. These changes could significantly modify the physics of the early universe if the cosmological constant was greater back then. Some speculate that a high energy experiment could modify the local structure of spacetime from Minkowski space to de Sitter space with a large cosmological constant for a short period of time, and this might eventually be tested in the existing or planned particle collider.
Doubly special relativity
Since the de Sitter group naturally incorporates an invariant length parameter, de Sitter relativity can be interpreted as an example of the so-called doubly special relativity. There is a fundamental difference, though: whereas in all doubly special relativity models the Lorentz symmetry is violated, in de Sitter relativity it remains as a physical symmetry. A drawback of the usual doubly special relativity models is that they are valid only at the energy scales where ordinary special relativity is supposed to break down, giving rise to a patchwork relativity. On the other hand, de Sitter relativity is found to be invariant under a simultaneous re-scaling of mass, energy and momentum, and is consequently valid at all energy scales. A relationship between doubly special relativity, de Sitter space and general relativity is described by Derek Wise. See also MacDowell–Mansouri action.
Newton–Hooke: de Sitter special relativity in the limit v ≪ c
In the limit as , the de Sitter group contracts to the Newton–Hooke group. This has the effect that in the nonrelativistic limit, objects in de Sitter space have an extra "repulsion" from the origin: objects have a tendency to move away from the center with an outward pointing fictitious force proportional to their distance from the origin.
While it looks as though this might pick out a preferred point in space—the center of repulsion, it is more subtly isotropic. Moving to the uniformly accelerated frame of reference of an observer at another point, all accelerations appear to have a repulsion center at the new point.
What this means is that in a spacetime with non-vanishing curvature, gravity is modified from Newtonian gravity. At distances comparable to the radius of the space, objects feel an additional linear repulsion from the center of coordinates.
History of de Sitter invariant special relativity
"de Sitter relativity" is the same as the theory of "projective relativity" of Luigi Fantappiè and Giuseppe Arcidiacono first published in 1954 by Fantappiè and the same as another independent discovery in 1976.
In 1968 Henri Bacry and Jean-Marc Lévy-Leblond published a paper on possible kinematics
In 1972 Freeman Dyson further explored this.
In 1973 Eliano Pessa described how Fantappié–Arcidiacono projective relativity relates to earlier conceptions of projective relativity and to Kaluza Klein theory.
R. Aldrovandi, J.P. Beltrán Almeida and J.G. Pereira have used the terms "de Sitter special relativity" and "de Sitter relativity" starting from their 2007 paper "de Sitter special relativity". This paper was based on previous work on amongst other things: the consequences of a non-vanishing cosmological constant, on doubly special relativity and on the Newton–Hooke group and early work formulating special relativity with a de Sitter space
In 2008 S. Cacciatori, V. Gorini and A. Kamenshchik published a paper about the kinematics of de Sitter relativity.
Papers by other authors include: dSR and the fine structure constant; dSR and dark energy; dSR Hamiltonian Formalism; and De Sitter Thermodynamics from Diamonds's Temperature, Triply special relativity from six dimensions, Deformed General Relativity and Torsion.
Quantum de Sitter special relativity
There are quantized or quantum versions of de Sitter special relativity.
Early work on formulating a quantum theory in a de Sitter space includes:
See also
Noncommutative geometry
Quantum field theory in curved spacetime
References
Further reading
Special relativity
General relativity
Physical cosmology
Quantum gravity
Kinematics
Riemannian geometry
Group theory |
44497732 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galadriel%20Stineman | Galadriel Stineman | Galadriel Lynn Putthoff Stineman is an American actress and model. She is best known for her roles as Gwen Tennyson in Ben 10: Alien Swarm and as Cassidy Finch in The Middle.
Early life
Stineman was born in Cincinnati and named after the character Galadriel in The Lord of the Rings, which her mother read while pregnant. She completed her high-school education at Newport Central Catholic High School, in Newport, Kentucky. She was a cheerleader, dancer and horseback rider while at school. Although she participated in the drama club, she never captured a starring role in any play at school level.
She grew up in Northern Kentucky, where her father was a tennis player as well as a teacher and her mother, a nurse. She then attended Northern Kentucky University. As a very involved undergrad, she was president of Delta Zeta sorority, vice president of student government and named "Outstanding Senior of the Year". It was during her time at NKU that she became involved in student films and eventually signed with a couple local talent agencies to pick up extra money. She graduated magna cum laude in 2007 from the College of Informatics.
Career
Stineman moved to Los Angeles after graduation and made her debut in Fame (2009) as a dancer. Her breakthrough came when she portrayed Gwen Tennyson in Ben 10: Alien Swarm (2009), a science fiction action film by Alex Winter based on the Cartoon Network animated series Ben 10: Alien Force. She was the second actress to play the part of Gwen. Stineman had been involved in major projects since 2009. She played Audra in Junkyard Dog (2010) and Cassidy in The Middle (2012–14)
Personal life
Stineman is married to actor Kevin Joy and they have two sons, Atticus and Sawyer.
Filmography
Video games
References
External links
Living people
American television actresses
Actresses from Cincinnati
Actresses from Kentucky
American film actresses
21st-century American actresses
American voice actresses
American video game actresses
Northern Kentucky University alumni
Newport Central Catholic High School alumni
1984 births |
23574253 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sojovice | Sojovice | Sojovice is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 600 inhabitants. It lies on the left bank of the Jizera River.
History
The first written mention of Sojovice is from 1360. From 1986 to 1999, it was merged with Skorkov. Since 2000, it has been a separate municipality.
References
Villages in Mladá Boleslav District |
6904137 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annette%20Rogers | Annette Rogers | Annette Rogers (later Kelly, October 22, 1913 – November 8, 2006) was an American sprinter and high jumper. She competed in the individual 100 m, 4×100 m relay and high jump at the 1932 and 1936 Olympics and won two gold medals in the relay, setting a world record in 1932. She placed fifth in the individual 100 m in 1932 and sixth in the high jump in 1932 and 1936. Domestically she won the AAU outdoor titles in the 100 yards in 1933 and in the relay in 1931–1933. She also won the AAU indoor titles in the 200 m and high jump in 1933 and 1936.
Rogers was born in Chelsea, Massachusetts, but at an early age moved to Chicago with her parents, John and Mary Rogers, two immigrants from Ireland. Rogers graduated from Senn High School in Chicago, and Northwestern University. She then worked as a teacher of physical education in the Chicago public school system, retiring in 1965. While going to school and working, Rogers trained and competed with the following organizations—Illinois Women's Athletic Club (IWAC), 1930-1933, Lincoln Park, 1933-34, and Illinois Club for Catholic Women (ICCW). Rogers married Peter J. Kelly in 1948.
References
1913 births
2006 deaths
American female sprinters
Sportspeople from Chelsea, Massachusetts
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in track and field
Athletes (track and field) at the 1932 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1936 Summer Olympics
Northwestern University alumni
Medalists at the 1936 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1932 Summer Olympics
USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships winners
20th-century American women
20th-century American people
Olympic female sprinters
21st-century American women |
23574255 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stra%C5%A1nov | Strašnov | Strašnov is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants.
History
The name Strašnov was derived from the old personal Czech name Strah or Straš.
Geography
Strašnov is located about south of Mladá Boleslav and northeast of Prague. It lies in a flat landscape of the Jizera Table.
History
The first written mention of Strašnov is from 1297. There used to be a fortress, which protected a trade route leading through Strašnov. Most of the territory of Strašnov belonged to the Stránov estate.
Transport
The D10 motorway runs along the western municipal border.
References
External links
Villages in Mladá Boleslav District |
23574256 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susleni | Susleni | Susleni, Orhei district, Moldova is a village in Orhei District, Moldova.
References
Villages of Orhei District
Orgeyevsky Uyezd |
6904158 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space%20Power%20Facility | Space Power Facility | Space Power Facility (SPF) is a NASA facility used to test spaceflight hardware under simulated launch and spaceflight conditions. The SPF is part of NASA's Neil A. Armstrong Test Facility, which in turn is part of the Glenn Research Center. The Neil A. Armstrong Test Facility and the SPF are located near Sandusky, Ohio (Oxford Township, Erie County, Ohio).
The SPF is able to simulate a spacecraft's launch environment, as well as in-space environments. NASA has developed these capabilities under one roof to optimize testing of spaceflight hardware while minimizing transportation issues. Space Power Facility has become a "One Stop Shop" to qualify flight hardware for crewed space flight. This facility provides the capability to perform the following environmental testing:
Thermal-vacuum testing
Reverberation acoustic testing
Mechanical vibration testing
Modal testing
Electromagnetic interference and compatibility testing
Thermal-Vacuum Test Chamber
The Space Power Facility (SPF) is a vacuum chamber built by NASA in 1969. It stands high and in diameter, enclosing a bullet-shaped space. It is the world's largest thermal vacuum chamber. It was originally commissioned for nuclear-electric power studies under vacuum conditions, but was later decommissioned. It was subsequently recommissioned for use in testing spacecraft propulsion systems. Recent uses include testing the airbag landing systems for the Mars Pathfinder and the Mars Exploration Rovers, Spirit and Opportunity, under simulated Mars atmospheric conditions.
The facility was designed and constructed to test both nuclear and non-nuclear space hardware in a simulated Low-Earth-Orbiting environment. Although the facility was designed for testing nuclear hardware, only non-nuclear tests have been performed throughout its history. Some of the test programs that have been performed at the facility include high-energy experiments, rocket-fairing separation tests, Mars Lander system tests, deployable Solar Sail tests and International Space Station hardware tests.
The facility can sustain a high vacuum (10−6 torr, 130 μPa); simulate solar radiation via a 4 MW quartz heat lamp array, solar spectrum by a 400 kW arc lamp, and cold environments () with a variable geometry cryogenic cold shroud.
The facility is available on a full-cost reimbursable basis to government, universities, and the private sector.
In Spring 2013 SpaceX conducted a fairing separation test in the vacuum chamber.
Aluminum Test Chamber
The Aluminum Test Chamber is a vacuum-tight aluminum plate vessel that is in diameter and high. Designed for an external pressure of and internal pressure of , the chamber is constructed of Type 5083 aluminum which is a clad on the interior surface with a thick type 3003 aluminum for corrosion resistance. This material was selected because of its low neutron absorption cross-section. The floor plate and vertical shell are (total) thick, while the dome shell is . Welded circumferentially to the exterior surface is aluminum structural T-section members that are deep and wide. The doors of the test chamber are in size and have double door seals to prevent leakage. The chamber floor was designed for a load of 300 tons.
Concrete Chamber Enclosure
The concrete chamber enclosure serves not only as a radiological shield but also as a primary vacuum barrier from atmospheric pressure. in diameter and in height, the chamber was designed to withstand atmospheric pressure outside of the chamber at the same time vacuum conditions are occurring within. The concrete thickness varies from and contains a leak-tight steel containment barrier embedded within. The chamber's doors are and have inflatable seals. The space between the concrete enclosure and the aluminum test chamber is pumped down to a pressure of during a test.
Brian Cox of the BBC's Human Universe filmed a rock and feather drop episode at the Space Power Facility. Below is a YouTube clip:
Rock and Feather Drop at NASA's Space Power Facility
Electromagnetic Interference/Compatibility (EMI/EMC) functionality
Designed specifically as a large-scale thermal-vacuum test chamber for qualification testing of vehicles and equipment in outer-space conditions, it was discovered in the late 2000s that the unique construction of the SPF interior aluminum vacuum chamber also makes it an extremely large and electrically complex RF cavity with excellent reverberant RF characteristics. In 2009 these characteristics were measured by NIST and others after which the facility was understood to be, not only the world's largest Vacuum chamber, but also the world's largest EMI/EMC test facility. In 2011 NASA GRC successfully performed a calibration of the aluminum vacuum chamber using IEC 61000-4-21 methodologies. As a result of these activities, the SPF is capable of performing radiated susceptibility EMI tests for vehicles and equipment per MIL-STD-461 and able to achieve MIL-STD-461F limits above approximately 80 MHz. In the spring of 2017 the low-power characterizations and calibrations from 2009 and 2011 were proven correct in a series of high-power tests performed in the chamber to validate its capabilities. The SPF chamber is currently being prepared for EMI radiated susceptibility testing of the crew module for the Artemis 1 of NASA's Orion spacecraft.
Reverberant Acoustic Test Facility
The Reverberant Acoustic Test Facility has 36 nitrogen-driven horns to simulate the high noise levels that will be experienced during a space vehicle launch and supersonic ascent conditions. The RATF is capable of an overall sound pressure level of 163 dB within a chamber.
Mechanical Vibration Test Facility
The Mechanical Vibration Test Facility (MVF), is a three-axis vibration system. It will apply vibration in each of the three orthogonal axes (not simultaneously) with one direction in parallel to the Earth-launch thrust axis (X) at 5–150 Hz, 0-1.25 g-pk vertical, and 5–150 Hz 0-1.0 g-pk for the horizontal axes.
Vertical, or the thrust axis, shaking is accomplished by using 16 vertical actuators manufactured by TEAM Corporation, each capable of . The 16 vertical actuators allow for testing of up to a article at the previously stated frequency and amplitude limits.
Horizontal shaking is accomplished through use of 4 TEAM Corporation Horizontal Actuators. The horizontal actuators are used during Vertical testing to counteract cross axis forces and overturning moments.
NASA's Space Power Facility Vibro-Acoustic Construction
Modal Test Facility
In addition to the sine vibe table, a fixed-base Modal floor sufficient for the diameter test article is available. The fixed based Modal Test Facility is a thick steel floor on top of of concrete, that is tied to the earth using deep tensioned rock anchors.
There were over of rock anchors, and of concrete used in the construction of the fixed-base modal test facility and mechanical vibration test facility.
Assembly Area
The SPF Facility layout is ideal for performing multiple test programs. The facility has two large high bay areas adjacent to either side of the vacuum chamber. The advantage of having both areas available is that it allows for two complex tests to be prepared simultaneously. One test can be prepared in a high bay while another test is being conducted in the vacuum chamber. Large chamber doors provide access to the test chamber from either high bay.
NASA's Space Power Facility Vibro-Acoustic Construction
References
External links
Skylab Shroud in Plum Brook Space Power Facility
NASA image gallery, featuring the SPF
Detailed facility capabilities
Aerospace engineering
Glenn Research Center
NASA facilities
Buildings and structures in Erie County, Ohio |
44497758 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgundian%20treaty%20of%201548 | Burgundian treaty of 1548 | The Burgundian treaty of 1548 (ratified on 26 June), also known as the Transaction of Augsburg, settled the status of the Habsburg Netherlands within the Holy Roman Empire.
History
Essentially the work of Viglius van Aytta, it represents a first step towards the emergence of the Netherlands as an independent territory. It was made possible politically by the French loss of Artois and Flanders. Administratively, a chancellery and tribunal was established at Mechelen which for the first time had as its jurisdiction "the Netherlands" exclusively.
The treaty resulted in a significant shift of territories from the Lower Rhenish-Westphalian Circle to the Burgundian Circle. The newly formed administrative division of the empire now united all Burgundian territories, which were no longer subject to the Reichskammergericht.
To compensate for its territorial gain, the Burgundian Circle was now obliged to pay taxes equivalent to those of two prince-electorates, and in war taxes towards the Turkish Wars even equivalent to three prince-electorates.
To ensure that the Burgundian territory now united in the Burgundian Circle would remain under a single administration, Charles V in the following year promulgated the Pragmatic Sanction of 1549 which declared the Seventeen Provinces of the Netherlands a single indivisible possession not to be divided in future inheritance.
