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id_4800 | READING THE SCREEN Are the electronic media exacerbating illiteracy and making our children stupid? On the contrary, says Colin McCabe, they have the potential to make us truly literate. The debate surrounding literacy is one of the most charged in education. On the one hand there is an army of people convinced that traditional skills of reading and writing are declining. On the other, a host of progressives protest that literacy is much more complicated than a simple technical mastery of reading and writing. This second position is supported by most of the relevant academic work over the past 20 years. These studies argue that literacy can only be understood in its social and technical context. In Renaissance England, for example, many more people could read than could write, and within reading there was a distinction between those who could read print and those who could manage the more difficult task of reading manuscript. An understanding of these earlier periods helps us understand todays crisis in literacy debate. There does seem to be evidence that there has been an overall decline in some aspects of reading and writing you only need to compare the tabloid newspapers of today with those of 50 years ago to see a clear decrease in vocabulary and simplification of syntax. But the picture is not uniform and doesnt readily demonstrate the simple distinction between literate and illiterate which had been considered adequate since the middle of the 19th century. While reading a certain amount of writing is as crucial as it has ever been in industrial societies, it is doubtful whether a fully extended grasp of either is as necessary as it was 30 or 40 years ago. While print retains much of its authority as a source of topical information, television has increasingly usurped this role. The ability to write fluent letters has been undermined by the telephone and research suggests that for many people the only use for writing, outside formal education, is the compilation of shopping lists. The decision of some car manufacturers to issue their instructions to mechanics as a video pack rather than as a handbook might be taken to spell the end of any automatic link between industrialisation and literacy. On the other hand, it is also the case that ever-increasing numbers of people make their living out of writing, which is better rewarded than ever before. Schools are generally seen as institutions where the book rules film, television and recorded sound have almost no place; but it is not clear that this opposition is appropriate. While you may not need to read and write to watch television, you certainly need to be able to read and write in order to make programmes. Those who work in the new media are anything but illiterate. The traditional oppositions between old and new media are inadequate for understanding the world which a young child now encounters. The computer has re-established a central place for the written word on the screen, which used to be entirely devoted to the image. There is even anecdotal evidence that children are mastering reading and writing in order to get on to the Internet. There is no reason why the new and old media cannot be integrated in schools to provide the skills to become economically productive and politically enfranchised. Nevertheless, there is a crisis in literacy and it would be foolish to ignore it. To understand that literacy may be declining because it is less central to some aspects of everyday life is not the same as acquiescing in this state of affairs. The production of school work with the new technologies could be a significant stimulus to literacy. How should these new technologies be introduced into the schools? It isnt enough to call for computers, camcorders and edit suites in every classroom; unless they are properly integrated into the educational culture, they will stand unused. Evidence suggests that this is the fate of most information technology used in the classroom. Similarly, although media studies are now part of the national curriculum, and more and more students are now clamouring to take these course, teachers remain uncertain about both methods and aims in this area. This is not the fault of the teachers. The entertainment and information industries must be drawn into a debate with the educational institutions to determine how best to blend these new technologies into the classroom. Many people in our era are drawn to the pessimistic view that the new media are destroying old skills and eroding critical judgement. It may be true that past generations were more literate but taking the pre-19th century meaning of the term this was true of only a small section of the population. The word literacy is a 19th-century coinage to describe the divorce of reading and writing from a full knowledge of literature. The education reforms of the 19th century produced reading and writing as skills separable from full participation in the cultural heritage. The new media now point not only to a futuristic cyber-economy, they also make our cultural past available to the whole nation. Most childrens access to these treasures is initially through television. It is doubtful whether our literary heritage has ever been available to or sought out by more than about 5 per cent of the population; it has certainly not been available to more than 10 per cent. But the new media joined to the old, through the public service tradition of British broadcasting, now makes our literary tradition available to all. | Illiteracy is on the increase. | n |
id_4801 | READING THE SCREEN Are the electronic media exacerbating illiteracy and making our children stupid? On the contrary, says Colin McCabe, they have the potential to make us truly literate. The debate surrounding literacy is one of the most charged in education. On the one hand there is an army of people convinced that traditional skills of reading and writing are declining. On the other, a host of progressives protest that literacy is much more complicated than a simple technical mastery of reading and writing. This second position is supported by most of the relevant academic work over the past 20 years. These studies argue that literacy can only be understood in its social and technical context. In Renaissance England, for example, many more people could read than could write, and within reading there was a distinction between those who could read print and those who could manage the more difficult task of reading manuscript. An understanding of these earlier periods helps us understand todays crisis in literacy debate. There does seem to be evidence that there has been an overall decline in some aspects of reading and writing you only need to compare the tabloid newspapers of today with those of 50 years ago to see a clear decrease in vocabulary and simplification of syntax. But the picture is not uniform and doesnt readily demonstrate the simple distinction between literate and illiterate which had been considered adequate since the middle of the 19th century. While reading a certain amount of writing is as crucial as it has ever been in industrial societies, it is doubtful whether a fully extended grasp of either is as necessary as it was 30 or 40 years ago. While print retains much of its authority as a source of topical information, television has increasingly usurped this role. The ability to write fluent letters has been undermined by the telephone and research suggests that for many people the only use for writing, outside formal education, is the compilation of shopping lists. The decision of some car manufacturers to issue their instructions to mechanics as a video pack rather than as a handbook might be taken to spell the end of any automatic link between industrialisation and literacy. On the other hand, it is also the case that ever-increasing numbers of people make their living out of writing, which is better rewarded than ever before. Schools are generally seen as institutions where the book rules film, television and recorded sound have almost no place; but it is not clear that this opposition is appropriate. While you may not need to read and write to watch television, you certainly need to be able to read and write in order to make programmes. Those who work in the new media are anything but illiterate. The traditional oppositions between old and new media are inadequate for understanding the world which a young child now encounters. The computer has re-established a central place for the written word on the screen, which used to be entirely devoted to the image. There is even anecdotal evidence that children are mastering reading and writing in order to get on to the Internet. There is no reason why the new and old media cannot be integrated in schools to provide the skills to become economically productive and politically enfranchised. Nevertheless, there is a crisis in literacy and it would be foolish to ignore it. To understand that literacy may be declining because it is less central to some aspects of everyday life is not the same as acquiescing in this state of affairs. The production of school work with the new technologies could be a significant stimulus to literacy. How should these new technologies be introduced into the schools? It isnt enough to call for computers, camcorders and edit suites in every classroom; unless they are properly integrated into the educational culture, they will stand unused. Evidence suggests that this is the fate of most information technology used in the classroom. Similarly, although media studies are now part of the national curriculum, and more and more students are now clamouring to take these course, teachers remain uncertain about both methods and aims in this area. This is not the fault of the teachers. The entertainment and information industries must be drawn into a debate with the educational institutions to determine how best to blend these new technologies into the classroom. Many people in our era are drawn to the pessimistic view that the new media are destroying old skills and eroding critical judgement. It may be true that past generations were more literate but taking the pre-19th century meaning of the term this was true of only a small section of the population. The word literacy is a 19th-century coinage to describe the divorce of reading and writing from a full knowledge of literature. The education reforms of the 19th century produced reading and writing as skills separable from full participation in the cultural heritage. The new media now point not only to a futuristic cyber-economy, they also make our cultural past available to the whole nation. Most childrens access to these treasures is initially through television. It is doubtful whether our literary heritage has ever been available to or sought out by more than about 5 per cent of the population; it has certainly not been available to more than 10 per cent. But the new media joined to the old, through the public service tradition of British broadcasting, now makes our literary tradition available to all. | A good literacy level is important for those who work in television. | e |
id_4802 | READING THE SCREEN Are the electronic media exacerbating illiteracy and making our children stupid? On the contrary, says Colin McCabe, they have the potential to make us truly literate. The debate surrounding literacy is one of the most charged in education. On the one hand there is an army of people convinced that traditional skills of reading and writing are declining. On the other, a host of progressives protest that literacy is much more complicated than a simple technical mastery of reading and writing. This second position is supported by most of the relevant academic work over the past 20 years. These studies argue that literacy can only be understood in its social and technical context. In Renaissance England, for example, many more people could read than could write, and within reading there was a distinction between those who could read print and those who could manage the more difficult task of reading manuscript. An understanding of these earlier periods helps us understand todays crisis in literacy debate. There does seem to be evidence that there has been an overall decline in some aspects of reading and writing you only need to compare the tabloid newspapers of today with those of 50 years ago to see a clear decrease in vocabulary and simplification of syntax. But the picture is not uniform and doesnt readily demonstrate the simple distinction between literate and illiterate which had been considered adequate since the middle of the 19th century. While reading a certain amount of writing is as crucial as it has ever been in industrial societies, it is doubtful whether a fully extended grasp of either is as necessary as it was 30 or 40 years ago. While print retains much of its authority as a source of topical information, television has increasingly usurped this role. The ability to write fluent letters has been undermined by the telephone and research suggests that for many people the only use for writing, outside formal education, is the compilation of shopping lists. The decision of some car manufacturers to issue their instructions to mechanics as a video pack rather than as a handbook might be taken to spell the end of any automatic link between industrialisation and literacy. On the other hand, it is also the case that ever-increasing numbers of people make their living out of writing, which is better rewarded than ever before. Schools are generally seen as institutions where the book rules film, television and recorded sound have almost no place; but it is not clear that this opposition is appropriate. While you may not need to read and write to watch television, you certainly need to be able to read and write in order to make programmes. Those who work in the new media are anything but illiterate. The traditional oppositions between old and new media are inadequate for understanding the world which a young child now encounters. The computer has re-established a central place for the written word on the screen, which used to be entirely devoted to the image. There is even anecdotal evidence that children are mastering reading and writing in order to get on to the Internet. There is no reason why the new and old media cannot be integrated in schools to provide the skills to become economically productive and politically enfranchised. Nevertheless, there is a crisis in literacy and it would be foolish to ignore it. To understand that literacy may be declining because it is less central to some aspects of everyday life is not the same as acquiescing in this state of affairs. The production of school work with the new technologies could be a significant stimulus to literacy. How should these new technologies be introduced into the schools? It isnt enough to call for computers, camcorders and edit suites in every classroom; unless they are properly integrated into the educational culture, they will stand unused. Evidence suggests that this is the fate of most information technology used in the classroom. Similarly, although media studies are now part of the national curriculum, and more and more students are now clamouring to take these course, teachers remain uncertain about both methods and aims in this area. This is not the fault of the teachers. The entertainment and information industries must be drawn into a debate with the educational institutions to determine how best to blend these new technologies into the classroom. Many people in our era are drawn to the pessimistic view that the new media are destroying old skills and eroding critical judgement. It may be true that past generations were more literate but taking the pre-19th century meaning of the term this was true of only a small section of the population. The word literacy is a 19th-century coinage to describe the divorce of reading and writing from a full knowledge of literature. The education reforms of the 19th century produced reading and writing as skills separable from full participation in the cultural heritage. The new media now point not only to a futuristic cyber-economy, they also make our cultural past available to the whole nation. Most childrens access to these treasures is initially through television. It is doubtful whether our literary heritage has ever been available to or sought out by more than about 5 per cent of the population; it has certainly not been available to more than 10 per cent. But the new media joined to the old, through the public service tradition of British broadcasting, now makes our literary tradition available to all. | Computers are having a negative impact on literacy in schools | c |
id_4803 | READING THE SCREEN Are the electronic media exacerbating illiteracy and making our children stupid? On the contrary, says Colin McCabe, they have the potential to make us truly literate. The debate surrounding literacy is one of the most charged in education. On the one hand there is an army of people convinced that traditional skills of reading and writing are declining. On the other, a host of progressives protest that literacy is much more complicated than a simple technical mastery of reading and writing. This second position is supported by most of the relevant academic work over the past 20 years. These studies argue that literacy can only be understood in its social and technical context. In Renaissance England, for example, many more people could read than could write, and within reading there was a distinction between those who could read print and those who could manage the more difficult task of reading manuscript. An understanding of these earlier periods helps us understand todays crisis in literacy debate. There does seem to be evidence that there has been an overall decline in some aspects of reading and writing you only need to compare the tabloid newspapers of today with those of 50 years ago to see a clear decrease in vocabulary and simplification of syntax. But the picture is not uniform and doesnt readily demonstrate the simple distinction between literate and illiterate which had been considered adequate since the middle of the 19th century. While reading a certain amount of writing is as crucial as it has ever been in industrial societies, it is doubtful whether a fully extended grasp of either is as necessary as it was 30 or 40 years ago. While print retains much of its authority as a source of topical information, television has increasingly usurped this role. The ability to write fluent letters has been undermined by the telephone and research suggests that for many people the only use for writing, outside formal education, is the compilation of shopping lists. The decision of some car manufacturers to issue their instructions to mechanics as a video pack rather than as a handbook might be taken to spell the end of any automatic link between industrialisation and literacy. On the other hand, it is also the case that ever-increasing numbers of people make their living out of writing, which is better rewarded than ever before. Schools are generally seen as institutions where the book rules film, television and recorded sound have almost no place; but it is not clear that this opposition is appropriate. While you may not need to read and write to watch television, you certainly need to be able to read and write in order to make programmes. Those who work in the new media are anything but illiterate. The traditional oppositions between old and new media are inadequate for understanding the world which a young child now encounters. The computer has re-established a central place for the written word on the screen, which used to be entirely devoted to the image. There is even anecdotal evidence that children are mastering reading and writing in order to get on to the Internet. There is no reason why the new and old media cannot be integrated in schools to provide the skills to become economically productive and politically enfranchised. Nevertheless, there is a crisis in literacy and it would be foolish to ignore it. To understand that literacy may be declining because it is less central to some aspects of everyday life is not the same as acquiescing in this state of affairs. The production of school work with the new technologies could be a significant stimulus to literacy. How should these new technologies be introduced into the schools? It isnt enough to call for computers, camcorders and edit suites in every classroom; unless they are properly integrated into the educational culture, they will stand unused. Evidence suggests that this is the fate of most information technology used in the classroom. Similarly, although media studies are now part of the national curriculum, and more and more students are now clamouring to take these course, teachers remain uncertain about both methods and aims in this area. This is not the fault of the teachers. The entertainment and information industries must be drawn into a debate with the educational institutions to determine how best to blend these new technologies into the classroom. Many people in our era are drawn to the pessimistic view that the new media are destroying old skills and eroding critical judgement. It may be true that past generations were more literate but taking the pre-19th century meaning of the term this was true of only a small section of the population. The word literacy is a 19th-century coinage to describe the divorce of reading and writing from a full knowledge of literature. The education reforms of the 19th century produced reading and writing as skills separable from full participation in the cultural heritage. The new media now point not only to a futuristic cyber-economy, they also make our cultural past available to the whole nation. Most childrens access to these treasures is initially through television. It is doubtful whether our literary heritage has ever been available to or sought out by more than about 5 per cent of the population; it has certainly not been available to more than 10 per cent. But the new media joined to the old, through the public service tradition of British broadcasting, now makes our literary tradition available to all. | Our literacy skills need to be as highly developed as they were in the past. | c |
id_4804 | RISING IEA INCREASED TEMPERATURES The average air temperature at the surface of the earth has risen this century, as has the temperature of ocean surface waters. Because water expands as it heats, a warmer ocean means higher sea levels. We cannot say definitely that the temperature rises are due to the greenhouse effect; the heating may be part of a "natural" variability over a long time-scale that we have not yet recognized I our short 100 years of recording. However, assuming the build up of greenhouse gases is responsible, and that the warming will continue. Scientists and inhabitants of low-lying coastal areas would like to know the extent of future sea level rises. Calculating this is not easy. Models used for the purpose have treated the oceans as passive, stationary and one-dimensional. Scientists have assumed that heat simply diffused into the sea from the atmosphere. Using basic physical laws, they then predict how much a known volume of water would expand for a given increase in temperature. But the oceans are not one-dimensional, and recent work by oceanographers, using a new model which tabes into account a number of subtle facets of the seaincluding vast and complex ocean currents-suggests that the rise in sea level may be less than some earlier estimates had predicted. An international forum on climate change, in 1986, produced figures for likely sea-level rises of 20 cm and 1.4 m, corresponding to atmospheric temperature increases of 1.5 and 4.5C respectively. Some scientists estimate that the ocean warming resulting from those temperature increases by the year 2050 would raise the sea level by between 10 cm and 40 cm. This model only tabes into account the temperature effect on the oceans; it does not consider changes in sea level brought about by the melting of ice sheets and glaciers, and changes in groundwater storage. When we add on estimates of these, we arrive at figures for total sea-level rises of 15 cm and 70 cm respectively. It's not easy trying to model accurately the enormous complexities of the ever-changing oceans, with their great volume, massive currents and sensitively to the influence of land masses and the atmosphere. For example, consider how heat enters the ocean. Does it just "diffuse" from the warmer air vertically into the water, and heat only the surface layer of the sea? (Warm water is less dense than cold, so it would not spread downwards). Conventional models of sea-level rise have considered that this the only method, but measurements have shown that the rate of heat transfer into the ocean by vertical diffusion is far lower in practice than the figures that many models have adopted. Much of the early worb, for simplicity, ignored the fact that water in the oceans moves in three dimensions. By movement, of course, scientists don't mean waves, which are too small individually to consider, but rather movement of vast volumes of water in huge currents. To understand the importance of this, we now need to consider another process-advection. Imagine smobe rising from a chimney. On a still day it will slowly spread out in all directions by means of diffusion. With a strong directional wind, however, it will all shift downwind, this process is advection-the transport of properties (notably heat and salinity in ocean) by the movement of bodies of air or water, rather than by conduction or diffusion. Massive oceans current called gyres do the moving. These currents have far more capacity to store heat than does the atmosphere. Indeed, just the top 3 m of the ocean contains more heat than the whole of the atmosphere. The origin of the gyres lies in the fact that more heat from the Sun reaches the Equator than the Poles, and naturally heat trends to move from the former to the latter. Warm air rises at the Equator, and draws more air beneath it in the form of winds (the "Trade Winds") that, together with other air movements, provide the main force driving the ocean currents. Water itself is heated at the Equator and moves poleward, twisted by the Earth's rotation and affected by the positions of the continents. The resultant broadly circular movements between about 10 and 40 ' North and South are clocbwise in the Southern Hemisphere. They flow towards the east at mind latitudes in the equatorial region. They then flow towards the Poles, along the eastern sides of continents, as warm currents. When two different masses of water meet, once will move beneath the other, depending on their relative densities in the subduction process. The densities are determined by temperature and salinity. The convergence of water of different densities from the Equator and the Poles deep in the oceans causes continuous subduction. This means that water moves vertically as well as horizontally. Cold water from the Poles travels as depth-it is denser than warm water-until it emerges at the surface in another part of the world in the form of a cold current. Paragraph 8. HOW THE GREENHOUSE EFFECTS WILL CHANGE OCEAN TEMPERATURES Ocean currents, in three dimensions, from a giant "conveyor belt", distributing heat from the thin surface layer into the interior of the oceans and around the globe. Water may take decades to circulate in these 3-D gyres in the lop kilometer of the ocean, and centuries in the deep water. With the increased atmospheric temperatures due to the greenhouse effect, the oceans conveyor belt will carry more heat into the interior. This subduction moves heat around far more effectively than simple diffusion. Because warm water expands more than cold when it is heated, scientists had presumed that the sea level would rise unevenly around the globe. It is now believed that these inequalities cannot persist, as winds will act to continuously spread out the water expansion. Of course, of global warming changes the strength and distribution of the winds, then this "evening-out" process may not occur, and the sea level could rise more in some areas than others. | The surface layer of the oceans is warmed by the atmosphere. | n |
id_4805 | RISING IEA INCREASED TEMPERATURES The average air temperature at the surface of the earth has risen this century, as has the temperature of ocean surface waters. Because water expands as it heats, a warmer ocean means higher sea levels. We cannot say definitely that the temperature rises are due to the greenhouse effect; the heating may be part of a "natural" variability over a long time-scale that we have not yet recognized I our short 100 years of recording. However, assuming the build up of greenhouse gases is responsible, and that the warming will continue. Scientists and inhabitants of low-lying coastal areas would like to know the extent of future sea level rises. Calculating this is not easy. Models used for the purpose have treated the oceans as passive, stationary and one-dimensional. Scientists have assumed that heat simply diffused into the sea from the atmosphere. Using basic physical laws, they then predict how much a known volume of water would expand for a given increase in temperature. But the oceans are not one-dimensional, and recent work by oceanographers, using a new model which tabes into account a number of subtle facets of the seaincluding vast and complex ocean currents-suggests that the rise in sea level may be less than some earlier estimates had predicted. An international forum on climate change, in 1986, produced figures for likely sea-level rises of 20 cm and 1.4 m, corresponding to atmospheric temperature increases of 1.5 and 4.5C respectively. Some scientists estimate that the ocean warming resulting from those temperature increases by the year 2050 would raise the sea level by between 10 cm and 40 cm. This model only tabes into account the temperature effect on the oceans; it does not consider changes in sea level brought about by the melting of ice sheets and glaciers, and changes in groundwater storage. When we add on estimates of these, we arrive at figures for total sea-level rises of 15 cm and 70 cm respectively. It's not easy trying to model accurately the enormous complexities of the ever-changing oceans, with their great volume, massive currents and sensitively to the influence of land masses and the atmosphere. For example, consider how heat enters the ocean. Does it just "diffuse" from the warmer air vertically into the water, and heat only the surface layer of the sea? (Warm water is less dense than cold, so it would not spread downwards). Conventional models of sea-level rise have considered that this the only method, but measurements have shown that the rate of heat transfer into the ocean by vertical diffusion is far lower in practice than the figures that many models have adopted. Much of the early worb, for simplicity, ignored the fact that water in the oceans moves in three dimensions. By movement, of course, scientists don't mean waves, which are too small individually to consider, but rather movement of vast volumes of water in huge currents. To understand the importance of this, we now need to consider another process-advection. Imagine smobe rising from a chimney. On a still day it will slowly spread out in all directions by means of diffusion. With a strong directional wind, however, it will all shift downwind, this process is advection-the transport of properties (notably heat and salinity in ocean) by the movement of bodies of air or water, rather than by conduction or diffusion. Massive oceans current called gyres do the moving. These currents have far more capacity to store heat than does the atmosphere. Indeed, just the top 3 m of the ocean contains more heat than the whole of the atmosphere. The origin of the gyres lies in the fact that more heat from the Sun reaches the Equator than the Poles, and naturally heat trends to move from the former to the latter. Warm air rises at the Equator, and draws more air beneath it in the form of winds (the "Trade Winds") that, together with other air movements, provide the main force driving the ocean currents. Water itself is heated at the Equator and moves poleward, twisted by the Earth's rotation and affected by the positions of the continents. The resultant broadly circular movements between about 10 and 40 ' North and South are clocbwise in the Southern Hemisphere. They flow towards the east at mind latitudes in the equatorial region. They then flow towards the Poles, along the eastern sides of continents, as warm currents. When two different masses of water meet, once will move beneath the other, depending on their relative densities in the subduction process. The densities are determined by temperature and salinity. The convergence of water of different densities from the Equator and the Poles deep in the oceans causes continuous subduction. This means that water moves vertically as well as horizontally. Cold water from the Poles travels as depth-it is denser than warm water-until it emerges at the surface in another part of the world in the form of a cold current. Paragraph 8. HOW THE GREENHOUSE EFFECTS WILL CHANGE OCEAN TEMPERATURES Ocean currents, in three dimensions, from a giant "conveyor belt", distributing heat from the thin surface layer into the interior of the oceans and around the globe. Water may take decades to circulate in these 3-D gyres in the lop kilometer of the ocean, and centuries in the deep water. With the increased atmospheric temperatures due to the greenhouse effect, the oceans conveyor belt will carry more heat into the interior. This subduction moves heat around far more effectively than simple diffusion. Because warm water expands more than cold when it is heated, scientists had presumed that the sea level would rise unevenly around the globe. It is now believed that these inequalities cannot persist, as winds will act to continuously spread out the water expansion. Of course, of global warming changes the strength and distribution of the winds, then this "evening-out" process may not occur, and the sea level could rise more in some areas than others. | Advection of water changes heat and salt levels. | e |
id_4806 | RISING IEA INCREASED TEMPERATURES The average air temperature at the surface of the earth has risen this century, as has the temperature of ocean surface waters. Because water expands as it heats, a warmer ocean means higher sea levels. We cannot say definitely that the temperature rises are due to the greenhouse effect; the heating may be part of a "natural" variability over a long time-scale that we have not yet recognized I our short 100 years of recording. However, assuming the build up of greenhouse gases is responsible, and that the warming will continue. Scientists and inhabitants of low-lying coastal areas would like to know the extent of future sea level rises. Calculating this is not easy. Models used for the purpose have treated the oceans as passive, stationary and one-dimensional. Scientists have assumed that heat simply diffused into the sea from the atmosphere. Using basic physical laws, they then predict how much a known volume of water would expand for a given increase in temperature. But the oceans are not one-dimensional, and recent work by oceanographers, using a new model which tabes into account a number of subtle facets of the seaincluding vast and complex ocean currents-suggests that the rise in sea level may be less than some earlier estimates had predicted. An international forum on climate change, in 1986, produced figures for likely sea-level rises of 20 cm and 1.4 m, corresponding to atmospheric temperature increases of 1.5 and 4.5C respectively. Some scientists estimate that the ocean warming resulting from those temperature increases by the year 2050 would raise the sea level by between 10 cm and 40 cm. This model only tabes into account the temperature effect on the oceans; it does not consider changes in sea level brought about by the melting of ice sheets and glaciers, and changes in groundwater storage. When we add on estimates of these, we arrive at figures for total sea-level rises of 15 cm and 70 cm respectively. It's not easy trying to model accurately the enormous complexities of the ever-changing oceans, with their great volume, massive currents and sensitively to the influence of land masses and the atmosphere. For example, consider how heat enters the ocean. Does it just "diffuse" from the warmer air vertically into the water, and heat only the surface layer of the sea? (Warm water is less dense than cold, so it would not spread downwards). Conventional models of sea-level rise have considered that this the only method, but measurements have shown that the rate of heat transfer into the ocean by vertical diffusion is far lower in practice than the figures that many models have adopted. Much of the early worb, for simplicity, ignored the fact that water in the oceans moves in three dimensions. By movement, of course, scientists don't mean waves, which are too small individually to consider, but rather movement of vast volumes of water in huge currents. To understand the importance of this, we now need to consider another process-advection. Imagine smobe rising from a chimney. On a still day it will slowly spread out in all directions by means of diffusion. With a strong directional wind, however, it will all shift downwind, this process is advection-the transport of properties (notably heat and salinity in ocean) by the movement of bodies of air or water, rather than by conduction or diffusion. Massive oceans current called gyres do the moving. These currents have far more capacity to store heat than does the atmosphere. Indeed, just the top 3 m of the ocean contains more heat than the whole of the atmosphere. The origin of the gyres lies in the fact that more heat from the Sun reaches the Equator than the Poles, and naturally heat trends to move from the former to the latter. Warm air rises at the Equator, and draws more air beneath it in the form of winds (the "Trade Winds") that, together with other air movements, provide the main force driving the ocean currents. Water itself is heated at the Equator and moves poleward, twisted by the Earth's rotation and affected by the positions of the continents. The resultant broadly circular movements between about 10 and 40 ' North and South are clocbwise in the Southern Hemisphere. They flow towards the east at mind latitudes in the equatorial region. They then flow towards the Poles, along the eastern sides of continents, as warm currents. When two different masses of water meet, once will move beneath the other, depending on their relative densities in the subduction process. The densities are determined by temperature and salinity. The convergence of water of different densities from the Equator and the Poles deep in the oceans causes continuous subduction. This means that water moves vertically as well as horizontally. Cold water from the Poles travels as depth-it is denser than warm water-until it emerges at the surface in another part of the world in the form of a cold current. Paragraph 8. HOW THE GREENHOUSE EFFECTS WILL CHANGE OCEAN TEMPERATURES Ocean currents, in three dimensions, from a giant "conveyor belt", distributing heat from the thin surface layer into the interior of the oceans and around the globe. Water may take decades to circulate in these 3-D gyres in the lop kilometer of the ocean, and centuries in the deep water. With the increased atmospheric temperatures due to the greenhouse effect, the oceans conveyor belt will carry more heat into the interior. This subduction moves heat around far more effectively than simple diffusion. Because warm water expands more than cold when it is heated, scientists had presumed that the sea level would rise unevenly around the globe. It is now believed that these inequalities cannot persist, as winds will act to continuously spread out the water expansion. Of course, of global warming changes the strength and distribution of the winds, then this "evening-out" process may not occur, and the sea level could rise more in some areas than others. | A gyre holds less heat than there is in the atmosphere. | c |
