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17328710 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan%20Limestone%20and%20Chemical%20Company | Michigan Limestone and Chemical Company | The Michigan Limestone and Chemical Company operated the world's largest limestone quarry (Michigan Limestone; a/k/a the "Calcite Quarry"; "Calcite Plant and Mill"; and "Carmeuse Lime and Stone"), which is located near Rogers City in Presque Isle County, Michigan. It was formed and organized in 1910; however, production did not begin until 1912. Ownership of the quarry has changed a number of times; but it is still one of the largest producers of limestone in the United States. The quarry was inextricably interlinked to lake shipping and railroad transportation.
The deposits mined at the quarry are underground in the northeastern part of Northern Michigan near Alpena and south of Rogers City along the shore of Lake Huron. The raw material is essential to a variety of industries; the major uses are for various aggregates, road-base stone cement, flux for iron and steel production, railroad track ballast, mine dusting, agricultural lime. and production of sugar.
History
The mining engineer and geologist Henry H. Hindshaw, of New York City, started the analysis to established the commercial value of limestone in Northern Lower Michigan in January 1909. He looked over and evaluated certain properties in the northeastern part of Michigan, between the small lumbering community of Rogers City and the nearby open pit mine of Crawford's Quarry. In February, Hindshaw first drilled samples for the Solvay Process Company of Syracuse, New York. The limestone samples were found to be of commercially usable quality, so the company took an option to purchase all the surrounding land by the Lake Huron shore south of Rogers City. Hindshaw then returned to New York City and got in contact with William F. White of the White Investing Company. The investor showed an interest in commercial development of the limestone.
Hindshaw originally bought the land with the hope of using the Limestone directly as building material, i.e., stone facades. That aspiration was misplaced; and was displaced by the realization that this would be marketable as a commodity for its chemical composition.
Limestone is a raw material essential in industry. Major uses are for various aggregates, road-base stone cement, manufacture flux for iron and steel production, railroad ballast, mine dusting, and lime manufacture. Hindshaw determined the value was high due to the unusually high grade and purity of the limestone deposit underground in the northeastern region of Lower Michigan along the shore of Lake Huron, near Alpena and south of Rogers City. The quality and size of the limestone deposit at Rogers City, and the availability of easy water transportation, led to the development of the quarry and a port. Both quarry and port are named "Calcite," after the principal ingredient of limestone.
Quarry
It is the largest limestone quarry in the world, measuring long by wide, amounting to . It features mega loader vehicles that haul up to , that is , in single trucks that have tires measuring in height.
The quarry and plant are currently owned and operated by Carmeuse Lime and Stone, with 115 employees. It has been described as a "man made Grand Canyon," as it is more than deep.
This is one of several dozen limestone quarries that have been located in Michigan. The Michigan Basin encompasses large areas of limestone bedrock.
The quarry exploits limestone and dolomite strata, part of the "Michigan Basin" and the "Rogers City" geologic unit and strata. "As proposed, the name Rogers City is applied to limestone and dolomite strata formerly considered part of the Dundee, which is here restricted to lower of section. Lower to 9 ft of Rogers City is dolomite; upper part is limestone. Rogers City fauna is distinctive from that of the Dundee. Age is Middle Devonian."
This open pit mine, operating for 110 years since 1912, was at times called "the Calcite Quarry" "Calcite Plant and Mill" and "Carmeuse Lime and Stone",mines 350 million year old deposits, and has shipped well over of product to customers. It is within the Rogers City limestone, a part of the Dundee Limestone. Of the on the site, about 3,000 are actively mined. The company predicts the site has reserves that can last 100 years.
The quarry is the subject of a well known astronaut photo. It has been documented in an Emmy Award winning documentary film. As the director of the film notes: “Initially I thought, it’s (a documentary) about a quarry,” Belanger said. “But it’s a human story. The quarry of course is limestone, it’s rock, but it’s how this natural resource become a driving force for our nation. Much of this limestone was used to build the Mackinac Bridge, it helped build the interstate highway system throughout the nation, and it’s used in everyday items.”
The Detroit and Mackinac Railway service inside the mine dates back to before 1926. Pictures indicate that the yard was originally serviced within by company-owned switching engines. Trackage included switches and even two interlockers inside the plant which date back to 1926. The railroad for the quarry is currently serviced by Lake State Railway, successor to the D&M.
Rogers City donated land to create a landmark in celebration of the quarry's centennial. Part of the landmark is a X 6 foot mural made of outdoor tiles created by master potter Guy Adamec from the Flint Institute of Arts. Part of the design "represent[s] the history of the quarry by depicting layers of quarry strata ranging from the Devonian Period to current day. This ... [are depicted] in different colors of cement block to show the strata."
The United States Army and Air Force conduct simulated-fire phases within the Carmeuse Calcite Quarry area during Exercise Northern Strike.
According to the Oglebay Norton, this quarry is "producing high-calcium carbonate limestone ... and shipping between 7 and 10.5 million net tons (NT) per year, depending on market demand." The operation "produces nine base product sizes, from 5-1/2 inches down to sand-sized particles. These products can be blended together to meet most sizing specifications."
Company
Michigan Limestone and Chemical Company was founded in 1910 by White and a few of his investor capitalist colleagues, who purchased a parcel of land of prime limestone deposits from the Rogers City Land Company. It was the lumber industry that had brought the first settlers to the northern area of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan, around the time of the Civil War. The first pioneer settlers arrived in the Rogers City vicinity in 1869, and they started the Rogers-Molitor Lumber Company. The lumber industry was the backbone of the economy in Rogers City, and Presque Isle County, until the second decade of the 20th century. By that time, most of the forests had been cut down, and the major lumber companies were moving their camps to fresh forests in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan (and into the nearby states of Wisconsin and Minnesota). Around this time Michigan Limestone and Chemical Company began construction of facilities for mining limestone.
White, whose residence was in New York City, served as president of Michigan Limestone and Chemical Company when he filed Articles of Association in the Presque Isle County Clerk's office at Rogers City making the company official on May 26, 1910. The Calcite port and quarry plant started operations in June 1910 and maintained offices in New York City and Rogers City. Hindshaw was the first general manager and was paid $3,500 per year. He was replaced in October by Joseph Jenkins of Alpena, Michigan, who was paid $3,000 a year. Carl D. Bradley of Chicago replaced Jenkins on October 12, 1911.
Bradley managed construction of the limestone processing factory, which included a powerhouse, stone crusher, screen-house, conveyor power distribution system, a harbor with loading slip, ship loader, repair shop, and executive office building. Steam shovels were purchased for use in mining, and steam locomotives and dump cars were used to move the stone from the quarry to the crusher. A steam locomotive was purchased to haul the limestone from the quarry.
There was a spur track built by the company that led into the Calcite operations from the Detroit & Mackinac Railroad main line just west of Posen, Michigan. Production at the quarry began in early 1912 and the first cargoes of stone were shipped by steamer freighters in June of that year. The company received orders for limestone that far exceeded the most optimistic expectations.
Most of the stone mined at the Rogers City quarry was shipped on lake freighters to steel mills located along the lower Great Lakes at places like Detroit, Cleveland, Gary, and South Chicago. For most of the plant's history, its biggest customer was United States Steel (also known as U.S. Steel), the world's largest producer of steel products. Eventually, additional markets were found for the limestone in the agricultural, construction, chemical, and cement industries. The Rogers City area continued to develop and grow as the Calcite plant facilities grew. Within 20 years, the quarry at Rogers was the world's largest producer of limestone.
U.S. Steel
United States Steel Corporation was the first customer of the company. White and his partners were in contact with potential major consumers of limestone even before the company was officially formed. They were in negotiations with several steel companies and other companies that used quantities of limestone and concluded that if they built a massive quarry that they would have potential consumers immediately. US Steel signed a contract within months of when the company was officially formed and a year before limestone was actually produced. Iroquois Iron Company of Chicago signed a contract with Michigan Limestone for the purchase of 50,000 tons of limestone. The limestone company was created, at least in part, with the idea that there was a waiting market for their product.
US Steel later purchased a controlling interest in Michigan Limestone in 1920 when the company was producing 1,000 tons of crushed limestone a day.
Bradley was promoted from general manager to president of Michigan Limestone. He also served as president of Michigan Limestone's fleet of self-unloading ships used to deliver the stone. Those ships were operated as the Bradley Transportation Company. Michigan Limestone and Bradley Transportation came under the full ownership of U.S. Steel upon Bradley's death in 1928. At that time U.S. Steel purchased all of the stock of both Michigan Limestone and the associated shipping concern, Bradley Transportation, and made both these companies subsidiaries of U.S. Steel. The company became a division in 1951 when the operations at Rogers City became U.S. Steel's "Northern District", since the main offices were moved to Detroit. The operation is still a major employer in northern Michigan. Its ownership has changed several times in recent years.
Uses
The calcite limestone produced at Michigan Limestone is the white calcium carbonate chemical. It is low in iron, alumina, sulphur, carbonate phosphorus, silica, magnesium and titanium. Steel mills added limestone to molten iron in the blast furnaces. It is used to carry away impurities in the process of making steel. The material is also in widespread use in making cement. The limestone when burned at a temperature up to 2300 degrees Fahrenheit (999 degrees Celsius) produces just pure lime, which is used in everything from making paints, varnishes, sugar, glass, baking powder and ammonia. Lime is also used in making chemicals such as soda ash, caustic soda, bleaching powders, and water softening salt. Limestone was used to fill the caissons that support the Mackinac Bridge.
Pulverized limestone is used to restore lime that is needed to make plants grow. Continuous cultivation depletes lime out of the soil, making it acidic. Crops will not grow very well in that type of soil. Pulverized limestone is used to restore lime in the soil so crops grow properly. This type of soil conditioner is known as agricultural lime. Where soils are acidic crushed limestone can improve the crop yield. It does this by making the soil balanced and thereby allowing the plants to absorb more nutrients from the soil like they should through their roots. While lime is not a fertilizer itself, it can be used in combination with fertilizers. Agricultural lime can also be beneficial to soils where the land is used in raising farm animals like cows and goats. Bone growth is key to an animal's development and bones are composed primarily of calcium. Young calves get their needed calcium through milk, which has calcium as one of its major components so dairymen frequently apply agricultural lime to their fields because it increases milk production.
It is the indispensible ingredient for making calcium carbonate, which in turn is used to make white sugar from sugar beets. Michigan is a very large producer of beet sugar.
Self-unloading ships of the company
Michigan Limestone and Chemical Company built three "revolutionary" ships between 1912 and 1917. They were named SS Calcite, SS W.F. White and the SS Carl D. Bradley (in 1927, this ship would be renamed John G. Munson, and a new SS Carl D. Bradley would be built). These ships were revolutionary in their own right. They represented the latest technology in "self-unloading" ships, then simply called "unloading ships".
In 1912, the company built its first steamship, SS Calcite. It was considerably larger than the first modern self-unloader ever built on the Great Lakes, which was the SS Wyandotte built in 1908. The Calcite was used to haul limestone from the company's quarry at Rogers City to Buffalo and Fairport, New York. The steamships W.F. White and Carl D. Bradley followed over the next few years. All the steamships' hulls were painted grey to minimize the appearance of the limestone dust that accumulated during loading and unloading.
The design of these early ore carrier self-unloaders was pretty much the same as today. The idea is that the "cargo hold" is built with its sides sloping toward the center of the ship along the keel. Where the two sides come together, a series of steel gates can be opened. This allows the material to drop onto a conveyor belt running the length of the ship beneath the "cargo hold." The conveyor belt carries the material up to an exchanger, where it is transferred to a second belt which runs up to the main deck, then through a long boom on deck. The unloading swing boom hangs over the ship's side to discharge the material load onto the waiting customer's dock. The advantage of self-unloaders is that they can deliver the limestone material directly to a customer's dock without requiring expensive shore side unloading rigs.
As business grew over the years, the company built several more of these self-unloaders. These ships were operate under the name Bradley Transportation Company after 1920 and were known as the Bradley boats or the Bradley fleet. There are still self-unloaders that carry limestone from the Calcite plant through the Port of Calcite to industrial ports all around the Great Lakes. The SS Carl D. Bradley was lost in a storm in November 1958 while returning from delivering a load of limestone; 33 of the 35 crewmembers died, most of whom lived in or around the small town of Rogers City. No larger loss of lives has occurred in the lake freighter fleet since the Bradley's sinking.
Ships such as the SS Carl D. Bradley would haul the limestone to steel mills in Gary, Indiana.
Michigan historical marker
The company conducts yearly tours of the quarry. Typically the event is conjoined with Rogers City’s annual Nautical City Festival. Then the public is permitted "to see some of the giant equipment" up close and personal that the plant uses. The experience highlights the grand scale of the operation and the equipment. The Alpena News has detailed the numbers, which may be of interest, but are too extensive to repeat here. "The Calcite Operation is one of 28 production facilities Carmeuse owns in North America and one of 94 production facilities the company owns around the world. The plant mines, processes and ships limestone via freighters on the Great Lakes, which haul the raw materials to the next location." As of 2019, 915,931,719 tons have been shipped from the Quarry. 1953 was the high water mark for production at 16.6 million tons. In prior days, the tailings were dumped into the lake, but that has ceased and they are now beneficially used. It would take 4,000 wheelbarrows full to fill the largest truck in the facility, and 12 hours to fill a freighter.
It is surrounded by vantage points.
This site should be considered as part of an effort to mine limestone in other parts of Michigan. For example, the Mill Creek Quarry opened near Mackinaw City, Michigan in 1912. That site is now part of the Michigan state parks system.
There is a Michigan State Historic Site historical marker at a viewing point over Michigan Limestone and Chemical Company facilities.
See also
Alabaster Historic District
Exercise Northern Strike
List of types of limestone
References
Notes
Citations
Bibliography
Further reading
Nelson, Crystal. (August 3, 2019) Calcite opens quarry for annual Nautical visitors Alpena News.
Rogers City: the nautical limestone city (November 30, 2017} "Long Lake Yarns" WordPress
External links
Belanger, Anne. (2014) ''A CENTURY IN STONE, Historical Documentary National Endowment for the Humanities, Michigan Endowment for the Humanities Video via=YouTube
1910 establishments in Michigan
American companies established in 1910
Limestone
Buildings and structures in Presque Isle County, Michigan
.Limestone
Chemical companies of the United States
Chemical companies established in 1910
Companies based in Michigan
Limestone
Limestone industry
Michigan State Historic Sites
Mines in Michigan
Mining companies of the United States
Limestone
Limestone |
6902155 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live%20and%20Let%20Live | Live and Let Live | Live and let live, describes a philosophical principle and, in short, means to live as one pleases, but also to be tolerant and let others live their way. "Live and let live" may refer to:
Film
Live and Let Live (2013 film), a 2013 documentary film about veganism
Live and Let Live (1921 film), a 1921 silent American melodrama film
Music
"Live and Let Live", a song by Love from their 1967 album Forever Changes
Live and Let Live!, a 1988 album by Bobby King and Terry Evans
"Live and Let Live", a song by Souls of Mischief from their 1993 album 93 'til Infinity
Live and Let Live, an album by South Korean singer Shin Hye-sung
Live and Let Live (Twelfth Night album), 1984
Live and Let Live (10cc album), 1977
Other uses
Origin or literary use: In Wallenstein's Camp, the 1798 first part of Friedrich Schiller's "Wallenstein" trilogy, it is said of the imperial general Tilly: "His saying was: live and let live."
"Live and Let Live", the official motto of Liberland
Live and let live (World War I), a system of conflict avoidance used in trench warfare in World War I
Live and Let Live, an 1837 novel by Catharine Sedgwick
Live and Let Live is also considered the political concept of the Habsburg ruling family, with which they successfully organized their communities for centuries with tolerance and balance in terms of peoples, ethnic groups, languages and religions.
See also
Live and Let Die (disambiguation) |
17328762 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric%20Villalon | Eric Villalon | Eric Villalón Fuentes (born April 30, 1973 in Barcelona) is a Paralympic alpine skier from Spain. In his career, he has won five gold medals, three silvers, and a bronze. At the 1998 Winter Paralympics he won three golds, at the 2002 games he won two gold and two silvers, and at the 2006 Paralympics he won a silver and a bronze.
In 2014 Villalon was inducted into the Paralympic Hall of Fame.
Notes
External links
Spanish Paralympics site Profile
Spanish male alpine skiers
Paralympic alpine skiers of Spain
Alpine skiers at the 1998 Winter Paralympics
Alpine skiers at the 2002 Winter Paralympics
Alpine skiers at the 2006 Winter Paralympics
Paralympic gold medalists for Spain
Paralympic silver medalists for Spain
Paralympic bronze medalists for Spain
1973 births
Living people
Medalists at the 2006 Winter Paralympics
Medalists at the 2002 Winter Paralympics
Medalists at the 1998 Winter Paralympics
Paralympic medalists in alpine skiing |
17328764 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20Congregational%20Church%20%28Newport%2C%20Rhode%20Island%29 | United Congregational Church (Newport, Rhode Island) | The United Congregational Church (also called First Congregational Church, Second Congregational Church and Newport Congregational Church) is a historic former church building in Newport, Rhode Island. The congregation was formerly affiliated with the United Church of Christ (UCC). Built in 1857, the church was designated a National Historic Landmark in 2012, in recognition for the unique interior decorations executed in 1880–81 by John La Farge.
History
The congregation was gathered as Newport's First Congregational Church in 1695 by Rev. Nathaniel Clap, a Harvard College graduate who ministered to the Newport congregation until his death in 1745. The Second Congregational Church of Newport started another congregation in 1735, but the two later reunited. The congregation was active during the American Revolution and both churches' meeting houses were used as barracks and hospitals by the British and French troops in Newport. Dr. Samuel Hopkins was the minister of the church in the late eighteenth century.
As of 2009, the church was pastored by the Reverends Mary Beth Hayes and Nan L. Baker. The church has since closed, and the has undergone renovation to become an events center.
Building
The current building is a Romanesque Revival structure, designed by Joseph C. Wells of New York City and completed in 1857. It is a basically rectangular building, built out of Connecticut brownstone, with two ornately decorated towers. In the 1880s the congregation retained the artist John LaFarge to redecorate its interior. LaFarge had recently completed work on Trinity Church, Boston, and sought to provide a more elaborate interior than he was able to in Boston. He produced twenty stained glass windows and a series of murals, which represent the only fully integrated ecclesiastical interior he produced. The church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971, and designated a National Historic Landmark in 2012.
See also
Clarke Street Meeting House
List of National Historic Landmarks in Rhode Island
National Register of Historic Places listings in Newport County, Rhode Island
References
Further reading
External links
Romanesque Revival architecture in Rhode Island
Romanesque Revival church buildings in the United States
United Church of Christ churches in Rhode Island
Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Rhode Island
Churches completed in 1857
19th-century United Church of Christ church buildings
Churches in Newport, Rhode Island
1695 establishments in Rhode Island
Historic American Buildings Survey in Rhode Island
National Historic Landmarks in Rhode Island
National Register of Historic Places in Newport, Rhode Island
Historic district contributing properties in Rhode Island
Congregational churches in Rhode Island |
17328790 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In%20the%20Rain | In the Rain | "In the Rain" is a 1972 soul single, written by Tony Hester. It was released in February 1972 by American the vocal group, The Dramatics, from their first album, Whatcha See Is Whatcha Get. The track is notable for its use of sounds of rain and thunder, first heard before the song's introduction, then throughout the instrumental and chorus sections.
Chart performance
"In the Rain" reached No. 5 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart and spent four weeks at No. 1 on the Best Selling Soul Singles chart. It sold over one million copies and is the group's biggest hit. Billboard ranked it as the No. 53 song for 1972.
Song background
The song's lyrics state that, because of a broken love relationship, the singer wants to go out and stand in the rain so that no one can see him cry.
"Once the rain starts falling on my face,
You won't see a single trace,
Of the tears I'm crying,
Because of you I'm crying.
Don't want you to see me cry.
Let me go, Let me go
Let me go!"
Chart positions
Cover versions
Keith Sweat, on his 1987 album Make It Last Forever.
The R&B group Xscape, in 1997, from the soundtrack of Love Jones starring Larenz Tate and Nia Long.
The smooth jazz artist Boney James, featuring Dwele, on the Shine album in 2006.
Sampling
The song has been sampled by many hip hop artists such as Wu-Tang Clan, Jadakiss, Big L, and Lil Wayne. As of 2022, music data website WhoSampled lists that it has used in sampling over 90 times.
See also
List of number-one R&B singles of 1972 (U.S.)
References
External links
1971 songs
1972 singles
The Dramatics songs
Stax Records singles |
17328792 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ%20School%2C%20Bangalore | Christ School, Bangalore | Christ School in Bangalore, India is an educational institution run by the Catholic Minority Community with all the rights and privileges granted by the Constitution of India and recognized but un-aided by the Department of Education of Karnataka State. It is run by the fathers of the Congregation of the Carmelites of Mary Immaculate (CMI) in the Catholic Church through a Registered Body - "Christian Educational Society of Bangalore".
The school, with a roll of 3267, is reputed to be one of the largest schools in India. It is associated with Christ University, another CMI institution in Bangalore. The school attracts some of the best faculty given the rich academic and co-curricular environment that prevails in the institution.
The school imparts education to students from Kindergarten to Std X in English medium, across the ICSE, CBSE and the State Boards. It is open to all irrespective of religion, caste or community.
In honor of the founding father of the CMIs who run the school, the school has a week-long celebration called The Chavara Cultural Festival and Inter School Tournament, to which all the schools in the city are invited.
The school conducts flagship events such as the Annual Science Exhibition and provides state-of-the-art facilities in their laboratories (including their Robotics lab). In addition, the students of Christ School regularly participate in multiple Olympiad contests, both at the State and at the National level.
Moral and religious instructions are also part and parcel of the curriculum. There is an Ecumenical Prayer Room for the children of all religions to meet and pray. Once in a month there is general prayer service for all non-Catholics (who form the majority) and a Catholic mass for the others.
The school owns a fleet of buses for transporting students from different parts of Bangalore.
Programs
The school has a numerous events throughout. In 2016, for commemorating Hiroshima and Nagasaki Bombing, Japanese people were invited and a Skype call was held to interact with the Japanese. There is an Annual Day held every year usually in February.
Management
The school is presently being run by Fr. Nilson until 2024. The principals were:
*Note: The year of end of service is calculated per academic year that is June-March.
External links
Carmelite educational institutions
Catholic secondary schools in India
Christian schools in Karnataka
Primary schools in Karnataka
High schools and secondary schools in Bangalore |
17328799 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ%20School | Christ School | Christ School may refer to:
Christ School (North Carolina), Arden, North Carolina, USA
Christ School, Bangalore, Bangalore, India |
6902174 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic%20Foley | Dominic Foley | Dominic Joseph Foley (born 7 July 1976) is an Irish former professional footballer who played as a forward.
He played for nine clubs in England, finding stability in his late 20s and 30s in Belgium, where he represented two teams.
Football career
England
Foley was born in Cork. In 1995, at the age of 19, he was signed by English First Division club Wolverhampton Wanderers from St. James's Gate. He made his debut on 18 November as a substitute in a 3-1 away loss against Oldham Athletic, but never managed to earn a regular place, and appeared in just 29 competitive matches in four seasons combined at Molineux Stadium.
To gain playing time, Foley was loaned several times in the following years, to Watford, Notts County and Greek club Ethnikos Piraeus FC. He eventually moved to Watford, signed by Graham Taylor – who had originally brought him to Wolverhampton – on a free transfer.
Foley played 12 times in his first year with the Hornets (one goal), also making his Premier League debut. Even though the campaign ended in relegation, he received his first call-up to the Republic of Ireland national team; his debut came on 30 May 2000 in a 2-1 friendly defeat to Scotland; five days later, his second cap, against Mexico, saw him score the first of his two international goals, with all six appearances coming during the year.
Early into 2000–01, Foley netted a last-minute winner against Barnsley, but overall found playing opportunities scarce, being successively loaned by the Vicarage Road side to Queens Park Rangers (two spells), Swindon Town, Southend United and Oxford United.
Braga
Foley left England in 2003 for Portuguese club S.C. Braga, being scarcely used during one sole season, after which he returned to his country after one decade by signing for Bohemians.
He impressed in the team's 2005 UEFA Intertoto Cup game against Belgium's K.A.A. Gent, who bought him soon afterwards.
Belgium and later years
Foley established at the Jules Ottenstadion, scoring six goals in 25 Belgian First Division A appearances his first season and bettering his totals in the following two campaigns, netting in double digits (respectively ten and 11) as the Flemish club finished fourth and sixth in the table, respectively; additionally, he helped it reach the semi-finals of the Belgian Cup in 2007, scored three goals in that year's UEFA Intertoto Cup to help his team reach the third round, notably netting against Cliftonville F.C. in a 2–0 home win (6–0 on aggregate), and was named club captain at the start of 2007–08.
Foley helped Gent reach the final of the domestic cup in 2007–08, opening the score against R.S.C. Anderlecht after just six minutes but eventually losing the match 3-2. The next season, however, new coach Michel Preud'homme rarely used him in his starting eleven and, with the player's contract due to expire, he was sold during the winter break to fellow league side Cercle Brugge KSV.
On 22 February 2012, aged nearly 36, Foley returned to his homeland and joined Limerick FC, having been released by Cercle the previous day.
Transfer controversies
Foley caused controversy in 2005 when he successfully had his contract with Bohemians terminated over the failure of payment by the club of "bonuses". He then signed for Gent which had played against the Irish side only a few weeks before, sparking rumours of secret meetings between player and management after the match.
In 2009, Gent accused Cercle Brugge of secret reunions with Foley before he was allowed to engage in conversations in order to discuss his future. With his contract due to expire at the end of the season, the former's general manager, Michel Louwagie, claimed the player had discussed a contract before the allowed date of 1 January, saying: "I don't at all appreciate the way Cercle have behaved in relation to Foley. It is against the rules." On 21 January, Cercle announced that Foley had signed a three-year contract with the club, starting in June 2009. On the 27th, however, both clubs agreed on an immediate transfer during the winter transfer window.
Honours
Limerick
League of Ireland First Division: 2012
Munster Senior Cup: 2011–12
References
External links
1976 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Cork (city)
Association footballers from County Cork
Republic of Ireland association footballers
Association football forwards
St James's Gate F.C. players
Premier League players
English Football League players
Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. players
Watford F.C. players
Notts County F.C. players
Queens Park Rangers F.C. players
Swindon Town F.C. players
Southend United F.C. players
Oxford United F.C. players
League of Ireland players
Bohemian F.C. players
Limerick F.C. players
Super League Greece players
Ethnikos Piraeus F.C. players
Primeira Liga players
S.C. Braga players
Belgian First Division A players
K.A.A. Gent players
Cercle Brugge K.S.V. players
Republic of Ireland international footballers
Republic of Ireland under-21 international footballers
Republic of Ireland B international footballers
Republic of Ireland expatriate association footballers
Expatriate footballers in England
Expatriate footballers in Greece
Expatriate footballers in Portugal
Expatriate footballers in Belgium
Irish expatriate sportspeople in England
Irish expatriate sportspeople in Portugal
Irish expatriate sportspeople in Belgium
Irish expatriate sportspeople in Greece |
20465254 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South%20Korea%20national%20football%20team%20results%20%281980%E2%80%931989%29 | South Korea national football team results (1980–1989) | This is a list of football games played by the South Korea national football team between 1980 and 1989.
Results by year
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
!Year
! width="30" |GP
! width="30" |W
! width="30" |D
! width="30" |L
! width="30" |Win %
|-
|1980
|-
|1981
|-
|1982
|-
|1983
|-
|1984
|-
|1985
|-
|1986
|-
|1987
|-
|1988
|-
|1989
|-
!Total
|}
List of matches
1980
Source:
1981
Source:
1982
Source:
1983
Source:
1984
Source:
1985
Source:
1986
Source:
1987
Source:
1988
Source:
1989
Source:
See also
South Korea national football team results
South Korea national football team
References
External links
Results at KFA
1980s in South Korean sport
1980 |
17328826 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20E.%20Carter | David E. Carter | David E. Carter is an entrepreneur and writer on graphic design, logo design, and corporate branding. He has written many trademark and logo books and won a number of regional Emmys for his local television productions. Since moving to Sanibel Island, Carter has teamed with Pfeifer Realty Group owner Eric Pfeifer to make several historical documentaries about Sanibel Island including "Sanibel Before the Causeway" and "Postcards and Pictures from Sanibel".
References
Advertising theorists
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Businesspeople from Florida |
6902178 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcturus%20moving%20group | Arcturus moving group | In astronomy, the Arcturus moving group or Arcturus stream is a moving group or stellar stream, discovered by Olin J. Eggen (1971), comprising 53 stars moving at 275,000 miles per hour, which includes the nearby bright star Arcturus. It comprises many stars which share similar proper motion and so appear to be physically associated.
This group of stars is not in the plane of the Milky Way galaxy, and has been proposed as a remnant of an ancient dwarf satellite galaxy, long since disrupted and assimilated into the Milky Way. It consists of old stars deficient in heavy elements. However, Bensby and colleagues, in analysing chemical composition of F and G dwarf stars in the solar neighbourhood, found there was no difference in chemical makeup of stars from the stream, suggesting an intragalactic rather than extragalactic origin. One possibility is that the stream appeared in a manner similar to the Hercules group, which is hypothesized to have formed due to Outer Lindblad Resonance with the Galactic bar. However, it is unclear how this could produce an overdensity of stars in the thick disk.
Research from the RAdial Velocity Experiment (RAVE) at the Australian Astronomical Observatory, headed by Quentin Parker, was the first to quantify the nature of the group, though astronomers had known of its existence for some time. It was first discovered in 1971.
Other members include the red giant Kappa Gruis and the M-class stars 27 Cancri, Alpha Vulpeculae and RT Hydrae.
See also
List of stellar streams
References
External links
Stellar streams
Boötes
Milky Way |
17328838 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Martin%20Easterly | Thomas Martin Easterly | Thomas Martin Easterly (October 3, 1809 – March 12, 1882) was a 19th-century American daguerreotypist and photographer. One of the more prominent and well-known daguerreotypists in the Midwest United States during the 1850s, his studio became one of the first permanent art galleries in Missouri.
Although his reputation was limited to the Midwest during his lifetime, he is considered to have been one of the foremost experts in the field of daguerreotype photography in the United States during the mid-to-late 19th century. He took the very first known photograph of a lightning bolt in history.
Biography
Born in Guilford, Vermont, he was the second of five children born to Tunis Easterly and Philomena Richardson. He reportedly came from a poor background, his father being a farmer and part-time shoemaker, and was living away from home at age 11. Around 1830, he was living in St. Lawrence County, New York although little is known of his early years.
He began working as itinerant calligrapher and a penmanship teacher traveling throughout Vermont, New Hampshire and New York during the 1830s and 40s. By 1844, he had begun practicing photography taking outdoor photographs of architectural landmarks and scenic sites in Vermont. Among his earliest daguerreotypes, made a decade before outdoor photography was popular or profitable, those of the Winooski and Connecticut rivers are the only known examples to be self-consciously influenced by the romantic landscape paintings of the Hudson River School artists. He was also the first and only daguerreotypist to identify his work using engraved signatures and descriptive captions.
In the fall of 1845, Easterly traveled to the Midwest United States and toured the Mississippi River with Frederick F. Webb as representatives of the Daguerreotype Art Union. The two gained some notoriety from their photography of the criminals convicted of the murder of George Davenport in October of that year. Iowa newspapers reported that Easterly and Webb had achieved a "splendid likeness" of the men shortly before their execution. Easterly and Webb continued touring on the Mississippi and Missouri rivers for several months before spending the winter of 1846-47 in Liberty, Missouri.
The only known photograph of the first St. Charles Hotel in New Orleans, built to be the world's finest, was taken by Easterly ca. 1847.
The following spring, Easterly and Webb went their separate ways with Easterly traveling on his own to St. Louis. He soon became popular for his portraits of prominent residents and visiting celebrities which were displayed in a temporary gallery on Glasgow Row. One of these portraits was that of Chief Keokuk taken March 1847. He also took a daguerreotype of a lightning bolt, one of the first recorded "instantaneous" photographic images, while in St. Louis. This was later recorded in the Iowa Sentinel as an "Astonishing Achievement in Art". Before returning to Vermont in August 1847, the St. Louis Reveille described his as an "unrivaled daguerreotypist".
He was brought back to Missouri by John Ostrander, founder of the first daguerreotype gallery in St. Louis, in early 1848. Preparing for an extended "tour of the south", Ostringer asked Easterly to manage his portrait gallery. Esterly would continue running the gallery when Ostringer died a short time later. Many of his unique streetscapes depicting mid-19th-century urban life were taken from the windows of Ostringer's gallery. In June 1850, he married schoolteacher Anna Miriam Bailey and settled in St. Louis permanently.
During the 1860s, improvements in photographic development caused daguerreotypes to become out of fashion. Easterly refused to acknowledge these changes believing the highly detailed daguerreotypes were far superior in terms of beauty or permanence urging the public to "save your old daguerreotypes for you will never see their like again". During the next decade, both his health and financial situation worsened. Despite the declining interest for pictures on silver, he was able to maintain his gallery until it burned in a fire in 1865. He was forced to move to a smaller location and continued working in near obscurity until his death in St. Louis on March 12, 1882. He had suffered from a long illness and partial paralysis in his final years and is thought to have been caused by prolonged exposure to mercury, one of the key ingredients used in the daguerreotype process.
After his death, his wife sold most of his personal collection to John Scholton, another noted St. Louis photographer. The Scholton family eventually donated the plates to the Missouri Historical Society where they remained for nearly a century before being rediscovered during the 1980s by art scholars studying pre-American Civil War photography.
References
Further reading
Davidson, Carla. "The View from Fourth and Olive". American Heritage 13 (December 1971): 76-91.
Guidrey, Gail R. "Long, Fitzgibbon, Easterly, Outley: St. Louis Daguerreans". St. Louis Literary Supplement 1 (November–December 1977): 6-8.
Kilgo, Dolores A. Likeness and Landscape: Thomas M. Easterly and the Art of the Daguerreotype. St. Louis: Missouri Historical Society Press, 1994.
Van Ravenswaay, Charles. "Pioneer Photographers of St. Louis". Missouri Historical Society Bulletin 10 (October 1953): 49-71.
External links
Thomas Easterly Collection from Missouri History Museum's Flickr page
Easterly Photos in the Missouri History Museum Collections
Thomas Easterly Daguerreotypes at the Newberry Library
Commercial photographers
1809 births
1882 deaths
Artists from St. Louis
People from Guilford, Vermont
19th-century American photographers
Photographers from Vermont |
17328844 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadim | Tadim | Tadim is a Portuguese parish, located in the municipality of Braga.
References
Freguesias of Braga |
20465259 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Ellicott | Charles Ellicott | Charles John Ellicott (1819–1905) was a distinguished English Christian theologian, academic and churchman. He briefly served as Dean of Exeter, then Bishop of the united see of Gloucester and Bristol.
Early life and family
Ellicott was born in Whitwell, Rutland on 25 April 1819. He was educated at Stamford School and St John's College, Cambridge.
He married Constantia Ann Becher at St Marylebone Parish Church, London on 31 July 1848. One of their children was the composer Rosalind Ellicott.
Ecclesiastical career
Following his ordination into the Anglican ministry in 1848, he was Vicar of Pilton, Rutland and then Professor of Divinity at King's College London and Hulsean Professor of Divinity at Cambridge. The chancel of St Nicholas' Church, Pilton was rebuilt in 1852 in 13th-century style.
In 1861, he was appointed Dean of Exeter. Two years later he was nominated the bishop of the See of Gloucester and Bristol on 6 February and consecrated on 25 March 1863. In 1897, Bristol was removed from Diocese, but he continued as Bishop of Gloucester until resigning on 27 February 1905. He died in Kent on 15 October 1905, aged 86.
Works
Historical Lectures on the Life of Our Lord Jesus Christ: Being the Hulsean Lectures for the Year 1859. With Notes, Critical, Historical, and Explanatory, 1862
Destiny of the Creature, 1865
Historical Lectures on the Life of Christ, 1870
Modern Unbelief, its Principles and Characteristics, 1877
Spiritual Needs in Country Parishes, 1888
Sacred Study
An Old Testament Commentary for English Readers, 1897 (Editor)
A New Testament Commentary for English Readers, 1878
St Paul's First Epistle to the Corinthians: With a Critical and Grammatical Commentary, 1887
Our Reformed Church and its Present Troubles, 1897
Some Present Dangers for the Church of England
Addresses on the Revised Version of Holy Scripture, 1901
Christus comprobator ; or, The testimony of Christ to the Old Testament : seven address
Considerations on the revision of the English version of the New Testament
Notes
Bibliography
External links
1819 births
People educated at Stamford School
People from Rutland
Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge
Fellows of St John's College, Cambridge
Academics of King's College London
Hulsean Professors of Divinity
Deans of Exeter
Bishops of Gloucester and Bristol
Bishops of Gloucester
1905 deaths
20th-century Church of England bishops
19th-century Church of England bishops
19th-century Anglican theologians
20th-century Anglican theologians |
17328847 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master%20of%20the%20Imhoff%20Altar | Master of the Imhoff Altar | The Master of the Imhoff Altar (fl. c. 1410–1420) was a German painter. His name comes from an altarpiece, dating to between 1418 and 1422, commissioned by Konrad Imhoff for the Lorenzkirche in Nuremberg. Only the central panel, depicting the Coronation of the Virgin, and the wings, depicting several apostles, are still preserved in the church, albeit partially disassembled. On the inner wings, flanking the Coronation, may be found a donor portrait of the donor with three of his four wives. Originally the back of the altarpiece held an image of Christ as the Man of Sorrows, with the Virgin Mary and Saint John. This piece, which has since been removed to the Germanisches Nationalmuseum, is now believed to be the work of the Master of the Bamberg Altar.
It is believed by some historians that the Master of the Imhoff Altar is also the so-called Master of the Deichsler Altarpiece, whose work is known from two surviving altarpiece wings in Berlin. Attempts have been made to link both artists to Berthold Landauer, but these have been based entirely on his activity in Nuremberg at the time in question. The Deischler paintings are believed to predate the Imhoff Altar by five to ten years, and are the work of an artist deeply familiar with the art of Bohemia from around 1400. The Imhoff Altar, by contrast, represents a marked shift towards a firmer and sparer manner, coupled with the use of stronger colors.
References
Master of the Imhoff Altar
14th-century births
15th-century deaths
15th-century German painters
Imhoff Altar, Master of the
Gothic painters |
6902187 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrox%20Mystique | Matrox Mystique | The Mystique and Mystique 220 were 2D, 3D, and video accelerator cards for personal computers designed by Matrox, using the VGA connector. The original Mystique was introduced in 1996, with the slightly upgraded Mystique 220 having been released in 1997.
History
Matrox had been known for years as a significant player in the high-end 2D graphics accelerator market. Cards they produced were Windows accelerators, and the company's Millennium card, released in 1995, supported MS-DOS as well. In 1996 Next Generation called Millenium "the definitive 2D accelerator." With regard to 3D acceleration, Matrox stepped forward in 1994 with their Impression Plus. However, that card only could accelerate a very limited feature set, and was primarily targeted at CAD applications. The Impression could not perform hardware texture mapping, for example, requiring Gouraud shading or lower-quality techniques. Very few games took advantage of the 3D capabilities of Impression Plus, with the only known games being the three titles that were bundled with the card in its '3D Superpack' CD bundle: 3D fighting game, Sento by 47 Tek; 3D space combat game, IceHawk by Amorphous Designs, and Specter MGA (aka Specter VR) by Velocity.
The newer Millennium card also contained 3D capabilities similar to the Impression Plus, and was nearly as limited. Without support for texturing, the cards were very limited in visual enhancement capability. The only game to be accelerated by the Millennium was the CD-ROM version of NASCAR Racing, which received a considerable increase in speed over software rendering but no difference in image quality. The answer to these limitations, and Matrox's first attempt at targeting the consumer gaming PC market, would be the Matrox Mystique. It was based heavily on the Millennium but with various additions and some cost-cutting measures.
Overview
The Mystique was a 64-bit 2D GUI and video accelerator (MGA1064SG) with 3D acceleration support. Mystique has "Matrox Simple Interface" (MSI) rendering API. It was one of many early products by add-in graphics board vendors that attempted to achieve good combined 2D & 3D performance for consumer-level personal computers. The board used a 64-bit SGRAM memory interface (Synchronous Graphics RAM) instead of the more expensive WRAM (Window RAM) aboard the Matrox Millennium. SGRAM offered performance approaching WRAM, but it was cheaper. Mystique came in configurations ranging from 2 MB SGRAM up to 8 MB. Mystique also had various ports on the card for memory expansion and additional hardware peripherals. The 8 MB configuration used the memory expansion module. Add-on cards from Matrox included the Rainbow Runner Video, a board offering MPEG-1 and AVI video playback with video inputs and outputs. The other add-on was called Rainbow Runner TV, an ISA-based TV tuner card for watching TV on PC.
