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17328128 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre%20Quennoz | Alexandre Quennoz | Alexandre Quennoz (born 21 September 1978) is a former Swiss football player, who last played as a defender for Swiss Super League club Neuchâtel Xamax.
Football career
Born in Sion, Valais, Quennoz played his youth football and started his career at local club FC Sion. He advanced to Sion's first team in 1996 under head-coach Alberto Bigon and during his first season he had five appearances for them, as they topped the table to become Swiss champions. During the next season Quennoz advanced to become a regular starter under new head-coach Jean-Claude Richard. Quennoz played three seasons for Sion before he moved on.
Quennoz joined FC Basel's first team for their 1999–2000 season under new head-coach Christian Gross. After playing in four test matches and four games in the UI Cup Quennoz played his domestic league debut for his new club in the away game on 31 October 1999 as Basel played a 2–2 draw with SR Delémont. In his first season with Basel Quennoz played in just eight league matches, but then he advanced to become a regular starter. In their FC Basel's 2001–02 season Quennoz was first choice right back and won the double (league and cup) with the club and advanced to the final of the UI Cup, but here they suffered defeat, Aston Villa won 5–2 on aggregate.
The following season Basel were runners-up in the league, but they were able to repeat the cup victory as Basel beat Xamax 6–0 in the final. Quennoz scored his first goal for his club on 19 October 2003 in the Swiss Cup away game as Basel won 4–1 against Urania Genève Sport.
In their 2003–04 season and 2004–05 season Quennoz and Basel were able to win the domestic league championship another two times. Quennoz played for Basel for seven season, but during the last two he was no longer regular player and therefore he decided to move on. Between the years 1999 and 2006 Quennoz played a total of 243 games for Basel scoring a total of three goals. 98 of these games were in the Nationalliga A, 14 in the Swiss Cup, 10 in the Champions League, nine in the UEFA Cup, 11 in the UI Cup and 101 were friendly games. He did not score a goal in the domestic league, but one in cup and the other two were scored during the test games.
In 2006 Quennoz joined Neuchâtel Xamax on a free transfer in search of first-team football. Xamax had just suffered relegation and were strengthening their squad in an attempt to regain promotion to the top flight. This attempt was achieved, as division champions Quennoz and Xamax won promotion. Quennoz played for Xamax for three years. His last game before retirement was in the 3–1 home win on 24 May 2009 against FC Aarau.
Quennoz played nine games for the Swiss national U-21 football team.
Private life
Since his retirement he is working for an assurance company. In July 2017 Quennoz was appointed as coach by FC Sion for the U18 team. On 5 June 2020 the club announced that Quennoz was to become the coach for their U21 team.
Honours
Sion
Swiss Super League Champion: 1996–97
Basel
Swiss Super League Champion: 2001–02, 2003–04, 2004–05
Swiss Cup Winner: 2001–02, 2002–03
Neuchâtel Xamax
Swiss Challenge League Champion and promotion: 2006–07
References
Sources
Rotblau: Jahrbuch Saison 2017/2018. Publisher: FC Basel Marketing AG.
Die ersten 125 Jahre. Publisher: Josef Zindel im Friedrich Reinhardt Verlag, Basel.
Verein "Basler Fussballarchiv" Homepage
1978 births
Living people
Swiss footballers
FC Basel players
FC Sion players
Neuchâtel Xamax FCS players
Association football defenders
Swiss Super League players
Swiss Challenge League players
People from Sion, Switzerland
Sportspeople from Valais |
6901687 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drivin%27%20%28Pearl%20Harbor%20and%20the%20Explosions%20song%29 | Drivin' (Pearl Harbor and the Explosions song) | "Drivin'" was a moderately successful hit single for San Francisco band Pearl Harbor and the Explosions. It first was released on 415 Records, November 21, 1979. Shortly after, it was re-recorded for the band's self-titled debut LP on Warner Bros, and that version was also released as a single.
After hearing the 415 single, the band Jane Aire and the Belvederes recorded a cover version of "Drivin'", which was released almost at the same time as Pearl Harbor's own WB version.
Track listing
7" (415 Version)
"Drivin'"
"Release It"
7" (Warner Bros. Version)
"Drivin'"
"The Big One"
References
1980 singles
1979 songs
Song recordings produced by David Kahne
Warner Records singles |
17328173 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen%20Luz | Helen Luz | Helen Cristina Santos Luz (born November 23, 1972 in Araçatuba, Brazil) is a retired Brazilian professional basketball player. A starting guard on the great Brazilian teams of the 1990s and early 2000s, she was world champion in the 1994 FIBA World Championship for Women and bronze medallist at the 2000 Summer Olympics. Luz also played for the Washington Mystics in the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) in 2001–2003, and in the Spanish Liga Femenina for Zaragoza (2003–2004), Barcelona (2004–2006), Rivas (2006–2007), Cadi La Seu (2007–2008), and Hondarribia-Irun (2008–2010). She finished her career in one final season with the Brazilian team Americana, in São Paulo State, announcing her retirement at the end of February 2011.
Since retiring, Helen has become a commentator on SporTV, opened (with her sisters) a social project for teaching basketball to children in Louveira, and begun a regular blog. In addition, she told interviewers that she hoped to become a mother, and on November 21, 2012, she and her husband Octavio welcomed into the world their son Pedro Lafiaccola Luz. Most recently she has become vice president of the Liga Basquete Feminino (the Women's Basketball League of Brazil), and has been invited to join the Commission for Women in Sport set up by the Brazilian Olympic Committee.
She is sister to three other basketballers, Silvia, Cínthia and Rafael.
Brazilian national team career
Helen played on the Brazilian women's national teams that competed in the Olympics in Barcelona in 1992 (7th place), Sydney in 2000 (bronze medal), and Athens in 2004 (4th place), and in the World Championships in Australia in 1994 (Gold medal), Germany in 1998 (4th place), China in 2002 (7th place), and Brazil in 2006 (4th place). Her teams were South American Champions in 1991, 1993, 1997, 1999, 2005, 2006 and 2010. She was MVP in the 2001 Copa América in Brazil and 2005 in Paraguay.
Helen retired from the national team after the 2006 World Championship games, but returned in 2009 to help lead the team to victory in the FIBA Americas Championship. In the four games of the tournament she led the Brazilian team in points per game (12.0, 10th in the tournament) and was second on the team in assists per game (3.6, 3rd in the tournament).
WNBA career
Helen signed as a free agent with the Washington Mystics prior to the start of their 2001 training camp. She averaged 13.4 minutes per game over three seasons, usually coming off the bench as a 3-point specialist. She was a fan favorite for her enthusiasm and intelligent, unselfish play; the moment she stood up to approach the scorer's table, the MCI Center would resound with shouts of "Luz!" (A story in the Washington Post reported that she initially thought she was being booed, and wondered why.) She finished her WNBA career with a quite respectable .377 3-point shooting percentage -- .500 in four playoff games.
Pro League career
Helen played in the Brazil Pro League from 1994 through 2002, with her clubs winning several championships. In 2004, she played with Novosibirsk in the Russian Pro League. From 2003 through 2010 she played in the Spanish Pro League, winning a championship with Barcelona in 2004–5 and Supercopa in 2005 before moving to Cadi in 2007 and then to Hondarribia-Irun in 2008.
Vital statistics
Position: Point guard/Shooting guard
Height: 5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)
Weight 144 lbs. (65 kg)
Born 23-11-1972
External links
WNBA Player Profile
Irmãs Luz
Sportalents Sports Management Agency
Hondarribia-Irun team in Spanish Liga Femenina
“Mystics' Luz Plays Name Game; Brazilian Lets Court Work Talk as She Handles Language, Cultural Barriers”
Interview with Photos (in Portuguese)
Helen, Alessandra and outcast Iziane return for Brazil
Helen planeja encabeçar retorno de jogadoras brasileiras ao país
FIBA Americas Championship 2009
Helen de Volta Americana
Interview discussing retirement -- nice photos
Videotape of interview
Appreciation from Spanish Basketball Federation
Luuuuz Blog on Basketeria
1972 births
Living people
People from Araçatuba
Brazilian people of German descent
Basketball players at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Basketball players at the 1999 Pan American Games
Basketball players at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Basketball players at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Brazilian expatriate basketball people in Spain
Brazilian expatriate basketball people in the United States
Brazilian expatriates in Russia
Brazilian women's basketball players
Olympic basketball players of Brazil
Olympic bronze medalists for Brazil
Olympic medalists in basketball
Pan American Games competitors for Brazil
Point guards
Shooting guards
Washington Mystics players
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from São Paulo (state) |
17328185 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis%20Sibson | Francis Sibson | Francis Sibson FRS (21 May 1814 – 7 September 1876) was an English physician and anatomist.
Early life
He was born at Crosscanonby, near Maryport, Cumberland but grew up and was educated in Edinburgh, apprenticed to John Lizars, surgeon and anatomist, receiving his diploma (LRCS) in 1831. He treated cholera patients during the 1831–32 epidemic.
He continued his studies at Guy's and St Thomas's Hospital, London, qualifying licentiate of the Society of Apothecaries (LSA) in 1835. He accepted the post as resident surgeon and apothecary to the Nottingham General Hospital. In 1848 he returned to London and graduated MB and MD in the same year. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1849.
Career
In 1851 he was appointed physician at St Mary's Hospital and lecturer at the medical school. Sibson was concerned to exhibit the internal organs of the human body in both healthy and diseased states: he was particularly interested in the physiology and pathology of the respiratory organs.
In 1862 he was appointed president of the Medical Society of London; from 1866 to 1869 Sibson served as president of the British Medical Association Council, and then later as vice-president for life.
He delivered the Goulstonian Lecture (1854), the Croonian Lecture (1870) and the Lumleian Lectures (1874) to the Royal College of Physicians
Private life
He married Sarah Mary Ouvry (1822–1898) in 1858. He died suddenly whilst on holiday at Geneva.
Suprapleural membrane is also known as "Sibson's fascia".
Death
He died at the Hôtel des Bergues, Geneva, on 7 September 1876.
Publications
Medical Anatomy, or, Illustrations of the Relevant Position and Movements of the Internal Organs (London, 1869)
The Nomenclature of Diseases, drawn up by a Joint Committee appointed by the Royal College of Physicians (London, 1869)
Collected Works of Francis Sibson, W.M. Ord (ed.) (London, 1881)
References
External links
Papers of Francis Sibson at the Royal College of Physicians
1814 births
1876 deaths
19th-century English medical doctors
British anatomists
Fellows of the Royal Society
People from Maryport
Presidents of the British Medical Association |
20464949 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%20Argentine%20legislative%20election | 2009 Argentine legislative election | Legislative elections were held in Argentina for half the seats in the Chamber of Deputies and a third (24) of the seats in the Senate on 28 June 2009, as well as for the legislature of the City of Buenos Aires and other municipalities.
Background
The elections were due to have been held on 25 October 2009. In March 2009, the Mayor of Buenos Aires, Mauricio Macri, moved to bring forward the date of elections to the Buenos Aires City Legislature to June 28, saying that it would increase transparency and democratic quality. Opposition figures criticised the decision, suggesting Macri was attempting to consolidate his power in the city, and building the career of his deputy, Gabriela Michetti, expected to head the list for Macri's coalition in the election. Similar changes to the election date had been introduced in the provinces of Santa Fe and Catamarca (March 2009).
Despite the criticism by politicians from Government ranks that Macri had abused the process by unilaterally changing the election date, President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner announced that she too would be introducing legislation to move the date of national elections forward by four months, to June 28. Despite great debate and the defections of some Peronist legislators, the proposal passed its Congressional stages quickly and the date was successfully changed. The Government claimed it would allow politicians to leave behind campaigning priorities and focus on tackling the ongoing local effect of the international financial crisis. Equally controversial was a decision by Front for Victory leader Néstor Kirchner (the current President's husband and predecessor) to advance stand-in candidates - prominent local lawmakers (notably Buenos Aires Province Governor Daniel Scioli, as well as 15 Greater Buenos Aires-area mayors) who, after the election, would be likely to cede their new seats to down-ticket names.
The elections resulted in a setback for the governing, center-left Front for Victory and its allies, which lost their absolute majorities in both houses of Congress. Former President Néstor Kirchner stood as head of his party list in the important Buenos Aires Province. Kirchner's list was defeated, however, by the center-right Republican Proposal (PRO) list headed by businessman Francisco de Narváez; the loss in Buenos Aires Province, though narrow, is significant as the province has been considered a Peronist stronghold and had helped maintain Kirchnerism as the dominant force in Argentine politics since 2003. Buenos Aires Vice Mayor Gabriela Michetti stood as head of the PRO list for the Lower House, and defeated four other prominent parties; the evening's surprise in Buenos Aires, however, was that of filmmaker Fernando Solanas' left-wing Proyecto Sur, which obtained second place.
The Kirchners' leading opposition on the center-left, the Civic Coalition, also made significant gains – particularly in the Senate, where they gained 7 seats. The Front for Victory had already lost 16 Lower House members and 4 Senators on the heels of the 2008 Argentine government conflict with the agricultural sector over a proposed rise in export tariffs. The crisis was defused by Vice President Julio Cobos' surprise, tie-breaking vote against them on July 16, 2008; but fallout from the controversy led to the President's distancing from Cobos (who successfully supported his own party list in his native Mendoza Province), a sharp drop in presidential approval ratings, and the aforementioned congressional defections. One especially successful ex-Kirchnerist was Santa Fe Province Senator Carlos Reutemann, who after the agrarian conflict formed Santa Fe Federal. His new party narrowly bested local Socialist Party leader Rubén Giustiniani, who would garner one of Santa Fe's three Senate seats. The Front for Victory retained a plurality in both houses, however (they will, with two allies, be one seat short of an absolute majority in the Senate).
Results
Chamber of Deputies
Results by province
Senate
Results by province
References
External links
2009 elections in Argentina
Elections in Argentina
Presidency of Cristina Fernández de Kirchner |
17328195 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yashaswi | Yashaswi | Yashashwi is a Sanskrit word that can be used as either a noun or a verb. It can also be spelt as Yashashwi, Yashaswi, Yashasvi or Yeshaswi. It means eternal success or fame for eternity.
Naming a boy Yashashwi generally means wishing them to be victorious or glorious or famous or successful. YASHASHWI name is gender neutral . Person with name
Yashashwi are mainly Hindu by religion. Name Yashashwi belongs to rashi Vrushik (Scorpio) and Nakshatra (stars) Jyeshta.
Yashashwi has its origination from the Sanskrit word Yashaswin. The word was used frequently in blessings as "Yashashwi Bhava" during Vedic times by rishis and sages to bless kings.
This is one of the given names that prevails in Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh as well as other states occupied by Hindu population.
Yashashwi is a name which is used by mainly Indians and other Hindu people, such as Nepalese, to name their children. There is no gender biasedness on this name.
Nepalese given names |
17328198 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald%20Forbes | Donald Forbes | Donald Forbes (1935 – 12 April 2008) was a Scottish convicted murderer. Forbes was convicted and jailed on three occasions, twice for murder and once for drug offences. He was at one time branded as "Scotland's most dangerous man".
Forbes was found guilty of murder in 1958 after a robbery at a fish factory in Edinburgh in which he killed night watchman Allan Fisher. Forbes was originally sentenced to the death penalty but it was reduced to life imprisonment. 12 years after the offence Forbes was freed.
Only weeks after being released Forbes committed murder again, this time in a pub during a brawl. He was jailed again; one year after the second imprisonment he escaped from the maximum security wing but was later recaptured.
In 1980, he married Alison Grierson. He went on to serve 10 years in the Barlinnie special unit with notorious killers such as Jimmy Boyle.
In 1998, he was released. In 2003 he was branded "Scotland's oldest drugs baron". At the age of 68 Forbes was arrested for preparing large quantities of cocaine and cannabis for sale. Forbes was caught after an anonymous tip off.
Forbes died in hospital on 12 April 2008 with his son James Forbes at his side, while still serving his prison sentence.
References
1935 births
2008 deaths
Scottish people convicted of murder
People convicted of murder by Scotland
Prisoners sentenced to death by Scotland
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by Scotland
Prisoners who died in Scottish detention
Scottish people who died in prison custody
Scottish prisoners sentenced to death
Scottish prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
20th-century Scottish criminals |
6901696 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe%20McKelvey | Joe McKelvey | Joseph McKelvey (17 June 1898 – 8 December 1922) was an Irish Republican Army officer who was executed during the Irish Civil War. He participated in the anti-Treaty IRA's repudiation of the authority of the Dáil (civil government of the Irish Republic declared in 1919) in March 1922 and was elected to the IRA Army Executive. In April 1922 he helped command the occupation of the Four Courts in defiance of the new Irish Free State. This action helped to spark the civil war, between pro- and anti-Treaty factions. McKelvey was among the most hardline of the anti-Treaty republicans and briefly, in June 1922, became IRA Chief of Staff.
Background
McKelvey was born in Stewartstown, County Tyrone, the only son of Patrick McKelvey, a Royal Irish Constabulary constable who later became a sergeant, and Rose O’Neill, a post office employee. During World War I, McKelvey Snr enlisted in the special reserve of the British Army and, in 1917, was posted to the Northumberland Fusiliers. He died in 1919 in Belfast, due to a perforation of his stomach, at the age of 57.
Joe McKelvey had a keen interest in the Gaelic Athletic Association and the Irish language. He studied as an accountant and gained some of the qualifications necessary for this profession, but never fully qualified. He worked for a time at the Income Tax Office on Queen's Square in Belfast and later found work in the city's engineering industry with Mackies on the Springfield road. He joined the Irish Republican Brotherhood and the Irish Volunteers, which during 1919 became known as the Irish Republican Army (IRA).
He was a founder member of the O'Donovan Rossa Club, Belfast – established in 1916 on the Falls Road. Each year the club honour him with a juvenile hurling blitz, an invitational competition which is participated in by clubs throughout Ireland.
War of Independence
McKelvey participated in the Irish War of Independence 1919–1921 against the British, in which he commanded the IRA's 1st Battalion, Belfast Brigade. In April 1920, he and other Volunteers burned the tax office in Belfast Customs House and two other Income Tax Offices. In July 1920, during a wave of violence in the wake of the IRA assassination of a northern police inspector (Gerard Smyth) in Cork, McKelvey was expelled from his job by loyalist intimidation. Roughly 7,000 other Catholics and left-wing Protestant political activists also lost their jobs in this manner at the time. Many of these unemployed Catholics were later recruited into the IRA. McKelvey later wrote to the IRA leadership that 75% of his volunteers were unemployed. In July 1920 McKelvey defended catholics during the ‘Belfast pogroms’. On 22 August 1920, McKelvey helped to organise the killing of RIC Detective Oswald Swanzy in Lisburn. The killing itself was carried out by IRA men from Cork, but McKelvey arranged a taxi to carry the assassins to and from the scene and disposed of their weapons. In reprisal for this shooting, 300 Catholic homes in Lisburn were burned out (see The Troubles (1920–1922)). McKelvey was forced to lie low in Dublin for some time after these events.
In March 1921, the IRA was re-organised by GHQ into divisions, and McKelvey was appointed commander of the Third Northern Division, responsible for Belfast and the surrounding area. McKelveys three brigades covered Belfast, County Antrim and north County Down. He was criticized by some of the younger, more radical Volunteers in the IRA Belfast Brigade (led by Roger McCorley), for being reluctant to sanction the killing of police and British Army personnel in Belfast. McKelvey feared (and was proved correct) that such actions would provoke retaliatory attacks on the Catholic and Irish nationalist community by loyalists. Nevertheless, he was unable to control some of his younger volunteers, who formed an "active service unit" on their own initiative and killed policemen and soldiers on a regular basis. When such attacks occurred, loyalists, generally supported by the Ulster Special Constabulary, attacked Catholic areas in reprisal. The IRA was then forced to try to defend Catholic areas, and McKelvey feared that the organisation was being drawn into sectarian conflict as opposed to what he saw as the "real" struggle for Irish independence. In May 1921, McKelvey's command suffered a severe setback when fifty of his best men were sent to County Cavan to train and link up with the IRA units there, only to be surrounded and captured by the British Army on Lappanduff hill on 9 May.
In most of Ireland, hostilities were ended with a truce declared on 11 July 1921. However, in the north and particularly in Belfast, violence intensified over the following year. McKelvey wrote to GHQ at this time that his command was very short of both arms and money. In March 1922, many of his papers, detailing the names and units of the roughly 1,000 IRA members in Belfast, were captured by the B-Specials in a raid on St Mary's Hall in Belfast.
Civil War
McKelvey was alone among the leadership of the Belfast IRA in going against the acceptance of the Anglo-Irish Treaty. Most of his comrades supported Michael Collins' assurances that, although the Treaty accepted the partition of Northern Ireland from the rest of the country, this was only a temporary concession which would be dealt with later. McKelvey did not accept this. As a result, he left his command as head of the IRA Third Northern Division and joined the Anti-Treaty IRA in Dublin. McKelvey was replaced by Seamus Woods as O/C of the Third Northern Division. Seamus Woods would go on to senior positions within the Free State Army (Assistant Chief of Staff).
McKelvey participated in the Anti-Treaty IRA's repudiation of the authority of the Dáil (civil government of the Irish Republic declared in 1919) in March 1922 and was elected as the IRA Army Chief of Staff of the Executive. In April 1922 he helped command the occupation of the Four Courts in defiance of the new Irish Free State. This action helped to spark the Irish Civil War, between pro and anti Treaty factions. McKelvey was among the most hardline of the anti-Treaty republicans and briefly, in June 1922, became IRA Chief of Staff, replacing Liam Lynch.
On 28 June 1922, the new Irish Free State government shelled the Four Courts to assert its authority over the militants defending it. The Republicans in the Four Courts surrendered after two days of fighting and McKelvey was captured. He was held for the following five months in Mountjoy Prison in Dublin, McKelvey was never tried or convicted of any offense.
Execution
On 8 December 1922, Joe McKelvey was executed by firing squad along with three other Anti-Treaty militants, Rory O'Connor, Liam Mellows and Richard Barrett. The executions had been ordered in reprisal for the Anti-Treaty IRA's murder of Sean Hales, a Pro-Treaty member of the Third Dáil. McKelvey was a well respected Irish Republican leader and many Pro-Treaty Officers and men took his execution very badly.
On the morning of his execution, he wrote this letter to Mrs Isabella Sullivan (née Letson) of Walmer, Andersonstown, Belfast: Letter written by McKelvey to Mrs Sullivan, 8 December 1922.
See also
Executions during the Irish Civil War,
References
External links
Irish Independent, 17 February 2002, The truth behind the murder of Sean Hales.
1898 births
1922 deaths
People from County Tyrone
Irish republicans
Members of the Irish Republican Brotherhood
Irish Republican Army (1919–1922) members
Irish Republican Army (1922–1969) members
People of the Irish Civil War (Anti-Treaty side)
People executed by Ireland by firing squad
Executed Irish people
People executed by the Irish Free State |
17328201 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trifid | Trifid | Trifid is Latin for "split into three parts" or "threefold" and may refer to:
Trifid (journal), a Czech-language periodical
Trifid Nebula in the constellation Sagittarius
Trifid cipher, a fractionated cipher
Trifid (software), suite of manufacturing software by Plessey.
Distinguish from
Triffid, a fictional dangerous mobile plant in the 1951 novel The Day of the Triffids by John Wyndham
The Triffids, a popular Australian band named for the plant
See also
The Day of the Triffids (disambiguation) |
20464954 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lute%20Song%20%28musical%29 | Lute Song (musical) | Lute Song is a 1946 American musical with a book by Sidney Howard and Will Irwin, music by Raymond Scott, and lyrics by Bernard Hanighen. It is based on the 14th-century Chinese play Tale of the Pipa (Pi-Pa-Ji) by Gao Ming. Though not a great success, the show is significant for Mary Martin's meeting of then-unknown cast member Yul Brynner, whom she later recommended to her friends Rodgers and Hammerstein for the role of the Siamese monarch in the classic The King and I, which premiered on Broadway in 1951. It was also the only Broadway appearance of Nancy Davis, future U.S. First Lady Nancy Reagan.
Development
Cyril Birch, collaborator in a translation of The Peach Blossom Fan, wrote that presumably the basis of the American play was the 1846 Antoine (A. P. L.) Bazin French translation of the Chinese play Tale of the Pipa.
Plot
The plot focuses on Tsai-Yong (Cai Yong), a young student who leaves his wife Tchao-Ou-Niang and parents to make a name for himself. He becomes a notable magistrate, but when he marries Princess Nieou-Chi, he is forbidden by her father to contact his family. His impoverished parents die of starvation during a famine, and Tchao-Ou-Niang is forced to sell her hair to pay for their funeral. She ultimately is reunited with her husband by Nieou-Chi, and is welcomed to the palace as his #1 wife.
Unlike the original work, Tsai-Yong has to decide between love and filial piety. Ultimately Tsai-Yong and Tchao-Ou-Niang are united.
Production
The Broadway production was directed by John Houseman and was produced by Michael Meyerberg. It opened at the Plymouth Theatre on February 6, 1946 and closed on June 8 of the same year after running for 142 performances. Scenic, costume, and lighting design were by Robert Edmond Jones.
The cast included Yul Brynner as Tsai-Yong, Mary Martin as Tchao-Ou-Niang, Mildred Dunnock and Augustin Duncan as the parents, and Helen Craig as Nieou-Chi. Appearing as Si-Tchun, a Lady-in-Waiting, was Nancy Davis, making her first and only Broadway appearance.
A London production opened at the Winter Garden on October 11, 1948, produced by Albert de Courville and starring Brynner and Dolly Haas.
One factor in the change to the ending was the efforts of Mary Martin and her husband Richard Halliday, who acted as her manager, because of the belief that "'sharing a man was unworthy of a star of Mary's magnitude'".
Song list
Act 1
Mountain High, Valley Low ..... Tchao-Ou-Niang and Tsai-Yong
Monkey See, Monkey Do ..... Tchao-Ou-Niang
Where You Are ..... Tchao-Ou-Niang
Act 2
Willow Tree ..... Tsai-Yong
Vision Song ..... Tchao-Ou-Niang and Tsai-Yong
Bitter Harvest ..... Tchao-Ou-Niang
Act 3
Mountain High, Valley Low (Reprise) ..... Tchao-Ou-Niang
Lute Song ..... Tchao-Ou-Niang
Decca Records released an album containing six tracks - four vocals by Martin and two instrumentals - on three 78 RPM records.
Critical reception
Time called it "the season's loveliest production and most charming failure [that] never quite catches the inner glow of art or the outward stir of theater." It continued, "There should have been either less spectacle or less story. As it is, the old tale is retold at considerable length, but loses much of its flow and human feeling through gorgeous interruptions and sumptuous distractions. What's more, neither the writing nor the acting has quite the stylized quality it reaches after."
References
Birch, Cyril. "Introduction: The Peach Blossom Fan as Southern Drama." In: K'ung, Shang-jen. Translators: Chen, Shih-hsiang and Harold Acton. Collaborator: Birch, Cyril. The Peach Blossom Fan (T'ao-hua-shan). University of California Press, 1976. .
Clausen, Søren, Roy Starrs, and Anne Wedell-Wedellsborg. Cultural encounters: China, Japan, and the West : essays commemorating 25 years of East Asian studies at the University of Aarhus. Aarhus University Press, 1995. , 9788772884974.
Notes
External links
Lute Song at Internet Broadway Database
1946 musicals
Broadway musicals
Musicals based on plays
Works based on Chinese classics |
17328206 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan%20Dunn | Alan Dunn | Alan Dale Dunn (born November 19, 1961) is a college baseball coach and former pitcher, who is the current pitching coach of the Arkansas State Red Wolves. He played college baseball at the University of Alabama from 1980 to 1983 before pursuing a professional career. Dunn served as the bullpen coach of the Baltimore Orioles from 2007 to 2010.
Playing career
Dunn played collegiate baseball at the University of Alabama. He was a member of the 1983 College World Series runner-up team. Dunn was drafted by the Detroit Tigers in the fourth round of the 1983 amateur draft. He played in the minor league with the Tigers and the New York Mets from –. Dunn played High School ball at Emma Sansom HS in Gadsden, AL where he was famous for striking out Mike Simpson several times.
Coaching career
Following his playing days, he coached at Vanderbilt University, and became a scout for the Chicago Cubs in . He was a coach in the Cubs minor league system for 14 years, from 1993 to . In the middle of the 2007 season, Dunn became the bullpen coach of the Baltimore Orioles. He was replaced by Rick Adair after the 2010 season. Dunn moved back to the college ranks with LSU in 2012. In addition to serving as pitching coach for the Tigers, he was promoted to Associate Head Coach in January 2017. Dunn left LSU after the retirement of Head Coach Paul Mainieri following the 2021 season. He was named the pitching coach at Arkansas State.
References
External links
Orioles.com coach page
1961 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Gadsden, Alabama
Baltimore Orioles coaches
Chicago Cubs scouts
Major League Baseball bullpen coaches
Minor league baseball coaches
Lakeland Tigers players
Birmingham Barons players
Alabama Crimson Tide baseball players
LSU Tigers baseball coaches
Vanderbilt Commodores baseball coaches
Arkansas State Red Wolves baseball coaches |
17328210 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castello%20di%20Lunghezza | Castello di Lunghezza | The Castello di Lunghezza ("Lunghezza Castle") is a medieval fortification situated roughly east of Rome, Italy. It lies in Municipio VIII of Rome, and probably sits on the site of the ancient town of Collatia.
History
It was constructed in the year 761 AD and was ruled over by the Poli Family for several generations. In the 13th century, the Polis fell out of favor with Pope Boniface VIII when they gave all the lands around the castle to a local monastery. After some dispute, the papacy gained control of the land and it was bestowed upon the Orsinis, a family of Roman nobles.
In the 1950s, the castle was purchased by British curator Malcolm Munthe, who sought to restore it and open it to the public.
References
Buildings and structures completed in 761
Lunghezza
Populated places established in the 8th century |
23571862 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skvr%C5%88ov | Skvrňov | Skvrňov is a municipality and village in Kolín District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 200 inhabitants.
References
Villages in Kolín District |
23571863 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamsil%20Bridge | Jamsil Bridge | The Jamsil Bridge crosses the Han River in South Korea and connects the districts of Songpa-gu and Gwangjin-gu. Completed in 1972, it is the 6th bridge to be constructed over the Han River.
References
Bridges in Seoul
Buildings and structures in Songpa District
Buildings and structures in Gwangjin District
Bridges completed in 1972 |
6901697 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry%20Farjeon | Harry Farjeon | Harry Farjeon (6 May 1878 – 29 December 1948) was a British composer and an influential teacher of harmony and composition at the Royal Academy of Music for more than 45 years.
Early life and studies
Harry Farjeon was born in Hohokus Township, New Jersey, United States, the eldest son of author Benjamin Farjeon, who was from the East End of London, and Margaret, the daughter of American actor Joseph Jefferson. His parents returned to Britain when he was a baby, and he lived in Hampstead in London for the rest of his life. His younger sister, Eleanor Farjeon (b. 1881), with whom he shared a rich imaginary life, wrote children's books and poetry, including the hymn, Morning Has Broken. His younger brothers were J. Jefferson Farjeon (b. 1883), novelist, and Herbert Farjeon (b. 1887), writer of theatrical revues.
Harry studied music privately with Landon Ronald and John Storer, then in 1895 he entered the Royal Academy of Music in London, where he studied composition with Battison Haynes and Frederick Corder, and piano with Septimus Webbe. There he was a contemporary of Arnold Bax, York Bowen, Adam Carse, Eric Coates, Benjamin Dale and Percy Hilder Miles. An opera, Floretta, to a libretto by his sister, Eleanor, was produced at the Academy in 1899, and two operettas were performed at St George's Hall in 1901 and 1902.
Career in music
Farjeon left the Royal Academy of Music in 1900, but in 1901 he returned to teach composition. Two years later, at the age of 25, he became the Academy's youngest ever professor, having become the family wage-earner after the death of his father. Among his pupils were Mary Chandler, George Lloyd, Christian Darnton, Geraldine Mucha, Phyllis Tate, Daniel Jones and Steve Race. He also taught at the Blackheath Conservatoire.
Harry Farjeon composed music throughout most of his life. His compositions are mostly for piano (many grouped into suites and collections, some also published separately) with the illustrative pieces mostly intended to appeal to amateur home pianists. But he also wrote a piano sonata, chamber music (including four string quartets), full scale orchestral works and many separate songs, song cycles and dramatic works, often setting texts by his sister Eleanor. He also wrote about music for the Daily Telegraph, the Musical Times and other periodicals.
On 3 September 1903 his Piano Concerto in D minor was performed at the Proms. His Hans Andersen suite for small orchestra was played with great success at a Patron's Fund concert of the Royal College of Music in 1905, and also played by the Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra and elsewhere. The song cycle The Lute of Jade, which sets classical Chinese poetry from the popular translations by Launcelot Cranmer-Byng, was premiered in July 1917 by the Welsh mezzo-soprano and composer Morfydd Owen at the Birkenhead National Eisteddfod. His Phantasy Piano Concerto and the St. Dominic Mass were both published as part of the Carnegie Collection of British Music in 1925 and 1926 respectively, and both were frequently performed.
In 1937 Farjeon's close friend, the pianist Eileen Joyce, recorded the Tarantella in A minor in what became one of her most successful gramophone records. It seems likely that he composed it especially for Joyce and gave her the manuscript, as it wasn't published and doesn't appear in any catalogue entries. The Christmas Masque A Room at the Inn (written by Herbert and Eleanor Farjeon with music by Harry Farjeon) was broadcast five times between 1932 and 1945. And on 10 July 1942 his symphonic poem Pannychis (inspired by Eleanor Farjeon's short story of the same name) was played at The Proms, conducted by Basil Cameron. Farjeon regarded the symphonic poem Summer Vision as his best work, but the score was sent to Germany shortly before World War I and was lost.
His eyesight had been bad since childhood, and it grew worse as he became older. His students wrote their compositions on specially printed brown paper. Steve Race has said that writing on this paper cured him of writing long rambling compositions. Farjeon taught at the Academy for 47 years, despite developing Parkinson's disease in later life. He was still teaching thirty students a week when, at the end of the July 1948 term, he fell and broke his hip. He died in Hampstead on 29 December 1948.