The consequence of these attempts at reducing the fragmentation of the government of the Holy Roman Empire was the separation of the Netherlands as an entity apart from the remaining empire, forming an important step towards the formation of the Dutch Republic in 1581.
Territories
The treaty, written in New Latin, stipulates in Article 15 that the territories mentioned are to become a single unit that will be passed on undivided to the next generations after Charles V (speaking in majestic plural) through hereditary succession:
(original text) Nimirum, nos veros, haereditarios & supremos Dominos dictarum nostrarum provinciarum Patrimonialium Belgicarum, pro Nobis, nostris haeredibus & successoribus, simul dictae nostrae Provinciae Patrimoniales Belgicae, nominatim Ducatus Lotharingiae, Brabantiae, Limburgi, Luxemburgi, Geldriae; Comitatus Flandriae, Artesiae, Burgundiae, Hannoniae, Hollandiae, Selandiae, Namurci, Zutphaniae; Marchionatus S. R. Imperii, Dominia Frisiae, Ultraiecti, Transisalaniae, Groningae, Falcomontis, Dalhemii, Salinis, Mechliniae & Traecti, una cum omnibus eorundem appendicibus & incorporationibus, Principatibus, Praelaturis, Dignitatibus, Comitatibus, Baroniis & Dominiis ad ea pertinentibus Vasallis & appendicibus, futuros in posterum & semper sub protectione, custodia, conservatione & auxilio Imperatorum & Regum Romanorum & S. R. I. eosque fruituros libertatibus ac iuribus eiusdem, & per dictos Imperatores & Reges Romanorum, & status dicti S. R. I. semper, sicut alii Principes, status & membra eiusdem Imperii, defendos, conservandos, fovendos, & fideliter iuvandos.
(modern English) Evidently, our aforementioned Patrimonial Belgian Provinces, for Ourselves, our heirs and successors, us [being] the real, hereditary and supreme Lords of our aforementioned Patrimonial Belgian provinces, namely the Duchies of Lotharingia, Brabant, Limburg, Luxemburg, and Guelders; the Counties of Flanders, Artois, Burgundy, Hainaut, Holland, Zeeland, Namur, and Zutphen; the March of the Holy Roman Empire; the Lordships of Frisia, Utrecht, Overijssel, Groningen, Valkenburg, Dalhem, Salins, Mechelen, and Maastricht, along with all of their appendages and incorporations, princes, prelatures, dignitaries, counts, barons and lords that belong to certain vassals and appendices, will in the future be one, and always under the protection, custody, conservation and assistance of the Emperors and Kings of the Romans and the Holy Roman Empire, and will enjoy the liberties and rights of the same [Empire], and will forever after be faithfully defended, conserved, supported and assisted by the aforementioned the Emperors and Kings of the Romans and the Holy Roman Empire, just like the other princes, states and members of the same Empire.
Notes
References
Sources
1540s in the Habsburg Netherlands
Burgundian Circle
1548 in the Holy Roman Empire |
23574257 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Str%C3%A1%C5%BEi%C5%A1t%C4%9B | Strážiště | Strážiště is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 100 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
The village of Kozmice is an administrative part of Strážiště.
History
The first written mention of Strážiště is from 1400.
References
Villages in Mladá Boleslav District |
6904160 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quiraing | Quiraing | The Quiraing () is a landslip on the eastern face of , the northernmost summit of the Trotternish on the Isle of Skye, Scotland. The whole of the Trotternish Ridge escarpment was formed by a great series of landslips; the Quiraing is the only part of the slip still moving – the road at its base, near Flodigarry, requires repairs each year.
Parts of the distinctive landscape have earned particular names. The Needle is a jagged landmark pinnacle, a remnant of landslipping. Northwest of it is The Table, a flat grassy area slipped down from the summit plateau, with vistas of the Torridon Hills and the mountains of Wester Ross. Southwest is the Prison, a pyramidal rocky peak which can look like a medieval keep when viewed from the right angle – the ascent of this is an airy scramble.
The name Quiraing comes from Old Norse , which means 'Round Fold'. Within the fold is The Table, an elevated plateau hidden amongst the pillars. It is said that the fold was used to conceal cattle from Viking raiders.
External links
Mountains and hills of the Isle of Skye
Landslides in the United Kingdom |
20468835 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block%20Drug | Block Drug | Block Drug Company was a pharmaceutical company based in Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States, that specialized in dental care products. Its most popular products included Polident denture cleanser, Poli-Grip denture adhesive, Dentu-Creme denture toothpaste, Nytol sleeping pill, Tegrin medicated shampoo for psoriasis, Lava hand soaps (acquired from Procter & Gamble), Beano and Phazyme anti-gas products, Balmex diaper rash ointments, and Sensodyne desensitizing toothpaste.
GlaxoSmithKline purchased the company for $1.24 billion in 2001.
History
The company was founded in 1907 by Alexander Block, a Russian immigrant who had a small drugstore on Fulton Street in Brooklyn, New York. He turned the company into a wholesaler in 1915, then became a drug manufacturer in 1925, acquiring a 50 percent interest in Wernet's Dental Manufacturing Company.
Block Drug moved its headquarters to Jersey City, New Jersey in 1938. It later moved to Minneapolis, Minnesota in 1945.
Although Alexander Block built the company largely through acquisitions, he developed the Polident brand internally during the 1930s. In 1948, Block Drug rolled out the Ammi-i-Dent tooth powder, and in the early 1950s, the company developed Nytol. After Alexander Block's death in 1953, his son Leonard N. Block (1911–2005) took over, eventually becoming the company's chairman. The last major new product the company introduced was Tegrin, in 1964.
Timeline
1971 – The company went public, trading on NASDAQ under the ticker symbol BLOCA and raising $5.2 million in its initial offering. Two years later, another stock sale generated $23 million. Later in the 1970s, Efferdent took over from Polident as the No. 1 brand in its space.
1972 – Block named as its president James Block, who was the grandson of Alexander Block and the nephew of Leonard N. Block. In 1988, James became chairman as his uncle, Leonard N. Block became senior chairman. At the same time, Leonard N. Block's son, Thomas, became the company's president.
1978 – Block Drug entered the feminine hygiene market, with the ultimately unsuccessful Gentle Spring brand.
1982 – The company acquired Phazyme/700 from the Stuart division of ICI, leading to the OTC entrance of Phazyme.
1983 – The company acquired Passaic, New Jersey-based 2000 Flushes toilet bowl cleaner manufacturer Flushco. In 1985, Block Drug acquired the X-14 line of hard surface cleaners from White Laboratories. Block Drug later acquired Gold Bond in 1987.
1990s – Sales began to fall as Block Drug's products began to age and face new competition, and the problem was exacerbated by a lack of new products.
1990 – Block Drug sold Gold Bond to Martin Himmel Inc..
1995 – Block Drug divested its U.S. Reed and Carnrick Pharmaceuticals Division to Schwarz Pharma KermersUrban and also purchased Reckitt and Colman's Carpet Fresh and Rug Fresh cleaning and deodorizing products.
Late 1995 – The company acquired the Lava soap brand from Procter & Gamble.
1996 – Block Drug purchased the Baby's Own line of baby care products, and then acquired Beano antigas tablets in 1997.
1998 – A major restructuring took place but was not successful. As part of that, the company divested Carpet Fresh, Rug Fresh, 2000 Flushes and X-14. Lava was later sold to WD-40 Company the following year.
1999 – The company acquired Salisbury, N.C.-based Stanback Co., manufacturer of Stanback headache powder products.
2000 – Block Drug hired Goldman Sachs as an adviser to evaluate a potential sale.
2001 – At the time of its sale to Glaxo, Block Drug was reported to have $900 million in annual sales, operations in 100 countries and employed 3,000 people.
Secrecy
Although Block Drug was a public company from 1971 until 2001, it operated much like a private, family-run firm, with the Block family holding all voting shares plus 54 percent of the non-voting stock. In addition, the company never held annual meetings or issued proxy statements.
Aftermath
Leonard N. Block died in 2005 at age 93 after suffering for years from Alzheimer's disease.
Block's nephew John P. Roberts was the producer of the Woodstock Festival using money from his Block inheritance.
References
Companies based in Minneapolis
Pharmaceutical companies established in 1907
Companies formerly listed on the Nasdaq
Pharmaceutical companies disestablished in 2001
GSK plc
Pharmaceutical companies of the United States
Retail companies established in 1907
Retail companies disestablished in 2001
1907 establishments in New York (state)
2001 disestablishments in Minnesota
2001 mergers and acquisitions |
23574261 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tele%C8%99eu | Teleșeu | Teleșeu is a village in Orhei District, Moldova.
Notable people
Vladimir Cristi
References
Villages of Orhei District |
20468868 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS%20Matanzas%20%28AVP-46%29 | USS Matanzas (AVP-46) | USS Matanzas (AVP-46) was a proposed United States Navy seaplane tender that was never laid down.
Construction and commissioning
Matanzas was to have been one of 41 Barnegat-class small seaplane tenders the U.S. Navy planned to commission during the early 1940s, and was to have been built at Houghton, Washington, by the Lake Washington Shipyard. However, by the spring of 1943 the Navy deemed that number of seaplane tenders excess to requirements, and decided to complete four of them as motor torpedo boat tenders and one as a catapult training ship. In addition, the Navy also decided to cancel six of the Barnegat-class ships prior to their construction, freeing up the diesel engines that would have powered them for use in escort vessels and amphibious landing craft.
A contract with Lake Washington Shipyard for AVP-46's construction was let on 14 April 1942, and she was assigned the name Magothy on 23 August 1942. However, she became one of the final two ships to be cancelled when the Navy cancelled the contract on 29 April 1943 before construction could begin.
References
NavSource Online: Service Ship Photo Archive Small Seaplane Tender (AVP) Index
Cancelled ships of the United States Navy
Barnegat-class seaplane tenders
Ships built at Lake Washington Shipyard |
23574262 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strenice | Strenice | Strenice is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 200 inhabitants.
References
Villages in Mladá Boleslav District |
20468926 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Freeman%20%28politician%29 | Joseph Freeman (politician) | Joseph Freeman (29 November 1765 – 8 May 1837) was a seaman, merchant and political figure in Nova Scotia. He represented the Liverpool Township from 1811 to 1820 and Queens County from 1820 to 1837 in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly.
He was the son of Joseph Freeman, who came to Nova Scotia from New England. Freeman commanded a number of British vessels during wars with France and Spain, as well as during the War of 1812. As a merchant, he was involved in the fishing trade and trade with the West Indies. Freeman also served as a justice in the Inferior Court of Common Pleas for Queen's County.
His son Snow P. Freeman also served in the provincial assembly. His daughter Elizabeth married James Ratchford DeWolf.
References
More, James F The History of Queens County, N.S (1972)
1765 births
1839 deaths
Nova Scotia pre-Confederation MLAs |
6904171 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitmer%20High%20School | Whitmer High School | Whitmer High School is a public high school in Toledo, Ohio, named for John Wallace Whitmer, an educator who helped organize high school classes for the area. It is the only high school in the Washington Local School District in Lucas County, Ohio, serving the northwest section of Toledo up to the Michigan state line. It is the largest high school in the Toledo area. Whitmer offers 200 courses including honors and AP classes, 16 career training programs, 22 varsity sports, and more than 50 extracurricular activities. Students regularly receive district, state, and national accolades in art, music, and career training competitions.
History
Whitmer Senior High School opened in 1924 in the Jefferson building. In 1960, the Whitmer building opened. In 1974, the Whitmer Vocational Building, now the Career and Technology Center (CTC), opened.
Renovations
In 2006, Whitmer High School underwent several renovations. Among the renovations was a total overhaul of the Homer S. Nightingale Center for the Performing Arts, including an expanded lobby. A new gym and new Fieldhouse lobby were added to the school.
In 2007, Whitmer Memorial Stadium had artificial turf installed, and the track was widened. The endzones show a large "WHITMER" with a blue background and yellow lettering, with a white stroke.
Athletics
The school's athletic teams are known as the Panthers, and their jersey colors are maize and blue. Whitmer High School is a member of the Ohio High School Athletic Association and the Three Rivers Athletic Conference. The Panthers played in the Great Lakes League (GLL) until 2003 when they became members of the Toledo City League until 2011. Whitmer won GLL football titles in 1967 and 1968 before spending part of the early 1970s as an independent and then returning to the GLL. Whitmer won their first outright Toledo City League football title in 2009 with a 9-1 record. Whitmer had been playing many City League teams in all sports for years prior to joining the league. One of the school's biggest rivals are the Start Spartans; the two teams meet annually to play for the "Battle of Tremainsville". Another one of the school's biggest rivals are the Clay Eagles; Whitmer and Clay meet annually to play for the coveted "Little Brown Jug." During the GLL days, the Bedford Mules of Temperance, Michigan were the Panthers' biggest rival.
Whitmer High School is a member of the Ohio High School Athletic Association (OHSAA) and its football team has qualified for the state playoffs for four of the last five years. The 1986 team went undefeated and 1987 and 1988 made it to the state semi-finals. Led by senior Ryne Smith, the 2007-2008 Panthers made an unexpected run to the state final four in basketball. 2010 City League Football champions and Regional State Champions with a 12-2 overall record. 2010-2011 City League Basketball Champions with an overall 19-1 record. In 2011, after being picked to finish 6th in the Toledo City League, the Whitmer Varsity baseball team defeated the Start Spartans 10-8 in the final TCL Championship after falling behind 8-1. The win also secured Whitmer with its first ever All-Sports Trophy in the CL.
Notable alumni
Tom Amstutz, University of Toledo head football coach
•Chris Black, Screenwriter
David Curson, Congressman from Michigan
Matt Eberflus, Head Coach for Chicago Bears
Stanton Glantz, Director of the Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education
Nigel Hayes, Wisconsin Badgers men's basketball player and former NBA prospect
Brad Hennessey, MLB pitcher
Nate Holley, NFL player
Phil Hoskins, NFL player
Pat Jablonski, NHL goalie
Kevin Koger, NFL coach
Lou Marotti, professional football player
Brent Miller, film and television producer
Storm Norton, NFL Offensive Tackle
Adrianne Palicki, television and film actress
Daniel Poneman, Deputy Secretary of Energy
Ron Rightnowar, MLB pitcher
Greg Rosenbaum, CEO of Empire Kosher Poultry, Inc.
Gene Ward, Minority Leader Emeritus, Hawaii State House of Representatives, Honolulu
Heath Wingate, NFL player
Greg Wojciechowski, wrestling champion
Chris Wormley, NFL Defensive Tackle
References
External links
District Website
Whitmer Panthers (Boosters)
The Whitmer Marching Band
Whitmer Football
Alumni groups
Washington Local Schools Alumni (all classes)
Alumni Site from HighSchoolNetwork (all classes)
High schools in Lucas County, Ohio
Public high schools in Ohio
Educational institutions established in 1924
1924 establishments in Ohio |
23574266 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudom%C4%9B%C5%99 | Sudoměř | Sudoměř is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 100 inhabitants.
References
Villages in Mladá Boleslav District |
20468935 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lefkowitz%20v.%20Great%20Minneapolis%20Surplus%20Store%2C%20Inc | Lefkowitz v. Great Minneapolis Surplus Store, Inc | Lefkowitz v. Great Minneapolis Surplus Store, Inc 86 NW 2d 689 (Minn, 1957) is an American contract law case. It concerns the distinction between an offer and an invitation to offer. The case held that a clear, definite, explicit and non-negotiable advertisement constitutes an offer, acceptance of which creates a binding contract. Furthermore, it held that an advertisement which did not clarify the terms of its bargains, such as with fine print, could not then be modified with arbitrary house rules.