Mystique's 2D performance was very close to that of the much more expensive Millennium card, especially at XGA 1024x768 resolution and lower, where the SGRAM bandwidth was not a performance hindrance. The Mystique used an internal 170 MHz RAMDAC, reduced from the external 220 MHz RAMDAC onboard Millennium, making it the first Matrox video processor using an internal RAMDAC. The frequency reduction affected the maximum refresh rate the card could run at high resolutions, crippling the Mystique for users of displays running UXGA 1600x1200, for example. Its 2D performance was measured as excellent, beating its peers such as the S3 ViRGE-based and the ATI Mach64-based video cards.
Mystique was Matrox's most feature-rich 3D accelerator in 1997, but still lacked key features including bilinear filtering, fogging, and anti-aliasing support. Instead, the Mystique uses nearest-neighbor interpolation, causing heavy pixelization in textures, and stippled textures for transparency. Without mipmapping support, textures in the distance appear to "swim", waving around and appearing "noisy", because the texture detail wasn't being properly managed and this caused texture aliasing. The company's reasoning for not including the higher-quality features was that performance was more important than visual quality. At the time, semiconductor fabrication processes and 3D hardware architecture design expertise was limited. Including bilinear filtering would have incurred a significant cost in the chip's transistor budget for more computational resources and potentially reduce graphics core clock speed and performance due to a larger chip design. There was also the manufacturing cost consideration that comes with a larger processor size. Matrox's words were not without weight because the Mystique did handily outperform the other 2D/3D boards at the time, such as S3 ViRGE and early ATI Rage products, although its visual quality was lower than those accelerators.
In general, compared to its peers, the Matrox Mystique was a competent board with its own set of advantages and disadvantages as was typical in this era of early 3D accelerators. It performed well for an early 2D/3D combo card, but it had questionable 3D visual quality. Its 2D support rivaled the best cards available for performance and quality, however. It was not uncommon to pair up the Mystique or another Matrox card with a 3Dfx Voodoo Graphics 3D-only board because the Voodoo cards were the fastest and most well-supported 3D accelerators at the time. Detractors, however, referred to the card as the "Matrox Mystake".
Driver support for the Mystique was robust at launch. The card directly supported all of Microsoft's operating systems including MS-DOS, Windows 3.1x, Windows 95, and Windows NT. Mystique also supported IBM's OS/2 operating system. The retail version of Mystique included 3 3D game titles, including: MechWarrior 2 Mystique edition, Destruction Derby 2, and Scorched Planet.
Mystique 220
Matrox released a newer version of the Mystique in 1997. The name gives the only significant change, that being the RAMDAC running at 220 MHz . This made the Mystique equivalent to the original Millennium for high-resolution 2D resolution support. The chip on the board was called MGA1164SG instead of MGA1064SG (original Mystique) as well. Otherwise, the card was identical in feature-set to the original Mystique and offered almost identical performance.
A special business-oriented version of Mystique 220, called Mystique 220 Business, was launched as well. This card came with a different software bundle targeting business users and excluding the games. The actual hardware was identical.
Legacy
The memory and internal RAMDAC programming interface lived on in MGA-G100 and later processors, until the introduction of Matrox Parhelia.
Competing 2D/3D chipsets
ATI Rage
Rendition Vérité V1000
S3 ViRGE
NVIDIA NV1
References
External links
MatroxUsers Forum
Graphics chips
Graphics cards |
20465270 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schuylerville%20Bridge | Schuylerville Bridge | Schuyler Bridge, is a bridge that carries New York State Route 29 across the Hudson River east of U.S. Route 4 and NY 32
from Schuylerville in Saratoga County into Easton in Washington County. It was named for Philip Schuyler, a general in the American Revolution. Besides the bridge, NY 29 is also named the General Philip Schuyler Memorial Highway, west of Schuylerville.
See also
List of fixed crossings of the Hudson River
References
Bridges over the Hudson River
Road bridges in New York (state)
Bridges in Saratoga County, New York
Bridges in Washington County, New York |
20465299 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence%20Wright%20%28disambiguation%29 | Lawrence Wright (disambiguation) | Lawrence Wright is an author.
Lawrence Wright may also refer to:
Lawrence Wright (American football) (born 1973), former American football player in the National Football League
Lawrence Wright (composer) (1888–1964), British popular music composer and publisher
Lawrence Wright (cricketer) (born 1940), English cricketer
Lawrence Wright (Royal Navy officer) (died 1713), naval commodore
Lawrence A. Wright (1927–2000), judge of the United States Tax Court
See also
Larry Wright (disambiguation) |
6902188 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Red%20Telephone%20%28song%29 | The Red Telephone (song) | "The Red Telephone" is a song written by Arthur Lee and first released by Love on their 1967 album Forever Changes.
Lyrics and music
According to legend, the house that the members of Love lived in had a red telephone, although the song lyrics do not relate to this. "The Red Telephone" is built on a set of folk-inspired chords. The song has been compared to Syd Barrett-era Pink Floyd. Themes of the song include race, imprisonment, and death. It contains a harpsichord and 12-string guitar, and has an ominous feel. "Sometimes my life is so eerie," Lee sings, but then inverts the dark mood with "and if you think I'm happy / Paint me white."
Reception
Allmusic's Matthew Greenwald called "The Red Telephone" "exquisite" and wrote, "it's one of the more engaging and interesting songs on Love's Forever Changes album." Ken Barnes called it "bleakly philosophical" and "apocalyptic". Jim Bickhart of Rolling Stone gave it a mixed review, writing "it contains both excellent and mediocre portions."
Jocelyn Manchec listed the song among the 2000 songs for your MP3 Player. In 2002 the Italian Rock Magazine "Il Mucchio Selvaggio" listed the song on its 17 Critics & Their Top 50 Songs.
References
1967 songs
Love (band) songs
Songs written by Arthur Lee (musician)
Song recordings produced by Bruce Botnick |
20465302 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Five%20Cities%20of%20June | The Five Cities of June | The Five Cities of June is a 1963 American short documentary film directed by Bruce Herschensohn. It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Short.
This United States Information Agency-sponsored film details the events of June 1963 in five different cities. In the Vatican, the election and coronation of Pope Paul VI; in the Soviet Union, the launch of a Soviet rocket as part of the Space Race with the United States; in South Vietnam, fighting between Communists and South Vietnamese soldiers; in Tuscaloosa, Alabama, United States, the racial integration of the University of Alabama opposed by Governor George Wallace; and in Berlin, President John F. Kennedy's visit to Germany and Rudolph Wilde Platz.
See also
Charlton Heston filmography
References
External links
, posted by the National Archives and Records Administration
watch The Five Cities of June at the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum
1963 films
1963 documentary films
1963 short films
1960s short documentary films
American short documentary films
American black-and-white films
Documentary films about cities
Documentary films about Berlin
United States Information Agency films
1960s English-language films
1960s American films |
20465346 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonis%20Vratsanos | Antonis Vratsanos | Antonis Vratsanos (Aggeloulis) (, 1919 in Larissa – November 25, 2008 in Athens), was a saboteur of the Greek People's Liberation Army (ELAS), the military branch of the National Liberation Front (EAM) during the Axis Occupation of Greece, and of the Democratic Army of Greece during the Greek Civil War.
Born in Larissa in 1919, he fought in the Greco-Italian War as a Reserve 2nd Lieutenant of Engineers. With the onset of the Occupation, he joined the EAM-ELAS, rising to become commander of the Olympus Engineers Battalion, with which he was engaged in numerous sabotage acts against the railway network used by the occupation forces.
During the subsequent civil war of 1946–49, he led a saboteur brigade of the communist Democratic Army of Greece. Following the communists' defeat, he went to exile in Tashkent and Romania.
On February 28, 2007, he was awarded by the President of the Hellenic Republic, Karolos Papoulias, the "Grand Commander of the Order of Honor" for his actions in the Greek Resistance in the years 1941–44.
References
1919 births
2008 deaths
Military personnel from Larissa
Greek communists
Saboteurs
Grand Commanders of the Order of Honour (Greece)
National Liberation Front (Greece) members
Greek military personnel of World War II
Exiles of the Greek Civil War in the Soviet Union
Hellenic Army officers |
17328858 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sid%20Kuller | Sid Kuller | Sid Kuller (27 October 1910 New York City, New York – 16 September 1993 in Sherman Oaks, California) was an American comedy writer, producer and lyricist/composer, who concentrated on special musical material, gags and sketches for leading comics. He collaborated with Ray Golden and Hal Fimberg on the screenplay of the Marx Brothers' vehicle The Big Store, for which he also supplied the lyrics to the musical climax, "The Tenement Symphony". Earlier in their careers, Kuller and Golden wrote comedy songs and special material for the Ritz Brothers. Although he wrote prodigiously and with facility throughout his life, Kuller admitted, "The creation of comedy is a painful experience".
Vaudeville
After attending Columbia University, Kuller began contributing jokes and songs to vaudeville performers, such as Bert Lahr and Jack Benny, and became a ghost-gag-writer for the legendary Al Boasberg. While working on an Earl Carroll Vanities show he started to write comedy bits for the precision-dancing Ritz Brothers, who brought him and fellow-writer Ray Golden with them to Hollywood in 1937.
On Broadway Kuller and Golden were part of the team which wrote the book for the progressive 1940 revue Meet the People, which included one of his early hit songs Elmer's Wedding Day (with music by Jay Gorney). He also wrote the political musical revue, O Say Can You Sing, which was performed in Chicago, and may have been one of the producers of the original Chicago production of the Federal Theater Project's groundbreaking all-black Swing Mikado., which transferred to Broadway without him.
Hollywood career
Through a string of Ritz Brothers' credits, the team of Kuller and Golden became known as one of Hollywood's best special material writers. At this time Kuller, who specialized in funny, though politically aware sketches and clever blackouts, kept an open house in the Hollywood Hills where jazz and swing bands regularly jammed, including Duke Ellington's. Groucho Marx quickly recognized in Kuller a fellow wit (and admirer of Gilbert and Sullivan), and kept him on set to zing up lines for The Big Store as they went along (e.g., he's credited with, "You mean a woman of your culture and money and beauty and money would marry this impostor?").
Returning after war service with the U.S. Army Air Corps First Motion Picture Unit, Kuller divided his time between writing and producing for Broadway (Alive and Kicking, debuting Gwen Verdon 1950); television (Colgate Comedy Hour, hosts Martin and Lewis, Donald O'Connor 1952-3; The Milton Berle Show 1951; The Jackie Gleason Show 1970); and various night-club acts (e.g. The Sportsmen Quartet). In 1952 he executive produced with Ben Hecht Actor's and Sin, using archive footage of Louis B. Mayer and Jack L. Warner, which ran into trouble when some theater chains refused to show it on the grounds that it lampooned Hollywood.
In the 1970s Sid collaborated with Sandy Matlowsky and Tige Andrews (of Mod Squad fame) on two original songs on the Tiger Records label in Los Angeles, California. "The Modfather" and "Keep America Beautiful" were the A and B sides of the vinyl 45 single release. These songs had humor and poignancy for the post 60s youth culture that was embracing political awareness and the social revolution. Sid's clever writing techniques are at its finest in this rare collection that contributed to the advocacy of world peace and the environmental movement.
Black Entertainment Involvement
Redd Foxx recalled that Kuller had become a household name among black performers of the 1940s. While working on the cotton-picking pastiche in The Big Store ("Up n' down the ole plantation, All the cotton was-a rottin away etc."), Kuller conceived with Duke Ellington the idea for a black, topical revue that would challenge segregation and try to break down the old Uncle Tom and Stepin Fetchit stereotypes still prevalent in the industry at that time. Their stated aim was to correct the race situation through theatrical propaganda.
Jump for Joy, starring Dorothy Dandridge, Ellington and other leading black performers, ran for three months at the Mayan Theater in Los Angeles before an integrated audience, with the backing of the Marx Brothers, Orson Welles and other Hollywood liberals. Kuller co-directed most of the skits he wrote, and together with Paul Francis Webster contributed biting lyrics to the music of Hal Borne and Ellington (e.g. "Fare thee well, land of cotton; cotton lisle is out of style"). As Kuller later explained: "Traditionally, black humor had been portrayed by blacks for white audiences from a white point of view. Our material was from the point of view of black people looking at whites." Although the show was an artistic and popular success, it had to be shut down with the outbreak of the Pacific War.
Kuller was also an early supporter of comedian and jazzman Scatman Crothers, with whom he worked on television. Kuller cast him in a featured role in his directorial debut, the 1950 swing version of The Return of Gilbert and Sullivan, filmed in the United Kingdom. For Louis Armstrong Kuller created a jazz versus opera routine featuring Robert Merrill. Kuller together with Borne also contributed to the successful revitalization of the Will Mastin Trio song and dance act in the early 50s, helping launch the breakthrough of Sammy Davis Jr. .
During the 1950s he was involved with some other projects for black performers, most of which did not come to fruition: including another revue entitled Swing Family Robinson, a biopic of Ellington and a revival of Jumpin for Joy in Las Vegas.
Later career
Kuller joined ASCAP in 1942 and was active in organizing many Variety Club charity shows. In the 1956 Jule Styne production Mr. Wonderful, one of Kuller's interpolated songs ("Daddy, Uncle and Me") was performed by Sammy Davis, Jr.
He was also the writer and producer of Miltown Revisited, the disastrous last Las Vegas show of Abbott and Costello, when the partnership finally split up in 1956. Kuller recalled that after Abbott turned up drunk for the second show at the Sahara Hotel, Costello never forgave him: "It was the most terrible night of [Kuller's] life in show business."
Nevertheless, Kuller continued producing night-club acts until his death and was responsible for writing two fondly remembered parody shows for the Jewish dialect comedians Mickey Katz and Billy Gray: The Cohen Mutiny (i.e. Caine takeoff) and My Fairfax Lady, where an upperclass British woman is taught to speak with a Jewish accent!
In 1963 Kuller was heavily involved in writing (and rewriting) the ambitious, but troubled Vernon Duke musical Zenda, based on The Prisoner of Zenda, for the San Francisco Light Opera Company with Alfred Drake and Chita Rivera. But his final stage experience was to be the hit 1981-3 revue Sophisticated Ladies, starring Gregory Hines, where famous songs he and others wrote with Ellington (e.g. "Bli-Blips") were introduced to a new generation.
He and his wife Morine were supporters of Oakwood, the cooperative school established in Hollywood by the actor Robert Ryan, a fellow liberal active in the Civil rights movement, and his Quaker wife.
Filmography
As writer/lyricist
1937 : Life Begins in College (Ritz Bros. with Tony Martin
1938 : Damon Runyon's Straight, Place & Show
1938 : Kentucky Moonshine (Ritz Bros., Tony Martin)
1938 : The Goldwyn Follies (Ritz Bros.)
1939 : The Three Musketeers (Ritz Bros.)
1940 : Argentine Nights (Ritz Bros.)
1940 : Melody Ranch (Gene Autry singing cowboy picture)
1940 : Road to Singapore (first road picture of Bob Hope and Bing Crosby)
1941 : The Big Store (Marx Bros. with Tony Martin)
1945 : Spreadin' the Jam
1950 : The Return of Gilbert and Sullivan
1951 : Slaughter Trail (a Howard Hughes production notorious for the beginning of the blacklist)
1959 "Blues, the Mother of Sin", "Little Mama" and "Piano Man" with Billy Eckstine for a record "Billy Eckstine & Count Basie Inc."
as director
1950 : The Return of Gilbert and Sullivan (swing version of Gilbert and Sullivan, featuring Scatman Crothers and Sportsmen Quartet)
as producer
1952 : Actor's and Sin (Sid Kuller Productions)
1960 : Stop! Look! and Laugh! (an unauthorized Three Stooges compilation, ending with a voice-over chimp fairy tale produced by Kuller)
as composer
1950 : The Return of Gilbert and Sullivan
1956 - Mr. Wonderful - song "Daddy, Uncle, and Me"
1960 : Stop! Look! and Laugh!
References
External links
1910 births
1993 deaths
American male composers
American film directors
American film producers
American male screenwriters
First Motion Picture Unit personnel
20th-century American composers
20th-century American businesspeople
20th-century American male musicians
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American screenwriters |
20465348 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike%20McCurry | Mike McCurry | Mike McCurry may refer to:
Mike McCurry (press secretary) (born 1954), White House press secretary under President Bill Clinton
Mike McCurry (referee) (born 1964), Scottish football referee |
17328914 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederaci%C3%B3n%20Nacional%20de%20Trabajadores%20%281952%29 | Confederación Nacional de Trabajadores (1952) | The Movimiento Sindical Independiente de Trabajadores (MOSIT) was a Venezuelan trade union federation, founded at a conference in 1952. At the conference there were two delegates from each state. Rafael Garcia was the head of MOSIT.
The founding of MOSIT came shortly ahead of the 1952 ILO conference. MOSIT claimed to be apolitical, but in practice the movement was largely supportive of the Marcos Pérez Jiménez government. After MOSIT had been founded, the Venezuelan government appointed MOSIT as the Venezuelan trade union representatives to the ILO conference, a move that was protested by the ICFTU and U.S. unions AFL and CIO.
In 1954 MOSIT changed name to Confederación Nacional de Trabajadores. The organization also joined Agrupación de Trabajadores Latinoamericanos Sindicalistas.
After the fall of Pérez Jiménez in 1958, CNT and most of its affiliated unions were dissolved.
References
Trade unions in Venezuela
Trade unions established in 1952
Trade unions disestablished in 1958
1952 establishments in Venezuela
1958 disestablishments in Venezuela |
17328927 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collingbourne%20Kingston%20Halt%20railway%20station | Collingbourne Kingston Halt railway station | Collingbourne Kingston Halt was a small railway station that served the village of Collingbourne Kingston in Wiltshire, England for less than 30 years. The station was on the former Midland and South Western Junction Railway, which was a north–south through-route between the Midlands and the south coast ports and which had been built through Collingbourne Kingston in 1882.
The M&SWJR did not provide a station at Collingbourne Kingston, which was served by Collingbourne railway station at Collingbourne Ducis, 1.5 miles away. But in 1932, after the M&SWJR had been taken over by the Great Western Railway in the 1923 Grouping, a halt was built for the village in an effort to generate traffic in the face of competition from road transport. The construction of the station was fairly rudimentary: railway sleeper platforms with corrugated iron shelters. No staff were ever provided and tickets were sold at No 54 High Street.
Traffic on the M&SWJR line declined heavily after the war and the line closed to passenger and goods traffic in 1961. There are no traces of Collingbourne Kingston Halt today, apart from a road bridge over the former line.
Routes
References
Wiltshire Railway Stations, Mike Oakley, Dovecote Press, Wimborne, 2004, , pages 43–44
Disused railway stations in Wiltshire
Former Great Western Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1932
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1961
1932 establishments in England
1961 disestablishments in England |
6902196 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas%20Highway%2088 | Arkansas Highway 88 | Highway 88 (AR 88, Ark. 88, and Hwy. 88) is a designation for five state highways in Arkansas. All routes are maintained by the Arkansas Department of Transportation (ArDOT).
Oklahoma to Washita
Highway 88 (AR 88, Ark. 88, and Hwy. 88) is a state highway of in Western Arkansas. The route begins at the Oklahoma state line at OK-1 and runs west to Highway 27 at Washita. Between the western terminus and Mena, the route passes through the Ouachita Mountains and is designated as part of the Talimena Scenic Drive, an Arkansas Scenic Byway and National Scenic Byway.
Route description
At Mena, it runs along the north direction of U.S. 71 (geographically east) for until U.S. 71 turns back to the north. From there, Highway 88 continues east for parallelling the Ouachita River and passing through the communities of Ink, Cherry Hill, Pine Ridge and Oden before intersecting U.S. Highway 270 at Pencil Bluff. Highway 88 then continues east another passing through the community of Sims before ending at Highway 27 at Washita.
Major intersections
Mile markers reset at some concurrencies.
Hot Springs
Route description
Highway 88 begins and ends at Highway 7 in Hot Springs. It runs about 3 miles and has an intersection with the U.S. 70-270 bypass of Hot Springs along its route.
Major intersections
Lonsdale
Route description
Major intersections
Benton
Route description
A second segment of Highway 88 begins at an intersection with Highway 35 in Benton, runs for a few blocks on Military Road (a former route of U.S. 67-70 and US 70C/I-30 Business Loop), then runs west approximately 2½ miles as Alcoa Road before ending at Benton Parkway.
Major intersections
Altheimer to Reydell
Route description
Highway 88 begins at U.S. Highway 79 at Altheimer and runs south and east passing through the communities of Cornerstone, Sweden, and Swan Lake before ending at Highway 11 at Reydell.
Major intersections
See also
List of state highways in Arkansas
References
External links
National Scenic Byways
088
Transportation in Garland County, Arkansas
Transportation in Jefferson County, Arkansas
Transportation in Montgomery County, Arkansas
Transportation in Polk County, Arkansas
Transportation in Saline County, Arkansas
Interstate 30
U.S. Route 67
U.S. Route 70 |
6902197 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort%20Sullivan | Fort Sullivan | Fort Sullivan may refer to:
United States
Florida
Fort Sullivan (see List of forts in Florida)
Maine
Fort Sullivan (Maine), near Eastport
Fort Sullivan (1775-1866), in Kittery, Maine opposite Portsmouth, New Hampshire, now Portsmouth Naval Prison
Pennsylvania
Fort Sullivan from the Sullivan Expedition of the Revolutionary War, near Athens
South Carolina
Fort Sullivan (South Carolina) (see Fort Moultrie), on Sullivan's Island |
17328928 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish%20cruiser%20Isla%20de%20Luz%C3%B3n | Spanish cruiser Isla de Luzón | Isla de Luzón was an protected cruiser of the Spanish Navy which fought in the Battle of Manila Bay.
Technical characteristics
Isla de Luzón was built by Elswick in the United Kingdom. She was laid down on 25 February 1886, launched on 13 November 1886, and completed on 22 September 1887. She had a steel hull and one funnel. She had a large beam for her length, and tended to have poor seakeeping qualities, burying her bow into waves. Small for a protected cruiser, she was often called a gunboat by 1898.
Operational history
Upon completion, Isla de Luzón joined the Metropolitan Fleet in Spain. She participated in the Rif War of 1893–1894, bombarding the reef between Melilla and Chafarinas. When the Philippine Revolution of 1896–1898 broke out in the Philippines, Isla de Luzón was sent there to join the squadron of Rear Admiral Patricio Montojo de Pasaron.
Isla de Luzón was still part of Montojo's squadron when the Spanish–American War broke out in April 1898. She was anchored with the squadron in Cañacao Bay under the lee of the Cavite Peninsula east of Sangley Point, Luzon, eight miles southwest of Manila, when, early on the morning of 1 May 1898, the United States Navy's Asiatic Squadron under Commodore George Dewey, found Montojo's anchorage and attacked. The resulting Battle of Manila Bay was the first major engagement of the Spanish–American War.
The American squadron made a series of firing passes, wreaking great havoc on the Spanish ships. At first, Dewey's ships concentrated their fire on Montojo's flagship, unprotected cruiser , and on unprotected cruiser , and Isla de Luzón suffered little damage. When Reina Cristina became disabled, Isla de Luzón and her sister ship, , came alongside to assist her under heavy American gunfire.
With Montojo's squadron battered into submission, Isla de Luzón was scuttled in shallow water to avoid capture. She had taken three hits, one of which had disabled one of her guns, and six of her crew had been wounded. After she sank, her upper works remained above water, and a team from gunboat went aboard and set her on fire.
After the United States occupied the Philippines, the United States Navy seized, salvaged, and repaired her and commissioned her as gunboat in 1900 for service in the United States.
See also
Notes
References
Alden, John D. The American Steel Navy: A Photographic History of the U.S. Navy from the Introduction of the Steel Hull in 1883 to the Cruise of the Great White Fleet, 1907–1909. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1972. .
Chesneau, Roger, and Eugene M. Kolesnik, Eds. Conway's All The World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905. New York, New York: Mayflower Books Inc., 1979. .
Nofi, Albert A. The Spanish–American War. Conshohocken, Pennsylvania: Combined Books Inc., 1996. .
External links
The Spanish–American War Centennial Website: Isla de Luzon
Department of the Navy: Naval Historical Center: Online Library of Selected Images: Spanish Navy Ships: Isla de Luzon (Cruiser, 1886–1898)
Navsource.org: USS Isla de Luzon
Isla de Luzon-class cruisers
Ships built on the River Tyne
1886 ships
Spanish–American War cruisers of Spain
Maritime incidents in 1898
Vessels captured by the United States Navy
Shipwrecks of the Spanish–American War
Shipwrecks in the South China Sea
Shipwrecks of the Philippines
Ships built by Armstrong Whitworth |
17328929 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation%20Sudden%20Fall | Operation Sudden Fall | Operation Sudden Fall was a 2008 joint operation between the United States Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) and San Diego State University (SDSU) campus police investigating drug abuse in the College Area of San Diego, California. It was the largest campus drug bust in San Diego County history and one of the largest college drug busts in U.S. history.
Background
The sting operation was triggered by the overdose death of a 19-year-old female student, who died of a cocaine overdose on May 6, 2007. Another student, from Mesa College, died of an oxycodone overdose on February 26, 2008 while the covert investigation was being conducted. SDSU campus police, initially investigating alone, invited the DEA and the San Diego County District Attorney's office to get involved in the operation starting in December 2007, after the department became overwhelmed by the leads they uncovered.
Results of sting
On May 6, 2008, San Diego State University Police in collaboration with the Drug Enforcement Administration culminated a year-long investigation into drug abuse in the college area with a series of early morning raids at several residences in the college area. The DEA initially announced the arrests of 96 individuals, of whom 75 were San Diego State University students, (many of them interns at Adobe Systems Incorporated) on a variety of drug charges. One day later, on May 7, SDSU officials stated that only 33 were students, and that the inflated numbers issued originally included all drug-related arrests made over the course of the year-long investigation, many of which were months before the raid and most cases for simple possession.
In total, two kilograms of cocaine were seized, along with 350 Ecstasy pills, 50 pounds of marijuana, psychedelic mushrooms, hash oil, methamphetamine, illicit prescription drugs, other drug paraphernalia, three guns, and $60,000 in cash. The day of the sting, SDSU President Stephen Weber spoke at a news conference, while authorities identified 22 SDSU students as drug dealers who sold to undercover agents, and 17 others that had supplied the drugs. The rest of the suspects apparently bought or possessed illegal drugs. Authorities further found that those arrested included students in the campus's Homeland Security and Criminal Justice programs.
Students belonging to campus fraternities were also among those arrested as result of the operation. In the immediate aftermath of the sting, the university placed six of its fraternity chapters on interim suspensions, as each had one or more members or former members arrested as result of the investigation.
Some student groups, including SDSU group "Students for Sensible Drug Policy," protested the arrests, especially SDSU's decision to involve the DEA, a federal agency, in the operation. In addition, they urged the university to adopt a "Good Samaritan" policy that would allow students in an overdose situation to call for help without fear of repercussions.
On May 15, SDSU Vice President for Student Affairs James Kitchen announced that the interim suspensions for three of the fraternities had been lifted after an administrative review found that those arrested in connection to the controlled substances investigation were either inactive/former members of the fraternity and/or were not presently residents of chapter houses.
On November 22, SDSU announced that Phi Kappa Psi had been suspended for 18 months and Theta Chi had been suspended for four years.
Sentencing
Several months after the May 6 announcement, it was reported that the majority of the defendants had pleaded guilty to the felony charges. The defendants were then either placed on probation or were required to enter drug diversion programs. Other defendants only received citations or had their cases dismissed.
See also
California State University Police Department
References
External links
SDSU President Stephen L. Weber Statement as to SDSU Police 2008 Controlled Substances Investigation (accessed May 9, 2008)
SDSU Department of Public Safety (SDSU Police Department)
2008 in California
Drug control law in the United States
Drug Enforcement Administration operations
San Diego State University |
17328933 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyd%27s%20Windmill | Boyd's Windmill | Boyd's Windmill, also known as Boyd's Wind Grist Mill, is a historic smock mill at Paradise Valley Park on Prospect Avenue in Middletown, Rhode Island. John Peterson built the windmill at the corner of Mill Lane and West Main Rd. in Portsmouth, Rhode Island in 1810, and William Boyd purchased it in 1815. It originally had four common sails, but four more were added by the family. The mill is a timber-frame structure, octagonal in shape, and about tall, with a rotating cap powered by eight vanes with canvas sheets. The grindstones in the middle of the mill are Fall River granite; the upper one, which is connected to the power mechanisms, rotates six times for each turn of the mill's main shaft. In 1916 Benjamin Boyd removed the original vanes and powered the mill using a gasoline engine. It is one of only two historic windmills (out of what was estimated to be more than thirty) to survive on Aquidneck Island.
Boyd's Mill features prominently on the town seal of Middletown.
The windmill was restored by the Middletown Historical Society after receiving it as a donation in 1990 and moving it to Paradise Valley Park in Middletown. The windmill is open to the public on Sunday afternoons in July, August and September.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Newport County, Rhode Island
References
External links
Boyd Windmill History
Middletown Historical Society
Agricultural buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Rhode Island
Mill museums in the United States
Windmills completed in 1810
Museums in Newport County, Rhode Island
Smock mills in the United States
Multi-sailed windmills
Industry museums in Rhode Island
Agricultural buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places
Octagonal buildings in the United States
Buildings and structures in Middletown, Rhode Island
Windmills in Rhode Island
National Register of Historic Places in Newport County, Rhode Island
1810 establishments in Rhode Island |
6902198 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s%20O%27Leary | Tomás O'Leary | Tomás O'Leary (born 22 October 1983) is an Irish former rugby union player who played as a scrum-half. O'Leary played most of his career in the United Rugby Championship with Munster, where he was part of the team that won the Heineken Cup in 2006 and again in 2008. He also played in the English Premiership with London Irish, and the Top 14 with Montpellier. Internationally, he represented Ireland, where he was a member of the team that won the 2009 Six Nations Championship and Grand Slam. Also in 2009, he was selected for the British & Irish Lions, though injury prevented him from touring with the squad. O'Leary retired from professional rugby in July 2017.
Early years
O'Leary was born in Cork, Ireland. The son of Cork hurler, Seánie O'Leary, O'Leary attended Saint Patrick's School on Gardiner's Hill before going to Christian Brothers College (CBC) for his second-level education. CBC has a rugby tradition and this is where O'Leary first started playing. He was recognised as a talent and played Munster Schools Senior Cup for the school. During this time he continued to play hurling and won minor Munster and All-Ireland titles with Cork in 2000 and 2001.
Club career
Munster
After he completed school, O'Leary chose to continue with his rugby career instead of playing within the Gaelic Athletic Association. He was a member of the Irish U-21 side that reached the final of the 2004 Under 21 Rugby World Cup. Munster announced that O'Leary would be a member of the squad for the following year in August 2005. An injury to Peter Stringer early in the 2005/2006 season meant O'Leary had a chance to play, making his Heineken Cup debut against Sale Sharks in October 2005. He played his club rugby in Ireland with a Munster club, Dolphin. O'Leary played a prominent role in Munster's Heineken Cup winning campaigns in 2005/06 and 2007/08, especially in the knockout stages of the 2007–08 tournament.
London Irish
French television channel Canal+ reported that O'Leary had signed for USA Perpignan on a two-year deal on 17 February 2012, but a spokesman for O'Leary said the player hadn't signed anything yet and would be making a decision shortly. It emerged that the deal with Perpignan collapsed and, having rejected a deal from Munster, O'Leary was in a state of limbo. However, Aviva Premiership side London Irish stepped in to secure O'Leary's services on a three-year contract, with O'Leary joining the English side for the start of the 2012–13 season. O'Leary made his full debut for London Irish on 1 September 2012, in their opening league fixture against Saracens.
O'Leary was ruled out of the rest of the 2012–13 season, after being forced to have surgery on a back injury in December 2012 which kept him out for the rest of the season. O'Leary returned from the injury at the beginning of the 2013–14 season.
Return to Munster
On 21 January 2015, it was announced that O'Leary would return to Munster on a two-year contract. O'Leary made his first appearance of his second spell with Munster on 17 October 2015, coming off the bench during the 35–17 win against Cardiff Blues. O'Leary came off the bench in Munster's opening pool game of the 2015–16 European Rugby Champions Cup against Treviso on 14 November 2015. On 24 January 2017, it was announced that O'Leary would not be returning to Munster after the completion of his short-term contract with Montpellier.
Montpellier
In October 2016, O'Leary joined French Top 14 side Montpellier Hérault Rugby as a medical joker replacement for the injured Benoît Paillaugue.
Ireland
O'Leary was named in the Irish squad to tour Argentina in the summer of 2007 where he earned his first cap as a sub on 26 May. He made his first test start for Ireland on 15 November 2008 against New Zealand.
O'Leary was a member of the victorious Ireland team that won the 2009 Six Nations Championship and Grand Slam, starting four of Ireland's five matches in that tournament.
O'Leary scored his first try for Ireland in the 29–11 2010 Six Nations Championship opener against Italy. O'Leary was awarded Man of the Match for his outstanding performance during Ireland's 27–12 win over Wales at Croke Park on 13 March 2010. He broke his thumb against Leinster in October 2010 and was ruled out for 6–8 weeks. O'Leary recovered to fitness and featured against Italy and France during the 2011 Six Nations, but a troublesome back and a freak eye injury sustained during training ruled him out of the remainder of the tournament. Injury and the form of Conor Murray kept him out of the Munster team for the rest of the 2010/11 season, but O'Leary was selected in Ireland's training squad for the 2011 Rugby World Cup warm-ups in August. However, O'Leary did not make the final 30-man squad for the World Cup in New Zealand.
O'Leary was named in the Ireland Wolfhounds squad for their games against Scotland A and England Saxons in January and February 2012, missing out on selection for the 24-man squad for the 2012 Six Nations Championship. However, a knee injury suffered by Conor Murray meant that O'Leary was called into the Ireland squad for the remaining 2012 Six Nations games against Scotland and England.
British & Irish Lions
O'Leary was named to take part in the 2009 British & Irish Lions tour to South Africa. On 24 April, however, during a Munster match against Scarlets, O'Leary was stretchered off the field with a broken ankle, which ruled him out of the tour of South Africa.
Statistics
International analysis by opposition
Correct as of 5 July 2017
See also
List of players who have converted from one football code to another
References
External links
Munster Profile
London Irish Profile
IRFU Profile
Ireland Wolfhounds Profile
1983 births
Living people
People educated at Christian Brothers College, Cork
Cork inter-county hurlers
Erin's Own (Cork) hurlers
Dual players
Gaelic footballers who switched code
Rugby union players from County Cork
Irish rugby union players
Dolphin RFC players
Munster Rugby players
London Irish players
Montpellier Hérault Rugby players
Ireland international rugby union players
Ireland Wolfhounds international rugby union players
Ireland international rugby sevens players
Rugby union scrum-halves |
17328938 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports%20league%20ranking | Sports league ranking | In a sports league, the ranking of a team is the place where it is within the division. Generally, ranking is based on won-lost record of games, with the team with the best record at the top, and the worst record at the bottom. Another common method is a points-based ranking system, where a team is awarded a certain number of points per win, fewer points per tie, and none for a loss.
In most sports, with association football generally being an exception, teams with the better records are awarded the advantage of playing in the postseason and all the glory that accompanies this privilege.
In leagues that use promotion and relegation, being in or near last place typically results in relegation to the next-lower league, although in some leagues, teams that finish near but not at the bottom may enter a promotion/relegation playoff with one or more teams from the next-lower league, and some other leagues relegate teams based on performance over multiple seasons. In leagues with franchise systems, such as those in the US and Canada and in Australia, being in last place is only harmful to the team's reputation and not its place in the league. However, in some franchised leagues, the last place finisher may receive special compensation, such as being offered the first draft choice.
By sport
Association football
Most association football leagues do not directly use teams' won-drawn-lost record to determine ranking. Instead, a points system is used: 3 points for a win, 1 point for a draw and 0 points for a loss.
This system is also used in group stages of major international competitions (such as the FIFA World Cup) and international club competitions (such as the UEFA Champions League and Copa Libertadores).
All competitions also have a tiebreaking procedure to separate teams that are level on points.
Most leagues determine their champions solely by regular-season standings. The most notable exceptions to this rule are leagues in North America and Australia. The top leagues in both regions—Major League Soccer (MLS) in the United States and Canada, Liga MX in Mexico, and the A-League in Australia (plus one team in New Zealand)—operate playoff systems to determine the season champion (or, in Mexico, two season champions). MLS and the A-League are franchised, while Liga MX uses promotion and relegation.
As a general rule, teams that finish sufficiently high on the regular-season table also earn the right to play in the next edition of one of the international club competitions for their region. For example, European clubs (more precisely, clubs in areas governed by UEFA, which includes several countries that lie partially or totally outside geographic Europe) can qualify for the UEFA Champions League, UEFA Europa League, or UEFA Europa Conference League. Similarly, top teams in other parts of the world can qualify for the Copa Libertadores, AFC Champions League, CAF Champions League, CONCACAF Champions League, or OFC Champions League.
Cricket
In most T20 cricket leagues, the top four teams from the group stage advance to the playoffs, which are held under the Page playoff format.
Initially in the Indian Premier League, there were 52 matches in each league. This was increased to 96 matches in 2011. The top three teams in this league used to automatically make it to the now-defunct Champions League Twenty20, held by International Cricket Council every year.
Baseball
In Major League Baseball, there are three divisions in each league. The leader in each division automatically makes the playoffs, regardless of record. As of 2012, two additional teams, known as the wild cards, play one game to determine who will face the division winner with the best record. From 1995 to 2011, a single wild card team reached the playoffs; before 1969 one team from each league reached the World Series, and from 1969 to 1993 each league had two divisions, whose leaders played a series to determine the league champion and entrant in the World Series. The 1994 season was played using a three-division, one-wild-card setup, but a labor dispute ended the season before these honors could be earned by any team (the first time in 90 years the United States would be without a World Series).
In the Division Series, the team with the best record of the three plays the wild card survivor, and the other two teams play each other in a best-of-five playoff. Beginning with the 2012 postseason, the team with the best record plays the wild-card survivor, regardless of divisional alignment. Previously, teams from the same division were not allowed to meet in the Division Series. The winners of each series play each other in a League Championship Series in a best-of-seven playoff to determine the pennant winner. The two pennant winners then play a best-of-seven series known as the World Series to determine the champion.
Basketball and Hockey
In the NBA and NHL, finishing in last place does not guarantee the first draft choice. Rather, a lottery is used between all of the lower-ranking teams (The 14 out of 30 that failed to reach the postseason). The team with the worst record is given the highest odds of winning the lottery (often 4-to-1), but is not guaranteed the first choice. In the NBA, the first three draft choices are chosen via the lottery, and each winning team receives the draft place it won in the lottery. In the NHL, only one lottery winner is chosen, and if the team is not one of the four worst teams record-wise in the league, it improves four positions in the draft. If the team is one of the worst four, it receives the first draft choice. In both leagues, the remaining teams are sorted by their records during the regular season (lottery teams) or playoff performance. The lottery only affects the first round of the draft. This format is used to prevent a team from losing intentionally in order to automatically gain the first draft choice privilege.
American football
In the NFL, there are two conferences—the AFC and NFC—which are each divided into four divisions—North, South, East, and West. The winner of each division plus three "wild card" teams from each conference advance to the playoffs. The team with the best record in each conference receives a bye in the first round of the playoffs, known as the Wild Card Round, and automatically advances to the Divisional Round (second round). The six other teams play single-elimination games; the lowest seed of the three winners advances to play the bye team, while the other two Wild Card Round winners play one another. The Divisional Round winners advance to the conference championship games and then to the Super Bowl, where the winner receives the Lombardi Trophy and title of Super Bowl Champion, along with championship rings for each member. The NFL Draft is held every April and the order of selection is based on the records from the 16-game regular season, from worst to best, with the Super Bowl champions selecting last. Trading rules are the same as in basketball and hockey, and trading the rights of players after they have been drafted but before they have signed a contract is not uncommon.
Rugby union
As with association football, most leagues in rugby union use a points system to determine ranking. The most commonly used system in the sport is:
Base points: Win: 4, Draw: 2, Loss: 0
Bonus points:
1 point for scoring 4 or more tries. In France's professional league, the try bonus is awarded to a team that scores at least 3 more tries than its opponent.
1 point for losing by 7 points or less (the value of a converted try)
This system is used in the group stages of all competitions operated by World Rugby, such as the Rugby World Cup. It is also used in group stages of most international club competitions, including the Heineken Cup.
While The Rugby Championship in the Southern Hemisphere has always used the standard bonus points system, its Northern Hemisphere counterpart, the Six Nations Championship, did not use said system until 2017. It instead used a system with no bonus points: Win: 2 points, Draw: 1 point, Loss: 0 points. When the Six Nations adopted the standard bonus points system, it added a provision that a team that completes the Grand Slam by defeating all other opponents receives 3 extra table points. This ensures that a Grand Slam winner will win the championship regardless of bonus points earned by any other teams. All competitions also have a tiebreaking procedure to separate teams that are level on points.
Unlike most association football leagues, rugby union leagues generally determine their champions in a knockout playoff. The most common system is a four-team Shaughnessy playoff, though France's Top 14 has a six-team playoff.
See also
Elimination from possibility of reaching postseason
Footnotes
References
Terminology used in multiple sports |
17328940 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gawyawm | Gawyawm | Gawyawm is a village in Chipwi Township in Myitkyina District in the Kachin State of north-eastern Burma.