Selected works
Orchestral
1903 - Characteristic Variations for orchestra
1905 - Hans Andersen Suite for small orchestra
1907 - Mowgli, symphonic poem
1913 - Summer Vision, symphonic poem (score lost)
1915 - The Ballet of the Trees for orchestra
1929 - Caldicot Suite for orchestra
1942 - Pannychis, symphonic poem
Symphony in D major
Elegy for strings
Air on a Ground Bass for strings
Pantomime, suite for strings
Concertante
1903 - Piano Concerto in D minor
1924-5 - Phantasy Piano Concerto (also version for 2 pianos)
1925? Idyll for oboe and orchestra (fp 7 January 1926, Bournemouth, soloist Leon Goossens)
Chamber
1901 - Two Romances for violin and piano (pub. Boosey)
1906 - Chant d'Ete and Berceuse for violin and piano, Op.14 (pub. Augener)
Suite for violin and piano Op. 20
1911 - Deaux morceaux for viola and piano (pub. Schott)
1915 - Air for violins upon a ground bass for violin and piano, Op.38 (pub. Augener)
1917 - Poem for violins and violas
1925 - Three tone pictures for violin and piano, Op.57
1925? - The Sleeping Beauty Op.60/2 for flute, cello and piano
1927 - String Quartet No.4 in C major Op.65 (pub. W Paxton)
1928 - Humoresque for cello and piano
1928 Two Italian Sketches for piano duet (Recorded by Christopher Howell and Ermanno de Stefani)
1931 Vignettes Op. 72 for two pianos
Cello Sonata in G minor
Cello Sonata in D
Piano Trio in B minor
Piano Trio in G minor
String Quartet No.1 In G
String Quartet No.2 in B flat
String Quartet No.3
Violin Sonata No.1
Violin Sonata No.2 in F sharp minor
Violin Sonata No.3 in E flat Op.69 (publ. Joseph Williams, 1931)
Opera and Dramatic
1899 - Floretta (text by Eleanor Farjeon)
1900 - The Registry Office, operetta
1902 - A Gentleman of the Road, operetta in 1 act, Op. 6
1932 - A Room at the Inn, Christmas Masque (with Herbert Farjeon and Eleanor Farjeon)
Choral
1923 - St Dominic Mass, Op. 51
1924 - Salvator Mundi (anthem)
1925 - Down-adown-Derry for women's voices, flute and strings
1925? - The Sleeping Beauty Op.60/1, choral ballad for female voices and piano (words Walter de la Mare) Op.60/1
Lament for women's choir
Piano
1905 - Night Music Op. 11, piano suite, 7 pieces (pub. Augener)
1905 - Swan Song (pub. Augener)
1906 - Miniature Sonata Op. 12 (pub. Augener)
1906 - Pictures from Greece Op. 13, piano suite, 6 pieces (pub. Augener)
Two Bohemian Sketches, Op. 16
1906 - The Four Winds Op. 18, piano suite, 4 pieces (pub. Augener)
1907 - Musical Sketch Book 4 pieces (pub. Augener)
Tone-Pictures Opp. 19, 23, 29 and 31, piano pieces, four volumes (pub. Augener)
Three Venetian Idylls Op. 20 (pub. Augener). (Recorded by Christopher Howell)
A Summer Suite Op. 21, six pieces (pub. Augener)
3 Moments Musicaux Op. 24 (pub. Augener)
Aquarelles- Five idylls in Water Colour Op. 25 (pub. Ricordi)
1909? - Prelude From The Forest of Andaine Op. 27 (pub. Augener)
1910 - Two Idylls, Op. 28 (pub. Vincent)
From the Three-Cornered Kingdom Op.30, 6 pieces (pub. Augener)
Four Twilight Pieces Op. 34 (pub. Augener)
1914 - Variations in A Op. 35, theme and 5 variations (pub. Augener)
Lyric Pieces, Op. 40
1918 - Peter Pan Sketches Op. 44, piano suite, 5 pieces (pub. Newman)
1920 - Piano Sonata Op.43 (pub. Edwin Ashdown)
1923 - The Art of Piano Pedalling 2 volumes
1923 - Tunes Without Tales Op. 53, piano suite, 10 pieces
Two Free Fugues, Op 54
1925 - Six Preludes, Op 56
1926 - Contrasts, suite
1930 - Sports, suite
1931 - The Art of Piano Phrasing, Op. 66
1931 - Five Love Poems for Piano Op. 67
1931 - Rhapsody for two pianos Op. 70
193? - Tarantella in A minor (recorded by Eileen Joyce, 1937)
Song Cycles
1900 - Vagrant Songs for baritone and piano, Op. 26 (E.Farjeon)
1906 - Three Toy Songs, (E.Farjeon)
1908 - Child Songs, (E.Farjeon)
1917 - The Lute of Jade
1924 - A Sussex Alphabet, (26 songs)
Peacock Pie (Walter de la Mare)
Further reading
Eleanor Farjeon: A Nursery in the Nineties (Gollancz, 1935)
Annabel Farjeon: Morning has broken: a biography of Eleanor Farjeon (Julia MacRae, 1986)
Harry Farjeon: Musical Words Explained (OUP, 1933)
"The Music of Harry Farjeon: A short survey of his work", in The Musical Mirror VII/6, London, 1927, p. 137
References
External links
Harry Farjeon website
Herbert Farjeon archive at the University of Bristol Theatre Collection, University of Bristol
Eileen Joyce plays Tarantella in A minor by Harry Farjeon
Daniel Kasparian plays A Swan Song, 3 December, 2009
Royal Academy of Music: Portrait of Harry Farjeon by William Townsend. Pencil drawing, 1946
1878 births
1948 deaths
British classical composers
British male classical composers
British Jews
20th-century classical composers
Alumni of the Royal Academy of Music
Jewish American classical composers
Harry
People from Bergen County, New Jersey
People from Hampstead
Musicians from London
Academics of the Royal Academy of Music
American emigrants to England
American people of English descent
American people of English-Jewish descent
American male classical composers
American classical composers
20th-century British composers
20th-century American composers
Classical musicians from New Jersey
20th-century American male musicians |
23571865 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star%C3%BD%20Kol%C3%ADn | Starý Kolín | Starý Kolín is a municipality and village in Kolín District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,700 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
The village of Bašta is an administrative part of Starý Kolín.
Etymology
The name Kolín probably comes from the Old Czech verb koliti, i.e. "to hammer poles", and is related to the location of Starý Kolín in the often flooded area at the confluence of Klejnárka and Elbe. The soil in the vicinity of the confluence was strengthened with the help of wooden poles.
Geography
Starý Kolín lies about east of Prague. It lies in a fertile landscape of the Central Elbe Table lowland. It is located on the left bank of the Elbe River, at the confluence of the rivers Elbe and Klejnárka.
History
The first written mention of Starý Kolín is from 1267, when the Church of Saint Andrew was consecrated. Although it is documented later than Kolín, the adjective starý (i.e. "old") indicates that it is older than Kolín. Starý Kolín was owned by various burghers until 1547, when Emperor Ferdinand I confiscated it and joined it to the Kolín estate.
Sights
The landmark of Starý Kolín is the Church of Saint Andrew. The current church was built in 1731–1740, after the old church was destroyed by a fire.
Notable people
Josef Paleček (born 1949), ice hockey player and coach
References
External links
Villages in Kolín District |
23571867 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svoj%C5%A1ice%20%28Kol%C3%ADn%20District%29 | Svojšice (Kolín District) | Svojšice is a municipality and village in Kolín District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 500 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
Villages of Bošice and Nová Ves III is an administrative part of Svojšice.
References
Villages in Kolín District |
20464983 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%202008%20box%20office%20number-one%20films%20in%20South%20Korea | List of 2008 box office number-one films in South Korea | This is a list of films which have been placed number-one at the South Korean box office during 2008, based on admissions.
Highest-grossing films
References
See also
List of South Korean films of 2008
2008 in South Korean cinema
2008
South Korea |
23571869 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatce | Tatce | Tatce is a municipality and village in Kolín District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 700 inhabitants.
It is located northwest of Kolín and east of Prague.
History
The first written mention of Tatce is from 1292.
References
Villages in Kolín District |
23571874 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew%20McFadyen | Andrew McFadyen | Andrew McFadyen (born 1977) is the Executive Director of The Isaac Foundation. He founded The Isaac Foundation, a non-profit organization, to fund viable and innovative research projects that aim to find a cure for MPS VI, a rare and progressive disease of which his eldest son, Isaac, was diagnosed. The Isaac Foundation has funded numerous international research grants since 2006, totalling well over $1 million. Isaac, the McFadyens, and The Isaac Foundation, have been featured in articles in newspapers throughout the United States and Canada, includingThe Globe and Mail, The Independent, Kingston Life Magazine, and Sun Media.
McFadyen has led numerous advocacy efforts throughout North America, succeeding in having government decisions reversed.
He is a member of the NYU Working Group on Compassionate Use and Preapproval Access (CUPA). He is an associate fellow of the GE2P2 Global Foundation and is a member of its Independent Bioethics Advisory Committee (IBAC). The Committee provides bioethics consultative services to commercial and other biopharma organizations on clinical trials, expanded access programs for investigational medicines and therapies, and in other areas. In 2016, McFadyen testified as an expert witness to the US Senate Committee of Homeland Security and Government Affairs regarding "Exploring A Right To Try For Terminally Ill Patients". He has written extensively on the subject and has been quoted in news articles regarding the legislation.
McFadyen has contributed to shaping public policy throughout Canada with respect to availability of million dollar per-year treatments for children dying from rare diseases, and continues to work and support families as they deal with the struggles of diagnosis and its ramifications. McFadyen and The Isaac Foundation were featured in the fall edition of GO Magazine and the Clinical Leader for their work with families dealing with MPS diseases throughout Canada. In 2014, He was featured on Global National's Everyday Heroes segment. The Isaac Foundation has found public support and advocacy in musicians (John Mayer, Ron Sexsmith, The Tragically Hip, and Danny Michel), and sports figures (Toronto Blue Jays' pitcher, Roy Halladay).
In 2013, McFadyen created a second non-profit corporation called Equal Access for Rare Disorders to work toward fair and equitable access to treatments for children affected by rare diseases throughout Canada and the United States.
McFadyen is a former educator and writer, having taught for 16 years as a 7/8 teacher for the Limestone District School Board. He received his Bachelor of Arts and his Bachelor of Education degrees from Queen's University. McFadyen is the author of the 2008 educational resource, The Educator's Guide to the Vinyl Cafe, planned and collaboratively written with Stuart McLean, host of CBC radio's The Vinyl Cafe. McFadyen has been a guest lecturer at Queen's University's Faculty of Education, lecturing to education students and to International Education Professors. He is a Teaching Excellence Fellow for Queen's University's Interactive Technology program.
References
External links
McFadyen's book at the CBC Store
The Isaac Foundation
1977 births
Living people
People from Northumberland County, Ontario
Queen's University at Kingston alumni
Canadian chief executives |
23571889 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prudential%20Bank%20Limited | Prudential Bank Limited | Prudential Bank Limited (PBL), commonly known as Prudential Bank, is a private commercial bank in Ghana. It is licensed by the Bank of Ghana, the central bank and national banking regulator.
Location
The headquarters of the bank is located at 8 John Hammond Street, Ring Road Central, Kanda, Accra, Ghana's capital and largest city. The coordinates of the bank's headquarters are 5°34'24.0"N, 0°11'31.0"W (Latitude:5.573335; Longitude:-0.191949).
Overview
The bank was incorporated in 1993, and opened on 15 August 1996 with the first branch in Accra.
PBL is a medium-sized bank specializing in meeting the banking needs of small and medium-sized businesses and individuals.
As of 31 December 2012, the bank's total assets were GHS:676.61 million, with shareholders' equity of GHS:85.1 million.
Subsidiaries
As of April 2016, PBL maintained three wholly owned subsidiaries:
PBL Properties Limited - Accra, Ghana. Acquires, develops, and manages properties and auxiliary staff for the bank.
Prudential Securities Limited - Accra, Ghana. Wealth management, corporate finance, and business advisory services.
Prudential Stockbrokers Limited - Accra, Ghana. Stockbrokage, economic research, and advisory services.
Ownership
The bank's stock was owned by the following corporate entities and individuals as of 31 December 2012:
Branch network
As of June 2022, PBL had 43 branches and 2 agencies at the following locations:
Abeka Branch - Accra
Aboabo Branch - Kumasi
Abossey Okai Branch - Accra
Accra Branch - Accra
Adenta Branch - Accra
Afful Nkwanta Branch - Kumasi
Atonsu Branch - Kumasi
Cape Coast Branch - Cape Coast
East Legon Branch - East Legon, Accra
Gicel Branch - Accra
Kumasi Adum Branch - Kumasi
Kumasi Main Branch - Kumasi
Kwame Nkrumah Circle Branch - Accra
Madina Branch - Accra
Makola Branch - Accra
Mataheko Branch - Accra
Methodist University Agency Branch - Accra
North Industrial Area Branch - Accra
Odorkor Branch - Accra
Ring Road Central Branch - Accra
Spintex Road Branch - Accra
Suame Maakro Branch - Kumasi
Takoradi Harbour Branch - Takoradi
Takoradi Market Circle Branch - Takoradi
Tamale Branch - Tamale
Tema Community 1 Branch - Tema
Tema Fishing Harbour Branch - Tema
Tesano Branch - Accra
University of Cape Coast Branch - Cape Coast
Valley View Agency Branch - Accra
Weija Branch - Accra
Zongo Junction Branch - Accra
See also
List of banks in Ghana
Economy of Ghana
References
External links
Prudential Bank Limited Homepage
PBL launches "Susu" Financial Program for SME's
PBL opens new branch in Aboabo, Kumasi
Banks of Ghana
Companies based in Accra
Banks established in 1996
Ghanaian companies established in 1996 |
23571895 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tismice | Tismice | Tismice is a municipality and village in Kolín District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 500 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
The village of Limuzy is an administrative part of Tismice.
References
Villages in Kolín District |
23571897 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tou%C5%A1ice | Toušice | Toušice is a municipality and village in Kolín District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 400 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
The village of Mlékovice is an administrative part of Toušice.
References
Villages in Kolín District |
23571899 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius%20Coolidge | Cornelius Coolidge | Cornelius Coolidge (August 30, 1778 - September 4, 1843) was a real estate developer in early 19th-century Boston, Massachusetts, who constructed buildings in Boston's Beacon Hill neighborhood, and elsewhere. As a young man he had been involved in maritime trade, and not always within the prescribed laws. During the War of 1812, the brig Dispatch owned by Coolidge and Francis Oliver was captured outside Boston Harbor by the Salem privateer Castigator on suspicion of having been trading with the enemy. Coolidge and Oliver manned two boats with 45 armed men, rowed down the harbor, and regained their brig after an exchange of gunfire. However, the brig was restored to the privateers by the district court.
Described variously as an architect, housewright, builder, designer, and real estate broker, Harvard-educated Coolidge brought many buildings into being. Clients of Coolidge & Co. included some of Boston's more prominent residents, such as David Sears and Charles Francis Adams. He conducted business with John Hubbard, Joseph Morton (brother of Perez Morton) and others. He was also a proprietor of the Boston Mill Corporation.
Around 1825, Coolidge and Nathaniel Amory began developing property in Nahant, Massachusetts, for construction of summer homes. The first homes sold in 1827. Clients included David Sears and others. On Beacon Hill, Coolidge built houses on Chestnut, Mount Vernon, Acorn, Joy and Beacon Streets, including Louisburg Square. Several remain in existence, including:
33 Beacon Street (George Parkman house), 1825.
50 Chestnut Street (Francis Parkman house), 1830s.
Coolidge led an active social life. He was one of the first subscribers the Boston Athenaeum. He attended the gala opening dinner party for the newly built Tremont House hotel on October 16, 1829, along with mayor Josiah Quincy, Daniel Webster, Edward Everett, Harrison Gray Otis, and others.
References
Further reading
Andrew Preston Peabody. A sermon preached in commemoration of the founders of the Nahant Church: at the dedication of a tablet erected to their memory, July 22, 1877. Press of John Wilson and Son, 1877.
Businesspeople from Boston
Architects from Boston
Harvard University alumni
19th-century American people
1778 births
1843 deaths
Place of birth unknown
Date of birth unknown
19th century in Boston |
23571900 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%99ebovle | Třebovle | Třebovle is a municipality and village in Kolín District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 600 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
Villages of Borek, Království and Miškovice are administrative parts of Třebovle.
References
Villages in Kolín District |
20464992 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%20Northern%20Mariana%20Islands%20general%20election | 2009 Northern Mariana Islands general election | General elections were held in the Northern Mariana Islands on 7 November 2009, electing the Governor, the Legislature, four mayors, the Board of Education and nine municipal council members. There were also four referendums.
Background
A total of 16,146 voters registered to vote with the Commonwealth Election Commission for the 2009 election. That is a 15% increase in voters compared to the 15,118 people who registered to vote in the 2005 general election. Precinct 1 on Saipan, which includes the villages of San Antonio, San Vicente and Koblerville, had the most number of registered voters at 4,331. Voter registration ended on September 18, 2009.
A total of 109 candidates vied for the 43 elected positions in the Northern Mariana Islands in the 2009 election. The contested offices included the offices of governor & lieutenant governor, the twenty seats in the House of Representative, six (of nine) seats in the Senate as well as mayoral posts and various local offices.
At least 18,000 ballots designed to be read by counting machines were printed in Alabama for the 2009 election, according to the executive director of the Election Commission, Robert Guerrero.
Campaign
Major election issues included the Commonwealth's faltering economy and the federalization of the Northern Mariana Islands' immigration by the United States government.
Republican Hofschneider and his running mate, Palacios, challenged incumbent Governor Benigno Fitial and his running mate, Lieutenant Governor Eloy Inos, in the general election. Former legislator Juan "Pan" Guerrero ran as an independent, with sitting CNMI Rep. Joe Camacho as his running mate. Another former legislator, Ramon "Kumoi" Deleon Guerrero, campaigned as an independent, with former Education Commissioner David M. Borja as his running mate. The race was widely viewed as a rematch between Fitial and Hofschneider, who was narrowly defeated in 2005.
The gubernatorial candidates focused heavily on the estimated 3,000 Northern Mariana Islanders residing on the United States mainland, many of whom were eligible to vote be absentee ballot. Three of the four gubernatorial candidates - Governor Fitial, Hofschneider and Juan Pan Guerrero - attended a Labor Day festival for Northern Mariana Islanders in San Diego, California, in September 2009. Independent candidate Juan "Pan" Guerrero and his running mate, Joe Camacho, campaigned throughout the western United States in August and September. Guerrero and Camacho began campaigning in Salem and Portland, Oregon, before travelling to Seattle, Boise, Idaho, San Francisco, Las Vegas, San Diego and Honolulu.
Gubernatorial election
The incumbent governor Benigno R. Fitial of the Covenant Party, successfully ran for a second term; his running mate, Lt. Governor Eloy Inos, was elected to his first full term. Fitial faced three challengers in the November 7 general election: Republican nominee Heinz Hofschneider, independent Juan "Pan" Guerrero, and independent Ramon "Kumoi" Deleon Guerrero.
Because of a law signed by Governor Fitial on July 24, 2009, a runoff election between the candidates who received the highest and second-highest vote totals would be required if no candidate obtained more than 50% of the overall vote. Under this 2009 law, a runoff would occur 14 days after the results of the general election are certified by the Commonwealth Election Commission. This election indeed required a runoff, as neither Fitial nor Hofschneider garnered more than 50% of the vote in the November 7 election.
On election day, Republican challenger Hofschneider received 4,900 votes and incumbent Governor Fitial received 4,892 votes, therefore advancing to the runoff election held on November 23, 2009. Of the 13,784 total votes cast in the first round on November 7, Hofschneider led Fitial by just 8 votes, the closest gubernatorial election in the history of the Northern Mariana Islands. In the November 23 runoff election, Governor Fital was reelected by a 370-vote margin. With a margin of 2.8%, this election was the closest race of the 2009 gubernatorial election cycle.
Fitial was elected to serve a five-year term in office as governor instead of the normal four-year term, due to the Senate Legislative Initiative 16-11, which was one of the four ballot initiatives ratified in the November 7 election. Under the Senate Legislative Initiative 16-11, future general (including gubernatorial) elections will be held only in even-numbered years instead of odd-numbered years, such as 2009. Therefore, the next gubernatorial election took place in 2014 rather than 2013.
Candidates
Covenant Party
Benigno R. Fitial, incumbent Governor of the Northern Mariana Islands (serving since 2006) and former Northern Mariana Islands Representatives (including tenure as Speaker of the House)
Lieutenant Governor Eloy Inos is Fitial's running mate. Inos was appointed and confirmed as Lt. Governor on May 1, 2009, following the resignation of Timothy Villagomez.
Republican Party
Former Northern Mariana Governor Juan N. Babauta, a Republican, declared his intention to run for governor and challenge Fitial in January 2009. His running mate was Galvin Deleon Guerrero, a member of the CNMI Board of Education.
Babauta was then defeated in the Republican primary by sitting CNMI Rep. Heinz Sablan Hofschneider, a former Speaker of the House, for the Republican Party nomination. Hofschneider's running mate is CNMI Rep. Arnold Indalecio Palacios, the current Speaker of the House.
Before the Republican primary, which was held on June 27, 2009, Hofschneider and Babauta signed a unity pledge, with each candidate pledging to support the winner of the primary. Hofschneider won the primary on June 27 with about 53% of the votes cast. Hofschneider won at six of the eight precincts. After the results were announced, the candidates convened and embraced; Babauta threw his support to Hofschneider and said that he would accept the people's decision. After Babauta had asked his supporters to vote for Hofschneider in the general election, Hofschneider called Babauta and his supporters "a crucial part of the campaign toward November."
Independents
Juan "Pan" Guerrero, chairman of the board for the Northern Marianas Retirement Fund (serving 2006-2009); former Northern Mariana Islands Senator (serving 1986-1990) and Representative (serving 1984-1985)
Joe Camacho is Guerrero's running mate. Camacho is currently a Republican Representative and Floor Leader of the Northern Mariana Islands House of Representatives.
Ramon "Kumoi" Deleon Guerrero, former Northern Mariana Islands Senator (serving 2000-2004)
David Borja, a former Education Commissioner, is Guerrero's running mate.
Democratic Party
For the first time in its history, the Democratic Party of the Northern Mariana Islands did not nominate a candidate for Governor in 2009. The only offices which were contested by the Democrats in 2009 were certain seats in the legislature and the mayorship of Saipan.
Polling
Election day
Polls on election day opened at 7 a.m. on November 7, 2009. Three of the four gubernatorial candidates cast their ballots in the morning at Garapan Elementary School in Garapan, Saipan. Incumbent Governor Benigno Fitial and First Lady Josie Fitial voted at 7:10 a.m., Ramon "Kumoi" Deleon Guerrero arrived at the school at 7:20 a.m. and independent candidate Juan Pan Guerrero voted after 9 a.m. Republican candidate Heinz Hofschneider also voted at Garapan Elementary School at 6 p.m. later that day. An estimated 84% of registered voters participated in the election.
In the November 7 general election, Republican challenger Heinz Hofschneider received 4,900 votes and incumbent Governor Benigno Fitial received 4,892 votes, therefore both advanced to the runoff election slated for November 23, 2009. A total of 13,784 votes were cast in the first round. Hofschneider led Fitial by just eight votes, the closest gubernatorial election in the history of the Northern Mariana Islands. Independent candidates Juan Pan Guerrero and Ramon "Kumoi" Deleon Guerrero came in 3rd and 4th place respectively and, therefore, did not qualify for the second runoff election.
Under a 2009 law signed by Governor Benigno Fitial, a runoff election is required within fourteen days of the if no candidate obtained 50% of the popular vote plus 1. Since neither Fitial nor Hofschneider garnered more than 50% of the vote, a runoff date was set for November 23, 2009.
Runoff
The Commonwealth Election Commission certified the results of the general election on November 9 and set the date of the runoff election between Fitial and Hofschneider for Monday, November 23. In a November 17 memorandum, Governor Fitial declared November 23 a legal holiday in the Northern Mariana Islands to encourage voter turnout.
The candidates qualifying for the runoff on November 23, 2009, were incumbent Covenant Party Governor Benigno Fitial and Republican candidate, Rep. Heinz Hofschneider. The incumbent ticket of Fitial-Inos campaigned for re-election on a theme of "proven leadership and proven experience," while the rival Hofscneider-Palacios campaign advocated a "change in leadership" to voters.
Both the Fitial and Hofschneider campaigns reached out to supporters of the independent candidates who did not qualify for the November 23rd runoff, Juan Pan Guerrero and Ramon "Kumoi" Deleon Guerrero. The support of these independent voters was considered vital both Fitial's and Hofschneider's candidacies.
Former independent candidate Juan "Pan" Guerrero declined to endorse either Fitial or Hofschneider in one-page statement released on November 13, 2009. Instead, Guerrero, who came in third in the gubernatorial election, called on CNMI voters, especially his supporters, to support the candidate who best "represents a better future for themselves, their families, and the Commonwealth." Guerrero further elaborated that, "As soon as it was clear that I would not be in the runoff election, I urged supporters to make their own choices about whom to support-Ben and Eloy or Heinz and Arnold." In his statement, Guerrero noted that he make no further public statements concerning the election before the runoff.
Guerrero running mate in the 2009 election, Joe Camacho, issued his own statement on November 12 endorsing the Covenant Party ticket of Governor Benigno Fitial and Lt. Governor Eloy Inos for re-election. Camacho's brother, Clyde Norita, who was the chairman for the Executive Committee to Elect Juan Pan and Joe Camacho, also endorsed Fitial and Inos.
Former independent candidate Ramon "Kumoi" Deleon Guerrero, who came in fourth place in the general election, endorsed Heinz Hofschneider and Arnold Palacios for governor and lt. governor. Deleon Guerrero cited the wishes of his supporters and support for reforms advocated by Hofschneider, as well as alleged broken promises by the Fitial administration, for his endorsement. He further cited similarities between his own campaign and Hofschneider's messages, "Hofschneider and Palacios have whole-heartedly embraced these visions. They have even taken to heart, our campaign theme of "Time For Change." Deleon Guerrero stated that Fitial had failed to deliver on a number of promises during his term in office, such as economic growth, improved healthcare and the removal of fuel surcharges.
However, Deleon Guerrero's running mate, former Education Commissioner David Borja, endorsed Governor Fitial for re-election. Fitial was also endorsed by the Deleon Guerrero-Borja campaign chairman, Rudy R. Sablan, and seven other senior members of the campaign team.
On December 8, after all ballots had been counted, Fitial was declared the victor in the runoff. He and Inos received 6,610 votes, while Hofschneider and Palacios received 6,240 votes.
Results
Legislature
All 20 seats in the Northern Mariana Islands House of Representatives were contested in the election. Six seats in the Northern Mariana Islands Senate were up for election.
Before the 2009 election, the Republican Party controlled the 20-member House of Representatives with a 12-seat majority. The Senate was controlled by the Covenant Party in a coalition with the Democrats and a lone independent.
Senate
House
Mayoral elections
All four mayoral posts were up for election across the Commonwealth.
There were nine candidates for mayor on the island of Saipan: Republican Donald Flores, who won the election, as well as Covenant candidate Marian Tudela, Democrat Angelo Villagomez, and Independent candidates Candy Taman, Joe Sanchez, Roman Benavente, Juan Demapan, Tony Camacho and Lino Tenorio.
Board of Education
Tinian and Aguiguan
Saipan
Other elected offices
Voters also elected nine municipal council members.
Referendums
Education system
References
Referendums in the Northern Mariana Islands
2009 referendums |
23571905 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%99i%20Dvory | Tři Dvory | Tři Dvory is a municipality and village in Kolín District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,000 inhabitants.
References
Villages in Kolín District |
20465002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragan%20Tsankov%20Boulevard | Dragan Tsankov Boulevard | Dragan Tsankov Boulevard () is a large boulevard in Bulgaria's capital Sofia. It is named after the Bulgarian politician Dragan Tsankov. It stretches from the intersection with Evlogi Georgiev Boulevard, north of which it is called Graf Ignatiev Street, and the junction with G. M. Dimitrov Boulevard, south of which it is called St Clement of Ohrid Boulevard. The Perlovska River flows under the boulevard at the junction with Evlogi Georgiev Boulevard.
Landmarks along the boulevard are the Bulgarian National Radio building, Faculty of Biology of the Sofia University, University of Architecture, Civil Engineering and Geodesy, Sofia Municipal Court. The Borisova Gradina TV Tower is located at the junction with Peyo Yavorov Boulevard. From there do the intersection with G. M. Dimitrov Boulevard are situated the Russian Embassy, Park Hotel Moskva, World Trade Center - Sofia, the Transport Police Department of Sofia Police. The red line of the Sofia Metro runs under the boulevard north of Joliot-Curie Metro Station and on a viaduct south of it.
Streets in Sofia |
23571907 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuchoraz | Tuchoraz | Tuchoraz is a municipality and village in Kolín District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 600 inhabitants.
References
Villages in Kolín District |
23571910 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuklaty | Tuklaty | Tuklaty is a municipality and village in Kolín District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,100 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
The village of Tlustovousy is an administrative part of Tuklaty.
References
Villages in Kolín District |
23571912 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uhl%C3%AD%C5%99sk%C3%A1%20Lhota | Uhlířská Lhota | Uhlířská Lhota is a municipality and village in Kolín District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 400 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
The village of Rasochy is an administrative part of Uhlířská Lhota.
References
Villages in Kolín District |
23571917 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veletov | Veletov | Veletov is a municipality and village in Kolín District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants.
References
Villages in Kolín District |
23571921 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velk%C3%BD%20Osek | Velký Osek | Velký Osek is a municipality and village in Kolín District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 2,500 inhabitants.
Transport
Velký Osek is both road and railway hub. There is only one rail line leading off the main station: to Choceň and Prague.
References
Villages in Kolín District |
23571926 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitice | Vitice | Vitice is a municipality and village in Kolín District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,100 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
Villages of Chotýš, Dobré Pole, Hřiby, Lipany and Močedník are administrative parts of Vitice.
References
Villages in Kolín District |
23571928 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vol%C3%A1rna | Volárna | Volárna is a municipality and village in Kolín District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 500 inhabitants.
References
Villages in Kolín District |
17328216 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Rudisha | David Rudisha | David Lekuta Rudisha, MBS (born 17 December 1988) is a Kenyan middle-distance runner who specialized in the 800 metres. He is a two-time back-to-back Olympic champion from the 2012 London and 2016 Rio Olympics, a two-time World champion from the 2011 and 2015 World Championships in Athletics, and world record holder at the event with a time of 1:40.91 set at the 2012 London Games on 9 August 2012. Rudisha is the first and only person to ever run 800 metres under 1:41, and he holds the three fastest, six of the eight fastest, and half of the twenty fastest times ever run in this event.
Rudisha established his running career at the St. Francis Kimuron High School in Elgeyo-Marakwet County. He won 800 m titles at the 2006 World Junior Championships as well as the 2008 and 2010 African Championships, and earned the 2014 Commonwealth Games silver medal. He also holds the world's best time in the 500 metres and the African best for the 600 metres. He is a two-time Diamond League 800 m winner. Rudisha has won IAAF World Athlete of the Year award in 2010 and three consecutive Track & Field News Athlete of the Year awards.
In May 2022, Rudisha announced he would be running for election in his native Kenya as an independent candidate in the Kilgoris Constituency.
Early life and background
Born on 17 December 1988 in Kilgoris, Narok County, Rudisha went to Kimuron Secondary School in Iten, Keiyo District. In April 2005, whilst under Brother Colm's tutelage, Japheth Kimutai, who was trained by Colm, recommended Rudisha to James Templeton, and Rudisha joined the group of runners managed by Templeton, which has at various time included Kimutai, Bernard Lagat and Augustine Choge. Initially he was the 400 metres runner, but his coach, Irishman Colm O'Connell, prompted him to try the 800 metres. In 2006, he became the world junior champion over that distance.
Career
Rudisha competed at the 2009 World Athletics Championships, reaching the 800 metres semi-finals. In September 2009, he won the IAAF Grand Prix meeting in Rieti, Italy, posting a new African record of 1:42.01, beating the 25-year-old record of 1:42.28 set by compatriot Sammy Koskei. That effort put him in fourth place on the all-time list.
2010
In the 2010 Diamond League, he took on Abubaker Kaki at the Bislett Games in June. He defeated Sebastian Coe's 31-year-old meet record with a run of 1:42.04, giving him another place in the top-ten fastest ever 800 m and leaving Kaki the consolation of the fastest ever non-winning time. On 10 July, Rudisha ran the 800 m in 1:41.51 at the KBC Night of Athletics in Heusden, Belgium; this new personal record placed him No. 2 all-time in the world for the 800 m.
On 22 August, Rudisha broke Wilson Kipketer's 800 m world record two days before the anniversary of that record with a time of 1:41.09 while racing in the ISTAF Berlin meeting in Germany. Just a week later, he broke the record again at the IAAF World Challenge meeting in Rieti, lowering it to 1:41.01. Rudisha recorded four victories on the Diamond League circuit that year to take his first 800 m Diamond Trophy. In November, at the age of 21, he became the youngest ever athlete to win the IAAF World Athlete of the Year award. He was also crowned Kenyan Sportsman of the Year.
2011
Rudisha claimed his first senior global title at the 2011 World Championships in Athletics held in Daegu, South Korea, winning 800 m event with a time 1:43.91. He triumphed also in three Diamond League races that season to secure his second consecutive overall 800 m Diamond Race title.
2012
With a time of 1:41.74, Rudisha set the United States all comers 800 m record at the 2012 adidas Grand Prix at Icahn Stadium in New York City. He guaranteed his selection for the Kenyan Olympic team for the first time with a win at the Kenyan trials, running a time of 1:42.12 minutes—the fastest ever recorded at altitude.
2012 Summer Olympics
On 9 August 2012 at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, Rudisha led from start to finish to win gold in what was acclaimed "The Greatest 800 Meter Race Ever". In so doing, he became the first and, so far, only runner to break the 1:41 barrier for 800 m. From the start of the final race, Rudisha led and pulled away from the rest of the field after 200 metres, completing the first lap in 49.28 seconds. By 600 metres his lead had grown to several metres. He continued to pull away until the final straight, where second place Nijel Amos was able to slightly gain some ground as Rudisha strained. But the gap was much too great to close, and Rudisha crossed the line in a world-record time of 1:40.91.
Rudisha's competitors all ran exceptional times. Sports Illustrateds David Epstein reported that the race "is best told, perhaps, in 16 letters: WR, NR, PB, PB, PB, NR, SB, PB." (That is to say that the participants broke world record, national record, personal bests, national record, season best, personal best) The silver medallist, Amos, had to be carried from the track on a stretcher after setting the world junior record, making him only the fifth man in history to run under 1:42, something Rudisha has now done seven times. "With Rudisha breaking 1:41, two men under 1:42, five under 1:43 and all eight under 1:44," noted the IAAF, "it was the greatest depth 800 m race in history." Every competitor ran the fastest time in history for their placing. It was the first time in international 800 m history where every competitor ran either a personal or season's best. The time set by the eighth-placed Andrew Osagie, a personal best of 1:43.77, would have won gold at the three preceding Olympic games in Beijing, Athens and Sydney.
As well as being the first man to go below 1:41, he broke his own world record that was set in 2010. "The splits triggered amazement: 23.4 secs for the first 200 m, 25.88 secs for the second, a critical 25.02 for the third and 26.61 to bring it all home." Rudisha's record was considered especially notable for the absence of pacemakers, which are not permitted at the Olympics or other major championships. The previous person to win an Olympic 800 m final with a world record was Alberto Juantorena, back in 1976. Rudisha also became the first reigning 800 m world champion to win Olympic gold at that distance. Sebastian Coe, of the London Olympics organising committee who himself held the 800 m world record for 17 years, said: "It was the performance of the Games, not just of track and field but of the Games". He added: "Bolt was good, Rudisha was magnificent. That is quite a big call but it was the most extraordinary piece of running I have probably ever seen." Rudisha had been in good shape coming into the race, having "clocked a staggering 1:42.12 minutes at high altitude in Nairobi during the Kenyan Olympic trials. After that he had said 'the race was nice and easy'."
Before the race, Rudisha had joked about his father's 1968 400 m relay silver medal: "It would be good for me to win gold, so we can have gold and silver in our family [...] so I can tell him, 'I am better than you. Afterwards, he admitted that it would go down as the greatest 800 m race personally for him as well because he won it in front of Sebastian Coe who held the record for more than 17 years. This race was also touted as a run for his community and tribe. Rudisha was later given the Association of National Olympic Committees Award for Best Male Athlete of London 2012, as well as receiving the honour of Moran of the Order of the Burning Spear (MBS) from the government of Kenya.
2013
He could not compete at the 2013 World Championships in Athletics because of an injury.
2015
At the New York IAAF Diamond League meeting in June 2015, Rudisha won the 800 m with a time of 1:43.58.
Rudisha claimed his second world 800 m title at the World Championships held in Beijing, China. In a relatively tactical race, after a first lap of only 54.17 he won in a time of 1:45.84
2016
Rudisha successfully defended his Olympic title at the 2016 Rio Summer Olympics, taking gold with a time of 1:42.15. He was the first person since Peter Snell in 1964 to win back-to-back Olympic 800 m titles. The final went out very quickly with fellow Kenyan Alfred Kipketer leading through 200 m in 23.2 sec. Rudisha was tucked in close behind through a 49.3 first 400 m. With just under 300 m to go Rudisha made a strong surge to the front. A large gap was formed that proved too much for fast closing Taoufik Makhloufi of Algeria in the final homestretch. His finishing time was the fastest he has run since the 2012 Olympic final in London, as well as the fastest time in the world for 2016.
2017
Rudisha finished fourth at the Shanghai Diamond League meet. His time was 1:45.36. The winning time was 1:44.70. He attempted the 1000 metres for the first time at the Golden Spike Ostrava, finishing fourth with a personal best time of 2:19.43.
Coaching
At the 2012 Olympics, Rudisha worked with Caroline Currid, an Irish mental performance coach, on how to maximise performance on competition day.
From 2007 until at least 2012, Rudisha trained in the summer months in the university town of Tübingen in southern Germany, a center for many up-and-coming runners from Kenya such as Bernard Lagat.
Personal life
Rudisha is a member of the Maasai ethnic group in Kenya. His father, Daniel Rudisha, was a former runner who won the silver medal at the 1968 Olympics as part of the Kenyan 4 × 400 m relay team, while his mother Naomi is a former 400 m hurdler. He is married to Lizzy Naanyu and has two daughters (as of 2015). Tom Fordyce of the BBC said of him, "He is the greatest 800m runner of all time and he may also be the nicest man in his sport."
He is a supporter of the football club Arsenal F.C.
Transport disasters
In 2019, Rudisha's car collided head-on with a bus near Keroka. The collision was frontal, but the athlete was not seriously injured.
In December 2022, he became one of five people who survived a plane crash-landing in Kenya.