id_4807 | RISING IEA INCREASED TEMPERATURES The average air temperature at the surface of the earth has risen this century, as has the temperature of ocean surface waters. Because water expands as it heats, a warmer ocean means higher sea levels. We cannot say definitely that the temperature rises are due to the greenhouse effect; the heating may be part of a "natural" variability over a long time-scale that we have not yet recognized I our short 100 years of recording. However, assuming the build up of greenhouse gases is responsible, and that the warming will continue. Scientists and inhabitants of low-lying coastal areas would like to know the extent of future sea level rises. Calculating this is not easy. Models used for the purpose have treated the oceans as passive, stationary and one-dimensional. Scientists have assumed that heat simply diffused into the sea from the atmosphere. Using basic physical laws, they then predict how much a known volume of water would expand for a given increase in temperature. But the oceans are not one-dimensional, and recent work by oceanographers, using a new model which tabes into account a number of subtle facets of the seaincluding vast and complex ocean currents-suggests that the rise in sea level may be less than some earlier estimates had predicted. An international forum on climate change, in 1986, produced figures for likely sea-level rises of 20 cm and 1.4 m, corresponding to atmospheric temperature increases of 1.5 and 4.5C respectively. Some scientists estimate that the ocean warming resulting from those temperature increases by the year 2050 would raise the sea level by between 10 cm and 40 cm. This model only tabes into account the temperature effect on the oceans; it does not consider changes in sea level brought about by the melting of ice sheets and glaciers, and changes in groundwater storage. When we add on estimates of these, we arrive at figures for total sea-level rises of 15 cm and 70 cm respectively. It's not easy trying to model accurately the enormous complexities of the ever-changing oceans, with their great volume, massive currents and sensitively to the influence of land masses and the atmosphere. For example, consider how heat enters the ocean. Does it just "diffuse" from the warmer air vertically into the water, and heat only the surface layer of the sea? (Warm water is less dense than cold, so it would not spread downwards). Conventional models of sea-level rise have considered that this the only method, but measurements have shown that the rate of heat transfer into the ocean by vertical diffusion is far lower in practice than the figures that many models have adopted. Much of the early worb, for simplicity, ignored the fact that water in the oceans moves in three dimensions. By movement, of course, scientists don't mean waves, which are too small individually to consider, but rather movement of vast volumes of water in huge currents. To understand the importance of this, we now need to consider another process-advection. Imagine smobe rising from a chimney. On a still day it will slowly spread out in all directions by means of diffusion. With a strong directional wind, however, it will all shift downwind, this process is advection-the transport of properties (notably heat and salinity in ocean) by the movement of bodies of air or water, rather than by conduction or diffusion. Massive oceans current called gyres do the moving. These currents have far more capacity to store heat than does the atmosphere. Indeed, just the top 3 m of the ocean contains more heat than the whole of the atmosphere. The origin of the gyres lies in the fact that more heat from the Sun reaches the Equator than the Poles, and naturally heat trends to move from the former to the latter. Warm air rises at the Equator, and draws more air beneath it in the form of winds (the "Trade Winds") that, together with other air movements, provide the main force driving the ocean currents. Water itself is heated at the Equator and moves poleward, twisted by the Earth's rotation and affected by the positions of the continents. The resultant broadly circular movements between about 10 and 40 ' North and South are clocbwise in the Southern Hemisphere. They flow towards the east at mind latitudes in the equatorial region. They then flow towards the Poles, along the eastern sides of continents, as warm currents. When two different masses of water meet, once will move beneath the other, depending on their relative densities in the subduction process. The densities are determined by temperature and salinity. The convergence of water of different densities from the Equator and the Poles deep in the oceans causes continuous subduction. This means that water moves vertically as well as horizontally. Cold water from the Poles travels as depth-it is denser than warm water-until it emerges at the surface in another part of the world in the form of a cold current. Paragraph 8. HOW THE GREENHOUSE EFFECTS WILL CHANGE OCEAN TEMPERATURES Ocean currents, in three dimensions, from a giant "conveyor belt", distributing heat from the thin surface layer into the interior of the oceans and around the globe. Water may take decades to circulate in these 3-D gyres in the lop kilometer of the ocean, and centuries in the deep water. With the increased atmospheric temperatures due to the greenhouse effect, the oceans conveyor belt will carry more heat into the interior. This subduction moves heat around far more effectively than simple diffusion. Because warm water expands more than cold when it is heated, scientists had presumed that the sea level would rise unevenly around the globe. It is now believed that these inequalities cannot persist, as winds will act to continuously spread out the water expansion. Of course, of global warming changes the strength and distribution of the winds, then this "evening-out" process may not occur, and the sea level could rise more in some areas than others. | The process of subduction depends on the water density. | e |
id_4808 | RISING IEA INCREASED TEMPERATURES The average air temperature at the surface of the earth has risen this century, as has the temperature of ocean surface waters. Because water expands as it heats, a warmer ocean means higher sea levels. We cannot say definitely that the temperature rises are due to the greenhouse effect; the heating may be part of a "natural" variability over a long time-scale that we have not yet recognized I our short 100 years of recording. However, assuming the build up of greenhouse gases is responsible, and that the warming will continue. Scientists and inhabitants of low-lying coastal areas would like to know the extent of future sea level rises. Calculating this is not easy. Models used for the purpose have treated the oceans as passive, stationary and one-dimensional. Scientists have assumed that heat simply diffused into the sea from the atmosphere. Using basic physical laws, they then predict how much a known volume of water would expand for a given increase in temperature. But the oceans are not one-dimensional, and recent work by oceanographers, using a new model which tabes into account a number of subtle facets of the seaincluding vast and complex ocean currents-suggests that the rise in sea level may be less than some earlier estimates had predicted. An international forum on climate change, in 1986, produced figures for likely sea-level rises of 20 cm and 1.4 m, corresponding to atmospheric temperature increases of 1.5 and 4.5C respectively. Some scientists estimate that the ocean warming resulting from those temperature increases by the year 2050 would raise the sea level by between 10 cm and 40 cm. This model only tabes into account the temperature effect on the oceans; it does not consider changes in sea level brought about by the melting of ice sheets and glaciers, and changes in groundwater storage. When we add on estimates of these, we arrive at figures for total sea-level rises of 15 cm and 70 cm respectively. It's not easy trying to model accurately the enormous complexities of the ever-changing oceans, with their great volume, massive currents and sensitively to the influence of land masses and the atmosphere. For example, consider how heat enters the ocean. Does it just "diffuse" from the warmer air vertically into the water, and heat only the surface layer of the sea? (Warm water is less dense than cold, so it would not spread downwards). Conventional models of sea-level rise have considered that this the only method, but measurements have shown that the rate of heat transfer into the ocean by vertical diffusion is far lower in practice than the figures that many models have adopted. Much of the early worb, for simplicity, ignored the fact that water in the oceans moves in three dimensions. By movement, of course, scientists don't mean waves, which are too small individually to consider, but rather movement of vast volumes of water in huge currents. To understand the importance of this, we now need to consider another process-advection. Imagine smobe rising from a chimney. On a still day it will slowly spread out in all directions by means of diffusion. With a strong directional wind, however, it will all shift downwind, this process is advection-the transport of properties (notably heat and salinity in ocean) by the movement of bodies of air or water, rather than by conduction or diffusion. Massive oceans current called gyres do the moving. These currents have far more capacity to store heat than does the atmosphere. Indeed, just the top 3 m of the ocean contains more heat than the whole of the atmosphere. The origin of the gyres lies in the fact that more heat from the Sun reaches the Equator than the Poles, and naturally heat trends to move from the former to the latter. Warm air rises at the Equator, and draws more air beneath it in the form of winds (the "Trade Winds") that, together with other air movements, provide the main force driving the ocean currents. Water itself is heated at the Equator and moves poleward, twisted by the Earth's rotation and affected by the positions of the continents. The resultant broadly circular movements between about 10 and 40 ' North and South are clocbwise in the Southern Hemisphere. They flow towards the east at mind latitudes in the equatorial region. They then flow towards the Poles, along the eastern sides of continents, as warm currents. When two different masses of water meet, once will move beneath the other, depending on their relative densities in the subduction process. The densities are determined by temperature and salinity. The convergence of water of different densities from the Equator and the Poles deep in the oceans causes continuous subduction. This means that water moves vertically as well as horizontally. Cold water from the Poles travels as depth-it is denser than warm water-until it emerges at the surface in another part of the world in the form of a cold current. Paragraph 8. HOW THE GREENHOUSE EFFECTS WILL CHANGE OCEAN TEMPERATURES Ocean currents, in three dimensions, from a giant "conveyor belt", distributing heat from the thin surface layer into the interior of the oceans and around the globe. Water may take decades to circulate in these 3-D gyres in the lop kilometer of the ocean, and centuries in the deep water. With the increased atmospheric temperatures due to the greenhouse effect, the oceans conveyor belt will carry more heat into the interior. This subduction moves heat around far more effectively than simple diffusion. Because warm water expands more than cold when it is heated, scientists had presumed that the sea level would rise unevenly around the globe. It is now believed that these inequalities cannot persist, as winds will act to continuously spread out the water expansion. Of course, of global warming changes the strength and distribution of the winds, then this "evening-out" process may not occur, and the sea level could rise more in some areas than others. | The sea level is expected to rise evenly over the Earth's surface. | c |
id_4809 | ROAD WIDENING TO AFFECT WEEKEND TRAFFIC AND BUS SERVICES TO THE UNIVERSITY CAMPUS The next stage in the re-development of the roads in the town of Gatton will mean that Main Street will be closed between Little and Denning Streets from 6am on Saturday, 12 August to 6pm on Sunday, 13 August. The intersections of these streets with Main Street will not be affected. We expect that the work will be completed at this time without further disruption to traffic. Motorists should note that Main Street will be closed over the weekend during the hours indicated. No university bus services will operate through the area between Little and Denning Streets. However, alternative services will operate on bus routes 566 and 45 between Gatton Road, the town centre and the university. The Transport and Roads Department apologises for any inconvenience caused while improvements are in progress. | Overseas students may enroll for a course at the college from their home country | e |
id_4810 | ROAD WIDENING TO AFFECT WEEKEND TRAFFIC AND BUS SERVICES TO THE UNIVERSITY CAMPUS The next stage in the re-development of the roads in the town of Gatton will mean that Main Street will be closed between Little and Denning Streets from 6am on Saturday, 12 August to 6pm on Sunday, 13 August. The intersections of these streets with Main Street will not be affected. We expect that the work will be completed at this time without further disruption to traffic. Motorists should note that Main Street will be closed over the weekend during the hours indicated. No university bus services will operate through the area between Little and Denning Streets. However, alternative services will operate on bus routes 566 and 45 between Gatton Road, the town centre and the university. The Transport and Roads Department apologises for any inconvenience caused while improvements are in progress. | Any student is permitted to take a weeks holiday during a 12-week course. | c |
id_4811 | ROAD WIDENING TO AFFECT WEEKEND TRAFFIC AND BUS SERVICES TO THE UNIVERSITY CAMPUS The next stage in the re-development of the roads in the town of Gatton will mean that Main Street will be closed between Little and Denning Streets from 6am on Saturday, 12 August to 6pm on Sunday, 13 August. The intersections of these streets with Main Street will not be affected. We expect that the work will be completed at this time without further disruption to traffic. Motorists should note that Main Street will be closed over the weekend during the hours indicated. No university bus services will operate through the area between Little and Denning Streets. However, alternative services will operate on bus routes 566 and 45 between Gatton Road, the town centre and the university. The Transport and Roads Department apologises for any inconvenience caused while improvements are in progress. | Outstanding fees are payable by the end of the first week of the course. | c |
id_4812 | ROAD WIDENING TO AFFECT WEEKEND TRAFFIC AND BUS SERVICES TO THE UNIVERSITY CAMPUS The next stage in the re-development of the roads in the town of Gatton will mean that Main Street will be closed between Little and Denning Streets from 6am on Saturday, 12 August to 6pm on Sunday, 13 August. The intersections of these streets with Main Street will not be affected. We expect that the work will be completed at this time without further disruption to traffic. Motorists should note that Main Street will be closed over the weekend during the hours indicated. No university bus services will operate through the area between Little and Denning Streets. However, alternative services will operate on bus routes 566 and 45 between Gatton Road, the town centre and the university. The Transport and Roads Department apologises for any inconvenience caused while improvements are in progress. | Classes are organised according to ability level. | e |
id_4813 | ROAD WIDENING TO AFFECT WEEKEND TRAFFIC AND BUS SERVICES TO THE UNIVERSITY CAMPUS The next stage in the re-development of the roads in the town of Gatton will mean that Main Street will be closed between Little and Denning Streets from 6am on Saturday, 12 August to 6pm on Sunday, 13 August. The intersections of these streets with Main Street will not be affected. We expect that the work will be completed at this time without further disruption to traffic. Motorists should note that Main Street will be closed over the weekend during the hours indicated. No university bus services will operate through the area between Little and Denning Streets. However, alternative services will operate on bus routes 566 and 45 between Gatton Road, the town centre and the university. The Transport and Roads Department apologises for any inconvenience caused while improvements are in progress. | There is a break between each lesson. | e |
id_4814 | ROAD WIDENING TO AFFECT WEEKEND TRAFFIC AND BUS SERVICES TO THE UNIVERSITY CAMPUS The next stage in the re-development of the roads in the town of Gatton will mean that Main Street will be closed between Little and Denning Streets from 6am on Saturday, 12 August to 6pm on Sunday, 13 August. The intersections of these streets with Main Street will not be affected. We expect that the work will be completed at this time without further disruption to traffic. Motorists should note that Main Street will be closed over the weekend during the hours indicated. No university bus services will operate through the area between Little and Denning Streets. However, alternative services will operate on bus routes 566 and 45 between Gatton Road, the town centre and the university. The Transport and Roads Department apologises for any inconvenience caused while improvements are in progress. | Students may change courses at any time during the term. | n |
id_4815 | ROAD WIDENING TO AFFECT WEEKEND TRAFFIC AND BUS SERVICES TO THE UNIVERSITY CAMPUS The next stage in the re-development of the roads in the town of Gatton will mean that Main Street will be closed between Little and Denning Streets from 6am on Saturday, 12 August to 6pm on Sunday, 13 August. The intersections of these streets with Main Street will not be affected. We expect that the work will be completed at this time without further disruption to traffic. Motorists should note that Main Street will be closed over the weekend during the hours indicated. No university bus services will operate through the area between Little and Denning Streets. However, alternative services will operate on bus routes 566 and 45 between Gatton Road, the town centre and the university. The Transport and Roads Department apologises for any inconvenience caused while improvements are in progress. | Overseas students must pay a deposit when they apply for a course at the college. | e |
id_4816 | ROBOTS Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, onerous, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has culminated in robotics the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. The modern world is increasingly populated by quasi-intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose creeping ubiquity has removed much human drudgery. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with rote politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robo-drivers. Our mine shafts are dug by automated moles, and our nuclear accidents such as those at Three Mile Island and Chernobyl are cleaned up by robotic muckers fit to withstand radiation. Such is the scope of uses envisioned by Karel Capek, the Czech playwright who coined the term robot in 1920 (the word robota means forced labor in Czech). As progress accelerates, the experimental becomes the exploitable at record pace. Other innovations promise to extend the abilities of human operators. Thanks to the incessant miniaturisation of electronics and micromechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone. At the same time, techniques of long-distance control will keep people even farther from hazard. In 1994 a ten- foot-tall NASA robotic explorer called Dante, with video-camera eyes and with spiderlike legs, scrambled over the menacing rim of an Alaskan volcano while technicians 2,000 miles away in California watched the scene by satellite and controlled Dantes descent. But if robots are to reach the next stage of labour-saving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves goals that pose a formidable challenge. While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error, says one expert, we cant yet give a robot enough common sense to reliably interact with a dynamic world. Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence (Al) has produced very mixed results. Despite a spasm of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s, when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to perform in the same way as the human brain by the 21st century, researchers lately have extended their forecasts by decades if not centuries. What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brains roughly one hundred billion neurons are much more talented and human perception far more complicated than previously imagined. They have built robots that can recognise the misalignment of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 per cent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the woodchuck at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a tumultuous crowd. The most advanced computer systems on Earth cant approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still dont know quite how we do it. Nonetheless, as information theorists, neuroscientists, and computer experts pool their talents, they are finding ways to get some lifelike intelligence from robots. One method renounces the linear, logical structure of conventional electronic circuits in favour of the messy, ad hoc arrangement of a real brains neurons. These neural networks do not have to be programmed. They can teach themselves by a system of feedback signals that reinforce electrical pathways that produced correct responses and, conversely, wipe out connections that produced errors. Eventually the net wires itself into a system that can pronounce certain words or distinguish certain shapes. In other areas researchers are struggling to fashion a more natural relationship between people and robots in the expectation that some day machines will take on some tasks now done by humans in, say, nursing homes. This is particularly important in Japan, where the percentage of elderly citizens is rapidly increasing. So experiments at the Science University of Tokyo have created a face robot a life-size, soft plastic model of a female head with a video camera imbedded in the left eye as a prototype. The researchers goal is to create robots that people feel comfortable around. They are concentrating on the face because they believe facial expressions are the most important way to transfer emotional messages. We read those messages by interpreting expressions to decide whether a person is happy, frightened, angry, or nervous. Thus the Japanese robot is designed to detect emotions in the person it is looking at by sensing changes in the spatial arrangement of the persons eyes, nose, eyebrows, and mouth. It compares those configurations with a database of standard facial expressions and guesses the emotion. The robot then uses an ensemble of tiny pressure pads to adjust its plastic face into an appropriate emotional response. Other labs are taking a different approach, one that doesnt try to mimic human intelligence or emotions. Just as computer design has moved away from one central mainframe in favour of myriad individual workstations and single processors have been replaced by arrays of smaller units that break a big problem into parts that are solved simultaneously many experts are now investigating whether swarms of semi-smart robots can generate a collective intelligence that is greater than the sum of its parts. Thats what beehives and ant colonies do, and several teams are betting that legions of mini-critters working together like an ant colony could be sent to explore the climate of planets or to inspect pipes in dangerous industrial situations. | Robots are able to make fine visual judgements. | e |
id_4817 | ROBOTS Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, onerous, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has culminated in robotics the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. The modern world is increasingly populated by quasi-intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose creeping ubiquity has removed much human drudgery. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with rote politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robo-drivers. Our mine shafts are dug by automated moles, and our nuclear accidents such as those at Three Mile Island and Chernobyl are cleaned up by robotic muckers fit to withstand radiation. Such is the scope of uses envisioned by Karel Capek, the Czech playwright who coined the term robot in 1920 (the word robota means forced labor in Czech). As progress accelerates, the experimental becomes the exploitable at record pace. Other innovations promise to extend the abilities of human operators. Thanks to the incessant miniaturisation of electronics and micromechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone. At the same time, techniques of long-distance control will keep people even farther from hazard. In 1994 a ten- foot-tall NASA robotic explorer called Dante, with video-camera eyes and with spiderlike legs, scrambled over the menacing rim of an Alaskan volcano while technicians 2,000 miles away in California watched the scene by satellite and controlled Dantes descent. But if robots are to reach the next stage of labour-saving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves goals that pose a formidable challenge. While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error, says one expert, we cant yet give a robot enough common sense to reliably interact with a dynamic world. Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence (Al) has produced very mixed results. Despite a spasm of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s, when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to perform in the same way as the human brain by the 21st century, researchers lately have extended their forecasts by decades if not centuries. What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brains roughly one hundred billion neurons are much more talented and human perception far more complicated than previously imagined. They have built robots that can recognise the misalignment of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 per cent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the woodchuck at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a tumultuous crowd. The most advanced computer systems on Earth cant approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still dont know quite how we do it. Nonetheless, as information theorists, neuroscientists, and computer experts pool their talents, they are finding ways to get some lifelike intelligence from robots. One method renounces the linear, logical structure of conventional electronic circuits in favour of the messy, ad hoc arrangement of a real brains neurons. These neural networks do not have to be programmed. They can teach themselves by a system of feedback signals that reinforce electrical pathways that produced correct responses and, conversely, wipe out connections that produced errors. Eventually the net wires itself into a system that can pronounce certain words or distinguish certain shapes. In other areas researchers are struggling to fashion a more natural relationship between people and robots in the expectation that some day machines will take on some tasks now done by humans in, say, nursing homes. This is particularly important in Japan, where the percentage of elderly citizens is rapidly increasing. So experiments at the Science University of Tokyo have created a face robot a life-size, soft plastic model of a female head with a video camera imbedded in the left eye as a prototype. The researchers goal is to create robots that people feel comfortable around. They are concentrating on the face because they believe facial expressions are the most important way to transfer emotional messages. We read those messages by interpreting expressions to decide whether a person is happy, frightened, angry, or nervous. Thus the Japanese robot is designed to detect emotions in the person it is looking at by sensing changes in the spatial arrangement of the persons eyes, nose, eyebrows, and mouth. It compares those configurations with a database of standard facial expressions and guesses the emotion. The robot then uses an ensemble of tiny pressure pads to adjust its plastic face into an appropriate emotional response. Other labs are taking a different approach, one that doesnt try to mimic human intelligence or emotions. Just as computer design has moved away from one central mainframe in favour of myriad individual workstations and single processors have been replaced by arrays of smaller units that break a big problem into parts that are solved simultaneously many experts are now investigating whether swarms of semi-smart robots can generate a collective intelligence that is greater than the sum of its parts. Thats what beehives and ant colonies do, and several teams are betting that legions of mini-critters working together like an ant colony could be sent to explore the climate of planets or to inspect pipes in dangerous industrial situations. | Lives were saved by the NASA robot, Dante. | n |
id_4818 | ROBOTS Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, onerous, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has culminated in robotics the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. The modern world is increasingly populated by quasi-intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose creeping ubiquity has removed much human drudgery. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with rote politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robo-drivers. Our mine shafts are dug by automated moles, and our nuclear accidents such as those at Three Mile Island and Chernobyl are cleaned up by robotic muckers fit to withstand radiation. Such is the scope of uses envisioned by Karel Capek, the Czech playwright who coined the term robot in 1920 (the word robota means forced labor in Czech). As progress accelerates, the experimental becomes the exploitable at record pace. Other innovations promise to extend the abilities of human operators. Thanks to the incessant miniaturisation of electronics and micromechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone. At the same time, techniques of long-distance control will keep people even farther from hazard. In 1994 a ten- foot-tall NASA robotic explorer called Dante, with video-camera eyes and with spiderlike legs, scrambled over the menacing rim of an Alaskan volcano while technicians 2,000 miles away in California watched the scene by satellite and controlled Dantes descent. But if robots are to reach the next stage of labour-saving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves goals that pose a formidable challenge. While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error, says one expert, we cant yet give a robot enough common sense to reliably interact with a dynamic world. Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence (Al) has produced very mixed results. Despite a spasm of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s, when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to perform in the same way as the human brain by the 21st century, researchers lately have extended their forecasts by decades if not centuries. What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brains roughly one hundred billion neurons are much more talented and human perception far more complicated than previously imagined. They have built robots that can recognise the misalignment of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 per cent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the woodchuck at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a tumultuous crowd. The most advanced computer systems on Earth cant approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still dont know quite how we do it. Nonetheless, as information theorists, neuroscientists, and computer experts pool their talents, they are finding ways to get some lifelike intelligence from robots. One method renounces the linear, logical structure of conventional electronic circuits in favour of the messy, ad hoc arrangement of a real brains neurons. These neural networks do not have to be programmed. They can teach themselves by a system of feedback signals that reinforce electrical pathways that produced correct responses and, conversely, wipe out connections that produced errors. Eventually the net wires itself into a system that can pronounce certain words or distinguish certain shapes. In other areas researchers are struggling to fashion a more natural relationship between people and robots in the expectation that some day machines will take on some tasks now done by humans in, say, nursing homes. This is particularly important in Japan, where the percentage of elderly citizens is rapidly increasing. So experiments at the Science University of Tokyo have created a face robot a life-size, soft plastic model of a female head with a video camera imbedded in the left eye as a prototype. The researchers goal is to create robots that people feel comfortable around. They are concentrating on the face because they believe facial expressions are the most important way to transfer emotional messages. We read those messages by interpreting expressions to decide whether a person is happy, frightened, angry, or nervous. Thus the Japanese robot is designed to detect emotions in the person it is looking at by sensing changes in the spatial arrangement of the persons eyes, nose, eyebrows, and mouth. It compares those configurations with a database of standard facial expressions and guesses the emotion. The robot then uses an ensemble of tiny pressure pads to adjust its plastic face into an appropriate emotional response. Other labs are taking a different approach, one that doesnt try to mimic human intelligence or emotions. Just as computer design has moved away from one central mainframe in favour of myriad individual workstations and single processors have been replaced by arrays of smaller units that break a big problem into parts that are solved simultaneously many experts are now investigating whether swarms of semi-smart robots can generate a collective intelligence that is greater than the sum of its parts. Thats what beehives and ant colonies do, and several teams are betting that legions of mini-critters working together like an ant colony could be sent to explore the climate of planets or to inspect pipes in dangerous industrial situations. | Karel Capek successfully predicted our current uses for robots. | e |