References
Populated places in Kachin State
Chipwi Township |
20465358 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Poland%20in%20the%20Early%20Modern%20era%20%281569%E2%80%931795%29 | History of Poland in the Early Modern era (1569–1795) | The early modern era of Polish history follows the late Middle Ages. Historians use the term early modern to refer to the period beginning in approximately 1500 AD and lasting until around 1800.
The Nihil novi act adopted by the Polish diet in 1505 transferred legislative power from the king to the diet. This event marked the beginning of the period known as the "Nobles' Democracy" () or "Nobles' Commonwealth" (). The state was ruled by the "free and equal" Polish nobility or szlachta, albeit in intense, and at times destabilizing, competition with the Jagiellon and then elective kings.
The Union of Lublin of 1569 constituted the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, a more closely merged continuation of the already existing personal union of the Crown of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The beginning of the Commonwealth coincided with the period of Poland's greatest territorial expansion, power, civilizational advancement and prosperity. The Polish–Lithuanian state had become an influential player in Europe and a vital cultural entity, spreading Western culture eastward.
Following the Reformation gains accompanied by religious toleration, the Catholic Church embarked on an ideological counter-offensive and Counter-Reformation claimed many converts from Protestant circles. The disagreements over and the difficulties with the assimilation of the eastern Ruthenian populations of the Commonwealth had become clearly discernible; an attempt to settle the issue was made in the religious Union of Brest. On the military front, a series of Cossack uprisings took place.
The Commonwealth, assertive militarily under King Stephen Báthory, suffered from dynastic distractions during the reigns of the Vasa kings Sigismund III and Władysław IV. It had also become a playground of internal conflicts, in which the kings, powerful magnates and factions of nobility were the main actors. The Commonwealth fought wars with Russia, Sweden and the Ottoman Empire.
The situation, however, soon radically deteriorated. From 1648 the Cossack Khmelnytsky Uprising engulfed the south and east, and was soon followed by a Swedish invasion, which raged through core Polish lands. Warfare with the Cossacks and Russia left Ukraine divided, with the eastern part, lost by the Commonwealth, becoming the Tsardom's dependency. John III Sobieski, fighting protracted wars with the Ottoman Empire, revived the Commonwealth's military might once more, in the process helping decisively in 1683 to deliver Vienna from a Turkish onslaught.
The Commonwealth, subjected to almost constant warfare until 1720, suffered devastating population losses, massive damage to its economy and social structure. The government became ineffective because of large scale internal conflicts (e.g. Lubomirski's Rokosz against John II Casimir and other confederations), corrupted legislative processes (liberum veto) and manipulation by foreign interests. The "ruling" nobility class fell under control of a handful of powerful families with established territorial domains. The reigns of two kings of the Saxon Wettin dynasty, Augustus II and Augustus III, brought the Commonwealth further disintegration.
The Polish-Lithuanian state was dominated by the Russian Empire from the time of Peter the Great. This foreign control reached its climax under Catherine the Great, and involved at that time also the Kingdom of Prussia and the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. During the later part of the 18th century the Commonwealth recovered economically, developed culturally and attempted fundamental internal reforms. The reform activity provoked hostile reaction and eventually military response on the part of the neighboring powers. The royal election of 1764 resulted in the reign of Stanisław August Poniatowski.
The Bar Confederation of 1768 was a szlachta rebellion directed against Russia and the Polish king. It was brought under control and followed in 1772 by the First Partition of the Commonwealth, a permanent encroachment on the outer Commonwealth provinces by Russia, Prussia and Austria.
The Great, or Four-Year Sejm was convened by Stanisław August in 1788. The Sejm's landmark achievement was the passing of the Constitution of May 3, 1791, considered the first in modern Europe. The constitutional reform generated strong opposition from conservative circles in the Commonwealth's upper nobility and from Catherine II.
The nobility's Targowica Confederation appealed to Empress Catherine for help and in May 1792 the Russian army entered the territory of the Commonwealth. The defensive war fought by the forces of the Commonwealth ended when the King, convinced of the futility of resistance, capitulated by joining the Targowica Confederation. Russia and Prussia in 1793 arranged for and executed the Second Partition of the Commonwealth, which left the country with critically reduced territory, practically incapable of independent existence.
Reformers and patriots were soon preparing for a national insurrection. Tadeusz Kościuszko, chosen as its leader, on March 24, 1794 in Cracow (Kraków) declared a national uprising. Kościuszko emancipated and enrolled in his army many peasants, but the hard-fought insurrection ended in suppression by the forces of Russia and Prussia. The third and final partition of the Commonwealth was undertaken again by all three partitioning powers, and in 1795 the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth ceased to exist.
Early elective monarchy
Non-hereditary royal succession
The death of Sigismund II Augustus in 1572 ended the nearly two centuries of the rule of the Jagiellon dynasty in Poland. It was followed by a three-year interregnum period, during which the Polish nobility (szlachta) was searching for ways to continue the governance process and elect a new monarch. Lower szlachta was now included in the selection process and adjustments were made to the constitutional system. The power of the monarch was further circumscribed in favor of the expanding noble class, which sought to ensure its future domination.
Each king had to sign the so-called Henrician Articles (named after Henry of Valois, the first post-Jagiellon king), which were the basis of the political system of Poland, and the pacta conventa, which were various further personal obligations of the chosen king. From that point, the king was effectively a partner with the nobility, a top member of the diet (sejm), and was constantly supervised by a group of upper-rank nobles, senators from sejm's upper chamber.
The disappearance of the ruling dynasty and its replacement with a non-hereditary elective monarchy made the constitutional system much more unstable. With each election the noble electors wanted more power for themselves and less for the monarch, although there were practical limits to how much the kings could be constrained. A semi-permanent power struggle resulted, to which the magnates and lesser szlachta added their own constant manipulations and bickering and authority eroded from the government's center. Eventually foreign states had taken advantage of the vacuum and replaced the nobility of the Commonwealth as the real arbiter of royal elections and of overall power in Poland-Lithuania.
In its periodic opportunities to fill the throne, the szlachta exhibited a preference for foreign candidates who would not found another strong dynasty. This policy produced monarchs who were either ineffective or in constant debilitating conflict with the nobility. The kings of alien origin were initially unfamiliar with the internal dynamics of the Commonwealth, had remained distracted by the politics of their native countries, and often inclined to subordinate the interests of the Commonwealth to those of their own country and ruling house.
Henry of Valois (1573–1574)
In April 1573, Sigismund's sister Anna, the sole heir to the crown, convinced the Sejm to elect the French prince Henry of Valois as king. Her marriage with Henry was to further legitimize Henry's rule, but less than a year after his coronation, Henry fled Poland to succeed his brother Charles IX as King of France.
Stephen Báthory (1576–1586)
The able and militarily as well as domestically assertive Transylvanian Stephen Báthory (1576–1586) counts among the few more highly regarded elective kings.
During the Livonian War (1558–1582), fought between Ivan the Terrible of Russia and Poland-Lithuania, Pskov was besieged by Polish forces. The city was not captured, but Báthory, with his Chancellor Jan Zamoyski, led the Polish army in a decisive campaign and forced Russia to return territories previously taken, gaining Livonia and Polotsk. In 1582, the war ended with the Truce of Jam Zapolski.
The Commonwealth forces retrieved most of the lost provinces. At the end of Báthory's reign, Poland ruled two main Baltic Sea ports: Danzig (Gdańsk), controlling the Vistula River trade and Riga, controlling the Daugava River trade. Both cities were among the largest in the country.
War of the Polish Succession
Stephen Báthory planned a Christian alliance against the Islamic Ottomans. He proposed an anti-Ottoman alliance with Russia, which he considered necessary for his anti-Ottoman crusade. Russia however was heading for its Time of Troubles and he could not find a partner there. When Báthory died, there was a year-long interregnum. Emperor Mathias' brother, Archduke Maximilian III, tried to claim the Polish throne, but was defeated at Byczyna during the War of the Polish Succession (1587–1588). Sigismund III Vasa became the Commonwealth's next king, the first of the three rulers from the Swedish House of Vasa.
House of Vasa
Sigismund III Vasa (1587–1632)
Sigismund III Vasa was King of Poland 1587–1632 and King of Sweden 1592–1599. He was the son of John III Vasa of Sweden and Catherine, the daughter of Sigismund I the Old of Poland. He annoyed the Polish nobles by deliberately dressing in Spanish and other Western European styles (including French hosiery). An ardent Catholic, Sigismund III was determined to win the Swedish crown and bring Sweden back to Catholicism. Subsequently, Sigismund III involved Poland in unnecessary and unpopular wars with Sweden during which the diet refused him money and soldiers and Sweden seized Livonia and Prussia.
The first few years of Sigismund's reign (until 1598) saw Poland and Sweden united in a personal union that made the Baltic Sea an internal lake. However, a rebellion in Sweden started the chain of events that would involve the Commonwealth in more than a century of warfare with Sweden.
The Catholic Church embarked on an ideological counter-offensive and Counter-Reformation claimed many converts from Protestant circles. The Union of Brest split the Eastern Christians of the Commonwealth. In order to further Catholicism, the Uniate Church (acknowledging papal supremacy but following Eastern ritual and Slavonic liturgy) was created at the Synod of Brest in 1596. The Uniates drew many followers away from the Orthodox Church in the Commonwealth's eastern territories.
Sigismund's attempts to introduce absolutism, then becoming prevalent in the rest of Europe, and his goal of reacquiring the throne of Sweden for himself, resulted in a rebellion of the szlachta (gentry). In 1607, the Polish nobility threatened to suspend the agreements with their elected king but did not attempt his overthrow.
For ten years between 1619 and 1629, the Commonwealth was at its greatest geographical extent in history. In 1619, the Russo-Polish Truce of Deulino came into effect, whereby Russia conceded Commonwealth control over Smolensk and several other border territories. In 1629, the Swedish-Polish Truce of Altmark took place; the Commonwealth ceded to Sweden most of Livonia, which the Swedes had invaded in 1626.
Sigismund III Vasa failed to strengthen the Commonwealth or to solve its internal problems; he concentrated on futile attempts to regain his former Swedish throne.
Commonwealth wars with Sweden and Moscow
Sigismund desire to reclaim the Swedish throne drove him into prolonged military adventures waged against Sweden under Charles IX and later also Russia. In 1598, Sigismund tried to defeat Charles with a mixed army from Sweden and Poland, but was defeated in the Battle of Stångebro.
As the Tsardom of Russia went through its "Time of Troubles," Poland failed to capitalize on the situation. Military campaigns undertaken brought Poland at times close to a conquest of Russia and the Baltic coast during the Time of Troubles and False Dimitris, but military burden imposed by the ongoing rivalry also along other frontiers (the Ottoman Empire and Sweden) prevented this from being accomplished. After prolonged war with Russia, Polish forces occupied Moscow in 1610. The office of tsar, then vacant in Russia, was offered to Sigismund's son, Władysław. Sigismund, however, opposed his son's accession as tsar, as he hoped to obtain the Russian throne for himself. Two years later the Poles were driven out of Moscow and Poland lost an opportunity for a Polish-Russian union.
Poland escaped the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648), which ravaged everything to the west, especially Prussia. In 1618, the Elector of Brandenburg became hereditary ruler of the Duchy of Prussia on the Baltic coast. From then on, Poland's link to the Baltic Sea was bordered on both sides by two provinces of the same German state.
Southern wars
The Commonwealth viewed itself as the "bulwark of the Christendom" and together with the Habsburgs and the Republic of Venice stood in the way of the Ottoman plans of European conquests. Since the second half of the 16th century, the Polish-Ottomans relations were worsened by the escalation of Cossack-Tatar border warfare, which turned the entire border region between the Commonwealth and the Ottoman Empire into a semi-permanent warzone. A constant threat from Crimean Tatars supported the appearance of Cossackdom.
In 1595, magnates of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth intervened in the affairs of Moldavia. This started a series of conflicts that would soon spread to Transylvania, Wallachia and Hungary, when the forces of the Polish magnates clashed with the forces backed by the Ottoman Empire and occasionally the Habsburgs, all competing for the domination over that region.
With the Commonwealth engaged on its northern and eastern borders with nearly constant conflicts against Sweden and Russia, its armies were spread thin. The southern wars culminated in the Polish defeat at the Battle of Cecora in 1620. The Commonwealth was forced to renounce all claims to Moldavia, Transylvania, Wallachia and Hungary.
Religious and social tensions
The population of Poland-Lithuania was neither overwhelmingly Roman Catholic nor Polish. This circumstance resulted from the federation with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, where East Slavic Ruthenian populations predominated. In the days of the "Republic of Nobles", to be Polish was much less an indication of ethnicity than of rank; it was a designation largely reserved for the landed noble class, which included members of Polish and non-Polish origin alike. Generally speaking, the ethnically non-Polish noble families of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania gradually adopted the Polish language and culture.
As a result, in the eastern territories of the Kingdom the Polish-speaking landed nobility dominated over the peasantry, whose great majority was neither Polish nor Catholic. Moreover, the decades of peace brought huge colonization efforts to Ukraine, which heightened tensions between peasants, Jews and nobles. The tensions were aggravated by the conflicts between the Orthodox and Greek Catholic (both Church Slavonic liturgy) churches following the Union of Brest and by several Cossack uprisings. In the west and north of the country, cities had large German minorities, often of reformed beliefs. According to the Risāle-yi Tatar-i Leh (an account of the Lipka Tatars written for Suleiman the Magnificent by an anonymous Polish Muslim during a stay in Istanbul in 1557–8, on his way to Mecca) there were 100 Lipka Tatar settlements with mosques in Poland. In 1672, the Tatar subjects rose up in an open rebellion against the Commonwealth.
Władysław IV Vasa (1632–1648)
During the reign of Sigismund's son, Władysław IV Vasa, the Cossacks in Ukraine revolted against Poland; wars with Russia and Turkey weakened the country; and szlachta obtained new privileges, mainly exemption from income tax.
Władysław IV aimed to achieve many military goals, including conquests of Russia, Sweden and Turkey. His reign is that of many small victories, few of them bringing anything worthwhile to the Commonwealth. He was once elected a Russian tsar, but never had any control over Russian territories. Like his father, Władysław was involved in Swedish dynastic ambitions. He failed to strengthen the Commonwealth or prevent the crippling events of the Khmelnytsky Uprising and the Deluge that devastated the Commonwealth from 1648 onward.
John Casimir Vasa (1648–1668)
The reign of Władysław's brother John Casimir, the last of the Vasas, was dominated by the culmination in the war with Sweden, the groundwork for which was laid down by the two previous Vasa kings. In 1660, John Casimir was forced to renounce his claims to the Swedish throne and acknowledge Swedish sovereignty over Livonia and city of Riga.
Under John Casimir, the Cossacks grew in power and at times were able to defeat the Poles; the Swedes occupied much of Poland, including Warsaw, the capital; and the King, abandoned or betrayed by his subjects, had to seek temporary refuge in Silesia. As a result of the wars with the Cossacks and Russia, the Commonwealth lost Kiev, Smolensk, and all the areas east of the Dnieper River by the Treaty of Andrusovo (1667). During John Casimir's reign, East Prussia successfully renounced its formal status as a fief of Poland. Internally, the process of disintegration started. The nobles, making their own alliances with foreign powers, pursued independent policies; the rebellion of Jerzy Lubomirski shook the throne.
John Casimir, a broken, disillusioned man, abdicated the Polish throne on 16 September 1668 amid internal anarchy and strife and returned to France, where he joined the Jesuit order and became a monk. He died in 1672.
Khmelnytsky Uprising (1648–1654)
The Khmelnytsky Uprising, by far the largest of the Cossack uprisings, proved disastrous for the Commonwealth. The Cossacks, allied with the Tatars, defeated the forces of the Commonwealth in several battles, the Commonwealth scored a major victory at Berestechko, but the Polish-Lithuanian empire ended up "fatally wounded". The easternmost parts of its territory were effectively lost to Russia, which resulted in a long-term shift in the balance of power. In the short-term the country was weakened at the moment of the invasion by Sweden.
The Deluge (1648–1667)
Although Poland-Lithuania was unaffected by the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648), the following two decades subjected the nation to one of its worst trials ever. This colorful but ruinous interval, the stuff of legend and popular historical novels of Nobel laureate Henryk Sienkiewicz, became known as potop, or the Deluge, for the magnitude and suddenness of its hardships. The emergency began when the Ukrainian Cossacks rose in revolt and declared an independent state based in the vicinity of Kiev, allied with the Crimean Tatars and the Ottoman Empire. Their leader Bohdan Khmelnytsky defeated Polish armies in 1648 and 1652, and after the Cossacks concluded the Treaty of Pereyaslav with Russia in 1654, Tsar Alexis overran the entire eastern part of the Commonwealth (Ukraine) to Lwów (Lviv). Taking advantage of Poland's preoccupation in the east and weakness, Charles X Gustav of Sweden intervened. Most of the Polish nobility along with the Polish vassal Frederick William of Brandenburg-Prussia agreed to recognize him as king after he promised to drive out the Russians. However, the Swedish troops embarked on an orgy of looting and destruction, which caused the Polish populace to rise up in revolt. The Swedes overran the remainder of Poland except for Lwów and Danzig (Gdańsk).
Poland-Lithuania rallied to recover most of its losses from the Swedes. In exchange for breaking the alliance with Sweden, Frederick William, the ruler of Ducal Prussia, was released from his vassalage and became a de facto independent sovereign, while much of the Polish Protestant nobility went over to the side of the Swedes. Under Hetman Stefan Czarniecki, the Poles and Lithuanians had driven the Swedes from the Commonwealth's territory by 1657. The armies of Frederick William intervened and were also defeated. Frederick William's rule over East Prussia was recognized, although Poland retained the right of succession until 1773.
The thirteen-year struggle over control of Ukraine included an attempted formal union of Ukraine with the Commonwealth as an equal partner (1658) and Polish military successes in 1660–1662. This was not enough to keep eastern Ukraine. Under the pressure of continuing Ukrainian unrest and the threat of a Turkish-Tatar intervention, the Commonwealth and Russia signed in 1667 an agreement in the village of Andrusovo near Smolensk, according to which eastern Ukraine (left bank of the Dnieper River) now belonged to Russia. Kiev was also leased to Russia for two years, but never returned and eventually Poland recognized Russian control of the city.
The potop wars episode inflicted irremediable damage and contributed heavily to the ultimate demise of the state. Held responsible for the greatest disaster in Polish history, John Casimir abdicated in 1668. The population of the Commonwealth had been reduced by a staggering 1/3, by military casualties, slave raids, plague epidemics, and mass murders of civilians. Most of Poland's cities were reduced to rubble, and the nation's economic base was decimated. The war had been paid for by large-scale minting of worthless currency, causing runaway inflation. Religious feelings had also been inflamed by the conflict, ending tolerance of non-Catholic beliefs. Henceforth, the Commonwealth would be on the strategic defensive facing hostile and increasingly more powerful neighbors.
Commonwealth after the Deluge
In the Treaty of Oliva in 1660, John Casimir finally renounced his claims to the Swedish crown, which ended the feud between Sweden and the Commonwealth and the accompanying string of wars between those countries (War against Sigismund (1598–1599), Polish–Swedish wars (1600–1629) and the Northern War (1655–1660)).
After the Truce of Andrusovo of 1667 and the Eternal Peace Treaty of 1686, the Commonwealth lost left-bank Ukraine to Russia.
Polish culture and the Uniate East Slavic Greek Catholic Church gradually advanced. By the 18th century, the populations of Ducal Prussia and Royal Prussia were a mixture of Catholics and Protestants and used both the German and Polish languages. The rest of Poland and most of Lithuania remained overwhelmingly Roman Catholic, while Ukraine and some parts of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Belarus) were Greek Orthodox and Greek Catholic (both Church Slavonic liturgy). The society consisted of the upper stratum (8% nobles, 1% clergy), townspeople and the peasant majority. Various nationalities/ethnicities or linguistic groups were present, including Poles, Germans, Jews, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Lithuanians, Armenians and Tatars, among others.
Native kings; wars with the Ottoman Empire
Michael Korybut Wiśniowiecki (1669–1673)
Following the abdication of King John Casimir Vasa and the end of the Deluge, the Polish nobility (szlachta), disappointed with the rule of the Vasa dynasty monarchs, elected Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki as king, believing that as a non-foreigner he would further the interests of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. He was the first ruler of Polish origin since the last of Jagiellon dynasty, Sigismund II Augustus, died in 1572. Michael was a son of a controversial but popular with szlachta military commander Jeremi Wiśniowiecki, known for his actions during the Khmelnytsky Uprising.
His reign was not successful. Michael lost a war against the Ottoman Empire, with the Turks occupying Podolia and most of Ukraine from 1672–1673. Wiśniowiecki was a passive monarch who readily played into the hands of the Habsburgs. He was unable to cope with his responsibilities and with the different quarreling factions within Poland.
John III Sobieski (1674–1696)
Hetman John Sobieski was the Commonwealth's last great military commander; he was active and effective in the continuing warfare with the Ottoman Empire. Sobieski was elected as another "Piast" (of Polish family) king. John III's most famous achievement was the decisive contribution by the Commonwealth's forces led by him to the defeat of the Ottoman Empire's army in 1683, at the Battle of Vienna.
The Ottomans, if victorious, would have likely become a threat to Western Europe, but the successful battle eliminated that possibility and marked the turning point in a 250-year struggle between the forces of Christian Europe and the Islamic Ottoman Empire. Over the 16 years following the battle (the Great Turkish War), the Turks would be permanently driven south of the Danube River, never to threaten Central Europe again.
For the Commonwealth there was no big payoff for the Turkish victories and the rescuer of Vienna had to cede territories to Russia in return for promised aid against the Crimean Tatars and Turks. Poland had previously formally relinquished all claims to Kiev in 1686. On other fronts John III was even less successful, including agreements with France and Sweden in a failed attempt to regain the Duchy of Prussia. Only when the Holy League concluded peace with the Ottomans in 1699, Poland recovered Podolia and parts of Ukraine.
Decay of the Commonwealth
Beginning in the 17th century, because of the deteriorating state of internal politics and government and destructive wars, the nobles' democracy gradually declined into anarchy, making the once powerful Commonwealth vulnerable to foreign interference and intervention. In the late 17th century Poland-Lithuania had virtually ceased to function as a coherent and genuinely independent state.
During the 18th century, the Polish-Lithuanian federation became subject to manipulations by Sweden, Russia, the Kingdom of Prussia, France and Austria. Poland's weakness was exacerbated by an unworkable parliamentary rule which allowed each deputy in sejm to use his vetoing power to stop further parliamentary proceedings for the given session. This greatly weakened the central authority of Poland and paved the way for its destruction.
The decline leading to foreign domination had begun in earnest several decades after the end of the Jagiellon dynasty. Insufficient and ineffective taxation, virulently contested by the szlachta whenever it impinged on their perceived interests, was another contributor to the downfall. There were two kinds of taxes, those levied by the Crown and those levied by legislative assemblies. The Crown raised both customs duties and taxes on land, transportation, salt, lead, and silver. Sejm raised a land tax, a city tax, a tax on alcohol, and a poll tax on Jews. The exports and imports by the nobility were tax-free. The disorganized and increasingly decentralized nature of tax gathering and the numerous exceptions from taxation meant that the king and the state had insufficient revenue to perform military or civilian functions. At one point the king secretly and illegally sold crown jewels.
The nobles or szlachta became increasingly focused on guarding their own "liberties" and blocked any policies designed to strengthen the nation or build a powerful army. Beginning in 1652, the fatal practice of liberum veto was their basic tool. It required unanimity in sejm and permitted even a single deputy not only to block any measure but to cause dissolution of a sejm and submission of all measures already passed to the next sejm. Foreign diplomats, using bribery or persuasion, routinely caused the dissolution of inconvenient sessions of sejm. Of the 37 sejms in 1674–96, only 12 were able to enact any legislation. The others were dissolved by the liberum veto of one person or another.
The Commonwealth's last martial triumph occurred in 1683 when King John III Sobieski drove the Turks from the gates of Vienna with a heavy cavalry charge. Poland's important role in aiding the European alliance to roll back the Ottoman Empire was rewarded with some territory in Podolia by the Treaty of Karlowitz (1699). This partial success did little to mask the internal weakness and paralysis of the Polish–Lithuanian political system.
For the next quarter century, Poland was often a pawn in Russia's campaigns against other powers. When John III died in 1697, 18 candidates vied for the throne, which ultimately went to Frederick Augustus of Saxony, who then converted to Catholicism. Ruling as Augustus II, his reign presented the opportunity to unite Saxony (an industrialized area) with Poland, a country rich in mineral resources. The King however lacked skill in foreign policy and became entangled in a war with Sweden. His allies, the Russians and the Danes, were repelled by Charles XII of Sweden, beginning the Great Northern War. Charles installed a puppet ruler in Poland and marched on Saxony, compelling Augustus to give up his crown and turning Poland into a base for the Swedish army. Poland was again devastated by the armies of Sweden, Russia, and Saxony. Its major cities were destroyed and a third of the population killed by the war and a plague outbreak in 1702-13. The Swedes finally withdrew from Poland and invaded Ukraine, where they were defeated by the Russians at Poltava. Augustus was able to reclaim his throne with Russian support, but Tsar Peter the Great decided to annex Livonia in 1710. He also suppressed the Cossacks, who had been in revolt against Poland since 1699. Later on, the Tsar frustrated an attempt by Prussia to gain territory from Poland (despite Augustus' approval of this). After the Great Northern War, Poland became an effective protectorate of Russia for the rest of the 18th century. The wide-ranging European War of the Polish Succession, named after the conflict over the succession to Augustus II, was fought from 1733–1735.
In the 18th century, the powers of the monarchy and the central administration became mostly formal. Kings were denied opportunity to provide for elementary requirements of defense and finance, and aristocratic clans made treaties directly with foreign sovereigns. Attempts at reform were stymied by the determination of szlachta to preserve their "golden freedoms", most notably the liberum veto. Because of the chaos sown by the veto provision, under Augustus III (1733–63) only one of the thirteen sejm sessions ran to an orderly adjournment.
Unlike Spain and Sweden, great powers that were allowed to settle peacefully into secondary status at the periphery of Europe at the end of their time of glory, Poland endured its decline at the strategic crossroads of the continent. Lacking central leadership and impotent in foreign relations, Poland-Lithuania became a chattel of the ambitious kingdoms that surrounded it, an immense but feeble buffer state. During the reign of Peter the Great (1682–1725), the Commonwealth fell under the dominance of Russia, and by the middle of the 18th century Poland-Lithuania had been made a virtual protectorate of its eastern neighbor, retaining only a theoretical right to self-rule.
By the 18th century, outside commentators routinely ridiculed the ineffectiveness of sejms, blaming the liberum veto. Throughout Europe political commentators unanimously called it a terrible failure. Many Polish nobles regarded the veto as a constructive instrument, to be used as a weapon against the presumably tyrannical aspirations of the monarchy. The long-term result was a weak state that could not compete with its neighbors, especially Prussia and Russia. Inevitably Poland was partitioned among them and the nobles lost all their political rights as well as their nation state.
Several decades before the loss independence, intellectuals began to reconsider the role of the veto and the nature of Polish liberty, arguing that Poland had not been progressing as fast as the rest of Europe because of a lack of political stability. The exposure to Enlightenment ideas gave Poles further reason to reconsider concepts such as society and equality, and this led to discovery of the idea of the naród, or nation; a nation in which all people, not just the nobility, should enjoy the rights of political liberty. The reform movement came too late to save the state, but helped to form the coherent nation, able to survive the long period of Partitioned Poland.
Commonwealth–Saxony personal union
After John III Sobieski's death, the Polish-Lithuanian throne was occupied for seven decades by the German Prince-elector of Saxony, Augustus II the Strong, and his son, Augustus III, of the House of Wettin.
Augustus II the Strong (1697–1706, 1709–1733)
Augustus II the Strong, also known as Frederick Augustus I, was an over-ambitious ruler. In the contest for the crown of the Commonwealth he defeated his main rival, François Louis, Prince of Conti, who was supported by France, and King John III's son, Jakub. To ensure his success in becoming the Polish king he converted from Lutheranism to Roman Catholicism. Augustus II virtually bought the election. Augustus hoped to make the Polish throne hereditary for the House of Wettin, and to use his resources as Elector of Saxony to impose some order on the chaotic Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. However, he was soon distracted from his internal reform projects and became preoccupied by the possibility of external conquests.
In alliance with Peter the Great of Russia, Augustus won back Podolia and western Ukraine and concluded the long series of Polish-Turkish wars by the Treaty of Karlowitz (1699). A Cossack revolt that had begun in 1699 was suppressed by the Russians. Augustus tried unsuccessfully to regain the Baltic coast from Charles XII of Sweden. He allied with Denmark and Russia, provoking a war with Sweden. After Augustus' allies were defeated, Sweden's king Charles XII marched from Livonia into Poland, using it then as the base of his operations. Installing a puppet ruler (King Stanisław Leszczyński) in Warsaw, he occupied Saxony and drove Augustus II from the throne. Augustus was forced to cede the crown from 1704 to 1709, but regained it when Tsar Peter defeated Charles XII at the Battle of Poltava (1709). Poland, which after having suffered extensive damages from wars had only recently returned to its 1650 population level, was once again completely razed to the ground by the armies of Sweden, Saxony, and Russia. Two million people died as a result of the war and disease epidemics. Cities were reduced to rubble, and cultural losses were immense. After the Swedish defeat Augustus II regained the throne with Russian backing, but the Russians proceeded to annex Livonia after driving the Swedes from it.
Augustus II was helpless when, in 1701, the Elector of Brandenburg proclaimed himself sovereign "King in Prussia," as Frederick I and founded the aggressive, militaristic Prussian state, which would eventually form nucleus of a united Germany. The victor from Poltava, Tsar Peter the Great declared Russia to be the guardian of the Polish-Lithuanian Republic's territorial integrity. This effectively meant that the Commonwealth became a Russian protectorate; it had remained in this condition for the duration of its existence (until 1795). The policy of Russia was to exercise political control over Poland in cooperation with Austria and Prussia.
Stanisław Leszczyński (1706–1709, 1733–1736)
Seen as a puppet of Sweden during his first stint on the throne, Stanisław Leszczyński ruled in times of turmoil, and Augustus II soon recovered the throne, forcing him into exile. He was elected king again following the death of Augustus in 1733, with the support of France and Polish nobles, but not of Poland's neighbors. After the military intervention by Russian and Saxon troops, he was besieged in Danzig (Gdańsk), and again forced to leave the country. For the rest of his life Leszczyński became a successful and popular ruler in the Duchy of Lorraine.
August III (1733–1763)
Also Elector of Saxony (as Frederick Augustus II), Augustus III inherited Saxony after his father's death, and was elected King of Poland by a minority sejm with the support of Russian troops. Augustus III was a puppet of Russia, and during his reign foreign armies criss-crossed the land. He was uninterested in the affairs of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, which he viewed mostly as a source of funds and resources for strengthening his power in Saxony. During his 30-year reign, he spent less than 3 years in Poland, delegating most of his powers and responsibilities to Count Heinrich von Brühl. Augustus III's uninvolved reign facilitated political anarchy and further weakened the Commonwealth, while the neighboring Prussia, Austria and especially Russia were becoming increasingly dominant in its affairs.
Reforms and partitions during the reign of Stanisław August Poniatowski (1764–1795)
From the early years of the reign of Empress Catherine the Great (1762–1796), Russia intensified its manipulation of Polish affairs. Prussia and Austria, the other powers surrounding the Republic, also took advantage of internal religious and political bickering. The neighboring states divided up the country in three partition stages. The third one in 1795 wiped Poland-Lithuania from the map of Europe.
Russian protectorate and First Partition
More enlightened Poles realized by now that reforms were necessary. One faction, led by the Czartoryski family, sought to abolish the fatal liberum veto and promoted a broad reform program; their main rivals were the Potocki family faction. The Czartoryskis entered into collaboration with the Russians, and in 1764 Empress Catherine II of Russia dictated the election of a member of the Czartoryski clan, her former favorite and lover, Stanisław August Poniatowski, as king of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Partially confounding expectations that he would be an obedient servant of his former mistress, Stanislaw August encouraged a modernization of his realm's dysfunctional political system and achieved a temporary moratorium on use of the liberum veto in sejm (1764–1766). This threatened to increase the strength of central government and brought displeasure in the foreign capitals that preferred an inert, pliable Poland. Displeased Catherine encouraged religious dissension in Poland-Lithuania's substantial Eastern Orthodox population, which had lost the rights guaranteed to them in the 16th century.
Under heavy Russian pressure, the unhappy sejm introduced religious toleration and Orthodox and Protestant equality with Catholics in 1767. Through the Polish nobles that Russia controlled (the Confederation of Radom) and Russian Minister to Warsaw Prince Nicholas Repnin, Catherine forced a sejm constitution (comprehensive legislation), which undid Poniatowski's reforms of 1764. The liberum veto and other old abuses of szlachta power were guaranteed as unalterable parts of this new constitution.
Poland was however also compelled to sign a treaty of guarantee with Russia, where Catherine was imposed as protector (guarantor) of the Polish political system. The system could not be changed without Russia's approval, and thus the Commonwealth became de facto a Russian protectorate. The real power in Poland lay with the Russian ambassadors, and the Polish king became to a significant degree an executor of their will.
This situation provoked in 1768 a Catholic uprising and civil war known as the Confederation of Bar. The Confederation was a league of Polish nobles that fought against the King and Russian forces until 1772, to revoke the Empress' mandate. The Confederation's warfare and defeat provoked in part a partition of the Commonwealth (seizure of its outer territories) by its neighbors. Although Catherine initially opposed partition, King Frederick II of Prussia, interested in territorial gains and in neutralizing Austria's threatening military position, promoted a partition scheme that would be favorable to the interests of all three partitioning states. Emperor Joseph II of the Habsburg monarchy and then Empress Catherine agreed, and in 1772 Russia, Prussia, and Austria forced the terms of partition upon the helpless Commonwealth, under the pretext of quelling anarchy and restoring order.
National revival
The first partition in 1772 did not directly threaten the stability of the Polish-Lithuanian state. Poland still retained extensive territory that included the Polish heartlands. Moreover, the shock of the annexations made clear the dangers of decay in government institutions, creating a body of opinion favorable to reform along the lines of the European Enlightenment. King Stanisław August supported the progressive elements in the government and promoted the ideas of foreign political figures such as Edmund Burke and George Washington.
Polish intellectuals studied and discussed Enlightenment philosophers such as Montesquieu and Rousseau. During the period of Enlightenment in Poland, the concept of democratic institutions for all classes was accepted in the more progressive circles of Polish society. Education reform included the establishment of the first ministry of education in Europe (the Commission of National Education). Taxation and the army underwent thorough reform, and central executive government was established as the Permanent Council. Landholders emancipated large numbers of peasants, although there was no official government decree. Polish cities and business enterprises, in decline for many decades, were revived by the influence of the Industrial Revolution, especially in mining and textiles.
Stanisław August's process of renovation reached its climax when, after three years of intense debate, the "Great Sejm" produced the Constitution of May 3, 1791, which historian Norman Davies called "the first constitution of its kind in Europe". Conceived in the liberal spirit of the contemporaneous document in the United States, the constitution recast Poland-Lithuania as a hereditary monarchy and got rid of many of the eccentricities and antiquated features of the old system of government. The new constitution abolished the individual veto in parliament; provided a separation of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government; and established "people's sovereignty" (for the noble and bourgeois classes). Although never fully implemented, the Constitution of May 3 gained a cherished position in the Polish political heritage; tradition marks the anniversary of its passage as the country's most important civic holiday.
Destruction of Poland-Lithuania
Passage of the constitution alarmed many nobles, some of whom would lose considerable stature under the new order. In autocratic states such as Russia, the democratic ideals of the new constitution also threatened the existing order, and the prospect of Polish recovery threatened to end domination of Polish affairs by Poland's neighbors. In 1792, Polish conservative factions formed the Confederation of Targowica and appealed for Russian assistance in restoring the status quo. Empress Catherine was happy to use this opportunity; enlisting Prussian support, she invaded Poland under the pretext of defending Poland's ancient liberties. A defensive war against powerful Russian armies was fought in 1792 with some measure of success, but the irresolute Stanislaw August, who did not believe in the possibility of defeating the Russian Empire, capitulated, defecting to the Targowica Confederation. Arguing that Poland had fallen prey to radical Jacobinism, then at high tide in France, Russia and Prussia abrogated the Constitution of May 3, carried out the Second Partition of Poland in 1793, and placed the remainder of the country under occupation by Russian troops.
The Second Partition was far more injurious than the first. Russia received a vast area of eastern Poland, extending southward nearly to the Black Sea. To the west, Prussia received an area that became known as South Prussia, nearly twice the size of its First Partition gains along the Baltic, as well as the port of Danzig (Gdańsk). Poland's neighbors thus reduced the Commonwealth to a rump state and signaled their intention to abolish it altogether at their convenience.
The Kościuszko Uprising, a great Polish revolt, broke out in 1794 under the leadership of Tadeusz Kościuszko, a military officer who had rendered notable service in the American Revolution. Kościuszko's ragtag insurgent armies won some initial successes, but they eventually fell before the superior forces of Russian General Alexander Suvorov. In the wake of the insurrection of 1794, Russia, Prussia, and Austria carried out the third and final partition of Poland-Lithuania in 1795, erasing the Commonwealth of Two Nations from the map and pledging to never allow its return.
Much of Europe condemned the dismemberment as an international crime without historical parallel. Amid the distractions of the French Revolution and its attendant wars however, no state actively opposed the final annexations. In the long term, the dissolution of Poland-Lithuania upset the traditional European balance of power, dramatically magnifying the influence of Russia and paving the way for the powerful Germany that would emerge in the nineteenth century with Prussia at its core. For the Poles, the Third Partition began a period of continuous foreign rule that would endure for well over a century.
See also
History of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1648)
History of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1648–1764)
History of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1764–1795)
List of Polish rulers
List of Polish nobles
Ambassadors and envoys from Russia to Poland (1763–1794)
References
- Poland.
Further reading
The Cambridge History of Poland (two vols., 1941–1950) online edition vol 1 to 1696
Butterwick, Richard, ed. The Polish-Lithuanian Monarchy in European Context, c. 1500-1795. Palgrave, 2001. 249 pp. online edition
Davies, Norman. Heart of Europe: A Short History of Poland. Oxford University Press, 1984. 511 pp. excerpt and text search
Davies, Norman. God's Playground: A History of Poland. 2 vol. Columbia U. Press, 1982. 1,189 pp.; highly detailed, well-written narrative but criticized by some specialists online excerpts and search at Amazon.com; vol 1 to 1795
Pogonowski, Iwo Cyprian. Poland: A Historical Atlas. Hippocrene, 1987. 321 pp.
Sanford, George. Historical Dictionary of Poland. Scarecrow Press, 2003. 291 pp.
Stone, Daniel. The Polish-Lithuanian State, 1386-1795. U. of Washington Press, 2001. 374 pp.
External links
Commonwealth of Diverse Cultures: Poland's Heritage
300 maps of Poland and Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
01
.Poland
1569
16th century in Poland
17th century in Poland
18th century in Poland |
17328944 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos%20Robalo | Carlos Robalo | Carlos Robalo (died April 24, 2008) was a Portuguese politician and a member of the CDS – People's Party. Robalo served as Portugal's Secretary of State in 1980 and 1981 He was also instrumental in the creation of the Entidade Reguladora do Sector Eléctrico (ERSE).
Carlos Robalo died on April 24, 2008, at the age of 76 at a hospital in Tomar, Portugal.
References
External links
RTP News: Carlos Robalo, Portuguese Secretary of State, dies
Year of birth missing
2008 deaths
CDS – People's Party politicians
Government ministers of Portugal |
20465372 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauri%20Asikainen | Lauri Asikainen | Lauri Asikainen (born 28 May 1989) is a Finnish Nordic combined athlete. He was born in Savonlinna, and made his senior Nordic combined debut in 2009, at the world championships in Liberec. He was previously a ski jumper, winning team bronze in 2007 at the World Junior Championships in Tarvisio.
References
External links
Lauri Asikainen's web site
1989 births
Living people
People from Savonlinna
Finnish male ski jumpers
Finnish male Nordic combined skiers
Sportspeople from South Savo
21st-century Finnish people |
17328957 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hkamkawn | Hkamkawn | Hkamkawn is a village in Chipwi Township in Myitkyina District in the Kachin State of north-eastern Burma.
References
External links
Satellite map at Maplandia.com
Populated places in Kachin State
Chipwi Township |
17328964 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buyruk%20%28Shabak%29 | Buyruk (Shabak) | The Buyruk or Kitab al-Manaqib (Book of Exemplary Acts) is the sacred book of the Shabak. It is written in Turkmen.
The Buyruk is written in the form of an interlocution between Shaykh Safi-ad-din Ardabili, founder of the Safaviyya order, and his son Sadr al-Dīn Mūsā on different religious matters, and particularly on the life and principles of the Sufi order. It also contains poems composed by Shah Ismail I under the pseudonym 'Khatai', which indicates it must have been compiled in the sixteenth century at the earliest.