Achievements
International competitions
Circuit wins and titles
Diamond League 800 m overall winner: 2010, 2011
800 metres wins, other events specified in parenthesis
2010 (4): Doha Qatar Athletic Super Grand Prix ( ), Oslo Bislett Games (WL MR), Lausanne Athletissima, Brussels Memorial Van Damme
2011 (4): Lausanne, Monaco Herculis (WL), London Grand Prix (promotional events), Brussels
2012 (3): Doha, New York Adidas Grand Prix (WL MR), Paris Meeting Areva
2013 (2): Doha Qatar Athletic (WL), New York
2014 (3): New York, Glasgow Grand Prix (=WL), Birmingham British Athletics Grand Prix (600m)
2015 (1): New York ()
2016 (1): Birmingham (600m, WL MR ')
References
External links
David Rudisha All-Athletics profile
1988 births
Living people
People from Narok County
Kenyan male middle-distance runners
Olympic male middle-distance runners
Olympic athletes of Kenya
Olympic gold medalists for Kenya
Olympic gold medalists in athletics (track and field)
Athletes (track and field) at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Commonwealth Games medallists in athletics
Commonwealth Games silver medallists for Kenya
Athletes (track and field) at the 2014 Commonwealth Games
World Athletics Championships athletes for Kenya
World Athletics Championships medalists
World Athletics record holders
Maasai people
Track & Field News Athlete of the Year winners
Diamond League winners
IAAF Continental Cup winners
World Athletics Championships winners
IAAF World Athletics Final winners |
23571930 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vr%C3%A1tkov | Vrátkov | Vrátkov is a municipality and village in Kolín District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants.
References
Villages in Kolín District |
17328223 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%20Maresme%20%E2%80%93%20F%C3%B2rum%20%28Barcelona%20Metro%29 | El Maresme – Fòrum (Barcelona Metro) | El Maresme Fòrum is a Barcelona Metro station located between Carrer del Maresme and Rambla de Prim, near the Forum site, in the Sant Martí district of Barcelona, Spain. It's served by L4 (yellow line), as well as providing a connection with the Trambesòs route T4. It was opened in , even though the section of the tunnel where the station is located has been in use since 1982.
Services
External links
Map at the official website of TMB
Metro station at Trenscat.com
Tram stop at Trenscat.com
Barcelona Metro line 4 stations
Railway stations opened in 2003
Barcelona Metro stations located underground
Transport in Sant Martí (district)
Trambesòs stops |
23571932 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrb%C4%8Dany | Vrbčany | Vrbčany is a municipality and village in Kolín District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 400 inhabitants.
References
Villages in Kolín District |
23571934 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zale%C5%A1any | Zalešany | Zalešany is a municipality and village in Kolín District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 100 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
The village of Přebozy is an administrative part of Zalešany.
References
Villages in Kolín District |
23571938 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDabonosy | Žabonosy | Žabonosy is a municipality and village in Kolín District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 200 inhabitants.
References
Villages in Kolín District |
17328225 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebrahim%20Seifpour | Ebrahim Seifpour | Mohammad Ebrahim Seifpour Saadabadi (, born 3 March 1938) also known as Ebrahim Seifpour, is a retired Iranian freestyle wrestler. He competed at the 1960 and 1964 Olympics and placed third and sixth, respectively. At the world championships he won two gold and one silver medals in 1961–65. After retiring from competitions he worked as a wrestling coach and official.
References
1938 births
Living people
Olympic wrestlers of Iran
Wrestlers at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Wrestlers at the 1964 Summer Olympics
Iranian male sport wrestlers
Olympic bronze medalists for Iran
Asian Games silver medalists for Iran
Olympic medalists in wrestling
Asian Games medalists in wrestling
Wrestlers at the 1966 Asian Games
World Wrestling Championships medalists
Medalists at the 1966 Asian Games
Medalists at the 1960 Summer Olympics
20th-century Iranian people
World Wrestling Champions |
23571939 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carvers%20Bay%20High%20School | Carvers Bay High School | Carvers Bay High School is a public high school in Hemingway, South Carolina serving students from parts of Georgetown County, South Carolina, United States. It is in the Georgetown County School District and has grades 9 to 12 . The school was established from a merger between Choppee High School and Pleasant Hill High School, and opened in 2000. In 2000 it enrolled nearly 800 students. It serves students from the towns of Pleasant Hill, Plantersville, Hemingway, Lanes Creek, Dunbar, Oatland, St. Luke, Pee Dee, Choppee and Browns Ferry.
Middle school
Carvers Bay Middle School is located on the same campus, in a separate building.
Timekeeping
There are no bells to mark the beginning or ending of class periods. Students and staff use watches and clocks.
Notable alumni
Clifton Geathers - National Football League (NFL) player, Philadelphia Eagles.
Kwame Geathers - NFL player, San Diego Chargers
Robert Geathers - NFL player, Cincinnati Bengals
References
Public high schools in South Carolina
Schools in Georgetown County, South Carolina |
17328228 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warwick%20Light | Warwick Light | Warwick Light, also known as Warwick Lighthouse, is an historic lighthouse in Warwick, Rhode Island, United States.
History
The first light on the site was built in 1827. The original keeper's residence was replaced in 1899. The current structure at Warwick Neck was built on the site in 1932. In 1985, the light was the last Rhode Island lighthouse automated. The light was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988 as Warwick Lighthouse.
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Kent County, Rhode Island
Notes
Further reading
America's Atlantic Coast Lighthouse, Kenneth Kochel, 1996.
Northeast Lights: Lighthouses and Lightships, Rhode Island to Cape May, New Jersey, Robert Bachand, 1989.
The Keeper's Log, Spring 1986.
Buildings and structures in Warwick, Rhode Island
Narragansett Bay
Lighthouses completed in 1827
Lighthouses completed in 1932
Lighthouses on the National Register of Historic Places in Rhode Island
National Register of Historic Places in Kent County, Rhode Island
Tourist attractions in Kent County, Rhode Island
Transportation buildings and structures in Kent County, Rhode Island
1827 establishments in Rhode Island |
23571940 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDd%C3%A1nice%20%28Kol%C3%ADn%20District%29 | Ždánice (Kolín District) | Ždánice is a municipality and village in Kolín District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 400 inhabitants.
Gallery
References
Villages in Kolín District |
23571943 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDehu%C5%88 | Žehuň | Žehuň is a municipality and village in Kolín District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 400 inhabitants.
References
Villages in Kolín District |
17328241 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi%20Sports%20Palace | Tbilisi Sports Palace | Tbilisi Sport Palace () is an indoor sports arena situated in Tbilisi, Georgia. The arena usually hosts basketball, handball, judo, tennis, boxing and other games and tournaments with high attendance.
History
Built in 1961, the arena was used primely for the basketball games of local Dinamo Tbilisi and is still the largest basketball designed arena in all of the former USSR successor states. The construction was led by architects Vladimir Aleksi-Meskhishvili, Yuri Kasradze, Temo Japaridze and designer David Kajaia.
The arena was renovated in 2007 and was reopened on 22 August 2007, with management rights given to the Logic Group Ltd for a 30-year contract. This was the first phase of renovation and reconstruction, with the second phase including changing the roof of the building and installing new individual seats. Total cost of the renovation is estimated at 5 million USD.
Concerts
Tbilisi Sports Palace is one of the greatest arena for concerts in Georgia. Many international and national acts have performed here.
Ian Gillan (1990, sold out 5 gigs here in row)
Alla Pugacheva
Lela Tsurtsumia - Lela is Georgian pop-singer, who held the record of attendance in Tbilisi Sports Palace. Though the arena holds approximately 11,000 people, Lela Tsurtsumia sold out 18,000 tickets for 1 concert, on 22 May 2002. (about 25,000 people were waiting for the tickets)
Other sold-out concerts were by Georgian rapper Lex-Seni and Georgian pop-group Kuchis Bichebi. (about 15,000 people)
The venue was to host the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2017 on 26 November 2017. However the venue was later changed to the 4,000-capacity Olympic Palace which was considered more suitable for hosting the contest.
References
External links
Buildings and structures in Tbilisi
Sports venues completed in 1961
Basketball venues in Georgia (country)
Handball venues in Georgia (country)
Indoor arenas built in the Soviet Union
Indoor arenas in Georgia (country)
Sports venues in Tbilisi
Boxing venues in Georgia (country) |
23571947 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDi%C5%BEelice%20%28Kol%C3%ADn%20District%29 | Žiželice (Kolín District) | Žiželice is a municipality and village in Kolín District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,700 inhabitants. It is located on the Cidlina River.
Administrative parts
Villages of Hradišťko II, Končice, Kundratice, Loukonosy, Pod Vinicí and Zbraň are administrative parts of Žiželice.
References
Villages in Kolín District |
23571954 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1smuky | Zásmuky | Zásmuky is a town in Kolín District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 2,100 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
Villages of Doubravčany, Nesměň, Sobočice and Vršice are administrative parts of Zásmuky.
Notable people
František Kmoch (1848–1912), composer and conductor
References
Cities and towns in the Czech Republic |
23571960 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva%20%28Russian%20Circles%20album%29 | Geneva (Russian Circles album) | Geneva is the third full-length album by the instrumental rock band Russian Circles, and was released on October 20, 2009. The album was recorded in May 2009 with Brandon Curtis of The Secret Machines. The vinyl version of the album was released by Sargent House and was available on both a black 2x12" 45 rpm edition and a more limited clear 2x12" 45 rpm edition.
Tracks
Personnel
Mike Sullivan − guitar
Dave Turncrantz − drums
Brian Cook − bass guitar
Alison Chesley − cello
Susan Voelz − violin
Greg Norman − engineering, trumpet, trombone
Brandon Curtis − production, additional piano
Joe Lambert − mastering
Chris Strong − album photo
Sasha Barr − album layout
Charts
References
2009 albums
Russian Circles albums
Suicide Squeeze Records albums |
17328254 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean%20Machi | Jean Machi | Jean Manuel Machi (born February 1, 1982) is a Venezuelan professional baseball pitcher who is a free agent. He previously played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the San Francisco Giants, Boston Red Sox and Seattle Mariners. He was with the Giants for their 2014 World Series win.
Career
Philadelphia Phillies
On February 22, 2000, Machi signed with the Philadelphia Phillies organization as an international free agent. He made his professional debut for the GCL Phillies in 2002, and posted a 1.00 ERA in 10 games. The following year, he pitched in 8 games for the Low-A Batavia Muckdogs, logging a 2-4 record and 4.78 ERA with 19 strikeouts in 32.0 innings pitched. Machi spent 2004 in the Venezuelan Summer League.
Tampa Bay Rays
On December 13, 2004, Machi was selected by the Tampa Bay Rays organization in the minor league phase of the Rule 5 draft. He split the 2005 season between the High-A Visalia Oaks and the Double-A Montgomery Biscuits, recording a cumulative 3-11 record and 6.36 ERA in 32 appearances. He returned to Montgomery the following year, and improved his performance, recording a 6-1 record and 2.64 ERA in 49 games. On October 15, 2006, Machi elected free agency.
Toronto Blue Jays
On October 31, 2006, Machi signed a minor league contract with the Toronto Blue Jays organization. He spent the 2007 season with the Double-A New Hampshire Fisher Cats, and posted a 2-4 record and 3.53 ERA in 48 games. He returned to New Hampshire in 2008 and logged a 2-6 record and 4.65 ERA with 51 strikeouts in 69.2 innings of work. On November 12, 2008, Machi was released by the Toronto organization.
Pittsburgh Pirates
On February 13, 2009, Machi signed a minor league contract with the Pittsburgh Pirates organization. He split the year between the Triple-A Indianapolis Indians and the Double-A Altoona Curve, accumulating a 3-4 record and 2.09 ERA in 41 appearances. For the 2010 season, Machi returned to Indianapolis and pitched to a 5-5 record and 3.92 ERA with 58 strikeouts in as many appearances. On November 6, 2010, he elected free agency.
San Francisco Giants
On February 9, 2011, Machi signed a minor league contract with the San Francisco Giants. He played in 3 games for the Triple-A Fresno Grizzlies before he was loaned to the Diablos Rojos del México of the Mexican League for the rest of the season. In 48 games with the Diablos, Machi recorded a 3-1 record and 2.30 ERA. He was assigned to Triple-A Fresno to begin the 2012 season, where he served as the team's closer.
On September 1, 2012, Machi was selected to the 40-man roster by the Giants and promoted to the major leagues for the first time. On September 3, Machi made his major league debut, against the Arizona Diamondbacks, pitching a perfect inning. He finished his rookie season with a 6.75 ERA in 8 major league games. In 2013, Machi made 51 appearances for the Giants out of the bullpen, pitching to a 2.38 ERA with 51 strikeouts in 53.0 innings of work.
At the start of the 2014 season, Machi picked up three relief wins in his team's first 15 games, becoming the first Giants pitcher to do so since Bob Shaw in 1964. He finished the year with a 7-1 record and 2.58 ERA in 71 appearances for the team. Machi hit some struggles in 2015, and was designated for assignment by the Giants on July 20, 2015, after posting a 5.14 ERA in 33 appearances.
Boston Red Sox
On July 28, 2015, Machi was claimed off waivers by the Boston Red Sox and starter Clay Buchholz was transferred from the 15- to the 60-day disabled list to make space for him on the 40-man roster. In 26 appearances for Boston, Machi recorded a 5.09 ERA with 20 strikeouts in 23.0 innings of work. On November 6, 2015, Machi was outrighted off of the 40-man roster and elected free agency the same day.
Chicago Cubs
On December 14, 2015, Machi signed a minor league contract with an invitation to spring training with the Chicago Cubs organization. After registering a 2-1 record and 3.68 ERA in 20 games for the Triple-A Iowa Cubs, Machi was released on June 5, 2016.
San Francisco Giants (second stint)
On June 16, 2016, Machi signed a minor league contract with the San Francisco Giants organization. He finished the year with the Triple-A Sacramento River Cats, posting a 2-2 record and 3.62 ERA in 28 appearances. On November 7, 2016, he elected free agency.
Seattle Mariners
On January 30, 2017, Machi signed a minor league contract with the Seattle Mariners organization. He started the season with the Triple-A Tacoma Rainiers, and the Mariners selected his contract on May 2. He was designated for assignment on May 13 after recording a 1.17 ERA in 5 appearances. He was outrighted to Tacoma and posted a 2-4 record and 3.44 ERA in 29 games for the team.
Chicago White Sox
On July 21, 2017, Machi was traded to the Chicago White Sox, along with fellow veteran pitcher Mark Lowe, in exchange for cash considerations. He was assigned to the Triple-A Charlotte Knights upon acquisition. In 12 appearances with Charlotte, Machi logged a 5-0 record and 3.60 ERA with 28 strikeouts in30.0 innings pitched. On October 2, 2017, Machi elected free agency.
Return to Diablos Rojos
On February 7, 2018, Machi signed with the Diablos Rojos del México of the Mexican Baseball League. He was released on July 2, after he recorded a 5-3 record and 5.20 ERA in 28 games.
Sugar Land Skeeters
On July 15, 2018, Machi signed with the Sugar Land Skeeters of the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball. In 22 games for the Skeeters, Machi registered an excellent 0.84 ERA with 21 strikeouts in 21.1 innings of work. He re-signed with the team on May 2, 2019, and was later released on June 28 after struggling to a 6.75 ERA in 25 appearances.
West Virginia Power
After spending the 2020 season out of baseball, on April 5, 2021, Machi signed with the West Virginia Power of the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball. In 11 relief appearances, Machi registered a 2–1 record, 5.23 ERA, and 14 strikeouts.
Sultanes de Monterrey
On July 8, 2021, Machi's contract was purchased by the Sultanes de Monterrey of the Mexican League. He was released following the season on October 20, 2021.
Personal life
On June 9, 2016, Machi was arrested in Des Moines, Iowa for public intoxication, and urinating in public.
See also
List of Major League Baseball players from Venezuela
References
External links
Mexican Baseball League
Venezuelan Baseball League
1983 births
Altoona Curve players
Batavia Muckdogs players
Boston Red Sox players
Diablos Rojos del México players
Fresno Grizzlies players
Florida Complex League Phillies players
Indianapolis Indians players
Iowa Cubs players
Living people
Major League Baseball pitchers
Major League Baseball players from Venezuela
Mexican League baseball pitchers
Montgomery Biscuits players
Navegantes del Magallanes players
New Hampshire Fisher Cats players
People from El Tigre
Sacramento River Cats players
San Francisco Giants players
Seattle Mariners players
Sugar Land Skeeters players
Tacoma Rainiers players
Toros del Este players
Venezuelan expatriate baseball players in the Dominican Republic
Venezuelan expatriate baseball players in Mexico
Venezuelan expatriate baseball players in the United States
Venezuelan Summer League Phillies players
West Virginia Power players
Visalia Oaks players |
23571963 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerhenice | Cerhenice | Cerhenice is a market town in Kolín District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,800 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
The village of Cerhýnky is an administrative part of Cerhenice.
References
Market towns in the Czech Republic |
23571964 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femi | Femi | Fẹ́mi is a common Nigerian given unisex name of Yoruba origin which means "love Me".
Femi is most commonly a diminutive form of "Olufemi" (or Olúfẹ́mi) which means "The Lord loves me" ("Olú" means Lord, Leader, or the "Prominent one," in the Yoruba language). "Olufemi" can also be diminutive of "Olúwafẹ́mi". Other full forms of the name include Olorunfemi (God loves me), Jesufemi (Jesus loves me), Nifemi (Have my love), Babafemi (Father loves me), Obafemi (The King loves me), Adefemi (Royalty loves me), Ifafemi (Ifa loves me) etc.
People
Acting
Femi Taylor, British dancer and actress
Femi Emiola, American actress
Femi Oyeniran, British actor
Art
Femi Ford, American Artist
Politics
Femi Fani-Kayode (born 1960), Nigerian politician
Femi Gbaja Biamila (born 1962), Nigerian politician
Femi Oluwole (born 1990), British political activist
Femi Pedro (born 1955), Nigerian politician
Femi Okurounmu, Nigerian politician, Senator for Ogun Central
Femi Adesina, Nigerian journalist and government official
Obafemi Awolowo, Nigerian politician, statesman, and nationalist who played a key role in Nigeria's independence movement.
Sport
Femi, nickname of Oluwafemi Ajilore (born 1985), footballer now playing for FC Groningen
Femi Babatunde (born 1986), Nigerian footballer now playing for Kwara United F.C.
Femi Ilesanmi (born 1991), English professional footballer
Femi Joseph (born 1990), Nigerian footballer now playing for Liberty Professionals F.C.
Femi Opabunmi (born 1985), footballer now playing for Shooting Stars FC
Femi Orenuga (born 1993), English footballer now playing for Everton
Writing and journalism
Femi Osofisan (born 1946), Nigerian writer
Femi Euba, Nigerian actor and playwright
Femi Oguns, British playwright
Femi Oke (born 1966), British TV journalist, now in New York
Caleb Femi, British poet and former young people’s laureate for London.
Femi Johnson, Nigerian TV journalist with the Nigerian Television Authority (NTA)
Law
Femi Falana, Nigerian Lawyer and human rights activist.
Health
Femi Oshagbemi, Nigerian born Pharmacist, Epidemiologist and Public health expert
Femi Ojo, Nigeria born Psychiatric Registered Nurse, and Public Health Expert, in California
Other
Femi Otedola (born 1967), Nigerian billionaire businessman
Femi Kuti (born 1962), Nigerian musician and the eldest son of afrobeat pioneer Fela Kuti
Femi John Femi (born 1945), Chief of Air Staff of the Nigerian Air Force
Femi Temowo, British jazz musician
See also
La Fémis the École Nationale Supérieure des Métiers de l'Image et du Son
References
Yoruba given names
Unisex given names |
23571965 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cerven%C3%A9%20Pe%C4%8Dky | Červené Pečky | Červené Pečky is a market town in Kolín District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,900 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
Villages of Bohouňovice I, Bojiště, Bořetice, Dolany and Opatovice are administrative parts of Červené Pečky.
References
Market towns in the Czech Republic |
23571969 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pla%C5%88any | Plaňany | Plaňany () is a market town in Kolín District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,900 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
Villages of Blinka, Hradenín and Poboří are administrative parts of Plaňany.
History
The first written mention of Plaňany is from 1222, under its old name Plaňasy. Probably in 1572, during the rule of the Mírek of Solopysky family, the village was promoted to a market town.
Notable people
Wilhelm Würfel (1790–1832), composer
Bedřich Bernau (1849–1904), archaeologist and ethnographist, lived and died here
Josef Nádvorník (1906–1977), lichenologist
References
Market towns in the Czech Republic |
6901703 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm%20characterizations | Algorithm characterizations | Algorithm characterizations are attempts to formalize the word algorithm. Algorithm does not have a generally accepted formal definition. Researchers are actively working on this problem. This article will present some of the "characterizations" of the notion of "algorithm" in more detail.
The problem of definition
Over the last 200 years the definition of algorithm has become more complicated and detailed as researchers have tried to pin down the term. Indeed, there may be more than one type of "algorithm". But most agree that algorithm has something to do with defining generalized processes for the creation of "output" integers from other "input" integers – "input parameters" arbitrary and infinite in extent, or limited in extent but still variable—by the manipulation of distinguishable symbols (counting numbers) with finite collections of rules that a person can perform with paper and pencil.
The most common number-manipulation schemes—both in formal mathematics and in routine life—are: (1) the recursive functions calculated by a person with paper and pencil, and (2) the Turing machine or its Turing equivalents—the primitive register-machine or "counter-machine" model, the random-access machine model (RAM), the random-access stored-program machine model (RASP) and its functional equivalent "the computer".
When we are doing "arithmetic" we are really calculating by the use of "recursive functions" in the shorthand algorithms we learned in grade-school, for example, adding and subtracting.
The proofs that every "recursive function" we can calculate by hand we can compute by machine and vice versa—note the usage of the words calculate versus compute—is remarkable. But this equivalence together with the thesis (unproven assertion) that this includes every calculation/computation indicates why so much emphasis has been placed upon the use of Turing-equivalent machines in the definition of specific algorithms, and why the definition of "algorithm" itself often refers back to "the Turing machine". This is discussed in more detail under Stephen Kleene's characterization.
The following are summaries of the more famous characterizations (Kleene, Markov, Knuth) together with those that introduce novel elements—elements that further expand the definition or contribute to a more precise definition.
[
A mathematical problem and its result can be considered as two points in a space, and the solution consists of a sequence of steps or a path linking them. Quality of the solution is a function of the path. There might be more than one attribute defined for the path, e.g. length, complexity of shape, an ease of generalizing, difficulty, and so on.
]
Chomsky hierarchy
There is more consensus on the "characterization" of the notion of "simple algorithm".
All algorithms need to be specified in a formal language, and the "simplicity notion" arises from the simplicity of the language. The Chomsky (1956) hierarchy is a containment hierarchy of classes of formal grammars that generate formal languages. It is used for classifying of programming languages and abstract machines.
From the Chomsky hierarchy perspective, if the algorithm can be specified on a simpler language (than unrestricted), it can be characterized by this kind of language, else it is a typical "unrestricted algorithm".
Examples: a "general purpose" macro language, like M4 is unrestricted (Turing complete), but the C preprocessor macro language is not, so any algorithm expressed in C preprocessor is a "simple algorithm".
See also Relationships between complexity classes.
Features of a good algorithm
The following are desirable features of a well-defined algorithm, as discussed in Scheider and Gersting (1995):
Unambiguous Operations: an algorithm must have specific, outlined steps. The steps should be exact enough to precisely specify what to do at each step.
Well-Ordered: The exact order of operations performed in an algorithm should be concretely defined.
Feasibility: All steps of an algorithm should be possible (also known as effectively computable).
Input: an algorithm should be able to accept a well-defined set of inputs.
Output: an algorithm should produce some result as an output, so that its correctness can be reasoned about.
Finiteness: an algorithm should terminate after a finite number of instructions.
Properties of specific algorithms that may be desirable include space and time efficiency, generality (i.e. being able to handle many inputs), or determinism.
1881 John Venn's negative reaction to W. Stanley Jevons's Logical Machine of 1870
In early 1870 W. Stanley Jevons presented a "Logical Machine" (Jevons 1880:200) for analyzing a syllogism or other logical form e.g. an argument reduced to a Boolean equation. By means of what Couturat (1914) called a "sort of logical piano [,] ... the equalities which represent the premises ... are "played" on a keyboard like that of a typewriter. ... When all the premises have been "played", the panel shows only those constituents whose sum is equal to 1, that is, ... its logical whole. This mechanical method has the advantage over VENN's geometrical method..." (Couturat 1914:75).
For his part John Venn, a logician contemporary to Jevons, was less than thrilled, opining that "it does not seem to me that any contrivances at present known or likely to be discovered really deserve the name of logical machines" (italics added, Venn 1881:120). But of historical use to the developing notion of "algorithm" is his explanation for his negative reaction with respect to a machine that "may subserve a really valuable purpose by enabling us to avoid otherwise inevitable labor":
(1) "There is, first, the statement of our data in accurate logical language",
(2) "Then secondly, we have to throw these statements into a form fit for the engine to work with – in this case the reduction of each proposition to its elementary denials",
(3) "Thirdly, there is the combination or further treatment of our premises after such reduction,"
(4) "Finally, the results have to be interpreted or read off. This last generally gives rise to much opening for skill and sagacity."
He concludes that "I cannot see that any machine can hope to help us except in the third of these steps; so that it seems very doubtful whether any thing of this sort really deserves the name of a logical engine."(Venn 1881:119–121).
1943, 1952 Stephen Kleene's characterization
This section is longer and more detailed than the others because of its importance to the topic: Kleene was the first to propose that all calculations/computations—of every sort, the totality of—can equivalently be (i) calculated by use of five "primitive recursive operators" plus one special operator called the mu-operator, or be (ii) computed by the actions of a Turing machine or an equivalent model.
Furthermore, he opined that either of these would stand as a definition of algorithm.
A reader first confronting the words that follow may well be confused, so a brief explanation is in order. Calculation means done by hand, computation means done by Turing machine (or equivalent). (Sometimes an author slips and interchanges the words). A "function" can be thought of as an "input-output box" into which a person puts natural numbers called "arguments" or "parameters" (but only the counting numbers including 0—the nonnegative integers) and gets out a single nonnegative integer (conventionally called "the answer"). Think of the "function-box" as a little man either calculating by hand using "general recursion" or computing by Turing machine (or an equivalent machine).
"Effectively calculable/computable" is more generic and means "calculable/computable by some procedure, method, technique ... whatever...". "General recursive" was Kleene's way of writing what today is called just "recursion"; however, "primitive recursion"—calculation by use of the five recursive operators—is a lesser form of recursion that lacks access to the sixth, additional, mu-operator that is needed only in rare instances. Thus most of life goes on requiring only the "primitive recursive functions."
1943 "Thesis I", 1952 "Church's Thesis"
In 1943 Kleene proposed what has come to be known as Church's thesis:
"Thesis I. Every effectively calculable function (effectively decidable predicate) is general recursive" (First stated by Kleene in 1943 (reprinted page 274 in Davis, ed. The Undecidable; appears also verbatim in Kleene (1952) p.300)
In a nutshell: to calculate any function the only operations a person needs (technically, formally) are the 6 primitive operators of "general" recursion (nowadays called the operators of the mu recursive functions).
Kleene's first statement of this was under the section title "12. Algorithmic theories". He would later amplify it in his text (1952) as follows:
"Thesis I and its converse provide the exact definition of the notion of a calculation (decision) procedure or algorithm, for the case of a function (predicate) of natural numbers" (p. 301, boldface added for emphasis)
(His use of the word "decision" and "predicate" extends the notion of calculability to the more general manipulation of symbols such as occurs in mathematical "proofs".)
This is not as daunting as it may sound – "general" recursion is just a way of making our everyday arithmetic operations from the five "operators" of the primitive recursive functions together with the additional mu-operator as needed. Indeed, Kleene gives 13 examples of primitive recursive functions and Boolos–Burgess–Jeffrey add some more, most of which will be familiar to the reader—e.g. addition, subtraction, multiplication and division, exponentiation, the CASE function, concatenation, etc., etc.; for a list see Some common primitive recursive functions.
Why general-recursive functions rather than primitive-recursive functions?
Kleene et al. (cf §55 General recursive functions p. 270 in Kleene 1952) had to add a sixth recursion operator called the minimization-operator (written as μ-operator or mu-operator) because Ackermann (1925) produced a hugely growing function—the Ackermann function—and Rózsa Péter (1935) produced a general method of creating recursive functions using Cantor's diagonal argument, neither of which could be described by the 5 primitive-recursive-function operators. With respect to the Ackermann function:
"...in a certain sense, the length of the computation algorithm of a recursive function which is not also primitive recursive grows faster with the arguments than the value of any primitive recursive function" (Kleene (1935) reprinted p. 246 in The Undecidable, plus footnote 13 with regards to the need for an additional operator, boldface added).
But the need for the mu-operator is a rarity. As indicated above by Kleene's list of common calculations, a person goes about their life happily computing primitive recursive functions without fear of encountering the monster numbers created by Ackermann's function (e.g. super-exponentiation).
1952 "Turing's thesis"
Turing's Thesis hypothesizes the computability of "all computable functions" by the Turing machine model and its equivalents.
To do this in an effective manner, Kleene extended the notion of "computable" by casting the net wider—by allowing into the notion of "functions" both "total functions" and "partial functions". A total function is one that is defined for all natural numbers (positive integers including 0). A partial function is defined for some natural numbers but not all—the specification of "some" has to come "up front". Thus the inclusion of "partial function" extends the notion of function to "less-perfect" functions. Total- and partial-functions may either be calculated by hand or computed by machine.
Examples:
"Functions": include "common subtraction m − n" and "addition m + n"
"Partial function": "Common subtraction" m − n is undefined when only natural numbers (positive integers and zero) are allowed as input – e.g. 6 − 7 is undefined
Total function: "Addition" m + n is defined for all positive integers and zero.
We now observe Kleene's definition of "computable" in a formal sense:
Definition: "A partial function φ is computable, if there is a machine M which computes it" (Kleene (1952) p. 360)
"Definition 2.5. An n-ary function f(x1, ..., xn) is partially computable if there exists a Turing machine Z such that
f(x1, ..., xn) = ΨZ(n)(x1, ..., [xn)
In this case we say that [machine] Z computes f. If, in addition, f(x1, ..., xn) is a total function, then it is called computable" (Davis (1958) p. 10)
Thus we have arrived at Turing's Thesis:
"Every function which would naturally be regarded as computable is computable ... by one of his machines..." (Kleene (1952) p.376)
Although Kleene did not give examples of "computable functions" others have. For example, Davis (1958) gives Turing tables for the Constant, Successor and Identity functions, three of the five operators of the primitive recursive functions:
Computable by Turing machine:
Addition (also is the Constant function if one operand is 0)
Increment (Successor function)
Common subtraction (defined only if x ≥ y). Thus "x − y" is an example of a partially computable function.
Proper subtraction x┴y (as defined above)
The identity function: for each i, a function UZn = ΨZn(x1, ..., xn) exists that plucks xi out of the set of arguments (x1, ..., xn)
Multiplication
Boolos–Burgess–Jeffrey (2002) give the following as prose descriptions of Turing machines for:
Doubling: 2p
Parity
Addition
Multiplication
With regards to the counter machine, an abstract machine model equivalent to the Turing machine:
Examples Computable by Abacus machine (cf Boolos–Burgess–Jeffrey (2002))
Addition
Multiplication
Exponention: (a flow-chart/block diagram description of the algorithm)
Demonstrations of computability by abacus machine (Boolos–Burgess–Jeffrey (2002)) and by counter machine (Minsky 1967):
The six recursive function operators:
Zero function
Successor function
Identity function
Composition function
Primitive recursion (induction)
Minimization
The fact that the abacus/counter-machine models can simulate the recursive functions provides the proof that: If a function is "machine computable" then it is "hand-calculable by partial recursion". Kleene's Theorem XXIX :
"Theorem XXIX: "Every computable partial function φ is partial recursive..." (italics in original, p. 374).
The converse appears as his Theorem XXVIII. Together these form the proof of their equivalence, Kleene's Theorem XXX.
1952 Church–Turing Thesis
With his Theorem XXX Kleene proves the equivalence of the two "Theses"—the Church Thesis and the Turing Thesis. (Kleene can only hypothesize (conjecture) the truth of both thesis – these he has not proven):
THEOREM XXX: The following classes of partial functions ... have the same members: (a) the partial recursive functions, (b) the computable functions ..."(p. 376)
Definition of "partial recursive function": "A partial function φ is partial recursive in [the partial functions] ψ1, ... ψn if there is a system of equations E which defines φ recursively from [partial functions] ψ1, ... ψn" (p. 326)
Thus by Kleene's Theorem XXX: either method of making numbers from input-numbers—recursive functions calculated by hand or computated by Turing-machine or equivalent—results in an "effectively calculable/computable function". If we accept the hypothesis that every calculation/computation can be done by either method equivalently we have accepted both Kleene's Theorem XXX (the equivalence) and the Church–Turing Thesis (the hypothesis of "every").
A note of dissent: "There's more to algorithm..." Blass and Gurevich (2003)
The notion of separating out Church's and Turing's theses from the "Church–Turing thesis" appears not only in Kleene (1952) but in Blass-Gurevich (2003) as well. But while there are agreements, there are disagreements too:
"...we disagree with Kleene that the notion of algorithm is that well understood. In fact the notion of algorithm is richer these days than it was in Turing's days. And there are algorithms, of modern and classical varieties, not covered directly by Turing's analysis, for example, algorithms that interact with their environments, algorithms whose inputs are abstract structures, and geometric or, more generally, non-discrete algorithms" (Blass-Gurevich (2003) p. 8, boldface added)
1954 A. A. Markov Jr.'s characterization
Andrey Markov Jr. (1954) provided the following definition of algorithm:
"1. In mathematics, "algorithm" is commonly understood to be an exact prescription, defining a computational process, leading from various initial data to the desired result...."
"The following three features are characteristic of algorithms and determine their role in mathematics:
"a) the precision of the prescription, leaving no place to arbitrariness, and its universal comprehensibility -- the definiteness of the algorithm;
"b) the possibility of starting out with initial data, which may vary within given limits -- the generality of the algorithm;
"c) the orientation of the algorithm toward obtaining some desired result, which is indeed obtained in the end with proper initial data -- the conclusiveness of the algorithm." (p.1)
He admitted that this definition "does not pretend to mathematical precision" (p. 1). His 1954 monograph was his attempt to define algorithm more accurately; he saw his resulting definition—his "normal" algorithm—as "equivalent to the concept of a recursive function" (p. 3). His definition included four major components (Chapter II.3 pp. 63ff):
"1. Separate elementary steps, each of which will be performed according to one of [the substitution] rules... [rules given at the outset]
"2. ... steps of local nature ... [Thus the algorithm won't change more than a certain number of symbols to the left or right of the observed word/symbol]
"3. Rules for the substitution formulas ... [he called the list of these "the scheme" of the algorithm]
"4. ...a means to distinguish a "concluding substitution" [i.e. a distinguishable "terminal/final" state or states]
In his Introduction Markov observed that "the entire significance for mathematics" of efforts to define algorithm more precisely would be "in connection with the problem of a constructive foundation for mathematics" (p. 2). Ian Stewart (cf Encyclopædia Britannica) shares a similar belief: "...constructive analysis is very much in the same algorithmic spirit as computer science...". For more see constructive mathematics and Intuitionism.
Distinguishability and Locality: Both notions first appeared with Turing (1936–1937) --
"The new observed squares must be immediately recognizable by the computer [sic: a computer was a person in 1936]. I think it reasonable to suppose that they can only be squares whose distance from the closest of the immediately observed squares does not exceed a certain fixed amount. Let us stay that each of the new observed squares is within L squares of one of the previously observed squares." (Turing (1936) p. 136 in Davis ed. Undecidable)
Locality appears prominently in the work of Gurevich and Gandy (1980) (whom Gurevich cites). Gandy's "Fourth Principle for Mechanisms" is "The Principle of Local Causality":
"We now come to the most important of our principles. In Turing's analysis the requirement that the action depend only on a bounded portion of the record was based on a human limitiation. We replace this by a physical limitation which we call the principle of local causation. Its justification lies in the finite velocity of propagation of effects and signals: contemporary physics rejects the possibility of instantaneous action at a distance." (Gandy (1980) p. 135 in J. Barwise et al.)
1936, 1963, 1964 Gödel's characterization
1936: A rather famous quote from Kurt Gödel appears in a "Remark added in proof [of the original German publication] in his paper "On the Length of Proofs" translated by Martin Davis appearing on pp. 82–83 of The Undecidable. A number of authors—Kleene, Gurevich, Gandy etc. -- have quoted the following:
"Thus, the concept of "computable" is in a certain definite sense "absolute," while practically all other familiar metamathematical concepts (e.g. provable, definable, etc.) depend quite essentially on the system with respect to which they are defined." (p. 83)
1963: In a "Note" dated 28 August 1963 added to his famous paper On Formally Undecidable Propositions (1931) Gödel states (in a footnote) his belief that "formal systems" have "the characteristic property that reasoning in them, in principle, can be completely replaced by mechanical devices" (p. 616 in van Heijenoort). ". . . due to "A. M. Turing's work a precise and unquestionably adequate definition of the general notion of formal system can now be given [and] a completely general version of Theorems VI and XI is now possible." (p. 616). In a 1964 note to another work he expresses the same opinion more strongly and in more detail.