Facts
Great Minneapolis Surplus Store published an advertisement that said:
Saturday 9 A.M. Sharp 3 Brand New Fur Coats Worth to $100.00. First Come First Served $1 Each.
On April 13, they published another advertisement in the same newspaper, as follows.
Saturday 9 A.M. 2 Brand New Pastel Mink 3-Skin Scarfs
Selling for $89.50
Out they go Saturday. Each ... $1.00
1 Black Lapin Stole Beautiful, worth $139.50 ... $1.00
First Come First Served
Mr. Lefkowitz was the first person to come on the Saturday after seeing the advertisement. He said he was ready to pay $1. But each time the store owner refused to sell, saying there was a "house rule" that it was for women only. The same advertisement was published the next week, and he arrived again. He was told that he knew the house rules and he would not get the coat.
Judgment
Justice William P. Murphy (judge) held that the advertisement constituted an offer, which could not be withdrawn. He described the facts and gave his decision as follows.
See also
English contract law
References
United States contract case law |
44497774 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beitar%20Ezra%20F.C. | Beitar Ezra F.C. | Beitar Ezra () is an Israeli football club based in the Ezra neighbourhood of Tel Aviv. The club currently plays in Liga Gimel Tel Aviv division.
Today, the first Captain in the team is Gilor Bardush, and the secondary is Amir Itzhaki.
History
The club was founded in 1954 and played its entire history in the lower divisions of Israeli football.
Beitar joined Liga Gimel at the 1954–55 season, the last season in which Liga Gimel was the third tier of Israeli football league system. The club's best period was at the mid-1960s, when they won Liga Gimel Tel Aviv division in the 1962–63 season and promoted to Liga Bet, then the third tier. In the 1964–65 season, Beitar was topping the table of Liga Bet South A division after 15 games and was crowned as the "winter champions" of the league. However, drop in form saw the club finish the league at the seventh place. In the following season, the club finished second bottom and relegated back to Liga Gimel after three seasons playing in Liga Bet. From that point, the club became known as one of the worst teams in Israeli football. Beitar have conceded 202 goals at the "double season" of 1966–68, and in 1969, the club found itself playing at the newly formed bottom tier, Liga Dalet. In 1985, Liga Dalet was scrapped and the club returned to Liga Gimel, where they play since at the Tel Aviv division. The 2009–10 season was exceptional, as the club finished the league with even number of wins, draws and losses and with a positive goal difference of +14.
The club's founder and chairman, Tzadok Hamami, which holds UEFA Pro Licence, have also renewed his footballer card at age of 82. However, his last match as an active player for Beitar Ezra, was at 25 December 2009, aged 79, when he entered as substitute at the 90th minute in the 0–0 draw against Hapoel Neve Golan.
Honours
Current squad
As to 16 January 2020
External links
Beitar Ezra The Israel Football Association
Golden report – Tzadok Hamami The Sports Channel, YouTube
References
Ezra
Tel Aviv
Football clubs in Tel Aviv
Association football clubs established in 1954
1954 establishments in Israel |
23574269 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%AE%C8%99c%C4%83u%C8%9Bi | Vîșcăuți | Vîșcăuți is a village in Orhei District, Moldova.
References
Villages of Orhei District
Populated places on the Dniester |
20468954 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takami%20Dam | Takami Dam | Takami Dam is a dam in Hokkaidō, Japan. It has an electrical generation output of 200MW.
History
The dam was constructed to control flooding of the Shizunai River and also to generate electricity. It was constructed by Kajima, Aoki Corporation, and Chizaki Kogyo Construction. It was completed in 1983. Power generation commenced in July 1983. A second power generation unit was completed in April 1993.
Characteristics
The dam is approximately 120 metres high and 435 metres long.
The electrical generation output is 200MW. Power is supplied to the Hokkaido Electric Power Company.
References
1983 establishments in Japan
Dams in Hokkaido
Dams completed in 1983
Shinhidaka, Hokkaido |
6904173 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treason%20Act%201945 | Treason Act 1945 | The Treason Act 1945 (8 & 9 Geo.6 c.44) was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.
It was introduced into the House of Lords as a purely procedural statute, whose sole purpose was to abolish the old and highly technical procedure in cases of treason, and assimilate it to the procedure on trials for murder:
It also abolished the rule that treason trials in Scotland had to be conducted according to the rules of English criminal law.
Provisions
Section 1
Section 1 of the Act applied the Treason Act 1800 to all cases of treason and misprision of treason, subject to five separate repeals of words, and to a saving clause in section 2(2):
Section 2
Section 2(1) of the Act effected consequential repeals.
The application of the Treason Act 1800 was subject to a saving clause in section 2(2).
Section 3
Section 3(1) of the Act provided that it may be cited as the Treason Act, 1945.
Section 3(2) of the Act extended the Treason Act 1800, as applied by the Act, to Northern Ireland.
Section 3(3) of the Act provided that, for the purposes of section 6 of the Government of Ireland Act 1920, the Act was to be deemed to be an Act passed before the appointed day.
Use of the Act
The procedure established by this Act was used in four trials: those of William Joyce, John Amery, Thomas Haller Cooper and Walter Purdy. J. W. Hall said that if the statutory requirement for corroboration had not been repealed by this Act, William Joyce could not have been convicted on the basis of the evidence offered at his trial. One witness, Detective Inspector Hunt, connected him with the broadcasts during the period before the expiration of the passport (though other witnesses might have come forward).
Repeal and replacement
The schedule to this Act was repealed on 18 December 1953 by section 1 of, and the first schedule to, the Statute Law Revision Act 1953, except in so far as it related to the Treason Act 1695 and the Treason Act 1708. Those two entries could not be repealed because they were referred to in section 2(2). The other entries were spent because their sole effect was to repeal other enactments.
Sections 1 and 2 of, and the Schedule to, this Act were repealed for England and Wales by section 10(2) of, and Part III of Schedule 3 to, the Criminal Law Act 1967.
The Act was repealed for Northern Ireland by section 15(2) of, and Part 2 of Schedule 2 to, Criminal Law Act (Northern Ireland) 1967, and for Scotland by section 83(3) of, and Schedule 8 to, the Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 1980.
Section 3(3) of the Act was repealed for Northern Ireland by section 41(1) of, and Part I of Schedule 6 to, the Northern Ireland Constitution Act 1973 (c.36).
Section 1 of this Act, and the Treason Act 1800, have been replaced for England and Wales by section 12(6) of the Criminal Law Act 1967 and for Northern Ireland by section 14(7) of the Criminal Law Act (Northern Ireland) 1967. They were replaced for Scotland by section 39 of the Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 1980 (also repealed).
See also
High treason in the United Kingdom
Treason Act
References
Hansard (House of Lords), 17 May 1945, vol. 136 col. 227 (first reading)
Hansard (House of Lords), 30 May 1945, vol. 136, col. 265 - 276 (second reading)
Hansard (House of Commons), 31 May 1945, vol. 411, col. 380 - 381 (first reading)
Hansard (House of Commons), 11 June 1945, vol. 411, col. 1393 - 1398 (second reading)
Hansard (House of Commons), 12 June 1945, vol. 411, col. 1605 - 1606 (committee and third reading)
Hansard (House of Lords), 13 June 1945, vol. 136, col.567
Hansard (House of Commons), 15 June 1945, vol. 411, col. 1887 - 1904 (royal assent)
United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1945
Treason in the United Kingdom |
23574270 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukorady%20%28Mlad%C3%A1%20Boleslav%20District%29 | Sukorady (Mladá Boleslav District) | Sukorady is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 400 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
The village of Martinovice is an administrative part of Sukorady.
References
Villages in Mladá Boleslav District |
6904182 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob%20Peeler | Bob Peeler | Robert Lee "Bob" Peeler (born January 4, 1952) served as the 86th Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina from January 1995 to January 2003. He was the first Republican Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina since Richard Howell Gleaves served during the Reconstruction era.
Biography
He currently serves on the Clemson University Board of Trustees. Peeler, a 1991 graduate of the school, was elected to the board in 2003. Peeler is currently a manager of Community and Municipal Relations for Waste Management Inc. in Lexington, South Carolina. His family runs a milk industry in Gaffney, South Carolina, and his older brother, Harvey S. Peeler, Jr., is a state senator.
In 2002, Peeler had an unsuccessful run for Governor, having been beaten in the primary race runoff by Mark Sanford.
Peeler was educated at Limestone College.
References
1952 births
Living people
People from Gaffney, South Carolina
South Carolina Republicans
Lieutenant Governors of South Carolina
Limestone University alumni
Clemson University alumni |
20468959 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simulation%20Open%20Framework%20Architecture | Simulation Open Framework Architecture | Simulation Open Framework Architecture (SOFA) is an open source framework primarily targeted at real-time physical simulation, with an emphasis on medical simulation.
It is mostly intended for the research community to help develop newer algorithms, but can also be used as an efficient prototyping tool or as a physics engine.
Features
Based on an advanced software architecture, SOFA allows users to:
Create complex and evolving simulations by combining new algorithms with existing algorithms
Modify most parameters of the simulation (deformable behavior, surface representation, solver, constraints, collision algorithm, ...) by simply editing a XML file
Build complex models from simpler ones using a scene graph description
Efficiently simulate the dynamics of interacting objects using abstract equation solvers
Reuse and easily compare a variety of available methods
Transparently parallelize complex computations using semantics based on data dependencies
Use new generations of GPUs through the CUDA API to greatly improve computation times
Scene graph
A key aspect of SOFA is the use of a scene graph to organize and process the elements of a simulation while clearly separating the computation tasks from their possibly parallel scheduling. The description of a SOFA simulation can easily be done in an XML file. For even more flexibility, a Python plugin allows scripting simulations using the Python language.
Basically, a SOFA scene-graph is composed with:
Nodes: used to categorise the components and keep the XML file clean (mechanical node, collision node, visual node, ...)
Components: main elements used to build a scene (solver component, forcefield component, rendering component, ...)
Data: everything that components have to deal with (forces, velocities, positions, ratios, ...)
Plugins
To extend its capacities and provide more features, SOFA is bundled with a lot of plugins:
Drivers for VR / haptic / simulation devices (Geomagic®, ARTTrack™, Novint® Falcon™…)
Visualization and simulation of medical images
Python scripting
Parallelization:
Multithreading
GPU computing using the CUDA API
Community
SOFA Day
Organized each year, the SOFA Day is a one-day event dedicated to SOFA. This event is open to everyone interested in SOFA, from beginner to advanced users. It contains an introduction to SOFA, several tutorials (adapted to the audience) and a large time to experience SOFA with the help of the instructors.
SOFA Consortium
Exactly ten years after the first commit in SOFA, Inria founded the SOFA Consortium in December 2015.
The Consortium missions are to:
Represent the identity of SOFA
Organize and develop the community
Distribute and make SOFA more stable
See also
Graphics processing unit (GPU)
Soft body dynamics
Rigid body dynamics
Collision detection
VRPN
References
External links
SOFA website
Computer physics engines
Computational science
Simulation software
Medical simulation
Health software |
23574272 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tu%C5%99ice | Tuřice | Tuřice is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 400 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
The village of Sobětuchy is an administrative part of Tuřice.
Geography
Tuřice is located about northeast of Prague. It lies on the right bank of the Jizera river, which forms the eastern municipal border.
History
The first written mention of Tuřice is from 1194.
References
External links
Villages in Mladá Boleslav District |
20468992 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweetwater%20Canal | Sweetwater Canal | Sweetwater Canal can mean:
The Sweet Water Canal in Egypt running eastwards from the Nile near Cairo to the south end of the Suez Canal
A canal near Basra in Iraq |
6904192 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feng%20Xuemin | Feng Xuemin | Feng Xuemin (born 1953) is a Chinese photographer. He has lived in Japan since 1985.
Born in Shanghai, he traveled to Japan in 1985 as a sponsored researcher for the Chinese News & Publication Association, and has held exhibitions throughout Japan, China, the United States, Canada and France. In August 2007, he exhibited work in New York as part of a United Nations exhibition.
In 1999, he was the first non-Japanese to receive a Taiyō Award. He won the gold prize at the World Chinese Art Exhibition in 2000.
References
1953 births
Chinese photographers
Living people
Artists from Shanghai
Date of birth missing (living people) |
23574273 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujkovice | Ujkovice | Ujkovice is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 100 inhabitants.
References
Villages in Mladá Boleslav District |
20469023 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS%20Metomkin%20%28AVP-47%29 | USS Metomkin (AVP-47) | What would have been the first USS Metomkin (AVP-47) was a proposed United States Navy seaplane tender that was never laid down.
Construction and commissioning
Metomkin was to have been one of 41 Barnegat-class small seaplane tenders the U.S. Navy planned to commission during the early 1940s, and was to have been built at Houghton, Washington, by the Lake Washington Shipyard. However, by the spring of 1943 the Navy deemed that number of seaplane tenders excess to requirements, and decided to complete four of them as motor torpedo boat tenders and one as a catapult training ship. In addition, the Navy also decided to cancel six of the Barnegat-class ships prior to their construction, freeing up the diesel engines that would have powered them for use in escort vessels and amphibious landing craft.
AVP-47 was assigned the name Metomkin on 23 August 1942. However, she became one of the final two ships to be cancelled when the Navy cancelled the contract for her construction on 29 April 1943 before construction could begin.
References
NavSource Online: Service Ship Photo Archive Small Seaplane Tender (AVP) Index
World War II auxiliary ships of the United States
Barnegat-class seaplane tenders
Cancelled ships of the United States Navy
Ships built at Lake Washington Shipyard |
23574274 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty%20Shabazz%20International%20Charter%20School | Betty Shabazz International Charter School | The Betty Shabazz International Charter School is a charter school in Chicago, Illinois serving students in kindergarten through 12th grade.
History
In early 1997 when charter schools were being introduced into the Chicago Public Schools, the founders began their work to establish a free Afrocentric school. Betty Shabazz International Charter School was founded in 1998 by Robert J. Dale, Anthony Daniels-Halisi, Carol D. Lee, Haki R. Madhubuti, and Soyini Walton.
The school began as an elementary school, but began serving high school students in 2005 after Chicago Public Schools approved the school's request to open DuSable Leadership Academy campus inside of DuSable High School. The same year, the school accepted a request from the school district to open the Barbara A. Sizemore Academy campus in the Auburn Gresham community three weeks prior to the start of the academic year.
Campus
The school has three campuses on Chicago's South Side:
Betty Shabazz International Charter School, located at 7823 S. Ellis Ave., serves students in kindergarten through 8th grade;
DuSable Leadership Academy of Betty Shabazz International Charter School, located at 4934 S. Wabash Ave., serves students in 9-12th grades; and
Barbara A. Sizemore Academy of Betty Shabazz International Charter School, located at 6547 S. Stewart Ave., serves students in kindergarten through 8th grades and is named for Barbara Sizemore. This school was formerly the Chicago Public Schools Hermann Raster Elementary School, established in 1910 and named after the famed Chicago editor Hermann Raster.
Curriculum
Betty Shabazz International Charter School teaches a traditional core curriculum as well as a full arts and humanities program. Music, dance and visual arts form the center of the school's interdisciplinary approach to instruction. Through educational programs such as writing, oral tradition, history, art, music, dance, drumming and literature, students can discover and develop their creative gifts or talents.
All the schools have to follow the guidelines of the Illinois State Board of Education and the Chicago Public Schools. Benchmark assessments are conducted regularly to make sure that the teachers are following the necessary guideline for adequate teaching of lesson plans and covering the necessary school subjects. 11% of the school's students test as proficient in reading english.