References
Religion in Iraq
Religious texts
Shabak people |
17328971 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hkasuhpa | Hkasuhpa | Hkasuhpa is a village in Chipwi Township in Myitkyina District in the Kachin State of north-eastern Burma.
References
External links
Satellite map at Maplandia.com
Populated places in Kachin State
Chipwi Township |
20465388 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market%20Place%20Shopping%20Center | Market Place Shopping Center | Market Place Shopping Center is an enclosed shopping mall located in Champaign, Illinois, US. The mall's anchor stores are Dick's Sporting Goods, Field & Stream, JCPenney, Macy's, and Costco Wholesale. It is the second largest enclosed shopping mall in Central Illinois.
History
The mall opened in 1975 and was originally anchored by Sears, JCPenney, and Bergner's.
The shopping center acquired a Tuscany-themed Italian villa setting as part of a renovation and expansion project, completed in August 1999. This project added on a Famous-Barr department store and brought the mall up to of gross leasable area.
In May 2004, JCPenney, which had left the property and the region five years earlier, re-entered the mall as an anchor. In 2006, Famous-Barr rebranded as Macy's following Macy's takeover of May Department Stores, Famous-Barr's parent company.
In 2013, it was announced that Sears would be closing in 2014. Sears had operated in Champaign continuously since 1928, and had been an original anchor at the mall's 1975 opening. The store was demolished. Dick's Sporting Goods and Field & Stream built on that space in October 2015. On January 12, 2018 it was announced that Loft would be closing its store at the mall on January 27. On January 24, 2018 it was announced that H&M would move into the mall. The store will move into the Dick's Sporting Goods wing. The store will move into the Gymboree store, the former Banana Republic store, a temporary Christmas store and the Forever 21 store. Gymboree closed at the end of January. Forever 21 will temporarily move into the JCPenney wing before returning to a new permanent store in the Dick's Sporting Goods wing. It will move into the Payless ShoeSource space, the former European Famous Brands store and the Day Spa. Payless ShoeSource is moving into the vacant Loft store. Day Spa is moving into the MasterCuts space which closed on January 26.
Bergner's closed in August 2018, as part of the closure of the entire Bon-Ton department store network. In April 2019, it was announced that Costco Wholesale would replace the former Bergner's space by constructing a new store in place of the existing structure. Costco opened at the mall in October 2020. Old Navy and LensCrafters have moved to other parts of the mall in order to cut the mall's square footage by 14,000 sq. ft. for the construction of the Costco.
References
Brookfield Properties
Shopping malls in Illinois
Buildings and structures in Champaign, Illinois
Tourist attractions in Champaign County, Illinois
Shopping malls established in 1976 |
6902204 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deeper%20into%20Movies | Deeper into Movies | Deeper Into Movies is a collection of 1969 to 1972 movie reviews by American film critic Pauline Kael, published by Little, Brown and Company in 1973. It was the fourth collection of her columns; these were originally published in The New Yorker. It won the U.S. National Book Award in category Arts and Letters.
Summary
Containing reviews of individual films from the aforementioned time period, the collection also includes a long essay entitled "Numbing the Audience".
Directors
In the anthology, Kael praises the merits of then up-and-coming directors Robert Altman and Francis Ford Coppola, in her reviews of MASH, McCabe & Mrs. Miller, and The Godfather. She pans Stanley Kubrick and his A Clockwork Orange for its brutality and moral convolutions.
Print Status
The book is now out-of-print in the United States, but is still published in the United Kingdom by Marion Boyars Publishers, an independent publishing company.
Films reviewed
Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid
Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice
Oh! What a Lovely War
The Bed Sitting Room
A Walk with Love and Death
de Sade
High School
The Royal Hunt of the Sun
The Madwoman of Chaillot
Paint Your Wagon
Lions Love
The Sterile Cuckoo
The Secret of Santa Vittoria
Duet for Cannibals
Coming Apart
Goodbye, Mr. Chips
Adalen 31
Hail, Hero!
In the Year of the Pig
Downhill Racer
The Arrangement
La Femme Infidèle
All the Loving Couples
Popcorn
The Comic
Z
Alfred the Great
They Shoot Horses, Don't They?
John and Mary
Gaily, Gaily
The Reivers
Tell Them Willie Boy Is Here
Topaz
Hello, Dolly!
On Her Majesty's Secret Service
Marooned
The Damned
Hamlet
A Boy Named Charlie Brown
M*A*S*H
Anne of the Thousand Days
Patton
Hospital
The Milky Way
The Molly Maguires
The Kremlin Letter
The Honeymoon Killers
A Married Couple
End of the Road
Zabriskie Point
The Looking Glass War
Loving
The Only Game in Town
Start the Revolution Without Me
The Magic Christian
Tropic of Cancer
Fellini Satyricon
The Adventurers
Airport
The Boys in the Band
Women in Love
Trash
The Baby Maker
The Great White Hope
Monte Walsh
First Love
Ice
I Never Sang for My Father
Goin' Down the Road
This Man Must Die
Little Fauss and Big Halsy
C.C. and Company
Burn!
The Twelve Chairs
Cromwell
WUSA The Owl and the Pussycat Where's Poppa? The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes Song of Norway Ryan's Daughter Perfect Friday The Pizza Triangle Bombay Talkie Scrooge Groupies I Walk the Line The Confession
The Act of the Heart Gimme Shelter Little Big Man Love Story Investigation of a Citizen Above Suspicion Husbands Alex in Wonderland Brewster McCloud There Was a Crooked Man... The Music Lovers Bed and Board Promise at Dawn The Last Valley Puzzle of a Downfall Child Little Murders The Hour of the Furnaces Doctors' Wives The Sporting Club The Garden of Delights Claire's Knee Wanda A New Leaf The Conformist The Andromeda Strain McCabe & Mrs. Miller Klute Carnal Knowledge The Anderson Tapes Sunday Bloody Sunday The Last Picture Show The Last Movie Skin Game The Trojan Women Murmur of the Heart The Début T.R. Baskin The French Connection Long Ago, Tomorrow Is There Sex After Death? Fiddler on the Roof El Topo Billy Jack Born to Win Going Home King Lear Man in the Wilderness Bedknobs and Broomsticks''
References
External links
Pauline Kael on A Clockwork Orange
1973 non-fiction books
Books of film criticism
Books about film
National Book Award-winning works
Little, Brown and Company books
Books by Pauline Kael
American non-fiction books |
17328976 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styrene%20oxide | Styrene oxide | Styrene oxide is an epoxide derived from styrene. It can be prepared by epoxidation of styrene with peroxybenzoic acid, in the Prilezhaev reaction:
Styrene oxide is slightly soluble in water. A trace amount of acid in water causes hydrolysis to racemic phenylethyleneglycol via a benzylic cation. If the amount of water is not sufficient, acid-catalyzed isomerization for phenylacetaldehyde will occur.
Styrene oxide in the body is metabolized to mandelic acid, phenylglyoxylic acid, benzoic acid and hippuric acid.
Hydrogenation of styrene oxide affords phenethyl alcohol.
Stereospecific reactions
Since styrene oxide has a chiral center at the benzylic carbon atom, there are (R)-styrene oxide and (S)-styrene oxide. If optically pure reagent is used, only one optically pure compound will be obtained.
Toxicology
Styrene oxide is a main metabolite of styrene in humans or animals, resulting from oxidation by cytochrome P450. It is considered possibly carcinogenic from gavaging significant amounts into mice and rats. Styrene oxide is subsequently hydrolyzed in vivo to styrene glycol by epoxide hydrolase.
Styrene oxide has a chiral center and thus two enantiomers. It has been reported that the two enantiomers had different toxicokinetics and toxicity. It was reported that the (R)-styrene oxide was preferentially formed in mice, especially in the lung, whereas the (S)-styrene oxide was preferentially generated in rats. In human volunteers, the cumulative excretion of the (S)-enantiomer of styrene glycol and mandelic acid were higher than the R form after exposure to styrene. In human liver microsomes, cytochrome P450-mediated styrene oxidation showed the production of more S enantiomer relative to the R enantiomer. It was also found that (S)-styrene oxide was preferentially hydrolyzed than the R enantiomer in human liver microsomes. Animal studies have shown that the (R)-enantiomer of styrene oxide was more toxic than the (S)-enantiomer in mice.
References
Epoxides
Phenyl compounds
IARC Group 2A carcinogens |
23572464 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%20Honduran%20coup%20d%27%C3%A9tat | 2009 Honduran coup d'état | The 2009 Honduran coup d'état, part of the 2009 Honduran constitutional crisis, occurred when the Honduran Army on 28 June 2009 followed orders from the Honduran Supreme Court to oust President Manuel Zelaya and send him into exile. Zelaya had attempted to schedule a non-binding poll on holding a referendum on convening a constituent assembly to rewrite the constitution. Zelaya refused to comply with court orders to cease, and the Honduran Supreme Court issued a secret warrant for his arrest dated 26 June. Two days later, Honduran soldiers stormed the president's house in the middle of the night and detained him, forestalling the poll. Instead of bringing him to trial, the army put him on a military aeroplane and flew him to Costa Rica. Later that day, after the reading of a resignation letter of disputed authenticity, the Honduran Congress voted to remove Zelaya from office, and appointed Speaker of Congress Roberto Micheletti, his constitutional successor, to replace him. It was the first coup to occur in the country since 1978.
International reaction to the 2009 Honduran coup d'état was widespread; the United Nations, the Organization of American States (OAS), and the European Union condemned the removal of Zelaya as a military coup. On 5 July 2009, all member states of the OAS voted by acclamation to suspend Honduras from the organization.
In July 2011, Honduras's Truth Commission concluded that Zelaya broke the law when he disregarded a Supreme Court ruling ordering him to cancel the referendum, but that his removal from office was also illegal and a coup. The Commission found Congress' designation of Roberto Micheletti as interim president had been unconstitutional, and the resulting administration a "de facto regime." Former Guatemalan Vice-president Eduardo Stein chaired the commission and presented its report to the then Honduran President Porfirio Lobo, the head of the Supreme Court, Jorge Rivera Avilez and the Secretary General of the Organization of American States, Jose Miguel Insulza. In November 2021, more than a decade after the coup removed Zelaya from office, his wife - the former Honduran First Lady, Xiomara Castro de Zelaya would be elected as the first female President of Honduras.
Background
President Zelaya was promoting a controversial nonbinding poll on whether to include a fourth ballot box in the November elections on convening a constitutional convention to rewrite the constitution to give the President more terms in office. He had ignored a restraining order in this regard. Some claim his goal in doing so was to extend his term. But as the scheduled balloting would have been simultaneous with the election of his successor, his term would have ended long before any possible constitutional changes.
Executive decrees and their legal consequences
The ballot was scheduled for June 28, 2009. On May 27, 2009, the Administrative Litigation Court annulled the Executive decree PCM-05-2009 that enabled the ballot. In response the Executive accepted the ruling, but issued decree PCM-019-2009, identical to the previous decree, but substituting "consultation" with "public opinion survey". On May 30, the same Court clarified that the scope of the previous ruling covered any decree that attempted to conduct the proposed ballot - howsoever worded or published. This clarification annulled PCM-019-2009 as well.
Zelaya then issued a new executive decree PCM-020-2009 (La Gaceta article number 31945) to replace decrees PCM-05-2009 and PCM-019-2009. The new decree called for a "Public Opinion Survey Convening a Constitutional Assembly" and referred to it as "an official activity of the Government of the Republic of Honduras".
According to a legal analysis by former Supreme Court President Vilma Morales, Zelaya automatically ceased being President of Honduras with the publication of decree PCM-020-2009 and thus no coup d'état existed. However, PCM-027-2009 was never processed by the Honduran courts. This new decree published in La Gaceta 26 June 2009 explained further the purpose, form and objectives of the opinion poll, to be carried out by the National Institute of Statistics. But the courts had already made up their minds about every attempt that had to do with this issue. Zelaya's lawyers were also denied the possibility to participate in the process. PCM-027-2009 was sheltered in article 5 of the "Law of Citizen Participation" and articles 2 and 5 of the Honduran Constitution. Zelaya defined his actions as a non-binding opinion poll, but his political opponents presented his actions as a binding referendum oriented at reforming articles in the Honduran Constitution concerning forms of government and re-election.
Attorney General's office acts
On 27 May 2009, the Administrative Law Tribunal issued an injunction against holding the referendum at the request of the Honduran Attorney General Luis Alberto Rubi. On 16 June the Court of Appeals unanimously upheld the 27 May injunction. On 18 June, the Administrative Law Tribunal ordered Zelaya to comply with the ruling in writing within five days. The Attorney General's office filed a request for arrest and search warrants.
Supreme Court issues arrest and search warrants
On 26 June, the Honduran Supreme Court unanimously found that the Presidency had not complied with 16 June court order. It also found he was answerable to charges for crimes against the form of government, treason to the motherland, abuse of office and usurpation of functions that damaged the administration. It appointed Supreme Court Justice Tomás Arita Valle to try the case.
On 26 June, the Supreme Court issued a sealed (secret) arrest warrant for President Zelaya, signed by Justice Tomás Arita Valle. The interim government confirmed that the Supreme Court of Justice unanimously voted to appoint Tomás Arita Valle to hear the process in its preparatory and intermediate phases; and that he lawfully issued an arrest and raid warrant. The government also states that an investigation was conducted under the auspices of the Honduran Supreme Court that lasted for weeks.
Some Zelaya supporters have sought to cast doubt on the Supreme Court's documentation. Jari Dixon Herrera Hernández, a lawyer with the Attorney General's office, said the order to arrest Zelaya came a day after the coup.
Zelaya's detention and exile
Soldiers stormed the president's residence in Tegucigalpa early in the morning of 28 June, disarming the presidential guard, waking Zelaya and putting him on a plane to Costa Rica. Colonel Bayardo said, "It was a fast operation. It was over in minutes, and there were no injuries, no deaths. We said, 'Sir, we have a judicial order to detain you.' " In Costa Rica, Zelaya told the Latin American channel TeleSUR that he had been awakened by gunshots. Masked soldiers took his cell phone, shoved him into a van and took him to an air force base, where he was put on a plane. He said he did not know that he was being taken to Costa Rica until he landed at the airport in San José.
Within hours, Zelaya spoke to media in San José, calling the events "a coup" and "a kidnapping". He said that soldiers pulled him from his bed and assaulted his guards. Zelaya stated that he would not recognise anyone named as his successor, that he would be meeting with diplomats and that he wanted to finish his term in office.
Television and radio stations broadcast no news. The electrical power, phone lines, and international cable TV were cut or blocked throughout Honduras.
Public transportation was suspended.
Later that day, the Supreme Court issued a statement that it had ordered the army to remove Zelaya from office. The Supreme Court stated "The armed forces, in charge of supporting the constitution, acted to defend the state of law and have been forced to apply legal dispositions against those who have expressed themselves publicly and acted against the dispositions of the basic law". On 30 June, the military's chief lawyer, Colonel Herberth Bayardo Inestroza Membreño, showed a detention order, signed 26 June by a Supreme Court judge, which ordered the armed forces to detain the president, identified by his full name of José Manuel Zelaya Rosales, at his home in the Tres Caminos area of the capital. It cited him for treason and abuse of authority, among other charges. Colonel Inestroza later stated that deporting Zelaya did not comply with the court order: "In the moment that we took him out of the country, in the way that he was taken out, there is a crime. Because of the circumstances of the moment this crime occurred, there is going to be a justification and cause for acquittal that will protect us." He said the decision was taken by the military leadership "in order to avoid bloodshed". He said "What was more beneficial, remove this gentleman from Honduras or present him to prosecutors and have a mob assault and burn and destroy and for us to have to shoot?" Colonel Inestroza also commented that Zelaya's allegiance to Hugo Chávez was hard to stomach and "It would be difficult for us, with our training, to have a relationship with a leftist government. That's impossible. I personally would have retired, because my thinking, my principles, would not have allowed me to participate in that."
Ramón Custodio, head of the country's human rights commission, said that the military made an "error" in sending Zelaya into exile rather than holding him for trial. "I didn't know they would take Zelaya out of the country," Custodio said in an interview in the week of 13 August at his Tegucigalpa office. Honduras's Supreme Court agreed to hear a case brought by a group of lawyers and judges arguing that the military broke the law taking Zelaya out of the country. On 17 August 2009, President Micheletti also said that putting Zelaya on a plane to Costa Rica instead of holding him for trial had been a mistake: "It wasn't correct. We have to punish whoever allowed that to happen. The rest was framed within what the constitution requires."
Congress removes Zelaya from office
The National Congress the following morning voted to accept Zelaya's resignation letter, dated 25 June, which Zelaya had denied signing. It studied a special report on Zelaya, and by a show of hands, the National Congress – the majority of whom belonged to Zelaya's own Liberal party – appointed the President of the National Congress Roberto Micheletti, a member of Zelaya's party, to succeed Zelaya. Some felt that the president had changed his politics during his administration, from right to left, which earned him the antipathy of his party.
The Honduran National Congress unanimously agreed to:
Under the Articles 1, 2,3,4, 205, 220, subsections 20, 218, 242, 321, 322, 323 of the Constitution of the Republic,
Disapprove Zelaya's repeated violations of the constitution, laws and court orders.
Remove Zelaya from office.
Name the current President of Congress Roberto Micheletti to complete the constitutional period that ends on 27 January 2010.
Legality of ouster
Many governments, media, and human-rights organisations outside Honduras have termed the ouster a coup. The United Nations, the Organization of American States (OAS), and the European Union condemned the removal of Zelaya as a military coup. On 5 July 2009, the Organization of American States OAS, invoking for the first time Article 21 of the Inter-American Democratic Charter, voted by acclamation of all member states to suspend Honduras from the organisation.
Soon after the coup, U.S. President Barack Obama stated: "We believe that the coup was not legal and that President Zelaya remains the president of Honduras, the democratically elected president there." He stated: "It would be a terrible precedent if we start moving backwards into the era in which we are seeing military coups as a means of political transition, rather than democratic elections." Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, however, equivocated, saying that "We do think that this has evolved into a coup" and noting that under U.S. law, officially declaring a coup would oblige the U.S. to cut off most foreign aid to Honduras." Cutting off aid was seen as a possibility in the days after the coup, and State Department Director of Policy Planning Anne-Marie Slaughter urged Clinton to "take bold action" and to "find that [the] coup was a 'military coup' under U.S. law." Clinton did not do so, and the U.S. never formally declared that a coup had occurred. By November 2009, the U.S. "focused on pushing for elections" in the country. In September 2009, the Board of the U.S. Millennium Challenge Corporation, headed by Clinton, cut off $11 million in aid to the Honduran government in the wake of the coup, and suspended another $4 million in planned contributions to a road project. From 2009 to mid-2016, however, the U.S. provided about $200 million in military and police aid to Honduras, a controversial decision given the violence in Honduras and the government's human rights violations.
Arguments that Zelaya's removal was illegal have been advanced by several lawyers. The Supreme Court never ruled on any of the charges filed by the public prosecutor on 26 June. The arrest warrant was issued for the purposes of taking a deposition from him. According to Edmundo Orellana, the events were constitutionally irregular for several reasons: because Zelaya was captured by the armed forces, not the national police (Art. 273, 292); and because the Congress, not the courts, judged Zelaya to have broken the law (Arts. 303 and 304). Orellana concluded, "Violations of the Constitution cannot be put right with another violation. The Constitution is defended by subjecting oneself to it. Their violation translates into disregard for the State of Law and infringes on the very essence of the Law. Therefore, a coup d'Etat never has been and should never be the solution to a political conflict." Other civic and business leaders, even those opposed to Zelaya's referendum efforts, agreed that Zelaya was deprived of due process in his ouster.
Still, many people in Honduras, including most of the country's official institutions, claimed that there was a constitutional succession of power. In a statement to a subcommittee of the US House Committee on International Affairs, former Honduran Supreme Court Justice, Foreign Affairs minister, and law professor Guillermo Pérez Cadalso said that all major governmental institutions agreed that Zelaya was violating the law. Supreme Court Justice Rosalinda Cruz said that, as a sovereign and independent nation, Honduras had the right to freely decide to remove a president who was violating Honduran laws. She added: "Unfortunately, our voice hasn't been heard."
She compared Zelaya's tactics, including his dismissal of the armed forces chief for obeying a court order to impound ballots to be used in the vote, with those of Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez: "Some say it was not Zelaya but Chávez governing."
There is a small amount of middle ground between those who term the events a coup and those who call them a constitutionally-sound succession of power. On the one hand, several supporters of Zelaya's removal, including Acting Honduran President Roberto Micheletti and the top army lawyer, have admitted that sending Zelaya out of the country was illegal, although they argue it was justified by the need to prevent violence. Micheletti said forcing deposed President Manuel Zelaya to leave the country, instead of arresting him, was a mistake. On the other hand, a fraction of those who oppose the events consider the arrest warrant against Zelaya to be legal, although they say he was denied a fair trial.
According to an opinion of an employee of the US Law Library of Congress which was published September 2009 in Forbes, the military's decision to send Zelaya into exile was illegal, but the judicial and legislative branches applied constitutional and statutory law in accordance with the Honduran legal system. This conclusion was disputed by lawmakers, Honduran constitutional law experts, and government officials, who requested that the LLoC report be retracted.
In 2010 WikiLeaks published a classified cable from 24 July 2009 sent by the US Ambassador in Tegucigalpa, Hugo Llorens, finding that the removal of President Zelaya was a coup.
The Embassy perspective is that there is no doubt that the military, Supreme Court and National Congress conspired on 28 June in what constituted an illegal and unconstitutional coup against the Executive Branch, while accepting that there may be a prima facie case that Zelaya may have committed illegalities and may have even violated the constitution. There is equally no doubt from our perspective that Roberto Micheletti's assumption of power was illegitimate. Nevertheless, it is also evident that the constitution itself may be deficient in terms of providing clear procedures for dealing with alleged illegal acts by the President and resolving conflicts between the branches of government.
Independence of judiciary
A lack of an independent, professional judiciary was a factor in the inability of the Honduran government to process Zelaya through a political or criminal trial. The Honduran judiciary remains deeply politicised, with the highest judicial offices still being distributed between the two main parties. Requiring judges to stand for re-election makes them subject to the policies of their sponsoring party. Eight of the judges were selected by the Liberal Party and seven by the National Party. According to a report by Heather Berkman of the University of California. the politicisation of the justice system, including the Supreme Court, the Ministry of Public Security and the Public Ministry, inhibits the due process of law.
José Tomás Arita Valle, who signed the arrest warrant for Zelaya, had been vice-minister for foreign affairs in the National Party government of President Ricardo Maduro. José Antonio Gutiérrez Navas, in 1998, spoke at the UN General Assembly, representing the Liberal Party government of Carlos Roberto Flores, at a session to commemorate fifty years of human rights. Oscar Fernando Chinchilla Banegas and Gustavo Enrique Bustillo Palma were National Party alternate members of Congress (2002–2006).
The US State Department noted in 2004 that the judiciary and Attorney General's office is subject to corruption and political influence.
Demonstrations surrounding Zelaya's removal
In response to the events, a number of demonstrations were held, some opposing the coup and some supporting it. Some of these are listed below.
On 28 June, hundreds of demonstrators against the coup put up roadblocks in the capital Tegucigalpa.
On 29 June, about 2,000 anti-coup demonstrators spent the day in the city's main square.
On 30 June, demonstrations in favour of Zelaya's removal were held. In an emotional speech, Armeda Lopez said "Chavez ate Venezuela first, then Bolivia, but in Honduras that didn't happen. Here we will not let anyone come to rule us". Signboards included "Enough to illegality", "I love my constitution".
On 1 July, at around 10 in the morning, white-dressed coup supporters emerged in the capital city Tegucigalpa. "Mel out, Mel out!" "Democracy yes, dictatorship no!", "Romeo, friend, the people are with you!" People from the religious sector, women's organisations, politics, and government gave speeches in favour of Zelaya's removal. Jorge Yllescas Olive said "Hondurans have saved our country, justice is on our side and we are demonstrating it to the world". Demonstrators also expressed opposition to Hugo Chávez's threats against Honduras.
On 3 July, around 70,000 people demonstrated in favour of the new government and against Zelaya.
On 30 July, some thousands marched in protest against the coup in El Durazno, Tegucigalpa. They were dispersed violently by police, according to Amnesty International.
On 22 September, some hundreds of anti-coup protesters demonstrating outside the Brazilian embassy, where Zelaya had taken refuge, were dispersed by police.
Government opponents say that the pro-coup demonstrations were staged and/or paid for by the government, giving evidence in some cases. It is claimed that pro-coup demonstrators were bused to the capital Tegucigalpa from all over the country, whereas similar buses with anti-coup demonstrators from the countryside were not allowed to enter the city.
Human rights abuses of the interim government
De facto President Roberto Micheletti ordered a curfew which initially lasted for the 48 hours from Sunday night (28 June) and to Tuesday (30 June) and has continued since then in an arbitrary way. According to Amnesty International and the International Observation Mission for the Human Rights Situation in Honduras, the curfew law was not published in the official journal La Gaceta and was not approved by Congress.
Originally the curfew ran from 9:00 pm to 6:00 am. That curfew was later revised to be in effect from 10 pm to 5 am, was extended twice, ended on 7 July, and was restarted again on 15 July. Amnesty International and the International Observation Mission stated that curfew implementation was arbitrary, with curfew times announced on radio stations, changing randomly each day and between different regions of Honduras. On 1 July, Congress issued an order (decreto ejecutivo N° 011–2009) at the request of Micheletti suspending four constitutional guarantees during the hours the curfew was in effect. The "state of exception" declared on 1 July is equivalent to a state of siege. It suspended civil liberties including freedom of transit and due process, as well as permitting search and seizure without a warrant.
The ambassadors of Cuba, Venezuela, and Nicaragua on 29 June were detained and beaten by Honduran troops before being released. Venezuela's ambassador to the OAS announced before the OAS that those ambassadors and Patricia Rodas, the Zelaya government's Foreign Minister, had been captured. Minutes later, Armando Laguna, the Venezuelan ambassador in Tegucigalpa, reported that he and the other ambassadors had been freed. Laguna said that he and the other diplomats had been seized when they visited Rodas, and that Rodas was forced into a van and had been transferred to an air base. Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez stated that the Venezuelan ambassador was assaulted by Honduran soldiers and left by the side of a road.
Allies of Zelaya, among them several government officials, were taken into custody by the military. Foreign Minister Patricia Rodas and the mayor of the city San Pedro Sula, Rodolfo Padilla Sunseri, were detained at military bases. According to a Narconews blog, several congressmen of the Democratic Unification Party (PUD) were arrested and the party's presidential candidate, César Ham, went into hiding.
According to the Venezuelan government's ABN news service, Tomás Andino Mencías, a member of the party, reported that PUD lawmakers were led away by the military when they tried to enter the parliament building for 28 June vote on Zelaya's deposal. A dozen former ministers from the Zelaya government went into hiding, some in foreign embassies, fearing arrest. Local media reported that at least eight ministers besides Rodas had been detained.
Hugo Chávez and Cuban Foreign Minister Bruno Rodríguez separately claimed that Honduran Foreign Minister Patricia Rodas was detained by the military. Rodríguez said that the Cuban, Venezuelan and Nicaraguan ambassadors to Honduras had tried but were unable to protect Rodas from a group of masked soldiers who forcibly took her from their grasp. Rodas was sent to Mexico, which offered her asylum and help to resolve the situation.
Media restrictions
Reuters on 29 June 2009, describing the situation in Honduras as a "media blackout", reported that the military had shut down several TV stations, radio stations, and newspapers' websites. Among the TV stations closed were CNN en Español, TeleSUR, and "a pro-Zelaya channel". Reuters said that "the few television and radio stations still operating on Monday [the 29th] played tropical music or aired soap operas and cooking shows", and "made little reference to the demonstrations or international condemnation of the coup". A government health worker interviewed by Reuters said that the anti-Zelaya newspapers El Heraldo and La Tribuna, and "some television channels controlled by the opposition" were the only ones still broadcasting on the morning of the 29th. The Miami Herald reported that the "crackdown on the media" began before dawn on the 28th. It said that only pro-Micheletti stations were allowed to broadcast and that they carried only news friendly to the new government. On 29 June, four Associated Press personnel were detained and removed from their hotel, but then released.
TeleSUR journalist Adriana Sívori, who was in Tegucigalpa reporting the clashes between the police and protesters, reported that she was arrested by the military under threat and that her passport was seized. Her detention was confirmed by the Associated Press. As soon as the international community learned of the detention, and after the quick intervention of the Venezuelan ambassador in Honduras, the journalist and the staff who accompanied her were released.
According to Diario El Tiempo, there was also some information about the developments that the newspaper Diario El Tiempo had been prohibited to broadcast. Canal 11, located in Colonia de Miramontes, was also prohibited from broadcasting information about the developments. The Cable Color buildings, which also broadcasts programming from CNN and teleSUR, were surrounded by military forces. On 29 June, soldiers shut down Channel 8, a government station which was pro-Zelaya. Channel 36 was raided by soldiers minutes after the coup and remained off the air for a week; the Miami Herald of 1 July quoted owner Esdras López as saying that the building's occupants were detained during the raid. Channel 66 was raided and was off the air for a short time; according to some journalists, however, a Channel 66 program by , a popular radio and TV commentator who is pro-Zelaya, remained off the air for days. Maldonado went into hiding. The Miami Herald noted that Channel 21's signal was briefly interrupted while it was broadcasting a plea against censorship.
As historian Kevin Coleman wrote, "On Monday 29 June, in a replay of the military raids on the Jesuit radio station in El Progreso of the 1960s and 1970s, the Jesuits' progressive radio broadcasts were abruptly pulled off the air at four in the morning. On Sunday evening at 6 pm, just an hour after the coup government's curfew began, a military contingent broke into Radio Progreso's headquarters. With guns pointed, they shouted: "We've come to close down this piece of ****!" One broadcaster locked himself in to keep broadcasting throughout the night. Shortly after, another military convoy stopped outside Radio Progreso. A group of soldiers approached the radio station's guard and asked him if there were any people still working inside. When the guard said no, the soldier in charge told him: "If we find someone inside, you will regret it". And while the coup government, led by Roberto Micheletti, a native of El Progreso, threatened to shut down the station with violence, popular organisations resisting the undemocratic change in their government criticised the station for "watering down" its reporting of the tense and dynamic situation."
According to a press release published on the website of Radio Globo Honduras, which had long sided with Zelaya, a group of 60 soldiers took the radio off the air and the employees, including Alejandro Villatoro, were allegedly threatened and intimidated. The station was allowed to resume transmission, but staff had to follow some rules which they believed limited freedom of expression. The website of the radio was down but was re-established. Alejandro Villatoro said he was arrested and kidnapped by military forces. On or just before 4 August 2009, the National Telecommunications Commission (CONATEL) terminated Radio Globo's transmission frequency rights.
Honduran newspaper La Prensa reported on 30 June that an armed group of Zelaya supporters attacked its main headquarters by throwing stones and other objects at their windows, until police intervened. According to the paper, it was discovered that the group was led by Venezuelan and Nicaraguan nationals.
The Paris-based press freedom group Reporters Without Borders released a statement on 29 June stating that, "The suspension or closure of local and international broadcast media indicates that the coup leaders want to hide what is happening".
Carlos Lauría of the New York-based Committee to Protect Journalists said: "The de facto government clearly used the security forces to restrict the news... Hondurans did not know what was going on. They clearly acted to create an information vacuum to keep people unaware of what was actually happening". However, in an interview published on 9 July 2009 in The Washington Post, Ramón Custodio López, Honduras's human rights ombudsman, said he had received no official complaints from journalists: "This is the first I have heard about an occupation or military raid of a station", he said. "I try to do the best job I can, but there are things that escape my knowledge".
Aftermath
There were demonstrations supporting and opposing Zelaya's removal from power. The Zelaya administration was investigated and prosecuted in the absence of Zelaya. Some organisations reported human rights violations and media restrictions.
Zelaya made two open attempts to return to the country, which were rebuffed; he eventually returned clandestinely and sought asylum in the Brazilian embassy in Tegucigalpa. Negotiations between the coup government and those seeking Zelaya's restitution continued a rocky path; although both sides signed the San José-Tegucigalpa-Guaymuras Accord both had differing interpretations as to the implications for Zelaya's restitution. Some Hondurans hoped to move past the coup through the elections of 29 November 2009.
In June 2019, Zelaya presented in Tegucigalpa a book describing his ouster entitled "El Golpe 28J".
In May 2011, after more than one and a half years in exile in the Dominican Republic, Zelaya was allowed to return to Honduras. Following his return on 28 May, the Organization of American States was to vote on readmitting Honduras to its body.
In July 2011, Honduras's Truth Commission concluded that Zelaya broke the law when he disregarded the Supreme Court ruling ordering him to cancel the referendum, but that his removal from office was illegal and a coup. The designation by Congress of Roberto Micheletti as interim president was ruled by the commission as unconstitutional and his administration as a "de facto regime."
, the coup had weakened democratic institutions such, that along with corruption and police impunity, state security forces persecuted coup opponents, peasants, indigenous protesters and others, and the crime rate increased massively. In this context more than 13,000 Honduran children crossed U.S. borders from October 2013 until May 2014, a 1272% increase compared to 2009.
That same year, Senate Armed Services Committee Chair Carl Levin asked the U.S. Defense Department Office of the Inspector General to investigate charges that the William Perry Center for Hemispheric Defense Studies , the educational arm of U.S. Southern Command located at the National Defense University in Washington, D.C., had actively promoted the coup declared illegal by President Obama but remained unpunished.
Following the coup, trends of decreasing poverty were reversed. The nation saw a poverty increase of 13.2 percent and in extreme poverty of 26.3 percent in just 3 years. Furthermore, unemployment grew between 2008 and 2012 from 6.8 percent to 14.1 percent.
In 2021, Zelaya's wife Xiomara Castro de Zelaya, who ran for president in two previous Honduras elections, would be elected as Honduras' first female President. However, by this point in time, the Zelayas were no longer members of the Liberal Party of Honduras and had since formed a separate party called the Libre, or Free Party.
WikiLeaks documents
On 28 November 2010, the organisation WikiLeaks began releasing 251,287 confidential documents, which detail correspondence between the U.S. State Department and U.S. embassies around the world. Among these is a cable written by U.S. Ambassador Hugo Llorens in late July 2009, which analyzes the legality of the removal of Zelaya under the Honduran constitution. Llorens concluded that although Zelaya might "have committed illegalities and...even violated the constitution", "there is no doubt that the military, Supreme Court and National Congress conspired on June 28 in what constituted an illegal and unconstitutional coup against the Executive Branch". The US Congressional Research Service, a non-partisan congressional committee, however found the interpretation and application of the Honduran constitution that led to the removal of Jose Manuel Zelaya Rosales to be legal. Emails released later show that the 2009 removal was supported by Hillary Clinton's State Department by not recognizing it as coup in order to maintain U.S. aid to the Honduran people. Clinton and her team worked behind the scenes to stall military and economic efforts by neighboring countries through the Organization of American States to restore Manuel Zelaya to office. "The OAS meeting today turned into a non-event — just as we hoped," wrote one senior State Department official, celebrating their success in defusing what they judged would have been a violent or destabilizing restoration. Secretary Clinton had also helped organize elections where she, Latin American leaders and diplomats, in her own words "strategized on a plan to restore order in Honduras and ensure that free and fair elections could be held quickly and legitimately, which would render the question of Zelaya moot".
Public opinion
See also
Grupo Paz y Democracia
References
2009 Honduran constitutional crisis
Military coups in Honduras
Honduras
Coup d'etat
Honduran Coup d'etat
Battles and conflicts without fatalities
June 2009 events in North America |
6902221 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion%20Boyars%20Publishers | Marion Boyars Publishers | Marion Boyars Publishers is an independent publishing company located in Great Britain, publishing books that focus on the humanities and social sciences. The company was formed in 1975. When
Marion Boyars died in 1999, her daughter Catheryn Kilgarriff took over and is currently the managing director of the company.
Imprints
Prospect Books
Prospect Books is a publisher of books and periodicals on cooking, food history and anthropology, and sometimes horticulture, notably Petits Propos Culinaires. It was founded in 1979 by Alan Davidson and his wife Jane Davidson. Prospect Books was owned by Tom Jaine from 1993 until 2014, when it was acquired by Marion Boyars Publishers.
References
External links
Marion Boyars Publishers (official site)
Catheryn Kilgarriff -- publisher (Marion Boyars) (8 January 2007) in Conversations in the Book Trade
Book publishing companies of the United Kingdom |
17329017 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prodancha | Prodancha | Prodancha () is a small village in Tran Municipality, Pernik Province. It is located in western Bulgaria, 67 km from the capital city of Sofia. The village's name was first attested in 1447 as Prodancha; 15th–17th century sources also hint at the variants Prodankovitsa and Prodantsi. The name stems from the personal name Prodan, its affectionate derivative Prodancho or its derivative adjective Prodancha in an accusative–genitive form.
References
Villages in Pernik Province |
17329020 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hkayazahkuso | Hkayazahkuso | Hkayazahkuso is a village in Chipwi Township in Myitkyina District in the Kachin State of north-eastern Burma.
References
External links
Satellite map at Maplandia.com
Populated places in Kachin State
Chipwi Township |
23572484 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auf%20der%20L%C3%BCneburger%20Heide | Auf der Lüneburger Heide | The song Auf der Lüneburger Heide ("On the Lüneburg Heath") was composed in 1912 by Ludwig Rahlfs based on a poem from the collection Der kleine Rosengarten ("The Little Rose Garden") by Hermann Löns.
It is often played at folk festivals in this region of north Germany and is also frequently part of the repertoire of local choral societies.
It gained fame outside the Lüneburg Heath as a result of the 1951 film Grün ist die Heide ("Green is the Heath") with Kurt Reimann as the singer and the 1972 film of the same name in which Roy Black sings the heathland song. Various musicians have publicised their own interpretations of the song, for example the tenor Rudolf Schock on his CD Stimme für Millionen ("Voice for Millions"). The Slovenian industrial band Laibach used the song in 1988 on their cover version of the Beatles album Let It be, where under the title Maggie Mae, instead of the folk song used by the Beatles an unfamiliar version of Auf der Lüneburger Heide (first and third verses) may be heard.
Text and English translation
External links
Link with text and melody
Auf der Lüneburger Heide by Paul Biste.
Information about the poet Hermann Löns
Auf der Lüneburger Heide on YouTube by Heino.
Regional songs
Volkslied
Lüneburg Heath |
17329031 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Bird%27s%20Nest%20%28house%29 | The Bird's Nest (house) | The Bird's Nest is a historic house at 526 Broadway at the One Mile Corner junction in Newport, Rhode Island, not far from the city line with Middletown. It is a -story wood-frame structure, three bays wide and two deep, with a gable roof and a large central chimney. A two-story ell extends from the rear of the house, and there are smaller additions which further enlarge the house by small amounts. An early 20th-century garage stands behind the house. The oldest portion of the house is estimated to have been built between 1725 and 1750, with most of the alterations coming in the 19th century, giving the house a vernacular mix of Federal, Greek Revival, and Gothic Revival elements. It was given its name by Dr. Rowland Hazard, who bought the property in the 1840s and used it as a summer retreat.
The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Newport County, Rhode Island
References
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Rhode Island
Houses in Newport, Rhode Island
National Register of Historic Places in Newport, Rhode Island |
23572498 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research%20Chair%20in%20Naval%20History | Research Chair in Naval History | The United States Secretary of the Navy's Research Chair in Naval History was established in 1987 by the then Naval Historical Center, Department of the Navy (now known as the Naval History & Heritage Command). This competitive appointment was designed to support, for up to three years, a scholar in researching and writing a major monograph on the history of the U.S. Navy since 1945.
Past holders of this chair include:
1987–1988 Dr. Malcolm "Kip" Muir
1988–1989
1989–1990 Dr. William N. Still, Jr.
1990–1991 Dr. Christopher McKee
1991–1992 Dr. James Recknor
2003 John C. Reilly Jr.
References
External links
Naval History and Heritage Command official website
+
+
Naval History and Heritage Command |
17329032 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hkinchit | Hkinchit | Hkinchit is a village in Chipwi Township in Myitkyina District in the Kachin State of north-eastern Burma.
References
External links
Satellite map at Maplandia.com
Populated places in Kachin State
Chipwi Township |
17329040 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme%20Justice%20%28film%29 | Extreme Justice (film) | Extreme Justice is a 1993 American action thriller film directed by Mark L. Lester and starring Lou Diamond Phillips, Scott Glenn, and Chelsea Field. Originally intended to be released theatrically in April 1993, Trimark Pictures cancelled its release due to the 1992 Los Angeles riots and shifted the film to air on HBO on June 26, 1993; the film was first theatrically released in the Philippines on May 5, 1993.
Plot
After an incident where he used questionable police tactics, Jeff Powers (Lou Diamond Phillips) is placed on probation. Upon hearing of his probation, a friend from the force later invites Jeff to join the Special Investigation Section, an elite and highly secretive Los Angeles Police Department(LAPD) unit designed to track and shut down high-profile criminals. Jeff discovers that the group is actually a group of rogue cops who actually function like an unofficially sanctioned death squad, and are given wide latitude in dealing with criminals. Although their official mission is to survey criminals and arrest them in the act of committing a crime, the squad often resorts to brutality and murder to dispatch the subjects they are supposed to arrest.