id_4819 | ROBOTS Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, onerous, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has culminated in robotics the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. The modern world is increasingly populated by quasi-intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose creeping ubiquity has removed much human drudgery. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with rote politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robo-drivers. Our mine shafts are dug by automated moles, and our nuclear accidents such as those at Three Mile Island and Chernobyl are cleaned up by robotic muckers fit to withstand radiation. Such is the scope of uses envisioned by Karel Capek, the Czech playwright who coined the term robot in 1920 (the word robota means forced labor in Czech). As progress accelerates, the experimental becomes the exploitable at record pace. Other innovations promise to extend the abilities of human operators. Thanks to the incessant miniaturisation of electronics and micromechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone. At the same time, techniques of long-distance control will keep people even farther from hazard. In 1994 a ten- foot-tall NASA robotic explorer called Dante, with video-camera eyes and with spiderlike legs, scrambled over the menacing rim of an Alaskan volcano while technicians 2,000 miles away in California watched the scene by satellite and controlled Dantes descent. But if robots are to reach the next stage of labour-saving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves goals that pose a formidable challenge. While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error, says one expert, we cant yet give a robot enough common sense to reliably interact with a dynamic world. Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence (Al) has produced very mixed results. Despite a spasm of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s, when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to perform in the same way as the human brain by the 21st century, researchers lately have extended their forecasts by decades if not centuries. What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brains roughly one hundred billion neurons are much more talented and human perception far more complicated than previously imagined. They have built robots that can recognise the misalignment of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 per cent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the woodchuck at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a tumultuous crowd. The most advanced computer systems on Earth cant approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still dont know quite how we do it. Nonetheless, as information theorists, neuroscientists, and computer experts pool their talents, they are finding ways to get some lifelike intelligence from robots. One method renounces the linear, logical structure of conventional electronic circuits in favour of the messy, ad hoc arrangement of a real brains neurons. These neural networks do not have to be programmed. They can teach themselves by a system of feedback signals that reinforce electrical pathways that produced correct responses and, conversely, wipe out connections that produced errors. Eventually the net wires itself into a system that can pronounce certain words or distinguish certain shapes. In other areas researchers are struggling to fashion a more natural relationship between people and robots in the expectation that some day machines will take on some tasks now done by humans in, say, nursing homes. This is particularly important in Japan, where the percentage of elderly citizens is rapidly increasing. So experiments at the Science University of Tokyo have created a face robot a life-size, soft plastic model of a female head with a video camera imbedded in the left eye as a prototype. The researchers goal is to create robots that people feel comfortable around. They are concentrating on the face because they believe facial expressions are the most important way to transfer emotional messages. We read those messages by interpreting expressions to decide whether a person is happy, frightened, angry, or nervous. Thus the Japanese robot is designed to detect emotions in the person it is looking at by sensing changes in the spatial arrangement of the persons eyes, nose, eyebrows, and mouth. It compares those configurations with a database of standard facial expressions and guesses the emotion. The robot then uses an ensemble of tiny pressure pads to adjust its plastic face into an appropriate emotional response. Other labs are taking a different approach, one that doesnt try to mimic human intelligence or emotions. Just as computer design has moved away from one central mainframe in favour of myriad individual workstations and single processors have been replaced by arrays of smaller units that break a big problem into parts that are solved simultaneously many experts are now investigating whether swarms of semi-smart robots can generate a collective intelligence that is greater than the sum of its parts. Thats what beehives and ant colonies do, and several teams are betting that legions of mini-critters working together like an ant colony could be sent to explore the climate of planets or to inspect pipes in dangerous industrial situations. | The internal workings of the brain can be replicated by robots. | c |
id_4820 | ROBOTS Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, onerous, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has culminated in robotics the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. The modern world is increasingly populated by quasi-intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose creeping ubiquity has removed much human drudgery. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with rote politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robo-drivers. Our mine shafts are dug by automated moles, and our nuclear accidents such as those at Three Mile Island and Chernobyl are cleaned up by robotic muckers fit to withstand radiation. Such is the scope of uses envisioned by Karel Capek, the Czech playwright who coined the term robot in 1920 (the word robota means forced labor in Czech). As progress accelerates, the experimental becomes the exploitable at record pace. Other innovations promise to extend the abilities of human operators. Thanks to the incessant miniaturisation of electronics and micromechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone. At the same time, techniques of long-distance control will keep people even farther from hazard. In 1994 a ten- foot-tall NASA robotic explorer called Dante, with video-camera eyes and with spiderlike legs, scrambled over the menacing rim of an Alaskan volcano while technicians 2,000 miles away in California watched the scene by satellite and controlled Dantes descent. But if robots are to reach the next stage of labour-saving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves goals that pose a formidable challenge. While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error, says one expert, we cant yet give a robot enough common sense to reliably interact with a dynamic world. Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence (Al) has produced very mixed results. Despite a spasm of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s, when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to perform in the same way as the human brain by the 21st century, researchers lately have extended their forecasts by decades if not centuries. What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brains roughly one hundred billion neurons are much more talented and human perception far more complicated than previously imagined. They have built robots that can recognise the misalignment of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 per cent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the woodchuck at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a tumultuous crowd. The most advanced computer systems on Earth cant approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still dont know quite how we do it. Nonetheless, as information theorists, neuroscientists, and computer experts pool their talents, they are finding ways to get some lifelike intelligence from robots. One method renounces the linear, logical structure of conventional electronic circuits in favour of the messy, ad hoc arrangement of a real brains neurons. These neural networks do not have to be programmed. They can teach themselves by a system of feedback signals that reinforce electrical pathways that produced correct responses and, conversely, wipe out connections that produced errors. Eventually the net wires itself into a system that can pronounce certain words or distinguish certain shapes. In other areas researchers are struggling to fashion a more natural relationship between people and robots in the expectation that some day machines will take on some tasks now done by humans in, say, nursing homes. This is particularly important in Japan, where the percentage of elderly citizens is rapidly increasing. So experiments at the Science University of Tokyo have created a face robot a life-size, soft plastic model of a female head with a video camera imbedded in the left eye as a prototype. The researchers goal is to create robots that people feel comfortable around. They are concentrating on the face because they believe facial expressions are the most important way to transfer emotional messages. We read those messages by interpreting expressions to decide whether a person is happy, frightened, angry, or nervous. Thus the Japanese robot is designed to detect emotions in the person it is looking at by sensing changes in the spatial arrangement of the persons eyes, nose, eyebrows, and mouth. It compares those configurations with a database of standard facial expressions and guesses the emotion. The robot then uses an ensemble of tiny pressure pads to adjust its plastic face into an appropriate emotional response. Other labs are taking a different approach, one that doesnt try to mimic human intelligence or emotions. Just as computer design has moved away from one central mainframe in favour of myriad individual workstations and single processors have been replaced by arrays of smaller units that break a big problem into parts that are solved simultaneously many experts are now investigating whether swarms of semi-smart robots can generate a collective intelligence that is greater than the sum of its parts. Thats what beehives and ant colonies do, and several teams are betting that legions of mini-critters working together like an ant colony could be sent to explore the climate of planets or to inspect pipes in dangerous industrial situations. | The Japanese have the most advanced robot systems. | n |
id_4821 | Radio waves are a type of energy and create electromagnetic fields. They form part of the electromagnetic spectrum, which includes visible light, microwaves and x-rays. We are exposed to many electromagnetic forces, for example when we turn on a light or television. These forces have a heating effect, which is used in a microwave oven to heat food. Mobile phones work by transmitting and receiving radio waves and because the phone is held close to our heads it is suggested that the heating effect might cause harm to our brains. | The passage states that emissions from mobile phones could warm brain tissue. | c |
id_4822 | Radio waves are a type of energy and create electromagnetic fields. They form part of the electromagnetic spectrum, which includes visible light, microwaves and x-rays. We are exposed to many electromagnetic forces, for example when we turn on a light or television. These forces have a heating effect, which is used in a microwave oven to heat food. Mobile phones work by transmitting and receiving radio waves and because the phone is held close to our heads it is suggested that the heating effect might cause harm to our brains. | Mobile phones create electromagnetic fields. | e |
id_4823 | Radio waves are a type of energy and create electromagnetic fields. They form part of the electromagnetic spectrum, which includes visible light, microwaves and x-rays. We are exposed to many electromagnetic forces, for example when we turn on a light or television. These forces have a heating effect, which is used in a microwave oven to heat food. Mobile phones work by transmitting and receiving radio waves and because the phone is held close to our heads it is suggested that the heating effect might cause harm to our brains. | Radio waves are a part of the electromagnetic spectrum. | e |
id_4824 | Radio waves are a type of energy and create electromagnetic fields. They form part of the electromagnetic spectrum, which includes visible light, microwaves and x-rays. We are exposed to many electromagnetic forces, for example when we turn on a light or television. These forces have a heating effect, which is used in a microwave oven to heat food. Mobile phones work by transmitting and receiving radio waves and because the phone is held close to our heads it is suggested that the heating effect might cause harm to our brains. | Children are especially vulnerable because they have thinner skulls and a developing nervous system. | n |
id_4825 | Radiocarbon Dating The Profile of Nancy Athfield Have you ever picked up a small stone off the ground and wondered how old it was? Chances are, that stone has been around many more years than your own lifetime. Many scientists share this curiosity about the age of inanimate objects like rocks, fossils and precious stones. Knowing how old an object is can provide valuable information about our prehistoric past. In most societies, human beings have kept track of history through writing. However, scientists are still curious about the world before writing, or even the world before humans. Studying the age of objects is our best way to piece together histories of our pre-historic past. One such method of finding the age of an object is called radiocarbon dating. This method can find the age of any object based on the kind of particles and atoms that are found inside of the object. Depending on what elements the object is composed of, radiocarbon can be a reliable way to find an objects age. One famous specialist in this method is the researcher Nancy Athfield. Athfield studied the ancient remains found in the country of Cambodia. Many prehistoric remains were discovered by the local people of Cambodia. These objects were thought to belong to some of the original groups of humans that first came to the country of Cambodia. The remains had never been scientifically studied, so Nancy was greatly intrigued by the opportunity to use modern methods to discover the true age of these ancient objects. Athfield had this unique opportunity because her team, comprised of scientists and filmmakers, were in Cambodia working on a documentary. The team was trying to discover evidence to prove a controversial claim in history: that Cambodia was the resting place for the famous royal family of Angkor. At that time, written records and historic accounts conflicted on the true resting place. Many people across the world disagreed over where the final resting place was. For the first time, Athfield and her team had a chance to use radiocarbon dating to find new evidence. They had a chance to solve the historic mystery that many had been arguing over for years. Athfield and her team conducted radiocarbon dating of many of the ancient objects found in the historic site of Angkor Wat. Nancy found the history of Angkor went back to as early as 1620. According to historic records, the remains of the Angkor royal family were much younger than that, so this evidence cast a lot of doubt as to the status of the ancient remains. The lesearch ultimately raised more questions. If the remains were not of the royal family, then whose remains were being kept in the ancient site? Athfields team left Cambodia with more questions unanswered. Since Athfields team studied the remains, new remains have been unearthed at the ancient site of Angkor Wat, so it is possible that these new remains could be the true remains of the royal family. Nancy wished to come back to continue her research one day. In her early years, the career of Athfield was very unconventional. She didnt start her career as a scientist. At the beginning, she would take any kind of job to pay her bills. Most of them were low-paying jobs or brief Community service opportunities. She worked often but didnt know what path she would ultimately take. But eventually, her friend suggested that Athfield invest in getting a degree. The friend recommended that Athfield attend a nearby university. Though doubtful of her own qualifications, she applied and was eventually accepted by the school. It was there that she met Willard Libby, the inventor of radiocarbon dating. She took his class and soon had the opportunity to complete hands-on research. She soon realised that science was her passion. After graduation, she quickly found a job in a research institution. After college, Athfields career in science blossomed. She eventually married, and her husband landed a job at the prestigious organisation GNN. Athfield joined her husband in the same organisation, and she became a lab manager in the institution. She earned her PhD in scientific research, and completed her studies on a kind of rat when it first appeared in New Zealand. There, she created original research and found many flaws in the methods being used in New Zealand laboratories. Her research showed that the subjects diet led to the fault in the earlier research. She was seen as an expert by her peers in New Zealand, and her opinion and expertise were widely respected. She had come a long way from her old days of working odd jobs. It seemed that Athfields career was finally taking off. But Athfields interest in scientific laboratories wasnt her only interest. She didnt settle down in New Zealand. Instead, she expanded her areas of expertise. Athfield eventually joined the field of Anthropology, the study of human societies, and became a well-qualified archaeologist. It was during her blossoming career as an archaeologist that Athfield became involved with the famous Cambodia project. Even as the filmmakers ran out of funding and left Cambodia, Athfield continued to stay and continue her research. In 2003, the film was finished in uncertain conclusions, but Nancy continued her research on the ancient ruins of Angkor Wat. This research was not always easy. Her research was often delayed by lack of funding, and government paperwork. Despite her struggles, she committed to finishing her research. Finally, she made a breakthrough. Using radiocarbon dating, Athfield completed a database for the materials found in Cambodia. As a newcomer to Cambodia, she lacked a complete knowledge of Cambodian geology, which made this feat even more difficult. Through steady determination and ingenuity, Athfield finally completed the database. Though many did not believe she could finish, her research now remains an influential and tremendous contribution to geological sciences in Cambodia. In the future, radiocarbon dating continues to be a valuable research skill. Athfield will be remembered as one of the first to bring this scientific method to the study of the ancient ruins of Angkor Wat. | The remains found in the Cambodia was in good condition. | n |
id_4826 | Radiocarbon Dating The Profile of Nancy Athfield Have you ever picked up a small stone off the ground and wondered how old it was? Chances are, that stone has been around many more years than your own lifetime. Many scientists share this curiosity about the age of inanimate objects like rocks, fossils and precious stones. Knowing how old an object is can provide valuable information about our prehistoric past. In most societies, human beings have kept track of history through writing. However, scientists are still curious about the world before writing, or even the world before humans. Studying the age of objects is our best way to piece together histories of our pre-historic past. One such method of finding the age of an object is called radiocarbon dating. This method can find the age of any object based on the kind of particles and atoms that are found inside of the object. Depending on what elements the object is composed of, radiocarbon can be a reliable way to find an objects age. One famous specialist in this method is the researcher Nancy Athfield. Athfield studied the ancient remains found in the country of Cambodia. Many prehistoric remains were discovered by the local people of Cambodia. These objects were thought to belong to some of the original groups of humans that first came to the country of Cambodia. The remains had never been scientifically studied, so Nancy was greatly intrigued by the opportunity to use modern methods to discover the true age of these ancient objects. Athfield had this unique opportunity because her team, comprised of scientists and filmmakers, were in Cambodia working on a documentary. The team was trying to discover evidence to prove a controversial claim in history: that Cambodia was the resting place for the famous royal family of Angkor. At that time, written records and historic accounts conflicted on the true resting place. Many people across the world disagreed over where the final resting place was. For the first time, Athfield and her team had a chance to use radiocarbon dating to find new evidence. They had a chance to solve the historic mystery that many had been arguing over for years. Athfield and her team conducted radiocarbon dating of many of the ancient objects found in the historic site of Angkor Wat. Nancy found the history of Angkor went back to as early as 1620. According to historic records, the remains of the Angkor royal family were much younger than that, so this evidence cast a lot of doubt as to the status of the ancient remains. The lesearch ultimately raised more questions. If the remains were not of the royal family, then whose remains were being kept in the ancient site? Athfields team left Cambodia with more questions unanswered. Since Athfields team studied the remains, new remains have been unearthed at the ancient site of Angkor Wat, so it is possible that these new remains could be the true remains of the royal family. Nancy wished to come back to continue her research one day. In her early years, the career of Athfield was very unconventional. She didnt start her career as a scientist. At the beginning, she would take any kind of job to pay her bills. Most of them were low-paying jobs or brief Community service opportunities. She worked often but didnt know what path she would ultimately take. But eventually, her friend suggested that Athfield invest in getting a degree. The friend recommended that Athfield attend a nearby university. Though doubtful of her own qualifications, she applied and was eventually accepted by the school. It was there that she met Willard Libby, the inventor of radiocarbon dating. She took his class and soon had the opportunity to complete hands-on research. She soon realised that science was her passion. After graduation, she quickly found a job in a research institution. After college, Athfields career in science blossomed. She eventually married, and her husband landed a job at the prestigious organisation GNN. Athfield joined her husband in the same organisation, and she became a lab manager in the institution. She earned her PhD in scientific research, and completed her studies on a kind of rat when it first appeared in New Zealand. There, she created original research and found many flaws in the methods being used in New Zealand laboratories. Her research showed that the subjects diet led to the fault in the earlier research. She was seen as an expert by her peers in New Zealand, and her opinion and expertise were widely respected. She had come a long way from her old days of working odd jobs. It seemed that Athfields career was finally taking off. But Athfields interest in scientific laboratories wasnt her only interest. She didnt settle down in New Zealand. Instead, she expanded her areas of expertise. Athfield eventually joined the field of Anthropology, the study of human societies, and became a well-qualified archaeologist. It was during her blossoming career as an archaeologist that Athfield became involved with the famous Cambodia project. Even as the filmmakers ran out of funding and left Cambodia, Athfield continued to stay and continue her research. In 2003, the film was finished in uncertain conclusions, but Nancy continued her research on the ancient ruins of Angkor Wat. This research was not always easy. Her research was often delayed by lack of funding, and government paperwork. Despite her struggles, she committed to finishing her research. Finally, she made a breakthrough. Using radiocarbon dating, Athfield completed a database for the materials found in Cambodia. As a newcomer to Cambodia, she lacked a complete knowledge of Cambodian geology, which made this feat even more difficult. Through steady determination and ingenuity, Athfield finally completed the database. Though many did not believe she could finish, her research now remains an influential and tremendous contribution to geological sciences in Cambodia. In the future, radiocarbon dating continues to be a valuable research skill. Athfield will be remembered as one of the first to bring this scientific method to the study of the ancient ruins of Angkor Wat. | Nancy Athfield first discovered the ancient remains in Cambodia. | c |
id_4827 | Radiocarbon Dating The Profile of Nancy Athfield Have you ever picked up a small stone off the ground and wondered how old it was? Chances are, that stone has been around many more years than your own lifetime. Many scientists share this curiosity about the age of inanimate objects like rocks, fossils and precious stones. Knowing how old an object is can provide valuable information about our prehistoric past. In most societies, human beings have kept track of history through writing. However, scientists are still curious about the world before writing, or even the world before humans. Studying the age of objects is our best way to piece together histories of our pre-historic past. One such method of finding the age of an object is called radiocarbon dating. This method can find the age of any object based on the kind of particles and atoms that are found inside of the object. Depending on what elements the object is composed of, radiocarbon can be a reliable way to find an objects age. One famous specialist in this method is the researcher Nancy Athfield. Athfield studied the ancient remains found in the country of Cambodia. Many prehistoric remains were discovered by the local people of Cambodia. These objects were thought to belong to some of the original groups of humans that first came to the country of Cambodia. The remains had never been scientifically studied, so Nancy was greatly intrigued by the opportunity to use modern methods to discover the true age of these ancient objects. Athfield had this unique opportunity because her team, comprised of scientists and filmmakers, were in Cambodia working on a documentary. The team was trying to discover evidence to prove a controversial claim in history: that Cambodia was the resting place for the famous royal family of Angkor. At that time, written records and historic accounts conflicted on the true resting place. Many people across the world disagreed over where the final resting place was. For the first time, Athfield and her team had a chance to use radiocarbon dating to find new evidence. They had a chance to solve the historic mystery that many had been arguing over for years. Athfield and her team conducted radiocarbon dating of many of the ancient objects found in the historic site of Angkor Wat. Nancy found the history of Angkor went back to as early as 1620. According to historic records, the remains of the Angkor royal family were much younger than that, so this evidence cast a lot of doubt as to the status of the ancient remains. The lesearch ultimately raised more questions. If the remains were not of the royal family, then whose remains were being kept in the ancient site? Athfields team left Cambodia with more questions unanswered. Since Athfields team studied the remains, new remains have been unearthed at the ancient site of Angkor Wat, so it is possible that these new remains could be the true remains of the royal family. Nancy wished to come back to continue her research one day. In her early years, the career of Athfield was very unconventional. She didnt start her career as a scientist. At the beginning, she would take any kind of job to pay her bills. Most of them were low-paying jobs or brief Community service opportunities. She worked often but didnt know what path she would ultimately take. But eventually, her friend suggested that Athfield invest in getting a degree. The friend recommended that Athfield attend a nearby university. Though doubtful of her own qualifications, she applied and was eventually accepted by the school. It was there that she met Willard Libby, the inventor of radiocarbon dating. She took his class and soon had the opportunity to complete hands-on research. She soon realised that science was her passion. After graduation, she quickly found a job in a research institution. After college, Athfields career in science blossomed. She eventually married, and her husband landed a job at the prestigious organisation GNN. Athfield joined her husband in the same organisation, and she became a lab manager in the institution. She earned her PhD in scientific research, and completed her studies on a kind of rat when it first appeared in New Zealand. There, she created original research and found many flaws in the methods being used in New Zealand laboratories. Her research showed that the subjects diet led to the fault in the earlier research. She was seen as an expert by her peers in New Zealand, and her opinion and expertise were widely respected. She had come a long way from her old days of working odd jobs. It seemed that Athfields career was finally taking off. But Athfields interest in scientific laboratories wasnt her only interest. She didnt settle down in New Zealand. Instead, she expanded her areas of expertise. Athfield eventually joined the field of Anthropology, the study of human societies, and became a well-qualified archaeologist. It was during her blossoming career as an archaeologist that Athfield became involved with the famous Cambodia project. Even as the filmmakers ran out of funding and left Cambodia, Athfield continued to stay and continue her research. In 2003, the film was finished in uncertain conclusions, but Nancy continued her research on the ancient ruins of Angkor Wat. This research was not always easy. Her research was often delayed by lack of funding, and government paperwork. Despite her struggles, she committed to finishing her research. Finally, she made a breakthrough. Using radiocarbon dating, Athfield completed a database for the materials found in Cambodia. As a newcomer to Cambodia, she lacked a complete knowledge of Cambodian geology, which made this feat even more difficult. Through steady determination and ingenuity, Athfield finally completed the database. Though many did not believe she could finish, her research now remains an influential and tremendous contribution to geological sciences in Cambodia. In the future, radiocarbon dating continues to be a valuable research skill. Athfield will be remembered as one of the first to bring this scientific method to the study of the ancient ruins of Angkor Wat. | Nancy took some time off from her regular work to do research in Cambodia. | n |
id_4828 | Radiocarbon Dating The Profile of Nancy Athfield Have you ever picked up a small stone off the ground and wondered how old it was? Chances are, that stone has been around many more years than your own lifetime. Many scientists share this curiosity about the age of inanimate objects like rocks, fossils and precious stones. Knowing how old an object is can provide valuable information about our prehistoric past. In most societies, human beings have kept track of history through writing. However, scientists are still curious about the world before writing, or even the world before humans. Studying the age of objects is our best way to piece together histories of our pre-historic past. One such method of finding the age of an object is called radiocarbon dating. This method can find the age of any object based on the kind of particles and atoms that are found inside of the object. Depending on what elements the object is composed of, radiocarbon can be a reliable way to find an objects age. One famous specialist in this method is the researcher Nancy Athfield. Athfield studied the ancient remains found in the country of Cambodia. Many prehistoric remains were discovered by the local people of Cambodia. These objects were thought to belong to some of the original groups of humans that first came to the country of Cambodia. The remains had never been scientifically studied, so Nancy was greatly intrigued by the opportunity to use modern methods to discover the true age of these ancient objects. Athfield had this unique opportunity because her team, comprised of scientists and filmmakers, were in Cambodia working on a documentary. The team was trying to discover evidence to prove a controversial claim in history: that Cambodia was the resting place for the famous royal family of Angkor. At that time, written records and historic accounts conflicted on the true resting place. Many people across the world disagreed over where the final resting place was. For the first time, Athfield and her team had a chance to use radiocarbon dating to find new evidence. They had a chance to solve the historic mystery that many had been arguing over for years. Athfield and her team conducted radiocarbon dating of many of the ancient objects found in the historic site of Angkor Wat. Nancy found the history of Angkor went back to as early as 1620. According to historic records, the remains of the Angkor royal family were much younger than that, so this evidence cast a lot of doubt as to the status of the ancient remains. The lesearch ultimately raised more questions. If the remains were not of the royal family, then whose remains were being kept in the ancient site? Athfields team left Cambodia with more questions unanswered. Since Athfields team studied the remains, new remains have been unearthed at the ancient site of Angkor Wat, so it is possible that these new remains could be the true remains of the royal family. Nancy wished to come back to continue her research one day. In her early years, the career of Athfield was very unconventional. She didnt start her career as a scientist. At the beginning, she would take any kind of job to pay her bills. Most of them were low-paying jobs or brief Community service opportunities. She worked often but didnt know what path she would ultimately take. But eventually, her friend suggested that Athfield invest in getting a degree. The friend recommended that Athfield attend a nearby university. Though doubtful of her own qualifications, she applied and was eventually accepted by the school. It was there that she met Willard Libby, the inventor of radiocarbon dating. She took his class and soon had the opportunity to complete hands-on research. She soon realised that science was her passion. After graduation, she quickly found a job in a research institution. After college, Athfields career in science blossomed. She eventually married, and her husband landed a job at the prestigious organisation GNN. Athfield joined her husband in the same organisation, and she became a lab manager in the institution. She earned her PhD in scientific research, and completed her studies on a kind of rat when it first appeared in New Zealand. There, she created original research and found many flaws in the methods being used in New Zealand laboratories. Her research showed that the subjects diet led to the fault in the earlier research. She was seen as an expert by her peers in New Zealand, and her opinion and expertise were widely respected. She had come a long way from her old days of working odd jobs. It seemed that Athfields career was finally taking off. But Athfields interest in scientific laboratories wasnt her only interest. She didnt settle down in New Zealand. Instead, she expanded her areas of expertise. Athfield eventually joined the field of Anthropology, the study of human societies, and became a well-qualified archaeologist. It was during her blossoming career as an archaeologist that Athfield became involved with the famous Cambodia project. Even as the filmmakers ran out of funding and left Cambodia, Athfield continued to stay and continue her research. In 2003, the film was finished in uncertain conclusions, but Nancy continued her research on the ancient ruins of Angkor Wat. This research was not always easy. Her research was often delayed by lack of funding, and government paperwork. Despite her struggles, she committed to finishing her research. Finally, she made a breakthrough. Using radiocarbon dating, Athfield completed a database for the materials found in Cambodia. As a newcomer to Cambodia, she lacked a complete knowledge of Cambodian geology, which made this feat even more difficult. Through steady determination and ingenuity, Athfield finally completed the database. Though many did not believe she could finish, her research now remains an influential and tremendous contribution to geological sciences in Cambodia. In the future, radiocarbon dating continues to be a valuable research skill. Athfield will be remembered as one of the first to bring this scientific method to the study of the ancient ruins of Angkor Wat. | The Cambodia government asked Nancy to radiocarbon the remains. | c |