References
External links
Betty Shabazz International Charter School
1998 establishments in Illinois
Charter schools in Chicago
Educational institutions established in 1998
Public elementary schools in Illinois
Public high schools in Chicago
Public middle schools in Illinois |
44497799 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.%20V.%20Seshagiri%20Rao | A. V. Seshagiri Rao | A. V. Seshagiri Rao (1926 – 17 June 2007) was a Kannada film director.
Film career
He started his film career at a young age and directed about 50 films including in Kannada, Telugu and Tamil. He made his directorial debut in Telugu film Pendli Pilipu starring N. T. Rama Rao and Devika in 1962. He gave blockbusters like Rajkumar-starrer Sampath Ge Sawal, Bahadur Gandu and Bettadha Huli to the Kannada film industry. His last film was Bahadura Hennu in which actress Roopa Ganguly had played the lead role.
Filmography
Kannada
Death
He died following a fall at his house in Chennai, India, where died of brain haemorrhage.
References
External links
Kannada film directors
Telugu film directors
1926 births
2007 deaths
20th-century Indian film directors
Film directors from Chennai |
20469036 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takisato%20Dam | Takisato Dam | The Takisato Dam is a dam on the Sorachi River in west central Hokkaidō, Japan.
References
Dams in Hokkaido
Dams completed in 1999
1999 establishments in Japan |
23574276 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velk%C3%A9%20V%C5%A1elisy | Velké Všelisy | Velké Všelisy is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 400 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
Villages of Krušiny, Malé Všelisy and Zamachy are administrative parts of Velké Všelisy.
References
Villages in Mladá Boleslav District |
23574278 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veselice | Veselice | Veselice is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 100 inhabitants.
References
Villages in Mladá Boleslav District |
23574279 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zahoreni | Zahoreni | Zahoreni is a village in Orhei District, Moldova.
References
Villages of Orhei District |
44497815 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan%20Association%20Dubai | Pakistan Association Dubai | The Pakistan Association Dubai (PAD) is the largest community center for overseas Pakistanis in the world. It was founded in the late 1960s as a platform for advancing the social and cultural interests of Pakistani expatriates residing in Dubai and more broadly, the United Arab Emirates.
History
The Pakistani diaspora in the UAE is the third largest overseas Pakistani community, and also one of the oldest expatriate groups in the UAE. There are currently over 1.2 million Pakistanis in the United Arab Emirates, out of which over 400,000 are based in Dubai alone. Pakistanis collectively comprise around 13% of Dubai's population and are the third largest ethnic group in the emirate (after Indians and native Emiratis). When PAD was founded in the late 1960s by members of the early community, it was initially based at a small rented office space in Murshid Bazar in Deira, where the Pakistan Education Academy now exists. By the early 1990s, the office was shifted to the Astoria Hotel in Bur Dubai. Later, the centre where the association is now headquartered was built on Oud Metha Road in Bur Dubai. The objectives of PAD include promoting relations between Pakistan and the UAE, providing community support and welfare, promoting Pakistani culture, organising recreational community events, and enhancing the interests of the Pakistani expatriate community in the UAE. Apply Here For Dubai UAE Embassy Attestation In Pakistan.
Structure
The association elects a president who formally heads the organisation, typically for a tenure of two to three years. A vice-president, general-secretary and joint-secretary are also elected as part of the executive body. Membership is required to register and participate in the association. PAD works closely with the Consulate-General of Pakistan in Dubai. There are multiple community wings operating under PAD. These include the medical, engineering, journalist, professional, accounting and ladies wings, among others.
Events and activities
PAD arranges numerous cultural events and gatherings in the community, such as Independence Day, Pakistan Day and UAE National Day celebrations, literary events including mushairas, iftar dinners during Ramadan, chaand raat events, meena bazaars, fundraising dinners and awareness events, award ceremonies, art exhibitions, sport and leisurely events, as well as workshops and language classes. PAD also arranges support services for Pakistanis in the UAE labour force, as well welfare activities both in Pakistan and the UAE. A newsletter is published and distributed by the association.
See also
Consulate-General of Pakistan, Dubai
Pakistanis in the United Arab Emirates
References
Organisations based in Dubai
Overseas Pakistani organisations
Pakistani diaspora in the United Arab Emirates
Clubs and societies in the United Arab Emirates |
6904198 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanick%20Paquette | Yanick Paquette | Yanick Paquette is a Canadian comic book artist. He has worked for Antarctic Press, Topps, Marvel, and DC Comics and since 1994.
Career
In 1996 Paquette drew two miniseries adapted from the TV series Space: Above and Beyond, written by Roy Thomas, for Topps Comics. The following year he and Thomas reunited to draw Xena: Warrior Princess: Year One for Topps.
In 1997 Paquette drew two issues of JLA Secret Files, his first work on the Justice League of America. He would return to those characters in 1998 with JLA: Tomorrow Woman and "Madmen and Mudbaths", one of the stories in the 1999 anthology book JLA 80-Page Giant #2. From 1998 to 1999, Paquette drew nine issues of Wonder Woman for DC Comics.
Clément Sauvé was his assistant on background on a wide number of issues from 2000 to 2002. From 2000 to 2001, Yanick drew ten issues of Gambit.
Paquette was the regular artist on Ultimate X-Men from February 2007 to January 2008, and for the first five issues of Young X-Men in 2008.
He drew first five issues of Young X-Men in 2008. He later supplied the art for Batman: The Return of Bruce Wayne #3 (August 2010), and launched Batman Incorporated, which was written by Grant Morrison.
In September 2011, DC Comics cancelled all their monthly superhero comics and rebooted their entire continuity with 52 new monthly series in an initiative called The New 52. Among the new titles was a Swamp Thing series whose initial story arcs were written by Scott Snyder and drawn by Paquette. His work on the series garnered him a nomination for the 2013 Shuster Awards for Best Artist and Best Cover Artist.
Awards and nominations
Bibliography
Interior work
Blood Childe: Portrait of a Surreal Killer #3–4 (with Faye Perozich, Millennium Publications, 1995)
Space: Above and Beyond (with Roy Thomas, Topps):
Space: Above and Beyond #1–3 (1996)
Space: Above and Beyond: Gauntlet #1–2 (1996)
Xena: Warrior Princess: Year One (with Roy Thomas, Topps, 1997)
Warrior Nun Areala #4–5: "Holy Man, Holy Terror" (with Barry Lyga, Antarctic Press, 1998)
JLA: Tomorrow Woman: "Tomorrow Never Knows" (with Tom Peyer, DC Comics, 1998)
JLA Secret Files #2: "Heroes" (with Christopher Priest, DC Comics, 1998)
Wonder Woman #139–144, 146–148 (with Eric Luke, DC Comics, 1998–1999)
Eros Graphic Albums #39: "Harem Nights" (script and art, with Michel Lacombe, Eros Comix, 1999)
Day of Judgement Secret Files #1: "Which Witch?" (with Mark Millar, DC Comics, 1999)
JLA 80-Page Giant #2: "Madmen and Mudbaths" (with Jason Hernandez-Rosenblatt, DC Comics, 1999)
Adventures of Superman (DC Comics):
"A Night at the Opera" (with Mark Millar and Stuart Immonen, in #575, 2000)
"A Tale of Two Cities" (with Jay Faerber and Stuart Immonen, in #577, 2000)
Gambit #15–19, 21–24 (with Fabian Nicieza, Marvel, 2000–2001)
Superman: The Man of Steel #112: "Krypto!" (with Mark Schultz and Olivier Coipel, DC Comics, 2001)
Superman: Our Worlds at War Secret Files #1: "Resources" (with Dan Curtis Johnson and J. H. Williams III, DC Comics, 2001)
Codename: Knockout #4, 7–8, 10–12 (with Robert Rodi, Vertigo, 2001–2002)
Gen¹³ #68–69: "Failed Universe" (with Adam Warren, Wildstorm, 2001)
9-11 Volume 2: "9 a.m. EST" (with Dan Abnett and Andy Lanning, DC Comics, 2002)
Avengers #56: "Lo, There Shall Come... an Accounting!" (with Kurt Busiek, Marvel, 2002)
Negation #11: "Baptism of Fire" (with Tony Bedard, CrossGen, 2002)
Terra Obscura (with Alan Moore and Peter Hogan, America's Best Comics):
Volume 1 #1–6 (2003–2004)
Volume 2 #1–6 (2004–2005)
Seven Soldiers: Bulleteer #1–4 (with Grant Morrison, DC Comics, 2006)
Civil War: X-Men #1–4 (with David Hine, Marvel, 2006)
Ultimate X-Men #77, 79–80, 84–88 (with Robert Kirkman, Marvel, 2007–2008)
Young X-Men #1–5 (with Marc Guggenheim, Marvel, 2008)
X-Men: Manifest Destiny #3: "Abomination" (with Marc Guggenheim, Marvel, 2009)
Wolverine: Origins #31–32: "The Family Business" (with Daniel Way, Marvel, 2009)
Uncanny X-Men #512: "The Origins of the Species" (with Matt Fraction, Marvel, 2009)
The Amazing Spider-Man #605: "Red-Headed Stranger: Epilogue — Chapter Three: Match.con" (with Brian Reed, Marvel, 2009)
Wolverine: Weapon X #6–9: "Insane in the Brain" (with Jason Aaron, Marvel, 2009–2010)
X-Men: Legacy #234: "The Telltale Heart" (with Mike Carey, Marvel, 2010)
Batman: The Return of Bruce Wayne #3: "The Bones of Bristol Bay" (with Grant Morrison, DC Comics, 2010)
Batman Incorporated v1 #1–3, 5 (with Grant Morrison, DC Comics, 2010–2011)
Swamp Thing #1–3, 5, 7–9 13–14, 16, 18(with Scott Snyder and Marco Rudy, DC Comics, 2011–2013)
Cover work
Gambit #20 (Marvel, 2000)
Marvel Comics Presents #10 (Marvel, 2008)
Ultimate X-Men #81–83, 89 (Marvel, 2008)
Marvel Spotlight: Dark Reign (Marvel, 2009)
Uncanny X-Men Annual #2 (Marvel, 2009)
New Mutants #3 (Marvel, 2009)
Dark X-Men: The Confession (Marvel, 2009)
Age of Heroes #3 (Marvel, 2010)
Dark Wolverine #90 (Marvel, 2010)
Knight and Squire #1–6 (DC Comics, 2010–2011)
Superman v1 #705 (DC Comics, 2011)
Batman Incorporated v1 #1–5 (DC Comics, 2011)
Swamp Thing #1–18 (DC Comics, 2012)
Notes
References
External links
Yanick Paquette at DeviantArt
Yanick Paquette at ComicSpace
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Canadian comics artists
Place of birth missing (living people)
Joe Shuster Award winners for Outstanding Artist |
23574280 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vina%C5%99ice%20%28Mlad%C3%A1%20Boleslav%20District%29 | Vinařice (Mladá Boleslav District) | Vinařice is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants.
Geography
Vinařice is located about south of Mladá Boleslav and northeast of Prague. It lies mostly in the Jičín Uplands, the southern part of the municipal territory extends into the Jizera Table. The highest point is the hill Kněžský at above sea level.
History
The first written mention of Vinařice is in a deed of Agnes of Bohemia from 1227, when it was a property of the Convent of Saint George in Prague. Soon it became property of the lords of Chlum, who held it until 1403, after that it changed owners frequently. The most notable owners of Vinařice were the Waldstein family (1623–1734), who joined it to the Dobrovice estate.
Sights
The main landmark of Vinařice is the Vinařice Castle. It was created by the Renaissance rebuilding of the old fortress, which took place in two phases in the 16th century and around 1630. Later, Baroque modifications were made. Today it is privately owned and used for social purposes and as a hotel.
References
External links
Villages in Mladá Boleslav District |
44497825 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alt-Ergo | Alt-Ergo | Alt-Ergo is an automatic solver for mathematical formulas, specifically designed for program verification. It is based on satisfiability modulo theories (SMT) and distributed under an open-source license (CeCILL-C). Its original authors were Sylvain Conchon and Evelyne Contejean, at LRI, but it is now developed and maintained at OCamlPro.
Technologies
Design choices
Contrary to most SMT solvers, Alt-Ergo uses a specific input language with prenex polymorphism. This helps reducing the number of quantified axioms and the complexity of problems. It also partially supports SMT-LIB 2 language, but performs less efficiently on SMT files.
Main components
The core of Alt-Ergo is made of three parts: a DFS-based SAT solver, a quantifiers instantiation engine based on E-Matching, and a combination of decision procedures for a set of built-in theories.
Built-in theories
Alt-Ergo implements (semi-)decision procedures for the following theories:
empty theory
linear integer arithmetic
linear rational arithmetic
non-linear arithmetic
floating point arithmetic
polymorphic arrays
enumerated datatypes
AC symbols
record datatypes
Industrial uses
There are several verification platforms built on top of Alt-Ergo:
Why3, a platform for deductive program verification, uses Alt-Ergo as its main prover;
CAVEAT, a C-verifier developed by CEA and used by Airbus; Alt-Ergo was included in the qualification DO-178C of one of its aircraft;
Frama-C, a framework to analyse C-code, uses Alt-Ergo in the Jessie and WP plugins (dedicated to "deductive program verification");
SPARK, uses Alt-Ergo (behind GNATprove) to automate the verification of some assertions in Spark 2014;
Atelier-B can use Alt-Ergo instead of its main prover (increasing success from 84% to 98% on the ANR Bware project benchmarks);
Rodin, a B-method framework developed by Systerel, can use Alt-Ergo as a back-end;
Cubicle, an open source model checker for verifying safety properties of array-based transition systems.
EasyCrypt, a toolset for reasoning about relational properties of probabilistic computations with adversarial code.
See also
Formal verification
Z3 Theorem Prover
External links
Alt-Ergo at LRI
Alt-Ergo at OcamlPro
OCaml software
Formal methods tools
Software testing tools
Linux software |
23574281 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinec%20%28Mlad%C3%A1%20Boleslav%20District%29 | Vinec (Mladá Boleslav District) | Vinec is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants.
References
Villages in Mladá Boleslav District |
23574284 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlkava | Vlkava | Vlkava is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 400 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
The village of Bor is an administrative part of Vlkava.
Notable people
Šimon Brixi (1693–1735), composer
References
Villages in Mladá Boleslav District |
6904201 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akizuki-class%20destroyer%20%281959%29 | Akizuki-class destroyer (1959) | The Akizuki-class destroyer was a destroyer class built for the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF) in the late 1950s. This class was planned to be a flotilla leader with the enhanced command and control capability, so sometimes this class was classified as the "DDC" (commanding destroyer) unofficially.
Design
Initially, the American Military Assistance Advisory Group-Japan (MAAG-J) recommended a modified version of the American , but Japan had already constructed surface combatants of their own at that time. As a result, the project of this class was financed by the Off Shore Procurement (OSP) of the United States, but design and construction were completely indigenous.
Like its predecessors, the and es, this class adopted a "long forecastle" design with inclined afterdeck called "Holland Slope", named after the scenic sloping street in Nagasaki City. With the enlargement of the hull, the steam turbine propulsion system was uprated with higher-pressure boilers (570 psi).
This class was equipped with both gunnery weapons of the Murasame class and the torpedo/mine weapons of the Ayanami class. And alongside these anti-submarine weapons similar to them of the Ayanami class, the Akizuki class were the first vessels equipped with a Mk.108 Weapon Alpha. While the JMSDF desired this American ASW rocket launcher originally, it became clear that its performance wasn't as good as it was believed. It was later replaced by a Type 71 quadruple ASW rocket launcher (Japanese version of the Swedish M/50) in 1976.