Jeff questions the purpose of the squad and begins to see them as more of a harm to society than a positive force for justice. When he tries to bring evidence of the squad's abuse of power, he learns that the squad is protected by well-connected and very influential people who already know and condone the squad's methods. Jeff's former teammates in the squad begin to suspect that Jeff has turned on them and decide to take measures to eliminate him before he can expose their activities to the public.
Cast
Lou Diamond Phillips as Detective Jeff Powers
Scott Glenn as Detective Dan Vaughn
Chelsea Field as Kelly Daniels
Yaphet Kotto as Detective Larson
Andrew Divoff as Angel
Richard Grove as Lloyd
William Lucking as Cusak
L. Scott Caldwell as Devlin
Larry Holt as Reese
Daniel Quinn as Bobby Lewis, The Surfer
Thomas Rosales Jr. as Chavez (as Tom Rosales)
Ed Frias as Herrera
Jay Arlen Jones as Nash
Adam Gifford as Speer
Jophery C. Brown as Vince
Stephen Root as Max Alvarez
Sonia Lopes as Rosa Rodrigues
Ed Lauter as Captain Shafer
See also
Magnum Force - the second film in the Dirty Harry series
References
External links
1993 films
1993 action thriller films
American action thriller films
American police detective films
Films directed by Mark L. Lester
Films scored by David Michael Frank
Films set in Los Angeles
1990s English-language films
1990s American films |
17329046 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kjartan%20Haugen | Kjartan Haugen | Kjartan Nesbakken Haugen (born March 6, 1975, in Trondheim) is a disabled Norwegian cross-country skier. He won a gold medal at the 2002 Winter Paralympics for 5 km and another gold at the 2006 Winter Paralympics as part of the Norwegian relay team. He also won a bronze in 2002 and a bronze and a silver at the 1998 Games. He is a Right to Play ambassador. Haugen participated at the 2022 Winter Paralympics.
References
External links
1975 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Trondheim
Norwegian male cross-country skiers
Paralympic cross-country skiers of Norway
Paralympic gold medalists for Norway
Paralympic silver medalists for Norway
Paralympic bronze medalists for Norway
Paralympic medalists in cross-country skiing
Cross-country skiers at the 1998 Winter Paralympics
Cross-country skiers at the 2002 Winter Paralympics
Cross-country skiers at the 2006 Winter Paralympics
Cross-country skiers at the 2022 Winter Paralympics
Medalists at the 1998 Winter Paralympics
Medalists at the 2002 Winter Paralympics
Medalists at the 2006 Winter Paralympics
Medalists at the 2022 Winter Paralympics |
6902223 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian%20Dominican%20Sisters | Adrian Dominican Sisters | The Adrian Dominican Sisters is a Catholic religious institute of Dominican sisters in the United States. Their motherhouse is in Adrian, Michigan.
Current Mission
The Congregation serves in ministries education, health care, pastoral and retreat ministry, the arts, social work, ecology, and peace and justice advocacy. Adrian Dominicans serve in these ministries in 22 U.S. states and three countries: Dominican Republic, the Philippines, and Norway.
The Adrian Dominican Sisters have an Associate Life program consisting of women and men who make a non-vowed commitment to the Congregation, sharing in the mission and vision of the vowed members and in the Dominican spirituality. The Congregation sponsors two universities, two hospitals in the Dignity Health system, an elementary school, a high school, and seven literacy centers.
History
The Dominican Sisters of Adrian, Michigan trace their origin to Holy Cross Convent in Regensburg (Ratisbon), Bavaria, a convent established in 1233.
In 1853 four Sisters from this convent were sent to New York in response to a request for Sisters to provide religious education for German immigrant children. These Sisters settled on Montrose Avenue in the Williamsburg section of New York City. Another convent was later established on Second Street in Manhattan. From this congregation Sisters were sent to St. Mary Parish (1879) and St. Joseph Parish (1880) in Adrian, Michigan. In 1899, the Second Street convent moved to Newburgh, New York.
In 1884 additional Sisters were sent to Adrian to establish a hospital for injured railroad workers. Adrian became a province of the Newburgh Congregation, with Camilla Madden as the Provincial. As the need for the hospital diminished, Mother Camilla turned to education and opened St. Joseph Academy in 1896. Students came in large numbers to this boarding school and the province grew rapidly with new members. At the same time the Congregation was called upon to staff other schools in Michigan, Illinois, Ohio, and New Mexico.
In 1923, through the efforts of Mother Emmanuel Phelan of Newburgh and Mother Camilla Madden, canonical separation of the Adrian province from Newburgh was achieved. Bishop Michael Gallagher of Detroit and Archbishop (later Cardinal) Patrick Hayes of New York agreed to the separation. Mother Camilla Madden became the first Mother General of the new independent congregation in Adrian, a position she held for only six months prior to her death in 1924. At this time the Congregation numbered 440 members.
The Congregation and its ministries grew during this time. Education continued to be a major endeavor during these years. The Congregation also developed ministries in social service, particularly in parish visitation, and opened three hospitals, two in Santa Cruz, California (now consolidated at Dominican Santa Cruz Hospital) and one in Henderson, Nevada: St. Rose Dominican Hospital - Rose de Lima Campus. Today there are two additional campuses in Southern Nevada — the Siena (2000) and the San Martín (2006) campuses. Mother Camilla opened St. Joseph College in Adrian (now Siena Heights University) during her time as provincial. Mother Gerald Barry expanded the Congregation’s ministry in higher education by opening Barry University in 1940. She also built a House of Studies at The Catholic University of America to accommodate sisters studying for advanced degrees. The Congregation grew to over 2,000 members.
Under the leadership of Mother Gerald, the Congregation achieved pontifical status in 1944 and extended its ministries overseas — to the Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, and Peru. In 1959, as the Congregation grew in numbers, it was divided into five provinces with headquarters in Detroit, Michigan (2), Chicago, Illinois, West Palm Beach, Florida, and Santa Cruz, California. In addition there was an Overseas Vicariate and a Motherhouse Vicariate. Over the years of leadership of Mother Gerald and her successor, Mother Genevieve Weber, the Congregation served in the formation of two new Congregations: the Glenmary Sisters (originally located in Cincinnati, Ohio) and the Dominican Sisters of Our Lady of Remedies (Pampanga, Philippines).
Since Vatican II
The Adrian Dominican Congregation entered into its General Chapter of Renewal in 1968 after the Second Vatican Council. This was a time of transition as it was for all United States congregations of women religious. General Councilors became full-time participants with the Prioresses in directing the life in mission of the Congregation. Over the years, Sisters Nadine Foley and Donna Markham were elected president of the Leadership Conference of Women Religious in the United States during their terms as Prioress. Sisters Nadine Foley and Patricia Walter have represented United States women religious on the Council of the International Union of Superiors General. Sister Nadine Foley also wrote chapter 15 of Transforming the Faiths of our Fathers: Women who Changed American Religion (2004), edited by Ann Braude.
Acting upon the directives sent from Rome after Vatican Council II, the Congregation developed new Constitutions that received approval on April 29, 1989. This Constitution and Statutes replaced earlier ones approved in 1937 and 1944. The Constitution incorporated a new governance organization based on Mission Chapters (equivalent to provinces) headed by Chapter Prioresses (provincials). The latter, with the General Council, constitute a Leadership Council which directs the mission of the Congregation.
Since Vatican Council II, the Adrian Dominican Sisters have continued their ministries in education and healthcare and expanded to include professional ministries such as university presidents, hospital administrators, directors of literacy centers, directors of theological programs, theologians and professors of theology, liturgical artists, diocesan directors of schools, parish directors of religious education, and retreat directors. The Congregation's Ministry Trust fund helps to support projects and ministries of Adrian Dominican Sisters that aid economically poor people, and offer spiritual renewal.
Mergers
In 2003, the 55 sisters of the Congregation of Holy Cross in Edmonds, Washington merged with the Adrian Dominican Sisters. The Edmonds Dominicans share a common heritage with the Adrian Dominicans as they too were founded in 1923 by sisters from Holy Cross Convent in Regensburg.
In 2011, the Dominican Sisters of Our Lady of Remedies of San Fernando, Pampanga, Philippines also merged with the Adrian Dominican Sisters, forming the eighth "Mission Chapter" or unit of governance of the Congregation. In a coming around full circle, the community in the Philippines that got its start in partnership with the Adrian Dominican Sisters decided to merge with the Congregation. The Sisters became a Mission Chapter of the Congregation in November 2011: the Our Lady of Remedies Mission Chapter.
Leadership
In 2016, the Congregation's General Chapter elected Sister Patricia Siemen, OP, as Prioress; Sister Mary Margaret Pachucki, OP, as Vicaress; Sister Frances Nadolny, OP, as Administrator; and Sisters Patricia Harvat, OP, and Elise D. Garcia, OP, as General Councilors. The Chapter delegates also approved four Enactments that they will focus on through General Chapter 2022: deepening their spirituality and engaging with others in prayer and presence; sacrificing to mitigate their impact on climate change and ecological devastation; facilitating and participating in resilient communities with people who are relegated to the margins; and deepening their relationships with one another, inviting others to vowed and Associate life, and expanding collaboration.
Membership and geographic scope
In December 2020, nine retired sisters died from COVID-19, six within a 48-hour period. While this made national news, it was not untypical of rest homes elsewhere in the United States.
As of January 2021, the Congregation has 507 Sisters and 215 lay Associates, who minister throughout the United States as well as in the Dominican Republic, Norway, and the Philippines.
Shareholder activism
The Adrian Dominican Sisters led shareholder activism efforts, including in the areas of executive compensation, climate change, the rights of indigenous peoples, and gun control. Sister Judith Byron, OP is a member with the Adrian Dominican Sisters and the Interfaith Center on Corporate Responsibility, and serves as a consultant to the Adrian Dominican Sisters' Portfolio Advisory Board and as director of The Northwest Coalition for Responsible Investment, a coalition of religious communities and health care systems. The Adrian Dominican Sisters introduced shareholder resolutions asking firearms manufacturers American Outdoor Brands Corporation (the parent company of Smith & Wesson) and Sturm, Ruger & Co. and retailer Dick's Sporting Goods to report to investors regarding the steps they are taking to reduce gun violence.
The Adrian Dominican Sisters purchased 200 shares of American Outdoor Brands Corporation (AOBC), the minimum holding needed to qualify to formally submit shareholder resolutions. American Outdoor Brands Corporation opposed the resolution. Investors approved the resolution. On February 8, 2019 American Outdoor Brands Corporation released a 20-page report, which said, in summary, "AOBC’s reputation among firearm buyers and Second Amendment supporters is more critical to the success of the Company and the enhancement of shareholder value than its reputation among industry detractors and special interest groups with a political agenda."
The Adrian Dominican Sisters purchased $2000 worth of shares of Sturm, Ruger & Co. in order to qualify to formally submit shareholder resolutions. The resolution was co-filed by the Adrian Dominican Sisters and Catholic Health Initiatives. Ruger opposed the resolution. BlackRock, the world's largest asset manager and Ruger's largest investor, and Institutional Shareholder Services and Glass Lewis, the two most important shareholder advisory firms in the United States, supported the resolution. At Ruger's annual meeting on May 9, 2018 69% of shareholders voted in favor and Ruger said they would heed the resolution. The Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence called the vote a "first-of-its-kind victory."
The Adrian Dominican Sisters were among shareholders that helped influence retailer Dick's Sporting Goods to stop selling AR-15 style rifles at its Field & Stream stores.
Sponsored Institutions
Educational Institutions
Regina Dominican High School (Wilmette, Illinois)
Rosarian Academy (West Palm Beach, Florida)
Barry University (Miami Shores, Florida)
Siena Heights University (Adrian, Michigan)
Hospitals
Dominican Hospital (Santa Cruz, California)
St. Rose Dominican Hospitals (Henderson-Las Vegas, Nevada)
Literacy Centers
Adrian Rea Literacy Center (Adrian, Michigan)
All Saints Literacy Center (Detroit, Michigan)
Aquinas Literacy Center (Chicago, Illinois)
DePorres Place (West Palm Beach, Florida)
Dominican Literacy Center (Detroit, Michigan)
N.E.W. Life Literacy Center (Flint, Michigan)
Siena Literacy Center (Detroit, Michigan)
Mothers General/Prioresses
The following Sisters have served as either Mother General or Prioress of the Congregation:
Mother Camilla Madden 1923–1924 (Provincial, 1892–1923)
Mother Augustine Walsh 1924–1933
Mother Gerald Barry 1933–1961
Mother Genevieve Weber 1962-1968
Sister Rosemary Ferguson 1968–1978
Sister Carol Johannes 1978–1986
Sister Nadine Foley 1986–1992
Sister Patricia Walter 1992–1998
Sister Janet Capone 1998–2004
Sister Donna Markham 2004–2010
Sister Attracta Kelly 2010–2016
Sister Patricia Siemen 2016–2022
References
Congregations of Dominican Sisters
Religious organizations established in the 1230s
Adrian, Michigan
Barry University
Siena Heights University
Christian religious orders established in the 13th century
Catholic religious institutes established in the 20th century
Catholic organizations established in the 20th century |
23572499 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matcha | Matcha | is finely ground powder of specially grown and processed green tea leaves, traditionally consumed in East Asia. The green tea plants used for matcha are shade-grown for three to four weeks before harvest; the stems and veins are removed during processing. During shaded growth, the plant Camellia sinensis produces more theanine and caffeine. The powdered form of matcha is consumed differently from tea leaves or tea bags, as it is suspended in a liquid, typically water or milk.
The traditional Japanese tea ceremony centers on the preparation, serving and drinking of matcha as hot tea, and embodies a meditative spirituality. In modern times, matcha is also used to flavor and dye foods, such as mochi and soba noodles, green tea ice cream, matcha lattes and a variety of Japanese wagashi confectionery.
Matcha used in ceremonies is referred to as ceremonial-grade, meaning that the powder is of a high enough quality to be used in the tea ceremony. Lower-quality matcha is referred to as culinary-grade, but no standard industry definition or requirements exist for matcha.
Blends of matcha are given poetic names known as chamei ("tea names") either by the producing plantation, shop, or creator of the blend, or by the grand master of a particular tea tradition. When a blend is named by the grand master of a tea ceremony lineage, it becomes known as the master's konomi.
History
In China during the Tang dynasty (618–907), tea leaves were steamed and formed into tea bricks for storage and trade. The tea was prepared by roasting and pulverizing the tea, decocting the resulting tea powder in hot water, and then adding salt. During the Song dynasty (960–1279), the method of making powdered tea from steam-prepared dried tea leaves and preparing the beverage by whipping the tea powder and hot water together in a bowl became popular.
Preparation and consumption of powdered tea was formed into a ritual by Chan Buddhists. The earliest extant Chan monastic code, titled Chanyuan Qinggui (Rules of Purity for the Chan Monastery, 1103), describes in detail the etiquette for tea ceremonies.
Zen Buddhism and methods of preparing powdered tea were brought to Japan by Eisai in 1191. In Japan, it became an important item at Zen monasteries, and from the 14th through the 16th centuries, it was highly appreciated by members of the upper echelons of society.
Production
Matcha is made from shade-grown tea leaves that also are used to make gyokuro. The preparation of matcha starts several weeks before harvest and may last up to 20 days, when the tea bushes are covered to prevent direct sunlight. This slows down growth, stimulates an increase in chlorophyll levels, turns the leaves a darker shade of green, and causes the production of amino acids, in particular theanine. After harvesting, if the leaves are rolled up before drying as in the production of sencha (煎茶), the result will be gyokuro (jade dew) tea. If the leaves are laid out flat to dry, however, they will crumble somewhat and become known as tencha (). Then, tencha may be deveined, destemmed, and stone-ground to the fine, bright green, talc-like powder known as matcha.
Grinding the leaves is a slow process because the mill stones must not get too warm, lest the aroma of the leaves be altered. Up to one hour may be needed to grind 30 grams of matcha.
The flavour of matcha is dominated by its amino acids. The highest grades of matcha have a more intense sweetness and deeper flavour than the standard or coarser grades of tea harvested later in the year.
Tencha
Tencha refers to green tea leaves that have not yet been ground into fine powder as matcha, as the leaves are instead left to dry rather than be kneaded. Since the leaves' cell walls are still intact, brewing tencha tea results in a pale green brew, which has a more mellow taste compared to other green tea extracts, and only the highest grade of tencha leaves can brew to its fullest flavor. Tencha leaves are half the weight of other tea leaves such as sencha and gyokuro so most tencha brews require double the number of leaves. About an hour is needed to grind 40 to 70 g of tencha leaves into matcha, and matcha does not retain its freshness as long as tencha in powder form because powder begins to oxidize. Drinking and brewing tencha is traditionally prohibited by the Japanese tea ceremony.
Grades
Commercial considerations, especially outside Japan, have increasingly seen matcha marketed according to "grades", indicating quality.
Of the following terms "ceremonial grade" is not recognised in Japan but "food grade" or "culinary grade" are.
Ceremonial grade designates tea for its use in tea ceremonies and Buddhist temples. All must be able to be used in koicha (濃茶), a "thick tea" with a high proportion of powder to water used in traditional tea ceremony.
Premium grade is high-quality matcha green tea that contains young tea leaves from the top of the tea plant. Best for daily consumption, it is characterized by a fresh, subtle flavor, usually perfect for both new and everyday matcha drinkers alike.
Cooking/culinary grade is the cheapest of all. Suitable for cooking purposes, smoothies etc. It is slightly bitter due to factors such as its production from leaves lower down on the tea plant, terroir, the time of harvest, or the process of its manufacture.
In general, matcha is expensive compared to other forms of green tea, although its price depends on its quality. Higher grades are pricier due to the production methods and younger leaves used, and thus they have a more delicate flavour, and are more suited to be enjoyed as tea.
Like other forms of green tea, all grades of matcha have the potential health benefits and risks associated with the Camellia sinensis plant (the human clinical evidence is still limited), while the nutrient content varies depending on climate, season, horticultural practices, plant variety, manufacturing methods and the age of the leaf, i.e., the position of the leaf on the harvested shoot. Catechin concentration is highly dependent on leaf age (the leaf bud and the first leaf are richest in epigallocatechin gallate), but catechin levels also vary greatly between plant varieties and whether the plants are grown in shade.
Chemical compositions of various grades of matcha were studied, with the results showing that the contents of caffeine, free amino acids, theanine, and vitamin C decreased with the decreasing price of matcha.
Another study examined the chemical components of tencha (from which matcha is made), and showed that higher grade teas contained greater amounts of total amino acids, theanine, and other individual amino acids. On the other hand, the high grade teas contained lower amounts of total catechins than lower grade teas (epigallocatechin (EGC) and epicatechin (EC) contents were greater in lower grade teas, while those of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and epicatechin gallate (ECG) did not seem to correlate with tea grade), with the conclusion that the EGCG/EGC ratio reflected the quality of matcha more effectively than the EGC or total catechin contents. The relationship between the grade of tencha and caffeine contents seemed low. The chlorophyll contents were greater in the higher grade teas with a few exceptions, likely related to the strong shading used to cultivate high quality tencha.
The study also examined the chemical components of ceremonial grade matcha, industrial grade matcha (referring to powdered teas used in the food industry and cooking, and labelled matcha), and other powdered green tea samples (like sencha and gyokuro). The prices of industrial matcha were ＞600 Yen/100 g, and the prices of ceremonial matcha were ＞3,000 Yen/100 g. On the other hand, prices of powdered green tea were ＜600 Yen/100 g. The prices ranged from 8,100 Yen/100 g (ceremonial grade) to 170 Yen/100 g (powdered sencha). Samples of matcha for tea ceremonies were characterized by high contents of theanine (＞1.8 g/100 g), and high ratios of EGCG/EGC (＞3.2 g/100 g). On the other hand, for the industrial grade matcha samples and powdered green teas, the theanine contents and EGCG/EGC ratios were ＜1.7 g/100 g and ＜3.3 g/100 g, respectively. The contents of chlorophyll of matcha for tea ceremonies were ＞250 mg/100 g, and of most of the other samples were ＜260 mg/100 g. Although no difference was found between the theanine contents and EGCG/EGC ratios of industrial grade matcha and powdered green teas, the chlorophyll contents in industrial grade matcha tended to be higher than those of powdered green tea.
Location on the tea bush
Where leaves destined for tencha are picked on the tea bush is vital for different grades of matcha. The young developing leaves on the top of the plant, that are soft and supple, are used for higher grades of matcha, resulting in a finer texture and flavour. For the lower grades, older more developed leaves are used, giving them a sandy texture and slightly bitter flavour.
Treatment before processing
Traditionally, sencha leaves are dried outside in the shade and are never exposed to direct sunlight; however, now drying has mostly moved indoors. Quality matcha is vibrantly green as a result of this treatment.
Stone grinding
Without the correct equipment and technique, matcha can become "burnt" and suffer degraded quality. Typically, in Japan, it is stone-ground to a fine powder through the use of specially designed granite stone mills.
Oxidation
Oxidation is also a factor in determining grade. Matcha exposed to oxygen may easily become compromised. Oxidized matcha has a distinctive hay-like smell, and a dull brownish-green colour.
Traditional preparation
The two main ways of preparing matcha are and the less common .
Prior to use, the matcha is often forced through a sieve to break up clumps. Special sieves are available for this purpose, which are usually stainless steel and combine a fine wire-mesh sieve and a temporary storage container. A special wooden spatula is used to force the tea through the sieve, or a small, smooth stone may be placed on top of the sieve and the device shaken gently.
If the sieved matcha is to be served at a Japanese tea ceremony, then it will be placed into a small tea caddy known as a chaki. Otherwise, it can be scooped directly from the sieve into a chawan.
About 2–4 grams of matcha is placed into the bowl, traditionally using a bamboo scoop called a chashaku, and then about 60–80 ml of hot water are added.
While other fine Japanese teas such as gyokuro are prepared using water cooled as low as 40 °C, in Japan, matcha is commonly prepared with water just below the boiling point although temperatures as low as 70–85 °C or 158–185 °F are similarly recommended.
Usucha, or thin tea, is prepared with about 1.75 g (amounting to heaped chashaku scoop, or about half a teaspoon) of matcha and about of hot water per serving, which can be whisked to produce froth or not, according to the drinker's preference (or to the traditions of the particular school of tea). Usucha creates a lighter and slightly more bitter tea.
Koicha, or thick tea, requires significantly more matcha (usually about doubling the powder and halving the water): about 3.75 g (amounting to 3 heaped chashaku scoops, or about one teaspoon) of matcha and 40 ml (1.3 fl oz) of hot water per serving, or as many as 6 teaspoons to cups of water. Because the resulting mixture is significantly thicker (with a similar consistency to liquid honey), blending it requires a slower, stirring motion that does not produce foam. Koicha is normally made with more expensive matcha from older tea trees (exceeding 30 years), thus producing a milder and sweeter tea than usucha. It is served almost exclusively as part of Japanese tea ceremonies.
The mixture of water and tea powder is whisked to a uniform consistency using a bamboo whisk known as a chasen. No lumps should be left in the liquid, and no ground tea should remain on the sides of the bowl. Because matcha may be bitter, it is traditionally served with a small wagashi sweet (intended to be consumed before drinking), but without added milk or sugar. It is usually considered that 40 g of matcha provides for 20 bowls of usucha or 10 bowls of koicha:
Other uses
It is used in castella, manjū, and monaka; as a topping for shaved ice (kakigōri); mixed with milk and sugar as a drink; and mixed with salt and used to flavour tempura in a mixture known as matcha-jio. It is also used as flavouring in many Western-style chocolates, candy, and desserts, such as cakes and pastries, including Swiss rolls and cheesecake, cookies, pudding, mousse, and green tea ice cream. Matcha frozen yogurt is sold in shops and can be made at home using Greek yogurt. The Japanese snacks Pocky and Kit Kats have matcha-flavoured versions. It may also be mixed into other forms of tea. For example, it is added to genmaicha to form matcha-iri genmaicha (literally, roasted brown rice and green tea with added matcha).
The use of matcha in modern drinks has also spread to North American cafés, such as Starbucks, which introduced "green tea lattes" and other matcha-flavoured drinks after they became successful in their Japanese store locations. As in Japan, it has become integrated into lattes, iced drinks, milkshakes, and smoothies.
Basic matcha teaware
The equipment required for the making of matcha is:
Large enough to whisk the fine powder tea around
A bamboo whisk with fine bristles to whisk or whip the tea foam
A bamboo spoon to measure the powder tea into the tea bowl (not the same as a Western teaspoon)
A container for the matcha powder tea
A small cotton cloth for cleaning teaware during the tea ceremony
Health effects
As matcha is a concentrated form of green tea, it has been reputed by enthusiasts for centuries that matcha possesses stronger health benefits associated with green tea. Caffeine is more concentrated in matcha, but the main matcha constituent expected to have a stress-reducing effect is theanine. Theanine is the most abundant amino acid in green tea, and together with succinic acid, gallic acid and theogallin is what gives matcha its umami flavor. Compared to traditional green tea, the production of matcha requires the tea leaves to be protected from sunlight. Shading results in an increase in caffeine, total free amino acids, including theanine, but also reduces the accumulation of flavonoids (catechins) in leaves.
Theanine's stress-reducing effects were tested at Japan's University of Shizuoka, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, where studies show that laboratory mice that consumed more than 33 mg/kg of matcha had significantly suppressed adrenal hypertrophy, a symptom that shows sensitivity to stress. The School of Pharmaceutical Sciences also tested the stress-reducing effects on university students and confirmed that students who ingested 3 grams of matcha in 500 ml of room-temperature water had reduced anxiety (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory or STAI), than students who consumed placebo.
See also
Green tea
Food powder
Notes
References
External links
Chadō
Chinese tea
Food powders
Green tea
Japanese tea
Tang dynasty |
23572500 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard%20Roy | Bernard Roy | Bernard Roy (; 15 March 1934 – 28 October 2017) was an emeritus professor at the Université Paris-Dauphine. In 1974 he founded the "Laboratoire d'Analyse et de Modélisation des Systèmes pour l'Aide à la Décision" (Lamsade). He was President of Association of European Operational Research Societies from 1985 to 1986. In 1992 he was awarded the EURO Gold Medal, the highest distinction within Operations Research in Europe. In 2015 he received the EURO Distinguished Service Award.
He worked on graph theory and on multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA), having created the ELECTRE family of methods. The name ELECTRE stands for "ELimination Et Choix Traduisant la REalité".
References
External links
Biography of Bernard Roy from the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences
1934 births
2017 deaths
University of Paris faculty
French mathematicians |
17329052 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci-Fi%20on%20the%20Rock | Sci-Fi on the Rock | Sci-Fi on the Rock is an annual science fiction, fantasy and horror festival held in St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada. It was founded by Darren Hann and Melanie Collins in mid-to-late 2006, and held its first festival in 2007. Since its first year, Sci-Fi on the Rock has been a completely volunteer organized non-profit event.
History
It began in 2007 at the Hotel Mount Pearl, moving on to be housed in the Holiday Inn in St. John's as of April 2008. The convention made another move in 2016 to the Sheraton Hotel Newfoundland. The festival has had a number a notable guests both from Newfoundland and beyond, including science-fiction author Kenneth Tam (Defense Command, His Majesty's New World), comic-book artist Paul Tucker (The Underworld Railroad, Google John Smith), actor Brian Downey (Lexx, Millennium), actor Jeremy Bulloch (The Empire Strikes Back, Octopussy), author William Meikle (The Midnight Eye series), horror author Matthew LeDrew (Black Womb, Roulette) and author Shannon Patrick Sullivan (The Dying Days).
First Festival
Sci-Fi on the Rock's first festival was held on April 1, 2007 at the Hotel Mount Pearl (formerly Chateau Park) in Mount Pearl, Newfoundland. It featured special guest authors Kenneth Tam and Shannon Patrick Sullivan, and local business/fangroup, Vader Party. As well as featuring special guests, the festival featured workshops throughout the day including the popular "Lightsaber Techniques", "Basic Horror Make-Up for Film and Television" and "Costume Designing". In addition, there were a number of sales-and-display tables, and a number of competitions such as Video Games, Model Building, Costume Contest, and others. Sci-Fi on the Rock also featured a canteen with Sci-Fi related food (i.e.: "The Kirk Burger").
Having been planned and put off within only a few months, and with little publicity, Sci-Fi on the Rock's first festival was a surprise success with almost 500 people attending, and was covered in many local media pages, as well as internet sites.
Sci-Fi on the Rock II
As a result of the success of the first festival, Sci-Fi on the Rock organizers Darren Hann and Melanie Collins, as well as the now-larger organizing committee decided that the festival should be held again the following year and should be bigger. Around the summer of 2007, planning for Sci-Fi on the Rock II would commence.
The first change was time and place. It was increased from a one-day to a full weekend event, and was held in a larger venue. Sci-Fi on the Rock II was held at the Holiday Inn hotel in St. John's, on Saturday, April 19 and Sunday, April 20, 2008. As a kick-off to the festival, author Kenneth Tam was invited back as a special guest, and launched the first book in his new series The Grasslands on the evening before the festival. Other changes included the amount of publicity the festival received, and the structure of different competitions.
The list of special guests grew from three to seven, with Kenneth Tam and Vader Party returning for their second year, and the addition of authors Matthew LeDrew and Willie Meikle, comic-book artist Paul Tucker of Viper Comics, as well as the appearance of Celebrity Special Guests, actors Jeremy Bulloch, who notably played the bounty hunter Boba Fett from the Star Wars Franchise, and Brian Downey, who is perhaps best known for his role of Stanley Tweedle from Lexx: The Series.
Like the year before, Sci-Fi on the Rock II was met with positive reviews and overall success. In addition to more media coverage, both before and after the festival, the attendance increased to over 700—with a number of patrons coming from other parts of Canada, the United States and even the United Kingdom. The guests as well had an enjoyable time. Jeremy Bulloch commented on his website that "The people of Newfoundland are extremely friendly. It was only the second time that Darren had put the 'Sci-Fi on the Rock' show on, and it was very well attended. Lots of costumes and games for the children and it seemed that everyone was having a good time".
Sci-Fi on the Rock II featured a Charity Auction, which benefited the School Lunch Association. Items that had been placed for bid included a Limited Edition Star Wars T-shirt-and-Box Set which is not available in North America (donated by Jeremy Bulloch), a Lexx Prize pack, including many behind-the-scenes cuts and scripts (donated by Brian Downey), a Limited Edition Boba Fett action figure, personally autographed by Jeremy Bulloch, and a P.A.D.D. that was used on the set of Star Trek: The Next Generation (which was donated by an agent of one of the actors of the show).
Sci-Fi on the Rock III
Sci-Fi on the Rock had its third festival on April 25 and 26, 2009 at the Holiday Inn in St. John's once again. The special guest actors for this year were Vaughn Armstrong, who is perhaps best known as Admiral Maxwell Forrest from Star Trek: Enterprise, Christian Simpson, who notably played Lt. Gavyn Sykes in Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace and also worked on Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (as Old Fred Weasley), and Peter Mayhew who notably played Chewbacca the Wookiee in the Star Wars saga. Author guests included returning authors Kenneth Tam, Matthew LeDrew and Willie Meikle, and welcomed for the first time Louise Bohmer.
Following in the tradition of the previous year, the festival was upgraded due to the overwhelming response to the last festival to better accommodate the demand. Such changes included the addition of a third workshop room, which added around 20+ workshops to the festival. Other additions included the Cantina, a midnight movie, and website redesigns. This year also marked the first Fan Film that Sci-Fi on the Rock was involved with producing: Star Wars: Inner Demons.
Returning attractions included many of the workshops from the previous year, including Lightsaber Technique, Stage Combat, Star Wars, Transformers, Special Effect Make-up and others. The Charity Auction also returned, again aiding the School Lunch Association. Dinner with the Stars, an event where a limited number of guests are able to sit and enjoy a three-course meal with the special guest actors, also returned.
Sci-Fi on the Rock 3 was met with over a thousand visitors, and received many positive reviews from patrons.
Sci-Fi on the Rock IV
Sci-Fi on the Rock IV took place on April 17 and 18, 2010. Planning began in September 2009. The festival took place in its regular venue, the Holiday Inn. Special guests included actors Casey Biggs who played Damar on Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, Max Grodénchik who played Rom on Star Trek: Deep Space Nine and Nalini Krishan who is perhaps best known as Barris Offee, the Jedi Padawan to Lumiara Unduli, as well as authors Matthew LeDrew, Ellen Curtis, Dwain Campbell, Ira Nayman, Kevin Woolridge and Patti Kennedy. Actor Mike Savva was scheduled to attend, but as a result of the Icelandic Volcano eruptions and the resulting ash cloud over UK Airspace, he was unable to come to Newfoundland.
The 2010 festival again broke its previous record by having over 1200 people visit its attractions, beating the previous year's total of just over 1000. This was a twofold success, as this year the festival competed with the 2010 JUNO Awards. Besides growth in numbers, the festival grew in other ways. For example, in May 2009 (almost immediately following the past festival), Sci-Fi on the Rock opened an online store on their website. Also,
Due to the success of Hann Made Film's first fan-film, Star Wars: Inner Demons, Hann Made Films filmed another fan-film, this time a Stargate SG-1/Doctor Who crossover film, titled Replication. The film debuted at Sci-Fi on the Rock IV, to great reception again.
Also, Sci-Fi on the Rock and HannMade Films teamed up to create Sci-Fi on the Rock TV, a video magazine that provided festival updates on an "almost bi-weekly" basis. Season One of Sci-Fi on the Rock TV was hosted by Steve Lake and Ellen Curtis, and ran from September 11, 2009 to May 2010.
Season Two began in September 2010, with both hosts returning, until Ellen Curtis was replaced by Melanie Collins.
Sci-Fi on the Rock V
Sci-Fi on the Rock held its fifth festival on April 15, 16 and 17, 2011, making this year the first time the organization launched a festival that spanned three days. It was held again at the St. John's Holiday Inn, and was kicked off with a book launch from festival co-founder Darren Hann, followed by the festival's first ever film festival. Special guests who were in attendance this year were actor Mike Savva (who was scheduled to appear for Sci-Fi on the Rock IV but was waylaid due to Volcanic activity over UK airspace), actor Robert Axelrod (better known as the voice of Lord Zedd from the Power Rangers), actor David Nykl, known as Doctor Zelenka from Stargate Atlantis, actor John Garman "J. G." Hertzler (known in the Star Trek community for his role on Star Trek: Deep Space Nine (DS9) as the Klingon General, and later Chancellor, Martok) and Suzie Plakson who is an actress, singer, writer, poet, and artist, who has played four characters on various Star Trek series, including Worf's wife K'Ehleyr. Special guests also included returning authors Matthew Ledrew, Ellen Curtis, and actor/comic creator Kevin Woolridge, and welcomed newcomers Charles Picco from Todd and the Book of Pure Evil. Picco, a native Newfoundlander, is the co-creator/co-writer/executive story editor of Todd and The Book of Pure Evil, a comedy/horror series that previously aired on the Space Channel.
Like in previous years, the fifth festival beat its numbers from the previous year; while an exact figure is not yet known, it is estimated that around 1500 people visited the festival this year. Because this year marked the organization's fifth year, the festival staff introduced its first annual film festival, which commenced on the festival's opening night. Eleven films were submitted and screened, ten of which were from local film-makers, and one (X-Meeting) from Halifax, Nova Scotia. The winner of this film festival was a horror/comedy short called "Date With The Dead".
Sci-Fi on the Rock VI
Sci-Fi on the Rock VI occurred on April 20 to 22, 2012. Due to the growth of attendees at Sci-Fi on the Rock events, the layout of the festival underwent and overhaul to ensure the larger numbers could be accommodated. This new layout has continued to stand as the standard. Special guest actor Richard Hatch of Battlestar Galactica fame, in addition to appearing as a guest, offered an acting workshop for festival patrons. Also appearing was Jeffrey Combs from the Reanimator series, Peter Roy who appeared in Star Wars and Doctor Who, French-born Fantasy Art model Drakaina, comedian and chocolate bar inspiration Fat Apollo, and talent agent Lolita Fatjo, who has helped Sci-Fi on the Rock obtain many of their previous and future guests.
The Film Festival returned, featuring 9 short films. This time, the festival went international very unexpectedly, and received submissions from India, Spain, Mexico, Denmark and the United Kingdom. The winner of the JFE Audience Choice Award was a film called "Deadspiel", from Ontario.
Once more, the festival beat its own record for attendees, with the numbers reaching close to 1800.
Sci-Fi on the Rock VII
Sci-Fi on the Rock held its seventh annual festival from April 24 to April 26, 2013. The special guests for that year included Mike Dopud from Stargate Universe, Dominic Keating from Star Trek: Enterprise, Dean Haglund who portrayed Langly in The X-Files and its spin-off series The Lone Gunmen, Gary Jones who is perhaps best known for playing Walter Harriman on Stargate: SG1, and cosplay model and actress Ginny McQueen.
In the previous year, some of the special guest actors undertook a more active role in the event than simply delivering a Q&A panel and offering photos and autographs (namely, Richard Hatch offered an acting workshop). The same happened this year, as actors Dean Haglund and Gary Jones—who are close friends in real life—served as Masters of Ceremonies for the Sci-Fi on the Rock cantina, as well as closing out the show with a rousing improvised comedy sketch. The remaining special guests were among the entertained audience members, showcasing that the Sci-Fi on the Rock offerings as well as the inherent charm of Newfoundland and Labrador made this event equally as entertaining to the guests themselves as it did to the patrons.
Continuing again with its trend of breaking its own attendance numbers, Sci-Fi on the Rock 7 was met with a staggering increase in popularity.
The Sci-Fi on the Rock International Film Festival entered its third year, and received some of its best submissions. Films were received from Newfoundland, Ontario, Alberta, the United States, Spain and the United Kingdom. The winning film was "Brutal Relax", a Spanish film by film maker David Muñoz.
Sci-Fi on the Rock VIII
Sci-Fi on the Rock 8 took place at the Holiday Inn in St. John's on May 23, 24 and 25, 2014. Guests included Aron Eisenberg from Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, Michael Hogan from Battlestar Galactica and Teen Wolf, Erin Fitzgerald who voices characters from a wide variety of video games and TV shows including Monster High, Bravely Default and Ed, Edd and Eddy, and Musetta Vander from various sci-fi films and television shows. Also announced to appear is make-up artist Mike McCarty, who is known for his work on Sin City, Kill Bill 1 and 2, The Pacific and The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe (which won an Oscar for Best Make-up).
The film festival entered its fourth year at Sci-Fi on the Rock, having its most successful turn-out yet. This year, there were three awards—Best Picture (awarded by judges), Critical Impact (awarded by judges) and Audience Choice Award. The Critical Impact award, which recognizes a film that demonstrates powerful storytelling execution, was awarded to U.S. film Aemorraghe, while Best Picture and Audience Choice Award were both awarded to the short film Fist of Jesus from Barcelona, Spain.
Sci-Fi on the Rock 9
Sci-Fi on the Rock 9 is took place at the Holiday Inn in St. John's from April 24–26, 2015. Guests include Lynda Boyd from Supernatural, Sanctuary and Republic of Doyle, Frazer Hines who is better known as the Second Doctor's companion Jamie McCrimmon from Doctor Who, Peter Williams who played Apophis on Stargate: SG-1, cosplayers Adam Smith and Kevin St. Pierre, with Fat Apollo returning to Emcee certain events.
The event was again a great success. The crowd was so large that it was clear that Sci-Fi on the Rock had again outgrown a venue. This would be the last year that Sci-Fi on the Rock took place at the Holiday Inn.
Sci-Fi on the Rock 10
Sci-Fi on the Rock experienced its first big move since 2008. Sci-Fi on the Rock 10 took place at the Sheraton Hotel Newfoundland in St. John's from April 1–3, 2016. Guests included Eugene Simon, from Game of Thrones, Robert Picardo, known as the Doctor on Star Trek: Voyager as well as from shows such as Stargate, Kirby Morrow, a well known voice actor, and J.M. Frey, a writer. As well Fat Apollo came back again to act as emcee.
The location change was very successful. The move gave Sci-Fi on the Rock some room to stretch its legs and attendees appreciated the extra space that the Sheraton Hotel provided. The vendor's area grew and more varied vendors and artists were able to attend. The attendance for SFotR 10 was well over 2250 people throughout the weekend. This was the first year that Sci-Fi on the Rock had a VIP pass.
The change in location also gave Sandbox Gaming a bigger and more comfortable space at our convention for gaming.
Sci-Fi on the Rock 11
Sci-Fi on the Rock 11 was held at the Sheraton Hotel Newfoundland in St. John's from April 28–30, 2017. Guests included Doug Jones (actor), known from many films and television shows including Hellboy II: The Golden Army, Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Pan's Labyrinth, and Hocus Pocus (1993 film), Jewel Staite, best known as Kaylee on Firefly (TV series) as well as from many television shows and films such as Stargate Atlantis, Higher Ground (TV series), The L.A. Complex, and The Killing (U.S. TV series), Ethan Phillips, an actor best known as Neelix on Star Trek: Voyager, as well as local cosplay guests FoamWerx, Gary Murrin and Hamilton Cornish. Fat Apollo was once again the guest emcee.