id_4829 | Radiocarbon Dating The Profile of Nancy Athfield Have you ever picked up a small stone off the ground and wondered how old it was? Chances are, that stone has been around many more years than your own lifetime. Many scientists share this curiosity about the age of inanimate objects like rocks, fossils and precious stones. Knowing how old an object is can provide valuable information about our prehistoric past. In most societies, human beings have kept track of history through writing. However, scientists are still curious about the world before writing, or even the world before humans. Studying the age of objects is our best way to piece together histories of our pre-historic past. One such method of finding the age of an object is called radiocarbon dating. This method can find the age of any object based on the kind of particles and atoms that are found inside of the object. Depending on what elements the object is composed of, radiocarbon can be a reliable way to find an objects age. One famous specialist in this method is the researcher Nancy Athfield. Athfield studied the ancient remains found in the country of Cambodia. Many prehistoric remains were discovered by the local people of Cambodia. These objects were thought to belong to some of the original groups of humans that first came to the country of Cambodia. The remains had never been scientifically studied, so Nancy was greatly intrigued by the opportunity to use modern methods to discover the true age of these ancient objects. Athfield had this unique opportunity because her team, comprised of scientists and filmmakers, were in Cambodia working on a documentary. The team was trying to discover evidence to prove a controversial claim in history: that Cambodia was the resting place for the famous royal family of Angkor. At that time, written records and historic accounts conflicted on the true resting place. Many people across the world disagreed over where the final resting place was. For the first time, Athfield and her team had a chance to use radiocarbon dating to find new evidence. They had a chance to solve the historic mystery that many had been arguing over for years. Athfield and her team conducted radiocarbon dating of many of the ancient objects found in the historic site of Angkor Wat. Nancy found the history of Angkor went back to as early as 1620. According to historic records, the remains of the Angkor royal family were much younger than that, so this evidence cast a lot of doubt as to the status of the ancient remains. The lesearch ultimately raised more questions. If the remains were not of the royal family, then whose remains were being kept in the ancient site? Athfields team left Cambodia with more questions unanswered. Since Athfields team studied the remains, new remains have been unearthed at the ancient site of Angkor Wat, so it is possible that these new remains could be the true remains of the royal family. Nancy wished to come back to continue her research one day. In her early years, the career of Athfield was very unconventional. She didnt start her career as a scientist. At the beginning, she would take any kind of job to pay her bills. Most of them were low-paying jobs or brief Community service opportunities. She worked often but didnt know what path she would ultimately take. But eventually, her friend suggested that Athfield invest in getting a degree. The friend recommended that Athfield attend a nearby university. Though doubtful of her own qualifications, she applied and was eventually accepted by the school. It was there that she met Willard Libby, the inventor of radiocarbon dating. She took his class and soon had the opportunity to complete hands-on research. She soon realised that science was her passion. After graduation, she quickly found a job in a research institution. After college, Athfields career in science blossomed. She eventually married, and her husband landed a job at the prestigious organisation GNN. Athfield joined her husband in the same organisation, and she became a lab manager in the institution. She earned her PhD in scientific research, and completed her studies on a kind of rat when it first appeared in New Zealand. There, she created original research and found many flaws in the methods being used in New Zealand laboratories. Her research showed that the subjects diet led to the fault in the earlier research. She was seen as an expert by her peers in New Zealand, and her opinion and expertise were widely respected. She had come a long way from her old days of working odd jobs. It seemed that Athfields career was finally taking off. But Athfields interest in scientific laboratories wasnt her only interest. She didnt settle down in New Zealand. Instead, she expanded her areas of expertise. Athfield eventually joined the field of Anthropology, the study of human societies, and became a well-qualified archaeologist. It was during her blossoming career as an archaeologist that Athfield became involved with the famous Cambodia project. Even as the filmmakers ran out of funding and left Cambodia, Athfield continued to stay and continue her research. In 2003, the film was finished in uncertain conclusions, but Nancy continued her research on the ancient ruins of Angkor Wat. This research was not always easy. Her research was often delayed by lack of funding, and government paperwork. Despite her struggles, she committed to finishing her research. Finally, she made a breakthrough. Using radiocarbon dating, Athfield completed a database for the materials found in Cambodia. As a newcomer to Cambodia, she lacked a complete knowledge of Cambodian geology, which made this feat even more difficult. Through steady determination and ingenuity, Athfield finally completed the database. Though many did not believe she could finish, her research now remains an influential and tremendous contribution to geological sciences in Cambodia. In the future, radiocarbon dating continues to be a valuable research skill. Athfield will be remembered as one of the first to bring this scientific method to the study of the ancient ruins of Angkor Wat. | The filmmakers aimed to find out how the Angkor was rebuilt. | c |
id_4830 | Radiocarbon Dating The Profile of Nancy Athfield Have you ever picked up a small stone off the ground and wondered how old it was? Chances are, that stone has been around many more years than your own lifetime. Many scientists share this curiosity about the age of inanimate objects like rocks, fossils and precious stones. Knowing how old an object is can provide valuable information about our prehistoric past. In most societies, human beings have kept track of history through writing. However, scientists are still curious about the world before writing, or even the world before humans. Studying the age of objects is our best way to piece together histories of our pre-historic past. One such method of finding the age of an object is called radiocarbon dating. This method can find the age of any object based on the kind of particles and atoms that are found inside of the object. Depending on what elements the object is composed of, radiocarbon can be a reliable way to find an objects age. One famous specialist in this method is the researcher Nancy Athfield. Athfield studied the ancient remains found in the country of Cambodia. Many prehistoric remains were discovered by the local people of Cambodia. These objects were thought to belong to some of the original groups of humans that first came to the country of Cambodia. The remains had never been scientifically studied, so Nancy was greatly intrigued by the opportunity to use modern methods to discover the true age of these ancient objects. Athfield had this unique opportunity because her team, comprised of scientists and filmmakers, were in Cambodia working on a documentary. The team was trying to discover evidence to prove a controversial claim in history: that Cambodia was the resting place for the famous royal family of Angkor. At that time, written records and historic accounts conflicted on the true resting place. Many people across the world disagreed over where the final resting place was. For the first time, Athfield and her team had a chance to use radiocarbon dating to find new evidence. They had a chance to solve the historic mystery that many had been arguing over for years. Athfield and her team conducted radiocarbon dating of many of the ancient objects found in the historic site of Angkor Wat. Nancy found the history of Angkor went back to as early as 1620. According to historic records, the remains of the Angkor royal family were much younger than that, so this evidence cast a lot of doubt as to the status of the ancient remains. The lesearch ultimately raised more questions. If the remains were not of the royal family, then whose remains were being kept in the ancient site? Athfields team left Cambodia with more questions unanswered. Since Athfields team studied the remains, new remains have been unearthed at the ancient site of Angkor Wat, so it is possible that these new remains could be the true remains of the royal family. Nancy wished to come back to continue her research one day. In her early years, the career of Athfield was very unconventional. She didnt start her career as a scientist. At the beginning, she would take any kind of job to pay her bills. Most of them were low-paying jobs or brief Community service opportunities. She worked often but didnt know what path she would ultimately take. But eventually, her friend suggested that Athfield invest in getting a degree. The friend recommended that Athfield attend a nearby university. Though doubtful of her own qualifications, she applied and was eventually accepted by the school. It was there that she met Willard Libby, the inventor of radiocarbon dating. She took his class and soon had the opportunity to complete hands-on research. She soon realised that science was her passion. After graduation, she quickly found a job in a research institution. After college, Athfields career in science blossomed. She eventually married, and her husband landed a job at the prestigious organisation GNN. Athfield joined her husband in the same organisation, and she became a lab manager in the institution. She earned her PhD in scientific research, and completed her studies on a kind of rat when it first appeared in New Zealand. There, she created original research and found many flaws in the methods being used in New Zealand laboratories. Her research showed that the subjects diet led to the fault in the earlier research. She was seen as an expert by her peers in New Zealand, and her opinion and expertise were widely respected. She had come a long way from her old days of working odd jobs. It seemed that Athfields career was finally taking off. But Athfields interest in scientific laboratories wasnt her only interest. She didnt settle down in New Zealand. Instead, she expanded her areas of expertise. Athfield eventually joined the field of Anthropology, the study of human societies, and became a well-qualified archaeologist. It was during her blossoming career as an archaeologist that Athfield became involved with the famous Cambodia project. Even as the filmmakers ran out of funding and left Cambodia, Athfield continued to stay and continue her research. In 2003, the film was finished in uncertain conclusions, but Nancy continued her research on the ancient ruins of Angkor Wat. This research was not always easy. Her research was often delayed by lack of funding, and government paperwork. Despite her struggles, she committed to finishing her research. Finally, she made a breakthrough. Using radiocarbon dating, Athfield completed a database for the materials found in Cambodia. As a newcomer to Cambodia, she lacked a complete knowledge of Cambodian geology, which made this feat even more difficult. Through steady determination and ingenuity, Athfield finally completed the database. Though many did not believe she could finish, her research now remains an influential and tremendous contribution to geological sciences in Cambodia. In the future, radiocarbon dating continues to be a valuable research skill. Athfield will be remembered as one of the first to bring this scientific method to the study of the ancient ruins of Angkor Wat. | Nancy initially doubted whether the royal family was hidden in Cambodia. | n |
id_4831 | Radiocarbon Dating The Profile of Nancy Athfield Have you ever picked up a small stone off the ground and wondered how old it was? Chances are, that stone has been around many more years than your own lifetime. Many scientists share this curiosity about the age of inanimate objects like rocks, fossils and precious stones. Knowing how old an object is can provide valuable information about our prehistoric past. In most societies, human beings have kept track of history through writing. However, scientists are still curious about the world before writing, or even the world before humans. Studying the age of objects is our best way to piece together histories of our pre-historic past. One such method of finding the age of an object is called radiocarbon dating. This method can find the age of any object based on the kind of particles and atoms that are found inside of the object. Depending on what elements the object is composed of, radiocarbon can be a reliable way to find an objects age. One famous specialist in this method is the researcher Nancy Athfield. Athfield studied the ancient remains found in the country of Cambodia. Many prehistoric remains were discovered by the local people of Cambodia. These objects were thought to belong to some of the original groups of humans that first came to the country of Cambodia. The remains had never been scientifically studied, so Nancy was greatly intrigued by the opportunity to use modern methods to discover the true age of these ancient objects. Athfield had this unique opportunity because her team, comprised of scientists and filmmakers, were in Cambodia working on a documentary. The team was trying to discover evidence to prove a controversial claim in history: that Cambodia was the resting place for the famous royal family of Angkor. At that time, written records and historic accounts conflicted on the true resting place. Many people across the world disagreed over where the final resting place was. For the first time, Athfield and her team had a chance to use radiocarbon dating to find new evidence. They had a chance to solve the historic mystery that many had been arguing over for years. Athfield and her team conducted radiocarbon dating of many of the ancient objects found in the historic site of Angkor Wat. Nancy found the history of Angkor went back to as early as 1620. According to historic records, the remains of the Angkor royal family were much younger than that, so this evidence cast a lot of doubt as to the status of the ancient remains. The lesearch ultimately raised more questions. If the remains were not of the royal family, then whose remains were being kept in the ancient site? Athfields team left Cambodia with more questions unanswered. Since Athfields team studied the remains, new remains have been unearthed at the ancient site of Angkor Wat, so it is possible that these new remains could be the true remains of the royal family. Nancy wished to come back to continue her research one day. In her early years, the career of Athfield was very unconventional. She didnt start her career as a scientist. At the beginning, she would take any kind of job to pay her bills. Most of them were low-paying jobs or brief Community service opportunities. She worked often but didnt know what path she would ultimately take. But eventually, her friend suggested that Athfield invest in getting a degree. The friend recommended that Athfield attend a nearby university. Though doubtful of her own qualifications, she applied and was eventually accepted by the school. It was there that she met Willard Libby, the inventor of radiocarbon dating. She took his class and soon had the opportunity to complete hands-on research. She soon realised that science was her passion. After graduation, she quickly found a job in a research institution. After college, Athfields career in science blossomed. She eventually married, and her husband landed a job at the prestigious organisation GNN. Athfield joined her husband in the same organisation, and she became a lab manager in the institution. She earned her PhD in scientific research, and completed her studies on a kind of rat when it first appeared in New Zealand. There, she created original research and found many flaws in the methods being used in New Zealand laboratories. Her research showed that the subjects diet led to the fault in the earlier research. She was seen as an expert by her peers in New Zealand, and her opinion and expertise were widely respected. She had come a long way from her old days of working odd jobs. It seemed that Athfields career was finally taking off. But Athfields interest in scientific laboratories wasnt her only interest. She didnt settle down in New Zealand. Instead, she expanded her areas of expertise. Athfield eventually joined the field of Anthropology, the study of human societies, and became a well-qualified archaeologist. It was during her blossoming career as an archaeologist that Athfield became involved with the famous Cambodia project. Even as the filmmakers ran out of funding and left Cambodia, Athfield continued to stay and continue her research. In 2003, the film was finished in uncertain conclusions, but Nancy continued her research on the ancient ruins of Angkor Wat. This research was not always easy. Her research was often delayed by lack of funding, and government paperwork. Despite her struggles, she committed to finishing her research. Finally, she made a breakthrough. Using radiocarbon dating, Athfield completed a database for the materials found in Cambodia. As a newcomer to Cambodia, she lacked a complete knowledge of Cambodian geology, which made this feat even more difficult. Through steady determination and ingenuity, Athfield finally completed the database. Though many did not believe she could finish, her research now remains an influential and tremendous contribution to geological sciences in Cambodia. In the future, radiocarbon dating continues to be a valuable research skill. Athfield will be remembered as one of the first to bring this scientific method to the study of the ancient ruins of Angkor Wat. | Nancy disproved the possibility that the remains belonged to the Angkor royal family. | e |
id_4832 | Railway officials have started ten new trains and increased the frequency of fourteen running trains. | The existing trains are not sufficient to provide accommodation to all passengers. | e |
id_4833 | Railway officials have started ten new trains and increased the frequency of fourteen running trains. | The new and additional trains would have sufficient passengers so that they will be economically viable. | e |
id_4834 | Raising the Mary Rose. How a sixteenth-century warship was recovered from the seabed. On 19 July 1545, English and French fleets were engaged in a sea battle off the coast of southern England in the area of water called the Solent, between Portsmouth and the Isle of Wight. Among the English vessels was a warship by the name of Mary Rose. Built in Portsmouth some 35 years earlier, she had had a long and successful fighting career, and was a favourite of King Henry VIII. Accounts of what happened to the ship vary: while witnesses agree that she was not hit by the French, some maintain that she was outdated, overladen and sailing too low in the water, others that she was mishandled by undisciplined crew. What is undisputed, however, is that the Mary Rose sank into the Solent that day, taking at least 500 men with her. After the battle, attempts were made to recover the ship, but these failed. The Mary Rose came to rest on the seabed, lying on her starboard (right) side at an angle of approximately 60 degrees. The hull (the body of the ship) acted as a trap for the sand and mud carried by Solent currents. As a result, the starboard side filled rapidly, leaving the exposed port (left) side to be eroded by marine organisms and mechanical degradation. Because of the way the ship sank, nearly all of the starboard half survived intact. During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the entire site became covered with a layer of hard grey clay, which minimised further erosion. Then, on 16 June 1836, some fishermen in the Solent found that their equipment was caught on an underwater obstruction, which turned out to be the Mary Rose. Diver John Deane happened to be exploring another sunken ship nearby, and the fishermen approached him, asking him to free their gear. Deane dived down, and found the equipment caught on a timber protruding slightly from the seabed. Exploring further, he uncovered several other timbers and a bronze gun. Deane continued diving on the site intermittently until 1840, recovering several more guns, two bows, various timbers, part of a pump and various other small finds. The Mary Rose then faded into obscurity for another hundred years. But in 1965, military historian and amateur diver Alexander McKee, in conjunction with the British Sub-Aqua Club, initiated a project called Solent Ships. While on paper this was a plan to examine a number of known wrecks in the Solent, what McKee really hoped for was to find the Mary Rose. Ordinary search techniques proved unsatisfactory, so McKee entered into collaboration with Harold E. Edgerton, professor of electrical engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In 1967, Edgertons side-scan sonar systems revealed a large, unusually shaped object, which McKee believed was the Mary Rose. Further excavations revealed stray pieces of timber and an iron gun. But the climax to the operation came when, on 5 May 1971, part of the ships frame was uncovered. McKee and his team now knew for certain that they had found the wreck, but were as yet unaware that it also housed a treasure trove of beautifully preserved artefacts. Interest in the project grew, and in 1979, The Mary Rose Trust was formed, with Prince Charles as its President and Dr Margaret Rule its Archaeological Director. The decision whether or not to salvage the wreck was not an easy one, although an excavation in 1978 had shown that it might be possible to raise the hull. While the original aim was to raise the hull if at all feasible, the operation was not given the go-ahead until January 1982, when all the necessary information was available. An important factor in trying to salvage the Mary Rose was that the remaining hull was an open shell. This led to an important decision being taken: namely to carry out the lifting operation in three very distinct stages. The hull was attached to a lifting frame via a network of bolts and lifting wires. The problem of the hull being sucked back downwards into the mud was overcome by using 12 hydraulic jacks. These raised it a few centimetres over a period of several days, as the lifting frame rose slowly up its four legs. It was only when the hull was hanging freely from the lifting frame, clear of the seabed and the suction effect of the surrounding mud, that the salvage operation progressed to the second stage. In this stage, the lifting frame was fixed to a hook attached to a crane, and the hull was lifted completely clear of the seabed and transferred underwater into the lifting cradle. This required precise positioning to locate the legs into the stabbing guides of the lifting cradle. The lifting cradle was designed to fit the hull using archaeological survey drawings, and was fitted with air bags to provide additional cushioning for the hulls delicate timber framework. The third and final stage was to lift the entire structure into the air, by which time the hull was also supported from below. Finally, on 11 October 1982, millions of people around the world held their breath as the timber skeleton of the Mary Rose was lifted clear of the water, ready to be returned home to Portsmouth. | Alexander McKee knew that the wreck would contain many valuable historical objects. | c |
id_4835 | Raising the Mary Rose. How a sixteenth-century warship was recovered from the seabed. On 19 July 1545, English and French fleets were engaged in a sea battle off the coast of southern England in the area of water called the Solent, between Portsmouth and the Isle of Wight. Among the English vessels was a warship by the name of Mary Rose. Built in Portsmouth some 35 years earlier, she had had a long and successful fighting career, and was a favourite of King Henry VIII. Accounts of what happened to the ship vary: while witnesses agree that she was not hit by the French, some maintain that she was outdated, overladen and sailing too low in the water, others that she was mishandled by undisciplined crew. What is undisputed, however, is that the Mary Rose sank into the Solent that day, taking at least 500 men with her. After the battle, attempts were made to recover the ship, but these failed. The Mary Rose came to rest on the seabed, lying on her starboard (right) side at an angle of approximately 60 degrees. The hull (the body of the ship) acted as a trap for the sand and mud carried by Solent currents. As a result, the starboard side filled rapidly, leaving the exposed port (left) side to be eroded by marine organisms and mechanical degradation. Because of the way the ship sank, nearly all of the starboard half survived intact. During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the entire site became covered with a layer of hard grey clay, which minimised further erosion. Then, on 16 June 1836, some fishermen in the Solent found that their equipment was caught on an underwater obstruction, which turned out to be the Mary Rose. Diver John Deane happened to be exploring another sunken ship nearby, and the fishermen approached him, asking him to free their gear. Deane dived down, and found the equipment caught on a timber protruding slightly from the seabed. Exploring further, he uncovered several other timbers and a bronze gun. Deane continued diving on the site intermittently until 1840, recovering several more guns, two bows, various timbers, part of a pump and various other small finds. The Mary Rose then faded into obscurity for another hundred years. But in 1965, military historian and amateur diver Alexander McKee, in conjunction with the British Sub-Aqua Club, initiated a project called Solent Ships. While on paper this was a plan to examine a number of known wrecks in the Solent, what McKee really hoped for was to find the Mary Rose. Ordinary search techniques proved unsatisfactory, so McKee entered into collaboration with Harold E. Edgerton, professor of electrical engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In 1967, Edgertons side-scan sonar systems revealed a large, unusually shaped object, which McKee believed was the Mary Rose. Further excavations revealed stray pieces of timber and an iron gun. But the climax to the operation came when, on 5 May 1971, part of the ships frame was uncovered. McKee and his team now knew for certain that they had found the wreck, but were as yet unaware that it also housed a treasure trove of beautifully preserved artefacts. Interest in the project grew, and in 1979, The Mary Rose Trust was formed, with Prince Charles as its President and Dr Margaret Rule its Archaeological Director. The decision whether or not to salvage the wreck was not an easy one, although an excavation in 1978 had shown that it might be possible to raise the hull. While the original aim was to raise the hull if at all feasible, the operation was not given the go-ahead until January 1982, when all the necessary information was available. An important factor in trying to salvage the Mary Rose was that the remaining hull was an open shell. This led to an important decision being taken: namely to carry out the lifting operation in three very distinct stages. The hull was attached to a lifting frame via a network of bolts and lifting wires. The problem of the hull being sucked back downwards into the mud was overcome by using 12 hydraulic jacks. These raised it a few centimetres over a period of several days, as the lifting frame rose slowly up its four legs. It was only when the hull was hanging freely from the lifting frame, clear of the seabed and the suction effect of the surrounding mud, that the salvage operation progressed to the second stage. In this stage, the lifting frame was fixed to a hook attached to a crane, and the hull was lifted completely clear of the seabed and transferred underwater into the lifting cradle. This required precise positioning to locate the legs into the stabbing guides of the lifting cradle. The lifting cradle was designed to fit the hull using archaeological survey drawings, and was fitted with air bags to provide additional cushioning for the hulls delicate timber framework. The third and final stage was to lift the entire structure into the air, by which time the hull was also supported from below. Finally, on 11 October 1982, millions of people around the world held their breath as the timber skeleton of the Mary Rose was lifted clear of the water, ready to be returned home to Portsmouth. | There is some doubt about what caused the Mary Rose to sink. | e |
id_4836 | Raising the Mary Rose. How a sixteenth-century warship was recovered from the seabed. On 19 July 1545, English and French fleets were engaged in a sea battle off the coast of southern England in the area of water called the Solent, between Portsmouth and the Isle of Wight. Among the English vessels was a warship by the name of Mary Rose. Built in Portsmouth some 35 years earlier, she had had a long and successful fighting career, and was a favourite of King Henry VIII. Accounts of what happened to the ship vary: while witnesses agree that she was not hit by the French, some maintain that she was outdated, overladen and sailing too low in the water, others that she was mishandled by undisciplined crew. What is undisputed, however, is that the Mary Rose sank into the Solent that day, taking at least 500 men with her. After the battle, attempts were made to recover the ship, but these failed. The Mary Rose came to rest on the seabed, lying on her starboard (right) side at an angle of approximately 60 degrees. The hull (the body of the ship) acted as a trap for the sand and mud carried by Solent currents. As a result, the starboard side filled rapidly, leaving the exposed port (left) side to be eroded by marine organisms and mechanical degradation. Because of the way the ship sank, nearly all of the starboard half survived intact. During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the entire site became covered with a layer of hard grey clay, which minimised further erosion. Then, on 16 June 1836, some fishermen in the Solent found that their equipment was caught on an underwater obstruction, which turned out to be the Mary Rose. Diver John Deane happened to be exploring another sunken ship nearby, and the fishermen approached him, asking him to free their gear. Deane dived down, and found the equipment caught on a timber protruding slightly from the seabed. Exploring further, he uncovered several other timbers and a bronze gun. Deane continued diving on the site intermittently until 1840, recovering several more guns, two bows, various timbers, part of a pump and various other small finds. The Mary Rose then faded into obscurity for another hundred years. But in 1965, military historian and amateur diver Alexander McKee, in conjunction with the British Sub-Aqua Club, initiated a project called Solent Ships. While on paper this was a plan to examine a number of known wrecks in the Solent, what McKee really hoped for was to find the Mary Rose. Ordinary search techniques proved unsatisfactory, so McKee entered into collaboration with Harold E. Edgerton, professor of electrical engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In 1967, Edgertons side-scan sonar systems revealed a large, unusually shaped object, which McKee believed was the Mary Rose. Further excavations revealed stray pieces of timber and an iron gun. But the climax to the operation came when, on 5 May 1971, part of the ships frame was uncovered. McKee and his team now knew for certain that they had found the wreck, but were as yet unaware that it also housed a treasure trove of beautifully preserved artefacts. Interest in the project grew, and in 1979, The Mary Rose Trust was formed, with Prince Charles as its President and Dr Margaret Rule its Archaeological Director. The decision whether or not to salvage the wreck was not an easy one, although an excavation in 1978 had shown that it might be possible to raise the hull. While the original aim was to raise the hull if at all feasible, the operation was not given the go-ahead until January 1982, when all the necessary information was available. An important factor in trying to salvage the Mary Rose was that the remaining hull was an open shell. This led to an important decision being taken: namely to carry out the lifting operation in three very distinct stages. The hull was attached to a lifting frame via a network of bolts and lifting wires. The problem of the hull being sucked back downwards into the mud was overcome by using 12 hydraulic jacks. These raised it a few centimetres over a period of several days, as the lifting frame rose slowly up its four legs. It was only when the hull was hanging freely from the lifting frame, clear of the seabed and the suction effect of the surrounding mud, that the salvage operation progressed to the second stage. In this stage, the lifting frame was fixed to a hook attached to a crane, and the hull was lifted completely clear of the seabed and transferred underwater into the lifting cradle. This required precise positioning to locate the legs into the stabbing guides of the lifting cradle. The lifting cradle was designed to fit the hull using archaeological survey drawings, and was fitted with air bags to provide additional cushioning for the hulls delicate timber framework. The third and final stage was to lift the entire structure into the air, by which time the hull was also supported from below. Finally, on 11 October 1982, millions of people around the world held their breath as the timber skeleton of the Mary Rose was lifted clear of the water, ready to be returned home to Portsmouth. | The Mary Rose was the only ship to sink in the battle of 19 July 1545. | n |