1964: In a Postscriptum, dated 1964, to a paper presented to the Institute for Advanced Study in spring 1934, Gödel amplified his conviction that "formal systems" are those that can be mechanized:
"In consequence of later advances, in particular of the fact that, due to A. M. Turing's work, a precise and unquestionably adequate definition of the general concept of formal system can now be given . . . Turing's work gives an analysis of the concept of "mechanical procedure" (alias "algorithm" or "computational procedure" or "finite combinatorial procedure"). This concept is shown to be equivalent with that of a "Turing machine".* A formal system can simply be defined to be any mechanical procedure for producing formulas, called provable formulas . . . ." (p. 72 in Martin Davis ed. The Undecidable: "Postscriptum" to "On Undecidable Propositions of Formal Mathematical Systems" appearing on p. 39, loc. cit.)
The * indicates a footnote in which Gödel cites the papers by Alan Turing (1937) and Emil Post (1936) and then goes on to make the following intriguing statement:
"As for previous equivalent definitions of computability, which however, are much less suitable for our purpose, see Alonzo Church, Am. J. Math., vol. 58 (1936) [appearing in The Undecidable pp. 100-102]).
Church's definitions encompass so-called "recursion" and the "lambda calculus" (i.e. the λ-definable functions). His footnote 18 says that he discussed the relationship of "effective calculatibility" and "recursiveness" with Gödel but that he independently questioned "effectively calculability" and "λ-definability":
"We now define the notion . . . of an effectively calculable function of positive integers by identifying it with the notion of a recursive function of positive integers18 (or of a λ-definable function of positive integers.
"It has already been pointed out that, for every function of positive integers which is effectively calculable in the sense just defined, there exists an algorithm for the calculation of its value.
"Conversely it is true . . ." (p. 100, The Undecidable).
It would appear from this, and the following, that far as Gödel was concerned, the Turing machine was sufficient and the lambda calculus was "much less suitable." He goes on to make the point that, with regards to limitations on human reason, the jury is still out:
("Note that the question of whether there exist finite non-mechanical procedures** not equivalent with any algorithm, has nothing whatsoever to do with the adequacy of the definition of "formal system" and of "mechanical procedure.") (p. 72, loc. cit.)
"(For theories and procedures in the more general sense indicated in footnote ** the situation may be different. Note that the results mentioned in the postscript do not establish any bounds for the powers of human reason, but rather for the potentialities of pure formalism in mathematics.) (p. 73 loc. cit.)
Footnote **: "I.e., such as involve the use of abstract terms on the basis of their meaning. See my paper in Dial. 12(1958), p. 280." (this footnote appears on p. 72, loc. cit).
1967 Minsky's characterization
Minsky (1967) baldly asserts that "an algorithm is "an effective procedure" and declines to use the word "algorithm" further in his text; in fact his index makes it clear what he feels about "Algorithm, synonym for Effective procedure"(p. 311):
"We will use the latter term [an effective procedure] in the sequel. The terms are roughly synonymous, but there are a number of shades of meaning used in different contexts, especially for 'algorithm'" (italics in original, p. 105)
Other writers (see Knuth below) use the word "effective procedure". This leads one to wonder: What is Minsky's notion of "an effective procedure"? He starts off with:
"...a set of rules which tell us, from moment to moment, precisely how to behave" (p. 106)
But he recognizes that this is subject to a criticism:
"... the criticism that the interpretation of the rules is left to depend on some person or agent" (p. 106)
His refinement? To "specify, along with the statement of the rules, the details of the mechanism that is to interpret them". To avoid the "cumbersome" process of "having to do this over again for each individual procedure" he hopes to identify a "reasonably uniform family of rule-obeying mechanisms". His "formulation":
"(1) a language in which sets of behavioral rules are to be expressed, and
"(2) a single machine which can interpret statements in the language and thus carry out the steps of each specified process." (italics in original, all quotes this para. p. 107)
In the end, though, he still worries that "there remains a subjective aspect to the matter. Different people may not agree on whether a certain procedure should be called effective" (p. 107)
But Minsky is undeterred. He immediately introduces "Turing's Analysis of Computation Process" (his chapter 5.2). He quotes what he calls "Turing's thesis"
"Any process which could naturally be called an effective procedure can be realized by a Turing machine" (p. 108. (Minsky comments that in a more general form this is called "Church's thesis").
After an analysis of "Turing's Argument" (his chapter 5.3)
he observes that "equivalence of many intuitive formulations" of Turing, Church, Kleene, Post, and Smullyan "...leads us to suppose that there is really here an 'objective' or 'absolute' notion. As Rogers [1959] put it:
"In this sense, the notion of effectively computable function is one of the few 'absolute' concepts produced by modern work in the foundations of mathematics'" (Minsky p. 111 quoting Rogers, Hartley Jr (1959) The present theory of Turing machine computability, J. SIAM 7, 114-130.)
1967 Rogers' characterization
In his 1967 Theory of Recursive Functions and Effective Computability Hartley Rogers' characterizes "algorithm" roughly as "a clerical (i.e., deterministic, bookkeeping) procedure . . . applied to . . . symbolic inputs and which will eventually yield, for each such input, a corresponding symbolic output"(p. 1). He then goes on to describe the notion "in approximate and intuitive terms" as having 10 "features", 5 of which he asserts that "virtually all mathematicians would agree [to]" (p. 2). The remaining 5 he asserts "are less obvious than *1 to *5 and about which we might find less general agreement" (p. 3).
The 5 "obvious" are:
1 An algorithm is a set of instructions of finite size,
2 There is a capable computing agent,
3 "There are facilities for making, storing, and retrieving steps in a computation"
4 Given #1 and #2 the agent computes in "discrete stepwise fashion" without use of continuous methods or analogue devices",
5 The computing agent carries the computation forward "without resort to random methods or devices, e.g. , dice" (in a footnote Rogers wonders if #4 and #5 are really the same)
The remaining 5 that he opens to debate, are:
6 No fixed bound on the size of the inputs,
7 No fixed bound on the size of the set of instructions,
8 No fixed bound on the amount of memory storage available,
9 A fixed finite bound on the capacity or ability of the computing agent (Rogers illustrates with example simple mechanisms similar to a Post–Turing machine or a counter machine),
10 A bound on the length of the computation -- "should we have some idea, 'ahead of time', how long the computationwill take?" (p. 5). Rogers requires "only that a computation terminate after some finite number of steps; we do not insist on an a priori ability to estimate this number." (p. 5).
1968, 1973 Knuth's characterization
Knuth (1968, 1973) has given a list of five properties that are widely accepted as requirements for an algorithm:
Finiteness: "An algorithm must always terminate after a finite number of steps ... a very finite number, a reasonable number"
Definiteness: "Each step of an algorithm must be precisely defined; the actions to be carried out must be rigorously and unambiguously specified for each case"
Input: "...quantities which are given to it initially before the algorithm begins. These inputs are taken from specified sets of objects"
Output: "...quantities which have a specified relation to the inputs"
Effectiveness: "... all of the operations to be performed in the algorithm must be sufficiently basic that they can in principle be done exactly and in a finite length of time by a man using paper and pencil"
Knuth offers as an example the Euclidean algorithm for determining the greatest common divisor of two natural numbers (cf. Knuth Vol. 1 p. 2).
Knuth admits that, while his description of an algorithm may be intuitively clear, it lacks formal rigor, since it is not exactly clear what "precisely defined" means, or "rigorously and unambiguously specified" means, or "sufficiently basic", and so forth. He makes an effort in this direction in his first volume where he defines in detail what he calls the "machine language" for his "mythical MIX...the world's first polyunsaturated computer" (pp. 120ff). Many of the algorithms in his books are written in the MIX language. He also uses tree diagrams, flow diagrams and state diagrams.
"Goodness" of an algorithm, "best" algorithms: Knuth states that "In practice, we not only want algorithms, we want good algorithms...." He suggests that some criteria of an algorithm's goodness are the number of steps to perform the algorithm, its "adaptability to computers, its simplicity and elegance, etc." Given a number of algorithms to perform the same computation, which one is "best"? He calls this sort of inquiry "algorithmic analysis: given an algorithm, to determine its performance characteristcis" (all quotes this paragraph: Knuth Vol. 1 p. 7)
1972 Stone's characterization
Stone (1972) and Knuth (1968, 1973) were professors at Stanford University at the same time so it is not surprising if there are similarities in their definitions (boldface added for emphasis):
"To summarize ... we define an algorithm to be a set of rules that precisely defines a sequence of operations such that each rule is effective and definite and such that the sequence terminates in a finite time." (boldface added, p. 8)
Stone is noteworthy because of his detailed discussion of what constitutes an “effective” rule – his robot, or person-acting-as-robot, must have some information and abilities within them, and if not the information and the ability must be provided in "the algorithm":
"For people to follow the rules of an algorithm, the rules must be formulated so that they can be followed in a robot-like manner, that is, without the need for thought... however, if the instructions [to solve the quadratic equation, his example] are to be obeyed by someone who knows how to perform arithmetic operations but does not know how to extract a square root, then we must also provide a set of rules for extracting a square root in order to satisfy the definition of algorithm" (p. 4-5)
Furthermore, "...not all instructions are acceptable, because they may require the robot to have abilities beyond those that we consider reasonable.” He gives the example of a robot confronted with the question is “Henry VIII a King of England?” and to print 1 if yes and 0 if no, but the robot has not been previously provided with this information. And worse, if the robot is asked if Aristotle was a King of England and the robot only had been provided with five names, it would not know how to answer. Thus:
“an intuitive definition of an acceptable sequence of instructions is one in which each instruction is precisely defined so that the robot is guaranteed to be able to obey it” (p. 6)
After providing us with his definition, Stone introduces the Turing machine model and states that the set of five-tuples that are the machine’s instructions are “an algorithm ... known as a Turing machine program” (p. 9). Immediately thereafter he goes on say that a “computation of a Turing machine is described by stating:
"1. The tape alphabet
"2. The form in which the [input] parameters are presented on the tape
"3. The initial state of the Turing machine
"4. The form in which answers [output] will be represented on the tape when the Turing machine halts
"5. The machine program" (italics added, p. 10)
This precise prescription of what is required for "a computation" is in the spirit of what will follow in the work of Blass and Gurevich.
1995 Soare's characterization
"A computation is a process whereby we proceed from initially given objects, called inputs, according to a fixed set of rules, called a program, procedure, or algorithm, through a series of steps and arrive at the end of these steps with a final result, called the output. The algorithm, as a set of rules proceeding from inputs to output, must be precise and definite with each successive step clearly determined. The concept of computability concerns those objects which may be specified in principle by computations . . ."(italics in original, boldface added p. 3)
2000 Berlinski's characterization
While a student at Princeton in the mid-1960s, David Berlinski was a student of Alonzo Church (cf p. 160). His year-2000 book The Advent of the Algorithm: The 300-year Journey from an Idea to the Computer contains the following definition of algorithm:
"In the logician's voice:
"an algorithm is
a finite procedure,
written in a fixed symbolic vocabulary,
governed by precise instructions,
moving in discrete steps, 1, 2, 3, . . .,
whose execution requires no insight, cleverness,
intuition, intelligence, or perspicuity,
and that sooner or later comes to an end." (boldface and italics in the original, p. xviii)
2000, 2002 Gurevich's characterization
A careful reading of Gurevich 2000 leads one to conclude (infer?) that he believes that "an algorithm" is actually "a Turing machine" or "a pointer machine" doing a computation. An "algorithm" is not just the symbol-table that guides the behavior of the machine, nor is it just one instance of a machine doing a computation given a particular set of input parameters, nor is it a suitably programmed machine with the power off; rather an algorithm is the machine actually doing any computation of which it is capable. Gurevich does not come right out and say this, so as worded above this conclusion (inference?) is certainly open to debate:
" . . . every algorithm can be simulated by a Turing machine . . . a program can be simulated and therefore given a precise meaning by a Turing machine." (p. 1)
" It is often thought that the problem of formalizing the notion of sequential algorithm was solved by Church [1936] and Turing [1936]. For example, according to Savage [1987], an algorithm is a computational process defined by a Turing machine. Church and Turing did not solve the problem of formalizing the notion of sequential algorithm. Instead they gave (different but equivalent) formalizations of the notion of computable function, and there is more to an algorithm than the function it computes. (italics added p. 3)
"Of course, the notions of algorithm and computable function are intimately related: by definition, a computable function is a function computable by an algorithm. . . . (p. 4)
In Blass and Gurevich 2002 the authors invoke a dialog between "Quisani" ("Q") and "Authors" (A), using Yiannis Moshovakis as a foil, where they come right out and flatly state:
"A: To localize the disagreement, let's first mention two points of agreement. First, there are some things that are obviously algorithms by anyone's definition -- Turing machines , sequential-time ASMs [Abstract State Machines], and the like. . . .Second, at the other extreme are specifications that would not be regarded as algorithms under anyone's definition, since they give no indication of how to compute anything . . . The issue is how detailed the information has to be in order to count as an algorithm. . . . Moshovakis allows some things that we would call only declarative specifications, and he would probably use the word "implementation" for things that we call algorithms." (paragraphs joined for ease of readability, 2002:22)
This use of the word "implementation" cuts straight to the heart of the question. Early in the paper, Q states his reading of Moshovakis:
"...[H]e would probably think that your practical work [Gurevich works for Microsoft] forces you to think of implementations more than of algorithms. He is quite willing to identify implementations with machines, but he says that algorithms are something more general. What it boils down to is that you say an algorithm is a machine and Moschovakis says it is not." (2002:3)
But the authors waffle here, saying "[L]et's stick to "algorithm" and "machine", and the reader is left, again, confused. We have to wait until Dershowitz and Gurevich 2007 to get the following footnote comment:
" . . . Nevertheless, if one accepts Moshovakis's point of view, then it is the "implementation" of algorithms that we have set out to characterize."(cf Footnote 9 2007:6)
2003 Blass and Gurevich's characterization
Blass and Gurevich describe their work as evolved from consideration of Turing machines and pointer machines, specifically Kolmogorov-Uspensky machines (KU machines), Schönhage Storage Modification Machines (SMM), and linking automata as defined by Knuth. The work of Gandy and Markov are also described as influential precursors.
Gurevich offers a 'strong' definition of an algorithm (boldface added):
"...Turing's informal argument in favor of his thesis justifies a stronger thesis: every algorithm can be simulated by a Turing machine....In practice, it would be ridiculous...[Nevertheless,] [c]an one generalize Turing machines so that any algorithm, never mind how abstract, can be modeled by a generalized machine?...But suppose such generalized Turing machines exist. What would their states be?...a first-order structure ... a particular small instruction set suffices in all cases ... computation as an evolution of the state ... could be nondeterministic... can interact with their environment ... [could be] parallel and multi-agent ... [could have] dynamic semantics ... [the two underpinings of their work are:] Turing's thesis ...[and] the notion of (first order) structure of [Tarski 1933]" (Gurevich 2000, p. 1-2)
The above phrase computation as an evolution of the state differs markedly from the definition of Knuth and Stone—the "algorithm" as a Turing machine program. Rather, it corresponds to what Turing called the complete configuration (cf Turing's definition in Undecidable, p. 118) -- and includes both the current instruction (state) and the status of the tape. [cf Kleene (1952) p. 375 where he shows an example of a tape with 6 symbols on it—all other squares are blank—and how to Gödelize its combined table-tape status].
In Algorithm examples we see the evolution of the state first-hand.
1995 – Daniel Dennett: evolution as an algorithmic process
Philosopher Daniel Dennett analyses the importance of evolution as an algorithmic process in his 1995 book Darwin's Dangerous Idea. Dennett identifies three key features of an algorithm:
Substrate neutrality: an algorithm relies on its logical structure. Thus, the particular form in which an algorithm is manifested is not important (Dennett's example is long division: it works equally well on paper, on parchment, on a computer screen, or using neon lights or in skywriting). (p. 51)
Underlying mindlessness: no matter how complicated the end-product of the algorithmic process may be, each step in the algorithm is sufficiently simple to be performed by a non-sentient, mechanical device. The algorithm does not require a "brain" to maintain or operate it. "The standard textbook analogy notes that algorithms are recipes of sorts, designed to be followed by novice cooks."(p. 51)
Guaranteed results: If the algorithm is executed correctly, it will always produce the same results. "An algorithm is a foolproof recipe." (p. 51)
It is on the basis of this analysis that Dennett concludes that "According to Darwin, evolution is an algorithmic process". (p. 60).
However, in the previous page he has gone out on a much-further limb. In the context of his chapter titled "Processes as Algorithms", he states:
"But then . . are there any limits at all on what may be considered an algorithmic process? I guess the answer is NO; if you wanted to, you can treat any process at the abstract level as an algorithmic process. . . If what strikes you as puzzling is the uniformity of the [ocean's] sand grains or the strength of the [tempered-steel] blade, an algorithmic explanation is what will satisfy your curiosity -- and it will be the truth. . . .
"No matter how impressive the products of an algorithm, the underlying process always consists of nothing but a set of mindless steps succeeding each other without the help of any intelligent supervision; they are 'automatic' by definition: the workings of an automaton." (p. 59)
It is unclear from the above whether Dennett is stating that the physical world by itself and without observers is intrinsically algorithmic (computational) or whether a symbol-processing observer is what is adding "meaning" to the observations.
2002 John Searle adds a clarifying caveat to Dennett's characterization
Daniel Dennett is a proponent of strong artificial intelligence: the idea that the logical structure of an algorithm is sufficient to explain mind. John Searle, the creator of the Chinese room thought experiment, claims that "syntax [that is, logical structure] is by itself not sufficient for semantic content [that is, meaning]" . In other words, the "meaning" of symbols is relative to the mind that is using them; an algorithm—a logical construct—by itself is insufficient for a mind.
Searle cautions those who claim that algorithmic (computational) processes are intrinsic to nature (for example, cosmologists, physicists, chemists, etc.):
2002: Boolos-Burgess-Jeffrey specification of Turing machine calculation
For examples of this specification-method applied to the addition algorithm "m+n" see Algorithm examples.
An example in Boolos-Burgess-Jeffrey (2002) (pp. 31–32) demonstrates the precision required in a complete specification of an algorithm, in this case to add two numbers: m+n. It is similar to the Stone requirements above.
(i) They have discussed the role of "number format" in the computation and selected the "tally notation" to represent numbers:
"Certainly computation can be harder in practice with some notations than others... But... it is possible in principle to do in any other notation, simply by translating the data... For purposes of framing a rigorously defined notion of computability, it is convenient to use monadic or tally notation" (p. 25-26)
(ii) At the outset of their example they specify the machine to be used in the computation as a Turing machine. They have previously specified (p. 26) that the Turing-machine will be of the 4-tuple, rather than 5-tuple, variety. For more on this convention see Turing machine.
(iii) Previously the authors have specified that the tape-head's position will be indicated by a subscript to the right of the scanned symbol. For more on this convention see Turing machine. (In the following, boldface is added for emphasis):
"We have not given an official definition of what it is for a numerical function to be computable by a Turing machine, specifying how inputs or arguments are to be represented on the machine, and how outputs or values represented. Our specifications for a k-place function from positive integers to positive integers are as follows:
"(a) [Initial number format:] The arguments m1, ... mk, ... will be represented in monadic [unary] notation by blocks of those numbers of strokes, each block separated from the next by a single blank, on an otherwise blank tape.
Example: 3+2, 111B11
"(b) [Initial head location, initial state:] Initially, the machine will be scanning the leftmost 1 on the tape, and will be in its initial state, state 1.
Example: 3+2, 11111B11
"(c) [Successful computation -- number format at Halt:] If the function to be computed assigns a value n to the arguments that are represented initially on the tape, then the machine will eventually halt on a tape containing a block of strokes, and otherwise blank...
Example: 3+2, 11111
"(d) [Successful computation -- head location at Halt:] In this case [c] the machine will halt scanning the left-most 1 on the tape...
Example: 3+2, 1n1111
"(e) [Unsuccessful computation -- failure to Halt or Halt with non-standard number format:] If the function that is to be computed assigns no value to the arguments that are represented initially on the tape, then the machine either will never halt, or will halt in some nonstandard configuration..."(ibid)
Example: Bn11111 or B11n111 or B11111n
This specification is incomplete: it requires the location of where the instructions are to be placed and their format in the machine--
(iv) in the finite state machine's TABLE or, in the case of a Universal Turing machine on the tape, and
(v) the Table of instructions in a specified format
This later point is important. Boolos-Burgess-Jeffrey give a demonstration (p. 36) that the predictability of the entries in the table allow one to "shrink" the table by putting the entries in sequence and omitting the input state and the symbol. Indeed, the example Turing machine computation required only the 4 columns as shown in the table below (but note: these were presented to the machine in rows):
2006: Sipser's assertion and his three levels of description
For examples of this specification-method applied to the addition algorithm "m+n" see Algorithm examples.
Sipser begins by defining '"algorithm" as follows:
"Informally speaking, an algorithm is a collection of simple instructions for carrying out some task. Commonplace in everyday life, algorithms sometimes are called procedures or recipes (italics in original, p. 154)
"...our real focus from now on is on algorithms. That is, the Turing machine merely serves as a precise model for the definition of algorithm .... we need only to be comfortable enough with Turing machines to believe that they capture all algorithms" ( p. 156)
Does Sipser mean that "algorithm" is just "instructions" for a Turing machine, or is the combination of "instructions + a (specific variety of) Turing machine"? For example, he defines the two standard variants (multi-tape and non-deterministic) of his particular variant (not the same as Turing's original) and goes on, in his Problems (pages 160-161), to describe four more variants (write-once, doubly infinite tape (i.e. left- and right-infinite), left reset, and "stay put instead of left). In addition, he imposes some constraints. First, the input must be encoded as a string (p. 157) and says of numeric encodings in the context of complexity theory:
"But note that unary notation for encoding numbers (as in the number 17 encoded by the unary number 11111111111111111) isn't reasonable because it is exponentially larger than truly reasonable encodings, such as base k notation for any k ≥ 2." (p. 259)
Van Emde Boas comments on a similar problem with respect to the random-access machine (RAM) abstract model of computation sometimes used in place of the Turing machine when doing "analysis of algorithms":
"The absence or presence of multiplicative and parallel bit manipulation operations is of relevance for the correct understanding of some results in the analysis of algorithms.
". . . [T]here hardly exists such as a thing as an "innocent" extension of the standard RAM model in the uniform time measures; either one only has additive arithmetic or one might as well include all reasonable multiplicative and/or bitwise Boolean instructions on small operands." (Van Emde Boas, 1990:26)
With regard to a "description language" for algorithms Sipser finishes the job that Stone and Boolos-Burgess-Jeffrey started (boldface added). He offers us three levels of description of Turing machine algorithms (p. 157):
High-level description: "wherein we use ... prose to describe an algorithm, ignoring the implementation details. At this level we do not need to mention how the machine manages its tape or head."
Implementation description: "in which we use ... prose to describe the way that the Turing machine moves its head and the way that it stores data on its tape. At this level we do not give details of states or transition function."
Formal description: "... the lowest, most detailed, level of description... that spells out in full the Turing machine's states, transition function, and so on."
2011: Yanofsky
In Yanofsky (2011) an algorithm is defined to be the set of programs that implement that algorithm: the set of all programs is partitioned into equivalence classes. Although the set of programs does not form a category, the set of algorithms form a category with extra structure. The conditions that describe when two programs are equivalent turn out to be coherence relations which give the extra structure to the category of algorithms.
Notes
References
David Berlinski (2000), The Advent of the Algorithm: The 300-Year Journey from an Idea to the Computer, Harcourt, Inc., San Diego, (pbk.)
George Boolos, John P. Burgess, Richard Jeffrey (2002), Computability and Logic: Fourth Edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. (pbk).
Andreas Blass and Yuri Gurevich (2003), Algorithms: A Quest for Absolute Definitions, Bulletin of European Association for Theoretical Computer Science 81, 2003. Includes an excellent bibliography of 56 references.
Burgin, M. Super-recursive algorithms, Monographs in computer science, Springer, 2005.
. A source of important definitions and some Turing machine-based algorithms for a few recursive functions.
Davis gives commentary before each article. Papers of Gödel, Alonzo Church, Turing, Rosser, Kleene, and Emil Post are included.
Robin Gandy, Church's Thesis and principles for Mechanisms, in J. Barwise, H. J. Keisler and K. Kunen, eds., The Kleene Symposium, North-Holland Publishing Company 1980) pp. 123–148. Gandy's famous "4 principles of [computational] mechanisms" includes "Principle IV -- The Principle of Local Causality".
Yuri Gurevich, Sequential Abstract State Machines Capture Sequential Algorithms, ACM Transactions on Computational Logic, Vol 1, no 1 (July 2000), pages 77–111. Includes bibliography of 33 sources.
Reprinted in The Undecidable, p. 255ff. Kleene refined his definition of "general recursion" and proceeded in his chapter "12. Algorithmic theories" to posit "Thesis I" (p. 274); he would later repeat this thesis (in Kleene 1952:300) and name it "Church's Thesis"(Kleene 1952:317) (i.e., the Church Thesis).
Excellent — accessible, readable — reference source for mathematical "foundations".
The first of Knuth's famous series of three texts.
Lewis, H.R. and Papadimitriou, C.H. Elements of the Theory of Computation, Prentice-Hall, Uppre Saddle River, N.J., 1998
A. A. Markov (1954) Theory of algorithms. [Translated by Jacques J. Schorr-Kon and PST staff] Imprint Moscow, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1954 [i.e. Jerusalem, Israel Program for Scientific Translations, 1961; available from the Office of Technical Services, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Washington] Description 444 p. 28 cm. Added t.p. in Russian Translation of Works of the Mathematical Institute, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, v. 42. Original title: Teoriya algerifmov. [QA248.M2943 Dartmouth College library. U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Office of Technical Services, number OTS 60-51085.]
Minsky expands his "...idea of an algorithm — an effective procedure..." in chapter 5.1 Computability, Effective Procedues and Algorithms. Infinite machines.
Hartley Rogers, Jr, (1967), Theory of Recursive Functions and Effective Computability, MIT Press (1987), Cambridge MA, (pbk.)
Robert Soare, (1995 to appear in Proceedings of the 10th International Congress of Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science, August 19–25, 1995, Florence Italy), Computability and Recursion), on the web at ??.
Michael Sipser, (2006), Introduction to the Theory of Computation: Second Edition, Thompson Course Technology div. of Thompson Learning, Inc. Boston, MA. .
Ian Stewart, Algorithm, Encyclopædia Britannica 2006.
Cf in particular the first chapter titled: Algorithms, Turing Machines, and Programs. His succinct informal definition: "...any sequence of instructions that can be obeyed by a robot, is called an algorithm" (p. 4).
Peter van Emde Boas (1990), "Machine Models and Simulations" pp 3–66, appearing in Jan van Leeuwen (1990), Handbook of Theoretical Computer Science. Volume A: Algorithms & Complexity, The MIT Press/Elsevier, 1990, (Volume A)
Computability theory
Models of computation
Formal methods
Algorithms |
23571986 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paldang%20Bridge | Paldang Bridge | The Paldang Bridge () crosses the Han River in South Korea and connects the cities of Hanam and Namyangju. Excluding the single-lane bridge built on top of the Paldang Dam, it is the easternmost bridge on the Han River.
Construction on the bridge began in May 1986 as the second concrete bridge over the Han River after Olympic Bridge. Construction was halted in March 1991, however, when a portion of the bridge collapsed due to strong winds and killed one construction worker on site. Inspections revealed structural damage, prompting a change in construction methods. Construction resumed in October 1991, but was halted again in May 1992 after further structural damage was discovered. Initial designs were scrapped, and the bridge was opened as a girder bridge on April 25, 1995.
References
Buildings and structures in Hanam
Buildings and structures in Namyangju
Bridges in Gyeonggi Province
Bridges completed in 1995 |
23571990 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carina%20Ricco | Carina Ricco | Carina Ricco (born November 27, 1968, Veracruz, Mexico) is a Mexican actress, singer, musician, producer and composer. In 2007 she opened her own music record company. She is the widow of Eduardo Palomo, father of her two kids, Fiona and Luca.
Biography
Born in the port city of Veracruz, Mexico of Spanish and Italian origin, Carina spent her childhood in Argentina, where she began exploring the world of music as a very young child. She started her professional musical career, in earnest, once back in Mexico as a teenager.
In 1993 she released her first solo album, Del Cabello a los Pies (Head to Toe), and toured Central and South America. She is most proud of her performances at the “Viña del Mar Festival”, where she was her country’s representative.
In 1997 she released Sueños Urbanos (Urban Dreams), the album in which we discover more about Carina as songwriter with themes composed by her. Her single Solo Quiero reached the pinnacle of popularity.
Despite interest from major record labels Carina chose to start her own record company. In 2007 Damselfly Records gives birth to Viaje Personal.
Carina is a singer, musician and composer with versatile talent who has also explored film, theatre and television, both as an actress and as a producer.
External links
http://www.carinaricco.com
1969 births
Living people
Mexican women singers
Mexican musicians
Mexican people of Italian descent
Mexican people of Spanish descent
Actresses from Veracruz
Singers from Veracruz |
20465016 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plunketts%20Creek%20Bridge%20No.%203 | Plunketts Creek Bridge No. 3 | Plunketts Creek Bridge No. 3 was a rubble masonry stone arch bridge over Plunketts Creek in Plunketts Creek Township, Lycoming County in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. It was built between 1840 and 1875, probably closer to 1840, when the road along the creek between the unincorporated villages of Barbours and Proctor was constructed. Going upstream from the mouth, the bridge was the third to cross the creek, hence its name.
The bridge was long, with an arch that spanned , a deck wide, and a roadway width of . It carried a single lane of traffic. In the 19th century, the bridge and its road were used by the lumber, leather, and coal industries active along the creek. By the early 20th century, these industries had almost entirely left, and the villages declined. The area the bridge served reverted mostly to second growth forest and it was used to access Pennsylvania State Game Lands and a state pheasant farm.
Plunketts Creek Bridge No. 3 was considered "significant as an intact example of mid-19th century stone arch bridge construction", and was added to the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) on June 22, 1988. Although it was repaired after a major flood in 1918, a record flood on January 21, 1996, severely damaged the bridge, and it was demolished in March 1996. Before the 1996 flood about 450 vehicles crossed it each day. Later that year, a replacement bridge was built and the old stone structure was documented by the Historic American Engineering Record. It was removed from the NRHP on July 22, 2002.
History
Early inhabitants and name
Plunketts Creek is in the West Branch Susquehanna River drainage basin, the earliest recorded inhabitants of which were the Susquehannocks. Their numbers were greatly reduced by disease and warfare with the Five Nations of the Iroquois, and by 1675 they had died out, moved away, or been assimilated into other tribes. The West Branch Susquehanna River valley was subsequently under the nominal control of the Iroquois, who invited displaced tribes, including the Lenape (Delaware) and Shawnee to live in the lands vacated by the Susquehannocks. The French and Indian War (1754–1763) led to the migration of many Native Americans westward to the Ohio River basin. On November 5, 1768, the British acquired the New Purchase from the Iroquois in the Treaty of Fort Stanwix, including what is now Plunketts Creek. The first settlement along the creek by European colonists took place between 1770 and 1776.
Plunketts Creek is named for Colonel William Plunkett, a physician, who was the first president judge of Northumberland County after it was formed in 1772. During conflicts with Native Americans, he treated wounded settlers and fought the natives. Plunkett led a Pennsylvania expedition in the Pennamite-Yankee War to forcibly remove settlers from Connecticut, who had claimed and settled on lands in the Wyoming Valley also claimed by Pennsylvania. For his services, Plunkett was granted six tracts of land that totaled on November 14, 1776, although the land was not actually surveyed until September 1783. Plunkett's land included the creek's mouth, so Plunketts Creek was given his name. He died in 1791, aged about 100, and was buried in Northumberland without a grave marker or monument (except for the creek that bears his name).
Lycoming County was formed from Northumberland County in 1795. When Plunketts Creek Township was formed in Lycoming County in 1838, the original name proposed was "Plunkett Township", but Plunkett's lack of active support for the American Revolution some years earlier had led some to believe his loyalty lay with the British Empire. The lingering suspicion of his loyalist sympathies led to the proposed name being rejected. Naming the township for the creek rather than its namesake was seen as an acceptable compromise.
Villages and road
In 1832, John Barbour built a sawmill on Loyalsock Creek near the mouth of Plunketts Creek. This developed into the village of Barbours Mills, today known as Barbours. In the 19th century, Barbours had several blacksmiths, a temperance hotel, post office, many sawmills, a school, store and wagon maker. In 1840, a road was built north from Barbours along Plunketts Creek, crossing it several times. This is the earliest possible date for construction of the bridge, but the surviving county road docket on the construction mentions neither bridges nor fords for crossing the creek.
The bridge is at the mouth of Coal Mine Hollow, and the road it was on was used by the lumber and coal industries that were active in Plunketts Creek Township during the 19th and early 20th centuries. Creeks in the township supplied water power to 14 mills in 1861, and by 1876 there were 19 sawmills, a shingle mill, a woolen factory, and a tannery. By the latter half of the 19th century, these industries supported the inhabitants of two villages in Plunketts Creek Township.
In 1868 the village of Proctorville was founded as a company town for Thomas E. Proctor's tannery, which was completed in 1873. Proctor, as it is now known, is north of Barbours along Plunketts Creek, and the main road to it crossed the bridge. The bark from eastern hemlock trees was used in the tanning process, and the village originally sat in the midst of vast forests of hemlock. The tannery employed "several hundred" workers at wages between 50 cents and $1.75 a day. These employees lived in 120 company houses, which each cost $2 a month to rent. In 1892, Proctor had a barber shop, two blacksmiths, cigar stand, Independent Order of Odd Fellows hall, leather shop, news stand, a post office (established in 1885), a two-room school, two stores, and a wagon shop.
The road between Barbours and Proctor crosses Plunketts Creek four times and the four bridges are numbered in order, starting from the southernmost in Barbours near the mouth and going upstream. While evidence such as maps indicates that the third bridge was constructed close to 1840, the first definitive proof of its existence is a survey to relocate the road between the second and third bridges in 1875. The first bridge over Plunketts Creek was replaced with a covered bridge in 1880, and the second bridge was replaced in 1886. That same year, the road between the second and third bridges was moved again, returning to its original position on the west side of the creek.
Finished sole leather was hauled over the bridge by horse-drawn wagon south about to Little Bear Creek, where it was exchanged for "green" hides and other supplies brought north from Montoursville. These were then hauled north across the bridge into Proctor. The hides, which were tanned to make leather, came from the United States, and as far away as Mexico, Argentina, and China. Hemlock bark, used in the tanning process, was hauled to the tannery from up to away in both summer and winter, using wagons and sleds. The lumber boom on Plunketts Creek ended when the virgin timber ran out. By 1898, the old growth hemlock was exhausted and the Proctor tannery, then owned by the Elk Tanning Company, was closed and dismantled.
20th century
Small-scale lumbering continued in the watershed in the 20th century, but the last logs were floated under the bridge down Plunketts Creek to Loyalsock Creek in 1905. In 1918, a flood on the creek damaged the road for on both sides of the bridge, and caused "settling and cracking of the bridge itself". The bridge had needed repairs and reconstruction. In 1931, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania passed legislation that gave the state responsibility for the costs of road and bridge maintenance for many highways belonging to local municipalities. This took effect in 1932, relieving Plunketts Creek Township and Lycoming County of the responsibility.
Without timber and the tannery, the populations of Proctor and Barbours declined, as did traffic on the road and bridges between them. The Barbours post office closed in the 1930s and the Proctor post office closed on July 1, 1953. Both villages also lost their schools and almost all of their businesses. Proctor celebrated its centennial in 1968, and a 1970 newspaper article on its 39th annual "Proctor Homecoming" reunion called it a "near-deserted old tannery town". In the 1980s, the last store in Barbours closed, and the former hotel (which had become a hunting club) was torn down to make way for a new bridge across Loyalsock Creek.
Plunketts Creek has been a place for lumber and tourism since its villages were founded, and as industry declined, nature recovered. Second growth forests have since covered most of the clear-cut land. Pennsylvania's state legislature authorized the acquisition of abandoned and clear-cut land for Pennsylvania State Game Lands in 1919, and the Pennsylvania Game Commission (PGC) acquired property along Plunketts Creek for State Game Lands Number 134 between 1937 and 1945. The main entrance to State Game Lands 134 is just north of the bridge site, on the east side of the creek.