References
Destroyer classes |
23574286 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzzy%20%28composer%29 | Fuzzy (composer) | Jens Vilhelm Pedersen, also known as Fuzzy, (23 February 1939 – 13 October 2022) was a Danish composer and musician. A student of Per Nørgård, Karlheinz Stockhausen, György Ligeti, and Jan Bark, he taught music history and theory at the Royal Academy of Music in Aarhus until 1978.
His music spanned a wide range of genres from jazz, over film music, to experimental electronic music.
In 1972, he composed the music for the Rainer Werner Fassbinder TV series Eight Hours Don't Make a Day under the pseudonym Jean Gepoint.
Fuzzy died on 13 October 2022, at the age of 83.
References
External links
Fuzzy biography from Naxos
(in Danish) including CV in English
as Fuzzy
as Jens Wilhelm Pedersen
1939 births
2022 deaths
Danish composers
Male composers
Danish jazz musicians
People from Roskilde |
20469039 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20States%20contract%20law | United States contract law | Contract law regulates the obligations established by agreement, whether express or implied, between private parties in the United States. The law of contracts varies from state to state; there is nationwide federal contract law in certain areas, such as contracts entered into pursuant to Federal Reclamation Law.
The law governing transactions involving the sale of goods has become highly standardized nationwide through widespread adoption of the Uniform Commercial Code. There remains significant diversity in the interpretation of other kinds of contracts, depending upon the extent to which a given state has codified its common law of contracts or adopted portions of the Restatement (Second) of Contracts.
Formation
A contract is an agreement between two or more parties creating reciprocal obligations enforceable at law. The elements of a contract are mutual consent, offer and acceptance, consideration, and legal purpose.
Agreement
Mutual consent, also known as ratification and meeting of the minds, is typically established through the process of offer and acceptance. However, contracts can also be implied in fact, as discussed below. At common law, the terms of a purported acceptance must be the "mirror image" of the terms of the offer. Any variation thereof constitutes a counteroffer.
An offer is a display of willingness by a promissor to be legally bound by terms they specify, made in a way that would lead a reasonable person in the promisee's position to understand that an acceptance is being sought and, if made, results in an enforceable contract. Ordinarily, an offeror is permitted to revoke their offer at any time prior to a valid acceptance. This is partially due to the maxim that an offeror is the "master of his offer."
In the case of options, the general rule stated above applies even when the offeror promises to hold the offer open for a certain period of time. For example, Alice says to Bob, "I'll sell you my watch for $10, and you can have a week to decide." Alice is free to revoke her offer during the week, as long as Bob has not accepted the offer.
However, if the offeree gives some separate consideration (discussed below) to keep the offer open for a certain period of time, the offeror is not permitted to revoke during that period. For example, Alice offers to sell Bob her watch for $10. Bob gives Alice $1 to keep the offer open for a week. Alice is not permitted to revoke during the week.
A counteroffer is a new offer that varies the terms of the original offer. Therefore, it is simultaneously a rejection of the original offer. For example, Alan says to Betty, "I'll sell you my watch for $10." At this point Betty has the power of acceptance. But Betty responds, "I'll only pay $8." Betty's response is a rejection of Alan's offer but gives Alan a new power of acceptance. It is possible to phrase what appears to be a counteroffer so that it does not destroy the original power of acceptance. For example, Alan says to Betty, "I'll sell you my watch for $10." Betty responds, "I wonder whether you would take $8." Betty retains her original power of acceptance (unless Alan revokes), but she does not give Alan a new power of acceptance, as she is not making an offer of her own. Therefore, she is not making a counteroffer either. As such, mere inquiries are not counteroffers.
An acceptance is an agreement, by express act or implied from conduct, to the terms of an offer, including the prescribed manner of acceptance, so that an enforceable contract is formed.
In what is known as a battle of the forms, when the process of offer and acceptance is not followed, it is still possible to have an enforceable contract, as mentioned above with respect to contracts implied in fact.
Uniform Commercial Code
The Uniform Commercial Code ("UCC") dispenses with the mirror image rule in § 2-207. UCC § 2-207(1) provides that a "definite and seasonable expression of acceptance...operates as" an acceptance, even though it varies the terms of the original offer. Such an expression is typically interpreted as an acceptance when it purports to accept and agrees on the following terms of the original offer: subject matter, quantity, and price. However, such an expression is not interpreted as an acceptance if it is "expressly conditional" on the original offeror's assent to the varied terms, discussed below. This language is known as the proviso. When the proviso is not used, the terms of the contract are determined by subsection 2. When the proviso is used, but there is no assent by the original offeror to the offeree's varied terms, yet the parties go ahead and perform (act like they have a contract, hence a contract implied in fact), the terms of the contract are determined by subsection 3. So, the terms of a contract under 2-207 are never determined by a combination of subsections 2 and 3.
UCC § 2-207(2) of the statute tells what to do with additional terms. It does not explicitly address what to do with different terms. A minority of states, led by California, infer that this was a typographical error by the drafters. As such, those states treat different terms in the same manner as additional terms. The majority rule, however, is that different terms do not become part of the contract; rather, both of the conflicting terms—from both parties—are removed from the contract. This is known as the knockout rule. Any "gaps" resulting from the removal of these terms are "filled" by Article 2's "gap-fillers."
A term in a purported acceptance is different if it directly contradicts the subject matter of a term present in the original offer. A term in a purported acceptance is additional if it contemplates a subject matter not present at all in the original offer. As already mentioned, subsection 2 does tell what to do with additional terms. They do not become part of the contract if either party is not a merchant.
A merchant is defined elsewhere in the UCC as a party that regularly "deals in goods of the kind" or otherwise gives an impression of knowledge or skill regarding the subject matter of the transaction. If both parties are merchants then additional terms in a purported acceptance do become part of the contract unless any of three exceptions apply.
The exceptions are (out of order): objection by the original offeror in advance; objection by the original offeror within a reasonable time after notice; and material alteration of the contract. The third exception, whether the additional terms materially alter the contract, is the most difficult to apply. Typically, to show it, the merchant must be subjected to undue hardship and/or surprise as a result of the varied term, as measured by the industry involved. It is well established that disclaimer of warranty, indemnification, and arbitration are all clauses that do constitute material alterations.
UCC § 2-207(3) only applies when the proviso language from subsection 1 is used. When the proviso is used, there is no contract formed at that time unless the original offeror assents to the terms that the party purporting to accept has made "expressly conditional."
For example, a buyer sends a purchase order with its own terms. The seller sends an acknowledgement with additional and/or different terms and uses the proviso. The buyer must accept the seller's additional and/or different terms, or else no contract is formed at that time.
Frequently, however, the buyer in such a situation does not accept the seller's terms, typically through silence, that is, not signing and returning the form to the seller. Subsection 3 is designed to deal with this situation.
When the parties begin to perform the contract, they form a contract implied in fact. The terms of that contract are determined by this subsection. They consist of those terms both forms agree on. Any pertinent term upon the forms do not agree are not part of the contract but instead are supplied by the Code's gap fillers.
Note that whether the parties are merchants is irrelevant for this subsection. However, private parties do not typically send and receive purchase orders or invoices, so in hypotheticals, the parties typically are merchants.
For example, the Brown Company (buyer) sends a purchase order to the Smith Company (seller) for 100 widgets. Brown's terms are silent as to arbitration. Smith sends an acknowledgement, making its acceptance of Brown's offer "expressly conditional" on Brown's assent to Smith's additional term that any dispute arising from the transaction be resolved by arbitration. Brown does not sign and return Smith's form, but Smith goes ahead and fulfills the order. Brown receives the widgets and pays for them. The forms do not agree as to the term of arbitration. Therefore, if a dispute arises, the arbitration clause is not part of the contract. Instead, a UCC gap-filling provision is used. Since the Code does not supply arbitration, Brown is able to avoid Smith's term and bring an action in court.
Examples
Laidlaw v. Organ, 15 U.S. 178 (1817) the seller of tobacco was not entitled to get out of a contract to sell a load at a low price when it transpired that the War of 1812 had ended, and so that prices would rise (because a navy embargo was lifted). Even though the buyer stayed silent about the peace treaty that had just been agreed when he was asked if prices might rise, he was entitled to enforce the contract.
Pando v. Fernandez, 127 Misc.2d 224 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1984) it was held that it was not impossible to prove that a boy had agreed with the winner of $2.8m in a lottery that she would share the winnings with him
ProCD, Inc. v. Zeidenberg, 86 F.3d 1447 (7th Cir. 1996) the click of a button accepting a license's terms on software counts as agreement
Specht v. Netscape, 306 F.3d 17 (2d Cir. 2002) simply clicking a download button does not indicate agreement to the terms of a contract if those terms were not conspicuous
Seixas v. Woods 2 Cai. R. 48 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1804) a contract was binding despite making a mistake
Consideration and estoppel
Consideration is something of value given by a promissor to a promisee in exchange for something of value given by a promisee to a promissor. Typical examples of things of value are acts, forbearances, and/or promises to do so. The latter referring to those things that a party has a legal privilege to do in the first place. So, promising to refrain from committing a tort or crime is not a thing of value for purposes of consideration. This is known as the bargain theory of consideration and requires that the promises to exchange the things be reciprocally induced. This is especially important for the discussion of past consideration, below.
Consideration must be sufficient, but courts do not weigh the adequacy of consideration, partially because in a capitalistic society private parties are entitled and expected to determine the value of things for themselves. In other words, the things being exchanged must have some value in the eyes of the law, but the general rule is that courts do not care how much. Love and affection, for example, would not constitute sufficient consideration, but a penny would. However, sufficient consideration that is grossly inadequate may be deemed unconscionable, discussed below.
Moreover, things that ordinarily constitute sufficient consideration may be deemed insufficient when they are being exchanged for fungible things. For example, $1 is ordinarily sufficient consideration, and $100 is ordinarily sufficient consideration. However, if Alan and Betty agree to exchange $1 for $100, it would not be an enforceable contract for lack of consideration. An exception to this exception is when there is special significance to the $1 bill itself, such as if it was the first dollar a person made in business and carries tremendous sentimental value, similar to the peppercorn rule. Fungible things do not have to be money, though. They can be grains stored in a silo, for example. One bushel of grain being exchanged for 100 bushels of the same grain would not be sufficient consideration.
Past acts cannot constitute consideration. For example, an employer lays off an employee but promises to give him a pension in exchange for his long and faithful service to the company. It is impossible for the employee to presently promise to have worked all those years for the pension. He worked for the paychecks that the company promised in the past, not knowing whether a pension lay in the future. He might have hoped to one day receive a pension, but the company did not promise one until his layoff. Note, in this situation, the employee may be able to prevail on a claim of promissory restitution, but there is no contract for lack of consideration.
Promissory estoppel is a separate cause of action to breach of contract, requiring separate elements to be shown. It has the effect that in many contract like situations, the requirement of consideration need not be present.
The elements of promissory estoppel are:
an express or implied promise;
detrimental reliance by the promisee foreseeable to a reasonable person in the promissor's position;
actual detrimental reliance by the promisee (worsening of their position); and
for specific performance (as opposed to reliance damages), injustice can only be avoided by enforcing the promise.
Examples
Angel v. Murray, 322 A.2d 630 (RI 1974) modification of a contract does not require consideration if the change is made in good faith and agreed by both parties.
Hamer v. Sidway, 124 N.Y. 538, 27 N.E. 256 (N.Y. 1891) promising to not behave anti-socially amounted to valid consideration for a contract, in this case payment of money by an uncle to a nephew to not swear, drink, gamble and smoke.
Kirksey v. Kirksey, Ala. Sup. 8 Ala. 131 (1845) an old case holding that it was not sufficient consideration to promise to visit a person, in return for getting a house.
Lingenfelder v. Wainwright Brewing Co., 15 S.W. 844 (1891) promising not to sue did not amount to valid consideration
McMichael v. Price, 58 P.2d 549 (OK 1936) mutuality of obligation, and an illusory promise. It was not illusory to promise to buy all sand from one supplier, even though there was no contractual obligation to buy any sand at all. This meant there was sufficient mutuality of obligation.
Wood v. Lucy, Lady Duff-Gordon, 222 N.Y. 88, 118 N.E. 214 (1917) it was sufficient consideration to promise to represent someone's interests.
Salsbury v. Northwestern Bell Telephone Co., 221 N.W.2d 609 (IA 1974) charitable subscriptions can be enforced without consideration or detrimental reliance.
Formality
Ordinarily, contracts do not have to be in writing to be enforceable. However, certain types of contracts do have to be reduced to writing to be enforceable, to prevent frauds and perjuries, hence the name statute of frauds, which also makes it not a misnomer (fraud need not be present to implicate the statute of frauds).
Typically the following types of contracts implicate the statute of frauds:
Land, including leases over a year and easements
Suretyships (promises to answer for the debts, defaults, or miscarriages of another)
Consideration of marriage (not to actually get married but to give a dowry, for example)
Goods over a certain amount of money (usually $500, as in the UCC)
Contracts that cannot be performed within one year
For example, a two-year employment contract naturally cannot be performed within one year.
In many states lifetime contracts are not considered to fall within the Statute of Frauds reasoning that life can end at any time, certainly within one year from the time of execution. In other states, notably Illinois, contracts requiring performance for a lifetime are covered by the Statute.
The statute of frauds requires the signature of the party against whom enforcement is sought (the party to be sued for failure to perform). For example, Bob contracts with the Smith Company for two years of employment. The employer would need to sign the writing.
Moreover, the writing for purposes of satisfying the statute of frauds does not need to be the actual contract. It might be a letter, memorializing and formalizing an oral arrangement already made over the phone. Therefore, the signed writing does not need to contain all of the terms that the parties agreed to. At common law, only the essential terms were required in the signed writing. Under the UCC, the only term that must be present in the writing is the quantity. The writing also does not need to be one document, but if there are multiple documents, they must all obviously refer to the same transaction, and they all must be signed. The signature itself does not need to be a full name. Any mark made with the intent to authenticate the writing is satisfactory, such as initials or even such as an X by an illiterate party.
A contract that may otherwise be unenforceable under the statute of frauds may become enforceable under the doctrine of part performance. If the party seeking enforcement of the contract has partially or fulfilled its duties under the contract without objection from the other party, the performing party may be able to use its performance to hold the other party to the terms of the contract.
No writing is required when:
Goods have been received and accepted;
Payment has been made and accepted;
Goods are specially manufactured (there is no market for them); or
under the UCC, the party against whom enforcement is being sought admits a certain quantity of goods.
The last exception applies up to the quantity admitted, which may include the entire contract. This reversed the rule at common law that permitted a defendant to testify that he indeed contracted with the plaintiff but refuses to perform because it is not in writing.
Privity
Under the principle of privity, a person may not reap the benefits or be required to suffer the burdens of a contract to which they were not a party.
Breach of contract
Performance
Jacob & Youngs, Inc. v. Kent, 230 N.Y. 239 (1921) a builder who used the wrong kind of piping in construction of a building was entitled to payment, as he had substantially performed the work, but subject to a deduction for the difference in value of the wrong piping.
Damages
The primary remedy for breach of contract is expectation damages, or "benefit of the bargain." At law, this is monetary compensation. At equity, it can be specific performance or an injunction, among other things. For example, Dan and Pam have an enforceable contract for the sale of Dan's watch. The price they agreed to was $10. The actual value of the watch is $15. Pam would be able to successfully pursue a claim for $5. She might elect this route if she did not want to keep the watch but sell it to a third party for a profit. Alternatively, Pam could successfully pursue a claim whereby the court would order Dan to sell the watch for the original price. She might elect this route if she actually wanted the watch for herself.