id_4837 | Raising the Mary Rose. How a sixteenth-century warship was recovered from the seabed. On 19 July 1545, English and French fleets were engaged in a sea battle off the coast of southern England in the area of water called the Solent, between Portsmouth and the Isle of Wight. Among the English vessels was a warship by the name of Mary Rose. Built in Portsmouth some 35 years earlier, she had had a long and successful fighting career, and was a favourite of King Henry VIII. Accounts of what happened to the ship vary: while witnesses agree that she was not hit by the French, some maintain that she was outdated, overladen and sailing too low in the water, others that she was mishandled by undisciplined crew. What is undisputed, however, is that the Mary Rose sank into the Solent that day, taking at least 500 men with her. After the battle, attempts were made to recover the ship, but these failed. The Mary Rose came to rest on the seabed, lying on her starboard (right) side at an angle of approximately 60 degrees. The hull (the body of the ship) acted as a trap for the sand and mud carried by Solent currents. As a result, the starboard side filled rapidly, leaving the exposed port (left) side to be eroded by marine organisms and mechanical degradation. Because of the way the ship sank, nearly all of the starboard half survived intact. During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the entire site became covered with a layer of hard grey clay, which minimised further erosion. Then, on 16 June 1836, some fishermen in the Solent found that their equipment was caught on an underwater obstruction, which turned out to be the Mary Rose. Diver John Deane happened to be exploring another sunken ship nearby, and the fishermen approached him, asking him to free their gear. Deane dived down, and found the equipment caught on a timber protruding slightly from the seabed. Exploring further, he uncovered several other timbers and a bronze gun. Deane continued diving on the site intermittently until 1840, recovering several more guns, two bows, various timbers, part of a pump and various other small finds. The Mary Rose then faded into obscurity for another hundred years. But in 1965, military historian and amateur diver Alexander McKee, in conjunction with the British Sub-Aqua Club, initiated a project called Solent Ships. While on paper this was a plan to examine a number of known wrecks in the Solent, what McKee really hoped for was to find the Mary Rose. Ordinary search techniques proved unsatisfactory, so McKee entered into collaboration with Harold E. Edgerton, professor of electrical engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In 1967, Edgertons side-scan sonar systems revealed a large, unusually shaped object, which McKee believed was the Mary Rose. Further excavations revealed stray pieces of timber and an iron gun. But the climax to the operation came when, on 5 May 1971, part of the ships frame was uncovered. McKee and his team now knew for certain that they had found the wreck, but were as yet unaware that it also housed a treasure trove of beautifully preserved artefacts. Interest in the project grew, and in 1979, The Mary Rose Trust was formed, with Prince Charles as its President and Dr Margaret Rule its Archaeological Director. The decision whether or not to salvage the wreck was not an easy one, although an excavation in 1978 had shown that it might be possible to raise the hull. While the original aim was to raise the hull if at all feasible, the operation was not given the go-ahead until January 1982, when all the necessary information was available. An important factor in trying to salvage the Mary Rose was that the remaining hull was an open shell. This led to an important decision being taken: namely to carry out the lifting operation in three very distinct stages. The hull was attached to a lifting frame via a network of bolts and lifting wires. The problem of the hull being sucked back downwards into the mud was overcome by using 12 hydraulic jacks. These raised it a few centimetres over a period of several days, as the lifting frame rose slowly up its four legs. It was only when the hull was hanging freely from the lifting frame, clear of the seabed and the suction effect of the surrounding mud, that the salvage operation progressed to the second stage. In this stage, the lifting frame was fixed to a hook attached to a crane, and the hull was lifted completely clear of the seabed and transferred underwater into the lifting cradle. This required precise positioning to locate the legs into the stabbing guides of the lifting cradle. The lifting cradle was designed to fit the hull using archaeological survey drawings, and was fitted with air bags to provide additional cushioning for the hulls delicate timber framework. The third and final stage was to lift the entire structure into the air, by which time the hull was also supported from below. Finally, on 11 October 1982, millions of people around the world held their breath as the timber skeleton of the Mary Rose was lifted clear of the water, ready to be returned home to Portsmouth. | Most of one side of the Mary Rose lay undamaged under the sea. | e |
id_4838 | Randy is taller than Wendell. Luis is taller than Randy. | Wendell is taller than Luis. | c |
id_4839 | Re: Rubbish collection in your area Dear Householder, In order to help protect our environment, your local town council has set itself certain targets regarding rubbish collection and recycling. We hope to reduce the amount of non-recyclable waste that we send to landfill sites and increase recycling. In order to reach our targets, we ask householders to divide their rubbish up by type. We have delivered differently colored rubbish bins with instruction to each house in the area. All you need to do is to put your rubbish into the correct bin and leave the bins out on the correct day for collection. Collection Days for your Area Bio-waste: Every Wednesday Glass and metal: Every other Thursday Plastics: Every other Thursday Non-recyclable waste: Every Friday Bro-waste is burned to generate power. Because of this, please ensure no plastic is in your bio-waste or the fumes from it burning will pollute the air. Collections will take place before 10 a. m. Rubbish bins ought to be put out on the pavement the night before the collection, but they must be returned to your property within 24 hours of the collection. Bulky Items We will collect bulky household waste that will not fit into your bin. This service is free but must be booked online in advance. you can book up to six household items per collection. If you have more than six items, you will need to book another collection once the first one is finished or take the items to the councils Re-Use Centre. The bulky service does not collect any building waste. You can get rid of some materials free of charge at the councils Re-Use Centre, but there may be a fee for others. | Blackstone Solicitors has a fixed price of only E50 for the first meeting with one of their solicitors. | c |
id_4840 | Re: Rubbish collection in your area Dear Householder, In order to help protect our environment, your local town council has set itself certain targets regarding rubbish collection and recycling. We hope to reduce the amount of non-recyclable waste that we send to landfill sites and increase recycling. In order to reach our targets, we ask householders to divide their rubbish up by type. We have delivered differently colored rubbish bins with instruction to each house in the area. All you need to do is to put your rubbish into the correct bin and leave the bins out on the correct day for collection. Collection Days for your Area Bio-waste: Every Wednesday Glass and metal: Every other Thursday Plastics: Every other Thursday Non-recyclable waste: Every Friday Bro-waste is burned to generate power. Because of this, please ensure no plastic is in your bio-waste or the fumes from it burning will pollute the air. Collections will take place before 10 a. m. Rubbish bins ought to be put out on the pavement the night before the collection, but they must be returned to your property within 24 hours of the collection. Bulky Items We will collect bulky household waste that will not fit into your bin. This service is free but must be booked online in advance. you can book up to six household items per collection. If you have more than six items, you will need to book another collection once the first one is finished or take the items to the councils Re-Use Centre. The bulky service does not collect any building waste. You can get rid of some materials free of charge at the councils Re-Use Centre, but there may be a fee for others. | Blackstone Solicitors specialize in immigration cases. | e |
id_4841 | Re: Rubbish collection in your area Dear Householder, In order to help protect our environment, your local town council has set itself certain targets regarding rubbish collection and recycling. We hope to reduce the amount of non-recyclable waste that we send to landfill sites and increase recycling. In order to reach our targets, we ask householders to divide their rubbish up by type. We have delivered differently colored rubbish bins with instruction to each house in the area. All you need to do is to put your rubbish into the correct bin and leave the bins out on the correct day for collection. Collection Days for your Area Bio-waste: Every Wednesday Glass and metal: Every other Thursday Plastics: Every other Thursday Non-recyclable waste: Every Friday Bro-waste is burned to generate power. Because of this, please ensure no plastic is in your bio-waste or the fumes from it burning will pollute the air. Collections will take place before 10 a. m. Rubbish bins ought to be put out on the pavement the night before the collection, but they must be returned to your property within 24 hours of the collection. Bulky Items We will collect bulky household waste that will not fit into your bin. This service is free but must be booked online in advance. you can book up to six household items per collection. If you have more than six items, you will need to book another collection once the first one is finished or take the items to the councils Re-Use Centre. The bulky service does not collect any building waste. You can get rid of some materials free of charge at the councils Re-Use Centre, but there may be a fee for others. | Blackstone Solicitors can conduct initial consultations online. | n |
id_4842 | Recalling it A Memory and recollection vary from person to person. Take three average citizens with a similar degree of honesty and integrity and ask them to make a statement concerning a bank raid that they all witnessed. Whilst the three statements will contain a fair degree of concurrence, there will also be areas of dissimilarity. When a person observes an event, not only are cognitive (or thinking) powers involved but also emotions are involved, especially when the incident observed is of an unpleasant nature. B In our primitive ancestors, emotional stress had a survival value. It prepared us to face or flee a danger (flight or fight syndrome). Todays stressors are more likely to be perceived threats to an individuals well-being and self-esteem rather than actual threats to survival. However, any stressful situation, real or apparent, can trigger many of the same effects, for example, increased blood pressure, heart rate and anxiety. C Pre-exam nerves is an anxiety state experienced by candidates prior to an examination. It is perfectly natural to feel apprehensive about an important test. Negative thoughts disappear quickly when the candidate makes a promising start. On the other hand, a poor start increases the stress felt by the individual who can then experience a retrieval failure. In this circumstance the information is held in the memory but cannot be accessed. The knowledge has been forgotten temporarily to remain on the tip-of the-tongue. In intensely stressful situations, panic sets in and the relevant knowledge becomes blocked out completely by thoughts of failure. D The ability to cope with stress is influenced by personality (way of thinking and behaving) and social circumstances, so what one person finds stressful another may find stimulating. Managing your own stress depends in part upon becoming aware of what your own particular stressors are. You can then confront each situation and try to change it and/or change your thoughts and emotional reactions to the stressor, so as to lessen its impact. Emotional support from family, friends and work colleagues leads to an improvement in coping with long-term stress. When confronted with a potentially stressful examination, one solution is to sit back, take a few deep breaths and relax to steady the nerves. Relaxation techniques will improve the memory but they cannot help a candidate to retrieve knowledge that they have yet to acquire. In this respect, short-term memory improves if you repeat new information to yourself several times, learning by rote. E Clear and precise information is required when giving instructions. How often, in an unfamiliar district, has the reader stopped a passing stranger for simple and clear directions? How often also have the replies been unclear, rambling accompanied by wild gesticulations? The route may be clear in the eye of the director but the message is lost if salient points are either omitted or out of sequence. Accurate recall of past events is facilitated by note-taking and in particular by placing information under the headings: who, what, where, when and how. When information is classified under these headings it acts as a cue that enables the reader to construct partial images of previous events or to recall details that might otherwise be overlooked. It is important not to confuse facts with opinions and to clearly preface opinions with I believe, I think, In my view or similar words. Memories can be triggered from several sources and it is useful to include both visual and verbal aids when revising for an examination. Revision tools include spider diagrams that expand on a central idea, coloured highlighting of related topics, flash cards with questions and answers, as well as mnemonic devices (small rhymes), such as I before e except after c, that aid spelling, for example. F Nerves play a big part in public speaking. Despite this, an impromptu speech can be delivered effectively if the speaker is knowledgeable in the subject matter and sounds enthusiastic. Slide presentations are a popular means of delivering a speech. Typically, a 15-minute talk can be linked to a sequence of 30 slides, lasting 30 seconds on average. Each slide contains a few key elements that serve to cue the memory towards the necessary detail. It is essential to make a solid start, in which case it is advisable to memorize the opening lines of the speech by practising it out loud several times. The slides should link naturally so that the talk never sounds stilted. It is not necessary to memorize the speech word for word. All that is necessary is for the speaker to be familiar with the content of the slide and to develop the speech from the key words. It is advisable to record the speech on a dictaphone and then to play it back to check the continuity and duration. | A retrieval failure is a permanent loss of knowledge. | c |
id_4843 | Recalling it A Memory and recollection vary from person to person. Take three average citizens with a similar degree of honesty and integrity and ask them to make a statement concerning a bank raid that they all witnessed. Whilst the three statements will contain a fair degree of concurrence, there will also be areas of dissimilarity. When a person observes an event, not only are cognitive (or thinking) powers involved but also emotions are involved, especially when the incident observed is of an unpleasant nature. B In our primitive ancestors, emotional stress had a survival value. It prepared us to face or flee a danger (flight or fight syndrome). Todays stressors are more likely to be perceived threats to an individuals well-being and self-esteem rather than actual threats to survival. However, any stressful situation, real or apparent, can trigger many of the same effects, for example, increased blood pressure, heart rate and anxiety. C Pre-exam nerves is an anxiety state experienced by candidates prior to an examination. It is perfectly natural to feel apprehensive about an important test. Negative thoughts disappear quickly when the candidate makes a promising start. On the other hand, a poor start increases the stress felt by the individual who can then experience a retrieval failure. In this circumstance the information is held in the memory but cannot be accessed. The knowledge has been forgotten temporarily to remain on the tip-of the-tongue. In intensely stressful situations, panic sets in and the relevant knowledge becomes blocked out completely by thoughts of failure. D The ability to cope with stress is influenced by personality (way of thinking and behaving) and social circumstances, so what one person finds stressful another may find stimulating. Managing your own stress depends in part upon becoming aware of what your own particular stressors are. You can then confront each situation and try to change it and/or change your thoughts and emotional reactions to the stressor, so as to lessen its impact. Emotional support from family, friends and work colleagues leads to an improvement in coping with long-term stress. When confronted with a potentially stressful examination, one solution is to sit back, take a few deep breaths and relax to steady the nerves. Relaxation techniques will improve the memory but they cannot help a candidate to retrieve knowledge that they have yet to acquire. In this respect, short-term memory improves if you repeat new information to yourself several times, learning by rote. E Clear and precise information is required when giving instructions. How often, in an unfamiliar district, has the reader stopped a passing stranger for simple and clear directions? How often also have the replies been unclear, rambling accompanied by wild gesticulations? The route may be clear in the eye of the director but the message is lost if salient points are either omitted or out of sequence. Accurate recall of past events is facilitated by note-taking and in particular by placing information under the headings: who, what, where, when and how. When information is classified under these headings it acts as a cue that enables the reader to construct partial images of previous events or to recall details that might otherwise be overlooked. It is important not to confuse facts with opinions and to clearly preface opinions with I believe, I think, In my view or similar words. Memories can be triggered from several sources and it is useful to include both visual and verbal aids when revising for an examination. Revision tools include spider diagrams that expand on a central idea, coloured highlighting of related topics, flash cards with questions and answers, as well as mnemonic devices (small rhymes), such as I before e except after c, that aid spelling, for example. F Nerves play a big part in public speaking. Despite this, an impromptu speech can be delivered effectively if the speaker is knowledgeable in the subject matter and sounds enthusiastic. Slide presentations are a popular means of delivering a speech. Typically, a 15-minute talk can be linked to a sequence of 30 slides, lasting 30 seconds on average. Each slide contains a few key elements that serve to cue the memory towards the necessary detail. It is essential to make a solid start, in which case it is advisable to memorize the opening lines of the speech by practising it out loud several times. The slides should link naturally so that the talk never sounds stilted. It is not necessary to memorize the speech word for word. All that is necessary is for the speaker to be familiar with the content of the slide and to develop the speech from the key words. It is advisable to record the speech on a dictaphone and then to play it back to check the continuity and duration. | Learning by rote is memorizing by repetition. | e |
id_4844 | Recalling it A Memory and recollection vary from person to person. Take three average citizens with a similar degree of honesty and integrity and ask them to make a statement concerning a bank raid that they all witnessed. Whilst the three statements will contain a fair degree of concurrence, there will also be areas of dissimilarity. When a person observes an event, not only are cognitive (or thinking) powers involved but also emotions are involved, especially when the incident observed is of an unpleasant nature. B In our primitive ancestors, emotional stress had a survival value. It prepared us to face or flee a danger (flight or fight syndrome). Todays stressors are more likely to be perceived threats to an individuals well-being and self-esteem rather than actual threats to survival. However, any stressful situation, real or apparent, can trigger many of the same effects, for example, increased blood pressure, heart rate and anxiety. C Pre-exam nerves is an anxiety state experienced by candidates prior to an examination. It is perfectly natural to feel apprehensive about an important test. Negative thoughts disappear quickly when the candidate makes a promising start. On the other hand, a poor start increases the stress felt by the individual who can then experience a retrieval failure. In this circumstance the information is held in the memory but cannot be accessed. The knowledge has been forgotten temporarily to remain on the tip-of the-tongue. In intensely stressful situations, panic sets in and the relevant knowledge becomes blocked out completely by thoughts of failure. D The ability to cope with stress is influenced by personality (way of thinking and behaving) and social circumstances, so what one person finds stressful another may find stimulating. Managing your own stress depends in part upon becoming aware of what your own particular stressors are. You can then confront each situation and try to change it and/or change your thoughts and emotional reactions to the stressor, so as to lessen its impact. Emotional support from family, friends and work colleagues leads to an improvement in coping with long-term stress. When confronted with a potentially stressful examination, one solution is to sit back, take a few deep breaths and relax to steady the nerves. Relaxation techniques will improve the memory but they cannot help a candidate to retrieve knowledge that they have yet to acquire. In this respect, short-term memory improves if you repeat new information to yourself several times, learning by rote. E Clear and precise information is required when giving instructions. How often, in an unfamiliar district, has the reader stopped a passing stranger for simple and clear directions? How often also have the replies been unclear, rambling accompanied by wild gesticulations? The route may be clear in the eye of the director but the message is lost if salient points are either omitted or out of sequence. Accurate recall of past events is facilitated by note-taking and in particular by placing information under the headings: who, what, where, when and how. When information is classified under these headings it acts as a cue that enables the reader to construct partial images of previous events or to recall details that might otherwise be overlooked. It is important not to confuse facts with opinions and to clearly preface opinions with I believe, I think, In my view or similar words. Memories can be triggered from several sources and it is useful to include both visual and verbal aids when revising for an examination. Revision tools include spider diagrams that expand on a central idea, coloured highlighting of related topics, flash cards with questions and answers, as well as mnemonic devices (small rhymes), such as I before e except after c, that aid spelling, for example. F Nerves play a big part in public speaking. Despite this, an impromptu speech can be delivered effectively if the speaker is knowledgeable in the subject matter and sounds enthusiastic. Slide presentations are a popular means of delivering a speech. Typically, a 15-minute talk can be linked to a sequence of 30 slides, lasting 30 seconds on average. Each slide contains a few key elements that serve to cue the memory towards the necessary detail. It is essential to make a solid start, in which case it is advisable to memorize the opening lines of the speech by practising it out loud several times. The slides should link naturally so that the talk never sounds stilted. It is not necessary to memorize the speech word for word. All that is necessary is for the speaker to be familiar with the content of the slide and to develop the speech from the key words. It is advisable to record the speech on a dictaphone and then to play it back to check the continuity and duration. | Relaxation techniques can help a candidate to gain new knowledge. | c |
id_4845 | Recalling it A Memory and recollection vary from person to person. Take three average citizens with a similar degree of honesty and integrity and ask them to make a statement concerning a bank raid that they all witnessed. Whilst the three statements will contain a fair degree of concurrence, there will also be areas of dissimilarity. When a person observes an event, not only are cognitive (or thinking) powers involved but also emotions are involved, especially when the incident observed is of an unpleasant nature. B In our primitive ancestors, emotional stress had a survival value. It prepared us to face or flee a danger (flight or fight syndrome). Todays stressors are more likely to be perceived threats to an individuals well-being and self-esteem rather than actual threats to survival. However, any stressful situation, real or apparent, can trigger many of the same effects, for example, increased blood pressure, heart rate and anxiety. C Pre-exam nerves is an anxiety state experienced by candidates prior to an examination. It is perfectly natural to feel apprehensive about an important test. Negative thoughts disappear quickly when the candidate makes a promising start. On the other hand, a poor start increases the stress felt by the individual who can then experience a retrieval failure. In this circumstance the information is held in the memory but cannot be accessed. The knowledge has been forgotten temporarily to remain on the tip-of the-tongue. In intensely stressful situations, panic sets in and the relevant knowledge becomes blocked out completely by thoughts of failure. D The ability to cope with stress is influenced by personality (way of thinking and behaving) and social circumstances, so what one person finds stressful another may find stimulating. Managing your own stress depends in part upon becoming aware of what your own particular stressors are. You can then confront each situation and try to change it and/or change your thoughts and emotional reactions to the stressor, so as to lessen its impact. Emotional support from family, friends and work colleagues leads to an improvement in coping with long-term stress. When confronted with a potentially stressful examination, one solution is to sit back, take a few deep breaths and relax to steady the nerves. Relaxation techniques will improve the memory but they cannot help a candidate to retrieve knowledge that they have yet to acquire. In this respect, short-term memory improves if you repeat new information to yourself several times, learning by rote. E Clear and precise information is required when giving instructions. How often, in an unfamiliar district, has the reader stopped a passing stranger for simple and clear directions? How often also have the replies been unclear, rambling accompanied by wild gesticulations? The route may be clear in the eye of the director but the message is lost if salient points are either omitted or out of sequence. Accurate recall of past events is facilitated by note-taking and in particular by placing information under the headings: who, what, where, when and how. When information is classified under these headings it acts as a cue that enables the reader to construct partial images of previous events or to recall details that might otherwise be overlooked. It is important not to confuse facts with opinions and to clearly preface opinions with I believe, I think, In my view or similar words. Memories can be triggered from several sources and it is useful to include both visual and verbal aids when revising for an examination. Revision tools include spider diagrams that expand on a central idea, coloured highlighting of related topics, flash cards with questions and answers, as well as mnemonic devices (small rhymes), such as I before e except after c, that aid spelling, for example. F Nerves play a big part in public speaking. Despite this, an impromptu speech can be delivered effectively if the speaker is knowledgeable in the subject matter and sounds enthusiastic. Slide presentations are a popular means of delivering a speech. Typically, a 15-minute talk can be linked to a sequence of 30 slides, lasting 30 seconds on average. Each slide contains a few key elements that serve to cue the memory towards the necessary detail. It is essential to make a solid start, in which case it is advisable to memorize the opening lines of the speech by practising it out loud several times. The slides should link naturally so that the talk never sounds stilted. It is not necessary to memorize the speech word for word. All that is necessary is for the speaker to be familiar with the content of the slide and to develop the speech from the key words. It is advisable to record the speech on a dictaphone and then to play it back to check the continuity and duration. | Headings enable a complete image of an event to be recalled. | c |
id_4846 | Recalling it A Memory and recollection vary from person to person. Take three average citizens with a similar degree of honesty and integrity and ask them to make a statement concerning a bank raid that they all witnessed. Whilst the three statements will contain a fair degree of concurrence, there will also be areas of dissimilarity. When a person observes an event, not only are cognitive (or thinking) powers involved but also emotions are involved, especially when the incident observed is of an unpleasant nature. B In our primitive ancestors, emotional stress had a survival value. It prepared us to face or flee a danger (flight or fight syndrome). Todays stressors are more likely to be perceived threats to an individuals well-being and self-esteem rather than actual threats to survival. However, any stressful situation, real or apparent, can trigger many of the same effects, for example, increased blood pressure, heart rate and anxiety. C Pre-exam nerves is an anxiety state experienced by candidates prior to an examination. It is perfectly natural to feel apprehensive about an important test. Negative thoughts disappear quickly when the candidate makes a promising start. On the other hand, a poor start increases the stress felt by the individual who can then experience a retrieval failure. In this circumstance the information is held in the memory but cannot be accessed. The knowledge has been forgotten temporarily to remain on the tip-of the-tongue. In intensely stressful situations, panic sets in and the relevant knowledge becomes blocked out completely by thoughts of failure. D The ability to cope with stress is influenced by personality (way of thinking and behaving) and social circumstances, so what one person finds stressful another may find stimulating. Managing your own stress depends in part upon becoming aware of what your own particular stressors are. You can then confront each situation and try to change it and/or change your thoughts and emotional reactions to the stressor, so as to lessen its impact. Emotional support from family, friends and work colleagues leads to an improvement in coping with long-term stress. When confronted with a potentially stressful examination, one solution is to sit back, take a few deep breaths and relax to steady the nerves. Relaxation techniques will improve the memory but they cannot help a candidate to retrieve knowledge that they have yet to acquire. In this respect, short-term memory improves if you repeat new information to yourself several times, learning by rote. E Clear and precise information is required when giving instructions. How often, in an unfamiliar district, has the reader stopped a passing stranger for simple and clear directions? How often also have the replies been unclear, rambling accompanied by wild gesticulations? The route may be clear in the eye of the director but the message is lost if salient points are either omitted or out of sequence. Accurate recall of past events is facilitated by note-taking and in particular by placing information under the headings: who, what, where, when and how. When information is classified under these headings it acts as a cue that enables the reader to construct partial images of previous events or to recall details that might otherwise be overlooked. It is important not to confuse facts with opinions and to clearly preface opinions with I believe, I think, In my view or similar words. Memories can be triggered from several sources and it is useful to include both visual and verbal aids when revising for an examination. Revision tools include spider diagrams that expand on a central idea, coloured highlighting of related topics, flash cards with questions and answers, as well as mnemonic devices (small rhymes), such as I before e except after c, that aid spelling, for example. F Nerves play a big part in public speaking. Despite this, an impromptu speech can be delivered effectively if the speaker is knowledgeable in the subject matter and sounds enthusiastic. Slide presentations are a popular means of delivering a speech. Typically, a 15-minute talk can be linked to a sequence of 30 slides, lasting 30 seconds on average. Each slide contains a few key elements that serve to cue the memory towards the necessary detail. It is essential to make a solid start, in which case it is advisable to memorize the opening lines of the speech by practising it out loud several times. The slides should link naturally so that the talk never sounds stilted. It is not necessary to memorize the speech word for word. All that is necessary is for the speaker to be familiar with the content of the slide and to develop the speech from the key words. It is advisable to record the speech on a dictaphone and then to play it back to check the continuity and duration. | Our primitive ancestors experienced higher levels of stress. | n |
id_4847 | Recent changes to the postal voting system are considered by election officials to significantly increase the risk of electoral fraud. If it were to become widespread, such fraud could discredit the whole electoral process. Greatest concerns centre around the very limited time the new system allows electoral administrators to check that requests for postal ballots are genuine. The government is keen to increase the number of people who cast a vote and believe that people should not be denied a vote simply because they do not apply in good time. Fraud is currently rare and there is so far no evidence of postal votes leading to widespread fraud. Verbal Reasoning | It is clear that the author of the passage agrees with the concerns raised by the administrators. | c |
id_4848 | Recent changes to the postal voting system are considered by election officials to significantly increase the risk of electoral fraud. If it were to become widespread, such fraud could discredit the whole electoral process. Greatest concerns centre around the very limited time the new system allows electoral administrators to check that requests for postal ballots are genuine. The government is keen to increase the number of people who cast a vote and believe that people should not be denied a vote simply because they do not apply in good time. Fraud is currently rare and there is so far no evidence of postal votes leading to widespread fraud. Verbal Reasoning | There is a process for checking the validity of applications for postal votes. | e |
id_4849 | Recent changes to the postal voting system are considered by election officials to significantly increase the risk of electoral fraud. If it were to become widespread, such fraud could discredit the whole electoral process. Greatest concerns centre around the very limited time the new system allows electoral administrators to check that requests for postal ballots are genuine. The government is keen to increase the number of people who cast a vote and believe that people should not be denied a vote simply because they do not apply in good time. Fraud is currently rare and there is so far no evidence of postal votes leading to widespread fraud. Verbal Reasoning | The previous system of postal voting was considered by election administrators to be less open to fraud. | e |
id_4850 | Recent changes to the postal voting system are considered by election officials to significantly increase the risk of electoral fraud. If it were to become widespread, such fraud could discredit the whole electoral process. Greatest concerns centre around the very limited time the new system allows electoral administrators to check that requests for postal ballots are genuine. The government is keen to increase the number of people who cast a vote and believe that people should not be denied a vote simply because they do not apply in good time. Fraud is currently rare and there is so far no evidence of postal votes leading to widespread fraud. Verbal Reasoning | There is currently insufficient fraud to bring the electoral system into disrepute. | e |
id_4851 | Recent changes to the postal voting system are considered by election officials to significantly increase the risk of electoral fraud. If it were to become widespread, such fraud could discredit the whole electoral process. Greatest concerns centre around the very limited time the new system allows electoral administrators to check that requests for postal ballots are genuine. The government is keen to increase the number of people who cast a vote and believe that people should not be denied a vote simply because they do not apply in good time. Fraud is currently rare and there is so far no evidence of postal votes leading to widespread fraud. Verbal Reasoning | The government was warned by electoral administrators that the risk of fraud is now much higher. | n |
id_4852 | Recent developments in technology and communication have opened up new opportunities for those wishing to start a retail business. Selling online offers a number of advantages, including reduced startup costs, the ability to work from home, and low-cost advertising options such as optimising a site's position on search engines or entering into an affiliate (commission-based reseller) program. Having created a business plan, the first step in setting up an online business is to find a reliable website host and reserve a suitable domain name. There are numerous practical factors to consider, including bandwidth and disk space requirements, and establishing a sufficient level of security in processing online payments from customers. Depending on what service or product is being provided, the website need not be technically complex; however, for maximum impact, it may be helpful to employ a professional web-designer. | The best online advertising strategy is to enter a commission-based reseller program. | n |