Sci-Fi on the Rock saw another amazing year with many great workshops. Space at the Sheraton Hotel is already becoming tight as some workshops and panels had long line-ups and filled to capacity. On Sunday attendees and committee alike were surprised by an unplanned visit to the convention by past guest Eugene Simon, who said that when he realized he had the time he did not want to miss it.
Sci-Fi on the Rock 12
Sci-Fi on the Rock 12 took place at the Sheraton Hotel Newfoundland on April 6–8, 2018. Guests included actress, ADR director and singer-songwriter Mary Elizabeth McGlynn, voice actor of anime, animation and video games Steven Blum, actor Fintan McKeown, known for Star Trek: Voyager, Merlin (2008 TV series), and Game of Thrones, and Connor Trinneer known for his work on Star Trek: Enterprise and Stargate Atlantis. The cosplay guest was Vanessa Pinsent Cosplay who specializes in big builds using a variety of materials including fabric, foam and more. Returning as Master of Ceremonies was comedian Fat Apollo.
Sci-fi on the Rock 13
The successful completion of Sci-Fi on the Rock 13 took place at the Sheraton Hotel Newfoundland on March 29–31, 2019.
Guests included Stefan Kapicic known as Colossus of the Deadpool movies, Terry Farrell known for her role in the Star Trek Deep Space 9 series, Rainbow Francks known for Stargate Atlantis, Aliens vs Predator: Requiem, and Umbrella Academy, Lori White an animator for several well known cartoons, local cosplayer Nichole Maddox of Mad Maddox Cosplay, and Fat Apollo as Master of Ceremonies.
The three day event included workshops and panels created by both the organizational commitment as well as members of the community. Back this year by popular demand was the 19+ Dance Party which showed a significant growth in attendance from previous years, as well as the all ages karaoke. This year saw the revival of the live auction, as well as the short film festival this year hosted by the Nickel Independent Film Festival.
Several new events were offered for 2019 including the book launch of "The Fifth Queen" for author Ali House, and a live performance from the CBS band.
Geek Survivor
Additional to the contests discussed in the main articles, there is a larger competition held during the festival called "Geek Survivor", where contestants compete to be crowned the title of "Newfoundland's Ultra Geek".
Although it is called "Geek Survivor", it more closely resembles Jeopardy! and Beat the Geeks in structure and style. It is a trivia-based game, where contestants answer questions of varying difficulty about different Sci-Fi topics. At the end of the game, the contestant with the highest score is crowned "Ultra Geek".
Mark Downey was crowned as the first Sci-Fi on the Rock Ultra Geek on April 1, 2007. Dr. Glyn George, a MUN professor and Doctor Who and Star Trek enthusiast, was crowned on April 20, 2008. He later abdicated his throne, as he became involved in the planning of Sci-Fi on the Rock, retiring from the competition undefeated. Newfoundland's Ultra Geek for 2009, crowned at Sci-Fi on the Rock 3, was Chickie Who. They, too, retired undefeated.
Andrew O'Brien was crowned as Newfoundland's fourth Ultra Geek on April 18, 2010. Unlike his predecessors, he competed again in the fifth Geek Survivor challenge, but was dethroned by Ford Cooke, who was crowned as the fifth Ultra Geek on April 17, 2011.
In 2012, the winner of Geek Survivor was a patron who was identified only as "Star Wars guy", and 2013 saw the rise of Jason Gosse as Newfoundland's Ultra Geek.
Film Festival
In 2011, Sci-Fi on the Rock teamed up with a local company, to bring forth the festival's first annual film festival as a large-scale addition to the festival attractions. This festival offered the JFE Audience Choice Award, sponsored by Justin Foley Entertainment, which was awarded to the film that received the highest number of audience votes. In its first year, 11 films were submitted and screened, 10 of which were from local film-makers, and one (X-Meeting) from Halifax, Nova Scotia.
In 2015, the film festival separated from Sci-Fi on the Rock due of large interest, and became a stand-alone event called Granite Planet International Film Festival, but still brings highlighted films to be screened at Sci-Fi on the Rock.
A refreshed version of the Film Festival will be returning to Sci-Fi on the Rock in 2018 to be organized by Sci-Fi on the Rock.
Workshops
Apart from the media guest Q&A's, autographs and photo sessions, there are many other workshops during the festival, these change yearly but in the past have included:
Comic-Book drawing
Acting
Getting Published
Getting Self-Published
Costume Contests
Lego Robotics
Lightsaber Workshop
Movie Make-up
Writer's Circle
The Cantina
Making its first appearance at Sci-Fi on the Rock 2009, the Cantina is an informal concert/variety show held on one of the evenings of the festival. Performers opt to play Sci-Fi related music, known as Filk, but that is not always the case. The Cantina features performances by musicians involved with the festival, an open mic, and there is an improvised acting piece prepared that audience members are call upon to perform. The event gets its name as a reference to the Mos Eisley Cantina in Star Wars: A New Hope.
At its maiden performance in 2009, guest Vaughn Armstrong performed at the Cantina with his ukulele, which was a highlight performance. In 2011, Suzie Plakson gave a singing performance, and in 2013 the Cantina was hosted by Gary Jones and Dean Haglund, a first-time occurrence for the Cantina. They also closed out the show with an improvised sketch comedy, which paid a great deal of attention to the name of one of Newfoundland and Labrador's communities, Dildo. The Cantina was replaced with Friday Night Karaoke in 2015.
The Dance
Sci-Fi on the Rock holds a dance on the Saturday of the convention. This is a 19+ event held at the hotel the convention is being held in. It is a very popular event that draws quiet a crowd.
Starlight/VIP Social
The Starlight Social started as an add-on event that included champagne and possibly meeting guests. After the introduction of the VIP Pass in 2015 it became a VIP only event. Dessert buffet or finger food platters have been provided in previous years, and it is a chance to socialize in a smaller setting than the dance or karaoke.
In 2018 the Starlight Social also included a live musical accompaniment by the Newfoundland Symphony Orchestra.
Guest history
Since its inception, Sci-Fi on the Rock has had a number of guests of different types. Below is a list of guests they have had at their festival.
2007
Kenneth Tam, author
Shannon Patrick Sullivan, author
Vader Party, business/cosplayers
2008
Kenneth Tam, author
William Meikle, author
Matthew LeDrew, author
Paul Tucker, comic book artist
Jeremy Bulloch, actor
Brian Downey, actor
2009
Kenneth Tam, author
Matthew LeDrew, author
Willie Meikle, author
Louise Bohmer, author
Vaughn Armstrong, actor
Christian Simpson, actor
Peter Mayhew, actor
2010
Nalini Krishan, actress
Casey Biggs, actor
Max Grodénchik, actor
Matthew LeDrew, author
Ellen Curtis, author
Dwain Campbell, author
Ira Nayman, author
Kevin Woolridge, comic book creator
2011
Mike Savva, actor
Robert Axelrod, actor
David Nykl, actor
Suzie Plakson, actress
J. G. Hertzler, actor
Ellen Curtis, author
Matthew LeDrew, author
Kevin Woolridge, author/comic artist
Charles Picco, co-creator/co-writer/executive story editor of Todd and the Book of Pure Evil
2012
Richard Hatch, actor
Jeffrey Combs, actor
Lolita Fatjo, writer and agent
Peter Roy, actor
Fat Apollo, comedian
Drakaina, fantasy art model
2013
Dominic Keating, actor
Mike Dopud, actor
Gary Jones, actor
Dean Haglund, actor
Ginny McQueen, Cosplay model/actress
2014
Michael Hogan, actor
Aron Eisenberg, actor
Musetta Vander, actress
Mike McCarty, make up artist/author
Erin Fitzgerald, voice actor
2015
Lynda Boyd, actress
Frazer Hines, actor
Peter Williams, actor
Adam Smith and Kevin St. Pierre, cosplayers
Fat Apollo, emcee
2016
Eugene Simon, actor
Kirby Morrow, actor/voice actor
Robert Picardo, actor
J.M. Frey, author
Fat Apollo, emcee
2017
Jewel Staite, actress
Doug Jones, actor/ voice actor
Ethan Phillips, actor/ voice actor
Foamwerx - Gary Murrin and Hamilton Cornish, local cosplay guests
Fat Apollo, emcee
2018
Fintan McKeown actor
Steven Blum voice actor
Mary Elizabeth McGlynn voice actor, singer
Vanessa Pincent Cosplay - Vanessa Pincent
Fat Apollo, Emcee
2019
Stefan Kapicic, actor
Terry Farrell, actress
Rainbow Francks, actor
Lori White, animator
Mad Maddox Cosplay - Nicole Maddox, Cosplayer
Fat Apollo, emcee
Outside Events
The Sci-Fi on the Rock committee spends the rest of the time they are not planning the convention going to outside events. Often these events invite the public to join them in doing different things.
Some events that Sci-Fi on the Rock has hosted or attended in the past include:
Hosted
24 Hour Dungeons and Dragons Marathon lived streamed on Twitch for Charity
BBQ in the park
Clothing Swaps
Cosplay Workshops
Trivia Nights
Merry Geek-mas (more below)
Sci-Fi at the Rocket
Attended
Pride Parade
St. John's Christmas Parade
Mount Pearl Christmas Parade
Avalon Expo
Hal-Con
NGX by Sandbox Gaming
The St. John's Regatta
Victoria Park Lantern Fest
Merry Geek-mas
Merry Geek-mas is a craft fair hosted by Sci-Fi on the Rock around the end of November or beginning of December each year. Vendors that frequently attend Sci-Fi on the Rock as well as other vendors with similarly geeky products are given space to sell their wares in time for the holiday season. Table space is also given to the charity Sci-fi on the Rock is supporting for the year. In previous years a canteen was open with food such as chili for purchase.
Costumed characters attend and were available for photo ops in previous years, and have included Superheroes, Princesses, and a unique Santa-Vader experience!
The event is taking place at the Mazol Shriner's in St. John's Newfoundland in December 2019.
Sci-Fi at the Rocket
Since 2015 Sci-Fi on the Rock has been partnering with the Rocket Bakery, in downtown St. John's, to host a kick-off event for Sci-Fi on the Rock each year. This event is typically held the weekend before Sci-Fi on the Rock and has mini workshops and panels as well as Sandbox Gaming with some games. In the past there has been trivia, author readings, auctions and more.
Sci-Fi on the Rock TV
In September 2009, Sci-Fi on the Rock put together "Sci-Fi on the Rock TV", a webshow that would appear on YouTube and Facebook, as well as on the Sci-Fi on the Rock website. Each "webisode" runs approximately 10 minutes in length, and would serve as publicity for the festival, as well as a video newsletter, as it were. It is hosted by Steve Lake and Ellen Curtis, and is directed and produced by Darren Hann. The first episode "aired" on YouTube and Facebook on Friday, September 11, 2009. The guests were Darren Hann (Sci-Fi on the Rock festival organizer) and Matthew LeDrew (author of the Black Womb series).
Season One Episodes
Episode 1—September 11, 2009. Guests: Darren Hann, Matthew LeDrew
Episode 2—September 18, 2009. Guests: Jennifer Graham, Ross Barney
Episode 3—October 12, 2009. Guests: Justin Foley, Simon Babineau
Episode 4—November 6, 2009. Guests: Melanie Collins, Carson Smith, Matthew LeDrew (Note: This was a special "Roadshow" episode, where Sci-Fi on the Rock TV visit Newfoundland's West Coast Con in Corner Brook)
Episode 5—December 12, 2009. Guests: Justin Foley, Peggy Dixon
Episode 6—January 27, 2010. Guests: Melanie Collins, Mark Todd
Episode 7—February 21, 2010. Guests: Darth Vader, Darren Hann
Episode 8—March 22, 2010. Guests: Jean Hewson, Julia Coombes
Episode 9—April 6, 2010. Festival Recap episode.
Sci-Fi on the Rock TV plans to air some "on-location" episodes from the Sci-Fi festival.
Season Two Episodes
Season Two of Sci-Fi on the Rock TV saw the return of Steve Lake and Ellen Curtis as hosts, but also Ellen's departure and the addition of Melanie Collins as co-host. Also, Season Two was filmed in a new location, with new equipment and new opening sequences. It is available to be watched at the Sci-Fi on the Rock site.
References
External links
Sci-Fi on the Rock Official site
Telegram News
Science fiction conventions in Canada
Multigenre conventions
2007 establishments in Canada |
23572521 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepeda%20Beach | Lepeda Beach | Lepeda Beach is a beach in the south east of the Paliki, in Kefalonia, Greece. The beach is about south of Lixouri.
Character
The beach is at the end of a length of coast road. A steep curved ramp leads down to an open bay with a strip of orange-red sandy beach, which is up to wide in places. The beach is about long, with ample access for swimming, along with having sets of distinctive rocks near shore margin towards the north end of the beach.
Geology
The adjacent area is composed of local limestone with a brushwood cover. Homes with beach front access dot the area.
Travel and amenities
A short, steep, well-made road leads down to the beach area. The beach has a single small shop selling drinks. It is possible to hire a sunshade. A volleyball net is often in place. Many people try and park on the steep road, however, going right to the bottom of the incline and turning left immediately in front of the small shop leads down a road to a larger car park area.
References
Beaches of Greece
Bays of Greece
Tourist attractions in the Ionian Islands (region)
Landforms of Cephalonia
Landforms of the Ionian Islands (region) |
23572522 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stolen%20Transmission | Stolen Transmission | Stolen Transmission was an American independent record label founded in 2005 by Sarah Lewitinn and Rob Stevenson. They have released albums from well-known artists such as Innerpartysystem, Monty Are I, and Schoolyard Heroes.
History
The label started in 2005 by former Spin editor, Sarah Lewitinn, who quit the magazine to create the label, and Rob Stevenson, a music executive for Island Def Jam. It began as an imprint of Island Def Jam. It lasted 2 years without any major commercial or critical success.
In late 2007, Stolen Transmission parted ways with Island Def Jam due to the reconstruction of it, and Stolen Transmission ran completely independent for a few months. The label is defunct since 2008.
Artists
The Audition
Bright Light Fever
The Horrors
Innerpartysystem
Monty Are I
The Oohlas
Permanent Me
The Photo Atlas
Schoolyard Heroes
Former
PlayRadioPlay!
Saints and Lovers
References
External links
Official site
American independent record labels
Record labels established in 2005 |
17329053 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPE%20Quero%20Quero | IPE Quero Quero | The KW-1b Quero Quero (Brazilian name for the southern lapwing bird) is a sailplane that was produced in Brazil in the 1970s and 1980s. It is a conventional, single seat design of wooden construction. The undercarriage is a fixed monowheel, and construction is of wood (freijó and plywood) throughout.
Development
The original KW-1a prototype, designed and constructed by Kuno Widmaier, first flew in 1969.
At the time CTA (Brazilian Aviation Authority at the time) was looking for a new sailplane of Brazilian design to re-equip the Aeroclubs. Other types were considered, but the good results achieved by Widmaier called attention of the selection group.
IPE started the process of adaptations required for certification and assembly production: taller cockpit, redesigned nose, and enlarged rudder, it achieved Brazilian certification in December 1976 and was produced by IPE (Indústria Paranaense de Estruturas) under contract by the Brazilian Government. 156 units were produced and supplied to Brazilian flying clubs. Many soaring records were established with the type (Kw-1 Records), which is commonly used as the first solo type during flight training. As of 2017 it still is the most numerous glider type in Brazil.
Variants
After certification, about four different variants were developed: two variants by IPE, and two from independent initiatives.
Quero Quero II
Developed by IPE with different vertical and horizontal tail, and retractable wheel. At least one built.
Quero Quero GB
Developed by Eng. Francisco Leme Galvao, and built by IPE, the GB had a different nose, winglets, laminar profile and retractable wheel. Two Built with registration PP-ZUM and PP-ZUN.
Falcon
In 1978, Wolfram Gabler and his father Ebehard Gabler, developed from a Kw-1 fuselage a modified version with a different wing profile, new wing-tips, and cockpit. The construction of the new version took place at his father's living room, taking 5600 working hours.
The maiden flight took place on October 15, 1982, flow by Wolfram Gabler at Palmeira das Missoes, Brazil.
The variant was very successful in soaring contests, having won 3 championships. Only a single unit was built.
Super Quero Quero
Developed independently, with a new cockpit, wing plan-form, vertical tail, and fixed mono wheel. At least two built.
Specifications
See also
References
Notes
External links
1960s Brazilian civil aircraft
1960s Brazilian sailplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1969
High-wing aircraft |
23572535 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious%20Worship%20Act%201718 | Religious Worship Act 1718 | The Religious Worship Act 1718 (5 Geo. I, c. 4) was an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain. It repealed the Schism Act 1714.
Notes
History of Christianity in the United Kingdom
Great Britain Acts of Parliament 1718
1718 in Christianity
Law about religion in the United Kingdom |
17329062 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuit%20%28song%29 | Nuit (song) | "Nuit" is a song recorded by the French trio Jean-Jacques Goldman, Carole Fredericks and Michael Jones. It was the first single from their debut album, Fredericks Goldman Jones, on which the song features as the fifth track. It achieved success in terms of sales in France.
Background, lyrics and music
Goldman explained that "Nuit" was written in a very short time, i.e. just a few hours. He confessed that he was proud of this song, especially for its text. The music is inspired by Peter Green. The choice of "Nuit" as the first single from the album was difficult : the three singers did not agree initially, but ultimately chose this song, considering that it was very representative of the album which is "really based on vocals and guitars".
The song includes lyrics in French-language (written by Goldman) and in English-language (written by Jones and sung by Fredericks).
According to Elia Habib, a specialist of French charts, this song is characterized by its "sweetness and lucidity". It is "mainly based on percussion, shooting background framework, and the electric guitar, expressive soloist which plays the refrain". In the last verse, Goldman and Fredericks mix their voices singing in both languages (Goldman sings again the lyrics from the first verse). The song ends with a solo guitar.
The song is included on the best of Pluriel 90-96 and Intégrale 1990-2000, and on the live albums Sur scène and Un tour ensemble (on this last album, the song was performed by Jones and Goldman).
Chart performances and cover versions
In France, "Nuit" charted for 19 weeks on the singles chart, from 18 December 1990 to 13 April 1991. It debuted at number 29 and climbed quickly on the chart, reaching the top ten three weeks later, where it remained for nine weeks, peaking at number six on 16 February. The single was eventually certified Silver disc by the Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique. Although not released in the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and Spain (promotional vinyl only), it charted in the Netherlands, reaching number 30.
On the European Hot 100, "Nuit" debuted at number 72 on 22 December 1990, peaked at number 36 in its fifth week, and remained in the top 100 for 16 weeks. It was much aired on radio, starting at number 48 on the European Airplay Top 50 on 8 December 1990, reached number 15 in its sixth week and remained on the chart for 13 weeks.
In December 1998, the song was performed on the French TV show Hit Machine by the female duet Native and Patrick Fiori.
Formats and track listings
CD single
"Nuit" — 5:39
"Je l'aime aussi" — 5:07
7" single
"Nuit" — 5:39
"Je l'aime aussi" — 5:07
CD single - United Kingdom
"Nuit" — 4:54
"Chanson d'amour" — 4:07
"Je l'aime aussi" — 6:10
12 inch single - United Kingdom
"Nuit" — 5:38
"Chanson d'amour" — 4:07
"Je l'aime aussi" — 6:10
Charts and certifications
Weekly charts
Certifications
References
Songs about nights
1990 songs
1991 debut singles
Carole Fredericks songs
Jean-Jacques Goldman songs
Michael Jones (Welsh-French musician) songs
Macaronic songs
Songs written by Jean-Jacques Goldman
CBS Records singles
Song recordings produced by Erick Benzi |
17329076 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hpare | Hpare | Hpare is a village in Chipwi Township in Myitkyina District in the Kachin State of north-eastern Burma.
References
External links
Satellite map at Maplandia.com
Populated places in Kachin State
Chipwi Township |
17329085 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haslet%20%28disambiguation%29 | Haslet (disambiguation) | Haslet is a herbed pork meatloaf.
Haslet may also refer to:
Places
Haslet, Texas, United States
People
John Haslet (1727–1777), American clergyman and soldier
Joseph Haslet (1769–1823), American farmer and politician
See also
Haslett (surname)
Haslett, Michigan
Hazlet (disambiguation)
Hazlitt (disambiguation) |
23572536 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technischer%20%C3%9Cberwachungsverein | Technischer Überwachungsverein | TÜVs (; short for , ) are internationally active, independent service companies from Germany and Austria that test, inspect and certify technical systems, facilities and objects of all kinds in order to minimize hazards and prevent damages. The TÜV companies are organized into three large holding companies, TÜV Nord, TÜV Rheinland and TÜV SÜD (with TÜV Hessen), along with the smaller independent companies TÜV Thüringen, TÜV Saarland and TÜV Austria.
History
With the increasing number and efficiency of steam engines during the Industrial Revolution, there had been more and more accidents caused by exploding (or more precisely, bursting) boilers. After the explosion of the boiler at the Mannheim Aktienbrauerei in January 1865, the idea was pursued there to subject boilers to regular inspections on a voluntary basis, as was already the case in Great Britain. Twenty boiler owners in Baden joined in the plans and finally founded the "Gesellschaft zur Ueberwachung und Versicherung von Dampfkesseln" (Society for the Supervision and Insurance of Steam Boilers) on January 6, 1866, in the rooms of the Mannheim Stock Exchange. It was the first inspection society on the European mainland. Other German states and regions followed suit.
These independent regional monitoring organizations in the form of associations were so successful in accident prevention that, from 1871, membership in such an association exempted them from inspection by a state inspector. The regional "Dampfkessel-Überwachungs- und Revisions-Vereine" (DÜV), as self-help organizations of steam boiler operators, were thus an early example of a very successful privatization of previously state inspections. Because they were so successful in preventing accidents in the rapidly developing field of steam boiler technology, they were later also entrusted with safety inspections in other technical fields, including the periodic testing of motor vehicles as well as driver's license testing.
All TÜV groups that emerged from these common roots use the "TÜV" brand and a regional suffix (for example, TÜV SÜD, TÜV Rheinland, TÜV Nord, TÜV Saarland, TÜV Thüringen, TÜV Austria) in their names. They compete with each other and with other market players in some areas (see above).
The individual TÜVs became multinational corporations with time, and came to provide services to industry, governments, individuals, and non-profit groups. During the 1980s and 1990s, deregulation led to competition in the German inspection and certification industry, and further deregulation occurred at the end of 2007.
In 2007, TÜV Nord and TÜV SÜD agreed to merge, which would have created a company with 18,000 employees and sales of around 1.8 billion euros; however the companies called off the merger that same year, citing potential difficulties with integration as well as restrictions that would have been required under antitrust law. In 2008, TÜV SÜD and TÜV Rheinland agreed to merge which would have created the second largest testing services company in the world, behind SGS S.A.; the combined company would have had around 25,000 employees and 2.2 billion euros in income. These plans were abandoned by August again due to antitrust concerns. TÜV Nord had more than 11,000 employees stationed globally as of 2020.
Responsibilities and structure
All TÜVs perform sovereign tasks in the fields of vehicle monitoring, driver licensing and equipment and product safety. In addition, TÜVs function as notified bodies in Europe for medical device regulation.
Every company that uses the word "TÜV" in its name is at least 25.1% owned by a "Technischer Überwachungs-Verein e. V." (Technical Inspection Association), which is a non-governmental organization of the German business community and has been entrusted by the state with the specified sovereign tasks ("TÜV Convention").
As a result of deregulation and liberalization, the former regional responsibility in Germany has been abolished in most areas of work. In these areas, as well as in the unregulated sector, the companies operate independently on the market and compete with each other. In many areas such as product certification and certification of management systems, they are represented worldwide by subsidiaries.
Organizations that imitate TÜV have also established themselves outside the German-speaking world. TÜV India, which is a subsidiary of TÜV Nord, has been operating in India since 1989. TÜV offices have also been operating in Turkey since 2007. The operator is TÜVtürk, a subsidiary of TÜV SÜD.
TÜV Hessen
TÜV Hessen (TÜV Technische Überwachung Hessen GmbH) is based in Darmstadt. According to its origins, the company is a purely technical testing organization, but with its focus on testing and certification now operates in a broad field within the service industry. It currently employs around 1350 people and generated annual sales of around €157 million in fiscal 2019. TÜV Hessen has been 55% owned by TÜV Süd AG and 45% by the state of Hesse since 1999.
TÜV SÜD
TÜV SÜD AG is a management holding company with 74.9 percent of the shares owned by TÜV SÜD e.V. (registered association) and 25.1 percent owned by the TÜV SÜD Foundation. In 2021, it generated annual sales of €2.7 billion with 25,000+ employees. As of June 2022, TÜV SÜD listed more than 1,000 locations throughout Germany, Europe, America, and Asia. Around 40 percent of sales are generated abroad.
TÜV Nord
TÜV NORD AG is an based in Hanover. Its main tasks are testing and certification in the business areas of industry, automotive, and human resources and education. As a stock corporation, the company was founded in 2004. The shares of the company are held by TÜV NORD e. V. (36.1%), RWTÜV e. V. (36.1%) and TÜV Hannover/Sachsen-Anhalt e. V. (27.8%).
TÜV Saarland
TÜV Saarland emerged from the Pfälzischer Dampfkessel-Revisions-Verein (Palatinate Steam Boiler Auditing Association) founded in 1871 and is headquartered in Sulzbach. The Chairman of the Board of TÜV Saarland is Thomas Klein. TÜV Saarland Holding GmbH is 74.9 percent owned by TÜV Saarland e.V. and 25.1 percent by the TÜV Saarland Foundation. The managing directors of TÜV Saarland Holding GmbH are Carsten Schubert (spokesman) and Thorsten Greiner.
TÜV Thüringen
TÜV Thüringen is headquartered in Erfurt. TÜV Thüringen is set up as a group of companies and competes with the other testing organizations. The TÜV Thüringen group of companies has its main focus in central Germany and operates throughout Germany and worldwide. It has more than 1,000 employees at ten locations in Germany as well as numerous automotive testing facilities in twelve countries.
TÜV Rheinland
TÜV Rheinland AG is based in Cologne. TÜV Rheinland operates as a technical testing organization in the areas of safety, efficiency and quality. Chairman of the Executive Board of TÜV Rheinland AG is Michael Fübi, Chairman of the Supervisory Board is Michael Hüther. The sole shareholder of TÜV Rheinland AG is TÜV Rheinland Berlin Brandenburg Pfalz e. V.. With 19,924 employees, TÜV Rheinland generated sales of 1.97 billion euros and earnings before interest and taxes of 130.6 million euros in 2017. In terms of sales, 45 percent was attributable to business outside Germany. 11,420 employees work outside Germany, 8,504 in Germany.
TÜV Austria
In Austria, TÜV Austria, which dates back to its foundation as a monitoring association in 1872, has evolved into the internationally active TÜV Austria Group.
The brand "TÜV"
The "TÜV" brand is a highly recognizable trademark protected for the benefit of these testing organizations and the VdTÜV. It is a valuable asset of the TÜV testing companies.
"TÜV" became known to the general public primarily through the general inspection. In Germany, the term "TÜV" is informally used to denote the compulsory biennial or triennial vehicle inspection procedure (similar to the term "MOT" in the United Kingdom, e.g., you take your car "to the TÜV", even though vehicle inspections are now also often inspected by another organization such as Dekra, KÜS or GTÜ, since the former monopoly for this inspection has long been dissolved).
In addition, "TÜV-geprüft" colloquially means a seal of quality for technical testing by a TÜV company (see above). The designation "TÜV-tested" may only be used by a technical inspection association or a subsidiary. Anything else would be misleading consumers or unfair competition. This seal of quality is also increasingly being abused by falsification.[3]
Because "the TÜV" enjoys a high reputation for neutrality and expertise in Germany and Austria, but now also worldwide, and has a high degree of recognition, the designation is applied in colloquial language to many social problem areas and grievances when there are calls for control and transparency (e.g. "Bureaucracy TÜV", "School TÜV", "Event TÜV").
TÜV Association
The TÜV Association or TÜV-Verband e. V. in German (formerly VdTÜV or Verband der TÜV e. V.) represents the interests of the Technical Inspection Associations (TÜV) in Germany and Europe vis a vis politics, authorities, economy and the public. The association has its headquarters in Berlin and also maintains an EU representation in Brussels.
The aim of the TÜV Association is to improve the technical and digital safety of vehicles, products, systems and services through independent assessments. Together with its members, the TÜV Association pursues the goal of maintaining the high level of technical safety in our society and creating trust for the digital world. To achieve this, the experts of the TÜV Association are involved in the further development of standards and regulations. Currently, the main focus is on strengthening digital security and meeting the growing demands for sustainability in our society.
Since June 2020, Dirk Stenkamp, Chairman of the Board of Management of TÜV NORD AG, has been Chairman of the TÜV Association. The chairmanship rotates every two years. Since 2017, Joachim Bühler has been Managing Director of the TÜV Association.
The TÜV Association has six main members. In addition, there are two industry members and five associate members.
Main members
TÜV SÜD
TÜV Hessen
TÜV Nord
TÜV Thüringen
TÜV Saarland
TÜV Rheinland
TÜV Austria
Scandals
Over the years, there have been various scandals regarding the services provided by the different TUVs.
Brazilian dam disaster
TÜV SÜD was auditing and certifying Vale, a company that was involved in the 2015 Mariana dam disaster. In 2019, the Brumadinho dam disaster occurred. In October 2019, five Brazilians who lost close family members there and two NGOs filed a law infringement complaint against TÜV SÜD, alleging that TÜV SÜD is jointly responsible for the deaths and environmental damage. The company denies the allegations.
On January 25, 2019, a recently inspected tailing dam collapsed, killing 270 people, of whom 259 were officially confirmed dead and 11 others reported as missing, whose bodies had not been found. The Brumadinho dam disaster released a mudflow that advanced over houses in a rural area near the city. Brazilian authorities issued arrest warrants for two engineers of TÜV SÜD, contracted to inspect the dam. Brazilian prosecutors announced, on January 21, 2020, that Vale, TÜV SÜD, and 16 individuals would be charged in relation to the dam disaster.
In 2020, Brazilian prosecutors announced their plans to file charges against Vale SA and its auditor TÜV SÜD and many individuals.
Deficient breast implants
In 2013, TÜV Rheinland was held liable by a French court to 1600 women whose breast implants had ruptured; the implants were made by Poly Implant Prothèse with TÜV Rheinland having certified the manufacturing process.
See also
CE marking
Cybersecurity standards
Explosion protection
Functional safety
Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratory
Security
References
1866 establishments in Germany
1872 establishments in Austria
Automotive testing agencies
Environmental certification marks
German brands
Austrian brands
Product certification
Service companies of Germany
Standards organisations in Germany
Service companies of Austria
Standards organisations in Austria |
23572543 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20Jersey%20Route%20185 | New Jersey Route 185 | Route 185 is a short one-block-long state highway in Jersey City in the U.S. state of New Jersey, between Route 440 and Linden Avenue. Route 185 is a freeway in the Greenville neighborhood of Jersey City. It is parallel to Interstate 78 (the Newark Bay Extension of the New Jersey Turnpike) on the eastern side. On Route 440, signs pointing the way to Route 185 imply that the highway runs directly to Liberty State Park. In reality, the freeway ends at Linden Avenue, and travelers must journey one city block west to Caven Point Road, which continues north to Liberty State Park. At Route 185's junction with Route 440, the thru lanes of the Route 440 freeway northbound actually continue north as Route 185, and traffic wishing to continue on Route 440 must actually exit the freeway. Route 185 opened on February 25, 1988, at only 23% of its proposed routing.
Route description
Route 185 begins at a trumpet interchange with Route 440 and Harbor Drive in Jersey City. The route heads northward, surrounded by the northbound and southbound lanes of Route 440. Route 185 parallels Summit Place and interchanges once again with Route 440. After the interchange on and off ramps, the highway continues into the industrial area of Jersey City, passing over the former Central Railroad of New Jersey alignment and near the Greenville Railroad Yard. Route 185 parallels the New Jersey Turnpike Newark Bay Extension (Interstate 78) from this point on, until the designation terminates at an at-grade intersection with Linden Avenue East on Upper New York Bay.
History
Arterial design
The alignment of Route 185 originates as Alternative F-1 and G-1 of the Liberty Harbor–Route 169 Feeder Arterial, proposed in 1977 during the construction of New Jersey Route 169. The alignment was supposed to fork off of Route 169 near Interchange 14A on the Newark Bay Extension, and parallel the extension through the Greenville Railroad Yards. The alignment would parallel Caven Point Road to the south and through the Metropolitan Tank Port before ending at Interchange 14B in Jersey City. The original alignment proposed, Alternative G-4, was to have the freeway run along the alignment of Caven Point Road parallel to the Newark Bay Extension into the Metropolitan Tank Port, but prior to the Final Environmental Impact Statement, the proposal was dropped. The alignment was designed to help serve existing and proposed industry and divert truck traffic from local streets. The alignment of the new arterial was proposed to be with four travel lanes (two in each direction) designed for hourly volume of 3090 vehicles.
Although most of the arterial was proposed as an at-grade highway, the interchange with Route 169 was to be configured so the highway could pass over the Greenville Railroad Yard on a viaduct. The right-of-way for the new Liberty Harbor arterial would be wide and terminate at Interchange 14B, although there was the possibility of turning it into the new Hudson River Route, a project being studied by the New Jersey Department of Transportation.
Construction and recent history
Route 185 was first conceived by the state legislature in 1976, when an addition to the state statutes was passed for a route from Harbor Drive to an intersection with Bayview Avenue in Jersey City. The law passed on July 22, 1976, and the original highway had no designation. The route opened on February 25, 1988, from Route 169 (now Route 440) to an intersection with Linden Avenue, only 23% of its proposed alignment. In 1996, Conti Enterprises was hired for a construction project involving Route 169 and Route 185. Along with the widening of Route 169 to four lanes, this also involved getting acceleration lanes on Route 185 for drivers heading towards Upper New York Bay.
In September 2008, the New Jersey Department of Transportation brought up the possibility of extending Route 185 to Bayview Avenue from its current northern terminus at Linden Avenue. Previous studies have said Route 185 could be extended, or the reverse with the Linden Avenue jog at Liberty State Park be removed. No future plans have been set yet for this truck-efficient plan.
Major intersections
See also
References
External links
New Jersey Highway Ends: Route 185
Speed Limits for State Roads: Route 185
185
Transportation in Jersey City, New Jersey
State highways in the United States shorter than one mile |
23572550 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lie%20Dupuis | Élie Dupuis | Élie Dupuis is a Canadian musician, film and television performer from the Canadian province of Quebec, best known for his role in the Léa Pool film Mommy Is at the Hairdresser's (Maman est chez le coiffeur). His work as a performer has been recognized by popular Quebec entertainment media such as the French-language version of Canoe.ca.
Biography
Dupuis was born September 8, 1994 and lives in Repentigny, Quebec, a suburb of Montreal. He began to play piano in 2004. In February 2007, Dupuis sent a self-recorded demo containing a medley of songs to the television program La Fureur ("The Furore") of the French-language Canadian television network Radio-Canada, following upon which he was then invited to sing live on the program.
Career
After hearing his performance, filmmaker Léa Pool offered Dupuis one of the principal roles in her film Maman est chez le coiffeur. The film played at theatres throughout Quebec. Dupuis recorded two singles for the film's soundtrack: Bang Bang and The Great Escape, which received radio airplay in Quebec.
He was also approached by the television channel TFO which gave him parts in thirteen episodes of an educational television program called Cinémission.
In 2007, Dupuis was invited to take part in the telethon, "Téléthon Opération Enfant-Soleil," where he met singer Annie Villeneuve. They performed a duet performance in the televised production Annie Villeneuve Acoustique ("Annie Villeneuve unplugged"). Dupuis also appeared in performances at the theatre Hector-Charland, one of which was a fund-raiser for the "Fondation des Auberges du Cœur," an organization involved in providing shelter to homeless young people. In 2012, Dupuis performed at a 30th anniversary tribute honouring the career of Quebec singer Mario Pelchat, who described Dupuis as "a true revelation".
In 2012, he performed his first full show at Montreal's Place des Arts. He debuted two of his own compositions, along with interpretations of a range of pop standards, accompanied by two other musicians and featuring three guest performers. Dupuis is reported to be working on an album with Marc Langis, Celine Dion's bass player.
His first television role was in the series Le club des doigts croisés for television network Radio-Canada. His later television appearances include a 2008 performance on late-night talk show Bons Baisers de France and a 2012 episode of the long-running Quebec series L'auberge du chien noir.
Discography
Maman est chez le coiffeur – 2008 original soundtrack of the film Mommy Is at the Hairdresser's (Maman est chez le coiffeur) by Léa Pool
Dernier Mot – 2018 EP
90 – 2020 EP
Filmography
Mommy Is at the Hairdresser's (Maman est chez le coiffeur) (2008) as Coco Gauvin
Recognition
References
article by Reine Côté in Repentigny newspaper Hebdo Rive Nord (in French)
"Élie Dupuis interprète The Great Escape de Patrick Watson," French-language story on E. Dupuis' soundtrack musicianship, written by Karl Filion of Cinoche.com, "the reference source for cinema in Quebec"
External links
Fan page on Facebook
Agency biographical sketch
List of musical output on Apple Music
:fr:Élie Dupuis
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Canadian male film actors
Male actors from Quebec
People from Repentigny, Quebec |
23572555 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fight%20Night%20%28video%20game%20series%29 | Fight Night (video game series) | Fight Night is a series of boxing video games created by EA Sports. It follows on from their previous series Knockout Kings, produced for various platforms yearly between 1998 and 2003. The series was well received critically, with the PS3 version of Fight Night Round 4 achieving a Metacritic score of 88/100, and several of the games topping sales charts.
Games
See also
Foes of Ali
Knockout Kings
FaceBreaker
EA Sports UFC
References
Boxing video games
EA Sports games
Electronic Arts franchises
Electronic Arts games
Video game franchises introduced in 2004 |
23572558 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source%20of%20activation%20confusion%20model | Source of activation confusion model | SAC (source of activation confusion) is a computational model of memory encoding and retrieval. It has been developed by Lynne M. Reder at Carnegie Mellon University. It shares many commonalities with ACT-R.Ilyes le bosse
Structure
SAC specifies a memory representation consisting of a network of both semantic (concept) and perceptual nodes (such as font) and associated episodic (context) nodes. Similar to her husband's (John Anderson) model, ACT-R, the node activations are governed by a set of common computational principles such as spreading activation and the strengthening and decay of activation. However, a unique feature of the SAC model are episode nodes, which are newly formed memory traces that binds the concepts involved with the current experiential context. A recent addition to SAC are assumptions governing the probability of forming an association during encoding. These bindings are affected by working memory resources available.
SAC is considered among a class of dual-process models of memory, since recognition involves two processes: a general familiarity process based on the activation of semantic (concept) nodes and a more specific recollection process based on the activation of episodic (context) nodes. This feature has allowed SAC to model a variety of memory phenomena, such as meta-cognitive (rapid) feeling of knowing judgments, remember-know judgments, the word frequency mirror effect, age-related memory loss perceptual fluency, paired associate recognition and cued recall, as well as account for implicit and explicit memory tasks without positing an unconscious memory system for priming.
Notes
Cognitive architecture |
17329097 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/81st%20Fighter%20Squadron | 81st Fighter Squadron | The 81st Fighter Squadron (81 FS) is a training squadron of the United States Air Force's Air Education and Training Command (AETC), stationed at Moody Air Force Base, Georgia. It is a Geographically Separate Unit of the 14th Operations Group, 14th Flying Training Wing at Columbus Air Force Base, Mississippi, and operates the A-29B Super Tucano aircraft conducting close air support training for allied nations. The 81st FS is AETC's only combat mission ready fighter squadron.
History
World War II
The squadron was first activated on 15 January 1942, at Key Field, Mississippi, as the 81st Pursuit Squadron flying the P-40 Warhawk. The squadron was assigned to the 50th Fighter Group to replace the 11th Pursuit Squadron, which had been transferred after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor to reinforce the air defenses of Alaska. In May 1942 the 50th Group was assigned to the Fighter Command School of the Army Air Forces School of Applied Tactics and the 81st became the 81st Fighter Squadron (Special).
Night fighter combat over the skies of England made the Army Air Forces aware of the need for night air defense training and tactics development. The Air Defense Operational Training Unit had been established on 26 March. Later it was renamed the Fighter Command School. The 81st Fighter Squadron became responsible for night fighter training, using Douglas P-70 Havocs. The 81st was assigned the "daunting task" of training sufficient crews to man seventeen night fighter squadrons within twelve months, initially " [w]ith no trained instructor pilots or [radar operator]s, no aircraft, no radar, and no communications equipment" The original night fighter crews were recruited from 27 pilots from the 50th Group who were qualified to fly twin-engine aircraft. They attended transition training school at Williams Field, Arizona before returning to Florida.
In October 1942 the 81st moved to Orlando Army Air Field Florida. By the end of September, the Army Air Forces School of Applied Tactics Night Fighter Department had been activated and the 81st Fighter Squadron was detached from the 50th Group and placed under the Department for training and operations. In October 1942, the personnel and equipment of the 81st squadron provided the manpower and equipment for the newly formed 348th and 349th Night Fighter Squadrons, and the squadron was remanned.