The remedy for quasi-contracts (contracts implied in law) is quantum meruit, the reasonable or "fair market" value of goods or services rendered. The remedy for promissory estoppel is reliance damages.
Examples
Hawkins v. McGee, 84 N.H. 114, 146 A. 641 (N.H. 1929) the plaintiff's hand was injured by electrical wiring, and the doctor promised surgery to give him a 100% good hand. The operation failed, and the plaintiff won damages to the value of what he expected to get, compared to what he had. However, he received no extra compensation for pain and suffering.
United States Naval Institute v. Charter Communications, Inc., 936 F.2d 692 (Second Cir. 1991) punitive damages and efficient breach, The Hunt for Red October
Snepp v. United States 444 U.S. 507 (1980) restitution damages
Specific performance
Specific performance occurs when a court orders a party to perform a specific act. In the context of a contract, specific performance requires that a party in breach fulfill its duties under the contract.
Arbitration
Parties are permitted to agree to arbitrate disputes arising from their contracts. Under the Federal Arbitration Act (which has been interpreted to cover all contracts arising under federal or state law), arbitration clauses are generally enforceable unless the party resisting arbitration can show unconscionability, fraud or something else that undermines the entire contract.
Quasi-contract
The terms quasi-contract and contract implied in law are synonymous. There are two types of quasi-contract. One is an action in restitution. The other is unjust enrichment. Note, therefore, that it is improper to say that quasi-contract, implied in law contract, and unjust enrichment are all synonymous, because unjust enrichment is only one type of the broader category of quasi-contracts (contracts implied in law).
Contracts implied in law differ from contracts implied in fact in that contracts implied in law are not true contracts. Contracts implied in fact are ones that the parties involved presumably intended. In contracts implied in law, one party may have been completely unwilling to participate, as shown below, especially for an action in restitution. There has been no mutual assent, in other words, but public policy essentially requires a remedy.
Unjust Enrichment
The elements of this cause of action are:
conferral of a benefit on another;
the other's knowledge of the benefit;
the other's acceptance or retention of the benefit;
circumstances requiring the other to pay the fair value for the benefit to avoid inequity.
Britton v. Turner, 6 N.H. 481 (1834) an employee who left work on a farm after nine months, but had contracted to be paid $120 at the end of one year, was entitled to receive some payment ($95) even though the contract was not completed.
Restitution
The full name of this cause of action is "restitution for actions required to preserve another's life or health." It is available when a party supplies goods or services to someone else, even though the recipient is unaware or does not consent. Unawareness and non-consent can both be due to unconsciousness, but the latter also includes incapacity, which in turn refers to mental incompetence and/or infancy (minority).
The elements of this cause of action are:
the supplier acts "unofficiously", that is, isn't interfering in the affairs of the recipient for no reason;
the supplier acts with the intent to charge money for doing so;
the goods or services are necessary to prevent the recipient from suffering serious bodily injury or pain;
the recipient is unable to consent;
the supplier has no reason to know that the recipient would not consent if they could; and,
if the recipient is "extremely" mentally incompetent or young and objects, the non-consent is immaterial.
Construction
Uniform Commercial Code §2-301
Restatement §201(1)
Uniform Commercial Code §2-313(1)(b)
Frigaliment Importing Company v BNS International Sales Corp, 190 FSupp 116 (SDNY 1960) Friendly J
Express terms
Henningsen v. Bloomfield Motors, on warranties
Restatement §213, parol evidence rule: a written agreement that is completely integrated discharges prior oral agreements in its scope.
Mitchill v Lath 247 NY 377 (1928)
Masterson v Sine 68 Cal 2d 222 (1968) Traynor J
Restatement §203, trade usage non-excluded by parol evidence rules
Columbia Nitrogen Corp v Royster Co, 451 F 2d 3 (4th 1971) 31,000 tons of phosphate a year for $50 a ton. The buyer could rely on custom of adjusting prices in the fertilizer industry despite the contract's express price, when the market fell.
Southern Concrete Services v Mableton Contractors, Inc, 407 F Supp 581 (ND Ga 1975)
Implied terms
Restatement §223, courts can supply a missing term by resorting to trade usage or course of dealing "which is fairly to be regarded as establishing a common basis of understanding"
UCC §1-205 and 2-208
Wood v. Lucy, Lady Duff-Gordon, 118 NE 214 (1917) Cardozo J, promise to use reasonable efforts to generate license revenues properly implied. "The law has outgrown its primitive stage of formalism when the precise word was the sovereign talisman, and every slip was fatal.... A promise may be lacking, and yet the whole writing may be 'instinct with and obligation,' imperfectly expressed...." UCC 2-306(2)
Bloor v Falstaff Brewing Corp 601 F2d 609 (2nd 1979) Friendly J, breach of best efforts covenant
Uniform Commercial Code §315
Kellogg Bridge Company v. Hamilton, 110 U.S. 108 (1884) there was an implied warranty of fitness for the Kellog Co to build a bridge for a railway company.
Kirke La Shelle Company v. The Paul Armstrong Company et al, 263 NY 79 (1933) "In every contract there is an implied covenant that neither party shall do anything, which will have the effect of destroying or injuring the right of the other party, to receive the fruits of the contract, which means that in every contract there exists an implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing."
Unconscionable terms
Interpretation
Uniform Commercial Code §2-302, 2-314, 2-316, 2-719
Moscatiello v Pittsburgh Contractors Equipment Co
Pierce v Catalina Yachts, Inc
Restatement (Second) of Contracts §211
Darner Motor Sales v Universal Underwriters
Gordinier v Aetna Casualty & Surety Co
Farm Bureau Mutual insurance Co v Sandbulte
Max True Plastering Co v United States Fidelty & Guaranty Co
Substance
Restatement (Second) of Contracts §208
Post v Jones
Williams v. Walker-Thomas Furniture Co., 350 F2d 445 (DC 1965) procedural unconscionability
Pittsley v Houser
People v Two Wheel Corp
Maxwell v Fidelity Financial Services, Inc
Kansas City Wholesale Grocery Co. v. Weber Packing Corp., 93 Utah 414 (1937) a contract clause limiting the time for allowing complaints about the delivery of a shipment of ketchup was unconscionable
Buchwald v. Paramount, Cal. App. LEXIS 634 (1990) Paramount's contract stipulating it would only pay for work if a $288m film earned a net profit was unconscionable.
Harris v. Blockbuster, Inc., 622 F.Supp.2d 396 (2009)
Henningsen v. Bloomfield Motors, Inc., 161 A2d 69 (1960)
Consumer protection
Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act 2010
Fair Debt Collection Practices Act
Fair Credit Reporting Act
Truth in Lending Act
Fair Credit Billing Act
Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act
Federal Trade Commission
U.S. Department of Justice
Cancelling the contract
Mistake
Unilateral mistakes
Donovan v. RRL Corp., 109 Cal.Rptr.2d 807 (2001).
Restatement, Second, Contracts §§153-154
Speckel v Perkins
Mutual mistakes, shared assumptions
Restatement, Second, Contracts §§151-152 and 154
Sherwood v. Walker 66 Mich 568, 33 NW 919 (1887)
Nester v Michigan Land & Iron Co
Griffith v Brymer
Wood v Boynton
Firestone & Parson, Inc v Union League of Philadelphia
Everett v Estate of Sumstad
Lenawee County Board of Health v. Messerly, 331 N.W.2d 203 (1982) it transpired an illegal septic system had contaminated the ground.
Beachcomber Coins, Inc v Boskett
Uniform Commercial Code §§2-312 to 2-315
Transcription mistakes
Restatement, Second, Contracts §§155
Chimart Associates v Paul
Duress and undue influence
Duress
Misrepresentation
United States v. Spearin, 248 U.S. 132 (1918) superior knowledge of US government
Helene Curtis Industries, Inc. v. United States (160 Ct. Cl. 437, 312 F.2d 774 (1963) the superior knowledge doctrine gives the US government a duty of disclosure
Laidlaw v. Organ 15 U.S. 178 (1817), on caveat emptor
Obde v. Schlemeyer 56 Wash 2d 449, 353 P2d 672 (Supreme Court of Washington, 1960) termite infested house not revealed to buyers. Even though no questions asked, seller still liable for failure to disclose.
Smith v. Bolles, 132 U.S. 125 (1889) damages for misrepresentation of share sale did not entitle the buyer to get money as if the representation were true
Illegality
ProCD v. Zeidenberg, copyrights
SCO v. DaimlerChrysler, license agreements
Stoddard v. Martin 1 R.I. 1 (1828) a contract to bet on the outcome of a Senate election was void, because it was contrary to public policy to gamble.
See also
Restatement (Second) of Contracts 1962-1979
Uniform Commercial Code
Uniform Commercial Code adoption
English contract law
United States tort law
Civil Procedure in the United States
Contract theory
References
Further reading
Texts
I Ayres and RE Speidel, Studies in Contract Law (2008)
SJ Burton and MA Eisenberg, Contract Law: Selected Source Materials Annotated (2011)
MA Chirelstein, Concepts and Case Analysis in the Law of Contracts (6th edn 2010)
EA Farnsworth, Contracts (2008)
LL Fuller, MA Eisenberg and MP Gergen Basic Contract Law (9th edn 2013)
CL Knapp, NM Crystal and HG Prince, Problems in Contract Law: Cases and Materials (7th edn Aspen 2012)
Books
OW Holmes, The Common Law (1890) chs 7-9
G Gilmore, The Death of Contract (1974)
Articles
MR Cohen, 'The Basis of Contract' (1933) 46 Harvard Law Review 553
LL Fuller and WR Perdue, 'The Reliance Interest in Contract Damages' (1936) 46 Yale Law Journal 52-96
Goldberg, 'Institutional Change and the Quasi-Invisible Hand' (1974) 17 JLE 461
R Hale, 'Force and the State: A Comparison of "Political" and "Economic" Compulsion' (1935) 35 Columbia LR 149
MJ Horwitz, 'The History of the Public/Private Distinction' (1982) 130(6) University of Pennsylvania LR 1423
D. Kennedy, 'Distributive and Paternalist Motives in Contract and Tort Law, with special reference to compulsory terms and unequal bargaining power' (1982) 41(4) Maryland Law Review 563
F Kessler, 'Contracts of Adhesion – Some Thoughts About Freedom of Contract' (1943) 43(5) Columbia Law Review 629
R Pound, 'Liberty of Contract' (1909) 18 Yale LJ 454
Contract theory
Carnival Cruise Lines, Inc. v. Shute, on forum selection clauses
The Bremen v. Zapata Off-Shore Company, forum selection clauses
Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge, on the Constitution's Contract Clause
Marquez v. Screen Actors Guild Inc., on the validity of union shop contracts
Salazar v. Ramah Navajo Chapter, 567 U.S. ___ (2012) the US government's obligation to honor contracts with Native Americans.
Law of obligations, tort, unjust enrichment and trusts
Freedom of contract and regulation
Autonomy
Bargaining power and inequality of bargaining power
Will theory, promise
"Promise" in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Arthur Linton Corbin
Adverse selection, moral hazard, information asymmetry
Complete contract and default rule
Agency cost, principal and agent problem
External links
Uniform Commercial Code |
23574288 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On%20the%20Method%20of%20Dealing%20with%20the%20Rebellious%20Peoples%20of%20Valdichiana | On the Method of Dealing with the Rebellious Peoples of Valdichiana | On the method of dealing with the Rebellious Peoples of Valdichiana () is a 1503 work by Niccolò Machiavelli.
A short excerpt in English may be found in Allan Gilbert's Machiavelli Volume One.
In 1503, one year after his missions to Cesare Borgia, Machiavelli wrote a short work, Del modo di trattare i sudditi della Val di Chiana ribellati (On the Way to Deal with the Rebel Subjects of the Valdichiana). in this work, he contrasts the errors of Florence with the wisdom of the Ancient Romans. Machiavelli declares that when dealing with rebellious peoples, such as in Valdichiana, the ruler must either placate them or eliminate them.
Machiavelli also witnessed the bloody vengeance taken by Borgia on his mutinous captains at the town of Sinigaglia (December 31, 1502), later writing a famous account. In much of his early writings, Machiavelli argues that “one should not offend a prince and later put faith in him.”
References
Works by Niccolò Machiavelli
1503 books |
23574289 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vr%C3%A1tno | Vrátno | Vrátno is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 200 inhabitants.
References
Villages in Mladá Boleslav District |
6904223 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob%20Kaufman | Jacob Kaufman | Jacob Kaufman (15 July 1847 – 20 April 1920) was a manufacturer and industrialist in Berlin, now Kitchener, Ontario, Canada. He built a large lumber operation and pioneered the manufacturing of rubber outerwear.
Biography
Kaufman was born July 15, 1847 in North Easthope Township to German parents, Joseph Kauffman and Anna Stroh. One of ten children, Kaufman only attended school during the winter months, working on the family farm the remainder of the year. At the age of 22 he accepted a position in Gads Hill working for Henry Ratz as a sawyer, where he remained for eight years. Kaufman married Ratz's daughter, Mary (1856-1943), in 1877 and moved to Berlin, Ontario. Together they had seven children, though only four - Emma (1881-1979), Alvin (1885-1979), Milton (born 1886) and Edna (1891-1983) - would live to adulthood.
Following his move to Berlin, Kaufman founded a planing mill with assistance from his father-in-law. To address a dwindling supply of lumber in the region, Kaufman purchased a plot of land in Muskoka, operating sawmills in Rosseau Falls and Trout Creek to help meet demand. Although his decision to locate the mill outside of city was initially questioned by friends, the success of the business resulted in multiple expansions and allowed Kaufman to buy out his father-in-law. In 1888 the original factory, at the time deemed inadequate, was enclosed by a new building and torn down only after the new building was complete, an approach that caused operations to be halted for only ten days. In 1897, Kaufman built a Victorian style home at 621 King Street West with an office window that allowed him to survey his rubber factory. Sold in the late 1940s, it housed the Ratz-Bechtel Funeral Home funeral home until 2015.
Kaufman is credited with establishing Kitchener's rubber industry. In 1899 he founded Berlin Rubber Manufacturing Company Limited alongside A. L. Breithaupt, Louis Weber and George Schlee. The plant was located on Margaret Avenue, at one time employing 65 people and producing about 800–1,000 pairs of rubber boots a day. Although the company was successful, Kaufman had a falling out with the group, resulting in him leaving to launch his own business. He founded the Merchants Rubber Co. in 1903 with Talmon Henry Rieder. The company specialized in rubber-based garments and footwear for fisherman and miners and was sold in 1906 to the Montreal-based Canadian Consolidated Rubber Company, that also acquired Berlin Rubber. The following year Kaufman founded the Kaufman Rubber Company Limited with his son A.R. Kaufman, which would go on to become Kaufman Footwear.
A resident of Kitchener for 43 years, Kaufman was a member of the Zion Evangelical Church played an active role local government, believing in public ownership of local utilities. He served as a member of commissions related to water and light, helping to electrify the city and establish a sewage disposal system.
Death
Kaufman died on April 20, 1920 at home in Kitchener. His estate was valued at $278,879, $50,000 of which was designated for distribution to charitable, religious or educational endeavours at the discretion of his wife and children, who acted as executors. He was remembered by Chronicle Telegraph as a "town builder" for his role and influence in the development of various local industries. He was buried at Mount Hope Cemetery in the Kaufman family plot.