id_4853 | Recent developments in technology and communication have opened up new opportunities for those wishing to start a retail business. Selling online offers a number of advantages, including reduced startup costs, the ability to work from home, and low-cost advertising options such as optimising a site's position on search engines or entering into an affiliate (commission-based reseller) program. Having created a business plan, the first step in setting up an online business is to find a reliable website host and reserve a suitable domain name. There are numerous practical factors to consider, including bandwidth and disk space requirements, and establishing a sufficient level of security in processing online payments from customers. Depending on what service or product is being provided, the website need not be technically complex; however, for maximum impact, it may be helpful to employ a professional web-designer. | One of the practical factors to consider in setting up an online business is the bandwidth requirements of the website. | e |
id_4854 | Recent developments in technology and communication have opened up new opportunities for those wishing to start a retail business. Selling online offers a number of advantages, including reduced startup costs, the ability to work from home, and low-cost advertising options such as optimising a site's position on search engines or entering into an affiliate (commission-based reseller) program. Having created a business plan, the first step in setting up an online business is to find a reliable website host and reserve a suitable domain name. There are numerous practical factors to consider, including bandwidth and disk space requirements, and establishing a sufficient level of security in processing online payments from customers. Depending on what service or product is being provided, the website need not be technically complex; however, for maximum impact, it may be helpful to employ a professional web-designer. | Employing a professional web-designer will increase traffic to a business's website. | n |
id_4855 | Recent research has shown that many financial analysts are often inaccurate when forecasting company profits. Typically they tend to be over- optimistic about prospect, although some can be very pessimistic and significantly underestimate actual results. Much depends on the individual analysts general approach, with some being bolder than others. It has been shown, however, that more accurate forecasts could be produced if analysts applied the average company profits increase across the whole economy to each company in proportion to its revenue. | Most analysts are accurate when forecasting company profits. | c |
id_4856 | Recovering a damaged reputation In 2009, it was revealed that some of the information published by the University of East Anglias Climatic Research Unit (CRU) in the UK, concerning climate change, had been inaccurate. Furthermore, it was alleged that some of the relevant statistics had been withheld from publication. The ensuing controversy affected the reputation not only of that institution, but also of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), with which the CRU is closely involved, and of climate scientists in general. Even if the claims of misconduct and incompetence were eventually proven to be largely untrue, or confined to a few individuals, the damage was done. The perceived wrongdoings of a few people had raised doubts about the many. The response of most climate scientists was to cross their fingers and hope for the best, and they kept a low profile. Many no doubt hoped that subsequent independent inquiries into the IPCC and CRU would draw a line under their problems. However, although these were likely to help, they were unlikely to undo the harm caused by months of hostile news reports and attacks by critics. The damage that has been done should not be underestimated. As Ralph Cicerone, the President of the US National Academy of Sciences, wrote in an editorial in the journal Science: Public opinion has moved toward the view that scientists often try to suppress alternative hypotheses and ideas and that scientists will withhold data and try to manipulate some aspects of peer review to prevent dissent. He concluded that the perceived misbehavior of even a few scientists can diminish the credibility of science as a whole. An opinion poll taken at the beginning of 2010 found that the proportion of people in the US who trust scientists as a source of information about global warming had dropped from 83 percent, in 2008, to 74 percent. Another survey carried out by the British Broadcasting Corporation in February 2010 found that just 26 percent of British people now believe that climate change is confirmed as being largely human-made, down from 41 percent in November 2009. Regaining the confidence and trust of the public is never easy. Hunkering down and hoping for the best climate sciences current strategy makes it almost impossible. It is much better to learn from the successes and failures of organisations that have dealt with similar blows to their public standing. In fact, climate science needs professional help to rebuild its reputation. It could do worse than follow the advice given by Leslie Gaines-Ross, a reputation strategist at Public Relations (PR) company Webef Shandwick, in her recent book Corporate Reputation: 12 Steps to Safeguarding and Recovering Reputation. Gaines-Rosss strategy is based on her analysis of how various organisations responded to crises, such as desktop-printer firm Xerox, whose business plummeted during the 1990s, and the USAs National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) after the Columbia shuttle disaster in 2003. The first step she suggests is to take the heat leader first. In many cases, chief executives who publicly accept responsibility for corporate failings can begin to reverse the freefall of their companys reputations, but not always. If the leader is held at least partly responsible for the fall from grace, it can be almost impossible to convince critics that a new direction can be charted with that same person at the helm. This is the dilemma facing the heads of the IPCC and CRU. Both have been blamed for their organisations problems, not least for the way in which they have dealt with critics, and both have been subjected to public calls for their removal. Yet both organisations appear to believe they can repair their reputations without a change of leadership. The second step outlined by Gaines-Ross is to communicate tirelessly. Yet many climate researchers have avoided the media and the public, at least until the official enquiries have concluded their reports. This reaction may be understandable, but it has backfired. Journalists following the story have often been unable to find spokespeople willing to defend climate science. In this case, no comment is commonly interpreted as an admission of silent, collective guilt. Remaining visible is only a start, though; climate scientists also need to be careful what they say. They must realise that they face doubts not just about their published results, but also about their conduct and honesty. It simply wont work for scientists to continue to appeal to the weight of the evidence, while refusing to discuss the integrity of their profession. The harm has been increased by a perceived reluctance to admit even the possibility of mistakes or wrongdoing. The third step put forward by Gaines-Ross is dont underestimate your critics and competitors. This means not only recognising the skill with which the opponents of climate research have executed their campaigns through Internet blogs and other media, but also acknowledging the validity of some of their criticisms. It is clear, for instance, that climate scientists need better standards of transparency, to allow for scrutiny not just by their peers, but also by critics from outside the world of research. It is also important to engage with those critics. That doesnt mean conceding to unfounded arguments which are based on prejudice rather than evidence, but there is an obligation to help the public understand the causes of climate change, as well as the options for avoiding and dealing with the consequences. To begin the process of rebuilding trust in their profession, climate scientists need to follow these three seeps. But that is just the start. Gaines-Ross estimates that it typically takes four years for a company to rescue and restore a broken reputation. Winning back public confidence is a marathon, not a sprint, but you cant win at all if you dont step up to the starting line | Since 2010, confidence in climate science has risen slightly in the US. | n |
id_4857 | Recovering a damaged reputation In 2009, it was revealed that some of the information published by the University of East Anglias Climatic Research Unit (CRU) in the UK, concerning climate change, had been inaccurate. Furthermore, it was alleged that some of the relevant statistics had been withheld from publication. The ensuing controversy affected the reputation not only of that institution, but also of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), with which the CRU is closely involved, and of climate scientists in general. Even if the claims of misconduct and incompetence were eventually proven to be largely untrue, or confined to a few individuals, the damage was done. The perceived wrongdoings of a few people had raised doubts about the many. The response of most climate scientists was to cross their fingers and hope for the best, and they kept a low profile. Many no doubt hoped that subsequent independent inquiries into the IPCC and CRU would draw a line under their problems. However, although these were likely to help, they were unlikely to undo the harm caused by months of hostile news reports and attacks by critics. The damage that has been done should not be underestimated. As Ralph Cicerone, the President of the US National Academy of Sciences, wrote in an editorial in the journal Science: Public opinion has moved toward the view that scientists often try to suppress alternative hypotheses and ideas and that scientists will withhold data and try to manipulate some aspects of peer review to prevent dissent. He concluded that the perceived misbehavior of even a few scientists can diminish the credibility of science as a whole. An opinion poll taken at the beginning of 2010 found that the proportion of people in the US who trust scientists as a source of information about global warming had dropped from 83 percent, in 2008, to 74 percent. Another survey carried out by the British Broadcasting Corporation in February 2010 found that just 26 percent of British people now believe that climate change is confirmed as being largely human-made, down from 41 percent in November 2009. Regaining the confidence and trust of the public is never easy. Hunkering down and hoping for the best climate sciences current strategy makes it almost impossible. It is much better to learn from the successes and failures of organisations that have dealt with similar blows to their public standing. In fact, climate science needs professional help to rebuild its reputation. It could do worse than follow the advice given by Leslie Gaines-Ross, a reputation strategist at Public Relations (PR) company Webef Shandwick, in her recent book Corporate Reputation: 12 Steps to Safeguarding and Recovering Reputation. Gaines-Rosss strategy is based on her analysis of how various organisations responded to crises, such as desktop-printer firm Xerox, whose business plummeted during the 1990s, and the USAs National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) after the Columbia shuttle disaster in 2003. The first step she suggests is to take the heat leader first. In many cases, chief executives who publicly accept responsibility for corporate failings can begin to reverse the freefall of their companys reputations, but not always. If the leader is held at least partly responsible for the fall from grace, it can be almost impossible to convince critics that a new direction can be charted with that same person at the helm. This is the dilemma facing the heads of the IPCC and CRU. Both have been blamed for their organisations problems, not least for the way in which they have dealt with critics, and both have been subjected to public calls for their removal. Yet both organisations appear to believe they can repair their reputations without a change of leadership. The second step outlined by Gaines-Ross is to communicate tirelessly. Yet many climate researchers have avoided the media and the public, at least until the official enquiries have concluded their reports. This reaction may be understandable, but it has backfired. Journalists following the story have often been unable to find spokespeople willing to defend climate science. In this case, no comment is commonly interpreted as an admission of silent, collective guilt. Remaining visible is only a start, though; climate scientists also need to be careful what they say. They must realise that they face doubts not just about their published results, but also about their conduct and honesty. It simply wont work for scientists to continue to appeal to the weight of the evidence, while refusing to discuss the integrity of their profession. The harm has been increased by a perceived reluctance to admit even the possibility of mistakes or wrongdoing. The third step put forward by Gaines-Ross is dont underestimate your critics and competitors. This means not only recognising the skill with which the opponents of climate research have executed their campaigns through Internet blogs and other media, but also acknowledging the validity of some of their criticisms. It is clear, for instance, that climate scientists need better standards of transparency, to allow for scrutiny not just by their peers, but also by critics from outside the world of research. It is also important to engage with those critics. That doesnt mean conceding to unfounded arguments which are based on prejudice rather than evidence, but there is an obligation to help the public understand the causes of climate change, as well as the options for avoiding and dealing with the consequences. To begin the process of rebuilding trust in their profession, climate scientists need to follow these three seeps. But that is just the start. Gaines-Ross estimates that it typically takes four years for a company to rescue and restore a broken reputation. Winning back public confidence is a marathon, not a sprint, but you cant win at all if you dont step up to the starting line | Climate scientists should take professional advice on regaining public confidence. | e |
id_4858 | Recovering a damaged reputation In 2009, it was revealed that some of the information published by the University of East Anglias Climatic Research Unit (CRU) in the UK, concerning climate change, had been inaccurate. Furthermore, it was alleged that some of the relevant statistics had been withheld from publication. The ensuing controversy affected the reputation not only of that institution, but also of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), with which the CRU is closely involved, and of climate scientists in general. Even if the claims of misconduct and incompetence were eventually proven to be largely untrue, or confined to a few individuals, the damage was done. The perceived wrongdoings of a few people had raised doubts about the many. The response of most climate scientists was to cross their fingers and hope for the best, and they kept a low profile. Many no doubt hoped that subsequent independent inquiries into the IPCC and CRU would draw a line under their problems. However, although these were likely to help, they were unlikely to undo the harm caused by months of hostile news reports and attacks by critics. The damage that has been done should not be underestimated. As Ralph Cicerone, the President of the US National Academy of Sciences, wrote in an editorial in the journal Science: Public opinion has moved toward the view that scientists often try to suppress alternative hypotheses and ideas and that scientists will withhold data and try to manipulate some aspects of peer review to prevent dissent. He concluded that the perceived misbehavior of even a few scientists can diminish the credibility of science as a whole. An opinion poll taken at the beginning of 2010 found that the proportion of people in the US who trust scientists as a source of information about global warming had dropped from 83 percent, in 2008, to 74 percent. Another survey carried out by the British Broadcasting Corporation in February 2010 found that just 26 percent of British people now believe that climate change is confirmed as being largely human-made, down from 41 percent in November 2009. Regaining the confidence and trust of the public is never easy. Hunkering down and hoping for the best climate sciences current strategy makes it almost impossible. It is much better to learn from the successes and failures of organisations that have dealt with similar blows to their public standing. In fact, climate science needs professional help to rebuild its reputation. It could do worse than follow the advice given by Leslie Gaines-Ross, a reputation strategist at Public Relations (PR) company Webef Shandwick, in her recent book Corporate Reputation: 12 Steps to Safeguarding and Recovering Reputation. Gaines-Rosss strategy is based on her analysis of how various organisations responded to crises, such as desktop-printer firm Xerox, whose business plummeted during the 1990s, and the USAs National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) after the Columbia shuttle disaster in 2003. The first step she suggests is to take the heat leader first. In many cases, chief executives who publicly accept responsibility for corporate failings can begin to reverse the freefall of their companys reputations, but not always. If the leader is held at least partly responsible for the fall from grace, it can be almost impossible to convince critics that a new direction can be charted with that same person at the helm. This is the dilemma facing the heads of the IPCC and CRU. Both have been blamed for their organisations problems, not least for the way in which they have dealt with critics, and both have been subjected to public calls for their removal. Yet both organisations appear to believe they can repair their reputations without a change of leadership. The second step outlined by Gaines-Ross is to communicate tirelessly. Yet many climate researchers have avoided the media and the public, at least until the official enquiries have concluded their reports. This reaction may be understandable, but it has backfired. Journalists following the story have often been unable to find spokespeople willing to defend climate science. In this case, no comment is commonly interpreted as an admission of silent, collective guilt. Remaining visible is only a start, though; climate scientists also need to be careful what they say. They must realise that they face doubts not just about their published results, but also about their conduct and honesty. It simply wont work for scientists to continue to appeal to the weight of the evidence, while refusing to discuss the integrity of their profession. The harm has been increased by a perceived reluctance to admit even the possibility of mistakes or wrongdoing. The third step put forward by Gaines-Ross is dont underestimate your critics and competitors. This means not only recognising the skill with which the opponents of climate research have executed their campaigns through Internet blogs and other media, but also acknowledging the validity of some of their criticisms. It is clear, for instance, that climate scientists need better standards of transparency, to allow for scrutiny not just by their peers, but also by critics from outside the world of research. It is also important to engage with those critics. That doesnt mean conceding to unfounded arguments which are based on prejudice rather than evidence, but there is an obligation to help the public understand the causes of climate change, as well as the options for avoiding and dealing with the consequences. To begin the process of rebuilding trust in their profession, climate scientists need to follow these three seeps. But that is just the start. Gaines-Ross estimates that it typically takes four years for a company to rescue and restore a broken reputation. Winning back public confidence is a marathon, not a sprint, but you cant win at all if you dont step up to the starting line | Journalists have defended the CRU and the IPCC against their critics. | c |
id_4859 | Recovering a damaged reputation In 2009, it was revealed that some of the information published by the University of East Anglias Climatic Research Unit (CRU) in the UK, concerning climate change, had been inaccurate. Furthermore, it was alleged that some of the relevant statistics had been withheld from publication. The ensuing controversy affected the reputation not only of that institution, but also of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), with which the CRU is closely involved, and of climate scientists in general. Even if the claims of misconduct and incompetence were eventually proven to be largely untrue, or confined to a few individuals, the damage was done. The perceived wrongdoings of a few people had raised doubts about the many. The response of most climate scientists was to cross their fingers and hope for the best, and they kept a low profile. Many no doubt hoped that subsequent independent inquiries into the IPCC and CRU would draw a line under their problems. However, although these were likely to help, they were unlikely to undo the harm caused by months of hostile news reports and attacks by critics. The damage that has been done should not be underestimated. As Ralph Cicerone, the President of the US National Academy of Sciences, wrote in an editorial in the journal Science: Public opinion has moved toward the view that scientists often try to suppress alternative hypotheses and ideas and that scientists will withhold data and try to manipulate some aspects of peer review to prevent dissent. He concluded that the perceived misbehavior of even a few scientists can diminish the credibility of science as a whole. An opinion poll taken at the beginning of 2010 found that the proportion of people in the US who trust scientists as a source of information about global warming had dropped from 83 percent, in 2008, to 74 percent. Another survey carried out by the British Broadcasting Corporation in February 2010 found that just 26 percent of British people now believe that climate change is confirmed as being largely human-made, down from 41 percent in November 2009. Regaining the confidence and trust of the public is never easy. Hunkering down and hoping for the best climate sciences current strategy makes it almost impossible. It is much better to learn from the successes and failures of organisations that have dealt with similar blows to their public standing. In fact, climate science needs professional help to rebuild its reputation. It could do worse than follow the advice given by Leslie Gaines-Ross, a reputation strategist at Public Relations (PR) company Webef Shandwick, in her recent book Corporate Reputation: 12 Steps to Safeguarding and Recovering Reputation. Gaines-Rosss strategy is based on her analysis of how various organisations responded to crises, such as desktop-printer firm Xerox, whose business plummeted during the 1990s, and the USAs National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) after the Columbia shuttle disaster in 2003. The first step she suggests is to take the heat leader first. In many cases, chief executives who publicly accept responsibility for corporate failings can begin to reverse the freefall of their companys reputations, but not always. If the leader is held at least partly responsible for the fall from grace, it can be almost impossible to convince critics that a new direction can be charted with that same person at the helm. This is the dilemma facing the heads of the IPCC and CRU. Both have been blamed for their organisations problems, not least for the way in which they have dealt with critics, and both have been subjected to public calls for their removal. Yet both organisations appear to believe they can repair their reputations without a change of leadership. The second step outlined by Gaines-Ross is to communicate tirelessly. Yet many climate researchers have avoided the media and the public, at least until the official enquiries have concluded their reports. This reaction may be understandable, but it has backfired. Journalists following the story have often been unable to find spokespeople willing to defend climate science. In this case, no comment is commonly interpreted as an admission of silent, collective guilt. Remaining visible is only a start, though; climate scientists also need to be careful what they say. They must realise that they face doubts not just about their published results, but also about their conduct and honesty. It simply wont work for scientists to continue to appeal to the weight of the evidence, while refusing to discuss the integrity of their profession. The harm has been increased by a perceived reluctance to admit even the possibility of mistakes or wrongdoing. The third step put forward by Gaines-Ross is dont underestimate your critics and competitors. This means not only recognising the skill with which the opponents of climate research have executed their campaigns through Internet blogs and other media, but also acknowledging the validity of some of their criticisms. It is clear, for instance, that climate scientists need better standards of transparency, to allow for scrutiny not just by their peers, but also by critics from outside the world of research. It is also important to engage with those critics. That doesnt mean conceding to unfounded arguments which are based on prejudice rather than evidence, but there is an obligation to help the public understand the causes of climate change, as well as the options for avoiding and dealing with the consequences. To begin the process of rebuilding trust in their profession, climate scientists need to follow these three seeps. But that is just the start. Gaines-Ross estimates that it typically takes four years for a company to rescue and restore a broken reputation. Winning back public confidence is a marathon, not a sprint, but you cant win at all if you dont step up to the starting line | If a majority of scientists at the CRU were cleared of misconduct, the public would be satisfied. | c |
id_4860 | Recovering a damaged reputation In 2009, it was revealed that some of the information published by the University of East Anglias Climatic Research Unit (CRU) in the UK, concerning climate change, had been inaccurate. Furthermore, it was alleged that some of the relevant statistics had been withheld from publication. The ensuing controversy affected the reputation not only of that institution, but also of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), with which the CRU is closely involved, and of climate scientists in general. Even if the claims of misconduct and incompetence were eventually proven to be largely untrue, or confined to a few individuals, the damage was done. The perceived wrongdoings of a few people had raised doubts about the many. The response of most climate scientists was to cross their fingers and hope for the best, and they kept a low profile. Many no doubt hoped that subsequent independent inquiries into the IPCC and CRU would draw a line under their problems. However, although these were likely to help, they were unlikely to undo the harm caused by months of hostile news reports and attacks by critics. The damage that has been done should not be underestimated. As Ralph Cicerone, the President of the US National Academy of Sciences, wrote in an editorial in the journal Science: Public opinion has moved toward the view that scientists often try to suppress alternative hypotheses and ideas and that scientists will withhold data and try to manipulate some aspects of peer review to prevent dissent. He concluded that the perceived misbehavior of even a few scientists can diminish the credibility of science as a whole. An opinion poll taken at the beginning of 2010 found that the proportion of people in the US who trust scientists as a source of information about global warming had dropped from 83 percent, in 2008, to 74 percent. Another survey carried out by the British Broadcasting Corporation in February 2010 found that just 26 percent of British people now believe that climate change is confirmed as being largely human-made, down from 41 percent in November 2009. Regaining the confidence and trust of the public is never easy. Hunkering down and hoping for the best climate sciences current strategy makes it almost impossible. It is much better to learn from the successes and failures of organisations that have dealt with similar blows to their public standing. In fact, climate science needs professional help to rebuild its reputation. It could do worse than follow the advice given by Leslie Gaines-Ross, a reputation strategist at Public Relations (PR) company Webef Shandwick, in her recent book Corporate Reputation: 12 Steps to Safeguarding and Recovering Reputation. Gaines-Rosss strategy is based on her analysis of how various organisations responded to crises, such as desktop-printer firm Xerox, whose business plummeted during the 1990s, and the USAs National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) after the Columbia shuttle disaster in 2003. The first step she suggests is to take the heat leader first. In many cases, chief executives who publicly accept responsibility for corporate failings can begin to reverse the freefall of their companys reputations, but not always. If the leader is held at least partly responsible for the fall from grace, it can be almost impossible to convince critics that a new direction can be charted with that same person at the helm. This is the dilemma facing the heads of the IPCC and CRU. Both have been blamed for their organisations problems, not least for the way in which they have dealt with critics, and both have been subjected to public calls for their removal. Yet both organisations appear to believe they can repair their reputations without a change of leadership. The second step outlined by Gaines-Ross is to communicate tirelessly. Yet many climate researchers have avoided the media and the public, at least until the official enquiries have concluded their reports. This reaction may be understandable, but it has backfired. Journalists following the story have often been unable to find spokespeople willing to defend climate science. In this case, no comment is commonly interpreted as an admission of silent, collective guilt. Remaining visible is only a start, though; climate scientists also need to be careful what they say. They must realise that they face doubts not just about their published results, but also about their conduct and honesty. It simply wont work for scientists to continue to appeal to the weight of the evidence, while refusing to discuss the integrity of their profession. The harm has been increased by a perceived reluctance to admit even the possibility of mistakes or wrongdoing. The third step put forward by Gaines-Ross is dont underestimate your critics and competitors. This means not only recognising the skill with which the opponents of climate research have executed their campaigns through Internet blogs and other media, but also acknowledging the validity of some of their criticisms. It is clear, for instance, that climate scientists need better standards of transparency, to allow for scrutiny not just by their peers, but also by critics from outside the world of research. It is also important to engage with those critics. That doesnt mean conceding to unfounded arguments which are based on prejudice rather than evidence, but there is an obligation to help the public understand the causes of climate change, as well as the options for avoiding and dealing with the consequences. To begin the process of rebuilding trust in their profession, climate scientists need to follow these three seeps. But that is just the start. Gaines-Ross estimates that it typically takes four years for a company to rescue and restore a broken reputation. Winning back public confidence is a marathon, not a sprint, but you cant win at all if you dont step up to the starting line | Ralph Cicerone regarded the damage caused by the CRU as extending beyond the field of climate science. | e |
id_4861 | Recovering a damaged reputation In 2009, it was revealed that some of the information published by the University of East Anglias Climatic Research Unit (CRU) in the UK, concerning climate change, had been inaccurate. Furthermore, it was alleged that some of the relevant statistics had been withheld from publication. The ensuing controversy affected the reputation not only of that institution, but also of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), with which the CRU is closely involved, and of climate scientists in general. Even if the claims of misconduct and incompetence were eventually proven to be largely untrue, or confined to a few individuals, the damage was done. The perceived wrongdoings of a few people had raised doubts about the many. The response of most climate scientists was to cross their fingers and hope for the best, and they kept a low profile. Many no doubt hoped that subsequent independent inquiries into the IPCC and CRU would draw a line under their problems. However, although these were likely to help, they were unlikely to undo the harm caused by months of hostile news reports and attacks by critics. The damage that has been done should not be underestimated. As Ralph Cicerone, the President of the US National Academy of Sciences, wrote in an editorial in the journal Science: Public opinion has moved toward the view that scientists often try to suppress alternative hypotheses and ideas and that scientists will withhold data and try to manipulate some aspects of peer review to prevent dissent. He concluded that the perceived misbehavior of even a few scientists can diminish the credibility of science as a whole. An opinion poll taken at the beginning of 2010 found that the proportion of people in the US who trust scientists as a source of information about global warming had dropped from 83 percent, in 2008, to 74 percent. Another survey carried out by the British Broadcasting Corporation in February 2010 found that just 26 percent of British people now believe that climate change is confirmed as being largely human-made, down from 41 percent in November 2009. Regaining the confidence and trust of the public is never easy. Hunkering down and hoping for the best climate sciences current strategy makes it almost impossible. It is much better to learn from the successes and failures of organisations that have dealt with similar blows to their public standing. In fact, climate science needs professional help to rebuild its reputation. It could do worse than follow the advice given by Leslie Gaines-Ross, a reputation strategist at Public Relations (PR) company Webef Shandwick, in her recent book Corporate Reputation: 12 Steps to Safeguarding and Recovering Reputation. Gaines-Rosss strategy is based on her analysis of how various organisations responded to crises, such as desktop-printer firm Xerox, whose business plummeted during the 1990s, and the USAs National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) after the Columbia shuttle disaster in 2003. The first step she suggests is to take the heat leader first. In many cases, chief executives who publicly accept responsibility for corporate failings can begin to reverse the freefall of their companys reputations, but not always. If the leader is held at least partly responsible for the fall from grace, it can be almost impossible to convince critics that a new direction can be charted with that same person at the helm. This is the dilemma facing the heads of the IPCC and CRU. Both have been blamed for their organisations problems, not least for the way in which they have dealt with critics, and both have been subjected to public calls for their removal. Yet both organisations appear to believe they can repair their reputations without a change of leadership. The second step outlined by Gaines-Ross is to communicate tirelessly. Yet many climate researchers have avoided the media and the public, at least until the official enquiries have concluded their reports. This reaction may be understandable, but it has backfired. Journalists following the story have often been unable to find spokespeople willing to defend climate science. In this case, no comment is commonly interpreted as an admission of silent, collective guilt. Remaining visible is only a start, though; climate scientists also need to be careful what they say. They must realise that they face doubts not just about their published results, but also about their conduct and honesty. It simply wont work for scientists to continue to appeal to the weight of the evidence, while refusing to discuss the integrity of their profession. The harm has been increased by a perceived reluctance to admit even the possibility of mistakes or wrongdoing. The third step put forward by Gaines-Ross is dont underestimate your critics and competitors. This means not only recognising the skill with which the opponents of climate research have executed their campaigns through Internet blogs and other media, but also acknowledging the validity of some of their criticisms. It is clear, for instance, that climate scientists need better standards of transparency, to allow for scrutiny not just by their peers, but also by critics from outside the world of research. It is also important to engage with those critics. That doesnt mean conceding to unfounded arguments which are based on prejudice rather than evidence, but there is an obligation to help the public understand the causes of climate change, as well as the options for avoiding and dealing with the consequences. To begin the process of rebuilding trust in their profession, climate scientists need to follow these three seeps. But that is just the start. Gaines-Ross estimates that it typically takes four years for a company to rescue and restore a broken reputation. Winning back public confidence is a marathon, not a sprint, but you cant win at all if you dont step up to the starting line | In the aftermath of the CRU scandal, most scientists avoided attention. | e |