The 81st helped test procedures and equipment, seeking better ways to manage the huge efforts required to supply troops and maintain aircraft fighting overseas. In 1943 the 81st moved to Cross City Army Air Field, Florida, while the 50th Fighter Group remained headquartered at Orlando. Each of the 50th Fighter Group's detached squadrons (including the 81st) returned to Orlando AAF in January 1944. The squadron continued to train and teach at Orlando AAF while preparing to ship out to England.
In March 1944, the 81st was re-equipped the P-47 Thunderbolt and shipped to England with the 9th Air Force. Between April 1944 and the V-E Day in May 1945, the unit flew hundreds of fighter escort, close air support, and interdiction missions, taking part in the D-Day invasion and operating from numerous advanced landing bases in Europe while covering the US Army's advance. The squadron received two Distinguished Unit Citations for combat, was credited with 30 aerial victories, and produced the 50th Fighter Group's only ace, Major Robert D. Johnston.
The unit was inactivated on 7 November 1945 at La Junta Army Air Field, Colorado.
Reserve operations
It was reactivated at McChord Field, Washington in July 1947, where the 81st tested a number of different aircraft.
European Service
On 1 January 1953 the 81st was established at Clovis Air Force Base, New Mexico where it briefly flew the F-51 Mustang before transitioning to the F-86 Sabre in the spring of 1953. In August 1953, the squadron relocated to Hahn Air Base, Germany.
In July 1956, the 81st moved to Toul-Rosières Air Base, France, converting to the F-100 Super Sabre in July 1958. One year later, it returned to Hahn Air Base and in December 1966, re-equipped with the F-4 Phantom II. The squadron took their Phantoms to Zweibrücken Air Base, Germany, in June 1971 to fill the vacancy left by the departure of the Canadian Forces.
In 1973, the 81st moved to the 52d Tactical Fighter Wing at Spangdahlem Air Base, Germany, where it took on the Wild Weasel mission of defense suppression. As NATO's only defense suppression squadron, the 81st received the first 24 F-4G advanced Wild Weasels equipped with the APR-38 Radar Attack and Warning System. In 1984, the 81st FS transitioned to a mixed F-4G and F-4E hunter/killer team, using the AGM-88 HARM and AGM-45 Shrike, as the 52d TFW became the only defense suppression wing in NATO.
The 81st converted its F-4E aircraft to the F-16 Fighting Falcon in January 1988, becoming a member of the only wing in the U.S. Air Force to fly two different aircraft in the same combat element. In June 1988 the squadron upgraded its F-4G with the APR-47. The 81st FS crews flew the F-4G and F-16C in the hunter/killer role until December 1993, when the unit again became an all-F-4G squadron. It served until 31 December 1993, where they racked up 113 radar kills, flew more than 12,000 combat sorties and 25,000 hours over Iraq.
The last F-4G left Spangdahlem Air Base 18 February 1994. The 81st then became an A/OA-10 squadron and replaced the 510th Fighter Squadron at Spangdahlem Air Base. During this period, the squadron continuously deployed to Aviano Air Base, Italy in support of Operation Deny Flight, enforcing a no-fly zone over Bosnia and Herzegovina. In September 1997, it became the first U.S. Air Forces Europe squadron to participate in Operation Southern Watch, enforcing the United Nations imposed no-fly zone in southern Iraq.
Members of the 81st again deployed to Aviano Air Base in October 1998, supporting NATO air presence during the crisis in Kosovo, Yugoslavia. The 81st FS returned to Aviano Air Base in January 1999 for a regular contingency rotation, but then stayed to support Operation Allied Force. The squadron supported air operations from Aviano Air Base until 11 April 1999, when it moved to Gioia del Colle, Italy. From there, the unit flew more than 1,400 combat missions throughout Operation Allied Force and led the first large force packages in A-10 history. The 81st also led the first two successful combat search and rescue task force missions, which involved coordinating all rescue assets resulting in the rescue of downed F-117 and F-16 pilots.
In September 2000, the 81st deployed 12 aircraft to Southwest Asia for Operation Southern Watch, accumulating more than 700 combat and training sorties. Immediately following the deployment, the 81st FS was additionally tasked to participate in Croatian Phiblex 2000. The squadron generated and deployed their remaining 6 A/OA-10s and 183 people to Split, Croatia, to aid U.S. Marine and U.S. Navy forces in a joint amphibious landing exercise with Croatian military forces and support another real-world contingency.
The squadron deployed several times to Bagram Air Base, Afghanistan to provide close air support to coalition ground forces during Operation Enduring Freedom in June 2003, September 2004, and most recently May 2006. During the 2006 deployment the squadron performed an intensive regimen of combat patrols to find, fix and destroy elusive, guerrilla-type enemy combatants in support of ground forces, flying in excess of 2,000 combat sorties and 7,600 combat hours. The 81st employed over 109,000 rounds of 30mm, dropped 350 guided and conventional bombs, and fired over 325 rockets in support of 260 Coalition force operations. As a direct result of the combat action in the 2006 deployment two pilots in the 81st won the prestigious Mackay Trophy and the Daedalian Exceptional Pilot Awards.
The first A-10C arrived in May 2009, after receiving the Precision Engagement upgrade, which significantly increased the Warthog's already impressive precision and lethality with a digital stores system, integration of advanced targeting pods, hands on throttle and stick (HOTAS) functionality and Situational Awareness Data-Link (SADL). The Panthers returned to Afghanistan with the A-10C in May 2010, this time to Kandahar AB in the south. Despite the heat, wind and dust, the 81 FS flew over 9,500 hours on over 2,100 sorties and employed over 70,000 rounds of 30mm, 159 precision weapons and 141 rockets while again providing precision close air support to OEF and ISAF operations.
The 81st has earned the 1991, 1996, and 2006 USAFE Commander's Trophy.
On 18 June 2013, the squadron was inactivated at Spangdahlem Air Base as the last A-10 squadron permanently stationed in Europe.
Light attack training
The squadron was reactivated at Moody Air Force Base on 1 October 2014 as part of the 14th Flying Training Wing flying the A-29 Super Tucano. By December 2014 the initial cadre of pilot and maintenance trainers and three A-29s were in place.
The A-29s, designed for light air support, were be used to support the Afghan training mission at Moody. The final Afghan Air Force class graduated at Moody AFB on 13 November 2020, with the program having produced more than 30 pilots and 70 maintenance technicians across a span of five years.
Unfortunately the entire effort was lost with the collapse of the Afghan state the next year in the 2021 Taliban offensive.
From September 2020 to September 2021, the 81st Fighter Squadron hosted training classes for pilots and ground personnel of the Nigerian Air Force's 407th Air Combat Training Group. The training familiarized the Nigerian airmen with the operation of the A-29 Super Tucano, after the Nigerian government procured 12 A-29s.
From January to June 2022, pilots from the 81st Fighter Squadron were loaned out to Air Combat Command's 23rd Wing and operated two AT-6E Wolverine aircraft, also on loan to the wing. They took part in a collaboration between the USAF and partner forces from Colombia, Nigeria, Thailand, and Tunisia in order to develop procedures for countering "violent extremist organizations".
Lineage
Constituted as the 81st Pursuit Squadron (Interceptor) on 6 January 1942
Activated on 15 January 1942
Redesignated 81st Fighter Squadron on 15 May 1942
Redesignated 81st Fighter Squadron (Special) on 28 May 1942
Redesignated 81st Fighter Squadron (Single Engine) on 21 January 1944
Redesignated 81st Fighter Squadron, Single Engine on 28 February 1944
Inactivated on 7 November 1945
Redesignated 81st Fighter Squadron (All Weather) on 13 May 1947
Activated in the Reserve on 12 July 1947
Redesignated 81st Fighter Squadron, Jet on 20 June 1949
Redesignated 81st Fighter-Interceptor Squadron on 1 March 1950
Ordered to active service on 1 June 1951
Inactivated on 2 June 1951
Redesignated 81st Fighter-Bomber Squadron on 15 November 1952
Activated on 1 January 1953
Redesignated 81st Tactical Fighter Squadron on 8 July 1958
Redesignated 81st Fighter Squadron on 1 October 1991.
Inactivated on 18 June 2013
Activated on 1 October 2014
Assignments
50th Pursuit (later, 50th Fighter) Group, 15 January 1942 – 7 November 1945
454th Bombardment Group, 12 July 1947
50th Fighter (later, 50th Fighter Interceptor) Group, 20 June 1949 – 2 June 1951
50th Fighter-Bomber Group, 1 January 1953
50th Fighter-Bomber (later, 50th Tactical Fighter) Wing, 8 December 1957
86th Tactical Fighter Wing, 15 July 1971
52d Tactical Fighter (later, 52d Fighter) Wing, 15 January 1973
52d Operations Group, 31 March 1992–18 June 2013
14th Operations Group, 1 October 2014–present
Stations
Selfridge Field, Michigan, 15 January 1941
Key Field, Mississippi, 3 October 1941
Orlando Army Air Base, Florida, 22 March 1943
Cross City Army Airfield, Florida, Jun 1943 - 1 Feb 1944
Alachua Army Airfield, Florida, 20 November 1943
Orlando Army Air Base, Florida, 1 February – 13 March 1944
RAF Lymington (AAF-551), England, 5 April 1944
Carentan Airfield (A-10), France, 25 June 1944
Meautis Airfield (A-17), France, 16 August 1944
Orly Airfield (A-47), France, 4 September 1944
Lyon-Bron Airport (Y-6), France, 28 September 1944
Toul/Ochey Airfield (A-96), France, 3 November 1944
Giebelstadt Airfield (Y-90), Germany, 20 April 1945
AAF Station Mannheim/Sandhofen, Germany, 21 May–June 1945
La Junta Army Air Field, Colorado, 4 August – 7 November 1945
McChord Field, Washington, 12 July 1947
Otis Air Force Base, Massachusetts, 20 June 1949 – 2 June 1951
Clovis Air Force Base, New Mexico, 1 January – 22 July 1953
Hahn Air Base, West Germany, 10 August 1953
Toul-Rosières Air Base, France, 10 July 1956
Hahn Air Base, West Germany (1959–1971)
Zweibrücken Air Base, West Germany, 15 June 1971 – 15 January 1973
Spangdahlem Air Base, West Germany (later Germany), 15 January 1973 – 18 June 2013
Moody Air Force Base, Georgia, 1 October 2014
Aircraft
P-40 Warhawk (1942–1943)
P-47 Thunderbolt (1943–1945)
F-51 Mustang (1953)
F-86 Sabre (1953–1958)
F-100 Super Sabre (1958–1966)
F-4 Phantom II (1966–1994)
F-16 Fighting Falcon (1987–1990)
A-10 Thunderbolt II (1994–2013)
A-29 Super Tucano (2014–present)
Operations
World War II
Operation Northern Watch
Operation Southern Watch
Operation Deny Flight
Operation Allied Force
Operation Enduring Freedom
Operation Odyssey Dawn
See also
References
Notes
Bibliography
081
081 |
23572564 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penallt%20Halt%20railway%20station | Penallt Halt railway station | Penallt Halt was a request stop on the former Wye Valley Railway. It was opened on 1 August 1931 and closed in 1959. Penallt Halt and Redbrook Station were the closest stations on the line with only Penallt Viaduct separating them. Penallt Halt was close to the village of Redbrook.
References
Disused railway stations in Monmouthshire
Former Great Western Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1931
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1959 |
17329103 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hpyithpyaw | Hpyithpyaw | Hpyithpyaw is a village in Chipwi Township in Myitkyina District in the Kachin State of north-eastern Burma.
References
External links
Satellite map at Maplandia.com
Populated places in Kachin State
Chipwi Township |
17329108 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verneda%20%28Barcelona%20Metro%29 | Verneda (Barcelona Metro) | Verneda is a Barcelona Metro station in the Verneda neighbourhood of Sant Adrià de Besòs, a suburb of Barcelona. It's served by L2. It was opened in 1985, although it was part of L4 back then, until a major change in both lines took place in 2002 to ease transportation from Badalona to Barcelona. The platforms are 93 m. long.
Services
See also
List of Barcelona Metro stations
References
External links
TMB.net
Trenscat.com
Transportebcn.es
Barcelona Metro line 2 stations
Barcelona Metro stations located underground
Railway stations in Spain opened in 1985
Railway stations in Barcelonès
Transport in Sant Adrià de Besòs
1985 establishments in Spain |
20465392 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris%20Basham | Chris Basham | Christopher Paul Basham (born 20 July 1988) is an English professional footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder or centre back for club Sheffield United. He is best known as a pioneer of the role of the overlapping centre back (usually on the right flank), a position he developed under Chris Wilder during the 2016-17 season.
Having started as a junior with Newcastle United, he played for Bolton Wanderers, as well as having loan spells at Stafford Rangers and Rochdale, prior to joining Blackpool in August 2010.
Career
Bolton Wanderers
Basham was a member of the youth team at Newcastle United before being released at age sixteen. Soon after, he joined Bolton Wanderers, where he signed his first professional contract with the club, signing a two-year deal. In November 2006 Basham joined Conference National side Stafford Rangers on a month's loan, making his debut on 25 November in a 2–2 home draw with St Albans City. After four appearances for Rangers, Basham returned to Bolton when his loan deal expired.
On 7 February 2008, Basham joined League Two side Rochdale on loan until the end of the 2007–08 season. Making his debut on 12 February 2008 in a 4–2 home defeat to Hereford United, Basham went on to make a total of 13 appearances for his temporary employers, helping Rochdale to finish fifth in the league and qualify for the League Two play-offs.
The following season saw Basham make his senior debut for Bolton Wanderers as an 89th-minute substitute in the 4–1 win over Sunderland at the Stadium of Light on 29 November 2008. He scored his first goal on 11 April 2009, in a 4–3 defeat to Chelsea at Stamford Bridge, and eventually made a total of eleven appearances that season.
The following season saw Basham making his first appearance came on 29 August 2009, where he came on as a substitute in the second half, in a 3–2 loss against Liverpool, followed up by assisting a winning goal for Gary Cahill, in a 3–2 win over Portsmouth on 12 September 2009. On 6 November 2009, and after 17 appearances for the club, Basham signed a contract extension with Bolton until the summer of 2012. Remaining on the fringes of the first-team Basham made a total of eight league and two cup appearances in the 2009–10 season before an injury kept him out for the rest of the season.
Blackpool
On 6 August 2010, Bolton Wanderers turned down a bid from newly promoted Premier League side Blackpool. Eventually, Blackpool made a second bid for Basham, which was accepted by the club and the next day, on 13 August 2010, Basham signed a three-year contract with Blackpool for a fee reported to be in the region of £1million.
The following day after signing for the club, Basham made his debut as a 60th-minute substitute for Marlon Harewood as Blackpool marked their Premier League debut on the opening day of the 2010–11 season with a 4–0 win over Wigan Athletic at the DW Stadium. It wasn't until 10 November when he made his second league appearance, playing the whole game against Aston Villa in a 3–2 loss. However, Basham spent the most of the season on the reserve bench or injured and at the end of the season, the club were relegated to the Championship.
After appearing two matches at the start of the 2011–12 season, Basham suffered an injury that kept him out for a month and expected to be loaned out once he returned from injury. However, Basham was recalled to the first team once he recovered following the club's injury crisis and then on 10 December 2011, Basham scored his first goal for Blackpool, heading the first equaliser of a 2–2 away draw at Southampton. His second goal for the club then came on 21 January 2012, in a 2–1 win over Crystal Palace. Despite missing out for the rest of the season, he made 21 appearances and scoring two times in all competitions.
In the 2012–13 season, Basham appeared in and out of the first team at the start of the season, due to being on the sidelines and played in the reserve. By the time he suffered ankle injury in early-December, he made seven appearances. After returning from injury, Basham then scored his first Blackpool on 29 December 2012, in a 4–2 loss against Middlesbrough. As the 2012–13 season progressed, Basham remained in the first team despite suffering from injuries during a match against Leicester City that kept him out for a month and went on to finish the 2012–13 season, making 28 appearances and scoring once in all competitions. Following this, Blackpool opted to take up their option of a contract extension, keeping Basham under contract until summer 2014.
In the 2013–14 season, Basham began to establish himself in the first team and started well, helping the club go unbeaten for the first six matches to the start of the season, including scoring his first goal of the season, in a 1–1 draw against Middlesbrough on 17 August 2013. After appearing four matches throughout September, including scoring another against Leicester City, Basham's performance earned him Wonga.com Player of the Month award for September. Despite missing out on two occasions, due to injury and suspension, Basham continued to be in the first team throughout the season and went on to make 42 appearances in all competitions.
At the end of the 2013–14 season, Basham was offered a new contract by the club.
Sheffield United
On 5 June 2014, Basham signed a three-year deal with Sheffield United on a free transfer after his contract with Blackpool came to an end. Upon joining the club, Basham was given number six shirt for the new season.
Basham made his Sheffield United, making his first start and played 86 minutes before being substituted, in a 2–1 loss against Bristol City in the opening game of the season. Since making his debut, Basham became a first team regular at the club and was praised by Manager Nigel Clough, playing most of the season in midfield or centre-back positions. However, as the 2014–15 season progressed, he continued to be in the first team despite facing suspension and injury. In the play-offs, Basham played both legs against Swindon Town and scored in the second leg, in a 5–5 draw but unsuccessful, having previously lost 2–1 against them in the first leg. Despite this, he finished his first season, making 50 appearances (20 league) in all competitions.
In the 2015–16 season, Basham continued to be in the first team regular at the club following the arrival of Manager Nigel Adkins and then played his first match as captain against Doncaster Rovers on 26 September 2015, scoring his first goal of the season, in a 3–1 win. Throughout the 2015–16 season, Basham went on to captain on five occasions following Jay McEveley's absence. Basham's second goal of the season came on 28 November 2015, in a 1–1 draw against Barnsley. Basham also scored two more goals later in the season against Colchester United and Walsall. Despite missing out two league matches, due to injuries. and Basham made 49 (44 league) appearances and scoring four times in all competitions.
In the 2016–17 season, Basham continued to be in the first team regular at the club following the arrival of Manager Chris Wilder and played in the midfield position. Basham then scored his first goal of the season, but was later sent-off in the second half, in a 2–2 draw against Scunthorpe United on 24 September 2016. After serving a three match suspension, Basham returned to the first team, on 18 October 2016, making his first start from suspension, in a 3–0 win against Shrewsbury Town, followed up by scoring in the next game, in a 3–3 draw against Bradford City. Two weeks later, on 6 November 2016, Basham scored and set up one of the goals, in a 6–0 win over Leyton Orient in the first round of the FA Cup. Due to his impressive performance at the club, Manager Wilder hinted that Basham could be earning a new contract, with a year to his contract left. As the 2016–17 season progressed, Basham began to play in the defense, as a centre-back, partnering with either Jack O'Connell, Ethan Ebanks-Landell and Jake Wright. Around the same time, Basham played in the midfield position, with Paul Coutts. Then, in a 3–0 win over Port Vale on 14 April 2017, Basham produced an impressive display when he set up two goals. At the end of the 2016–17 season, which saw Sheffield United promoted to Championship after six seasons in League One, Basham went on to make 48 appearances and scoring two times in all competitions.
In July 2017, Basham penned a new two-year contract with the Blades having played a key role in United's title winning promotion from League One. On 28 April 2019, Basham saw his second promotion in three seasons with United as the Blades were promoted to the Premier League.
On 1 August 2020, Basham signed a new two-year deal at Sheffield United. Basham won the Player of the year award and Players' player of the year award for the 2019–20 season.
On 12th May 2022, Basham signed a new two-year deal at Sheffield United committing his future to the summer of 2024.
Personal life
Basham was born in Hebburn, Tyne and Wear. He studied at Gateshead College and trained with their Academy for Sport. He grew up supporting Sunderland. Basham considers Alan Cork as a great influence and is indebted to Cork for guiding him throughout his professional football career.
Having two years away from football, after leaving Newcastle United at sixteen, Basham worked at McDonald's. In late 2014, Basham became a father.
Career statistics
Honours
Sheffield United
EFL League One: 2016–17
EFL Championship runner-up: 2018–19
Individual
Sheffield United Player of the Year Award: 2019-20
Sheffield United Players' Player of the Year Award: 2019-20
References
External links
Profile at the Sheffield United F.C. website
1988 births
Living people
People from Hebburn
Footballers from Tyne and Wear
English footballers
Association football defenders
Association football midfielders
Newcastle United F.C. players
Bolton Wanderers F.C. players
Stafford Rangers F.C. players
Rochdale A.F.C. players
Blackpool F.C. players
Sheffield United F.C. players
National League (English football) players
English Football League players
Premier League players |
23572569 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mess%20of%20Me | Mess of Me | "Mess of Me" is a song written and recorded by the alternative rock band Switchfoot and was the lead single from their seventh studio album, Hello Hurricane. It was shipped to Modern Rock/Alternative, Mainstream rock, and Active rock radio formats, while a music video was sent to all applicable outlets.
Song history
The song was initially called "I Saw Satan Fall Like Lightning," a track Switchfoot demoed during pre-production sessions for Hello Hurricane with Charlie Peacock. It had a more funk feel and had a different sound, though the opening riff was preserved all the way until the final version of the song. This early demo version has since made its way onto the bonus disc, Building a Hurricane.
The song was first performed live at the Big Ticket Festival in Michigan on June 18, 2009, and has since become a regular in Switchfoot's live setlist throughout the 2009 summer festival touring season and beyond.
It was first hinted that the song was going to be the single when Jon Foreman introduced it before playing it live at Kings Fest in Virginia on July 10, 2009, saying "as far as I'm concerned," the song was to be the lead single. On July 13, it was confirmed on switchfoot.com.
Later, on August 5, Jon Foreman and Tim Foreman took the song to producer Rob Cavallo, "working just a touch more" on it. The album track was mixed by Chris Lord-Alge.
Narrated in first person, the song describes the "mess" that imperfect people make of their lives, and a desire "spend the rest of my life alive" (as stated in the chorus). It describes how mistakes are constantly being made, and that the problems in one's life cannot be fixed by drugs or other material things but only oneself. It expresses a desire to improve and become a better person despite the shortfalls that are being made continually.
It also implies a protest against society's obsession with the pharmaceutical industry, which according to Forman has become the new way to "attain never-ending, everlasting, abundant life."
The song's main riff and drums bring an overall more aggressive sound, much like their earlier heavier songs from other albums. It features distorted guitar riffs and heavy drums accompanying often-distorted vocals, with its bridge featuring a drum solo. The song is in the key of e minor.
Release
While "Mess of Me" was scheduled to be released to radio on September 29, the single had already made its way onto rock radio stations throughout the country well in advance. It was first heard on Atlanta's 99X rock station.
On September 1, Switchfoot announced that they would be hiding copies of the new single around the world. The first copy was hidden at Moonlight Beach in San Diego, CA under a palm tree. The band asked fans to make copies of the disks they found, and hide those copies elsewhere. Fans were also encouraged to hide the single online as well. The single has since spread from coast to coast and overseas.
Later, the single was officially released and impacted to radio stations on September 29, and a purchasable digital download of the song was made available the same day on all the major digital outlets. It went on to become their highest-charting song on the Billboard Modern Rock charts since "Dare You to Move" peaked at No. 9 in 2004. The song remained on the charts for 21 weeks before falling off.
On February 16, 2010, the music video debuted at No. 2 on Fuse TV's No. 1 Countdown in the Viewer's Choice category and No. 8 on the Alternative countdown the next day.
Versions
The album was available in several versions/mixes.
The first one, as released on the band's YouTube page and during the "Mess of Me" hunt, was mixed by Chris Lord-Alge and features a denser, fuller mix, with noticeable echoing of vocals and instrumentation in the pre-chorus and following the chorus. This was the mix that was sent to radio stations.
The second version, as released on iTunes, features more prominent vocals and more prominent drums in the pre-chorus, specifically. This would go on to be the album cut.
A third one, that comes with the iTunes preorder of Hello Hurricane, is an acoustic version of the song.
Live performances
Switchfoot performed the song several times on late night television. The band performed the song on Jimmy Kimmel Live! November 12, The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien on December 2, Late Night with Jimmy Fallon on January 20, and The Tonight Show with Jay Leno on March 17, 2010.
Music videos
Switchfoot released the first music video for the song on September 9, 2009 to YouTube. It featured live footage taken from their summer Crazy Making Tour. Fans were actively encouraged to promote and spread the video, and it garnered several top honors on the site.
A second music video, the official version, features some of the same clips from the first cut, but had some newer, more refined shots and was more cinematic in nature. It was released to YouTube November 3, 2009. On February 2, Fuse TV added the video to their rotation and No. 1 Countdown voting list, with MTV2 adding it to their rotation on February 22.
Charts
Awards
In 2010, the song was nominated for a Dove Award for Rock Recorded Song of the Year at the 41st GMA Dove Awards.
References
2009 singles
Switchfoot songs
Songs written by Jon Foreman
Songs written by Tim Foreman
2009 songs
Song recordings produced by Mike Elizondo
Song recordings produced by Rob Cavallo
Atlantic Records singles |
23572570 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gokomere%20High%20School | Gokomere High School | Gokomere High School is a boarding school sixteen km from Masvingo, Zimbabwe.
It was founded in July 1898 as a centre for vocational training and Sunday School. Secondary education started in 1910 under the captainship of the Jesuit Fathers. The brethren missionaries took over in 1940. One of the schools prestigious achievements is the Diocesan Choir title and the Diocesan Sports Title held at Mukaro Mission in 2016. They won the title 4 times.
Motto: “Vincere Caritate/ Conquer with love”
Boarders are the majority of students at Gokomere High School. Students are mainly from the provinces of Zimbabwe and a very small number from SADC countries. The school is at the heart of the Catholic Diocese of Masvingo so all religious meetings are done there.
The school aims to be a source of qualified 'O' Level students to other schools with 'A' Level facilities, and a source of qualified students for universities, vocational and technical colleges. It offers a College Preparatory program via its "A" Levels program.
Training center
The center was established by Bishop Alois Haene, the then ordinary of Gweru Diocese. After Vatican Council 11, the Catholic Council church's thrust on evangelization was focused on developing the local church. Hence, there was great need to promote lay participation in the life of the church. There were very few indigenous priests, religious brothers and sisters in the diocese. Bishop Alois Haene decided to open a training centre which would train lay leaders who were intended to be agents of change from the Catholic Church before Vatican Council 11 to a Post Vatican Council 11 where each local church would have its identity.
Fr. Xavier Ineichen was appointed by Bishop Haene as the first director of Gokomere training centre in 1970.
Gokomere Training Centre is a spiritual and social centre offering the following programmes:
• Catechism
• Lay leaders training
• Executive Leadership Courses
• Tailoring
• Secretarial courses
• Computers
The training center's challenges include:
• few students managing to pay the fees due to harsh economic conditions.
• maintenance of computers, type-writers and photocopiers
• unavailability of transport
• self-reliance projects have been affected by drought and input shortages.
Notable Alumni
Morgan Tsvangirai former prime minister of Zimbabwe
Jacob Mafume MDC Alliance spokesperson
External links
Roman Catholic Diocese of Masvingo: Gokomere Mission
High schools in Zimbabwe
Catholic secondary schools in Zimbabwe
Education in Masvingo Province
Educational institutions established in 1898
1898 establishments in the British Empire |
20465397 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leanderthal%20Lady | Leanderthal Lady | Leanderthal Lady is the skeletal remains of a prehistoric woman discovered in January 1983 by the Texas Department of Transportation at the Wilson-Leonard Brushy Creek Site (an ancient Native American campsite) in the city of Cedar Park, Texas, a suburb of Austin, the state capital. The remains were also alternatively labeled "Leanne". Both names were inspired by the proximity of the site to the town of Leander, to the north.
Analysis
Carbon dating and stratigraphic analysis showed the remains to be 10,000 to 13,000 years old. The skeleton is of a tall female who was approximately eighteen to thirty years old at the time of death. The find was significant as one of the oldest and most complete human skeleton finds in North America.
See also
List of unsolved deaths
References
External links
Leanne's Burial
1983 archaeological discoveries
1983 in Texas
Oldest human remains in the Americas
People from Cedar Park, Texas
People from Leander, Texas
Unsolved deaths
Williamson County, Texas |
23572590 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolayevsky%20railway%20station | Nikolayevsky railway station | Nikolayevsky railway station may refer to:
Nikolayevsky station, other name of Leningradsky railway station, a rail terminal in Moscow
Nikolayevsky station, other name of Moskovsky Rail Terminal, a rail terminal in St. Petersburg |
23572595 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguan%C3%A1%20spiny%20pocket%20mouse | Paraguaná spiny pocket mouse | The Paraguaná spiny pocket mouse (Heteromys oasicus) is a South American species of rodent in the family Heteromyidae. It is known from two localities at elevations above 200 m, Cerro Santa Ana and the Fila de Monte Cano, within the Paraguaná Peninsula in Venezuela. While this region consists mostly of arid shrublands, this pocket mouse is found in elevated areas that provide cloud forest or mesic habitat with evergreen and semideciduous vegetation, such as terrestrial bromeliads. It is more likely to be found near streams. The species is threatened by habitat degradation due to goat grazing and development.
References
Heteromys
Mammals of Venezuela
Mammals described in 2003
Endemic fauna of Venezuela |
20465408 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honour%20and%20Glory | Honour and Glory | Honour and Glory (foaled March 24, 1993 in Kentucky – July 17, 2018) was an American Thoroughbred racehorse who won important races during his career. He was bred by William T. Young's Overbrook Farm and purchased by British businessman and prominent racehorse owner, Michael Tabor.
Retired to stud in the United States, Honour and Glory sired a number of winners including the 2000 American Champion Two-Year-Old Filly, Caressing, winner of the 2000 Breeders' Cup Juvenile Fillies. The Leading First-Crop Sire of 2000, among his other American-born offspring, he sired Blues and Royals, winner of the 2005 UAE Derby.
Honour and Glory was sold to La Mission Stallion Station in Argentina. He stood in that country, where he notably sired 2008 UAE Derby winner, Honour Devil, and also at Wintergreen Stallion Station in Midway, Kentucky.
On July 17, 2018 it was announced that Honour and Glory had died due to complications of a broken femur.
References
External links
Honour and Glory's pedigree and partial racing stats
Honour and Glory Thoroughbred Times breeding profile
1993 racehorse births
2018 racehorse deaths
Racehorses bred in Kentucky
Racehorses trained in the United States
Thoroughbred family 16-a
Godolphin Arabian sire line |
20465413 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Spirit%20of%20America | The Spirit of America | The Spirit of America is a 1963 American short documentary film produced by Algernon G. Walker about the Spirit of America. It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Short.
See also
List of American films of 1963
References
External links
The Spirit of America at National Archives and Records Administration
1963 films
1963 documentary films
1963 short films
American short documentary films
1960s short documentary films
1960s English-language films
1960s American films |
23572601 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Say%20Hello%20to%20Tragedy | Say Hello to Tragedy | Say Hello to Tragedy is the seventh studio album by Caliban. The album was released on 25 August 2009 (US), with Century Media Records.
"24 Years", the lead single from Say Hello to Tragedy was released on 17 July on the band's Myspace. A second song, "Caliban's Revenge" was released on their Myspace page on 24 July. A full album stream was put up on 13 August. A video was also made for "24 Years" and "Caliban's Revenge".
The album entered the German Media Control chart at No. 36.
The concept of Say Hello to Tragedy comes from questioning why tragedies happen nowadays that could have been prevented.
Guitarist Marc Goertz commented, "If people would just open their eyes and at least care a bit about their neighbours, relatives and the world in general, a lot of this adversity could be avoided. Some of our new songs are entirely fictional, whereas other ones refer to real life dramas like the Fritzl case."
Track listing
All music written by Marc Görtz.
All lyrics written by Andreas Dörner except where noted.
Track 8 is mistakenly written as "The Degenation Of Humanity".
Credits
Caliban
Andreas Dörner – Lead vocals
Marc Görtz – Guitar
Guitar; Clean Vocals – Denis Schmidt
Bass – Marco Schaller
Drums – Patrick Grün
Guest musicians
Vocals – Dennis Diehl (The Mercury Arc) on "Liar"
Vocals – Florian Velten (ex-Machinemade God) on "Love Song"
Guitar – Sky Hoff guitar solo on "The Degenation of Humanity"
Additional
Co-Production – Marc Görtz
Recording – Benny Richter; Sky Hoff; Toni Meloni
Mixing – Adam D.
Mastering – Vince
Artwork – Bastian Sobtzick (Callejon)
Charts
References
2009 albums
Caliban (band) albums
Century Media Records albums |
17329115 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migron%2C%20Mateh%20Binyamin | Migron, Mateh Binyamin | Migron () is an Israeli settlement in the Binyamin Region of the West Bank, located within 2 km of a former outpost by the same name, that was relocated to its present site on 2 September 2012. The outpost was located 14 kilometers north of Jerusalem, it fell under the jurisdiction of the Mateh Binyamin Regional Council. It was the largest outpost of its kind, with a population of 300. The council says it was founded in 1999 and re-founded in 2001, on land registered before 1967 by the villagers of Burqa. The Israeli government contributed NIS 4.3 million from the Construction and Housing Ministry to build Migron. The international community considers Israeli settlements in the West Bank illegal under international law, but the Israeli government disputes this.
Responding to a petition filed in 2006 by Peace Now, Israel's High Court of Justice ruled on 2 August 2011 that Migron was illegally built on lands belonging to Palestinians and ordered Israel to dismantle the outpost by April 2012. The Israeli government decided not to obey the court order, and instead pursued an agreement with the settlers that gave them time to delay the move until 30 November 2015. However, on 25 March 2012 the High Court reaffirmed its earlier ruling, noting the government had admitted it was built on privately owned Palestinian land, and ordered the IDF to evacuate Migron by 1 August 2012, while making clear that this court ruling is an obligation, not a choice. On 2 September 2012 the evacuation of Migron was complete, after the residents had agreed to relocate to a new site a few hundred meters south of the former location. The site, built by the government in great haste, consists of 50 prefabricated housing units built on state land, and has a status of a government-approved settlement.
Geography
Migron was located 14 kilometers north of Jerusalem in the northern Binyamin, 7.7 km east of the Green line, outside of the Separation Barrier. It fell under the jurisdiction of the Mateh Binyamin Regional Council. It was situated on a dominant hilltop over Highway 60, the main road that connects the northern West Bank with the southern areas, between the settlement Ofra and the Shaar Binyamin Industrial Park.
Etymology
Migron is named after the village Migron mentioned in the Hebrew Bible in Isaiah 10:28 as a village somewhere on the route between Ai and Mikhmas along which the Assyrian army advanced.
History
According to the Mateh Binyamin Regional Council, Migron was founded in 1999 and re-established in 2001. It was the largest unauthorized settlement in the West Bank, with a population of 300 living in 60 mobile homes. According to the Sasson Report based on testimony from the IDF Brigade Commander, Migron was established in April 2002, a few days before Operation Defensive Shield. A request for a cellular radio tower on the hilltop was granted by Israel Defense Forces although ownership of the land was then still in dispute. Some time later, caravans were placed near the radio tower without authorization, leading to a confrontation between settlers and the IDF. The infrastructure for Migron was financed by the Housing Ministry, headed by Yair Rafaeli, who urged his staff to provide the illegal outpost with massive government support. According to the Sasson Report, government subsidies amounted to four million NIS, despite the lack of statutory planning or a cabinet decision approving the construction. Following the publication of the Sasson report in March 2005, Israeli police investigated the procedure that led to Migron's establishment, with Rafaeli reportedly being the prime suspect in the case. The case was passed to the State Prosecutor's Office in 2007 where, according to Haaretz, "it gathered dust for several years". State Prosecutor Moshe Lador closed the case in January 2012 "due to lack of evidence against some of the suspects, and due to lack of public interest regarding others". In response, Peace Now said "Criminal offenses that were committed in broad daylight were not investigated seriously".
Juridical actions
Land ownership
According to the Israeli government, Israel's Supreme Court, and the Israeli organisation Peace Now, the land Migron sits on is owned by a number of Palestinian families living in the nearby villages of Burqa and Deir Dibwan.
In July 2008, additional questions were raised as to the ownership of some of the land that Migron stands on. Apparently, land was purchased with forged documents. According to a news report, Abd Allatif Hassan Sumarin, who supposedly sold a plot of land to Binyamin Regional Council owned by al-Watan Ltd in 2004, had been dead since 1961. These suspicions were later confirmed by an Associated Press investigation.
At the end of 2008, after the state had failed to evacuate Migron as it had undertaken to do in a petition to the High Court of Justice, some of the land owners filed a claim for damages for the loss of income from their land, hoping to pressure the state to evacuate Migron. After the HCJ verdict ordering Migron's evacuation, this lawsuit was withdrawn, allegedly in order to save costs and time and to prevent any forestalling with regard to the evacuation.
In January 2012, the Jerusalem Magistrate's Court accepted the request that the suit for damages be revoked. The petitioners were ordered to compensate the settlers and the State for court costs. Settlers then attempted to use the withdrawal as an argument for claiming that the Palestinians had failed to provide evidence of their ownership of the land,
an argument the court rejected.
According to Arutz Sheva, by 26 February 2012, not all claims of ownership of the land of Migron have been settled. The state of Israel said that "(..) there will be no civilian presence at the present site of Migron until the claims of ownership of the land are all settled. In addition, it insists that all buildings at the site be razed and says that only if it turns out that the land has no private owner can they be rebuilt." The proposed new settlement will be near the Psagot Winery about two kilometers away from Migron, and defined as part of the existing settlement of Kochav Yaakov, though it does not abut it, and has no road connection to it. According to Nehemia Shtrasler, the agreement worked out with Benny Begin, while stating that the Migron settlers trespassed illegally on Palestinian land, allows them to evade punishment, and receive an expensive government gift in the form of a new settlement to be built for them. He concluded:
"That is to say, the state will compensate offenders who appropriated private lands and established a settlement illegally. That's how crime, punishment and rewards are dealt with by Benny Begin."
Evacuation orders
Ariel Sharon announced that Migron would be dismantled in 2003. On 17 December 2006, the Israeli government, responding to a petition from Peace Now and residents of Burqa and Deir Dibwan, conceded that the establishment of Migron had not received official authorization. On 12 February 2007, the Israeli High Court of Justice ordered the government to submit a report within 60 days on steps that would be taken to remove the outpost. On 1 May 2007, the government told the court that Prime Minister Ehud Olmert had instructed the Defence Ministry to prepare an evacuation plan within the next two months. A 60-day extension was requested. On 8 July 2007, the government requested a further 90-day extension so that the new Minister of Defence, Ehud Barak, could formulate his position on the issue.
On 23 January 2008, the government informed the court that "The Prime Minister and Defense Minister have decided that the outpost Migron, which was constructed on Private Palestinian land, will be evacuated within six months, that is until the beginning of August 2008". In addition the statement also expresses that the Defense Ministry reserves the right to "request from the Supreme Court an extension on this date, if it deems necessary". The promise was accepted by the Supreme Court on 6 February 2008. On 13 August 2008, the government declared that the Yesha Council had agreed to decide within 30 days to which location to transfer the outpost, on 24 November 2008 the government signed an agreement with the settlers to remove the outpost to the settlement of Geva Binyamin. On 26 November, the Supreme Court ordered the government to explain within 45 days why it didn't remove the outpost.
In her summation Supreme Court President Dorit Beinisch criticized the State "Today you are submitting papers full of promises, but without any knowledge of who will actually see this through in 3 years time, your statements have turned into meaningless words. In your statements you have revealed some of your secrets: you explain how the evacuation will be carried out, but you never actually say that it will be carried out". On 2 February 2009 the government responded with the declaration that they intend to construct a new neighbourhood in an existing settlement for the evacuees of the Migron outpost. On 28 June 2009, the government submitted an affidavit to the courts, according to which the Ministry of Defense authorized the construction of a new neighborhood in the existing settlements of Geva Binyamin. The construction would include 50 housing units for the evacuees of Migron and another 1,450 units for new settlers.
Supreme Court ruling
On 2 August 2011, in response to a petition filed by Peace Now along with Palestinians, Israel's Supreme Court issued a ruling ordering the state to dismantle the outpost by April 2012. Supreme Court president Dorit Beinisch wrote: "There is no doubt that according to the law a settlement cannot be built on land privately owned by Palestinians". It is the first time the Supreme Court has ordered the state to dismantle an outpost in the West Bank. The ruling was denounced by several Members of the Knesset, including Tzipi Hotovely (Likud), who called it "hypocritical", and Moshe Feiglin (Likud), who accused the Supreme Court of denying Jewish land rights. The Yesha Council accused the court of applying a double standard and of needlessly inflaming tensions. The Israeli newspaper Haaretz called the ruling "one of the most serious indictments ever filed against Israel's political establishment, legal system and security apparatus".
The Israeli government decided not to obey the court order, and instead pursued an agreement with the settlers that gave them time to delay the move until 30 November 2015. However, on 25 March 2012 the High Court reaffirmed its earlier ruling and ordered the IDF to evacuate Migron by 1 August 2012, while making clear that this court ruling is an obligation, not a choice. Knesset Speaker Reuven Rivlin (Likud) held out the possibility of legislation which would nullify the court's decision.