References
External links
Kaufman Footwear
1847 births
1920 deaths
People from Perth County, Ontario
Businesspeople from Kitchener, Ontario
Burials at Mount Hope Cemetery, Kitchener, Ontario
Canadian people of German descent
History of Kitchener, Ontario |
23574290 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C5%A1ejany | Všejany | Všejany is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 700 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
The village of Vanovice is an administrative part of Všejany.
References
Villages in Mladá Boleslav District |
6904227 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity%20Lutheran%20School | Trinity Lutheran School | Trinity Lutheran School may refer to:
Trinity Lutheran School (Bend, Oregon)
Trinity Lutheran School (Evansville, Indiana)
Trinity Lutheran School (Harris County, Texas)
Trinity Lutheran School (Kaukauna, Wisconsin)
Trinity Lutheran School (Lincoln, Nebraska)
Trinity Lutheran School (Newport News, Virginia)
Trinity Lutheran School (Orlando, Florida)
Trinity Lutheran School (Monroe, Michigan)
Trinity Lutheran School (Wellsboro, Pennsylvania)
Trinity Lutheran School (St. George, Utah) |
20469044 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris%20Leroux | Chris Leroux | Christopher Adam Leroux (born April 14, 1984) is a Canadian former professional baseball pitcher and television personality. He played for the Florida Marlins, Pittsburgh Pirates, and New York Yankees in Major League Baseball (MLB) and for the Tokyo Yakult Swallows of Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB). Leroux also competed for the Canadian national baseball team in international competitions.
Career
Amateur career
Leroux attended St. Joseph Secondary School in Mississauga, Ontario. The Tampa Bay Devil Rays selected Leroux in the ninth round in the 2002 MLB draft, but he did not sign. He attended Winthrop University, where he played college baseball for the Winthrop Eagles baseball team. He also played collegiate summer baseball for the Falmouth Commodores of the Cape Cod League in 2004.
Professional career
Minor leagues
The Florida Marlins selected Leroux in the seventh round of the 2005 MLB draft, and he signed. In 2006, Leroux was assigned to the Greensboro Grasshoppers of the Class A South Atlantic League, where he made three starts before being injured. After a rehab assignment with the Gulf Coast Marlins of the Rookie-level Gulf Coast League, he was assigned to the Jamestown Jammers of the Class A-Short Season New York-Penn League. In 11 total starts, he went 0-4 with a 6.06 earned run average (ERA), striking out 22 in innings pitched. Leroux played 2007 with Greensboro, where in 46 appearances, he went 2-3 with a 4.14 ERA, striking out 76 in innings.
Leroux played 2008 with the Jupiter Hammerheads of the Class A-Advanced Florida State League, where in 57 games, he went 6-7 with a 3.65 ERA and one save, striking out 78 in 74 innings. Leroux began 2009 with the Jacksonville Suns of the Class AA Southern League, where he played until he was promoted to the major leagues by the Marlins. He had a few stints with Florida, but spent most of his time in Jacksonville, where in 46 games, he went 5-3 with a 2.70 ERA and two saves, striking out 55 in 60 innings.
Florida Marlins
On May 23, 2009, Leroux was recalled by the Marlins. He made his MLB debut three days later against the Philadelphia Phillies. He was optioned the next day when Brett Carroll was recalled. He rejoined the Marlins when Matt Lindstrom went on the disabled list. In his third appearance, he recorded his first MLB strikeout, which was of Cristian Guzmán. In 5 games with the Marlins, he had a 10.80 ERA with two strikeouts in innings
Leroux opened 2010 with the New Orleans Zephyrs of the Class AAA Pacific Coast League (PCL), but was recalled on April 14. Leroux was placed on the 15-day disabled list on May 19 with a right elbow strain. He missed 26 games, and was subsequently assigned to New Orleans. He was recalled on September 3 when the rosters expanded.
Pittsburgh Pirates
Leroux was claimed off waivers by the Pittsburgh Pirates on September 13, 2010. In 23 games with both teams, he went 0-1 with a 6.75 ERA with 22 strikeouts in innings.
Leroux began 2011 with the Indianapolis Indians of the Class AAA International League, but after a poor start, he was demoted to the Altoona Curve of the Class AA Eastern League. After a 5-game stint with Altoona, he returned to Indianapolis. On July 3, Leroux was recalled to Pittsburgh, replacing Brad Lincoln. He was optioned to Indianapolis on July 22, but was recalled 5 days later, only to be placed on the disabled list with a left calf strain 2 days after that. He was activated from the disabled list on August 22, and remained on the roster for the rest of the season. In 23 games with the Pirates, he went 1–1 with a 2.88 ERA.
Prior to the 2012 season, Leroux was placed on the 60-day DL with a right pectoral strain. He rejoined the club as a September call-up after rehab and an assignment to the AAA Indianapolis Indians. In 10 games with the Pirates, he had a 5.56 ERA with 12 strikeouts in 11.2 innings.
Leroux made the 2013 Opening Day roster with the Pirates, but was designated for assignment on April 12 after pitching in 2 games. He elected free agency on April 17, 2013.
Tokyo Yakult Swallows
On April 23, 2013, Leroux signed with the Tokyo Yakult Swallows of the Central League of Nippon Professional Baseball.
New York Yankees
On January 27, 2014, Leroux signed a minor league contract with the New York Yankees. The deal included an invitation to major league spring training. Leroux began the season with the Scranton/Wilkes-Barre RailRiders of the International League. He made his Yankee debut on April 29, 2014. He was designated for assignment on May 3, 2014. He was called back up by the Yankees on July 23, 2014, but was designated for assignment two days later. He was called back up a third time on August 11, 2014 and again designated for assignment two days later. After the 2014 season, he became a free agent. After pitching two innings, he earned a 22.50 ERA, a loss, and didn't earn a win.
Later career
Leroux signed a minor league deal with the Milwaukee Brewers on January 26, 2015. He began the season with the Colorado Springs Sky Sox of the PCL. On May 18, 2015, he was traded to the Philadelphia Phillies for cash considerations. He spent the rest of the season with the Reading Fightin Phils of the Eastern League and the Lehigh Valley IronPigs of the International League.
On April 3, 2016, Leroux was traded to the Toronto Blue Jays for cash considerations, and assigned to the Buffalo Bisons of the International League. He was released on August 28.
After playing for the Canadian national team in the 2017 World Baseball Classic, Leroux retired from baseball.
International career
He was selected to the Canada national baseball team at the 2009 World Baseball Classic, 2013 World Baseball Classic, 2015 Pan American Games, 2015 WBSC Premier12, 2017 World Baseball Classic, 2019 Pan American Games Qualifier, 2019 Pan American Games and 2019 WBSC Premier12.
Pitching style
Leroux throws three pitches: a four-seam fastball and two-seam fastball in the low-to-mid 90s, and a slider in the low-to-mid 80s. He also used to throw a changeup to left-handed hitters, but he dropped it after the 2011 season to simplify his pitching approach.
Personal life
In 2017, Leroux was cast as the Bachelor on The Bachelor Canada.
References
External links
1984 births
Living people
Altoona Curve players
Bachelor Nation contestants
Baseball people from Quebec
Baseball players at the 2015 Pan American Games
Baseball players at the 2019 Pan American Games
Bradenton Marauders players
Canadian expatriate baseball players in Japan
Canadian expatriate baseball players in the United States
Canadian people of French descent
Colorado Springs Sky Sox players
Falmouth Commodores players
Florida Marlins players
Greensboro Grasshoppers players
Gulf Coast Marlins players
Gulf Coast Yankees players
Indianapolis Indians players
Jacksonville Suns players
Jamestown Jammers players
Jupiter Hammerheads players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Major League Baseball players from Canada
Navegantes del Magallanes players
Canadian expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
New York Yankees players
New Orleans Zephyrs players
Nippon Professional Baseball pitchers
Pan American Games gold medalists for Canada
Pan American Games silver medalists for Canada
Pan American Games medalists in baseball
Pittsburgh Pirates players
Scranton/Wilkes-Barre RailRiders players
Sportspeople from Montreal
Tokyo Yakult Swallows players
Toros del Este players
Canadian expatriate baseball players in the Dominican Republic
Winthrop Eagles baseball players
World Baseball Classic players of Canada
2009 World Baseball Classic players
2013 World Baseball Classic players
2015 WBSC Premier12 players
2017 World Baseball Classic players
2019 WBSC Premier12 players
Medalists at the 2015 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 2019 Pan American Games |
20469075 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobetsu%20Dam | Tobetsu Dam | Tobetsu Dam is a dam currently under construction in Hokkaidō, Japan. It started in 1980 and is scheduled for opening in 2012.
Dams in Hokkaido |
23574292 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice%20Cream%20Freeze%20%28Let%27s%20Chill%29 | Ice Cream Freeze (Let's Chill) | "Ice Cream Freeze (Let's Chill)" is a pop song by American recording artist and actress Miley Cyrus, performing as Hannah Montana – the alter ego of Miley Stewart – a character she played on the Disney Channel television series Hannah Montana. The song was written by Matthew Gerrard and Robbie Nevil and produced by Gerrard. It is from the series' third soundtrack, Hannah Montana 3. A karaoke version is available in Disney's Karaoke Series: Hannah Montana 3. It is an instructional dance song with a country pop sound and lyrics referencing ice cream and other frozen treats.
The song garnered negative reviews from critics but enjoyed humble commercial success for Cyrus in several countries, compared to those of her previous efforts as Montana. "Ice Cream Freeze (Let's Chill)" made its highest peak by charting at number fifty-seven on the Canadian Hot 100 chart. The song also charted in the United Kingdom and the United States. A music video for "Ice Cream Freeze (Let's Chill)" was released, taken of footage from a concert performance.
Background
"Ice Cream Freeze (Let's Chill)" was co-written by Matthew Gerrard and Robbie Nevil, a duo of longtime songwriters for Montana; Together, they wrote her hit "The Best of Both Worlds" (2006). A karaoke version is available in Disney's Karaoke Series: Hannah Montana 3. "Ice Cream Freeze (Let's Chill)" has corresponding dance moves designed by Jamal Sims, which are heavily influenced by line dancing. It was first titled "Let's Chill" and leaked into the Internet in November 2008, along with six other songs from the soundtrack. The song first premiered on Radio Disney on May 22, 2009, in order to promote the soundtrack; it was afterward released as a promotional single from Hannah Montana 3 on June 30, 2009, as part of Radio Disney's iTunes Pass, an exclusive campaign launched by the iTunes Store.
Composition
"Ice Cream Freeze (Let's Chill)" is a country pop song with a length of three minutes and seven seconds. According to AllMusic, "Ice Cream Freeze (Let's Chill)" contains dance-pop and teen pop influences in its musical composition. Warren Truitt of About.com also cited dance music as the song's "craze". The song is set in common time and has a moderate dance groove tempo. It is written in the key of F major and it follows the chord progression F–E♭–B♭. Peter Larsen of the Orange County Register believed the song was "more or less literally is about ice cream and other frozen delights", referencing the lines "Do the ice cream freeze, strike a pose / Can you do the milkshake / Shake it, shake it down low".
Reception
Critical reception
The song garnered negative reactions from contemporary critics. Heather Phares of Allmusic said, "'Ice Cream Freeze (Let's Chill),' [...] sounds extremely similar to the soundtrack's 'Hoedown Throwdown.' That feeling of familiarity extends to the songs that haven't appeared anywhere else." Warren Truitt of About.com agreed and described the song to be "silly" and "as awkwardly goofy" as "Hoedown Throwdown". Peter Larsen of the Orange County Register identified the track to be a "crowd pleaser".
Chart performance
On the week ending July 25, 2009, "Ice Cream Freeze (Let's Chill)" debuted and peaked at number eighty-seven on the Billboard Hot 100; the following week, it dropped out of the chart. On the week ending 2009, the song debuted and peaked at number fifty seven in the Canadian Hot 100, thus becoming Cyrus' second highest-charting song as Montana in Canada. The song dropped to number one-hundred in the following week and completely fell from the chart the week after. On the week ending August 1, 2009, "Ice Cream Freeze (Let's Chill)" entered the UK Singles Chart at number ninety-five. It marked Cyrus' first entry in the country as Montana since "The Best Both Worlds", which charted in March 2007. On the week ending August 8, 2009, the song reached its peak on the chart at number ninety.
Live performances
Cyrus, dressed as Montana, premiered "Ice Cream Freeze (Let's Chill)", along with eight other songs, at the concert taping for the third season of Hannah Montana, which was set on October 10 in Irvine, California at the Verizon Wireless Amphitheatre. In the performance, Montana dressed in a black tee shirt with a pink star, pink zebra patterned skirt, pink cowboy boots and a bejeweled vest and performed the corresponding choreography. Six backup dancers, also costumed by Western clothing, later appeared to perform. Peter Larsen of the Orange County Register recalled his two children enjoying the dance and referred to it as "probably one of the most popular of the eight new songs Miley performs tonight." The performance was later released as the song's music video on May 22, 2009, on Disney Channel.
Charts
References
2009 songs
Dance-pop songs
Hannah Montana songs
Songs from television series
Songs written by Matthew Gerrard
Songs written by Robbie Nevil
Walt Disney Records singles
Song recordings produced by Matthew Gerrard |
23574294 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BD%C4%8F%C3%A1r%20%28Mlad%C3%A1%20Boleslav%20District%29 | Žďár (Mladá Boleslav District) | Žďár is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,500 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
Villages of Břehy, Doubrava, Příhrazy, Skokovy and Žehrov are administrative parts of Žďár.
References
Villages in Mladá Boleslav District |
23574297 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDer%C4%8Dice | Žerčice | Žerčice a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 400 inhabitants.
References
Villages in Mladá Boleslav District |
6904236 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20municipalities%20of%20the%20Aosta%20Valley | List of municipalities of the Aosta Valley | The following is a list of the 74 municipalities (comuni) of the Aosta Valley, Italy.
List
References
Aosta
Geography of Aosta Valley |
17334025 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddy%20Arnold%20discography | Eddy Arnold discography | The following is a complete discography of all albums released by the late American country music artist Eddy Arnold from 1955 to 2005.
Studio albums
1950s
1960s
1970s
1980s–2000s
Gospel albums
Holiday albums
Compilation albums
Singles
1940s
1950s
1960s
1970s
1980s
1990s–2000s
Other singles
Collaborations
Gospel singles
Christmas singles
Guest singles
Charted B-sides
Music videos
Notes
A^ "Soul Deep" also peaked at number 28 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks chart and at number 23 on the RPM Adult Contemporary Tracks chart in Canada.
References
External links
Official Website
Country music discographies
Discographies of American artists |
20469076 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot%20Issue%20%28EP%29 | Hot Issue (EP) | Hot Issue is the second Korean-language extended play (EP) by South Korean boy band Big Bang. It was released under YG Entertainment on November 22, 2007, and spawned the single "Last Farewell".
Composition
The group's leader, the then 20-year-old G-Dragon produced and wrote the lyrics for all tracks on Hot Issue. "Last Farewell" is a blend of trance hip-hop beats and pop melodies. The song also features rapping by G-Dragon and T.O.P and melodic vocals from Taeyang, Daesung, and Seungri. "Crazy Dog" features synthesizers and a sampling from the Seo Taiji and Boys song "In My Fantasy."
Reception
Hot Issue marked Big Bang's first EP after Always and further established the group's popularity in South Korea, with the single "Last Farewell" topping online charts for 8 consecutive weeks. Due to the song's digital success, it won the Song of the Month award at Cyworld Digital Music Awards. The extended play sold over a 120,000 copies in South Korea.