id_4862 | Recycling Procedure How to Do It Put like materials into paper or plastic bags and put the bags into your FREE RECYCLING BIN. The bin should be placed out for collection, each week, with your regular trash. There is no extra charge for recycling pick-up for those who hire a trash hauler. FOR MORE INFORMATION call Committee Chairman Mark Magee, 354-8838 or E-mail him at mark_m@roadrunner. com Phone Waldoboro Transfer Station at 832-7850 for first hand information. Effective January 1, 2005, householders became subject to mercury-containing product disposal rules previously applying only to businesses and manufacturers. The Waldoboro Transfer Station (WTS) accepts any mercury containing items, such as THERMOMETERS, THERMOSTATS, etc. so long as they are not broken. There is no drop-off fee, at this time. Details 1. Corrugated cardboard and brown bags. Remove styrofoam inserts and dispose with regular trash. 2. Mixed Paper: Junk mail (opened or unopened), greeting cards and gift wrap(no glitter or foil), calendars, brochures, post-it-notes, cereal boxes with the inner liner bag removed, egg cartons, shoe boxes, paperback books, hardcover is not acceptable, but NCR carbonless paper is. 3. Glass Bottles and Jars: Clear, green and brown glass. Rinse and remove lids but labels may stay on. Not Acceptable: mirrored, Pyrex, auto glass, ceramics, light bulbs and broken glass. 4. Tin Cans and Aluminum: Tin and aluminum may be mixed. Labels may stay on, but rinse and flatten cans, if possible. Foil and pie plates should be clean. Metal jar lids with rubber gaskets are recycleable. For safety reasons, only empty aerosol cans are accepted. 5. HDPE plastic: Separate the milk and juice containers from other #2 plastic such as soap and detergent. 6. Motor oil should be taken to Prior's garage in Cushing for burning in the waste oil furnace. 7. Usable Clothing is accepted, but not rags. Mark bag "useable clothing. " Special Handling 1. Spent Batteries: Place in a clear bag or label, so collector will know they are there. 2. Old Paint: Leave empty cans open until contents are dry. Cover partial or full cans tightly. Place cans so they are visible to the collector. 3. Children's Shoes that Light up: Identify as mercury-containing shoes and enclose in clear bag. 4. Fluorescent Bulbs can no longer be accepted by any trash hauler. But, you may drop off unbroken bulbs yourself at WTS, without a fee. The black starter boxes found in flourescent fixtures may contain PCB's and should also be deliverd there. They will be recycled appropriately 5. Beginning in January 2006 all TV and computer monitors must be recycled. Presently, only Reliable Computers, in Rockport, sets aside a certain time to recycle them for a small fee. WTS accepts TV and computer monitors at anytime, but they are simply dumped into the trash hopper. Please make an effort to appropriately recycle your old TVs and Computer Monitors. | Prior's offers a free disposal service for motor oil containers. | n |
id_4863 | Recycling Procedure How to Do It Put like materials into paper or plastic bags and put the bags into your FREE RECYCLING BIN. The bin should be placed out for collection, each week, with your regular trash. There is no extra charge for recycling pick-up for those who hire a trash hauler. FOR MORE INFORMATION call Committee Chairman Mark Magee, 354-8838 or E-mail him at mark_m@roadrunner. com Phone Waldoboro Transfer Station at 832-7850 for first hand information. Effective January 1, 2005, householders became subject to mercury-containing product disposal rules previously applying only to businesses and manufacturers. The Waldoboro Transfer Station (WTS) accepts any mercury containing items, such as THERMOMETERS, THERMOSTATS, etc. so long as they are not broken. There is no drop-off fee, at this time. Details 1. Corrugated cardboard and brown bags. Remove styrofoam inserts and dispose with regular trash. 2. Mixed Paper: Junk mail (opened or unopened), greeting cards and gift wrap(no glitter or foil), calendars, brochures, post-it-notes, cereal boxes with the inner liner bag removed, egg cartons, shoe boxes, paperback books, hardcover is not acceptable, but NCR carbonless paper is. 3. Glass Bottles and Jars: Clear, green and brown glass. Rinse and remove lids but labels may stay on. Not Acceptable: mirrored, Pyrex, auto glass, ceramics, light bulbs and broken glass. 4. Tin Cans and Aluminum: Tin and aluminum may be mixed. Labels may stay on, but rinse and flatten cans, if possible. Foil and pie plates should be clean. Metal jar lids with rubber gaskets are recycleable. For safety reasons, only empty aerosol cans are accepted. 5. HDPE plastic: Separate the milk and juice containers from other #2 plastic such as soap and detergent. 6. Motor oil should be taken to Prior's garage in Cushing for burning in the waste oil furnace. 7. Usable Clothing is accepted, but not rags. Mark bag "useable clothing. " Special Handling 1. Spent Batteries: Place in a clear bag or label, so collector will know they are there. 2. Old Paint: Leave empty cans open until contents are dry. Cover partial or full cans tightly. Place cans so they are visible to the collector. 3. Children's Shoes that Light up: Identify as mercury-containing shoes and enclose in clear bag. 4. Fluorescent Bulbs can no longer be accepted by any trash hauler. But, you may drop off unbroken bulbs yourself at WTS, without a fee. The black starter boxes found in flourescent fixtures may contain PCB's and should also be deliverd there. They will be recycled appropriately 5. Beginning in January 2006 all TV and computer monitors must be recycled. Presently, only Reliable Computers, in Rockport, sets aside a certain time to recycle them for a small fee. WTS accepts TV and computer monitors at anytime, but they are simply dumped into the trash hopper. Please make an effort to appropriately recycle your old TVs and Computer Monitors. | Hard book covers should not be included in mixed paper waste. | e |
id_4864 | Recycling Procedure How to Do It Put like materials into paper or plastic bags and put the bags into your FREE RECYCLING BIN. The bin should be placed out for collection, each week, with your regular trash. There is no extra charge for recycling pick-up for those who hire a trash hauler. FOR MORE INFORMATION call Committee Chairman Mark Magee, 354-8838 or E-mail him at mark_m@roadrunner. com Phone Waldoboro Transfer Station at 832-7850 for first hand information. Effective January 1, 2005, householders became subject to mercury-containing product disposal rules previously applying only to businesses and manufacturers. The Waldoboro Transfer Station (WTS) accepts any mercury containing items, such as THERMOMETERS, THERMOSTATS, etc. so long as they are not broken. There is no drop-off fee, at this time. Details 1. Corrugated cardboard and brown bags. Remove styrofoam inserts and dispose with regular trash. 2. Mixed Paper: Junk mail (opened or unopened), greeting cards and gift wrap(no glitter or foil), calendars, brochures, post-it-notes, cereal boxes with the inner liner bag removed, egg cartons, shoe boxes, paperback books, hardcover is not acceptable, but NCR carbonless paper is. 3. Glass Bottles and Jars: Clear, green and brown glass. Rinse and remove lids but labels may stay on. Not Acceptable: mirrored, Pyrex, auto glass, ceramics, light bulbs and broken glass. 4. Tin Cans and Aluminum: Tin and aluminum may be mixed. Labels may stay on, but rinse and flatten cans, if possible. Foil and pie plates should be clean. Metal jar lids with rubber gaskets are recycleable. For safety reasons, only empty aerosol cans are accepted. 5. HDPE plastic: Separate the milk and juice containers from other #2 plastic such as soap and detergent. 6. Motor oil should be taken to Prior's garage in Cushing for burning in the waste oil furnace. 7. Usable Clothing is accepted, but not rags. Mark bag "useable clothing. " Special Handling 1. Spent Batteries: Place in a clear bag or label, so collector will know they are there. 2. Old Paint: Leave empty cans open until contents are dry. Cover partial or full cans tightly. Place cans so they are visible to the collector. 3. Children's Shoes that Light up: Identify as mercury-containing shoes and enclose in clear bag. 4. Fluorescent Bulbs can no longer be accepted by any trash hauler. But, you may drop off unbroken bulbs yourself at WTS, without a fee. The black starter boxes found in flourescent fixtures may contain PCB's and should also be deliverd there. They will be recycled appropriately 5. Beginning in January 2006 all TV and computer monitors must be recycled. Presently, only Reliable Computers, in Rockport, sets aside a certain time to recycle them for a small fee. WTS accepts TV and computer monitors at anytime, but they are simply dumped into the trash hopper. Please make an effort to appropriately recycle your old TVs and Computer Monitors. | Paint cans should be covered if they are not completely empty. | e |
id_4865 | Recycling Procedure How to Do It Put like materials into paper or plastic bags and put the bags into your FREE RECYCLING BIN. The bin should be placed out for collection, each week, with your regular trash. There is no extra charge for recycling pick-up for those who hire a trash hauler. FOR MORE INFORMATION call Committee Chairman Mark Magee, 354-8838 or E-mail him at mark_m@roadrunner. com Phone Waldoboro Transfer Station at 832-7850 for first hand information. Effective January 1, 2005, householders became subject to mercury-containing product disposal rules previously applying only to businesses and manufacturers. The Waldoboro Transfer Station (WTS) accepts any mercury containing items, such as THERMOMETERS, THERMOSTATS, etc. so long as they are not broken. There is no drop-off fee, at this time. Details 1. Corrugated cardboard and brown bags. Remove styrofoam inserts and dispose with regular trash. 2. Mixed Paper: Junk mail (opened or unopened), greeting cards and gift wrap(no glitter or foil), calendars, brochures, post-it-notes, cereal boxes with the inner liner bag removed, egg cartons, shoe boxes, paperback books, hardcover is not acceptable, but NCR carbonless paper is. 3. Glass Bottles and Jars: Clear, green and brown glass. Rinse and remove lids but labels may stay on. Not Acceptable: mirrored, Pyrex, auto glass, ceramics, light bulbs and broken glass. 4. Tin Cans and Aluminum: Tin and aluminum may be mixed. Labels may stay on, but rinse and flatten cans, if possible. Foil and pie plates should be clean. Metal jar lids with rubber gaskets are recycleable. For safety reasons, only empty aerosol cans are accepted. 5. HDPE plastic: Separate the milk and juice containers from other #2 plastic such as soap and detergent. 6. Motor oil should be taken to Prior's garage in Cushing for burning in the waste oil furnace. 7. Usable Clothing is accepted, but not rags. Mark bag "useable clothing. " Special Handling 1. Spent Batteries: Place in a clear bag or label, so collector will know they are there. 2. Old Paint: Leave empty cans open until contents are dry. Cover partial or full cans tightly. Place cans so they are visible to the collector. 3. Children's Shoes that Light up: Identify as mercury-containing shoes and enclose in clear bag. 4. Fluorescent Bulbs can no longer be accepted by any trash hauler. But, you may drop off unbroken bulbs yourself at WTS, without a fee. The black starter boxes found in flourescent fixtures may contain PCB's and should also be deliverd there. They will be recycled appropriately 5. Beginning in January 2006 all TV and computer monitors must be recycled. Presently, only Reliable Computers, in Rockport, sets aside a certain time to recycle them for a small fee. WTS accepts TV and computer monitors at anytime, but they are simply dumped into the trash hopper. Please make an effort to appropriately recycle your old TVs and Computer Monitors. | All children's shoes should be disposed in a transparent bag. | n |
id_4866 | Recycling Procedure How to Do It Put like materials into paper or plastic bags and put the bags into your FREE RECYCLING BIN. The bin should be placed out for collection, each week, with your regular trash. There is no extra charge for recycling pick-up for those who hire a trash hauler. FOR MORE INFORMATION call Committee Chairman Mark Magee, 354-8838 or E-mail him at mark_m@roadrunner. com Phone Waldoboro Transfer Station at 832-7850 for first hand information. Effective January 1, 2005, householders became subject to mercury-containing product disposal rules previously applying only to businesses and manufacturers. The Waldoboro Transfer Station (WTS) accepts any mercury containing items, such as THERMOMETERS, THERMOSTATS, etc. so long as they are not broken. There is no drop-off fee, at this time. Details 1. Corrugated cardboard and brown bags. Remove styrofoam inserts and dispose with regular trash. 2. Mixed Paper: Junk mail (opened or unopened), greeting cards and gift wrap(no glitter or foil), calendars, brochures, post-it-notes, cereal boxes with the inner liner bag removed, egg cartons, shoe boxes, paperback books, hardcover is not acceptable, but NCR carbonless paper is. 3. Glass Bottles and Jars: Clear, green and brown glass. Rinse and remove lids but labels may stay on. Not Acceptable: mirrored, Pyrex, auto glass, ceramics, light bulbs and broken glass. 4. Tin Cans and Aluminum: Tin and aluminum may be mixed. Labels may stay on, but rinse and flatten cans, if possible. Foil and pie plates should be clean. Metal jar lids with rubber gaskets are recycleable. For safety reasons, only empty aerosol cans are accepted. 5. HDPE plastic: Separate the milk and juice containers from other #2 plastic such as soap and detergent. 6. Motor oil should be taken to Prior's garage in Cushing for burning in the waste oil furnace. 7. Usable Clothing is accepted, but not rags. Mark bag "useable clothing. " Special Handling 1. Spent Batteries: Place in a clear bag or label, so collector will know they are there. 2. Old Paint: Leave empty cans open until contents are dry. Cover partial or full cans tightly. Place cans so they are visible to the collector. 3. Children's Shoes that Light up: Identify as mercury-containing shoes and enclose in clear bag. 4. Fluorescent Bulbs can no longer be accepted by any trash hauler. But, you may drop off unbroken bulbs yourself at WTS, without a fee. The black starter boxes found in flourescent fixtures may contain PCB's and should also be deliverd there. They will be recycled appropriately 5. Beginning in January 2006 all TV and computer monitors must be recycled. Presently, only Reliable Computers, in Rockport, sets aside a certain time to recycle them for a small fee. WTS accepts TV and computer monitors at anytime, but they are simply dumped into the trash hopper. Please make an effort to appropriately recycle your old TVs and Computer Monitors. | Computer screens should be disposed in the same way as TVs. | e |
id_4867 | Recycling Procedure How to Do It Put like materials into paper or plastic bags and put the bags into your FREE RECYCLING BIN. The bin should be placed out for collection, each week, with your regular trash. There is no extra charge for recycling pick-up for those who hire a trash hauler. FOR MORE INFORMATION call Committee Chairman Mark Magee, 354-8838 or E-mail him at mark_m@roadrunner. com Phone Waldoboro Transfer Station at 832-7850 for first hand information. Effective January 1, 2005, householders became subject to mercury-containing product disposal rules previously applying only to businesses and manufacturers. The Waldoboro Transfer Station (WTS) accepts any mercury containing items, such as THERMOMETERS, THERMOSTATS, etc. so long as they are not broken. There is no drop-off fee, at this time. Details 1. Corrugated cardboard and brown bags. Remove styrofoam inserts and dispose with regular trash. 2. Mixed Paper: Junk mail (opened or unopened), greeting cards and gift wrap(no glitter or foil), calendars, brochures, post-it-notes, cereal boxes with the inner liner bag removed, egg cartons, shoe boxes, paperback books, hardcover is not acceptable, but NCR carbonless paper is. 3. Glass Bottles and Jars: Clear, green and brown glass. Rinse and remove lids but labels may stay on. Not Acceptable: mirrored, Pyrex, auto glass, ceramics, light bulbs and broken glass. 4. Tin Cans and Aluminum: Tin and aluminum may be mixed. Labels may stay on, but rinse and flatten cans, if possible. Foil and pie plates should be clean. Metal jar lids with rubber gaskets are recycleable. For safety reasons, only empty aerosol cans are accepted. 5. HDPE plastic: Separate the milk and juice containers from other #2 plastic such as soap and detergent. 6. Motor oil should be taken to Prior's garage in Cushing for burning in the waste oil furnace. 7. Usable Clothing is accepted, but not rags. Mark bag "useable clothing. " Special Handling 1. Spent Batteries: Place in a clear bag or label, so collector will know they are there. 2. Old Paint: Leave empty cans open until contents are dry. Cover partial or full cans tightly. Place cans so they are visible to the collector. 3. Children's Shoes that Light up: Identify as mercury-containing shoes and enclose in clear bag. 4. Fluorescent Bulbs can no longer be accepted by any trash hauler. But, you may drop off unbroken bulbs yourself at WTS, without a fee. The black starter boxes found in flourescent fixtures may contain PCB's and should also be deliverd there. They will be recycled appropriately 5. Beginning in January 2006 all TV and computer monitors must be recycled. Presently, only Reliable Computers, in Rockport, sets aside a certain time to recycle them for a small fee. WTS accepts TV and computer monitors at anytime, but they are simply dumped into the trash hopper. Please make an effort to appropriately recycle your old TVs and Computer Monitors. | The WTS will take products containing mercury in any condition. | c |
id_4868 | Recycling Procedure How to Do It Put like materials into paper or plastic bags and put the bags into your FREE RECYCLING BIN. The bin should be placed out for collection, each week, with your regular trash. There is no extra charge for recycling pick-up for those who hire a trash hauler. FOR MORE INFORMATION call Committee Chairman Mark Magee, 354-8838 or E-mail him at mark_m@roadrunner. com Phone Waldoboro Transfer Station at 832-7850 for first hand information. Effective January 1, 2005, householders became subject to mercury-containing product disposal rules previously applying only to businesses and manufacturers. The Waldoboro Transfer Station (WTS) accepts any mercury containing items, such as THERMOMETERS, THERMOSTATS, etc. so long as they are not broken. There is no drop-off fee, at this time. Details 1. Corrugated cardboard and brown bags. Remove styrofoam inserts and dispose with regular trash. 2. Mixed Paper: Junk mail (opened or unopened), greeting cards and gift wrap(no glitter or foil), calendars, brochures, post-it-notes, cereal boxes with the inner liner bag removed, egg cartons, shoe boxes, paperback books, hardcover is not acceptable, but NCR carbonless paper is. 3. Glass Bottles and Jars: Clear, green and brown glass. Rinse and remove lids but labels may stay on. Not Acceptable: mirrored, Pyrex, auto glass, ceramics, light bulbs and broken glass. 4. Tin Cans and Aluminum: Tin and aluminum may be mixed. Labels may stay on, but rinse and flatten cans, if possible. Foil and pie plates should be clean. Metal jar lids with rubber gaskets are recycleable. For safety reasons, only empty aerosol cans are accepted. 5. HDPE plastic: Separate the milk and juice containers from other #2 plastic such as soap and detergent. 6. Motor oil should be taken to Prior's garage in Cushing for burning in the waste oil furnace. 7. Usable Clothing is accepted, but not rags. Mark bag "useable clothing. " Special Handling 1. Spent Batteries: Place in a clear bag or label, so collector will know they are there. 2. Old Paint: Leave empty cans open until contents are dry. Cover partial or full cans tightly. Place cans so they are visible to the collector. 3. Children's Shoes that Light up: Identify as mercury-containing shoes and enclose in clear bag. 4. Fluorescent Bulbs can no longer be accepted by any trash hauler. But, you may drop off unbroken bulbs yourself at WTS, without a fee. The black starter boxes found in flourescent fixtures may contain PCB's and should also be deliverd there. They will be recycled appropriately 5. Beginning in January 2006 all TV and computer monitors must be recycled. Presently, only Reliable Computers, in Rockport, sets aside a certain time to recycle them for a small fee. WTS accepts TV and computer monitors at anytime, but they are simply dumped into the trash hopper. Please make an effort to appropriately recycle your old TVs and Computer Monitors. | Your recycle bin should be put outside your house weekly along with the normal bin. | e |
id_4869 | Red List of Threatened Species Reveals Global Extinction Crisis The Earths most critically endangered animals and plants have been disappearing very rapidly since 1996, the worlds largest international conservation organisation reported today. One in four mammal species and one in eight species of birds are facing a high risk of extinction in the near future, in almost all cases because of human activities. The total number of threatened animal species has increased from 5,205 to 5,435. The 2000 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species is released once every four years by the IUCNThe World Conservation Union. The Red List is considered the most authoritative and comprehensive status assessment of global biodiversity. Founded in 1948, the IUCN brings together 77 states, 112 government agencies, 735 non-governmental organizations, 35 affiliates, and some 10,000 scientists and experts from 181 countries in a worldwide partnership. Drawing on all these sources of information, the Red List report uses scientific criteria to classify species into one of eight categories: Extinct, Extinct in the Wild, Critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable, Lower Risk, Data Deficient and Not Evaluated. A species is classed as threatened if it falls in the Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable categories. The fact that the number of critically endangered species has increasedmammals from 169 to 180; birds from 168 to 182was a jolting surprise, even to those already familiar with todays increasing threats to biodiversity. These findings should be taken very seriously by the global community, says Maritta von Bieberstein Koch-Weser, the IUCNs director general. The magnitude of risk, shown by movements to the higher risk categories, has increased, although the overall percentage of threatened mammals and birds has not greatly changed in four years, the IUCN found. Primates such as apes and monkeys showed the greatest increase in the number of threatened mammalsfrom 96 to 116 species. Many changes were found to be caused by increased habitat loss and hunting, particularly the bushmeat trade. The number of Critically Endangered primates increased from 13 to 19. Endangered primates number 46 today, up from 29 four years ago. Russell Mittermeier, president of Conservation International and chair of the IUCNs Primate Specialist Group says, The Red List is solid documentation of the global extinction crisis, and it reveals just the tip of the iceberg. Many wonderful creatures will be lost in the first few decades of the 21st century unless we greatly increase levels of support, involvement and commitment to conservation, he warns. Human and financial resources must be mobilised at between 10 and 100 times the current level to address this crisis, the Red List analysis urges. Indonesia, India, Brazil and China are among the countries with the most threatened mammals and birds, while plant species are declining rapidly in South and Central America, Central and West Africa, and Southeast Asia. Habitat loss and habitat degradation affect 89 percent of all threatened birds, 83 percent of mammals, and 91 percent of threatened plants assessed. Habitats with the highest number of threatened mammals and birds are lowland and mountain tropical rainforest. Freshwater habitats are extremely vulnerable with many threatened fish, reptile, amphibian and invertebrate species. Freshwater turtles, heavily exploited for food and medicinal use in Asia, went from 10 to 24 Critically Endangered species in the past four years. Hunting of these species is unregulated and unmanaged, and the harvest levels are far too high for the species to sustain, the IUCN warns. As populations disappear in Southeast Asia, there are signs that this trade is increasingly shifting to India, and further afield to the Americas and Africa. The report points to extremely serious deterioration in the status of river-dwelling species largely due to water development projects and other habitat changes. One of the major threats to lake-dwelling species is introduced species. A systematic analysis of the status of these species will be undertaken in three years. BirdLife International produced the global status analysis that forms a major component of the Red List. The most significant changes have been in the albatrosses and petrels, with an increase from 32 to 55 threatened species. Sixteen albatross species are now threatened compared to only three in 1996, as a result of longline fishing. Of the remaining five albatross species, four are now near-threatened. Threatened penguin species have doubled from five to 10. These increases reflect the growing threats to the marine environment, the IUCN reports. BirdLife International has started an international campaign titled, Save the albatross: keeping the worlds sebirds off the hook to reduce the accidentalby catch of seabirds through longline fisheries, adopting appropriate mitigation measures. The Philippines, another biodiversity hotspot, has lost 97 percent of its original vegetation and has more Critically Endangered birds than any other country. The IUCN Red List includes 5,611 species of threatened plants, many of which are trees. The total number of globally threatened plant species is still small in relation to the total number of plant species, but this is because most plant species have still not been assessed for their level of threat, the IUCN says. The only major plant group to have been comprehensively assessed is the conifers, of which 140 species, 16 percent of the total, are threatened. Assessments undertaken by Nature Conservancy, not yet incorporated in the Red List, indicate that one-third of the plant species in North America are threatened. In the last 500 years, human activity has forced 816 species to extinction or extinction in the wild. One hundred and three extinctions have occurred since 1800, indicating an extinction rate 50 times greater than the natural rate. Many species are lost before they are discovered. A total of 18,276 species and subspecies are included in the 2000 Red List. Approximately 25 percent of reptiles, 20 percent of amphibians and 30 percent of fishes, mainly freshwater, so far assessed are listed as threatened. Since only a small proportion of these groups has been assessed, the percentage of threatened species could be much higher, the IUCN says. As well as classifying species according to their extinction risk; the Red List provides information on species range, population trends, main habitats, major threats and conservation measures, both already in place and those needed. It allows insight into the processes driving extinction. The release of the 2000 Red List comes a week before the second World Conservation Congress in Amman, Jordan, where members of the IUCN will meet to define global conservation policy for the next four years, including ways of addressing the growing extinction crisis. | BirdLife has successfully helped reduce the number of deaths related to fishing. | n |
id_4870 | Red List of Threatened Species Reveals Global Extinction Crisis The Earths most critically endangered animals and plants have been disappearing very rapidly since 1996, the worlds largest international conservation organisation reported today. One in four mammal species and one in eight species of birds are facing a high risk of extinction in the near future, in almost all cases because of human activities. The total number of threatened animal species has increased from 5,205 to 5,435. The 2000 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species is released once every four years by the IUCNThe World Conservation Union. The Red List is considered the most authoritative and comprehensive status assessment of global biodiversity. Founded in 1948, the IUCN brings together 77 states, 112 government agencies, 735 non-governmental organizations, 35 affiliates, and some 10,000 scientists and experts from 181 countries in a worldwide partnership. Drawing on all these sources of information, the Red List report uses scientific criteria to classify species into one of eight categories: Extinct, Extinct in the Wild, Critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable, Lower Risk, Data Deficient and Not Evaluated. A species is classed as threatened if it falls in the Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable categories. The fact that the number of critically endangered species has increasedmammals from 169 to 180; birds from 168 to 182was a jolting surprise, even to those already familiar with todays increasing threats to biodiversity. These findings should be taken very seriously by the global community, says Maritta von Bieberstein Koch-Weser, the IUCNs director general. The magnitude of risk, shown by movements to the higher risk categories, has increased, although the overall percentage of threatened mammals and birds has not greatly changed in four years, the IUCN found. Primates such as apes and monkeys showed the greatest increase in the number of threatened mammalsfrom 96 to 116 species. Many changes were found to be caused by increased habitat loss and hunting, particularly the bushmeat trade. The number of Critically Endangered primates increased from 13 to 19. Endangered primates number 46 today, up from 29 four years ago. Russell Mittermeier, president of Conservation International and chair of the IUCNs Primate Specialist Group says, The Red List is solid documentation of the global extinction crisis, and it reveals just the tip of the iceberg. Many wonderful creatures will be lost in the first few decades of the 21st century unless we greatly increase levels of support, involvement and commitment to conservation, he warns. Human and financial resources must be mobilised at between 10 and 100 times the current level to address this crisis, the Red List analysis urges. Indonesia, India, Brazil and China are among the countries with the most threatened mammals and birds, while plant species are declining rapidly in South and Central America, Central and West Africa, and Southeast Asia. Habitat loss and habitat degradation affect 89 percent of all threatened birds, 83 percent of mammals, and 91 percent of threatened plants assessed. Habitats with the highest number of threatened mammals and birds are lowland and mountain tropical rainforest. Freshwater habitats are extremely vulnerable with many threatened fish, reptile, amphibian and invertebrate species. Freshwater turtles, heavily exploited for food and medicinal use in Asia, went from 10 to 24 Critically Endangered species in the past four years. Hunting of these species is unregulated and unmanaged, and the harvest levels are far too high for the species to sustain, the IUCN warns. As populations disappear in Southeast Asia, there are signs that this trade is increasingly shifting to India, and further afield to the Americas and Africa. The report points to extremely serious deterioration in the status of river-dwelling species largely due to water development projects and other habitat changes. One of the major threats to lake-dwelling species is introduced species. A systematic analysis of the status of these species will be undertaken in three years. BirdLife International produced the global status analysis that forms a major component of the Red List. The most significant changes have been in the albatrosses and petrels, with an increase from 32 to 55 threatened species. Sixteen albatross species are now threatened compared to only three in 1996, as a result of longline fishing. Of the remaining five albatross species, four are now near-threatened. Threatened penguin species have doubled from five to 10. These increases reflect the growing threats to the marine environment, the IUCN reports. BirdLife International has started an international campaign titled, Save the albatross: keeping the worlds sebirds off the hook to reduce the accidentalby catch of seabirds through longline fisheries, adopting appropriate mitigation measures. The Philippines, another biodiversity hotspot, has lost 97 percent of its original vegetation and has more Critically Endangered birds than any other country. The IUCN Red List includes 5,611 species of threatened plants, many of which are trees. The total number of globally threatened plant species is still small in relation to the total number of plant species, but this is because most plant species have still not been assessed for their level of threat, the IUCN says. The only major plant group to have been comprehensively assessed is the conifers, of which 140 species, 16 percent of the total, are threatened. Assessments undertaken by Nature Conservancy, not yet incorporated in the Red List, indicate that one-third of the plant species in North America are threatened. In the last 500 years, human activity has forced 816 species to extinction or extinction in the wild. One hundred and three extinctions have occurred since 1800, indicating an extinction rate 50 times greater than the natural rate. Many species are lost before they are discovered. A total of 18,276 species and subspecies are included in the 2000 Red List. Approximately 25 percent of reptiles, 20 percent of amphibians and 30 percent of fishes, mainly freshwater, so far assessed are listed as threatened. Since only a small proportion of these groups has been assessed, the percentage of threatened species could be much higher, the IUCN says. As well as classifying species according to their extinction risk; the Red List provides information on species range, population trends, main habitats, major threats and conservation measures, both already in place and those needed. It allows insight into the processes driving extinction. The release of the 2000 Red List comes a week before the second World Conservation Congress in Amman, Jordan, where members of the IUCN will meet to define global conservation policy for the next four years, including ways of addressing the growing extinction crisis. | A higher percentage of mammals are threatened with extinction than are birds | n |