On 3 July 2012, the settlers filed another appeal in an attempt to prevent the demolition of Migron. This time, they claimed that the land was recently bought from the Palestinian owner. The owner, however, had died a year earlier. The development firm al-Watan again tried to register the land, citing an apparent false purchase, and appealed to the Jerusalem District Court. In August 2012 the High Court denied the settlers' petition and ordered Migron evacuated by 11 September 2012. Aryeh Eldad, pro-settlement Knesset member, said that he "hoped ultra-nationalists flocked to the outpost to protect it." By 2 September 2012 all of the 47 families in Migron had been evacuated.
Yesh Din petition
In early September 2011, a force of approximately one thousand police officers destroyed three illegal permanent structures in Migron, arresting six youths among the 200 protesting settlers. The three buildings were ordered to be destroyed by the Supreme Court, following a petition issued by the Israeli human rights group Yesh Din. Shortly after the demolition, a mosque in the West Bank village of Qusra, south of Nablus, was set on fire, according to Palestinian sources by Israeli settlers.
Elyakim Levanon, Regional Rabbi of the Samaria Regional Council declared in August 2012 that "Whoever raises a hand on Migron – his hand will be cut off."
References
Religious Israeli settlements
Unauthorized Israeli settlements
Mateh Binyamin Regional Council
Populated places established in 1999
1999 establishments in the Palestinian territories |
17329120 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Htangprai | Htangprai | Htangprai is a village in Chipwi Township in Myitkyina District in the Kachin State of north-eastern Burma.
References
External links
Satellite map at Maplandia.com
Populated places in Kachin State
Chipwi Township |
6902234 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikram%20Dharma | Vikram Dharma | Vikram Dharma (born as R. N. Dharmaseelan in 1956 – 28 June 2006) was an Indian action choreographer in the Tamil film industry (also known as Kollywood) in Indian cinema. He won the Filmfare Award for Best Action for Yuva. He was the son of fight master R. N. Nambiar who was known for his works in MGR's movies. He worked with actor Kamal Haasan in many films. His working name of "Vikram" was assigned to him once he became acted in Kamal Haasan's movie of the same name in 1986. Stunt masters and Actors like Ponnambalam, Thalapathy Dinesh, K. Ganesh Kumar, Ram Laxman, Anbariv, Mahanadi Shankar, Besant Ravi, Rajendran, T. Ramesh, Indian Baskar, Rajasekhar and Sai Dheena have worked as fighters and assistants to him. He died of a heart attack in early 2006.
Filmography
1987 Vairagyam
1988 Sathya
1988 Poovukkul Boogambam
1988 En Thangai Kalyani
1988 Jeeva
1988 Puthiya Vaanam
1988 Soora Samhaaram
1988 Thaimel Aanai
1988 Poovizhi Raja
1988 Dhayam Onnu
1988 Katha Nayagan
1988 Kalicharan
1988 Kaliyugam
1989 Kuttravali
1989 Apoorva Sagodharargal
1989 Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyaadu
1989 Padicha Pulla
1989 En Thangai
1989 Andru Peytha Mazhaiyil
1989 Annanukku Jai
1989 Chinnappadass
1989 Uthama Purushan
1989 Vetri Vizha
1989 Vetri Mel Vetri
1989 Thiruppu Munai
1990 Arangetra Velai
1990 Madurai Veeran Enga Saami
1990 Kizhakku Vasal
1990 Ooru Vittu Ooru Vanthu
1990 Naangal Pudhiyavargal
1990 My Dear Marthandan
1990 Michael Madana Kama Rajan
1990 Sathriyan
1990 Nadigan
1990 Urudhi Mozhi
1990 Raja Kaiya Vacha
1991 Dharma Dorai
1991 Vaakku Moolam
1991 Thambikku Oru Paattu
1991 Ayul Kaithi
1991 Bramma
1991 Guna
1991 Paattondru Ketten
1992 Amaran
1992 Rickshaw Mama
1992 Unnai Vaazhthi Paadugiren
1992 Singaravelan
1992 Amma Vanthachu
1992 Magudam
1992 Naalaya Seidhi
1992 Pangali
1992 Thevar Magan
1992 Thirumathi Palanisamy
1993 Walter Vetrivel
1993 Dasarathan
1993 Kalaignan
1993 Ulle Veliye
1993 Pudhiya Mugam
1993 Uzhaippali
1993 Dharmaseelan
1993 Gentleman
1993 Uzhavan
1993 Rojavai Killathe
1994 Mahanadhi
1994 Rajakumaran
1994 Magalir Mattum
1994 Adharmam
1994 Vietnam Colony
1994 Kadhalan
1994 Nammavar
1994 Pavithra
1995 Sathi Leelavathi
1995 Chinna Vathiyar
1995 Indira
1995 Kuruthipunal
1996 Love Birds
1996 Mahaprabhu
1996 Indian
1996 Kadhal Desam
1996 Thuraimugam
1996 Nethaji
1997 Minsara Kanavu
1997 Nesam
1997 Ullaasam
1997 Abhimanyu
1997 Nerrukku Ner
1997 Ratchagan
1997 Roja Malare
1998 Kadhala Kadhala
1999 Ninaivirukkum Varai
1999 Kadhalar Dhinam
2000 Eazhaiyin Sirippil
2000 Hey Ram!
2000 Kandukondain Kandukondain
2000 Kushi
2000 Appu
2000 Sabhash
2000 Thenali
2001 Nila Kaalam
2001 Little John
2001 Asathal
2001 12B
2001 Aalavandhan
2002 Pammal K. Sambandam
2002 Kannathil Muthamittal
2002 123
2002 Panchathanthiram
2002 Baba
2002 Aadi
2002 Samurai
2002 Hey! Nee Romba Azhaga Irukke
2002 University
2002 Kadhal Virus
2003 Anbe Sivam
2003 Nala Damayanthi
2003 Boys
2003 Iyarkai
2004 Virumaandi
2004 Udhaya
2004 Arul
2004 Yuva
2004 Aaytha Ezhuthu
2004 Vasool Raja MBBS
2004 Chellamae
2004 Vishwa Thulasi
2005 Mumbai Xpress
2005 Maayavi
2005 Ullam Ketkumae
2006 Paramasivan
2006 Idhaya Thirudan
2006 Thambi
2006 Sillunu Oru Kaadhal
2007 Kuttrapathirikai
2007 Unnale Unnale
2007 Urchagam
Actor
1983 Adutha Varisu as Rogue (special appearance) (Credited as Dharmaseelan)
1983 Thoongadhey Thambi Thoongadhey as Peter (Credited as Dharmaseelan)
1983 Thangaikkor Geetham as Henchman (special appearance) (Credited as Dharmaseelan)
1984 Kai Kodukkum Kai as Henchman (special appearance) (Credited as Dharmaseelan)
1984 Thambikku Entha Ooru as Rogue (special appearance) (Credited as Dharmaseelan)
1984 Madurai Sooran as Dharma (in a special appearance as a CID officer)
1985 Raja Yuvaraja as Shetty (Credited as Dharmaseelan)
1986 Jeevanadhi as Rogue (special appearance) (Credited as Dharman)
1986 Dharma Devathai as Henchman (special appearance) (Credited as Dharmaseelan)
1986 Kaalamellam Un Madiyil as Rogue (Credited as Dharman)
1986 Vikram Henchman (Credited as Dharmaseelan)
1988 Jeeva as Henchman (special appearance)
1989 Chinnappadass as Waiter (special appearance)
1989 Apoorva Sagodharargal as David (in a special appearance as a Henchman)
1989 Vetri Vizha as Henchman (special appearance)
1990 Nadigan Henchman (special appreance)
1990 Sathriyan as Henchman (special appearance)
1992 Singaravelan as Dharman (special appearance)
1992 Amma Vanthachu as Himself (special appearance)
1992 Thirumathi Palanisamy as Police Inspector
1993 Uzhaippali as Coolie (special appearance)
1994 Nammavar (special appearance)
1996 Indian as Freedom Fighter
2000 Kandukondain Kandukondain as Himself (special appearance)
2001 Nila Kaalam as Police Inspector
2001 Aalavandhan as Drug Dealer (special appearance)
2002 Pammal K. Sambandam as Himself (special appearance)
2003 Nala Damayanthi as Australian NRI (special appearance)
2004 Singara Chennai 2005 Mumbai Xpress as Traffic Police (special appearance)
2005 Maayavi as Himself (special appearance)
Extra Fighter
1979 Kalyanaraman 1981 Kadal Meengal 1981 Savaal 1981 Netrikkan 1981 Ranuva Veeran 1982 Sakalakala Vallavan 1982 Pakkathu Veetu Roja 1982 Theeratha Vilayatu Pillai 1982 Pokkiri Raja 1983 Thudikkum Karangal 1983 Malaiyoor Mambattiyan 1983 Uyirullavarai Usha 1983 Soorakottai Singakutti 1983 Mundhanai Mudichu 1983 Thudikkum Karangal 1983 Valartha Kada 1984 Naan Mahaan Alla 1984 Nallavanukku Nallavan 1984 Thiruppam 1984 Naan Mahaan Alla 1984 Priyamudan Prabhu 1985 Uyarndha Ullam 1985 Paadum Vaanam Paadi 1985 Yaar? 1985 Chinna Veedu 1985 Nalla Thambi 1985 Ketti Melam 1985 Deivapiravi 1985 Arthamulla Aasaigal 1986 Viduthalai 1987 Anjatha SingamAwards
Won
1992 Cinema Express Award for Best Stunt Master - Thevar Magan 1993 Cinema Express Award for Best Stunt Master - Gentleman 1994 Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Stunt Coordinator – Mahanadi 2002 Cinema Express Award for Best Stunt Master – Kannathil Muthamittal 2004 Film Today Award for Best Stunt Master - Aaytha Ezhuthu''
References
External links
20th-century Indian male actors
Tamil male actors
1961 births
2006 deaths
Indian action choreographers
Filmfare Awards winners
Male actors from Tamil Nadu |
20465434 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%20Canadian%20Tour | 2008 Canadian Tour | The 2008 Canadian Tour season ran from April to September and consisted of 15 tournaments. It was the 39th season of the Canadian Professional Golf Tour.
The season started with two events in the United States (in April), followed by three events in Mexico (in April and May), and finishing with 10 events in Canada (in June through September). American John Ellis won the Order of Merit.
Schedule
The following table lists official events during the 2008 season.
References
External links
Official site
Canadian Tour
PGA Tour Canada |
6902242 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dapple | Dapple | Dapple may refer to:
Dapple, a book by Eleanor Arnason
DAPPLE Project, a pollution study
Dapple gray, a type of coat colour seen on horses
Silver dapple gene, also known as the "Z" gene, that dilutes the black base coat color in horses
Merle (dog coat), a pattern called "dapple" in the Dachshund dog breed
"Dapple" is also a common English translation of the Spanish name of Sancho Panza's donkey in Don Quixote; however, the Spanish name "Rucio" is perhaps more accurately translated as "gray-beige" or "taupe". |
6902248 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Voz%20da%20P%C3%B3voa | A Voz da Póvoa | A Voz da Póvoa is one of the three main local newspapers of Póvoa de Varzim, Portugal.
Its current editor-in-chief is Ferreira de Sousa.
Newspapers published in Portugal
Newspapers established in 1938
Mass media in Póvoa de Varzim
1938 establishments in Portugal |
17329145 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela%20Zimmerman | Angela Zimmerman | Angela Zimmerman (born Andrew, later Andi) is a professor of German history at George Washington University.
Early life and education
Zimmerman earned a PhD from the University of California, San Diego in 1998, an M.Phil in History and Philosophy of Science, University of Cambridge in 1991, a B.A. (Magna Cum Laude) in History from University of California, Los Angeles in 1990.
Career
Zimmerman is the author of Anthropology and Antihumanism in Imperial Germany, Alabama in Africa, and several peer-reviewed articles. She edited The Civil War in the United States, a collection of writings on the American Civil War by Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels and others.
Personal life
Zimmerman uses "She/Her/Hers" pronouns.
Publications
Anthropology and Antihumanism in Imperial Germany (University of Chicago Press, 2001)
Alabama in Africa: Booker T. Washington, the German Empire, and the Globalization of the New South (University of Princeton Press, 2010)
“A German Alabama in Africa: The Tuskegee Expedition to German Togo and the Transnational Origins of African Cotton Growers,” American Historical Review 110 (December 2005)
“Looking Beyond History: The Optics of German Anthropology and the Critique of Humanism,” Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 32 (2001): 385-411.
“Selin, Pore, and Emil Stephan in the Bismarck Archipelago: A ‘Fresh and Joyful Tale’ of the Origin of Fieldwork,” Journal of the Pacific Arts Association 21/22 (2000): 69-84.1
“German Anthropology and the ‘Natural Peoples’: The Global Context of Colonial Discourse,” The European Studies Journal, Special Issue: German Colonialism: Another Sonderweg? 16(1999): 95-112.
“Anti-Semitism as Skill: Rudolf Virchow’s Schulstatistik and the Racial Composition of Germany,”Central European History 32 (1999): 409-429.“Geschichtslose und Schriftlose Völker in Spreeathen: Anthropologie als Kritik der Geschichtswissenschaft im Kaiserreich,” Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaften 47 (1999): 197-210.
“Legislating Being: Words and Things in Bentham’s Panopticon,” The European Legacy 3 (1998): 72-83.
“The Ideology of the Machine and The Spirit of the Factory: Remarx on Babbage and Ure,” Cultural Critique 37 (Fall 1997): 5-29
References
Historians of Germany
21st-century American historians
University of California, San Diego alumni
George Washington University faculty
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
University of California, Los Angeles alumni
Professors of German in the United States
Living people
Columbian College of Arts and Sciences faculty
Year of birth missing (living people) |
17329164 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourne%20Mill | Bourne Mill | The Bourne Mill is an historic textile mill on the border between Tiverton, Rhode Island and Fall River, Massachusetts.
The various buildings in the cotton mill complex were completed from 1881 to 1951 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2006. The Bourne corporation had a unique profit sharing arrangement based upon Jonathan Bourne's experience in the whaling industry. The company treasurer, George A. Chace, designed the original mill building.
Although only a very small part of the property is located in Fall River, Massachusetts the complex is generally grouped and referenced with the mills of that city.
After lying dormant for decades, the Bourne Mill was converted into 166 apartments, which were completed in early 2009. In September 2009, an arsonist set fire to the former detached picker house near the main mill, which had also been scheduled to be redeveloped.
See also
List of mills in Fall River, Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places listings in Newport County, Rhode Island
References
External links
Bourne Mill Apartments Website
News Article | ON DISPLAY: Artist's mural evokes spirit of renovated Bourne Mill
News Article | Longtime Worker Revisits
News Article | Bourne Again
RI Government, Preserve RI informational
Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Rhode Island
Textile mills in Fall River, Massachusetts
Buildings and structures in Tiverton, Rhode Island
Cotton mills in the United States
Industrial buildings completed in 1881
National Register of Historic Places in Newport County, Rhode Island
1881 establishments in Rhode Island |
20465443 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000%20United%20States%20Senate%20election%20in%20Delaware | 2000 United States Senate election in Delaware | The 2000 United States Senate election in Delaware was held on November 7, 2000, in conjunction with the 2000 U.S. presidential election, other elections to the United States Senate in other states, as well as elections to the United States House of Representatives, and various state and local elections. Incumbent Republican U.S. Senator William Roth ran for re-election to a sixth term, but he was defeated by outgoing Democratic Governor Tom Carper. Carper subsequently became the first Democrat to hold this seat since 1947. It was also the first time since 1943 that both seats were held by Democrats.
General election
Candidates
Tom Carper, Governor of Delaware and former U.S. Representative (Democratic)
Mark E. Dankof (Constitution)
Robert Mattson (Natural Law)
J. Burke Morrison (Libertarian)
William Roth, incumbent U.S. Senator since 1971 (Republican)
Campaign
For 16 years, the same four people had held all four major statewide positions in Delaware. Governor Tom Carper was term-limited and could not run for re-election again. Both he and U.S. Representative Michael Castle wanted to be U.S. Senator. However, Roth would not retire, and fellow Republican Castle decided against a primary.
Roth, 79, had served in the U.S. Senate for 30 years. He was the Chairman of the Finance Committee. Carper, 53, was a popular Governor and former U.S. Congressman of Delaware's At-large congressional district, who announced his candidacy against Roth in September 1999. Both candidates were moderates. Roth was one of the few Republicans to vote for the Brady Bill. Although Roth started the campaign with a 2-to-1 spending advantage, Carper went into the final month with more than $1 million on hand. In a contest between two popular and respected politicians, the main issue seemed to be Roth's age versus Carper's relative youth.
Debates
Complete video of debate, October 15, 2000
Results
Carper defeated Roth by over ten points. Roth received more votes than Presidential candidate George W. Bush, suggesting the strength of the Democratic turnout was a boon to Carper's candidacy. Some attributed Roth's loss to his age and health, as he collapsed twice during the campaign, once in the middle of a television interview and once during a campaign event.
See also
2000 United States Senate elections
References
2000
Delaware
2000 Delaware elections |
17329192 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haslett%20%28surname%29 | Haslett (surname) | Haslett is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Adam Haslett (born 1970), American fiction writer
Alexander Haslett (1883–1951), Irish independent politician
Caroline Haslett (1895–1957), British electrical engineer and electricity industry administrator
Jim Haslett (born 1955), defensive coordinator of the Washington Redskins
John F. Haslett (21st century), American writer |
23572604 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20Rail%20Class%2070%20%28diesel%29 | British Rail Class 70 (diesel) | The British Rail Class 70 is a Co-Co mainline freight GE PowerHaul locomotive series manufactured by General Electric in Erie, Pennsylvania. They are operated in the United Kingdom by Freightliner and Colas Rail. These locomotives replaced the Class 59 as having the highest tractive effort of any Co-Co Diesel locomotive in use in the United Kingdom when they were introduced.
Background and specification
In November 2007, Freightliner announced Project Genesis, a procurement plan for 30 freight locomotives from General Electric (GE). The locomotives ordered were intended to match older types in terms of haulage capacity whilst at the same time being more fuel-efficient. The project was a collaborative effort between Freightliner and GE, with input from drivers on the cab design. The locomotives utilize a GE PowerHaul P616 diesel engine rated at . The locomotive meets EU Tier IIIa emission regulations. Freightliner expects that the locomotive's efficiency is 7% better than contemporary models, with a further 3% increase in efficiency whilst braking; regenerative braking is used to supply the energy to power auxiliary motors.
The locomotives were given the Class 70 TOPS code.
The new locomotives are similar in appearance to a Class 58; a hood unit design with a narrow body typical of locomotive types in use in North America, the cabs are accessed from the rear via exterior walkways on the narrow part of the hood. The distinctive front end shape is due to crashworthiness features It is also fitted with air conditioning and acoustic insulation to improve the crew's environment, making it an improvement over the Class 66.
Operations
Freightliner
Construction of the first two locomotives at GE's Erie, Pennsylvania plant was completed in July 2009, with both locomotives tested during the same month. The original plan was for two months of testing, with the locomotives then spending a further three weeks being modified where necessary and prepared for transport to the United Kingdom.
The first two locomotives arrived at Newport Docks on 8 November 2009. The delivery gave GE its first locomotives in service on the British rail network. The first locomotive was given the name PowerHaul' at Leeds on 24 November 2009.
Four more locomotives were delivered to the UK on 2 December 2009. On operation tests, 70001 hauled a 30-wagon train consisting of 60ISO containers during December 2009. 70002 also hauled a 19 hopper coal train in the same month.
On 5 January 2011, 70012 was severely damaged while being unloaded at Newport Dock when part of the lifting gear failed, causing the locomotive to fall back into the hold of the ship.
In January 2017, some were placed in store at Freightliner's Leeds Midland Road depot. By July 2018, 13 of the 19 were in store. In March 2020, only four remained in store, the rest having been returned to service. However, by June 2020 all Freightliner examples were in storage at Leeds Midlands Road, with only two, 016 and 017, returning to service as of July 2020.
Turkish demonstrator
In August 2012, it was announced that the demonstrator locomotive built in Turkey in 2011 was to be transferred to the UK and allocated the number 70099. The locomotive was to be allocated to the private owners pool for use as required. On 19 November 2012, it was announced that 70099 was to test trial with GB Railfreight for coal and intermodal traffic trials.
Colas Rail
In November 2013, Colas Rail announced it had ordered ten class 70s for entry into service in 2014; the order included the Turkish built demonstrator 70099, renumbered as 70801, and the remainder of Freightliner's original order option of 30 locomotives.
Colas' locomotives were allotted numbers in the 708xx range. Locomotives 70802–70805 had already been constructed at the time of the order and were shipped to the United Kingdom in January 2014, with the rest assembled and delivered later the same year. In 2015, Colas announced the purchase of an additional seven locomotives, which were delivered by 2017.
Accidents and incidents
On 5 January 2011, locomotive 70012 was dropped when part of the lifting gear failed, causing the locomotive to fall approximately from the crane, back into the hold of the ship. The impact severely bent the locomotive's frame, rendering it unserviceable and resulting in it later being returned to the United States. It was rebuilt as a test bed and used as a shunter at the Erie plant.
On 5 April 2012, locomotive 70018 had an engine room fire requiring the attention of the fire brigade, whilst hauling a freight train on the line between and , Hampshire.
On 27 February 2016, locomotive 70803 collided with an engineers train at , Devon and was derailed.
On 30 October 2016, locomotive 70804 ran away and was derailed at Toton Sidings in Nottinghamshire.
On 28 January 2020, a container train hauled by 70001 was derailed at , Hampshire. The derailment was caused by a defect which allowed the track to spread underneath the train.
See also
GE CM20EMP, Indonesian twin-cab GE locomotive
Notes
References
External links
70 (Powerhaul)
Co-Co locomotives
GE PowerHaul
Railway locomotives introduced in 2009
Standard gauge locomotives of Great Britain
Diesel-electric locomotives of Great Britain |
20465475 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9ronique%20Cloutier | Véronique Cloutier | Véronique Cloutier (born December 31, 1974), also known as Véro, is a popular French Canadian TV and radio personality. She is the daughter of Guy Cloutier and the sister of Stéphanie Cloutier. She has hosted various programs on Radio-Canada, including La Fureur, Véro and Paquet Voleur. Her daily show Le Véro Show on Rythme FM is one of the most popular Quebec radio programs.
Biography
Career
While in high school, Cloutier worked on the radio program Bonjour Champion on CKAC. She also worked on the campus radio station of the University of Montreal, CISM-FM, on the radio program Virus Chronique. Her first television appearance was on the program Les mini-stars on the Quebec television network TVA in 1990.
In September 1993, Cloutier attended a public audition for the television channel MusiquePlus and was offered a job with the channel. Various programs that she hosted included Combat des clips, Le décompte MusiquePlus and Vox Pop. From 1995 to 1997, she hosted her own program called Véro Show.
In August 1997, she left MusiquePlus to join Radio-Canada. Her first job with the channel was the quiz show La Tête de l'emploi.
Her career reached new heights after hosting La Fureur, a weekly game show where celebrities answer questions related to music. It became one of the highest rated programs in Quebec with more than 1,200,000 viewers each week. In the fall of 1999, she would host the Gala de l'ADISQ, Quebec's major music awards show.
In April 2002 Cloutier was master of ceremonies at the Molson Centre in Montreal at the event La Fureur de Céline, in which 15,000 fans saw Céline Dion perform. In the summer of 2002, she starred in her first film, Les Dangereux, directed by Louis Saia and produced by Richard Goudreau. In December 2007 she was hired by the Royal Canadian Mint as a campaign spokesperson for the launch of an ad campaign in Quebec. She signed on to represent the Mint for three years.
In 2008, Cloutier was involved in several projects. She was the host of the Prix Gemeaux, the French Canadian equivalent of the Gemini Awards.
In December 2008, Cloutier hosted Radio-Canada's annual New Year's TV special, Bye Bye. The show, produced by Cloutier and Louis Morissette, received over 1,300 complaints from viewers finding it vulgar, angry and racist for material that included sketches on the assassination of then-American president-elect Barack Obama, jokes about Nathalie Simard, who was sexually assaulted as a child by Guy Cloutier (her father), and for anglophone-bashing.
Personal life
Cloutier's husband is Louis Morissette, a French Canadian comedian. Together, they have two daughters, Delphine Cloutier-Morissette and Raphaelle Cloutier-Morissette, and a son, Justin Cloutier-Morissette.
References
External links
Veronique Cloutier
1974 births
Canadian game show hosts
Canadian television talk show hosts
Living people
French Quebecers
People from Montreal |
6902254 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ%20Episcopal%20Church%20%28Tarrytown%2C%20New%20York%29 | Christ Episcopal Church (Tarrytown, New York) | Christ Episcopal Church is a historic Episcopal church located at 43 South Broadway (US 9) in Tarrytown, New York. Topped by a modest tower, the ivy-covered red brick church was built in 1837 and maintains an active congregation to the present day. The church also includes the San Marcos Mission, a Spanish-language ministry.
It was recognized as a landmark by the New York Department of Education in 1935. In 1987 it was added to the National Register of Historic Places for both its association with early American author Washington Irving, who served as a vestryman, and its distinctive early Gothic Revival architecture. It has undergone several extensive renovations since its construction, and has had two outbuildings added, but maintains its historic character.
Building complex
The church complex includes three buildings: the original church, a rectory built later, and a parish hall on a 17,120 square-foot (514 m²) parcel at the intersection of South Broadway and Elizabeth Street. All date to the 19th century and are considered contributing resources to its status as a Registered Historic Place.
Church
The church itself takes the form of a traditional English parish church, with an engaged tower and transept at the three-quarters point, built of red brick. The front facade is currently covered with a heavy growth of ivy. The tower and turrets at the east front and north transept are castellated. Limestone, sandstone and molded brick are used for the various decorative elements in the facade. An iron fence encloses the small churchyard, and a chapel has been added to the south wing.
The tower forms a vaulted narthex at the main entrance in front. All walls there and within the chancel are white plaster, except around the altar. Its recess features marbleized Corinthian columns and gold paint. The altar itself is made of carved stone, painted a neutral brown, with decorations echoing its surrounding decor and the stained glass window behind it. To its right is a memorial tablet to Maria Phillips, an early member of the church during colonial times.
A similar memorial plaque to Irving is located on the wall next to a baptismal font in the north transept. It is made of Dorchester stone with columns of Aberdeen granite and Caen stone, depicting the symbolic holly of Irving's coat of arms. Displayed in front is Irving's pew, one of the church's original pine furnishings. The opposite wall memorializes Dr. William Creighton, founder and first rector of the parish. The south transept contains St. Mark's Chapel, from a church in Beekmantown consolidated with Christ in 1951.
Rectory
The rectory, built in 1875, is a two-and-a-half-story rectangular building abutting (and later linked to) the church. It has a large pavilion with corbel tables, brick corner pilasters and steeply pitched raking cornice. Entrance is through a single-bay vestibule adjacent to the pavilion. The building also has a small wooden porch.
Parish hall
The one-story-with-basement parish hall dates to 1898. It shows some Tudorbethan features, such as its arched windows, arranged singly in one-over-one sets. The side entrance porch has Tudor archways, and a half-timbered gable with triple window and a transom embellished with a pinnacle and scrolls.
History
The church was started by Nathaniel Holmes, a New York City bookseller and devout Episcopalian who retired to Tarrytown in 1835. He taught a Sunday school in the old schoolhouse on Franklin Street, and soon after taking up residence persuaded Dr. William Creighton, former rector of St. Mark's Church in-the-Bowery in Lower Manhattan, to help him start a church in his new home. It was formally organized on August 8, 1836, with Holmes as senior warden.
Minutes from the vestry meeting two weeks later record a resolution to build a "church of brick, 40' X 55', in the Gothic style". Six weeks later those specifications were amended to say that the church tower should be 40 feet (12 m) high and 14 feet (4 m) square, with a "plain Gothic" window, and the rear of the church square. The conscious choice of a "Gothic" style for the church preceded by several years the debut of the Gothic Revival churches of Richard Upjohn, such as New York's Trinity Church. Alexander Jackson Davis would not publish his Rural Residences, which inspired similarly Gothic board-and-batten churches throughout rural New England, for another year. Christ Church was thus one of the earliest American churches in that style, taking a Picturesque interpretation.
The new church soon purchased the current property and by November of that year the cornerstone had been laid. Local construction firm Hall & Boyce received $5,377 to complete the church. It was opened and the first services held in 1837. Creighton served with distinction as rector not only at Christ but at Zion Church in nearby Greenburgh. He is believed to have persuaded Irving to join the church in 1848; the author's presence at services was a frequent attraction for visitors from out of town. He served as a vestryman until his death in 1859, and also contributed the ivy which grows on the church facade, from cuttings he took at Abbotsford House, the home of Sir Walter Scott. Due to the closure of his Sunnyside estate for many years afterwards, his pew in the church became the primary focus for visitors to Tarrytown looking to pay homage to him.
The early years saw some moderate improvements: a church bell, central heating, the iron fence and sidewalks on the grounds. In 1857 the first major alteration occurred when the church was lengthened and a recess chancel installed. This change, making the spatial separation between clergy and laity more pronounced, reflects the influence of the Cambridge Camden Society and Ecclesiology movement within Anglicanism, which advocated for more authentically medieval architecture in the denominations' churches. This philosophy would inform the design of Christ Church for the remainder of the century.
In 1868, three years after Creighton's death, local architect James Bird and his builder brother Seth were contracted to oversee some more major improvements as an alternative to demolishing the church, which had grown structurally unsound. They put in a new ceiling and sidewalls, added the south wing, removed the organ gallery and moving the organ itself to the new north transept, put in gas lighting and refitted the windows for stained glass. It is believed that the decorative wall painting was added at this time as well.
The last major alteration, in 1896, focused mainly on the interior decoration. The original pine benches were replaced with oak, and the pews arranged so that they had a single center aisle rather than just the two on the sides. All the new furnishing boasted carved wooden elements such as trefoil piercings that enhanced the Gothic feel of the church. They were complemented by the stenciled walls, polychrome tile floor and hanging brass lanterns. While this primarily reflects the ascendancy of Aestheticism in popular design at the time, the lingering Ecclesiological influence shows in the center aisle, which puts the nave and chancel along a single axis.
Later work on the building aimed to restore and preserve it. In 1931 all buildings were clean, revealing some of the brick additions, and the sanctuary restored to its original white in keeping with the then-popular Colonial Revival trend. Finally, in 1985, all the buildings were repainted with tinted mortar to preservation standards.
It was necessary to close the church in 1995 since the bell tower had deteriorated to the point where structural engineers it consulted recommended not using the main entrance. Church members also discovered it was necessary to replace the roof as well, since its three layers were decaying at different rates and the building code does not permit a fourth layer. Services were held in nearby Ackerman Hall until $500,000 could be raised to pay for the restoration and repair.
The church today
Christ Episcopal continues to be active part of the Tarrytown community. In 1993 it started San Marcos Mission, a program for the growing Latin immigrant population. It holds services in Spanish and other programs for that community. The church also provides space for the Tarrytown Nursery School for children ages 2–4. Other church programs include Godly Play, a Montessori-based Sunday school, and an annual chili cookoff.
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in northern Westchester County, New York
References
External links
Church website
Episcopal church buildings in New York (state)
Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
Religious organizations established in 1836
Churches completed in 1837
19th-century Episcopal church buildings
U.S. Route 9
Tarrytown, New York
National Register of Historic Places in Westchester County, New York
Churches in Westchester County, New York
1836 establishments in New York (state) |
6902258 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrifty%20White | Thrifty White | Thrifty White Pharmacy (also known as White Drug and Thrifty Drug) is an American pharmacy chain with operations in six states, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Iowa headquartered in Plymouth, MN. The firm specializes in filling prescriptions, long term care consulting, community outreach, and specialty services. As of September 2016, Thrifty White received full URAC accreditation for its specialty pharmacy.
History
The first White Drug opened in Jamestown, North Dakota, in 1884 by Mr. and Mrs. H.E. White. There were 38 White Drug Stores when it merged with Thrifty Drug in 1985. Thrifty Drug was founded in Brainerd, Minnesota, in 1957 by Douglas Stark, Jack Lindoo, and Edward Olsen. White Drug and Thrifty Drug merged in 1985 to form Thrifty White Drugstores.
White Mart
White Mart was a chain of discount department stores serving mostly the Dakotas and Minnesota. Shortly after merging, the new Thrifty White began closing all White Mart locations, with the final locations closing in the early 1990s.
Thrifty White today
Thrifty White is an employee owned company that operates a total of 96 drugstores under the banners White Drug, Thrifty Drug, and Thrifty White Drug. In addition, there are 82 Independent Retailers that operate their own pharmacies but use Thrifty White tools and contracts. Its locations are typically found inside shopping centers or strip malls. Most Thrifty White stores offer a wide range of items found in the typical retail drugstore including, household items, greeting cards, cosmetics, and a large gift section. A typical Thrifty White also has a full service One Hour Photo Lab.
Most of the Thrifty White drugstores are located in small towns with a population of under 60,000 where they are often the only pharmacy within city limits.
Thrifty White partnered with North Dakota State University to open a concept pharmacy for students to learn and experience the way of a retail pharmacy. Students are able to practice the duties of a pharmacist within an instructional pharmacy setting.
Thrifty White has eight Telepharmacy Stores located in small communities where access to a pharmacist would not be available. First opened in 2003, these stores allow a pharmacist to communicate through an audio/video feed with a trained technician to fill and approve prescriptions. These stores allow for regular services such as MTM and patient counseling.
In 2013, Thrifty White purchased TheOnlineDrugstore, expanding its reach online.
In 2016, Thrifty White became a fully accredited specialty pharmacy through URAC with accreditation lasting until 2019. It has the ability to provide specialty products and services all 50 states. It claims adherence rates of over 93% for specialty patients.
Thrifty White was named the national "Pharmacy Innovator of the Year" for 2016 by Drug Store News. It won a similar award in 2012 by Chain Drug Review. Thrifty White was also names "#1 in Medication Therapy Management" by Mirixa in 2016 and "Most Innovative" by Outcomes in 2016. Thrifty White's Medication Synchronization program has 65,000 patients enrolled and is leading the nation in medication adherence scores.
In April 2021, Thrifty White has teamed up with Upsher-Smith to have a free on-site COVID-19 vaccination clinic that follows the Moderna vaccine's recommended schedule.
External links
Thrifty White Homepage
References
Health care companies based in Minnesota
Economy of Montana
Economy of the Midwestern United States
Pharmacies of the United States
Online pharmacies |
17329204 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst%20Bolld%C3%A9n | Ernst Bolldén | Ernst Olov Bolldén (28 September 1966 – 30 April 2012) was a Swedish wheelchair table tennis player. He represented Sweden at every Summer Paralympics from 1988 to 2004 and won medals for para table tennis. He was on the gold-winning Swedish team at the 1996 Atlanta Paralympics and won a bronze in men's singles at that same Games. He won another bronze in the men's team event at the 2000 Sydney Paralympics.
Bolldén was born in Njutånger, Sweden. He had a twin brother and two older brothers. Bolldén became paralysed from the waist and down in a schoolyard accident in Iggesund in 1979.
In July 2011, he was diagnosed with invasive bladder cancer. Bolldén died on 30 April 2012. He was 45.
Career records
Olympic Games
1996: Olympic gold in team wheelchair
1996: OS bronze in single wheelchair
2000: OS bronze in team wheelchair
World Championship
1986: World Cup silver in single wheelchair
1986: World Cup silver in team wheelchair
1990: World Cup Gold in single wheelchair
1990: World Cup Bronze in Team Wheelchair
1998: World Cup silver in team wheelchair
1998: World Cup bronze in single wheelchair
2002: WM-silver in team wheelchair
2002: WM silver in single wheelchair
2006: WM gold in single wheelchair
European Championships
1991: Euro gold in single wheelchair
1995: Euro gold in single wheelchair
1995: EM-silver in layers of wheelchair
1997: Euro gold in single wheelchair
1999: EM bronze in open wheelchair class
2003: EM bronze in single wheelchair
2003: EM bronze in team wheelchair
2009: EM bronze in single wheelchair
2009: EM-silver in layers of wheelchair
Other credits
Nominated for the award for the year's athletes with disabilities to the Swedish Athletics 2007.
2006: Elected best player or World Championships in wheelchair men category.
References
External links
Ernst Bolldén's official site
1966 births
2012 deaths
Swedish male table tennis players
Table tennis players at the 1988 Summer Paralympics
Table tennis players at the 1992 Summer Paralympics
Table tennis players at the 1996 Summer Paralympics
Table tennis players at the 2000 Summer Paralympics
Table tennis players at the 2004 Summer Paralympics
Paralympic table tennis players of Sweden
Medalists at the 1996 Summer Paralympics
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Paralympics
Paralympic medalists in table tennis
Paralympic gold medalists for Sweden
Paralympic bronze medalists for Sweden
Deaths from cancer in Sweden
Deaths from bladder cancer
Swedish twins
Twin sportspeople |
6902276 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft%27s%20School%20of%20the%20Future | Microsoft's School of the Future | Microsoft School of the Future (commonly referred to as the School of the Future) is a public high school located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States that serves grades 9 through 12 as part of the Philadelphia School District. The school opened on September 7, 2006.
History
After two and half years of planning, the School District of Philadelphia, Microsoft and The Prisco Group architectural firm designed "School of the Future." The school resides on in West Philadelphia's Fairmount Park and was designed as a template that can be replicated throughout the country and worldwide on a traditional budget. The design had to incorporate the principle of adaptation at any site, making it able to adjust to smaller or bigger student capacity and incorporate different curricula and programs. The design supports continuous, relevant and adaptive learning principles.
Recognitions
LEED Gold Certified
2006 DesignShare Award
2006 Reader's Digest: Best of America – Best High-Tech High
See also
Education
School
Classroom of the future
References
External links
Official website
School district section on HSOF and School of the Future's School Profile
Microsoft - Building the School of the future
Slashdot - "Microsoft's High School Opens in PA"
Microsoft - School of the Future Resource Kit
Schedule a visit to the School of the Future
School of the Future's BetaTech Computer Technology Club
High schools in Philadelphia
Educational institutions established in 2006
Public high schools in Pennsylvania
2006 establishments in Pennsylvania
West Philadelphia |
17329205 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peroxybenzoic%20acid | Peroxybenzoic acid | Peroxybenzoic acid is an organic compound with the formula C6H5CO3H. It is the simplest aryl peroxy acid. It may be synthesized from benzoic acid and hydrogen peroxide, or by the treatment of benzoyl peroxide with sodium methoxide, followed by acidification.
Like other peroxyacids, it may be used to generate epoxides, such as styrene oxide from styrene:
References
Organic peroxy acids
Phenyl compounds |
20465482 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%20Potrero%20de%20los%20Funes%20TC2000%20round | 2008 Potrero de los Funes TC2000 round | The 2008 TC2000 in San Luis was the 13th race of the 2008 TC2000 season. It took place at the Potrero de los Funes Circuit in Argentina on 23 November 2008.
Results
TC 2000 Championship |
6902280 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misterlee | Misterlee | Misterlee are an alternative rock band from Leicester, England. Centred on the talents of Lee Allatson they have released four albums.
History
Misterlee consisted of Allatson on vocals, drums and effects, augmented by guitarist Jamie Smith and Michael "Curtis" Oxtoby on electric violin and bass guitar. The debut album was released in 2002, called Chiselgibbon (2002) it largely written and performed solo by Allatson,
In 2005, the second album Night of the Killer Longface was released, like the previous one it has largely written and performed by Allatson. Circa that year, Misterlee played in the United States and were looking for American distribution for the second album.
Bootlegger/Misterlee Is Not A Lifestyle Sandwich was released late in 2006.
Oxtoby left in late 2007. In the same year, the band were featured on the compilation record AFUK & I (VOL. 1): UP THE ANTI! on AFUK (Anti-Folk UK) Records, with the track "Dim Lit". Though, their sound is not traditionally anti-folk (in the sense of 'acoustic punk').
The band has played with Hamell on Trial, Sebadoh, Jeffrey Lewis, Johnny Dowd, Simple Kid, and The Mountain Goats, and has also appeared at festivals such as In the City, Secret Garden Party and Summer Sundae.
The band has played anti-folk UK festivals in London.
In June 2009, Allatson announced that Misterlee were working on a new album. It was released in 2010, entitled This Disquiet Dog. The album features Allatson and Smith with a cameo performance by Oxtoby, and was recorded at Smith's Owlhouse Studio in South Leicestershire.
In 2018, This Disquiet Dog was made available as a digital download.
Other projects
Allatson has taught drums since 1991 in Leicester, and at the Dye House Drum Works facility since 2009.
Style
The Londonist described the band as "A world of anti-folk, Beck-like genre teasing played out in an English country garden on full band and ".
Though the vocal delivery is English, American influences can be heard in the music - Leonard's Lair describes them as "a man playing doomed country ballads in an American whisky bar".
Discography
Chiselgibbon (2002)
Night of the Killer Longface (2005)
Bootlegger/Misterlee Is Not A Lifestyle Sandwich (2006)
This Disquiet Dog (2010)
References
External links
Misterlee on MySpace
atomic duster review of Chiselgibbon
atomic duster review of Night of the Killer Longface
BBC Leicester feature
Misterlee at Drowned in Sound
People from Leicester
Musical groups from Leicester
Musicians from Leicestershire |
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