The PGC established the Northcentral State Game Farm in 1945 on part of State Game Lands 134 to raise wild turkey. The farm was converted to ringneck pheasant production in 1981, and, as of 2007, it was one of four Pennsylvania state game farms that produced about 200,000 pheasants each year for release on land open to public hunting. The Northcentral State Game Farm is chiefly in the Plunketts Creek valley, just south of Proctor and north of the bridge. The opening weekend of the trout season brings more people into the village of Barbours at the mouth of Plunketts Creek than any other time of the year.
On June 22, 1988, the bridge was added to the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP), as part of the Multiple Property Submission (MPS) of Highway Bridges Owned by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Department of Transportation, TR. The MPS included 135 bridges owned by the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (PennDOT), 58 of which were of the stone arch type. While the individual NRHP form for the bridge cites a 1932 inspection report (the year that the state took over its maintenance), the MPS form mistakenly gives the bridge's date of construction as 1932.
Flood and destruction
In January 1996, there was major flooding throughout Pennsylvania. The 1995–1996 early winter was unusually cold, and considerable ice buildup formed in local streams. A major blizzard on January 6–8 produced up to of snow, which was followed on January 19–21 by more than of rain with temperatures as high as and winds up to . The rain and snowmelt caused flooding throughout Pennsylvania and ice jams made this worse on many streams. Elsewhere in Lycoming County, flooding on Lycoming Creek in and near Williamsport killed six people and caused millions of dollars in damage.
On Plunketts Creek, ice jams led to record flooding, which caused irreparable major damage to the mid-19th century stone arch bridge. Downstream in Barbours, the waters were deep in what was then called the village's "worst flood in history". Plunketts Creek Bridge No. 3 was one of two destroyed in Lycoming County, and on January 31 a photograph of the damaged bridge was featured on the front page of the Williamsport Sun-Gazette with the caption "This old stone arch bridge over Plunketts Creek must be replaced." In neighboring Sullivan County, the Sonestown Covered Bridge, also on the NRHP, was so damaged by the flood that it remained closed for repairs until late December 1996. Throughout Pennsylvania, these floods led to 20 deaths and 69 municipal- or state-owned bridges being either "destroyed or closed until inspections could verify their safety".
When it became clear that the bridge could not be repaired, PennDOT awarded an emergency contract for a temporary bridge before the end of January, citing "emergency vehicles that can no longer travel directly from Barbours" to Proctor and beyond. The temporary bridge cost $87,000 and was wide. The photographs for the bridge's inclusion in the Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) were taken in January, and the HAER "documentation package was prepared as mitigation for the emergency demolition" of the bridge, which was collapsed in March. The permanent replacement bridge was completed in 1996, and the old bridge was removed from the NRHP on July 22, 2002.
Description and construction
Plunketts Creek Bridge No. 3 was a rubble masonry stone arch bridge, oriented roughly east–west over Plunketts Creek. Its overall length was and its single semi-circular arch spanned . The bridge deck width was , and its roadway was wide, which could accommodate only a single lane of traffic. Just before the flood that led to the bridge's destruction, about 450 vehicles crossed the bridge daily. The outside corners of the wing walls were apart, which combined with the overall length of led to a total area of being listed on the NRHP.
The bridge rested on abutments which had been jacketed with concrete after its original construction. The arch was supported by voussoirs made of "irregular rubble stone", without a keystone. There was also no stone giving the date or other construction information. The approaches were flanked by wing walls constructed of riprap stones, and the spandrel walls were topped by parapets made of "rough, crenellated stones". The bridge's road deck rested directly on the top of its arch. This led to a "narrow wall at the arch crown" and a "protruding rock parapet" atop this spandrel wall on either side. Most stone arch bridges have solid parapets without decoration; this bridge's parapet crenellation was an ornamental feature. The parapet construction and appearance made the bridge unique among the 58 Pennsylvania stone arch bridges with which it was nominated for the NRHP.
Pennsylvania has a long history of stone arch bridges, including the oldest such bridge in use in the United States, the 1697 Frankford Avenue Bridge over Pennypack Creek in Philadelphia. Such bridges typically used local stone, with three types of finishing possible. Rubble or third-class masonry construction used stones just as they came from the quarry; squared-stone or second-class masonry used stones that had been roughly dressed and squared; and ashlar or first-class masonry used stones which had been finely dressed and carefully squared. Rubble masonry was the quickest and cheapest for construction, and had the largest tolerances. Many of the oldest stone bridges in Pennsylvania were built using rubble masonry techniques.
Stone bridge construction started with the excavation of foundations for the abutments. Then a temporary structure known as a center or centering would be built of wood or iron. This structure supported the stone arch during construction. Once the stone arch was built, the spandrel walls and wing walls could be added. Then the road bed was built, with fill (loose stones or dirt) added to support it as needed. Wall and arch stones were generally set in place dry to ensure a good fit, then set in mortar. Once the bridge was complete and the mortar had properly hardened, the center was gradually lowered and then removed. In March 1996, after standing for between 156 and 121 years, the arch of Bridge No. 3 finally collapsed.
Note
a. The January 1996 flood which destroyed Plunketts Creek Bridge No. 3 was surpassed by flooding associated with remnants of Tropical Storm Lee in September 2011. In the nearby village of Shunk in Fox Township, Sullivan County, Lee dumped of rainfall. Plunketts Creek has no stream gauge, but just downstream of its mouth the gauge on the Loyalsock Creek bridge at Barbours was a record on September 7, 2011 (for comparison, the January 20–21, 1996 flood crest was ). The 2011 flooding destroyed a small stone bridge on Wallis Run Road in Proctor over a tributary of Plunketts Creek.
See also
List of bridges documented by the Historic American Engineering Record in Pennsylvania
List of bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania
References
Bridges completed in 1875
Bridges in Lycoming County, Pennsylvania
Road bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania
Demolished bridges in the United States
Historic American Engineering Record in Pennsylvania
National Register of Historic Places in Lycoming County, Pennsylvania
Stone arch bridges in the United States |
6901706 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YoungArts | YoungArts | YoungArts (previously National YoungArts Foundation and National Foundation for Advancement in the Arts, or NFAA) is an American charity established in 1981 by Lin and Ted Arison to help nurture emerging high-school artists. The foundation is based in Miami, Florida. Alumni of the program include Timothée Chalamet, Jessica Darrow, Kerry Washington, Matt Bomer, Billy Porter, Anna Gunn, Andrew Rannells, Kimiko Glenn, Ben Levi Ross, Sam Lipsyte, Chris Young, Neal Dodson, Viola Davis, Nicki Minaj, Doug Aitken, and Max Schneider.
In 1981, Ted Arison gave $5 million to launch the National Foundation for Advancement in the Arts.
YoungArts nominates up to 60 candidates for consideration as U.S. Presidential Scholars in the Arts following participation in YoungArts week.
YoungArts disciplines
The YoungArts application consists of ten disciplines across the visual, literary, design and performing arts:
Classical Music – composition and instrumental
Dance – ballet, choreography, hip hop, jazz, modern, tap, and world dance forms
Design Arts - architecture, interior, product, graphic, fashion and theater design
Film – narrative, documentary, experimental, and animation
Jazz – composers and instrumentalists
Photography
Theater – musical, classical and contemporary spoken theater
Visual Arts
Voice – classical, jazz, popular and singer/songwriter
Writing – creative non-fiction, novel, play or script, poetry, short story, spoken word
Other programs and activities
Several documentaries have been produced highlighting this unique program and its award recipients. Most notably, Rehearsing a Dream, produced by the Simon and Goodman Picture Company, was nominated for the Academy Award for Documentary Short Subject. A documentary television series entitled YoungArts MasterClass, in which program alumni are teamed with famous mentors, is in its second season on HBO. YoungArts has developed a study guide, based on the HBO series, for high school teachers with Teachers College, Columbia University.
Alumni opportunities
Every YoungArts winner becomes a part of the YoungArts alumni community, an artistic family of more than 20,000 alumni. YoungArts makes open calls to alumni to provide opportunities and inclusion in its programming and events.
Budget
YoungArts has an endowment of $42 million. Its $6 million annual budget is expected to increase as much as 40 percent as its operating expenses grow.
References
External links
YoungArts website
Presidential Scholars Program
Arts foundations based in the United States
Educational foundations in the United States
Scholarships in the United States |
6901745 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff%20Stember | Jeff Stember | Jeffrey Alan Stember (born March 2, 1958) is a former Major League Baseball pitcher.
Biography
The right-hander was born in Elizabeth, New Jersey, is Jewish, and attended Westfield High School. He was drafted by the San Francisco Giants in the 26th round of the 1976 amateur draft, and appeared in one game for the Giants in 1980.
Stember's only outing was a start against the Houston Astros at the Astrodome on August 5, 1980. He pitched the first three innings and gave up three runs, but only one earned run. In the top of the fourth, trailing 3-1, the Giants loaded the bases with one out and the pitcher's spot due up. Manager Dave Bristol decided to pinch-hit for Stember, and it worked out as the Giants scored four runs in the inning and ended up with a 9-3 win. Stember, however, had to take his 0-0 record and 3.00 earned run average back to Triple-A Phoenix, and never again pitched in a big league game.
References
External links
Major League Baseball pitchers
Baseball players from New Jersey
San Francisco Giants players
Sportspeople from Elizabeth, New Jersey
1958 births
Living people
People from Westfield, New Jersey
Westfield High School (New Jersey) alumni
Jewish American baseball players
Jewish Major League Baseball players
21st-century American Jews |
6901750 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20colonial%20governors%20and%20administrators%20of%20Seychelles | List of colonial governors and administrators of Seychelles | This is a list of colonial governors of Seychelles, an archipelagic island country in the Indian Ocean. Seychelles was first colonized by the French in 1770, and captured by the British in 1810, who governed it under the subordination to Mauritius until 1903, when it became a separate crown colony. Seychelles achieved independence from the United Kingdom on 29 June 1976.
List of governors
Italics indicate de facto continuation of office
For continuation after independence, see: List of presidents of Seychelles
See also
Seychelles
Politics of Seychelles
List of presidents of Seychelles
Vice-President of Seychelles
Prime Minister of Seychelles
Lists of office-holders
References
External links
World Statesmen – Seychelles
Governor
Governors
Seychelles
Seychelles
European colonisation in Africa |
20465022 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%20Honduran%20general%20election | 2009 Honduran general election | General elections were held in Honduras on 29 November 2009, including presidential, parliamentary and local elections. Voters went to the polls to elect:
A new President of Honduras to serve a four-year term starting on 27 January 2010.
128 members to serve a four-year term in the National Congress.
Representatives in municipal (local) governments.
The possibility of having a "fourth ballot box" (Spanish: cuarta urna) at the 29 November election regarding the convocation of a National Constituent Assembly constituted a major element of the 2009 Honduran constitutional crisis.
Campaigning
Preceding the planned November elections, the 2009 Honduran constitutional crisis (ouster of president Manuel Zelaya) occurred, bringing the legitimacy of the elections into doubt.
Campaigning by candidates took place for the three months prior to 29 November in the context of conflict between the de facto government, the de jure government, and resistance to the de facto government, mostly coordinated by the National Resistance Front.
Nearly one month of this campaign period was covered by the Micheletti de facto government Decree PCM-M-016-2009, signed on 22 September 2009 and rescinded on 19 October 2009. The decree suspended five constitutional rights: personal liberty (Article 69), freedom of expression (Article 72), freedom of movement (Article 81), habeas corpus (Article 84) and freedom of association.
Hundreds of candidates, including presidential candidate Carlos H. Reyes, renounced their candidacy citing scepticism that the same military that overthrew the elected president could be trusted to run a free and fair election five months later.
Presidential candidates
The candidates of the two main political parties were former presidential candidate Porfirio Lobo Sosa of the National Party and former vice-president Elvin Santos of the Liberal Party. The trade unionist Garifuna leader Bernard Martínez Valerio was the Innovation and Unity Party (PINU) candidate. Martínez was the first black presidential candidate in the history of Honduras, according to PINU. Another trade union leader, Carlos Humberto Reyes, one of the coordinators of the Frente Nacional de Resistencia Contra el Golpe de Estado en Honduras, was an independent candidate for the election but formally withdrew in order not to legitimise the coup d'état and what he and his supporters perceived would be fraudulent elections.
The table below shows all six continuing and withdrawn candidates, in the order published by the Supreme Electoral Tribunal.
Opinion polls
A pre-election poll conducted between 23 and 29 August 2009 by COIMER & OP showed a relative majority (41%) who would not declare a voting preference or would not vote in favour of any of the six candidates. By mid-October this had dropped to a minority (29%) according to a CID-Gallup poll. Porfirio Lobo's support increased from 28% in August to 37% in October, and Elvin Santos' support increased from 14% to 21%. According to the two polls, Carlos H. Reyes' support dropped from 12% to 6%, while the other three candidates increased from 1–2% support in August to 2–3% in October. A popularity rating question in the COIMER & OP August poll, concerning positive, average and negative opinions towards presidential candidates and other prominent people, found that Porfirio Lobo had more negative than positive popularity (34% versus 30%), as did Elvin Santos (45% versus 19%) and the de facto President Roberto Micheletti (56% versus 16%) and César Ham (20% versus 16%). Carlos H. Reyes had more positive than negative ratings (25% versus 14%), as did de jure President Manuel Zelaya (45% versus 26%).
Conduct
Over thirty thousand security personnel were involved in running the election, including 12,000 military, 14,000 police officers and 5000 reservists. Mayors were requested by the army to provide lists of "enemies" (Spanish: enemigos) of the electoral process in order to "neutralise" them (Spanish: neutralizarlos).
Amnesty International protested to the Honduran de facto government about violations of habeas corpus on 28 and 29 November. One of the people who were disappeared was Jensys Mario Umanzor Gutierrez, last seen in police detention early on the morning of 30 November. Amnesty International (AI) stated that no courts, including the Supreme Court, were available to receive a petition for habeas corpus. AI also referred to two men arrested under terrorism charges and beaten, and 14 minors detained under decree PCM-M-016-2009 for gathering in groups of more than four persons, and later freed without charges. AI also said that human rights organizations in Honduras "suffered attacks and acts of intimidation".
On election day, police and military suppressed an anti-election rally in San Pedro Sula, with reports of one death plus injuries and arrests. There were also reports that employees of government agencies and private businesses were being told that they would be fired if they did not vote.
The European Parliament did not send observers. However, observers were sent by the centre-right European People's Party, who reported a "high degree of civic maturity and exemplar democratic behaviour" during the elections.
Despite few outside legal observers, the International Republican Institute and the National Democratic Institute were there as American observers. The IRI supported the projections of 61% from the interim government and the Supreme Electoral Tribunal. The NDI has so far not commented on their projection of the vote turnout, however have commented on an independent, local Honduran observer part-funded by USAID, the Hagamos Democracia who put the turnout on 48%. The NDI commented that they had a low margin of error on what percentage of the votes were allocated to the candidates as they had successfully projected the vote's outcome: 56 percent for Lobo and 38 percent for Santos. He also said a 48 percent turnout would be consistent with a trend of increasing abstention in Honduras. Turnout was 55 percent in the 2005 election that brought Zelaya to office, 10 percentage points lower than in the previous election. Official turnout was revised down to 49%, a figure consistent with the TSE's own internal figures on election day but over which it had preferred to announce the entirely unfounded but rather more politically convenient 61%, as was caught on video at the time. 49% incidentally, is also a decline on the 55% 2005 election turnout.
Results
President
Porfirio Lobo Sosa, popularly known as Pepe Lobo, of the opposition conservative National Party was elected to succeed Micheletti. Early reports gave Lobo over 50% of the popular vote, with Elvin Santos the closest opponent with around 35%. While some regional nations did not accept the election as valid, others including the United States have supported its legitimacy. While exiled President Manuel Zelaya called for a boycott of the election, turnout ranged from around 30% in poorer areas to 70% in more wealthy communities. Lobo hinted that charges against Zelaya would be dropped.
National Congress
Reactions
Organisations and individuals in Honduras, including the National Resistance Front against the coup d'État in Honduras, Marvin Ponce of the Democratic Unification Party, and Bertha Oliva of Comité de Familiares de Detenidos Desaparecidos en Honduras, and internationally, including Mercosur, President Cristina Kirchner of Argentina and
the Union of South American Nations, said that elections held on 29 November under Micheletti would not be recognized.
Honduras
Hundreds of people made a noisy drive-by protest in Tegucigalpa on 1 December to symbolise their rejection of the elections and to highlight that the turnout estimates of over 60% were inaccurate. Zelaya's aide Carlos Reina called for the elections to be cancelled.
In early November 2009, Dagoberto Suazo of the National Resistance Front against the coup d'État in Honduras asked for the international community to continue to refuse to recognise the planned 29 November elections. Marvin Ponce, a member of Congress from the Democratic Unification Party, said that it was not possible to hold the elections in the aftermath of the coup d'état. Bertha Oliva of COFADEH criticised the United States government for stating that Honduras could hold "free elections in less than three weeks" when "Hondurans [were being] subjected to arbitrary arrest, the closure of independent media, police beatings, torture and even killings by security forces". Oliva claimed that it was not possible to have an election campaign when the right to freedom of assembly, freedom of movement and press freedom were absent. She called for elections to be delayed until at least three months after human rights and democracy are restored.
On 6 November 2009, following the failure of Micheletti and Zelaya to together create a "unity cabinet", Zelaya called for a boycott of the 29 November election.
On 9 November 2009, following a national meeting of leaders of the National Resistance Front against the coup d'état, presidential candidate Carlos H. Reyes declared the withdrawal of his candidacy, on the grounds of not legitimising the coup d'état and fraudulent elections. At the time of Reyes' withdrawal, the Honduran newspapers El Tiempo and La Tribuna showed Reyes' right hand in a plaster cast due to an injury sustained during his 30 July beating by Honduran security forces under the control of the de facto Micheletti government. At least 30–40 candidates from various parties and independent candidates, including at least one National Party candidate, Mario Medrano in San Manuel, Cortés, also withdraw in protest. Mario Medrano stated that he withdrew his candidature in order not to legitimise the coup d'état, that this was independent of party membership, and that anyone elected could be removed [if the coup d'état remained legitimate].
Canadian investigative journalist Jesse Freeston released a series of three videos before and after the elections them of being "coup laundering". In the final video, "Honduran Elections Exposed", Freeston separately interviews two members of the Honduran Supreme Electoral Tribunal. The engineer in charge of the count says that 49% of Hondurans had turned out to vote. Meanwhile, the spokesman for the tribunal told Freeston that roughly 65% had turned out. Freeston concludes that nobody knows how many Hondurans turned out, since all four major international election observers (UN, EU, Carter Center, and OAS) all refused to participate. The videos also exposed the police attack on an anti-election protest in San Pedro Sula, the arrest of a man for possession of anti-election posters in Tegucigalpa, a letter the military sent to all the mayors in Honduras seeking contact information of anyone involved in the National People's Resistance Front, the shutting down of anti-coup media outlets Radio Globo and Canal 36, and the targeted assassinations of anti-coup community organizers.
International
Mercosur declared on 24 July 2009 that it would not recognise the results of the planned November elections or any other elections organised under Micheletti. President Cristina Kirchner of Argentina stated, "We must condemn any benevolent coup attempt, that is, when through a civilian-military coup legitimate authorities are ousted followed by attempts to legalize the situation by calling new elections. This would be the death kiss for the OAS democratic charter and turning the Mercosur democratic charter in mere fiction". On 10 August, the Union of South American Nations (UNASUR) also declared that it would not recognise the results of elections held while the de facto Micheletti government remained in power. On 17 August, President Felipe Calderón of Mexico, together with Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, made a similar statement. On September 3, the US State Department issued a statement revoking all non-humanitarian assistance to Honduras and said, of the November 29 elections "At this moment, we would not be able to support the outcome of the scheduled elections".
The U.S. has since changed position and announced that it will recognize the results of the election as a part of the San Jose-Tegucigalpa Accord. Prior to the elections, the OAS advanced a resolution that would have refused to recognize its results. Initially, the U.S. administration pushed for the return of Zelaya, however, subsequently back-tracked on a threat not to recognize the election. The OAS resolution was ultimately blocked by the United States. The U.S. State Department rejected appeals by other Organization of American States (OAS) member nations to condemn what many perceived to be a fraudulent election and, instead, declared the contest "free, fair and transparent." The International Republican Institute, an organization linked to the United States Republican Party, also declared the elections had been "free of violence and overt acts of intimidation". The victory of Porfirio Lobo Sosa was quickly recognized by the United States, which increased military and police aid to the government, despite much of Latin America continuing to view him as an illegal pretender to the Honduran presidency.
In the days preceding the elections, Israel, Italy, Colombia, Panama, Peru, Germany, Costa Rica and Japan also announced their intentions to recognize the results of the elections.
On 30 November at the 19th Ibero-American Summit in Estoril, Portugal the governments of Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Cuba, Ecuador, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Spain, Uruguay, and Venezuela announced they would not recognize the elections whereas Colombia, Costa Rica and Panama said that they would. On 7 December the five Mercosur member states once again ratified their decision of not recognizing the election of Porfirio Lobo.
References
Honduras
Elections in Honduras
2009 in Honduras
Presidential elections in Honduras
November 2009 events in North America
Election and referendum articles with incomplete results |
20465052 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy%20Schedl | Timothy Schedl | Timothy Schedl (born 1955 in Iowa City, Iowa) is a professor of genetics at Washington University in St. Louis.
Biography
Early life and education
Timothy Bruce Schedl was born in 1955 to University of Iowa chemistry professor Harold Schedl and professor of art Naomi Schedl. He has two brothers, Andrew Schedl and Paul Schedl. He received his degree from Lawrence University in 1977.
Career
In 1990, he and his wife, Amy moved to St. Louis where he occupied the same position that he does now. The Schedl lab studies germline development of the soil nematode C. elegans, and uses genetic, molecular, and cellular approaches to investigate germcell proliferation and entry into meiosis, progression through meiotic prophase, meiotic maturation and ovulation, and germline sex determination.
Schedl has published 33 papers with various people in his lab and his field. One of his pictures also ended up as the cover of Science.
Marriage and children
He was married to his wife Amy in 1974, and now also has two children, Will and Maggie.
References
Schedl Lab; http://www.genetics.wustl.edu/tslab/
1955 births
Living people
American geneticists
Washington University in St. Louis faculty
Lawrence Technological University alumni |
6901759 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone%20of%20Eric | Stone of Eric | The Stone of Eric, listed as DR 1 in the Rundata catalog, is a memorial runestone that was found in Northern Germany. This area was part of Denmark during the Viking Age.
Description
The Stone of Eric is one of the Hedeby stones. It was found in 1796 at Danevirke and moved to a park in Schleswig. Like the Skarthi Rune stone, DR 3, it is believed to have been raised in about 995 C.E. Its inscription describes an attack from the Swedish king Eric the Victorious on Hedeby, who took advantage of the fact that Sweyn Forkbeard was campaigning in England.
The inscription refers to King Sweyn's hemþægi or heimþegi (pl. heimþegar), meaning "home-receiver" (i.e., one who is given a house by another). A total of six runestones in Denmark refer to a person with this title, the others being DR 3 in Haddeby, the now-lost DR 154 in Torup, DR 155 in Sjørind, and DR 296 and DR 297 in Hällestad. The use of the term in the inscriptions suggest a strong similarity between heimþegar and the Old Norse term húskarl (literally, "house man"), or housecarl. Like housecarls, heimþegar are in the service of a king or lord, of whom they receive gifts (here, homes) for their service. Some, like Johannes Brøndsted, have interpreted heimþegi as being nothing more than a local Danish variant of húskarl.
The runic text also describes Erik as being a styrimann, a title often translated as "captain" and which describes a person who was responsible for navigation and watchkeeping on a ship. This term is also used in inscriptions on Sö 161 in Råby, U 1011 in Örby, U 1016 in Fjuckby, and U Fv1976;104 at the Uppsala Cathedral. Thorulf describes the relationship between himself and Erik using the term félag, which refers to a joint financial venture between partners. Several other runestones mention that the deceased using some form of félag include Sö 292 in Bröta, Vg 112 in Ås, Vg 122 in Abrahamstorp, the now-lost Vg 146 in Slöta, Vg 182 in Skattegården, U 391 in Villa Karlsro, the now-lost U 954 in Söderby, DR 66 and DR 68 in Århus, DR 125 in Dalbyover, DR 127 in Hobro, DR 262 in Fosie, DR 270 in Skivarp, DR 279 in Sjörup, DR 316 in Norra Nöbbelöv, DR 318 in Håstad, DR 321 in Västra Karaby, DR 329 and DR 330 in Gårdstånga, DR 339 in Stora Köpinge, and X UaFv1914;47 in Berezanj, Ukraina.
Erik at the end of the text is described as being drængʀ harþa goþan meaning "a very good valiant man." A drengr in Denmark was a term mainly associated with members of a warrior group. It has been suggested that drengr along with thegn was first used as a title associated with men from Denmark and Sweden in service to Danish kings, but, from its context in inscriptions, over time became more generalized and was used by groups such as merchants or the crew of a ship. Other runestones describing the deceased using the words harþa goþan dræng in some order include DR 68 in Århus, DR 77 in Hjermind, DR 127 in Hobro, DR 268 in Östra Vemmenhög, DR 276 in Örsjö, DR 288 and DR 289 in Bjäresjö, Sm 48 in Torp, Vg 61 in Härlingstorp, Vg 90 in Torestorp, Vg 112 in Ås, Vg 114 in Börjesgården, the now-lost Vg 126 in Larvs, Vg 130 in Skånum, Vg 153 and Vg 154 in Fölene, Vg 157 in Storegården, Vg 162 in Bengtsgården, Vg 179 in Lillegården, Vg 181 in Frugården, Vg 184 in Smula (using a plural form), the now-lost Ög 60 in Järmstastenen, Ög 104 in Gillberga, and possibly on U 610 in Granhammar.
The stone is known locally as the Eriksten.
Transliteration of the runes into Latin characters
A × þurlfr| × |risþi × stin × þonsi × ¶ × himþigi × suins × eftiʀ × ¶ erik × filaga × sin × ias × uarþ
B : tauþr × þo × trekiaʀ ¶ satu × um × haiþa×bu ¶ × i=a=n : h=a=n : u=a=s : s=t=u=r=i:m=a=t=r : t=r=e=g=ʀ × ¶ × harþa : kuþr ×
See also
List of runestones
Sædinge Runestone
Sigtrygg Runestones
References
Other sources
Nordisk familjebok
External links
Photograph of side A of stone
Photograph of side B of stone
10th-century inscriptions
1796 archaeological discoveries
Runestones in memory of Viking warriors
Runestones in Germany |
20465055 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear%20Swamp%20Preserve | Bear Swamp Preserve | Bear Swamp Preserve is a Nature Conservancy preserve and National Natural Landmark in Westerlo, New York. It consists of a pond and surrounding of swamp and woodland. It is recognized for its great laurel tree population. It has two nature trails totaling about in length.
See also
List of National Natural Landmarks in New York
References
External links
The Nature Conservancy: Bear Swamp Preserve
National Natural Landmarks in New York (state)
Geography of Albany County, New York
Nature Conservancy preserves in New York (state) |
20465072 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20John%20Glenn%20Story | The John Glenn Story | The John Glenn Story is a 1962 American short documentary film directed by Michael R. Lawrence about the astronaut John Glenn. It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Short.
References
External links
, posted by NASA
1962 films
1962 short films
1962 documentary films
American short documentary films
Documentary films about the space program of the United States
Films about astronauts
1960s short documentary films
John Glenn
1960s English-language films
1960s American films |
6901786 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustang%20Band | Mustang Band | The Cal Poly Mustang Band, also known as The Pride of the Pacific, is the official marching band of California Polytechnic State University in the city of San Luis Obispo, California. Although the band is not a competitive marching band they serve as a school spirit organization. The band functions in two different forms throughout the year. In the fall the band marches as The Mustang Marching Band and during Cal Poly's winter quarter they function as a pep band. The band attends many athletic events during the year to encourage the school's athletic teams and audience support/involvement. The marching band is well-known around campus as an exciting and spirited group that brings pep, passion, and tradition to every performance. The marching band is conducted by three directors: Christopher J. Woodruff (Director of Bands), Nicholas P. Waldron (Associate Director), and Len Kawamoto (Assistant Director).
History
Timeline
1916: Marching band established.
1916: First band director was D.W. Scholosser.
1921: First women join the band.
1936: Harold P. "Davy" Davidson used white ducks and FFA jackets as uniforms
1936: Broke tradition of Sousa marches for football; half time shows began to emphasize popular music
1958: Began concert Band tours
1960: First women join band since 1921 and first women's band uniforms purchased
1961: First Dixieland Band, First Band Day, Lettergirls formed
1966: First indoor concert of the Marching Band (Band-O-Rama)
1978: Brass Band formed. Marching Band played their first professional basketball game for the L.A. Lakers at The Forum.
1983: Performed in the Fetes de Geneve Music Festival in Geneva, Switzerland.
1994: Band suspended.
1995: "Stadium" band reinstated; plays in the stands only
1996: Full Marching Band reinstated, now known as the Mustang Band
1998: Len Kawamoto is appointed as the assistant director of the Mustang Band
2006: Christopher Woodruff is appointed as director of the Mustang Band and associate director of bands
2010: New director of bands Andrew McMahan appointed
2014: First Performance at the San Francisco Chinese New Year Parade
2015-2016: Cal Poly band program celebrates 100th anniversary
2018: Christopher Woodruff is appointed as Cal Poly director of bands
2019: Nicholas P. Waldron is appointed as director of the Mustang Band and associate director of bands
Directors
D.W. Schlosser (1916-1919)
H.M. Whitlock (1919-1925)
Merritt "Pop" Smith (1926-1936)
Harold P. "Davy" Davidson (1936-1956)
Clarence Coughran (1956-1959)
George Beatie (1959-1963)
J. Marty Baum (1963-1966)
William V. Johnson (1966-1992) Under Johnson's direction, the band gained prominence performing in the first indoor Marching Band concert, Band-O-Rama. In 1970, the band performed at professional football games, only to later perform for the L.A. Lakers in 1978. This year also represents the addition of the Brass Band, complementing the already polished, more traditional sections. Johnson is currently the coordinator of instrumental music, also conducting the university Wind Orchestra and Wind Ensemble. Between 1993 and 1995, Johnson served as the President of the World Association for Symphonic Bands and Ensembles (WASBE). Preceding his presidency, he was the secretary from 1987 to 1991. Johnson was instrumental in the formation WASBE as the Executive Director for the International Conference for Conductors, Composers and Publishers, held in Manchester—an event resulting in the formation of WASBE. Unsurprisingly, Johnson served as the Conference Chairman for the 9th WASBE Conference held in San Luis Obispo, California, July 5–11, 1999. Currently he is the Chairperson of the WASBE Foundation. Johnson received his Bachelor's Degree in music from Indiana University School of Music studying the euphonium with the late William Bell, a former tuba virtuoso of the New York Philharmonic Orchestra. He is a life member of Kappa Kappa Psi national band fraternity and is the Sponsor of Cal Poly's Iota Pi Chapter.
Alyson McLamore (1992-1995)
David Rackley (1995-2005) A native of Modesto, California, Rackley received his bachelor of music and master of arts degrees in theory and composition from San Francisco State University, studying conducting with Lazlo Varga and composition with Luigi Zaninnelli, Roger Nixon, Peter Sacco, Carl Sitton, and Pulitzer Prize winning composer Wayne Peterson. Upon completion of his studies, Rackley entered the United States Air Force Bands and Music Program rising to commander and conductor of Air Force Bands. A published and award winning composer, Rackley has scored video and film productions for the Library of Congress, the A&E Channel, CNN, NBC, CBS, ABC, and the Discovery Channel. His production music credits include Days of Our Lives, America's Most Wanted, Cheers, Nurses, Picket Fences, L.A. Law, All My Children, General Hospital, Home Improvement, Quantum Leap, and Seinfeld. He has received six Telly Awards, two Onmi Awards, a CINE Golden Eagle Award, the Gold Apple Award from the National Education Media Network, a Gold CINDY from the International Association of Audio-Visual Communicators, and a Bronze Award from the WorldFest-Charleston International Film and Video Competition.
William V. Johnson (2005-2010)
Andrew McMahan (2010–2017)
Christopher J. Woodruff (2006 – 2019)
Nicholas P. Waldron (August 2019 – present)
Marching band season
During football season, the Mustang Band typically fields around 200 members. In 2013, the band became the largest it has ever been with approximately 215 members. The marching season starts off each year with an annual band camp where each member learns the techniques of marching, such as the traditional High-Step for the Pre-Game run-on and the glide step used during regular marching. The rest of the band's marching season relies on Tuesday and Thursday rehearsals from 3:10-5:30 pm and some extra weekend rehearsals to perfect their shows.
Pre-game performance
The Mustang Band plays at every home football game and attends at least one away game per year. Popular travel places are Davis, Sacramento, and San Diego. Before each football game, the march down to Alex G. Spanos Stadium becomes a show in itself. The band marches to Cal Poly's own traditional drum cadences, such as Baja Blasted, Tick Tock, Musty Mambo, and George, which is by far the most popular. Each section also has its own moves as they progress down to the field. In 2010 a new tradition was established to warm up outside the University Union before stepping off for the stadium. On the way to the stadium, the band will occasionally make a stop at FanFest (in previous years, it was the president's house) where they perform a few numbers for fellow students. The band then proceeds to the BBQ/Tailgate party, where they perform a few more songs before they make their way down to the field for the pre-game performance. The Pre-Game Show begins with a high-step run-on, continues with the Cal Poly Fanfare, "Yea Poly," the "Alma Mater," and at the end of each performance the band plays the Star-Spangled Banner while the ROTC brings the flags to the field. At the conclusion of the national anthem, the band marches to the north end zone, forms a tunnel extending from the inflated tunnel, and plays the fight song while the team runs onto the field. This performance is usually the same for each game the marching band attends.
During the game
During the game the band plays in the stands, drawing from a working library of about 120 tunes (and about 1000 more in the archives). For every touchdown, the band plays the Cal Poly fight song, "Ride High, You Mustangs." For every point after or field goal made, they play "Yea Poly," an old fight song revived in 2007. (Prior to 2007, "Mustang Sally" was played to celebrate field goals.) The band also plays during timeouts and even during play when Cal Poly is on defense (to distract the rival offense).
Halftime show
The Halftime Show is the highlight of the marching band performances. The show changes for almost every game and requires a significant amount of work and practice in order to complete in time. Each halftime show consists of at least three pieces which include drill elements written by the drill design committee. At some point during the season, the band gets to perform a special drill—when the band dances uniformly to the drum cadence.
Post-game performance
At the conclusion of the game, the band scatters on to the football field where they play the fight song and the alma mater while the football team sings along. The band remains stationary and plays select songs as the audience and team leave the stadium.
Other performances
The Mustang Band performs in three parades during the year: the SLO Christmas parade, the San Francisco Chinese New Year Parade, and Cal Poly's Open House Parade. The Christmas Parades takes place in Downtown San Luis Obispo while the Open House Parade takes place at the California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo campus.
The Mustang Band also performs at the Cal Poly Music Department's annual Fall Concert entitled Bandfest. Here they join the Cal Poly Wind Orchestra and Wind Ensemble and play selections from previous performances in the marching season.
Pep band season
From the end of Cal Poly's fall quarter and throughout winter quarter, the marching band transforms into a pep band. During this time of the year, the band is strictly a stadium band and plays during both the women's and men's home basketball games and the women's home volleyball games. The band plays popular tunes, the fight song, alma mater, and the national anthem. The band also changes from traditional marching band uniforms to yellow and green pep band shirts, jeans, and tennis shoes.
On a volunteer basis, the pep band also performs at certain events throughout the year such as Cal Poly's Open House and Cal Poly's Week of Welcome (WOW). By playing at the Open House and WOW events, the band is able to show themselves to all prospective students, which also makes these events an excellent time for recruitment.
The pep band also attends the volleyball and basketball tournaments. Every March they travel with the basketball teams to Anaheim to perform as a thirty-member ensemble at the Big West Tournament.
Sections
The Marching Band consists of various sections, broken down by instrument. Each section has a section leader who becomes each particular section's representative. The sections are as follows:
Flutes: Members include flutes and piccolos
Clarinets: Previously known as CPCP (Cal Poly Clarinet Power)
Saxophones: Includes Alto and Tenor saxophones, collectively known as "Sax Luv"
French Horns: Known as MFH, or Marching French Horns
Trumpets: Known as the "Chops"
Baritones: Includes bellfront marching Baritones and Euphoniums, collectively known as the "Broitones"
Trombones: A collection of slide trombone players
Tubas: Known as HMS, or Heavy Metal Section
Drumline
Colorguard
Songs
Fight Songs
Ride High, You Mustangs
Listen
Ride High, You Mustangs,
Kick the frost out, burn the breeze
Ride High, You Mustangs
Those bow wows we'll knock to their knees
Hi! Ki! Yi!