Track listing
Sample credits
"But I Love U" contains a sample of "Rhu of Redd Holt Unlimited" by Paula
"Crazy Dog" contains a sample of "You, In the Fantasy" (Hangul: 환상 속의 그대; rr: Huansang Sogae Goodae) by Seo Taiji & Boys
Charts
Weekly charts
Monthly charts
References
External links
Big Bang Official Site
Big Bang (South Korean band) EPs
2007 EPs
YG Entertainment EPs
Korean-language EPs
Albums produced by G-Dragon |
23574300 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDidn%C4%9Bves | Židněves | Židněves is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 400 inhabitants.
References
Villages in Mladá Boleslav District |
6904247 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FX%20Palo%20Alto%20Laboratory | FX Palo Alto Laboratory | FX Palo Alto Laboratory, Inc. (FXPAL) was a research center for Fuji Xerox Co., Ltd. FXPAL employed roughly 25 Ph.D. scientists conducting research in a variety of fields spanning information retrieval, multimedia computing, HCI, and smart environments.
FXPAL's mission was to provide Fuji Xerox a digital information technology base for the 21st century. This goal is accomplished through:
Research and invention of new information technologies
Cooperation with Fuji Xerox business units to develop and transition information technologies
Interaction with the US software industry to discover and tailor new products for the Fuji Xerox market
FXPAL was shut down in 2020.
See also
Fuji Xerox
References
External links
Fuji Xerox Co., Ltd.
Fuji Xerox
Research organizations in the United States
Technology transfer
Companies based in Palo Alto, California
Science and technology in the San Francisco Bay Area
Research and development in the United States
1995 establishments in California |
6904271 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P72 | P72 | P72 may refer to:
De Tomaso P72, an Italian sports car
, a submarine of the Royal Navy
Papyrus 72, an early New Testament papyrus
ThinkPad P72, a laptop
Republic XP-72, an American fighter aircraft
P72, a state regional road in Latvia |
17334033 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tactical%20victory | Tactical victory | In military tactics, a tactical victory may refer to a victory that results in the completion of a tactical objective as part of an operation or a result in which the losses of the "defeated" outweigh those of the "victor" although the victorious force failed to meet its original objectives.
Concepts
Large-scale planning of goals may be called "strategy" and are conducted at the "strategic level of war." Lower-level operations that fulfil the strategic planning are conducted at the "operational level of war." The lowest level of planning which fulfills operational goals and strategy is called the "tactical level of war".
Based on planning
A tactical mission is one in which the operational area that aims to complete the goals of the assigned mission or task given by "tactical control." Therefore, a tactical victory is the successful completion of that mission. Tactical missions contribute to the success or failure of the whole operation. Tactics include the handling of assets such as soldiers, vehicles, weapons, and munitions and tactics might be as simple as the combat maneuvering of an individual soldier in a skirmish with an enemy soldier. The definition of tactical victory may become blurred in large-scale tactical maneuvering of troops in division-sized formations or the operational goals of company-sized units to exercise control of important positions, as they contribute in different ways to the success or the failure of operations and strategy.
Nations may have differing strategic objectives for a conflict, and their individual combat units may be made to believe in still-different objectives. Survival, on an individual or a unit level, may become an important objective in battle, and the different objectives allow both sides to maintain morale by declarations of victory to justify the costs of combat. Many battles involving multiple units include elements of tactical success by both opposing forces. The individual tactical victories may not cause the force to be successful in that battle or in the larger goals of the conflict.
Based on losses
The term is then applied to a simple tally of the numbers of losses of each side, but that may be complicated by the value attached to certain assets lost. An example of a naval tactical victory dependent on losses would be the Battle of the Coral Sea. The battle was considered a strategic victory for the Allies because they stopped a Japanese invasion. However, the latter lost fewer valuable ships; the Allies lost one aircraft carrier, one destroyer, and one oil tanker, but the Japanese lost one light carrier and one destroyer and so are considered to have won a tactical victory.
Another example of a tactical victory is the Battle off Samar in which American escort carriers, destroyers, and destroyer escorts prevented the Japanese Center Force (of 23 ships, including the battleship Yamato) from destroying the offloading of American transports in Leyte Gulf. During the battle, American ships sank 3 heavy cruisers (combined tonnage of 44,894 tons), damaged 3 heavy cruisers and 1 destroyer; shot down 52 aircraft, and killed more than 2,000 Japanese sailors (more than half of the rescued sailors were lost in the following days after they had been rescued from ships that would later sink from air strikes and surface action). Their American counterparts, however, had 2 escort carriers, 2 destroyers, 1 destroyer escort all sunk (with a combined tonnage of 22,350 tons); 6 escort carriers, 1 destroyer, and 2 destroyer escorts damaged; lost 23 aircraft; and 1,583 sailors killed.
See also
Decisive victory
Strategic victory
Pyrrhic victory
Notes
References
Military strategy |
23574303 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezlogi | Berezlogi | Berezlogi is a commune in Orhei District, Moldova. It is composed of two villages, Berezlogi and Hîjdieni.
Notable people
Boris Movilă (born 1928), writer
References
Communes of Orhei District |
20469104 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasseur%20family | Brasseur family | The Brasseur family is a family in Luxembourg that was prominent in politics and industry in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The head of the household was Alexis Brasseur, who had thirteen children by two wives. This second generation included Dominique Brasseur, a liberal Mayor of Luxembourg City and Pierre Brasseur, who was a prominent mining magnate in southern Luxembourg.
Pierre married the daughter of former minister François-Xavier Wurth-Paquet, and had five children, including Xavier Brasseur, a Socialist member of the Chamber of Deputies. Xavier married Jeane de Saint-Hubert, sister of Aline Mayrisch de Saint-Hubert - wife of Arbed President Émile Mayrisch.
Dominique married Constance Brasseur, his half-niece by Alexis's son Jean-Baptiste, and they had six children, including Robert Brasseur, who was a notable Liberal League deputy, and the playwright and composer Alexis Brasseur. The cousins Xavier and Robert became political rivals, representing different factions. Furthermore, Jeanne divorced Xavier in 1910, and married Robert in 1914, two years after her ex-husband had died.
Family tree
Below is a partial family tree, showing some of the most prominent family members. People have the surname Brasseur unless stated otherwise.
Footnotes
References |
23574306 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chot%C4%9Btov | Chotětov | Chotětov is a market town in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,400 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
The village of Hřivno is an administrative part of Chotětov.
References
Populated places in Mladá Boleslav District
Market towns in the Czech Republic |
6904274 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine%20Hardy%20Lavender | Catherine Hardy Lavender | Catherine Hardy Lavender (née Catherine Hardy) (February 8, 1930 – September 8, 2017) was an American athlete who competed mainly in the 100-meter dash. She won an Olympic gold medal in the 4 × 100 metres relay at the 1952 Olympic Summer Games in Helsinki, Finland. Later Hardy married, had children, and a 30-year teaching career in Atlanta schools.
Early life and education
Hardy Lavender was born in Carroll County, Georgia, the third of eight children born to Ernest and Emma (Echols) Hardy. After graduating from Carroll County Training School at age 16, she wanted to attend Tuskegee Institute. Her family was a farming family of limited means, however; so she attended Fort Valley State College (now Fort Valley State University) instead. Though West Georgia College (now University of West Georgia) was only a few miles from Hardy's home in Carrollton, schools were still segregated and as an African-American, Hardy had to look elsewhere to attend college.
In college, Hardy continued playing basketball and enjoyed it. Raymond Pitts, the track coach at Fort Valley, encouraged her to look into track. She agreed, and in 1949, she ran and won her first race at the Tuskegee Relays. Two years later, she won the Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) indoor meet in New York City, winning the 50-yard dash and setting a new American record. From 1951 to 1952, she made All-American. In 1952, Hardy received her B.S. degree in business education. After graduation, she trained hard in preparation for AAU events and the Olympic tryouts. At the AAU, Hardy was a triple winner, winning the 50-yard dash, as well as the 100- and 200-meter races.
To the Olympic Games
At the U.S. Olympic tryouts in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, Hardy set an American record in the 200-meter run, thus securing a position on the 1952 U.S. Olympic Women's Track Team. She was the only representative of the state of Georgia that year in the Olympics, held in Helsinki, Finland. There, she anchored the 4x100 meter relay. She won the gold medal with her teammates Mae Faggs, Barbara Jones and Janet Moreau. This particular race was an upset, because the Australians and their star, Marjorie Jackson, whom they called "Jet", were heavily favored to win. A poor baton transfer, however, beat the Australians' chances.
Originally, Janet Moreau was to serve as the anchor for the team, but when the coach realized that Hardy was the fastest runner on the team, the order was changed. Photographs and video of the race show that the race was quite close, but the US runner Hardy was the one who broke the tape at the finish, edging out Germany, who took the silver medal, and Great Britain, who won the bronze medal. Hardy's time in the 100 meters she ran was faster than the winning time in the 100-meter race at this Olympics. Although Hardy had been slated to compete in that event as well, a poor showing in one of the heats stopped her advancement. Despite this fact, Hardy and her teammates set a new world record, and brought home the gold in this event. Upon returning to the States, Hardy was greeted with a ticker tape parade in her hometown. In 1999 she was inducted into the Georgia Sports Hall of Fame.
Career, marriage and family
Hardy was offered coaching positions in the northern U.S., but chose to enter her field of study—education—in Atlanta, Georgia. There she settled, marrying the late Edward Wright Lavender, Sr. in 1956, and bearing two children—a son Edward Lavender, Jr. in 1957, and a daughter Stephanie in 1960. Hardy Lavender continued teaching, having a career that lasted over 30 years. She retired in 1986 to care for her aged mother who had Alzheimer's disease. After her mother died in 1987, Hardy Lavender returned to education by substitute teaching in the Atlanta Public Schools system.
References
2. Olympians Against the Wind: The Black American Female Difference by A. D. Emerson; 1999, Darmonte Enterprises.
3. 1995–1996 Spirit of Legends Calendar of Black History; BellSouth, Carl Swearingen; 1995.
1930 births
2017 deaths
People from Carroll County, Georgia
Sportspeople from the Atlanta metropolitan area
Track and field athletes from Georgia (U.S. state)
African-American female track and field athletes
American female sprinters
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in track and field
Athletes (track and field) at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Fort Valley State University alumni
Medalists at the 1952 Summer Olympics
USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships winners
USA Indoor Track and Field Championships winners
Olympic female sprinters
20th-century African-American sportspeople
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American women
21st-century African-American women |
20469126 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokachi%20Dam | Tokachi Dam | Tokachi Dam is a dam in Hokkaidō, Japan.
Dams in Hokkaido
Dams completed in 1984 |
23574307 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sov%C3%ADnky | Sovínky | Sovínky is a market town in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants.
Geography
Sovínky is located about southwest of Mladá Boleslav and northeast of Prague. It lies in the Jizera Table plateau.
History
The first written mention of Sovínky is from 1360.
Gallery
References
Populated places in Mladá Boleslav District
Market towns in the Czech Republic |
20469142 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walking%20the%20Line%20%28Oscar%20Peterson%20album%29 | Walking the Line (Oscar Peterson album) | Walking the Line is an album by Canadian jazz pianist and composer Oscar Peterson, released in 1970. Recorded at: MPS Tonstudio Villingen.
Critical reception
AllMusic critic Ken Dryden stated in his review: "Oscar Peterson's series of recordings for Hans Georg Brunner-Schwer during the 1960s and early '70s are one of many high points in his long career... His mastery of the ballad form is heard in his sensitive interpretation of "Once Upon a Summertime,"...
Track listing
"I Love You" (Cole Porter) – 5:14
"Rock of Ages" (Jack Fascinato, Tennessee Ernie Ford) – 5:32
"Once Upon a Summertime" (Eddie Barclay, Michel Legrand, Eddy Marnay, Johnny Mercer) – 5:19
"Just Friends" (John Klenner, Sam M. Lewis) – 3:58
"Teach Me Tonight" (Sammy Cahn, Gene DePaul) – 5:07
"The Windmills of Your Mind" (Alan Bergman, Marilyn Bergman, Michel Legrand) – 5:04
"I Didn't Know What Time It Was" (Lorenz Hart, Richard Rodgers) – 6:37
"All of You" (Porter) – 5:01
Personnel
Performance
Oscar Peterson – piano
George Mraz – double bass
Ray Price – drums
References
1970 albums
Oscar Peterson albums
MPS Records albums |
6904275 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara%20Jones%20%28sprinter%29 | Barbara Jones (sprinter) | Barbara Pearl Jones (later Slater, born March 26, 1937) is a retired American sprinter. She was part of the 4 × 100 m relay teams that won gold medals at the 1952 and 1960 Olympics and at the 1955 and 1959 Pan American Games. At the 1952 Olympics she became the youngest woman to win an Olympic gold medal in athletics, aged 15 years 123 days. She later became a member of the U.S. Paralympic Games Committee.
References
1937 births
American female sprinters
Tennessee State Lady Tigers track and field athletes
Athletes (track and field) at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1955 Pan American Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 1959 Pan American Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in track and field
World record setters in athletics (track and field)
Track and field athletes from Chicago
Living people
Medalists at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Pan American Games gold medalists for the United States
Pan American Games medalists in athletics (track and field)
USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships winners
Medalists at the 1955 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 1959 Pan American Games |
23574311 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cucuruzeni | Cucuruzeni | Cucuruzeni is a commune in Orhei District, Moldova. It is composed of two villages, Cucuruzeni and Ocnița-Răzeși.
References
Communes of Orhei District |
6904276 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day%20on%20Fire | Day on Fire | Day on Fire is a 2006 American film which was produced by Lodestar Entertainment and filmed in New York City and Israel. It was written and directed by Jay Anania, stars Olympia Dukakis, Carmen Chaplin, Alyssa Sutherland and Martin Donovan and is produced by William Fisch and Larry Rattner. The film was scored by John Medeski with vocals by Judy Kuhn.
Day on Fire was screened at the 2006 Cannes Film Festival on May 22, 2006.
Plot
Day on Fire tells the story of a singer, a model, an Arab woman journalist, and a physician as they criss-cross New York City over a 12-hour period. Their intersecting lives unfold against the backdrop of a ghastly suicide bombing in Israel, and the strange New York City wanderings of a malevolent Handsome Man, whose predatory intents lend an air of inevitable, horrific violence. Beautifully and hauntingly musical, this thriller also has a political and personal intrigue that mounts inexorably as the sun begins to set on this fateful day. By the time night has fallen in the city, the crossing of these individual fates is sealed. Each of these four women has found their destiny amidst the brutality that the film reveals.
External links
Day on Fire on Rotten Tomatoes
2006 Toronto International Film Festival
Bleiberg Entertainment
2006 films
American thriller drama films
2006 thriller drama films
2006 drama films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films |
23574331 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%AErze%C8%99ti | Mîrzești | Mîrzești is a commune in Orhei District, Moldova. It is composed of two villages, Mîrzaci and Mîrzești.
References
Communes of Orhei District |
23574342 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolumnia%20urophylla | Tolumnia urophylla | {{Speciesbox
| image = Tolumnia urophylla (as Oncidium urophyllum) - Edwards vol 28 (NS 5) pl 54 (1842).jpg
| image_caption = Illustration of Tolumnia urophylla
| genus = Tolumnia (plant)
| species = urophylla
| authority = (Lodd. ex Lindl.) Braem
| synonyms =
Oncidium urophyllum Lodd. ex Lindl. (basionym)Oncidium urophyllum f. flavum R.J.Midgett
}}Tolumnia urophylla'' is a species of orchid endemic to the Lesser Antilles.
External links
urophylla
Orchids of the Caribbean
Orchids of Îles des Saintes
Flora of the Leeward Islands
Flora without expected TNC conservation status |
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