Ride High, You Mustangs
Chin the moon and do it right
Ride High and cut a rusty
Fight! Fight! Fight!
– Harold P. Davidson
Yea Poly
Listen
On Pacific shores, 'neath Bishop Peak
Along the serene San Luis Creek
Lies our alma mater, grand as can be!
Many a foe will stalk her ground
But we, mighty Mustangs, won't be found
But valiantly marching to victory!
Strike up the band for all to hear!
For our alma mater, sing and cheer!
Ride high and she'll never fail!
Banners of green and gold will raise
And so will the echoes of her praise
For Cal Poly will prevail!
YEA POLY!
– Music by Harold P. Davidson, Lyrics by Joshua B. Parker (CSC 2009)
– Adopted as a Cal Poly song on May 19, 2009
Alma mater
All Hail Green and Gold
Listen
All Hail, Green and Gold,
May your praises e'er be told
Of friendship, and of courage
And stalwart ones of old!
All Hail, Green and Gold,
In your name we shall prevail,
So to California Polytechnic,
Hail! Hail! Hail!
– Harold P. Davidson
Service organizations
Kappa Kappa Psi (ΚΚΨ) – ιπ Chapter
Some members of the Mustang Band participate in Iota Pi, Cal Poly's chapter of the national honorary band fraternity Kappa Kappa Psi. Iota Pi continually finds ways to serve the Mustang Band as well as many of the other Cal Poly music ensembles by creating many social events in which band members may participate.
References
External links
Official Mustang Band homepage
Cal Poly Mustang Band Alumni
Kappa Kappa Psi, Iota Pi
The Official Band Book
Mustang Band
California Polytechnic State University
Musical groups established in 1916
1916 establishments in California |
6901791 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Min%20Chueh%20Chang | Min Chueh Chang | Min Chueh Chang (, October 10, 1908 – June 5, 1991), often credited as M.C. Chang, was a Chinese-American reproductive biologist. His specific area of study was the fertilisation process in mammalian reproduction. Though his career produced findings that are important and valuable to many areas in the field of fertilisation, including his work on in vitro fertilisation which led to the first "test tube baby", he was best known to the world for his contribution to the development of the combined oral contraceptive pill at the Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology.
Education and private life
Chang was born on October 10, 1908, in the village of Dunhòu (敦厚), which lies 64 miles (103 km) northwest of Taiyuan, the capital city of Shanxi province, in Qing dynasty China. His family was able to provide for him a good education, and in 1933, he obtained a bachelor's degree in animal psychology from Tsinghua University in Beijing. In 1938, Chang won a national competition and was awarded one of the few available fellowships to study abroad. He went to spend a year at the University of Edinburgh studying agricultural science, but found that the university was not to his liking due to a combination of the cold weather and a perceived bias against foreigners there. On an invitation from Arthur Walton, Chang left the University of Edinburgh and went on to research ram spermatozoa at Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge. With his newfound interest in reproductive biology, Chang immersed himself in research, working together with other scientists such as John Hammond and F.H.A. Marshall, under the tutelage of Arthur Walton. In 1941, he was awarded a PhD in animal breeding by the University of Cambridge on his observations on the effect of testicular cooling and various hormonal treatments on the respiration, metabolism, and survival of sperm in animals.
Chang met his wife, American-born Chinese Isabelle Chin Chang, in the library at Yale University, shortly after he moved to the United States. Chin assumed the role of the housewife in the pair's marriage, allowing Chang to delve into his work without domestic concerns. They have two daughters and a son together – Claudia Chang Tourtellotte, head of the anthropology department at Sweet Briar College; Pamela O'Malley Chang, an architect, civil engineer, and sustainable design consultant and Francis Hugh Chang, director of health centers in Boston, Massachusetts. and San Jose, California.
Upon his death, Chang was buried in Shrewsbury, Massachusetts, where he had lived and where the Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology was located.
Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology
In March 1945, Chang arrived at the recently founded Worcester Foundation of Experimental Biology in Shrewsbury, Massachusetts, just outside Worcester, on a fellowship granted to him by Gregory Pincus to learn the technique of in vitro fertilisation. It was apparent that they worked well together and Chang would eventually spend the rest of his career at the foundation, researching mammalian fertilisation. Funds became increasingly available for research on reproduction from the 1950s, and the Foundation attracted a number of talented scientists. Chang guided and advised these scientists, may of whom would go on to become leaders in the field of reproduction. While at the Foundation Chang's work contributed to the development of the oral contraceptive, making him one of the co-founders of the combined oral contraceptive pill.
Professional achievements
One of Chang's notable achievements was his research and testing of the effectiveness of certain orally administered steroids in the control of mammalian fertility. This led to his co-invention of the first birth control pill with Gregory Pincus. Chang is arguably most remembered for this endeavor as the birth control pill came to have a tremendous influence on human society and the sexual revolution. However, controlling fertility was not the primary concentration of his work. Chang's interest lay in sperm, eggs, and the fertilisation process itself. The ability to control the fertility of eggs was a necessity to his work. He initiated the study of orally administered contraceptives for mammals to enable him to better conduct his research in fertilisation. Indeed, throughout the span of his 45-year career, only five years, 1951 to 1956, were spent researching and testing the effectiveness of orally administered contraceptives, and this work was mainly on the oral mode of the administration of the contraceptive steroids, rather than on the effectiveness of the steroids themselves, which had already been previously proven.
Chang's body of work in mammalian fertilisation is large and appears in nearly 350 publications. One of his major discoveries was the effect of lowering temperature on sperm. Chang found that at a temperature of 13 °C or lower, the membrane structure and function of sperm would disintegrate, thus destroying the fertilising capacity of the sperm. This phenomenon is now commonly known as cold shock. Yet another of Chang's major discoveries was his observation on the relationship between the number of available sperm and the effective fertilisation of ova by the sperm. It was believed that the fertilisation of the egg was dependent on there being a large number of available sperm in the fertilisation process. Chang found that it was actually the physiological structure of the individual sperm that affected the actual fertilisation of the egg, and that having a large number of sperm was not necessary. He then posited that the purpose of having a large number of sperm in the fertilisation process was to allow for greater genetic recombination, in that only the strongest sperm would reach the site of fertilisation through the female reproductive tract. The process of capacitation, the maturation period of sperm that is required in order for them to be able to fertilise ova, was also one of Chang's major discoveries. This observation would lead him further to find that capacitated sperm would lose capacitation if exposed to seminal plasma or blood serum, and that recapacitation could be achieved if the sperm was placed back in the uterus or the fallopian tubes.
Of all his research and experimentation, Chang's work in in vitro fertilisation was arguably his greatest achievement. In 1935, Gregory Pincus had claimed to have achieved successful mammal birth from the result of in vitro fertilisation of rabbit eggs. As nobody, including Chang, could repeat this feat at the time, doubts were cast over the authenticity of the claim. Then finally, in 1959, Chang in vitro fertilised a black rabbit's eggs with a black rabbit's sperm, transferred them to a white rabbit, and was able to produce a litter of young black rabbits. This was the sort of evidence attesting to the feasibility of in vitro fertilisation for which many scientists had been searching. In the years that followed, Chang and his associates conducted further research to determine specific conditions of successful in vitro fertilisation as well as to perform the technique on other mammals such as hamsters, mice, and rats. It was on the basis of Chang's findings that the first in vitro fertilisation of human eggs was performed, leading to the birth of the world's first "test tube baby" in 1978.
Awards and honours
Albert Lasker Award, given by the Lasker Foundation and Planned Parenthood (1954)
Ortho Medal, given by the American Fertility Society (1961)
Carl G. Hartman Award, given by the Society for the Study of Reproduction (1970)
Francis Amory Prize, given by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1975)
Wippman Scientific Research Award, given by the Planned Parenthood Federation of America (1987)
Elected membership to the National Academy of Sciences (1990)
References
External links
Chang, Min Chueh, "Recollections of 40 years at the Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology"
Roy O. Greep, "Min Chueh Chang", Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences (1995)
Symposium Tribute to Min-Chueh Chang and his disciples. 13-14 November 2014. Murcia (Spain)
1908 births
1991 deaths
Tsinghua University alumni
Alumni of Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge
20th-century Chinese inventors
Chinese emigrants to the United States
People from Lüliang
Biologists from Shanxi
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
20th-century American biologists |
20465076 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Porcupine%20%281807%29 | HMS Porcupine (1807) | HMS Porcupine was a Royal Navy of 24 guns, launched in 1807. She served extensively and relatively independently in the Adriatic and the Western Mediterranean during the Napoleonic Wars, with her boats performing many cutting out expeditions, one of which earned for her crew the Naval General Service Medal. She was sold for breaking up in 1816 but instead became the mercantile Windsor Castle. She was finally sold for breaking up in 1826 at Mauritius.
Design
Porcupine was rated a 24-gun ship and the original plan was that she would mount that number of long 9-pounder guns on her main deck plus two 6-pounder guns on her forecastle. She also carried ten 24-pounder carronades on her quarterdeck and forecastle. By the time that Captain Henry Duncan commissioned her in March 1807, the Admiralty had added two brass howitzers to her armament, while exchanging her 9-pounders for 32-pounder carronades. Her complement was increased by twenty to 175 officers, men and boys.
Service
Porcupine entered service in March 1807, operating in the Mediterranean Fleet during the Napoleonic Wars under the command of Captain Henry Duncan. Detached to serve on independent command in the Adriatic Campaign, Porcupine fought numerous minor actions with shore batteries and coastal merchant ships.
Adriatic
On 23 September 1807, she captured Fortuna. Then on 7 October Porcupine chased a trabaccolo into the harbour of Zupaino on Šipan (Giuppana), the largest of the Elaphiti Islands. That evening Duncan sent his boats, under the command of Lieutenant George Price, with Lieutenant Francis Smith, into the harbour where they captured and brought out the trabaccolo, which was the Venetian gunboat Safo. She was armed with a 24-pounder gun and some swivel guns, and had a crew of some 50 men, all under the command of enseigne de vaisseau Anthonio Ghega. She was well moored to the shore and was expecting an attack. Even so, once the British arrived, most of the crew jumped overboard. Safo belonged to a division of gunboats deployed to protect the coast and had been sent out from Ragusa (Dubrovnik) three days earlier. Also, before entering the harbour, the British captured a guard boat with one 4-pounder swivel gun. Despite the resistance, Porcupine had only two men wounded.
Between 23 September and 23 November, Porcupine captured some 40 enemy vessels, most of which were carrying grain and wine between Ragusa and Catero (Kotor). Duncan received intelligence that the French were going to fortify the island of Curzola. He therefore kept Porcupine between the island and Ragusa. On 27 November Lieutenant Price in the cutter captured two small vessels sailing from Ragusa; small arms fire from the shore wounded one man. Two days later Price went into the harbour of Zuliano where he destroyed several small vessels and wine in warehouses that was intended for French troops. He brought out the only vessel afloat, a trabaccolo carrying a cargo of wool. As he was leaving the port another trabaccolo approached and before Porcupine could intercept it, Price had captured it too. She was sailing from Ragusa to Curzola with military stores, including two 6½" brass mortars, two 5½" brass howitzers, four new carriages for 18-pounder guns, together with material for constructing a shore battery as well as shot and shell. Duncan was able to get the guns and most of the stores on to Porcupine before a gale came up, which forced him to destroy the two trabaccolos.
Porcupines next exploit occurred on 7 January 1808. After a chase of eight hours, Porcupine captured the French transport Saint Nicolo. She was armed with two guns, had a crew of 16 sailors, and also had on board 31 soldiers from the 6th Regiment of the Line. She was 36 hours out of Tarento. Finding out from the prize that another vessel had left four hour earlier, Duncan set out to find her in the channel between Paxos and Corfu. He was successful in intercepting his quarry, which turned out to be Madonna del Carmine. She was armed with six guns, had a crew of 20 men, and was carrying 33 soldiers, also from the 6th Regiment. Both vessels were on their first voyage and were carrying cargoes of grain and gunpowder for the garrison at Corfu.
Western Mediterranean
Next, Duncan was ordered to cruise in the Western Mediterranean off Naples and continued his successful operations against coastal shipping. Following the outbreak of the Peninsular War, Duncan was ordered to take the Duke of Orléans to Cadiz. Duncan refused and was subject to disparaging comments about his age, although he was later proven correct in his assessment. In June 1808, Robert Elliott was appointed to replace Duncan; however, some months elapsed before he was able to do so.
On 23 June a French vessel exited Civitavechia and tried to elude Porcupine. However, Porcupine succeeded in running her ashore between two towers, each armed with two cannons. Lieutenant Price took in the boats and succeeded in destroying her, without suffering any casualties and despite heavy fire from the towers. The vessel was from Ischia and was sailing with a cargo of wine.
Two days later, Porcupine was off the island of Monte Christo when a daylight she encountered a French schooner. After an 11-hour chase, Porcupine succeeded in capturing her about four leagues south of Bastia. The French crew abandoned their vessel and escaped before Porcupine could take possession of her. She was Nouvelle Enterprise, three weeks old, pierced for 14 guns but only mounting six. She was 24 hours out of Leghorn and was carrying bale goods for Scala Nova in Turkey.
However, on 9 July Duncan spotted an enemy merchant vessel, and her escorts, two gunboats, each armed with a 24-pounder gun, all sailing along the coast. Porcupine was becalmed off Monte Circello, Romania so Duncan sent in her boats. After rowing eight hours in the heat, the boats succeeded in driving the merchant vessel on shore and the gunboats to take shelter under the guns of two shore batteries at Port d'Anzo (Anzio). Three more French vessels arrived and succeeded in getting into the harbour. One of the vessels was a large polacca of six guns, and she anchored a little further out than the other vessels. That evening Duncan sent in the boats again to cut her out. The polacca, which had a crew of some 20-30 men, was expecting an attack and had tied her to the beach. French soldiers were on the beach, and the polacca was within close range of the batteries, a tower, and the gunboats. Still, the British succeeded in capturing her and getting her out to sea, though it took them about an hour and twenty minutes to do so. The polacca had been sailing from Hieres Bay to Naples with a cargo of salt. In the attack, the British suffered eight men wounded, including Lieutenant Price, who was severely injured in his head and leg. He received a promotion to commander for this and earlier achievements in some 30 boat actions. In 1847 the Admiralty issued the Naval General Service Medal with clasp "10 July Boat Service 1808" to all surviving claimants from the action.
On 10 July, Porcupine captured Madonna de Rosario. Eleven days later, Porcupine ran a French polacca ashore near Monte Circello. Lieutenant Smith took in the boats and destroyed the polacca, which was of about 200 tons burthen (bm) and which had been carrying a cargo of iron hoops and staves. The cutting out expedition suffered no casualties though it came under fire from a tower with two guns located no more than a pistol-shot away.
After dark on 8 August, Porcupine, still under the command of Duncan, had her cutter and jolly boat under Lieutenant Francis Smith cut out a vessel she had run ashore on the island of Pianosa. The cutting out party was successful, bringing out Concepcion, which was armed with four guns. She had been lying within 30 yards of a tower and a shore battery of six guns. She was also defended by soldiers on the beach and one of her guns which she had landed. She had been carrying bale goods from Genoa to Cyprus. The action cost Porcupine one man killed, and a lieutenant and eight men severely wounded, with three men later dying of their wounds. Smith might have received a promotion for this and prior actions but Duncan's letter to Admiral Collingwood was lost and the duplicate arrived only after Collingwood had died in March 1810.
Channel
By 14 July 1810, Elliot had assumed command of Porcupine. On that day the sailing master for Porcupine impressed an American sailor, Isaac Clark, from Jane out of Norfolk, Virginia. Elliott tore up the seaman's protection (a document attesting to his being an American citizen and so exempt from British impressment), declaring the man an Englishman. Over the next few weeks Elliott had Clark whipped three times (each whipping consisting of 24 lashes) when Clark refused to go on duty, and held in irons on bread and water. After nine weeks Clark surrendered. He served on Porcupine for two and a half years, being wounded in an engagement with a French frigate. Eventually he was transferred to and then to a hospital due to ongoing problems with his wound. There the American consul was able to get him released and discharged, a copy of the protection having been forwarded from Salem, Massachusetts. Clark further testified that there were seven Americans aboard Porcupine, three of whom had agreed to serve.
In 1811, Porcupine was ordered to sail to Brazil and returned to Portsmouth. She was at Portsmouth on 31 July 1812 when the British authorities seized the American ships there and at Spithead on the outbreak of the War of 1812. She therefore shared, with numerous other vessels, in the subsequent prize money for these vessels: Belleville, Aeos, Janus, Ganges, and Leonidas.
Porcupine later joined the squadron off Bordeaux, assisting the British advance during the Peninsular War. Porcupine, while under command of Captain John Goode and carrying the flag of Rear-Admiral Charles Penrose, through early 1814 operated against French coastal positions and squadrons.
On the morning of 23 February 1814, she and the other vessels of Penrose's flotilla assisted the British Army in its crossing of the Ardour river, near Bayonne. In this service two of Porcupines seamen drowned, as did some others from the flotilla when boats overturned crossing the bar on the coast.
On 2 April Captain Goode, who had ascended the Gironde above Pouillac, sent Porcupines boats, under the orders of Lieutenant Robert Graham Dunlop, to pursue a French flotilla that was proceeding down from Blaye to Tallemont. As the British boats approached them, the French flotilla ran on shore under the cover of about 200 troops from Blaye who lined the beach. Dunlop landed with a party of seamen and marines and drove the French off. The landing party remained until the tide allowed them to take away most of the French vessels. The British captured a gun-brig, six gun-boats, one armed schooner, three chasse-marées, and an imperial barge, and burned a gun-brig, two gun-boats, and a chasse-marée. Total British casualties were two seamen missing and 14 seamen and marines wounded.
Porcupine returned to Plymouth from Bordeaux on 6 September 1814. On 4 November she sailed to the Coast of Africa and thence to the Cape of Good Hope before coming back to Sierra Leone on 29 April 1815.
On 16 October 1815 Porcupine arrived at Deal and sailed for the river to be paid off. She arrived at Woolwich on 6 November and was paid off and laid up in ordinary. Although there were some plans for her to serve on the South America station, she never sailed again for the Royal Navy. Porcupine was sold at Woolwich Dockyard in April 1816 for breaking up.
Merchantman and loss
However, rather than breaking her up, J. Short & Co., purchased her, converted her to a merchantman and renamed her Windsor Castle. Her owners traded with India under a license from the British East India Company The supplemental pages for Lloyd's Register for 1816 show her master as "Hornblower", and her trade as London-India. In 1818 her master was T. Hoggart and her trade was London-Bengal.
On 1 June 1826, she put into Mauritius leaking badly. There she was surveyed, condemned as a constructive total loss, and sold for breaking up. , Lamb, master, was engaged to take Windsor Castles cargo.
Post script
In January 1819, the London Gazette reported that Parliament had voted a grant to all those who had served under the command of Lord Viscount Keith in 1812, between 1812 and 1814, and in the Gironde. Porcupine was listed among the vessels that had served under Keith in 1813 and 1814. She had also served under Kieth in the Gironde.
Notes, citations, and references
Notes
Citations
References
Ships of the Old Navy
External links
1807 ships
Banterer-class post ships
Ships of the British East India Company
Age of Sail merchant ships
Merchant ships of the United Kingdom
Ships built on the River Exe
Maritime incidents in June 1826 |
17328259 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ondine%20%28ballet%29 | Ondine (ballet) | See also Ondine, ou La naïade for the ballet on the same theme by Pugni and Perrot
Ondine is a ballet in three acts created by the choreographer Sir Frederick Ashton and composer Hans Werner Henze. Ashton originally produced Ondine for the Royal Ballet in 1958, with Henze commissioned to produce the original score, published as Undine, which has since been restaged by other choreographers. The ballet was adapted from a novella titled Undine by Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué and it tells the tale of a water nymph who is the object of desire of a young prince named Palemon. The première of the ballet took place at the Royal Opera House, London, on 27 October 1958, with the composer as guest conductor. The first major revival of this Ashton/Henze production took place in 1988.
History
The three-act ballet of Ondine was commissioned and produced for The Royal Ballet in 1958 by the choreographer Sir Frederick Ashton. The resulting ballet was a collaboration between Ashton and the German composer Hans Werner Henze, who was commissioned to write the score. It is the only full length ballet that Ashton choreographed to original music, and the score is regarded as a rarity by musicians, as it is a "20th century full-length ballet score that has the depth of a masterwork".
The ballet was originally intended as a vehicle for The Royal Ballet's then prima ballerina, Margot Fonteyn and the title role of Ondine was choreographed specially for her and led one critic to describe the ballet as "a concerto for Fonteyn". From its première in 1958 until the work was removed from the repertoire in 1966, nearly every performance of Ondine saw Fonteyn cast in the lead role, with the only occasional exceptions seeing Nadia Nerina and Svetlana Beriosova dancing the role. Maria Almeida became the first ballerina to dance the role of Ondine in a revival, with Anthony Dowell dancing the role of Palemon. Staged in 1988 and conducted by Isaiah Jackson, the revival was a success and the ballet has been regularly performed ever since.
Music
Ashton initially approached Sir William Walton to compose the score for Ondine. They had worked together before on a ballet called The Quest for the Sadler's Wells company in 1943, and agreed to collaborate again for the 1955–56 season; they decided on Macbeth as their subject. Fonteyn, however, was firmly opposed to playing Lady Macbeth, and was not enthused by Ashton's next suggestion, Miranda in a ballet of The Tempest. By the time Ashton had lighted on Ondine as an alternative, Walton was immersed in work on a concerto. He suggested that his friend Henze be approached. Accordingly, the music was commissioned from Henze, who titled the score Undine.
Henze and Ashton met at the former's home on the island of Ischia, just across the bay from Naples, to decide their key approaches to this new ballet. They decided to ignore the northern origins of Fouqué's novella Undine and move it to the Mediterranean. Ashton and Henze chose Lila de Nobili to design the set and costumes. She was described by Henze as "an Italian bewitched by English landscape and culture", however her first intention was to make the sets in the style that might have been seen on the stage of La Scala a hundred years earlier. However, Henze and Ashton had decided not to make their ballet a mix of all the great works of the nineteenth century, but rather that it would be the product of their own contemporary sensibilities with references to other works. Eventually, the three of them decided that Ondine would have a "gothic-revival" setting.
Despite his experience in the ballet world, Henze had never before composed a subject in the romantic style which Ashton requested, however Ashton had been impressed by Henze's treatment of magical material in his opera König Hirsch. Henze attended many ballet performances at Covent Garden, frequently accompanied by Ashton who told him clearly what he liked and what he did not like in music for dance. Eventually the work was completed, but when Ashton heard a recording of the orchestrated score he realised that he would have to revise his ideas; the sustained orchestral sounds were such a contrast to the piano score and made him think very differently.
Henze later arranged the Wedding Music for wind orchestra in 1957 and a further two orchestral suites in 1958.
Critical reception
After its première in 1958 it was greeted with mixed, half-hearted reviews, although the first night reviews of Ondine were unanimous about one thing: Fonteyn's triumph in the title role. A.V.Coton spoke of "the supernormal sensitivity of feeling, interaction and mutual understanding which exists between Ashton and his heroine", and Cyril Beaumont saw the ballet as Ashton's "greatest gift" to his ballerina. Nothing else about the piece pleased everybody, though most reviewers liked Lila de Nobili's designs and praised the contribution of the supporting cast – Beaumont called Alexander Grant's Tirrenio "of Miltonic stature, magnificently danced and mimed." Edwin Denby dismissed Ondine: after praising Fonteyn he said "But the ballet is foolish, and everyone noticed". Most critics disliked the music and Mary Clarke was in the minority when she called it "rich and romantic and superbly rhythmical". Fernau Hall thought Henze showed "little understanding of the needs of classical dancing", and that Ondine would establish itself firmly in the repertoire "if it were not for Henze's music".
In 1958 the ballet was widely seen as having choreography and décor in harmony with each other but fighting with the music; now it's the choreography and the music which seem to speak the same language, while the sets look not only backward but to the north. Even when it was revived in 1988, it was hailed neither as a disaster nor as a lost masterpiece. Henze's modern music is also perceived as a reason for the few performances of this ballet before its revival in the 1990s.
Synopsis
Ondine bears a resemblance to The Little Mermaid. The story derives from Fouqué's novella Undine, the tale of a water-nymph who marries a mortal. Similar to other 19th century fairy tales, the plot is based on man (Palemon) encountering the supernatural (the water nymph Ondine), but the outcome is rather different from many of the 19th century classics: here, it is the man that dies, and the female character survives. Ondine makes her first entrance from a fountain, shivering in the cold air as we would in water, and dances with her shadow, which she has never seen before. She meets the hero, Palemon, and is astonished when she feels his heartbeat as she doesn't possess a heart. Palemon deserts Berta, whom he has been courting, and decides to marry Ondine. During a particularly strong storm while at sea, Ondine is lost overboard. Palemon survives the shipwreck created by the angry Ondines and, believing Ondine is lost, ends up marrying Berta. Ondine returns, however, and is heartbroken when she discovers Palemon's unfaithfulness. When she kisses him, he dies and she brings his body back into the sea with her forever.
In the published score, as with the title of the ballet, Henze also retained the original spellings of the character names. The London ballet production was given as Ondine, but the score was titled Undine, and names the lead character as Undine. Henze also uses the original name Beatrice rather than Berta.
Principal characters
Ondine (Undine)
The title role is undoubtedly the main focus of the ballet. She is a gentle water sprite who the audience discovers dancing in a waterfall and then with her own shadow. Her love for Palemon is deep, which is what makes his unfaithfulness so devastating and dramatic.
Palemon
The male lead is bewitched by the feminine allure of Ondine. He has never seen a creature as lovely as her and decides to marry Ondine, forsaking his betrothed, Beatrice (Berta). Similar to the Prince in Swan Lake, Palemon is destroyed by breaking the trust of his intended.
Berta (Beatrice)
She is the perfect female contrast to Ondine. Ondine belongs to the sea, whereas Berta is definitely from the land. She is manipulative, possessive and highly demanding, while Ondine is gentle and loving.
Tirrenio
He is the uncle of Ondine and also Lord of the Mediterranean Sea. He tries to warn Ondine that what she intends to do with Palemon goes against what is expected of her. When she chooses not to listen to his advice, he creates the conditions for a shipwreck where she is returned to the sea. When Ondine once again finds Palemon and realises how he has betrayed her, Tirrenio exacts a terrible revenge with his fellow Undines by causing death and destruction for all Palemon's guests.
Original Cast
The music
Since the original 1958 production of the ballet, the score has been published as a standalone work, and has been used for other dance productions, which have also used the title Undine.
The score is constructed with the certainty of technical accomplishment and inlaid with a lyricism that emanated from his experience of Italian life and Mediterranean colour. The score combines various genres, including the Neoclassicism from his early years. This combination of the genres of early German Romanticism and the neoclassicism of Stravinsky gives the score a 'modern' sound "automatically made it anathema to the avant-garde of the 1950s". Therefore, the music was often seen as revolutionary and not suited to ballet.
Act 1
The score has a slow opening and immediately provides a romantic sense of mystery. However, the music then launches into a quicker tempo, brass fanfares propelling the music along with a rhythmically incisive motif. An andante section for strings follows using a straightforward lilting rhythm. The simplicity of this section is a marked contrast to the next, marked vivace where the different parts of the orchestra compete with each other with an underlying consistent rhythmic drive. The following section is also manufactured of contrasts with lyrical strings followed by a solo clarinet and sparse accompaniment. High strings, harp (for the watery effect) and occasional percussion provide another contrasting orchestral sound, before the composer again re-assembles his palette of orchestral colours, using solo instruments in small groups, or alone, or high violins in long notes soaring above moving fragments of ideas below. The finale of Act 1 has an uneven rhythm with sudden accents darting about in Stravinskian fashion, the music being punctuated here and there by astringent wind chords.
Act 2
This act begins by reestablishing the aura of romantic mystery which began Act 1. This is evoked by the use of high violins and wind chords together, similar to that of Stravinsky's The Rite of Spring. The first movement is characterised by the constant change of tempo, while the second picks up influences from other musical styles in particular that of rhythmic impulse and swooning which characterised Ravel's work. The next movement features solid writing for a chorus of brass instruments, after which high violins are heard over a very low accompaniment. This section also features many solos for various instruments, followed by a pas de trois above a gently undulating accompaniment where lyrical melody lines are heard, with the oboe able to penetrate the whole texture in expressive fashion. The following variation is typical of 19th century ballet music and begins with the violins before spreading to the rest of the orchestra. Brass, prominent timpani and incisive pizzicato chords in the strings culminate in a sense of urgency in the music which prepares for the musical tension in the final act.
Act 3
This act begins with a striking unison theme in the strings, soon interrupted by strident brass. This theme intensifies throughout the opening movement, recitative. The next movement, adagio, features a sweeter sound in the strings with a solo violin heard floating above the rest of the orchestral texture. The con elegenza that follows is marked by the sweeping sound of violins. Brass fanfares then introduce the pas de seize and this adagio contrasts the horns with high woodwind, while the harp adds to this effect. The tempo of the pas de seize varies and quiet lyrical moments may suddenly be interrupted by incisive brass and timpani. This section finishes with a Largo solenne movement. The connection between that movement and the final divertissement, marked Scene, begins with a vigorous and brilliant entrée. A pas de six in the same tempo includes virtuoso writing for the piano, which leads the orchestra for the ensuing pas de trois, though the orchestra controls the second pas de trois while the piano has more virtuoso work with rippling cascades of notes; before the Stravinskian rhythms emerge for piano and orchestra at the beginning of the pas de dix-huit. The orchestral momentum, of high violins en masse, sprightly wind writing, brass chords punctuating the highly charged rhythmic style, and a continuation of bravura piano writing, is maintained throughout the opening of the pas de six that follows. The orchestra then introduces a valse for a general dance (pas d’ensemble) that could almost belong to one of Ravel's more advanced scores. A pas d’action then begins to prepare for the finale. The tempo slows down, while "sparse textures with solo instrumental sounds floating above quiet accompanimental figures create a different sound world". The strings gently introduce the Dance of Sorrow, which then gains in intensity with a richer string texture. During the next variation, oboe, harp, and pitched percussion provide another watery timbre before the ballet moves to the final pas de deux. The final movement starts with gently pulsing chords that have a sweet but melancholy dissonance as Palemon is kissed by Ondine and dies.
Structure
Act 1
No. 1 – Lento
No. 2 – I. Allegretto, II. Andante, III. Vivace
No. 3 – Moderato
No. 4 – I. Adagio, II. Adagio
No. 5 – Andante con moto
No. 6 – I. Adagio, II. Vivace
No. 7 – Vivace assai
No. 8 – Andante
No. 9 – Allegro assai
No. 10 – Vivace, I. Largo
No. 11 – Adagio, I. Tranquillo, II. Lento, III. Finale. Allegro, IV. Finale. End
Act 2
No. 1 – Moderato
No. 2 – Andantino con moto
No. 3 – tempo = 80
No. 4 – I. Andante molto, II. tempo = 44
No. 5 – Pas de trois, I. Variation
No. 6 – Vivace
No. 7 – Molto mosso
No. 8 – Finale
Act 3
No. 1 – Recitative
No. 2 – Adagio, I. Allegro moderato, con eleganza
No. 3 – Pas de Seize Entrée, I. Adagio, II. Variation, III. Variation, IV. Variation, V. Coda
No. 4 – Scène
No. 5 – Divertissement, I. Entrée, II. Pas de six , III. Pas de trois I, IV. Pas de trois II, V. Pas de dix-huit, VI. Variation , VII. Variation, VIII. Variation, IX. Pas de six, X. Coda
No. 6 – Pas d'action, I. Variation
No. 7 – Finale, I. Dance of Sorrow, II. Variation, III. Pas de deux, IV. Epilogue
Instrumentation
Strings: Violins I, Violins II, Violas, Cellos, Double Basses
Woodwinds: Flute, Piccolo, Oboe, English Horn, Clarinet, Bass Clarinet, Bassoon, Contrabassoon
Brass: 4 Horns, 2 Cornets (A, B-flat), 3 Trumpets, 2 Trombones, Tuba
percussion: Timpani, Triangle, tamtam, 2 Cymbals, Bass Drum, 2 tom-toms, Snare Drum, Vibraphone
Other: 2 Harps, Guitar, Celesta, Piano
Ashton's choreography and setting
The consensus on Ashton's Ondine is that it has some very good things in it – and this is true; as is the implication that it is otherwise unsuccessful, not least because the music (which greatly disappointed Ashton himself) largely fails, except in the storm of Act II and the divertissements of Act III. According to many critics, the music did not suit Ashton "who had been hoping for music as "radiant" as the Mediterranean from which its heroine was born". Yet the music does seem to fit its watery theme well: there are some beautiful passages to Ondine's Act 3 "swimming" solo where the music seems thin and transparent as watercolour, and entirely suited to this sketch of the sea. The ballet is also a mixture of both the 19th and the 20th century, for the plot is quintessentially romantic while the music and choreography are more modern. Although it bore all the marks of Ashton's familiarly gentle, classically oriented manner, it discarded the classical ballet conventions that appear in such Ashton successes as Cinderella and Sylvia. What he was trying to suggest, says Ashton, was "the ebb and flow of the sea: I aimed at an unbroken continuity of dance, which would remove the distinction between aria and recitative." As a result, Ondine offered few pyrotechnics, gained its effects instead through sinuous mass movements in which the undulation of arm and body suggested forests of sea plants stirring to unseen tides. The sense of submarine fantasy was reinforced by Stage Designer Lila de Nobili's fine scenery: a castle of mist and fruitfulness, shadowy crags and waterfalls, aqueous skies streaked pink and green.
Ondine is not a classical construction with great set pieces (except for the wedding divertissement in the third act) or grand formal pas de deux, but a continuous, flowing narrative. However, this narrative is itself not very strong and there is no real explanation of why the lovers are on a ship in Act 2, or what exactly has passed between Acts 2 and 3 to convince Palemon to return to his mortal lover, Beatrice (Berta). The work uses classical ballet vocabulary, but the form varies a great deal from the 19th century classics. Unlike them, is through-composed: there are no breaks for bows to the audience built in and (at least until the third-act divertissement) no bravura variations to self-consciously elicit the audience's response. Henze's glittering music is the dominating force, although it is a difficult score to dance to, with the pulse well hidden within its general sheen, but it is atmospheric and often exciting, bringing the close of Act I to a climax.
Although the narrative is not strong, the setting is and displays a "most convincing feel of the sea" and the "shimmer of water" which is very effective in this ballet which is filled with images of water and particularly of the sea. The first act of the ballet takes place in the courtyard of the castle of Palemon where Ondine is seen dancing in the waterfall. Other settings include a scene with Tirrenio and the ondines while another is on a ship during wild storm at sea where the sensation of motion while being on board ship is strong enough to make the audience seasick. The third act takes place in the Castle of Palemon located near the sea. The final tableau is not only exquisitely beautiful, with Ondine grieving over the body of her lover, but the surrounding ondines, their arms drifting like seaweed in the dim green light, uncannily evoke the shifting currents under the sea.
When Fonteyn danced the lead, the ballet was about her and her performance; however good today's interpreters may be, none has the mystique to reduce everyone else to the background, and so the supporting roles are now much more visible and need to be much more strongly depicted. It is generally accepted that Tirrenio was originally the most completely worked out role, inherited from Alexander Grant's lack of awe for Fonteyn; however the role has become difficult to cast as it was created to showcase Grant's unique mixture of gifts – classical virtuosity and flair for characterisation.
Revivals
Although it was much lauded at the time, Ashton's Ondine disappeared from the repertory of The Royal Ballet for twenty years or so before Sir Anthony Dowell persuaded Ashton to let him revive it in 1988. It has become more entrenched in The Royal Ballet's repertoire and thus gives the audience a chance to evaluate this work without the aura that Fonteyn brought to it. Maria Almeida was chosen to revive the lead role in 1990 and Viviana Durante has subsequently continued in the tradition of Fonteyn. The role of Palemon was revived by Anthony Dowell and has subsequently been danced by Jonathon Cope. It was revived again for the 2008/2009 season at the Royal Opera House with Tamara Rojo and Edward Watson.
Ashton's choreography has so far had only one full production outside The Royal Ballet, by the Ballet of the Teatro alla Scala, Milan on 21 April 2000. Some commentators have noted that this is perhaps a consequence of its length (around 100 minutes) which does not compare with other twentieth century ballets. The ballet has also been staged at Sadler's Wells, London and the Metropolitan Opera House, New York.
Other productions
Following the original staging by The Royal Ballet, the Ashton/Henze production was later restaged in New York in 1960, and then again at the Teatro alla Scala, Milan on 21 April 2000, a performance conducted by Patrick Fournillier.
Other choreographers have used Henze's music, including Youri Vámos for the ballet of the Deutsche Oper Berlin (1987) and Torsten Händler in Chemnitz and the Semperoper Ballett in Dresden, Germany has staged it regularly from 1989 as part of its repertoire using modern design. It was performed at the Volkstheater in Rostock in March 2009.
Casts
Recordings
Undine was first recorded commercially in 1996: it was nominated for the 1999 Grammy Award for Best Orchestral Performance.
Henze: Undine – London Sinfonietta
Conductor: Oliver Knussen
Piano: Peter Donohoe
Recording date: 1996
Label: Deutsche Grammophon – 453467 (CD)
Reviews
Sunday NY Times review, 7 December 1958
NY Times review by John Martin, 22 September 1960
NY Times obituary of Brian Shaw, 23 April 1992
NY Times review by Anna Kisselgoff, 15 July 2004
NY Times review by Roslyn Sulcas, 5 December 2008
See also
Ondine, ou La naïade – a ballet based on the same novella and produced in 1843 by Cesare Pugni and Jules Perrot
Undine (Hoffmann) – an opera based on the same novel, with music by E.T.A. Hoffmann, produced in 1814
Undine (Lortzing) – an opera based on the same novel, with music by Albert Lortzing, produced in 1845
Undine – the novel by Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué, on which the story of Ondine is based
Undina (Tchaikovsky) – an opera based on the same novel, with music by Pyotr Tchaikovsky, produced in 1869
Bibliography
Henze, Hans Werner (1959). Undine. Tagebuch eines Balletts. R. Piper & Co. Verlag, Munich
Notes
References
External links
Guardian review by Luke Jennings, 7 December 2008. Retrieved on 3 June 2009.
Financial Times review by Clement Crisp, 1 June 2009. Retrieved on 2 June 2009.
Independent review by Zoë Anderson (London), 3 June 2009. Retrieved on 3 June 2009.
NY Times review by Anna Kisselgoff, 15 July 2004
NY Times review by John Martin, 22 September 1960
Schott Music Publishers page for Undine, accessed 1 June 2009
Sunday NY Times review, 7 December 1958
Frederick Ashton and his ballets: 1958 by David Vaughan, 2004
1958 compositions
Compositions by Hans Werner Henze
Ballets by Frederick Ashton
Ballets created for The Royal Ballet
1958 ballet premieres
Works based on Undine (novella) |
20465077 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lies%20Across%20America | Lies Across America | Lies Across America, a 1999 book by James Loewen, is a sequel to his 1995 work Lies My Teacher Told Me. The book focuses on historical markers and museums across the United States, arguing that every historic site is "a tale of two eras": the one from when the event happened and the one from when the event was commemorated.
The survey starts on the West Coast and moves east, a deliberate break from the traditional American history found in textbooks, which begin with the Pilgrims and follow westward expansion. In the book, Loewen prioritized Native American history and the Spanish colonization of the Americas over that of other European colonization.
Loewen's book voices two major complaints about historical markers in the United States. The first deals with historical markers established in the Southern United States that attempt to whitewash the history of slavery and the period of Reconstruction. Many of these markers were established between 1890 and 1920, the nadir of American race relations. Most were placed by organizations with pro-Confederate agendas and reflect the racism of the early 20th century. While some markers have been altered in the last 40 years as a result of civil rights progress, many have not, especially those at American Civil War battle sites and in the South.
Loewen's second major complaint deals with the treatment of Native Americans, who are often neglected and omitted in the telling of American history. The author challenges and corrects many of the inaccurate and Eurocentric mistruths spread by historical markers across America.
At the end of his book, Loewen makes suggestions for how those concerned about the misrepresentation of history can change markers and monuments to convey historical truth and accuracy. The organizations running historical sites are faulted in Loewen's book according to Wilton Corkern.
References
External links
Review in The American Prospect
Excerpt in The New York Times
1999 non-fiction books
History books about the United States
Historical markers in the United States
Historical revisionism |
17328262 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20Moher | Frank Moher | Frank Moher (born 1955) is a Canadian playwright, director, and journalist.
He was born in Edmonton, Alberta and lived in New York City and Calgary, Alberta. His plays include Odd Jobs (1985) which has been produced internationally and was a finalist for the Governor General's Award, The Third Ascent which toured Canada and won the Edmonton Sterling Award for Outstanding New Play, Supreme Dream (with Rhonda Trodd, 1995) which also toured Canada, and Big Baby (2004). His plays are published by the Playwrights Guild of Canada, Playwrights Canada Press, and online by ProPlay.
Moher has been the Artistic Producer of Western Edge Theatre in Nanaimo, British Columbia since 2002, and is editor and media critic for the online magazine backofthebook.ca.
External links
Frank Moher in The Canadian Theatre Encyclopedia
Frank Moher in Canadian Who's Who
frankmoher.com
20th-century Canadian dramatists and playwrights
21st-century Canadian dramatists and playwrights
Living people
1955 births
Canadian male dramatists and playwrights
Writers from Edmonton
20th-century Canadian male writers
21st-century Canadian male writers |
6901807 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitchell%20High%20School%2C%20Stoke-on-Trent | Mitchell High School, Stoke-on-Trent | Mitchell High School was a comprehensive school located in Bucknall, Stoke on Trent, England.
Admissions
Situated in the east of Stoke-on-Trent in Townsend on the A52, it had a catchment from the communities of Bucknall, Bentilee and Abbey Hulton and educates pupils of ages 11–16. before closure there were around 650 students on roll drawn from a
community that has high levels of social deprivation. The headteacher appointed in 2007 was Paul Liddle. In 2009 the Mitchell High was the most improved National Challenge school in England. In 2010 Mitchell made further improvements with the school gaining 18% above FFTD targets for the % of students gaining 5 or more A*-C Grades inc English & Maths. In addition, the CVA placed the school in the top 5% of schools.
History
Grammar school
Hanley High School was a co-educational grammar school based in the centre of Stoke on Trent which opened under its name in 1905. In 1938, the girls moved to Thistley Hough High School for Girls. In 1940, because of mining subsidence, the school was moved and became a bi-lateral school from 1948 to 1953 with Chell Secondary Modern School (became Chell High School and closed in 1988). It moved to the outskirts of Stoke on the A52 in Bucknall in 1953.
Comprehensive
In September 1970 it became a co-educational comprehensive school for ages 12–16. The Mitchell High School, taking ages 11–16, was officially opened on 23 March 1990 by Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester. The new school was formed by closing the Willfield High School on Lauder Place in Bentilee in 1989. In the late 1990s it was one of the fifty lowest schools for GCSE results in England. In March 1998 the headmaster, Len Wild, was punched to the ground by three intruders. Debbie Sanderson was appointed as headteacher in 2000 and was appointed an OBE for improvements made in the school in 2005.
Merger
There had been a proposal since 2008 to merge the school with Edensor Technology College to produce an Academy at Adderley Green. Under the BSF proposals, the new Academy called Discovery Academy was formed in September 2011. The school was initially located over both former school sites until a new build was completed in 2013 at the old Willfield site.
Academic standards
The school has been awarded specialist Business and Enterprise College status. Ofsted inspected the school during January 2004 and rated
"The overall effectiveness of the school" as "satisfactory", point four on a seven-point scale. However, an evaluation of "excellent", point one on the scale, was given for:
"How well the school seeks and acts on pupils’ views"
"The quality of the school's links with the community"
In a letter dated 13 November 2006, following a supplementary inspection, Ofsted assessed the "overall effectiveness" of ICT to be "outstanding".
Case study – 'Side by Side with parents'
In an innovative initiative to support pupils who were struggling to cope in class, the school invited parents to sit in with their children and found that the adults not only actively engaged in the lessons but obtained qualifications themselves. Professor Alan Tuckett at the National Institute of Adult Continuing Education said "When adults and children learn together you get a surprising amount of behaviour change in young people, they pick up on the tone of commitment and seriousness that adults bring to their study. And the adults get the energy and pizzaz that young people bring to their learning."
Hansard
The school was listed in the House of Commons as being one of only 25 secondary schools in the UK that had no pupils taking a language course and, in 2006, as a school where no pupils at the end of KS4 were entered at GCSE in geography.
Notable former pupils
Hanley High School (co-educational grammar school)
Prof Ely Devons, economist, Professor of Economics from 1959 to 1965 at the LSE, Robert Ottley Professor of Economics from 1948 to 1959 Victoria University of Manchester, and Chief Statistician from 1941–5 at the Ministry of Aircraft Production
Prof Samuel Devons, Professor of Physics from 1960 to 1985 at Columbia University, New York, and younger brother of Ely, and also worked at the Ministry of Aircraft Production (like his brother) during the war (as Senior Scientific Officer) on microwaves and radar
John Farnsworth, Chairman of the East Midlands Economic Planning Board from 1965 to 1972
Bernard Hollowood, economist, cartoonist, and Editor from 1957 to 1968 of Punch
Dr John Houghton, aeronautical engineer, Director from 1971–9 of Teesside Polytechnic, and Principal from 1961 to 1970 of Constantine College of Technology (its predecessor)
Frank Kearton, Baron Kearton OBE, Chancellor from 1980 to 1992 of the University of Bath
Reginald Joseph Mitchell ('R.J. Mitchell'), an aeronautical engineer who designed the Supermarine Spitfire
Jacob Rich, Editor from 1931–6 of The Jewish Chronicle
Prof Eric Ryder, Professor of English Law from 1959 to 1982 at University College London
Wilfred Scott, former managing director of English Electric Computers, and involved in the building of the ACE computer in 1947
Harriet Slater, Labour MP from 1953 to 1966 for Stoke-on-Trent North
Prof Robert Street, Vice-Chancellor from 1978 to 1986 of the University of Western Australia
Hanley High School (boys' grammar school)
Ronnie Allen, footballer
Rev Nigel Collinson, President from 1996–7 of the Methodist Conference
Jeff Kent, writer, musician and campaigner
Jon Moulton, venture capitalist who was managing director from Alchemy Partners from 1997–
Prof Harold Perkin, historian
Selwyn Whalley, footballer
Prof David Wheeler, computer scientist, who invented the subroutine, and the Burrows–Wheeler transform (used in data compression) in 1994, and Professor of Computer Science from 1978 to 1994 at the University of Cambridge
Prof Ashley Woodcock OBE, Professor of Respiratory Medicine since 1988 at the University of Manchester
Nigel Bamford, former member and manager of Discharge (band)
Phil Bainbridge, former professional cricketer Gloucestershire County Cricket Club and Durham County Cricket Club
Peter J K Gibbs, Oxford Cricket Blue, Professional Cricketer (Derbyshire CCC), TV Screenwriter and Author
References
External links
Official site
Former school
Staffordshire history
Former school song
EduBase
News items
Telegraph February 2011
Proposed closure in 2010
Telegraph January 2009
Defunct schools in Stoke-on-Trent
Educational institutions established in 1990
1990 establishments in England
Educational institutions disestablished in 2011
2011 disestablishments in England |
20465089 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine%E2%80%93cypress%20forest | Pine–cypress forest | Pine–cypress forest is a type of mixed conifer woodland in which at least one species of pine (genus Pinus) and one species of cypress (genus Cupressaceae) are present. Such forests are noted in several parts of the world, but are particularly well studied in Japan, and the United States.
Ecology
A quality of these mixed conifer forests is the mutualistic relationship between pine and cypress trees. In Japanese pine-cypress forests, pine stumps have been found to help stimulate the growth and germination of cypress trees. Cypress trees are extremely sensitive to pH and prefer more acidic soils. Decaying pine stumps have a lower pH than surrounding soils, it is believed that this is the main factor influencing the increased prevalence of cypress seedlings. Analysis of evapotranspiration on pine and cypress wetlands found that both tree types are sensitive to changes in ambient temperature, but pines are more sensitive to changes in humidity. This difference in vulnerabilities could contribute to overall forest resiliency.
Forest Management
Like many mixed forest types, human forest management can impact the structures of pine-cypress forests. A study based in Taiwan used computer modeling to determine the stand density index for pine-cypress forests. This helps to measure interspecies relationships within forests, including species density, competition, and tree development. This is helpful for informing future management practices by maintaining a more current understanding of forest dynamics. Because both tree types can be very sensitive to changes in forest hydrology, additional management is necessary beyond density monitoring. Contentious management of flooding and drainage was shown to improve the health of both pine and cypress trees in a mixed ecosystem.
Global Occurrences
Japan
Pine-cypress forests can be found in much of central Japan. A heterogeneous landscape, consisting of pine-oak forests, timber plantations and cypress groves help to maintain this forest structure.
United States
California
California occurrences of pine–cypress forest are typically along Pacific coastal headlands. Understory species in these California pine–cypress forests include salal and western poison oak.
Florida
Many of the Florida occurrences of pine–cypress forest are in swampy areas such as the Everglades.
See also
Pygmy forest
References
Cupressaceae
Pinaceae |
6901808 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodeo%20San%20Francisco%20Refinery | Rodeo San Francisco Refinery | The San Francisco Refinery is an oil refinery complex located in Rodeo, California and in Arroyo Grande, California, in the San Francisco Bay Area and Santa Maria Valley. These two locations, although more than 200 miles apart, are considered one location. They are directly connected by a 200-mile pipeline. The refinery is currently owned and operated by Phillips 66, a downstream company with midstream and chemical businesses spun off from ConocoPhillips in 2012.
The complex is capable of refining of crude oil per day.
Santa Maria Facility
Located on adjacent to State Highway 1 on the Nipomo Mesa. The facility has been in operation since the mid 1950s. The refinery processes approximately 44,500 barrels of crude oil per day. The facility's main operation is to convert heavy crude oil into high quality feedstock for additional processing at the connected Rodeo Facility. Additional finished products produced at the facility are petroleum coke (carbon) and sulfur.
Rodeo Facility
The Rodeo facility was built in 1896 and was the first major oil refinery in the Bay Area. The initial site was 16 acres and processed approximately 1,600 barrels per day. The facility currently covers 1,110 acres and has a crude feed capacity of 80,000 barrels per day, and the capacity to produce 4.3 million gallons of fuel per day.
See also
List of oil refineries
Phillips 66
References
External links
Phillips 66 website
Oil refineries in California
Phillips 66
Energy infrastructure in California
Buildings and structures in Contra Costa County, California
Buildings and structures in San Luis Obispo County, California
Companies based in Contra Costa County, California
Energy in the San Francisco Bay Area |
6901810 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Tisdale%20Harding | John Tisdale Harding | John Tisdale Harding (born c. 1945) is a long-time on-air personality and News Director for WRVA.
Radio history
Harding's career began at WEVA in Emporia, Virginia, when he was 14. He worked after school and on Weekends from 1959 through 1964. In 1967, he returned to WEVA to step up and run the station's first local news department. John graduated from American University in 1968. He served as Program Director for the School's AM station WAMU. He was an Intern/Trainee at NBC News while at AU.
In 1968 he joined WRVA in Richmond as a Staff Reporter. He was named State Capitol Reporter in 1969, News Editor in 1970 and began anchoring the WRVA Morning News at 8 in 1972, an assignment he kept for the subsequent 21 years. He was named News Director at WRVA in 1977 and Operations Manager in 1987, positions he held until 1994 when he moved back to mornings to join Tim Timberlake upon the death of Alden Aaroe.
Harding was the chief editorial writer for WRVA from 1981 through 1996. He was also the creator and voice of the fictional character Millard the Mallard, a mainstay of the Alden Aaroe Morning Program for close to 30 years.
He left WRVA in 2001.
In February 2005, Harding said, "I retired from WRVA in April 2001. I help the family run its wholesale cut flower business, read a lot, build model ships, and am a model railroader."
Awards
He was named to the Richmond Broadcasters Hall of Fame in 2000
Awarded the Virginia Association of Broadcasters George W. Bowles Award in 1992
References
People from Richmond, Virginia
Mass media in Richmond, Virginia
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people) |
17328267 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph%20C.%20Smith | Ralph C. Smith | Major General Ralph Corbett Smith (November 27, 1893 – January 21, 1998) was a senior officer of the United States Army. After receiving early training as a pilot from Orville Wright he served Brigadier General John J. Pershing's army against Pancho Villa, was decorated for bravery in World War I and commanded the 27th Infantry Division in combat in the Pacific War in World War II. At his death Smith was the oldest surviving general officer of the Army.
Early life
Born in Nebraska, Smith attended Colorado State College and served in the Colorado National Guard. He was an early aviator and was given flying lessons, as a young officer, by Orville Wright, and his pilot's license, signed by Wright, bore the number 13 because he was the 13th person to receive one.
He was commissioned as a second lieutenant into the Infantry Branch of the United States Army in 1916 and was involved in the Army's unsuccessful Mexican Punitive Expedition, whose Commanding General (CG) was Brigadier General John Pershing, against Pancho Villa, just before the American entry into World War I in early April 1917.
During World War I Smith was awarded the Silver Star with an Oak-Leaf Cluster for two instances of bravery while serving with the American Expeditionary Force (AEF) on the Western Front. He was sent overseas with the 16th Infantry Regiment, part of the 1st Division towards the end of 1917, later being transferred to the 4th Infantry Division. He was wounded in action in the Meuse-Argonne Offensive in the latter half of 1918 and served in occupation duties in Germany after the war.
Between the world wars his duties including teaching at the United States Military Academy and attending, and then instructing, at the Command and General Staff School at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas.
World War II
Smith was a temporary colonel when the United States entered World War II in December 1941. In 1942, promoted to brigadier general, he served as an assistant division commander of the 76th Infantry Division, later becoming a major general and taking command of the 27th Infantry Division, the unit charged with the defense of the outer Hawaiian Islands.
In November 1943, the 27th Infantry Division was incorporated with the 2nd Marine Division to form the V Amphibious Corps for the purpose of invading and securing the Gilbert Islands in the Central Pacific. While the Marines took the major objective, Tarawa Atoll (Operation Galvanic), the Army was tasked with capturing Makin Atoll (Operation Kourbash) approx. 120 statute miles to the north. The corps commander, Marine Corps Lieutenant General Holland M. "Howlin' Mad" Smith, expected the Army's 6,500 men to be able to overwhelm the 800 Japanese defenders in a day. Furious upon being informed of a lack of progress, Holland Smith went to Makin to assess the situation: "When he arrived at Ralph Smith's HQ he was told that there was heavy fighting in progress in the north of the island. Commandeering a jeep, he drove to the scene of the 'battle' and found it, in his words, 'As quiet as Wall Street on a Sunday.' ... This incident was the catalyst for a serious breakdown in relations between the Marines and the army that continued until well after the war." Four full days were required to conquer Makin.
In July 1944, the V Amphibious Corps, now including an additional Marine division, was assigned to the invasion of the Mariana Islands. In this action (Operation Forager), Ralph Smith's division fought alongside the Marines in the hard struggle for the mountainous island of Saipan. During the fight for Mt. Tapotchau in the center of the island, a vast difference in training and tactics between the Marines and the Army led to the 106th Infantry Regiment failing to reduce the area known as "Hell's Pocket", thus falling far behind the advance line of Marines. The corps commander, already ill-disposed toward the 27th Infantry Division because of its perceived lack of aggressiveness on Makin, relieved Ralph Smith of command and ordered him off the island. He contended that Ralph Smith's men had "failed to attack on time," unnecessarily costing Marine lives in the conquest of the island. Five times in the Pacific Theater of Operations were Army generals relieved of command, but it was unprecedented for the order to be given by a Marine Corps general, and the incident caused a considerable rift between the two branches.
The Buckner Board, an all-Army panel that investigated the incident, concluded that, while Holland Smith had the authority to fire Ralph Smith, he had not acquainted himself with the particular difficulties faced by the Army troops in the fight for Mt. Tapotchau and that the firing was "not justified by the facts."
Ralph Smith was given command of the 98th Infantry Division charged with the defense of the Hawaiian Islands, but the negative publicity associated with his firing on Saipan made it impractical for him to remain in the Pacific Theater. He was thus transferred to Camp J.T. Robinson, Arkansas, where he supervised the Infantry Replacement Training Center. Smith went on to serve as the military attaché at the United States Embassy in Paris and CARE's chief of mission for France. While he worked for CARE he also oversaw operations in other western European countries. Smith was decorated with the Legion of Merit for his service in World War II.
Smith retired from the Army in 1948.
After retirement
General Smith was a fellow at Stanford University's Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace.
He died in 1998 of a lung ailment. He was the last surviving US general officer to serve in World War II.
Personal life
His first wife, Madeleine, died in 1975.
In 1980 he remarried to Hildy Jarman who died in 1995.
References
Further reading
Hyperwar The War in the Pacific. Campaign In the Marianas
Smith v. Smith
Howlin' Mad Vs. the Army: Conflict in Command, Saipan 1944
Ralph Corbett Smith papers, Hoover Institution Archives,
External links
Generals of World War II
|-
1893 births
1998 deaths
United States Army Infantry Branch personnel
United States military attachés
Military personnel from Nebraska
Members of the Early Birds of Aviation
United States Army personnel of World War I
United States Army generals
United States Army generals of World War II
Recipients of the Silver Star
People from Omaha, Nebraska
American centenarians
Men centenarians
Colorado State University alumni
United States Army Command and General Staff College alumni |
6901831 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard%20Sackler | Howard Sackler | Howard Oliver Sackler (December 19, 1929 – October 12, 1982) was an American screenwriter and playwright who is best known for writing The Great White Hope (play: 1967; film: 1970). The Great White Hope enjoyed both a successful run on Broadway and, as a film adaptation, in movie theaters. James Earl Jones and Jane Alexander both starred in the original Arena Stage production of the play in Washington, DC, then brought their roles to Broadway and later to the film version. Both Jones and Alexander received Academy Award nominations for their work in the movie.
Early life and career
Born in Brooklyn, the son of real estate agent Martin and Ida (Moshman) Sackler, and a graduate of Brooklyn College, Sackler was the recipient of many awards and prestigious grants including both a Pulitzer Prize (1969), a Tony Award for Drama (1969), and a New York Drama Critics Circle Award for The Great White Hope. Prior to this, Sackler won the Maxwell Anderson Award (1954) and Chicago's Sergel Award. In addition, he was the recipient of grants from both the Rockefeller Foundation and the Littauer Foundation. The original production for The Great White Hope, produced at Arena Stage in Washington, DC, was substantially funded by two grants from the National Endowment for the Arts. The Broadway production, however, was funded, at least in part, by Sackler himself using $225,000 from his screenwriting proceeds for the film version.
Sackler's work encompassed many other films and plays including the play Goodbye Fidel in 1980 and Jaws 2 in 1978, as well as Stanley Kubrick's first two feature films Fear and Desire in 1953 and 1955's Killer's Kiss. His filmography also includes Gray Lady Down (1978) and Saint Jack (1979), which he co-wrote with Paul Theroux for Peter Bogdanovich. Sackler was also responsible for an uncredited rewrite of Peter Benchley's script for Jaws (1975), and conceived of Quint's "Indianapolis" monologue about the sinking of during World War II.
Sackler's plays have been produced throughout the United States, Europe, and South America. He also directed over 200 recordings for Caedmon Audio, various theater productions, and the LP version of an NBC television special entitled Shakespeare: Soul of an Age. His Caedmon productions included a vivid 1968 recording of John Dos Passos' 42nd Parallel.
Death
On October 12, 1982, Sackler was found dead in his studio in Ibiza, Spain, where he lived for the better part of the year. Sackler, survived by his wife and two children, was working on Klondike, a farcical play about the Gold Rush, when he died.
Notes
References
NYT (The New York Times). Lawson, Carol. "Howard Sackler, 52, Playwright Who Won Pulitzer Prize, Dead," October 15, 1982. accessed September 8, 2006. (NOTE: payment required for full article, if retrieved online)
Sackler, Howard. The Great White Hope. The Dial Press, Inc.; New York, NY, 1968.
Whysanity.net accessed November 10, 2006; Indianapolis monologue from Jaws (text).
External links
Howard Sackler: A Preliminary Inventory of His Manuscripts for The Great White Hope at the Harry Ransom Center
1929 births
1982 deaths
Writers from Brooklyn
Brooklyn College alumni
Pulitzer Prize for Drama winners
20th-century American dramatists and playwrights
20th-century American male writers
American male dramatists and playwrights |
17328296 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon%20Trott | Lyndon Trott | Lyndon Trott (born 17 July 1964, St. Sampson, Guernsey) is an elected Deputy in the States of Guernsey and served as the Chief Minister of Guernsey from 2008 to 2012.
Political appointments
Deputy Trott has been a deputy in the States of Guernsey since 2000. Re-elected in 2004 and again in 2008.
From 2004 until 2008 he was the Treasury and Resources Minister before being elected to the position of Chief Minister of Guernsey on 1 May 2008. His term of office expired on 30 April 2012. He succeeded Mike Torode as Guernsey's third Chief Minister following the creation of the post in 2004.
He was re-elected as a Deputy for the electoral district of St. Sampson in the General Election of 2012 and again in 2016, being elected as Vice President of the Policy and Resources Committee, the Senior Committee of the States of Guernsey following the 2016 changes.
In August 2020, Trott formed the Guernsey Partnership of Independents party with Heidi Soulsby and Gavin St Pier.
References
1973 births
Government ministers of Guernsey
Living people
Members of the States of Guernsey
Guernsey people |
20465095 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310%20Uzbek%20parliamentary%20election | 2009–10 Uzbek parliamentary election | Parliamentary elections were held in Uzbekistan on 27 December 2009 and 10 January 2010 to elect the 150 members of the Legislative Chamber of Uzbekistan, the lower house of the Oliy Majlis. Of these, 135 were directly elected from single member constituencies using the two-round system, while 15 seats were reserved for the country's Ecological Movement. Provincial and district councils were elected at the same time. Polls opened at 6 am Uzbekistan Time (0100 UTC) and closed at 8 pm UZT (1500 UTC).
The Uzbekistan Liberal Democratic Party (O'zlidep) was reconfirmed as the largest single party in the Legislative Chamber, with 55 deputies. The other parties permitted to participate in the elections were the People's Democratic Party of Uzbekistan (32 deputies), the Uzbekistan National Revival Democratic Party (Milliy Tiklanish, 31 deputies) and the Justice Social Democratic Party (Adolat, 19 deputies).
The elections were monitored by over 270 observers from 36 countries and representatives of four international missions. The election monitoring arm of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) did not send a full mission, saying none of its earlier recommendations had been implemented: an OSCE assessment mission observed voting at several polling places, but did not do comprehensive vote monitoring. Veronica Szente Goldston, Human Rights Watch Advocacy Director for Europe and Central Asia, said the pre-election situation in Uzbekistan has been marked by intense repression by the government: "Human rights are violated everywhere around the country, there is no political competition, all the parties that are running for this election are supporting the government."
Campaign
A candidate for election had to belong to a registered party and collect a minimum of 40,000 signatures. Several opposition politicians have alleged that all candidates also had to be approved by the government before they would be placed on the ballot. The four registered parties were:
Adolat (Justice Social Democratic Party), with 123 candidates and 10 seats in the outgoing legislative chamber;
Milliy Tiklanish (Uzbekistan National Revival Democratic Party), with 125 candidates and 29 seats in the outgoing legislative chamber;
People's Democratic Party of Uzbekistan (PDP), with 134 candidates and 28 seats in the outgoing legislative chamber;
Uzbekistan Liberal Democratic Party (O'zlidep), with 135 candidates and 41 seats in the outgoing legislative chamber.
The election campaign consisted of 15- to 20-minute television programs each day for four days, as well as a second program called "Election – Mirror of Democracy". Transcripts from these shows were reprinted in newspapers, and billboards also appeared touting the upcoming choice that Uzbeks had to make. The four parties have publicly criticized each other, mainly over social policy, while praising President Islam Karimov's achievements. Freedom House, a US-based human rights organization, says the discussions appeared on television for the first time, which was a positive development, but that "We have some evidence from Uzbek activists that those debates were scripted. And even if not – these parties don't know themselves who they are, they have no ideology."
Ecological Movement
The Ecological Movement of Uzbekistan elected its 15 legislators at a congress, also held on 27 December, one from each territorial subdivision of Uzbekistan (Republic of Karakalpakstan, provinces and Tashkent city) plus one member from the executive committee of the Central Council of the Ecological Movement. Delegates to the congress were elected in equal numbers at the conferences of each of the territorial branches of the Ecological Movement.
Turnout
There were 17,215,700 eligible voters for the 2009 parliamentary elections. By 1 pm UZT (0800 UTC), 57.3% (9,879,195 voters) had cast their vote, ensuring that the election would be valid under Uzbekistani election law (33% minimum turnout required). By 5 pm UZT (1200 UTC), 79.4% (13,670,387 voters) had cast their votes. Final turnout for the first round (based on provisional figures) was 87.8% (15,108,950 voters).
On 24 December, all 16 million mobile phone users in Uzbekistan received an SMS informing them of the forthcoming elections. According to an Uzbek living in exile in the United States, "there are certain groups of the population which are under pressure and they are compelled to participate in the election – students, teachers, government employees."
For the second round on 10 January 2010, the electorate was 4,969,547. Of these, 16.3% (812,502 voters) were reported to have voted by 9 am UZT (0300 UTC), just three hours after polling stations had opened. The final turnout (based on provisional figures) when polls closed at 8 pm UZT (1500 UTC) was 79.7% (3,960,876 voters).
Results
Preliminary results were announced by the Central Election Commission on 29 December. Results were declared in 96 out of the 135 electoral districts; in the remaining 39 districts, no candidate obtained an overall majority of votes, and so a second round of voting was held in 10 January 2010. Final results were announced by the Central Election Commission on 13 January 2010.
Notes
References
External links
Central Election Commission of the Republic of Uzbekistan
Uzbekistan
Uzbekistan
Elections in Uzbekistan
2009 parliamentary
Election and referendum articles with incomplete results |
6901836 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Klein%20%28mathematician%29 | David Klein (mathematician) | David Klein is a professor of Mathematics at California State University in Northridge. He is an advocate of increasingly rigorous treatment of mathematics in school curricula and a frequently cited opponent of reforms based on the NCTM standards. One of the participants in the founding of Mathematically Correct, Klein appears regularly in the Math Wars.
Klein, who is a member of the U.S. Campaign for the Academic and Cultural Boycott of Israel, supports the BDS movement which seeks to impose comprehensive boycotts against Israel until it meets its obligations under international law. Klein hosts a webpage supportive of the BDS movement on his university website and, starting in 2011, it became the target of numerous complaints from the pro-Israel groups AMCHA Initiative, Shurat HaDin, and the Global Frontier Justice Center who claimed that it constituted a misuse of state resources. The complaints were dismissed both by the university's staff and by legal authorities as baseless.
Concordant with his support for the BDS movement, Klein defended University of Michigan associate professor John Cheney-Lippold's decision to decline to write a letter of recommendation to a student who planned to study in Israel.
Klein is the director of CSUNs Climate Science Program.
References
Citations
Sources
External links
Open Letter to Governor Schwarzenegger and Members of the California Legislature in support of California's Standards System for K-12 Education
Why Johnny Can't Calculate by David Klein and Jennifer Marple, Los Angeles Times, September 26, 2005
Living people
Traditional mathematics
Mathematics educators
20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
1953 births |
17328313 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivi%20Zigler | Vivi Zigler | Vivi Zigler is an American television executive, and a President of Shine America.
Education and early career
Zigler attended California Polytechnic State University (San Luis Obispo, California) where she received her Bachelor of Science degree in journalism. From there, Zigler began working at the local NBC affiliate television station, KSBY-TV. Zigler began in the newsroom at the station before being promoted to management.
NBC career
In the early 1990s, Zigler relocated to Seattle, WA where she worked at another NBC affiliate television station, KING-TV. After spending several years in Seattle at KING-TV, Zigler relocated to Burbank, CA to work for NBC at their west-coast headquarters.
2003
In March 2003, Zigler was named senior vice president of marketing & advertising services for The NBC Agency—and also oversaw Marketing and Advertising for Bravo. Her role was later expanded to include heading all marketing for the Bravo cable network as a member of the new Bravo senior management team. While in the position, Zigler was in charge of overall branding and marketing for Bravo, including the successful campaigns for Queer Eye for the Straight Guy and Celebrity Poker. The end result saw Bravo attain unparalleled ratings peaks during her term.
2005
In June, 2005 Zigler was promoted to executive vice president, Current Programs, NBC Entertainment, where she oversaw the production of NBC's slate of comedy and drama series. Her much-lauded previous experience in marketing allowed Zigler an extra dimension to increase NBC's promotional, casting and story opportunities in the Current Programs department.
2006
"Zigler was appointed executive vice president, NBC Digital Entertainment & New Media, NBC Entertainment, in August 2006. In this role she reports to Jeff Gaspin, president of NBC Universal Cable and Digital Content. Zigler is responsible for leading the NBC.com digital team in strategic efforts to further connect NBC’s primetime, late-night and daytime programs to Internet users, while also reaching across the company to keep communication and coordination at its best."
2008
On June 30, 2008, NBC Universal named Zigler President, NBC Universal Digital Entertainment.
2012
On June 6, 2012, NBC Universal announced Robert Hayes as executive vice president for digital media, with responsibilities encompassing NBC.com, social media campaigns, mobile applications, digital marketing and multi-platform programming. Vivi Zigler, who has been in charge of NBC's digital presence for six years, left the network at the end of June.
Shine America
On August 28, 2012 Zigler was named president, Digital & Shine 360, Shine America. In this role, Zigler is responsible for overseeing all branded entertainment, licensing, digital and live experiences for Shine America which produces and distributes scripted and unscripted television content including The Office, The Biggest Loser, MasterChef, The Tudors and Ugly Betty.
References
External links
Bio and photo of Vivi Zigler — iMedia Connection
NBC Universal Names Zigler President, NBC Universal Digital Entertainment
Shake-up at NBC Digital; Vivi Zigler departs
American television executives
Women television executives
California Polytechnic State University alumni
Living people
People from Inglewood, California
NBC executives
Year of birth missing (living people) |
6901841 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckshot%20Roberts | Buckshot Roberts | Andrew L. "Buckshot" Roberts (1831 – April 5, 1878) was an American buffalo hunter, frontiersman and cowboy whose last stand against the Lincoln County Regulators during the Gunfight of Blazer's Mills near Lincoln, New Mexico is a part of frontier legend.
Although the majority of famous gunfights that took place in the Old West have been heavily embellished, the fight at Blazer's Mills is one of the few where reliable sources have described a feat of profound ability and toughness. Despite his toughness, Roberts died at Blazer's Mills, following a shoot-out with the Regulators, who believed that Roberts had been involved in the murder of their boss, John Tunstall. They famously included Henry McCarty (Billy the Kid), who played a part in that fight. It was, however, Regulator Charlie Bowdre who fired the fatal shot which killed Roberts, although Roberts shot dead one Regulator, Dick Brewer, at the same location, and wounded several others.
Early life
Little has been verified of Roberts' life. He was born in 1831 and served as a Texas Ranger under the name of Bill Williams. He also served during the American Civil War (alternately noted as serving for either the Union Army or Confederate Army by varying sources), reaching the rank of sergeant before his discharge. He is believed to have been an associate of Buffalo Bill Cody during his bison-hunting years.
Roberts earned his nickname due to a serious wound: he had been shot at some point, and still had a load of buckshot embedded in his right shoulder. The wound impaired the movement in his upper right arm, which he could not raise above his pelvis, requiring him to employ an unorthodox shooting style. By 1876, Roberts owned his own small ranch in Ruidoso Valley, near Lincoln.
He was known as a quiet, secretive man, who rarely, if ever, spoke of his past, though he was reportedly not a man to upset. A stubborn loner, he preferred to ride a mule rather than a horse. He was short and stocky in appearance. He worked for James Dolan, thus, when the Lincoln County War broke out he became a target of those loyal to John Tunstall and Alexander McSween.
Blazer's Mills
Buckshot Roberts wanted no part of the Lincoln County War and had made plans to leave the area. He had sold his ranch and was waiting for the check from his buyer. On April 4, 1878, Roberts rode his mule into Blazer's Mills, a sawmill and trading post located on the Rio Tularosa in hopes his check had arrived. Instead of the check, he discovered that the entire upper echelon of the Regulators were eating lunch in a nearby building. They had left the area around Lincoln, New Mexico after killing Sheriff William Brady just three days earlier. One of them, Frank Coe, sat with Roberts on the steps of the main house and tried to talk him into giving himself up. Roberts refused, believing he would be killed out of hand.
Regulator chief Dick Brewer grew impatient and sent a few more of his men outside to arrest Roberts. At the sight of the heavily armed cowboys approaching him, Roberts stood and aimed his Winchester repeating rifle. He and Charlie Bowdre fired simultaneously: Roberts was struck in the stomach while his shot hit Bowdre's belt buckle, severing his belt and knocking him down. Severely wounded, Roberts retreated to a doorway while firing shots sideways at the Regulators. John Middleton was seriously wounded in the chest. One slug grazed Doc Scurlock and another struck George Coe in the right hand, destroying his thumb and trigger finger. Coe shifted his rifle to his left hand, and returned fire, hitting Roberts. Roberts continued to return fire until his rifle was empty. Upon hearing the click of Roberts' empty rifle, McCarty rushed from cover to finish him off, however Roberts knocked McCarty unconscious with the heavy rifle barrel.
Barricading himself in the house, Roberts ignored both his wounds and the Regulators' gunshots, and armed himself with a single-shot Springfield rifle. The stymied Regulators tended to their wounded and implored Roberts to surrender. Frustrated that none of his men were willing to approach the house, Dick Brewer circled around the main house, took cover behind some stacked logs and opened fire on the room where Roberts had fortified himself. Roberts, seeing the cloud of gun smoke from the log pile, sighted in and fired when Brewer raised his head, striking the cowboy in the eye and killing him. The Regulators, demoralized by their casualties, retreated and then left town immediately after sending a doctor to check on Roberts. Roberts died the next day and he and Dick Brewer were buried near the big house where the gunfight occurred.
Film portrayal
Buckshot Roberts appears in the 1988 film Young Guns, portrayed by actor Brian Keith. A few aspects of the real Roberts' life are recreated in the film, such as his status as a grizzled, veteran gunfighter and his preference for riding a mule. But the scene in the film is a mostly fictionalized shoot-out where Roberts tracks The Regulators in hopes of collecting a bounty placed on Billy the Kid. After a brief conversation where he matter-of-factly states his intentions, Roberts opens fire on the gang, wounding a number of them before retreating to an outhouse for cover. After firing continuously at the outhouse, Dick Brewer (Charlie Sheen) dares Billy the Kid (Emilio Estevez) to see if Roberts is still alive. Billy emerges and is greeted with a hail of gunfire. Roberts then kills Brewer with a shot through the chest. The rest of the Regulators again open fire at the outhouse and then flee. Roberts' fate in the movie is left unclear and he is not mentioned again.
References
External links
Bison hunters
Cowboys
Gunslingers of the American Old West
People of the New Mexico Territory
1831 births
1878 deaths
Lincoln County Wars
Deaths by firearm in New Mexico
Place of birth unknown
Year of birth unknown |
6901855 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformed%20Church%20of%20the%20Tarrytowns | Reformed Church of the Tarrytowns | The Reformed Church of the Tarrytowns in Tarrytown, New York, serves both Tarrytown and Sleepy Hollow, New York. It was constructed in 1837 as an extension of the Old Dutch Church of Sleepy Hollow to serve the Tarrytown community.
The new community of Dutch Reformed would have had its own Elders and Deacons and shared a minister with the Old Dutch Church of Sleepy Hollow. That church has a similar arrangement with the Dutch Reformed at Cortlandt Manor dating from 1697 when the Sleepy Hollow community was first recorded as established, though the structure had been completed in 1685 and the community had been there for long before. The Cortlandt Manor community had its own Elders and Deacons but recognized the community at Sleepy Hollow as its head, and regularly went down to the village for services and to record their births and marriages.
The community at Tarrytown became independent from Sleepy Hollow in the 1850s and soon after dropped the “Dutch” association from its name. As the Sleepy Hollow community diminished and the Old Dutch Church of Sleepy Hollow became less used, the Tarrytown community adopted the name for their landmark church the Reformed Church of the Tarrytowns, adding that it was a “continuation of the Old Dutch Church of Sleepy Hollow.”
Presenting an impressive façade on North Broadway, the structure's steeple remains the highest point on North Broadway and the tallest physical structure in Tarrytown, despite not being built on the heights of the city. The church's porch of four columns supporting an extended pediment offers a refined architectural addition to the business district of historic Tarrytown.
References
External links
Tarrytown, New York
Reformed Church in America churches in New York (state)
Churches in Westchester County, New York |
23572002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%20European%20Athletics%20Championships | 2014 European Athletics Championships | The 2014 European Athletics Championships was held in Zürich, Switzerland, between 12 and 17 August 2014. It was the first time that Switzerland had hosted the European Athletics Championships since 1954.
Great Britain headed the medal table, with 12 gold medals, comfortably their best return from a European championships, despite winning only one field event medal. France, second on gold medals won with 9, won the most medals, 25.
Event schedule
Results
Men
Track
(*) Heat only.
In the 3000m steeplechase, Mahiedine Mekhissi-Benabbad of France won the race, but he was later disqualified after he took off his shirt while running down the home straight. Yoann Kowal (France) was then awarded gold, Krystian Zalewski (Poland) silver and Angel Mullera (Spain) bronze.
Field
Women
Track
(*) Heat only.
Field
Medal table
Participating nations
Athletes from a total of 50 member federations of the European Athletics Association are competing at these Championships.
(host)
See also
List of stripped European Athletics Championships medals
2014 African Championships in Athletics
References
External links
Official website
European Athletics Championships
International athletics competitions hosted by Switzerland
Athletics Championships
European Athletics Championships
Sports competitions in Zürich
European
21st century in Zürich
August 2014 sports events in Europe |
20465096 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%20Canadian%20Tour | 2007 Canadian Tour | The 2007 Canadian Tour season ran from April to September and consisted of 14 tournaments. It was the 38th season of the Canadian Professional Golf Tour.
The season started with two events in the United States (in April), followed by four events in Mexico (in April and May), and finishing with eight events in Canada (in June through September). American Byron Smith won the Order of Merit.
Schedule
The following table lists official events during the 2007 season.
References
External links
Official site
Canadian Tour
PGA Tour Canada |
23572008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclerocornea | Sclerocornea | Sclerocornea is a congenital anomaly of the eye in which the cornea blends with sclera, having no clear-cut boundary. The extent of the resulting opacity varies from peripheral to total (sclerocornea totalis). The severe form is thought to be inherited in an autosomal recessive manner, but there may be another, milder form that is expressed in a dominant fashion. In some cases the patients also have abnormalities beyond the eye (systemic), such as limb deformities and craniofacial and genitourinary defects.
According to one tissue analysis performed after corneal transplantation, the sulfation pattern of keratan sulfate proteoglycans in the affected area is typical for corneal rather than scleral tissue.
Sclerocornea may be concurrent with cornea plana.
References
External links
Congenital Clouding of the Cornea - eMedicine; by Noah S Scheinfeld, MD, JD, FAAD and Benjamin D Freilich, MD, FACS
Eye diseases |
20465100 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel%20Churav%C3%BD | Pavel Churavý | Pavel Churavý (; born April 22, 1977 in Liberec) is a Czech Nordic combined skier who has competed since 1999.
Career
Competing in three Winter Olympics, he earned his best finish of fifth in the 10 km individual large hill event at Vancouver in 2010.
Churavý's best finish at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships was sixth in the 4 × 5 km team event at Liberec in 2009 while his best individual finish was eighth in the 10 km individual large hill event at those same championships.
His best World Cup finishes were second twice, earning them in 2002 and 2010.
References
1977 births
Czech male Nordic combined skiers
Living people
Nordic combined skiers at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Nordic combined skiers at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Nordic combined skiers at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Nordic combined skiers at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Olympic Nordic combined skiers of the Czech Republic
Sportspeople from Liberec |
23572015 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C14H11Cl2NO2 | C14H11Cl2NO2 | {{DISPLAYTITLE:C14H11Cl2NO2}}
The molecular formula C14H11Cl2NO2 (molar mass: 296.15 g/mol, exact mass: 295.0167 u) may refer to:
Diclofenac
Meclofenamic acid
Molecular formulas |
17328319 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger%20Bernadina | Roger Bernadina | Rogearvin Argelo "Roger" Bernadina (born June 12, 1984) is a Dutch Curaçaoan professional baseball outfielder for Curaçao Neptunus of the Honkbal Hoofdklasse. He has played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Washington Nationals, Philadelphia Phillies, Cincinnati Reds, and Los Angeles Dodgers. He has also played for the Dutch national baseball team in international competitions such as the World Baseball Classic. He played for Team Netherlands in the 2019 European Baseball Championship, Africa/Europe 2020 Olympic Qualification tournament, and the 2019 WBSC Premier12.
Career
Washington Nationals
Bernadina was signed at age 17 by the then-Montreal Expos as a nondrafted free agent in 2001. He beat out Todd Liebman for the last roster spot on the Dutch national team for the World Baseball Classic back in June 2012.
Bernadina was called up to the major leagues the first time on June 28, 2008, to replace the injured Lastings Milledge. His major league debut came the next day, and he hit a single to right field in his first major league at bat.
Bernadina started 2009 in the minors, but was called up on April 15. After appearing in two games, he made his first start of the season on April 18. In the eighth inning, he "made a spectacular catch against the wall" against the Florida Marlins and fractured his right ankle, although he earned the nickname "The Shark".
On May 12, 2010, Bernadina hit his first and second big league home runs against the New York Mets. The second came in the ninth inning off Francisco Rodriguez, giving the Nationals the lead in a game they would ultimately win. He also made a remarkable leaping catch in right field that likely robbed Met Jeff Francoeur of a bases-clearing triple.
2012 was Bernadina’s best year in the majors. He compiled a slash line of .291/.372/.405 and made a spectacular game-saving catch against the wall at Minute Maid Park.
On August 19, 2013, Bernadina was released to make room on the roster for David DeJesus, who was acquired from the Chicago Cubs.
Philadelphia Phillies
Two days after being released by the Nationals, Bernadina signed with the Philadelphia Phillies. He appeared in 27 games for them and hit .187. He was outrighted off the roster on October 16, 2013.
Cincinnati Reds
On January 31, 2014, Bernadina signed a minor league contract with the Cincinnati Reds that contained a spring training invitation. After making the opening day roster, he was designated for assignment on May 3, but was called back up after an injury to Jay Bruce. Bernadina was designated for assignment again on June 21, 2014 On June 27, Bernadina was released and became a free agent. He hit only .153 in 44 games for the Reds.
Los Angeles Dodgers
On July 7, 2014, Bernadina inked a minor league deal with the Los Angeles Dodgers. He was assigned to the Triple-A Albuquerque Isotopes, where he hit .246 in 23 games. He was called up to the Dodgers on September 6, 2014. He was used primarily as a pinch runner for the Dodgers but also had 7 at-bats as a pinch hitter. He had two hits, one of which was a home run.
Colorado Rockies
On December 24, 2014, Bernadina signed a minor-league contract with the Colorado Rockies.
New York Mets
On February 8, 2016, Bernadina signed a minor-league contract with the New York Mets. After Spring Training, he was assigned to the AAA Las Vegas 51s.
Kia Tigers
On November 24, 2016, Bernadina signed with the Kia Tigers of the KBO League. He had a .320 batting average, 27 home runs, 111 RBIs, and 32 stolen bases in the 2017 KBO League season. On December 1, 2017, Bernadina signed a one-year, $1.1 million contract with the Tigers. His 2018 statistics included a .310 batting average, 20 home runs, and 70 RBI. He became a free agent after the 2018 season.
Ishikawa Million Stars
On March 30, 2019, he signed with the Ishikawa Million Stars of the Baseball Challenge League.
Lamigo Monkeys
On April 18, 2019, Bernadina left the Million Stars to sign with the Lamigo Monkeys of the Chinese Professional Baseball League. He posted a .256/.365/.378 slash line across 24 games before he was released by the team on June 30, 2019.
Algodoneros de Unión Laguna
On July 15, 2019, Bernadina signed with the Algodoneros de Unión Laguna of the Mexican League. He was released on February 6, 2020.
Quick Amersfoort
On August 24, 2020, Bernadina signed with the Quick Amersfoort club in the Dutch Honkbal Hoofdklasse.
Curaçao Neptunus
Bernardina signed with Curaçao Neptunus of the Dutch Honkbal Hoofdklasse for the 2021 season.
References
External links
Roger Bernadina at Baseball Almanac
Roger Bernadina at Pura Pelota (Venezuelan Professional Baseball League)
Career statistics and player information from Korea Baseball Organization
Bernadina at Kia Tigers Baseball Club
1984 births
Living people
Albuquerque Isotopes players
Algodoneros de Guasave players
Algodoneros de Unión Laguna players
Bravos de Margarita players
Cincinnati Reds players
Columbus Clippers players
Curaçao expatriate baseball players in Japan
Curaçao expatriate baseball players in Mexico
Curaçao expatriate baseball players in Taiwan
Curaçao expatriate baseball players in the United States
Dutch expatriate baseball players in South Korea
Gulf Coast Expos players
Gulf Coast Nationals players
Harrisburg Senators players
Ishikawa Million Stars players
KBO League outfielders
Kia Tigers players
Lamigo Monkeys players
Las Vegas 51s players
Los Angeles Dodgers players
Major League Baseball players from Curaçao
Major League Baseball outfielders
Navegantes del Magallanes players
Curaçao expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
People from Willemstad
Philadelphia Phillies players
Potomac Nationals players
Savannah Sand Gnats players
Syracuse Chiefs players
Tiburones de La Guaira players
Washington Nationals players
Yaquis de Obregón players
2013 World Baseball Classic players
2016 European Baseball Championship players
2019 European Baseball Championship players |
20465119 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port%20of%20Genoa | Port of Genoa | The Port of Genoa it is one of the most important seaports in Italy, in competition with the ports of Marseille and Barcelona in the Mediterranean Sea. With a trade volume of 51.6 million tonnes, it is the busiest port of Italy after the port of Trieste by cargo tonnage.
Notably the port was used for dismantling the Costa Concordia following the Costa Concordia disaster.
Structural characteristics
The Port of Genoa covers an area of about 700 hectares of land and 500 hectares on water, stretching for over 22 kilometres along the coastline, with 47 km of maritime ways and 30 km of operative quays.
There are 4 main entrances:
the Eastern inlet, affording access to the old port, to the shipyards, and to the terminals of Sampierdarena
the Western (Cornigliano) inlet, used mostly by ships operating at the ILVA quays
the Multedo entrance, for ships operating in the oil terminals and to the Fincantieri shipyards
the Pra' entrance, at the western end of the port, for ships operating at the container terminal
Passenger terminals
The quays of the passenger terminals extend over an area of 250 thousand square metres, with 5 equipped berths for cruise vessels and 13 for ferries, for an annual capacity of 4 million ferry passengers, 1.5 million cars and 250,000 trucks.
The historical maritime station of Ponte dei Mille is today a technologically advanced cruise terminal, with facilities designed after the world's most modern airports, in order to ensure fast embarking and disembarking of latest generation ships carrying thousand passengers.
A third cruise terminal is currently under construction in the redesigned area of Ponte Parodi, once a quay used for grain traffic.
Lighthouses
There are two major lighthouses: the historical Lanterna, tall, and the small lighthouse of Punta Vagno, at the eastern entrance of the port.
Marinas
Besides the container and the passenger terminals, the shipyards and the other industrial and cargo facilities, in the port area there are also several marinas, where many sailboats and yachts are moored.
The marina of the Exhibition centre (305 berths).
The marina Duca degli Abruzzi, home of the Yacht Club Italiano (350 berths)
The marina Molo Vecchio, in the area of the old harbor (160 berths for yachts up to 150 metres)
The marina Porto antico (280 berths up to 60 metres)
The marina Genova Aeroporto (500 berths, with new facilities for superyachts)
The marina of Pra', in the area of the old Pra' beach, now "Fascia di Rispetto di Pra'" (1000 berths)
References
External links
Transport in Genoa
Buildings and structures in Genoa
Ports and harbours of Italy
Tourist attractions in Genoa |
17328323 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant%20man | Plant man | Plant man or variation, may refer to:
People
Plantsman or plantman, a plant nursery worker
Gardener or plant man
Horticulturalist or plant man
Botanist or plant man
Factory worker or plant man, a worker at a plant
Persons
A man by the name of "Plant"
Greg Morton (born 1953), U.S. American football player with a horticultural passion leading to the nickname "Plant Man"
Gary Young (drummer) (born 1953), U.S. musician with the stagename "Plantman"
Characters
Plantman, a Marvel Comics character
Plant Man, a character from Mega Man; see List of Mega Man characters
Plant Man, a character from the TV cartoon Frankenstein Jr. and The Impossibles
Other uses
The Plantsman, a horticultural magazine
"The Plant Man" (episode), a 1966 season 3 number 12 episode 70 of Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea (TV series)
"Plant Man", a 2008 episode of The Marvelous Misadventures of Flapjack; see List of The Marvelous Misadventures of Flapjack episodes
See also
Plant (disambiguation)
Man (disambiguation) |
23572016 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz%20Curtis | Jazz Curtis | Jacinta "Jazz" Curtis is a fictional character from the Australian television soap opera Home and Away, played by Rachel Gordon. The character made her first screen appearance on 18 June 2007. Jazz is introduced as the mother of established character Drew Curtis (Bobby Morley). Jazz made her final appearance on 21 May 2008.
Character development
Characterisation
Gordon "really enjoyed" the opportunity to play Jazz, a role she called "a lot of fun and very glamorous because the role’s shiny on the outside but gritty underneath." Jazz is very feminine and likes fashion and high heel shoes. Gordon told a reporter from Yahoo! 7 that "it's good to play a character that’s feminine and has a bit of fun."
Jazz has a complex persona and writers played her as the show's "super-bitch" who wants to do the right thing but wreaks havoc in the process. Gordon believed that Jazz made an effort to change her ways as her time in the show progressed. She added "I really like Jazz, initially she was just a full on bitch but over a period of time, a lot more complexity has evolved in her and it’s interesting to play a character that's trying to do the right thing but always, kind of, getting it really wrong, it’s been fun.” On the show's official website Jazz has been described as having weak morals and a trouble maker. Gordon told a reporter from Inside Soap that she liked the role because Jazz is a "strong woman" who can be "bitchy" but also has a "vulnerable side".
Relationships
Jazz is introduced as the mother of established character Drew Curtis (Bobby Morley). Gordon found it "suitably humbling" when she discovered that she had secured "the role of a mother to a guy in his 20s." Despite the actors being close in age, Gordon believed it worked well on-screen. She added "it actually really works for the character that I’m playing, although the mother-son relationship is reversed. He’s more the parent and she’s the irresponsible one. They’re more like buddies than mother and son."
Jazz has not been a good mother to Drew and has often failed to support him. Gordon believed that "Jazz doesn’t really have many good qualities as a mother." She explained that it is important to be loving and consistent to children, but Jazz would often fail to be that type of mother. She concluded that "Jazz is very inconsistent with her behaviour towards Drew. And to make kids feel valued is important." When Jazz arrives in Summer Bay, it becomes apparent that Jazz is hiding a secret about Drew's friend Jules Munroe (Joel Phillips). She uses their secret to exert power over him. Writers created an inheritance scam story for Jazz in which she tries to steal the money her mother set aside for Drew in her will. Jazz does not expect to enjoy spending time with Drew and the pair develop a bond. She is shocked when Drew offers to share the inheritance money equally with Jazz. He later discovers the truth and is left "mortified" and "betrayed" by her scheming.
Jazz moves in with Leah Patterson-Baker (Ada Nicodemou) and the pair end up sharing many arguments. Gordon told an Inside Soap reporter that "I love the relationship between Leah and Jazz. They're both feisty, but in different ways. We had lots of great scenes when Jazz was living with Leah." Writers created feud story between Jazz and Amanda Vale (Holly Brisley), both characters assumed the role of the show's "femme fatales". When Jazz was introduced into the series, an article published on the show's official website revealed that Jazz would fill the role Amanda played in the show. It stated that she took on the "sexy but manipulative lady with penchant for cheeky afternoon chardys" left vacant by Amanda.
When Amanda returns, they are depicted as enemies which stems from Amanda sleeping with Drew, which Jazz does not approve of. When they both try to support Leah following the death of her husband Dan Baker (Tim Campbell), they clash. They trade insults followed by slapping each other across the face. Gordon and Brisley struggled to film the scenes because they found them comical. Gordon told a Yahoo! 7 reporter that "it was so ridiculous trying to keep a straight face doing those scenes. We had a really good time, she’s a lovely girl and we are both very different from the characters we play." The pair were later featured in more sparring scenes in which they mock each other's parental skills.
Jazz gets caught up in Johnny Cooper's (Callan Mulvey) revenge plan against residents of Summer Bay. He takes Jazz hostage and ties her up. Gordon said that enjoyed filming the scenes and praised Mulvey's villainous portrayal. She added that she was not afraid during filming and quipped that she enjoyed being tied up.
Derparture
In September 2007, Gordon announced that she was leaving the role and would film her final scenes as Jazz in October 2007. When she finished filming she and her husband went to pursue acting roles in the United States.
Storylines
Jazz arrives in the bay to try to make amends with her son Drew, who she had sent to boarding school when he was only young. He rejects her at first, but he moves in with her after he uses her cheque book to buy himself a car. She begins a brief relationship with Tony Holden (Jon Sivewright). During this time she exposes the fact that Drew's friend, Jules made a pass at her when he was younger, prompting Jules to leave.
Jazz contacts her solicitor Dane Jordans (Myles Pollard) and later tries to seduce Dane into withholding her mother's inheritance from Drew. Morag Bellingham (Cornelia Frances) discovers Jazz had seduced a member of staff from her mother's care home and Dane refuses to support her in this legal battle. Jazz is also involved in a divorce case with her husband Kevin Freeman, who wants to reconcile with her. However, this falls through when Drew exposes Jazz's affair with Tony to him, and Kevin leaves taking his daughters, Bree and Essie with him. Drew tries to drive Jazz away from town after faking a powercut at her home, but it backfires when a fire starts, nearly killing Jazz. Drew agrees to give Jazz his inheritance, on the condition she leaves Summer Bay. Jazz takes the money and departs.
Several months later, following the death of Drew's uncle Dan, Jazz returns for his funeral and begins arguing with Dan's ex-wife Amanda much to the chagrin of Dan's widow, Leah. She tries restart her relationship with Tony but he tells her he is now involved with Rachel Armstrong (Amy Mathews). Jazz then takes a job at Summer Bay High working for Martin Bartlett (Bob Baines) as his secretary and begins dating Miles Copeland (Josh Quong Tart). In order to keep her job, She blackmails Martin when she spots him an underground fight. However, Miles finds out and dumps her.
Jazz later gets into a fight with Christine Jones (Elizabeth Alexander) at Jack Holden (Paul O'Brien) and Martha MacKenzie's (Jodi Gordon) engagement party. She confides in Tony that she still loves him and wants to change. He suggests she leaves Summer Bay to start a new life in the city near Drew, which she does.
Reception
For her portrayal of Jazz, Gordon received a nomination for "Best Newcomer" at the first Digital Spy Soap Awards. A writer from Yahoo! 7 branded Jazz a "femme fatale" and a "stunning leggy brunette". Of Jazz and Amanda's feud they added that "while their looks are at the opposite ends of the spectrum, they have both reigned as super-bitches and were fighting for supremacy."
References
Home and Away characters
Television characters introduced in 2007
Female characters in television
Fictional secretaries |
6901877 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMCS%20Stormont%20%28K327%29 | HMCS Stormont (K327) | HMCS Stormont is a former River-class frigate that served in the Royal Canadian Navy during the Second World War. She fought primarily in the Battle of the Atlantic, but saw service in the Arctic Ocean. She was named for Stormont, Ontario. After the war she was turned into the luxury yacht Christina by Greek billionaire Aristotle Onassis. She continues to sail.
Stormont was ordered October 1941 as part of the 1942–1943 River-class building program. She was laid down on 23 December 1942 by Canadian Vickers Ltd. at Montreal and launched 14 July 1943. She was commissioned into the RCN at Quebec City on 27 November 1943 with the pennant K327.
Background
The River-class frigate was designed by William Reed of Smith's Dock Company of South Bank-on-Tees. Originally called a "twin-screw corvette", its purpose was to improve on the convoy escort classes in service with the Royal Navy at the time, including the Flower-class corvette. The first orders were placed by the Royal Navy in 1940 and the vessels were named for rivers in the United Kingdom, giving name to the class. In Canada they were named after towns and cities though they kept the same designation. The name "frigate" was suggested by Vice-Admiral Percy Nelles of the Royal Canadian Navy and was adopted later that year.
Improvements over the corvette design included improved accommodation which was markedly better. The twin engines gave only three more knots of speed but extended the range of the ship to nearly double that of a corvette at at 12 knots. Among other lessons applied to the design was an armament package better designed to combat U-boats including a twin 4-inch mount forward and 12-pounder aft. 15 Canadian frigates were initially fitted with a single 4-inch gun forward but with the exception of , they were all eventually upgraded to the double mount. For underwater targets, the River-class frigate was equipped with a Hedgehog anti-submarine mortar and depth charge rails aft and four side-mounted throwers.
River-class frigates were the first Royal Canadian Navy warships to carry the 147B Sword horizontal fan echo sonar transmitter in addition to the irregular ASDIC. This allowed the ship to maintain contact with targets even while firing unless a target was struck. Improved radar and direction-finding equipment improved the RCN's ability to find and track enemy submarines over the previous classes.
Canada originally ordered the construction of 33 frigates in October 1941. The design was too big for the shipyards on the Great Lakes so all the frigates built in Canada were built in dockyards along the west coast or along the St. Lawrence River. In all Canada ordered the construction of 60 frigates including ten for the Royal Navy that transferred two to the United States Navy.
Wartime service
Stormont joined the RCN's Atlantic Fleet at Halifax, Nova Scotia under command of George Myra, an experienced pre-war merchant captain who had served as the alternate captain of the famous schooner Bluenose. After training at St. Margarets Bay, Nova Scotia, she was assigned to escort group EG 9 out of Derry in March 1944. She served as one of 57 RCN vessels to support Operation Neptune, the amphibious invasion of Normandy, France that were part of D-Day (Operation Overlord) in June 1944.
In July 1944, she towed the damaged to Plymouth after the Matane had been struck by a glider bomb. In October 1944 she escorted a convoy to Gibraltar and in December, convoys on the Murmansk run to the Kola Inlet. During this period, Stormont spent a record 63 days at sea, the longest active period of any frigate during the war. She returned to Canada in early 1945 to begin a tropicalization refit at Shelburne, Nova Scotia in preparation for service in the Pacific Ocean. The refit, which was begun in June 1945, was cancelled on 20 August, due to the surrender of Japan. She was decommissioned by the RCN on 9 November 1945 and placed in reserve.
Civilian use
Originally sold in 1947 for conversion to a merchant ship, Stormont was re-sold to Greek shipping magnate Aristotle Onassis in 1951. She underwent a four million dollar rebuild as the luxury yacht Christina, named after his daughter Christina Onassis. She was sent to Kiel, Germany for the rebuild. Christina was fitted with a full-sized swimming pool, a spiral staircase and 19 lavish staterooms. It became a popular destination for celebrities and was the site of the wedding reception of Rainier III, Prince of Monaco and the actress, Grace Kelly.
After Aristotle Onassis' death in 1975, his daughter Christina inherited the vessel, and donated it to the Greek government in 1978 to serve as a presidential yacht. As such, she was rechristened Argo and was, over time, allowed to decay and deteriorate. In 1998, she was purchased by another Greek shipowner, John Paul Papanicolaou, who restored her and renamed her into Christina O. As of 2013, she was still in operation.
See also
List of ships of the Canadian Navy
References
External links
HMCS Stormont (K327) – readyayeready.com
HMCS Stormont (K327) – uboat.net
List of RCN warships participating in D-Day.
River-class frigates of the Royal Canadian Navy
1943 ships |
17328337 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20Worrell | Mark Worrell | Mark Robert Worrell (born March 8, 1983) is an American former Major League Baseball pitcher who played for the St. Louis Cardinals and the Baltimore Orioles between 2008 and 2011.
Amateur career
A native of Palm Beach Gardens, Florida, Worrell attended John I. Leonard Community High School. He played college baseball at the University of Arizona and Florida International University. In 2003, he played collegiate summer baseball with the Cotuit Kettleers of the Cape Cod Baseball League. He was selected by the St. Louis Cardinals in the 12th round of the 2004 MLB Draft.
Professional career
Worrell was called up to the major leagues by the Cardinals on June 1, 2008, and made his debut on June 3. On June 5, Worrell hit a three-run home run in his first major league at-bat.
On December 4, 2008, Worrell was traded to the San Diego Padres for shortstop Khalil Greene. After missing the entire season while recovering from Tommy John surgery, Worrell was non-tendered on December 12, 2009.
On January 7, 2010, Worrell signed a minor league contract to return to the San Diego Padres. After appearing in 25 games with the Portland Beavers, he was released on June 23. On July 1, Worrell signed a minor league contract with the Seattle Mariners, but was subsequently released on July 14 after pitching in just four games for the Tacoma Rainiers.
On February 1, 2011, Worrell signed a minor league contract with the Baltimore Orioles, and started the season with the Norfolk Tides. He was called up by Baltimore on July 17 and appeared in four games, giving up eight runs in two innings, including Mike Trout's first career home run, before returning to Norfolk. He became a free agent after the season.
See also
List of players with a home run in first major league at-bat
References
External links
13 January 2006 1:25 PM ET. Worrell making strides in winter ball. Familiar name in Cardinals history has organization's attention. By Matthew Leach
Worrell player profile at Scout.com
1983 births
Living people
American expatriate baseball players in Mexico
Arizona Wildcats baseball players
Baltimore Orioles players
Baseball players from Florida
Cotuit Kettleers players
Diablos Rojos del México players
FIU Panthers baseball players
Indian River State Pioneers baseball players
Johnson City Cardinals players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Memphis Redbirds players
Mexican League baseball pitchers
Norfolk Tides players
Palm Beach Cardinals players
Peoria Chiefs players
Portland Beavers players
St. Louis Cardinals players
Springfield Cardinals players
Tacoma Rainiers players |
6901878 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armar%20Lowry-Corry%2C%203rd%20Earl%20Belmore | Armar Lowry-Corry, 3rd Earl Belmore | Armar Lowry-Corry, 3rd Earl Belmore (28 December 1801 – 17 December 1845), styled Viscount Corry from 1802 to 1841, was an Irish nobleman and politician.
Background and career
Lowry-Corry was the eldest son of Somerset Lowry-Corry, 2nd Earl Belmore and his wife Lady Juliana Butler. His younger brother was Henry Thomas Lowry-Corry, who served as First Lord of the Admiralty under Lord Derby and Benjamin Disraeli.
He studied at Christ Church, Oxford and was the Tory Member of Parliament for County Fermanagh from 1823 to 1831 and was appointed High Sheriff of County Fermanagh in 1832. He succeeded his father to the peerage and to the family seat at Castle Coole in 1841.
Family
Lord Belmore married Emily Louise Shepherd, youngest daughter and co-heiress of William Shepherd, of Brabourne, Kent, by his wife Anne Lovel Dawson, daughter of Thomas Dawson, of Edwardstone Hall, Suffolk, and had issue:
Somerset Lowry-Corry, 4th Earl Belmore (9 April 1835 – 6 April 1913), his heir
Admiral Hon. Armar Lowry-Corry RN (25 May 1836 – 1 August 1919), who was married on 8 February 1868 to Geraldine King-King (d. 8 January 1905), fifth daughter of James King King, of Staunton Park, Hereford, by his wife Mary Cochrane Mackenzie, fourth daughter of Kenneth Francis Mackenzie and sister of Colin Mackenzie (Indian Army officer), and had issue
Hon. Frederick Cecil George Lowry-Corry (24 June 1839 – 12 May 1855)
Hon. Mary Emma Lowry-Corry (1840–1854)
Hon. Emily Margaret Lowry-Corry (1844–1864)
Colonel Hon. Henry William Lowry-Corry (30 June 1845 – 6 May 1927), who was married on 21 September 1876 to Hon. Blanche Edith Wood (d. 21 July 1921), third daughter of Charles Wood, 1st Viscount Halifax, by his wife Lady Mary Grey, fifth daughter of Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey, and had issue
Lord Belmore died at Castle Coole on 17 December 1845, aged 43, and was buried at Caledon in Northern Ireland. Lady Belmore died in 1904, aged 90, and was buried at St Mary's church in Edwardstone, Suffolk. There is memorial to them both in the church.
References
Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990,
External links
High Sheriffs of County Fermanagh
1801 births
1845 deaths
Corry, Armar Lowry-Corry, Viscount
Corry, Armar Lowry-Corry, Viscount
Corry, Armar Lowry-Corry, Viscount
Corry, Armar Lowry-Corry, Viscount
Corry, Armar Lowry-Corry, Viscount
Belmore, E3
Armar
Earls Belmore |
23572024 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Indian%20comedy%20films | List of Indian comedy films | This is a list of notable Indian comedy films.
Hindi films
Malayalam films
Tamil films
See also
List of Indian romance films
List of Indian horror films
*
Comedy films
Indian |
17328343 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziniar%C3%A9%20Department | Ziniaré Department | Ziniaré is a department or commune of Oubritenga Province in northern-central Burkina Faso. Its capital is the town of Ziniaré. According to the 2019 census the department has a total population of 88,299.
Towns and villages
Ziniaré (33,301 inhabitants) (capital)
Badnogo (515)
Bagadogo (1,022)
Basbedo (939)
Barkuitenga (1,529)
Barkoudouba (859)
Betta (1,265)
Bissiga Peulh (144)
Boalin (580)
Boulba (748)
Gam-Silimimossé (800)
Gombogo (642)
Gombogo-Peulh (188)
Gonsé (210)
Gondogo Tandaaga (853)
Gombogo (1,645)
Ipala (1,417)
Kartenga (811)
Koada-Yarcé (483)
Koassanga (2,551)
Kolgondiessé (477)
Koulgandogo (239)
Koulgando-peulh (195)
Ladwenda (873)
Laongo-yanga (972)
Matté (906)
Moutti (1,200)
Moyargo (618)
Nabitenga (636)
Nakamtenga I (749)
Nakamtenga II (700)
Namassa (1,105)
Napamboubou-saalin (415)
Ouagatenga (515)
Oubri-Yaoghin (1,465)
Pilaga peulh (479)
Rassempoughin (201)
Sawana (2,095)
Songpélcé (2,357)
Tanghin-Gombogo (917)
Tanghin Goudry (528)
Tamassa (307)
Tamissi (959)
Tambogo Peulh (226)
Tampougtenga (1,007)
Tanpoko Peulh (295)
Taonsgo (1,609)
Tibin (619)
Ziga (2,392)
References
Departments of Burkina Faso
Oubritenga Province |
6901911 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Have%20You%20Ever%20Been%20%28To%20Electric%20Ladyland%29 | Have You Ever Been (To Electric Ladyland) | "Have You Ever Been (To Electric Ladyland)" is a song by English-American rock band the Jimi Hendrix Experience, featured on their 1968 third album Electric Ladyland. Written and produced by frontman Jimi Hendrix, the song acts as the title track of the album, as well as essentially the opening track following the short instrumental intro "...And the Gods Made Love".
Recording and production
The master recording of the song was produced at the Record Plant studio in New York City in May or June 1968, with Hendrix providing the guitar, bass and vocal tracks, and Mitch Mitchell on drums and tambourine. As with the rest of the album, production was led by Hendrix, while the engineering was handled by Eddie Kramer and studio owner Gary Kellgren. The song was mixed at the Record Plant on July 7.
An alternative, instrumental version of the track – dubbed "Electric Lady Land" – was also recorded (one of seven takes of the song) at the Record Plant on 14 June 1968 by Hendrix and Band of Gypsys drummer Buddy Miles (although his track was later removed from the recording); the rendition was released by Polydor Records in 1974 as part of the posthumous studio album Loose Ends, produced by John Jansen.
Composition and lyrics
In the book Jimi Hendrix: Electric Gypsy, authors Harry Shapiro and Caesar Glebbeek describe "Electric Ladyland" as a "magical mystery tour in the spirit of [Axis: Bold as Love album track] "Spanish Castle Magic" and ["Burning of the Midnight Lamp" B-side] "The Stars That Play with Laughing Sam's Dice"", as well as comparing its chord pattern to that of popular Axis track "Little Wing". The lyrical content of the track, as well as the entire album, has been said to be inspired by Hendrix's infamous practices in relation to promiscuity with women, which he labelled "Electric Ladies", with Devon Wilson (a well-known groupie of the 1960s rock scene) rumoured to be amongst the inspirations for the lyrics. Writing for website AllMusic, Matthew Greenwald has proposed that the track was influenced by soul musician Curtis Mayfield, "with a distinctly bluesy, psychedelic edge".
Personnel
Electric Ladyland version
Jimi Hendrixguitars, vocals, Bass guitar, production, mixing
Mitch Mitchelldrums, tambourine
Eddie Kramerengineering, mixing
Gary Kellgrenengineering
''Loose Ends'' version
Jimi Hendrix – guitar, speech
Buddy Miles – drums (removed for release)
Gary Kellgren – engineering, speech
References
Footnotes
1968 songs
The Jimi Hendrix Experience songs
Songs written by Jimi Hendrix
Song recordings produced by Jimi Hendrix |
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