id_4871 | Red List of Threatened Species Reveals Global Extinction Crisis The Earths most critically endangered animals and plants have been disappearing very rapidly since 1996, the worlds largest international conservation organisation reported today. One in four mammal species and one in eight species of birds are facing a high risk of extinction in the near future, in almost all cases because of human activities. The total number of threatened animal species has increased from 5,205 to 5,435. The 2000 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species is released once every four years by the IUCNThe World Conservation Union. The Red List is considered the most authoritative and comprehensive status assessment of global biodiversity. Founded in 1948, the IUCN brings together 77 states, 112 government agencies, 735 non-governmental organizations, 35 affiliates, and some 10,000 scientists and experts from 181 countries in a worldwide partnership. Drawing on all these sources of information, the Red List report uses scientific criteria to classify species into one of eight categories: Extinct, Extinct in the Wild, Critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable, Lower Risk, Data Deficient and Not Evaluated. A species is classed as threatened if it falls in the Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable categories. The fact that the number of critically endangered species has increasedmammals from 169 to 180; birds from 168 to 182was a jolting surprise, even to those already familiar with todays increasing threats to biodiversity. These findings should be taken very seriously by the global community, says Maritta von Bieberstein Koch-Weser, the IUCNs director general. The magnitude of risk, shown by movements to the higher risk categories, has increased, although the overall percentage of threatened mammals and birds has not greatly changed in four years, the IUCN found. Primates such as apes and monkeys showed the greatest increase in the number of threatened mammalsfrom 96 to 116 species. Many changes were found to be caused by increased habitat loss and hunting, particularly the bushmeat trade. The number of Critically Endangered primates increased from 13 to 19. Endangered primates number 46 today, up from 29 four years ago. Russell Mittermeier, president of Conservation International and chair of the IUCNs Primate Specialist Group says, The Red List is solid documentation of the global extinction crisis, and it reveals just the tip of the iceberg. Many wonderful creatures will be lost in the first few decades of the 21st century unless we greatly increase levels of support, involvement and commitment to conservation, he warns. Human and financial resources must be mobilised at between 10 and 100 times the current level to address this crisis, the Red List analysis urges. Indonesia, India, Brazil and China are among the countries with the most threatened mammals and birds, while plant species are declining rapidly in South and Central America, Central and West Africa, and Southeast Asia. Habitat loss and habitat degradation affect 89 percent of all threatened birds, 83 percent of mammals, and 91 percent of threatened plants assessed. Habitats with the highest number of threatened mammals and birds are lowland and mountain tropical rainforest. Freshwater habitats are extremely vulnerable with many threatened fish, reptile, amphibian and invertebrate species. Freshwater turtles, heavily exploited for food and medicinal use in Asia, went from 10 to 24 Critically Endangered species in the past four years. Hunting of these species is unregulated and unmanaged, and the harvest levels are far too high for the species to sustain, the IUCN warns. As populations disappear in Southeast Asia, there are signs that this trade is increasingly shifting to India, and further afield to the Americas and Africa. The report points to extremely serious deterioration in the status of river-dwelling species largely due to water development projects and other habitat changes. One of the major threats to lake-dwelling species is introduced species. A systematic analysis of the status of these species will be undertaken in three years. BirdLife International produced the global status analysis that forms a major component of the Red List. The most significant changes have been in the albatrosses and petrels, with an increase from 32 to 55 threatened species. Sixteen albatross species are now threatened compared to only three in 1996, as a result of longline fishing. Of the remaining five albatross species, four are now near-threatened. Threatened penguin species have doubled from five to 10. These increases reflect the growing threats to the marine environment, the IUCN reports. BirdLife International has started an international campaign titled, Save the albatross: keeping the worlds sebirds off the hook to reduce the accidentalby catch of seabirds through longline fisheries, adopting appropriate mitigation measures. The Philippines, another biodiversity hotspot, has lost 97 percent of its original vegetation and has more Critically Endangered birds than any other country. The IUCN Red List includes 5,611 species of threatened plants, many of which are trees. The total number of globally threatened plant species is still small in relation to the total number of plant species, but this is because most plant species have still not been assessed for their level of threat, the IUCN says. The only major plant group to have been comprehensively assessed is the conifers, of which 140 species, 16 percent of the total, are threatened. Assessments undertaken by Nature Conservancy, not yet incorporated in the Red List, indicate that one-third of the plant species in North America are threatened. In the last 500 years, human activity has forced 816 species to extinction or extinction in the wild. One hundred and three extinctions have occurred since 1800, indicating an extinction rate 50 times greater than the natural rate. Many species are lost before they are discovered. A total of 18,276 species and subspecies are included in the 2000 Red List. Approximately 25 percent of reptiles, 20 percent of amphibians and 30 percent of fishes, mainly freshwater, so far assessed are listed as threatened. Since only a small proportion of these groups has been assessed, the percentage of threatened species could be much higher, the IUCN says. As well as classifying species according to their extinction risk; the Red List provides information on species range, population trends, main habitats, major threats and conservation measures, both already in place and those needed. It allows insight into the processes driving extinction. The release of the 2000 Red List comes a week before the second World Conservation Congress in Amman, Jordan, where members of the IUCN will meet to define global conservation policy for the next four years, including ways of addressing the growing extinction crisis. | The Red List shows that a third of all plant species are threatened. | c |
id_4872 | Red List of Threatened Species Reveals Global Extinction Crisis The Earths most critically endangered animals and plants have been disappearing very rapidly since 1996, the worlds largest international conservation organisation reported today. One in four mammal species and one in eight species of birds are facing a high risk of extinction in the near future, in almost all cases because of human activities. The total number of threatened animal species has increased from 5,205 to 5,435. The 2000 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species is released once every four years by the IUCNThe World Conservation Union. The Red List is considered the most authoritative and comprehensive status assessment of global biodiversity. Founded in 1948, the IUCN brings together 77 states, 112 government agencies, 735 non-governmental organizations, 35 affiliates, and some 10,000 scientists and experts from 181 countries in a worldwide partnership. Drawing on all these sources of information, the Red List report uses scientific criteria to classify species into one of eight categories: Extinct, Extinct in the Wild, Critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable, Lower Risk, Data Deficient and Not Evaluated. A species is classed as threatened if it falls in the Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable categories. The fact that the number of critically endangered species has increasedmammals from 169 to 180; birds from 168 to 182was a jolting surprise, even to those already familiar with todays increasing threats to biodiversity. These findings should be taken very seriously by the global community, says Maritta von Bieberstein Koch-Weser, the IUCNs director general. The magnitude of risk, shown by movements to the higher risk categories, has increased, although the overall percentage of threatened mammals and birds has not greatly changed in four years, the IUCN found. Primates such as apes and monkeys showed the greatest increase in the number of threatened mammalsfrom 96 to 116 species. Many changes were found to be caused by increased habitat loss and hunting, particularly the bushmeat trade. The number of Critically Endangered primates increased from 13 to 19. Endangered primates number 46 today, up from 29 four years ago. Russell Mittermeier, president of Conservation International and chair of the IUCNs Primate Specialist Group says, The Red List is solid documentation of the global extinction crisis, and it reveals just the tip of the iceberg. Many wonderful creatures will be lost in the first few decades of the 21st century unless we greatly increase levels of support, involvement and commitment to conservation, he warns. Human and financial resources must be mobilised at between 10 and 100 times the current level to address this crisis, the Red List analysis urges. Indonesia, India, Brazil and China are among the countries with the most threatened mammals and birds, while plant species are declining rapidly in South and Central America, Central and West Africa, and Southeast Asia. Habitat loss and habitat degradation affect 89 percent of all threatened birds, 83 percent of mammals, and 91 percent of threatened plants assessed. Habitats with the highest number of threatened mammals and birds are lowland and mountain tropical rainforest. Freshwater habitats are extremely vulnerable with many threatened fish, reptile, amphibian and invertebrate species. Freshwater turtles, heavily exploited for food and medicinal use in Asia, went from 10 to 24 Critically Endangered species in the past four years. Hunting of these species is unregulated and unmanaged, and the harvest levels are far too high for the species to sustain, the IUCN warns. As populations disappear in Southeast Asia, there are signs that this trade is increasingly shifting to India, and further afield to the Americas and Africa. The report points to extremely serious deterioration in the status of river-dwelling species largely due to water development projects and other habitat changes. One of the major threats to lake-dwelling species is introduced species. A systematic analysis of the status of these species will be undertaken in three years. BirdLife International produced the global status analysis that forms a major component of the Red List. The most significant changes have been in the albatrosses and petrels, with an increase from 32 to 55 threatened species. Sixteen albatross species are now threatened compared to only three in 1996, as a result of longline fishing. Of the remaining five albatross species, four are now near-threatened. Threatened penguin species have doubled from five to 10. These increases reflect the growing threats to the marine environment, the IUCN reports. BirdLife International has started an international campaign titled, Save the albatross: keeping the worlds sebirds off the hook to reduce the accidentalby catch of seabirds through longline fisheries, adopting appropriate mitigation measures. The Philippines, another biodiversity hotspot, has lost 97 percent of its original vegetation and has more Critically Endangered birds than any other country. The IUCN Red List includes 5,611 species of threatened plants, many of which are trees. The total number of globally threatened plant species is still small in relation to the total number of plant species, but this is because most plant species have still not been assessed for their level of threat, the IUCN says. The only major plant group to have been comprehensively assessed is the conifers, of which 140 species, 16 percent of the total, are threatened. Assessments undertaken by Nature Conservancy, not yet incorporated in the Red List, indicate that one-third of the plant species in North America are threatened. In the last 500 years, human activity has forced 816 species to extinction or extinction in the wild. One hundred and three extinctions have occurred since 1800, indicating an extinction rate 50 times greater than the natural rate. Many species are lost before they are discovered. A total of 18,276 species and subspecies are included in the 2000 Red List. Approximately 25 percent of reptiles, 20 percent of amphibians and 30 percent of fishes, mainly freshwater, so far assessed are listed as threatened. Since only a small proportion of these groups has been assessed, the percentage of threatened species could be much higher, the IUCN says. As well as classifying species according to their extinction risk; the Red List provides information on species range, population trends, main habitats, major threats and conservation measures, both already in place and those needed. It allows insight into the processes driving extinction. The release of the 2000 Red List comes a week before the second World Conservation Congress in Amman, Jordan, where members of the IUCN will meet to define global conservation policy for the next four years, including ways of addressing the growing extinction crisis. | Hunting is not the main threat to birds, plants, or animals. | n |
id_4873 | Red List of Threatened Species Reveals Global Extinction Crisis The Earths most critically endangered animals and plants have been disappearing very rapidly since 1996, the worlds largest international conservation organisation reported today. One in four mammal species and one in eight species of birds are facing a high risk of extinction in the near future, in almost all cases because of human activities. The total number of threatened animal species has increased from 5,205 to 5,435. The 2000 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species is released once every four years by the IUCNThe World Conservation Union. The Red List is considered the most authoritative and comprehensive status assessment of global biodiversity. Founded in 1948, the IUCN brings together 77 states, 112 government agencies, 735 non-governmental organizations, 35 affiliates, and some 10,000 scientists and experts from 181 countries in a worldwide partnership. Drawing on all these sources of information, the Red List report uses scientific criteria to classify species into one of eight categories: Extinct, Extinct in the Wild, Critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable, Lower Risk, Data Deficient and Not Evaluated. A species is classed as threatened if it falls in the Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable categories. The fact that the number of critically endangered species has increasedmammals from 169 to 180; birds from 168 to 182was a jolting surprise, even to those already familiar with todays increasing threats to biodiversity. These findings should be taken very seriously by the global community, says Maritta von Bieberstein Koch-Weser, the IUCNs director general. The magnitude of risk, shown by movements to the higher risk categories, has increased, although the overall percentage of threatened mammals and birds has not greatly changed in four years, the IUCN found. Primates such as apes and monkeys showed the greatest increase in the number of threatened mammalsfrom 96 to 116 species. Many changes were found to be caused by increased habitat loss and hunting, particularly the bushmeat trade. The number of Critically Endangered primates increased from 13 to 19. Endangered primates number 46 today, up from 29 four years ago. Russell Mittermeier, president of Conservation International and chair of the IUCNs Primate Specialist Group says, The Red List is solid documentation of the global extinction crisis, and it reveals just the tip of the iceberg. Many wonderful creatures will be lost in the first few decades of the 21st century unless we greatly increase levels of support, involvement and commitment to conservation, he warns. Human and financial resources must be mobilised at between 10 and 100 times the current level to address this crisis, the Red List analysis urges. Indonesia, India, Brazil and China are among the countries with the most threatened mammals and birds, while plant species are declining rapidly in South and Central America, Central and West Africa, and Southeast Asia. Habitat loss and habitat degradation affect 89 percent of all threatened birds, 83 percent of mammals, and 91 percent of threatened plants assessed. Habitats with the highest number of threatened mammals and birds are lowland and mountain tropical rainforest. Freshwater habitats are extremely vulnerable with many threatened fish, reptile, amphibian and invertebrate species. Freshwater turtles, heavily exploited for food and medicinal use in Asia, went from 10 to 24 Critically Endangered species in the past four years. Hunting of these species is unregulated and unmanaged, and the harvest levels are far too high for the species to sustain, the IUCN warns. As populations disappear in Southeast Asia, there are signs that this trade is increasingly shifting to India, and further afield to the Americas and Africa. The report points to extremely serious deterioration in the status of river-dwelling species largely due to water development projects and other habitat changes. One of the major threats to lake-dwelling species is introduced species. A systematic analysis of the status of these species will be undertaken in three years. BirdLife International produced the global status analysis that forms a major component of the Red List. The most significant changes have been in the albatrosses and petrels, with an increase from 32 to 55 threatened species. Sixteen albatross species are now threatened compared to only three in 1996, as a result of longline fishing. Of the remaining five albatross species, four are now near-threatened. Threatened penguin species have doubled from five to 10. These increases reflect the growing threats to the marine environment, the IUCN reports. BirdLife International has started an international campaign titled, Save the albatross: keeping the worlds sebirds off the hook to reduce the accidentalby catch of seabirds through longline fisheries, adopting appropriate mitigation measures. The Philippines, another biodiversity hotspot, has lost 97 percent of its original vegetation and has more Critically Endangered birds than any other country. The IUCN Red List includes 5,611 species of threatened plants, many of which are trees. The total number of globally threatened plant species is still small in relation to the total number of plant species, but this is because most plant species have still not been assessed for their level of threat, the IUCN says. The only major plant group to have been comprehensively assessed is the conifers, of which 140 species, 16 percent of the total, are threatened. Assessments undertaken by Nature Conservancy, not yet incorporated in the Red List, indicate that one-third of the plant species in North America are threatened. In the last 500 years, human activity has forced 816 species to extinction or extinction in the wild. One hundred and three extinctions have occurred since 1800, indicating an extinction rate 50 times greater than the natural rate. Many species are lost before they are discovered. A total of 18,276 species and subspecies are included in the 2000 Red List. Approximately 25 percent of reptiles, 20 percent of amphibians and 30 percent of fishes, mainly freshwater, so far assessed are listed as threatened. Since only a small proportion of these groups has been assessed, the percentage of threatened species could be much higher, the IUCN says. As well as classifying species according to their extinction risk; the Red List provides information on species range, population trends, main habitats, major threats and conservation measures, both already in place and those needed. It allows insight into the processes driving extinction. The release of the 2000 Red List comes a week before the second World Conservation Congress in Amman, Jordan, where members of the IUCN will meet to define global conservation policy for the next four years, including ways of addressing the growing extinction crisis. | The report lists most of the plants of the world. | e |
id_4874 | Reducing electricity consumption on the Isle of Eigg Background The Isle of Eigg is situated off the West Coast of Scotland, and is reached by ferry from the mainland. For the island community of about a hundred residents, it has always been expensive to import products, materials and skilled labour from the mainland, and this has encouraged a culture of self-sufficiency and careful use of resources. Today, although the island now has most modern conveniences, CO2 emissions per household are 20 percent lower than the UK average, and electricity use is 50 percent lower. When Eigg designed its electricity grid, which was switched on in February 2008, it quickly became apparent that in order to keep the capital building costs down, it would be necessary to manage demand. This would also allow the island to generate most of its electricity from renewable sources, mainly water, wind and solar power. This goal was overseen by the Eigg Heritage Trust (EHT). The technology Eigg manages electricity demand mainly by capping the instantaneous power that can be used to five kilowatts (kW) for a household and ten kW for a business. If usage goes over the limit, the electricity supply is cut off and the maintenance team must be called to come and switch it back on again. All households and businesses have energy monitors, which display current and cumulative electricity usage, and sound an alarm when consumption reaches a user-defined level, usually set a few hundred watts below the actual limit. The result is that Eigg residents have a keen sense of how much power different electrical appliances use, and are careful to minimise energy consumption. Demand is also managed by warning the entire island when renewable energy generation is lower than demand, and diesel generators are operating to back it up a so-called red light day, as opposed to green light days when there is sufficient renewable energy. Residents then take steps to temporarily reduce electricity demand further still, or postpone demand until renewable energy generation has increased. Energy use on the island has also been reduced through improved wall and loft insulation in homes, new boilers, solar water heating, carsharing and various small, energy-saving measures in households. New energy supplies are being developed, including sustainably harvested forests to supply wood for heating. Eigg Heritage Trust has installed insulation in all of its own properties at no cost to the tenants, while private properties have paid for their own insulation to be installed. The same applies for installations of solar water heating, although not all Trust properties have received this as yet. The Trust also operates a Green Grants scheme, where residents can claim 50 percent of the cost of equipment to reduce carbon emissions, up to a limit of 300. Purchases included bikes, solar water heating, secondary glazing, thicker curtains, and greenhouses to grow food locally, rather than importing it. Environmental benefits Prior to the installation of the new electricity grid and renewable energy generation, most households on Eigg used-diesel generators to supply electricity, resulting in significant carbon emissions. Homes were also poorly insulated and had old, inefficient oil-burning boilers, or used coal for heating. The work by the Eigg Heritage Trust to reduce energy use has resulted in significant reductions in carbon emissions from the islands households and businesses. The average annual electricity use per household is just 2,160 kilowatt hours (kWh), compared to a UK average in 2008 of 4,198 kWh. Domestic carbon emissions have fallen by 47 percent, from 8.4 to 4.45 tonnes per year. This compares to average UK household emissions of 5.5 to 6 tonnes per year. The emissions should fall even further over the next few years as the supply of wood for heating increases. Social benefits The completion of Eiggs electricity grid has made a significant difference to the islands residents, freeing them from dependence on diesel generators and providing them with a stable and affordable power supply. A reliable electricity supply has brought improvements in other areas, for example, better treatment of drinking water in some houses, and the elimination of the constant noise of diesel generators. Improved home insulation and heating has also yielded benefits, making it more affordable to keep homes at a comfortable temperature. One of the incentives for capping electricity use, rather than charging different amounts according to usage, was to make access to energy equitable. Every household has the same five kW cap, irrespective of income, so distributing the available resources equally across the islands population. Economic and employment benefits Eiggs electricity grid supports four part-time maintenance jobs on the island, and residents have also been employed for building work to improve Trust-owned houses and other buildings. Likewise, the start of organised harvesting of wood for heating has created several forestry jobs for residents. A part-time green project manager post has also been created. A wider economic impact has come from having a reliable and affordable electricity supply, which has enabled several new businesses to start up, including restaurants, shops, guest houses and self-catering accommodation. As Eigg has become known for cutting carbon emissions and protecting the environment, an increasing number of visitors have come to the island to learn about its work, bringing a further economic benefit to the residents | Eiggs carbon emissions are now much lower than before. | e |
id_4875 | Reducing electricity consumption on the Isle of Eigg Background The Isle of Eigg is situated off the West Coast of Scotland, and is reached by ferry from the mainland. For the island community of about a hundred residents, it has always been expensive to import products, materials and skilled labour from the mainland, and this has encouraged a culture of self-sufficiency and careful use of resources. Today, although the island now has most modern conveniences, CO2 emissions per household are 20 percent lower than the UK average, and electricity use is 50 percent lower. When Eigg designed its electricity grid, which was switched on in February 2008, it quickly became apparent that in order to keep the capital building costs down, it would be necessary to manage demand. This would also allow the island to generate most of its electricity from renewable sources, mainly water, wind and solar power. This goal was overseen by the Eigg Heritage Trust (EHT). The technology Eigg manages electricity demand mainly by capping the instantaneous power that can be used to five kilowatts (kW) for a household and ten kW for a business. If usage goes over the limit, the electricity supply is cut off and the maintenance team must be called to come and switch it back on again. All households and businesses have energy monitors, which display current and cumulative electricity usage, and sound an alarm when consumption reaches a user-defined level, usually set a few hundred watts below the actual limit. The result is that Eigg residents have a keen sense of how much power different electrical appliances use, and are careful to minimise energy consumption. Demand is also managed by warning the entire island when renewable energy generation is lower than demand, and diesel generators are operating to back it up a so-called red light day, as opposed to green light days when there is sufficient renewable energy. Residents then take steps to temporarily reduce electricity demand further still, or postpone demand until renewable energy generation has increased. Energy use on the island has also been reduced through improved wall and loft insulation in homes, new boilers, solar water heating, carsharing and various small, energy-saving measures in households. New energy supplies are being developed, including sustainably harvested forests to supply wood for heating. Eigg Heritage Trust has installed insulation in all of its own properties at no cost to the tenants, while private properties have paid for their own insulation to be installed. The same applies for installations of solar water heating, although not all Trust properties have received this as yet. The Trust also operates a Green Grants scheme, where residents can claim 50 percent of the cost of equipment to reduce carbon emissions, up to a limit of 300. Purchases included bikes, solar water heating, secondary glazing, thicker curtains, and greenhouses to grow food locally, rather than importing it. Environmental benefits Prior to the installation of the new electricity grid and renewable energy generation, most households on Eigg used-diesel generators to supply electricity, resulting in significant carbon emissions. Homes were also poorly insulated and had old, inefficient oil-burning boilers, or used coal for heating. The work by the Eigg Heritage Trust to reduce energy use has resulted in significant reductions in carbon emissions from the islands households and businesses. The average annual electricity use per household is just 2,160 kilowatt hours (kWh), compared to a UK average in 2008 of 4,198 kWh. Domestic carbon emissions have fallen by 47 percent, from 8.4 to 4.45 tonnes per year. This compares to average UK household emissions of 5.5 to 6 tonnes per year. The emissions should fall even further over the next few years as the supply of wood for heating increases. Social benefits The completion of Eiggs electricity grid has made a significant difference to the islands residents, freeing them from dependence on diesel generators and providing them with a stable and affordable power supply. A reliable electricity supply has brought improvements in other areas, for example, better treatment of drinking water in some houses, and the elimination of the constant noise of diesel generators. Improved home insulation and heating has also yielded benefits, making it more affordable to keep homes at a comfortable temperature. One of the incentives for capping electricity use, rather than charging different amounts according to usage, was to make access to energy equitable. Every household has the same five kW cap, irrespective of income, so distributing the available resources equally across the islands population. Economic and employment benefits Eiggs electricity grid supports four part-time maintenance jobs on the island, and residents have also been employed for building work to improve Trust-owned houses and other buildings. Likewise, the start of organised harvesting of wood for heating has created several forestry jobs for residents. A part-time green project manager post has also been created. A wider economic impact has come from having a reliable and affordable electricity supply, which has enabled several new businesses to start up, including restaurants, shops, guest houses and self-catering accommodation. As Eigg has become known for cutting carbon emissions and protecting the environment, an increasing number of visitors have come to the island to learn about its work, bringing a further economic benefit to the residents | Wood will soon be the main source of heating on Eigg. | n |
id_4876 | Reducing electricity consumption on the Isle of Eigg Background The Isle of Eigg is situated off the West Coast of Scotland, and is reached by ferry from the mainland. For the island community of about a hundred residents, it has always been expensive to import products, materials and skilled labour from the mainland, and this has encouraged a culture of self-sufficiency and careful use of resources. Today, although the island now has most modern conveniences, CO2 emissions per household are 20 percent lower than the UK average, and electricity use is 50 percent lower. When Eigg designed its electricity grid, which was switched on in February 2008, it quickly became apparent that in order to keep the capital building costs down, it would be necessary to manage demand. This would also allow the island to generate most of its electricity from renewable sources, mainly water, wind and solar power. This goal was overseen by the Eigg Heritage Trust (EHT). The technology Eigg manages electricity demand mainly by capping the instantaneous power that can be used to five kilowatts (kW) for a household and ten kW for a business. If usage goes over the limit, the electricity supply is cut off and the maintenance team must be called to come and switch it back on again. All households and businesses have energy monitors, which display current and cumulative electricity usage, and sound an alarm when consumption reaches a user-defined level, usually set a few hundred watts below the actual limit. The result is that Eigg residents have a keen sense of how much power different electrical appliances use, and are careful to minimise energy consumption. Demand is also managed by warning the entire island when renewable energy generation is lower than demand, and diesel generators are operating to back it up a so-called red light day, as opposed to green light days when there is sufficient renewable energy. Residents then take steps to temporarily reduce electricity demand further still, or postpone demand until renewable energy generation has increased. Energy use on the island has also been reduced through improved wall and loft insulation in homes, new boilers, solar water heating, carsharing and various small, energy-saving measures in households. New energy supplies are being developed, including sustainably harvested forests to supply wood for heating. Eigg Heritage Trust has installed insulation in all of its own properties at no cost to the tenants, while private properties have paid for their own insulation to be installed. The same applies for installations of solar water heating, although not all Trust properties have received this as yet. The Trust also operates a Green Grants scheme, where residents can claim 50 percent of the cost of equipment to reduce carbon emissions, up to a limit of 300. Purchases included bikes, solar water heating, secondary glazing, thicker curtains, and greenhouses to grow food locally, rather than importing it. Environmental benefits Prior to the installation of the new electricity grid and renewable energy generation, most households on Eigg used-diesel generators to supply electricity, resulting in significant carbon emissions. Homes were also poorly insulated and had old, inefficient oil-burning boilers, or used coal for heating. The work by the Eigg Heritage Trust to reduce energy use has resulted in significant reductions in carbon emissions from the islands households and businesses. The average annual electricity use per household is just 2,160 kilowatt hours (kWh), compared to a UK average in 2008 of 4,198 kWh. Domestic carbon emissions have fallen by 47 percent, from 8.4 to 4.45 tonnes per year. This compares to average UK household emissions of 5.5 to 6 tonnes per year. The emissions should fall even further over the next few years as the supply of wood for heating increases. Social benefits The completion of Eiggs electricity grid has made a significant difference to the islands residents, freeing them from dependence on diesel generators and providing them with a stable and affordable power supply. A reliable electricity supply has brought improvements in other areas, for example, better treatment of drinking water in some houses, and the elimination of the constant noise of diesel generators. Improved home insulation and heating has also yielded benefits, making it more affordable to keep homes at a comfortable temperature. One of the incentives for capping electricity use, rather than charging different amounts according to usage, was to make access to energy equitable. Every household has the same five kW cap, irrespective of income, so distributing the available resources equally across the islands population. Economic and employment benefits Eiggs electricity grid supports four part-time maintenance jobs on the island, and residents have also been employed for building work to improve Trust-owned houses and other buildings. Likewise, the start of organised harvesting of wood for heating has created several forestry jobs for residents. A part-time green project manager post has also been created. A wider economic impact has come from having a reliable and affordable electricity supply, which has enabled several new businesses to start up, including restaurants, shops, guest houses and self-catering accommodation. As Eigg has become known for cutting carbon emissions and protecting the environment, an increasing number of visitors have come to the island to learn about its work, bringing a further economic benefit to the residents | Electricity was available for the first time on Eigg when a new grid was switched on. | c |
id_4877 | Reducing electricity consumption on the Isle of Eigg Background The Isle of Eigg is situated off the West Coast of Scotland, and is reached by ferry from the mainland. For the island community of about a hundred residents, it has always been expensive to import products, materials and skilled labour from the mainland, and this has encouraged a culture of self-sufficiency and careful use of resources. Today, although the island now has most modern conveniences, CO2 emissions per household are 20 percent lower than the UK average, and electricity use is 50 percent lower. When Eigg designed its electricity grid, which was switched on in February 2008, it quickly became apparent that in order to keep the capital building costs down, it would be necessary to manage demand. This would also allow the island to generate most of its electricity from renewable sources, mainly water, wind and solar power. This goal was overseen by the Eigg Heritage Trust (EHT). The technology Eigg manages electricity demand mainly by capping the instantaneous power that can be used to five kilowatts (kW) for a household and ten kW for a business. If usage goes over the limit, the electricity supply is cut off and the maintenance team must be called to come and switch it back on again. All households and businesses have energy monitors, which display current and cumulative electricity usage, and sound an alarm when consumption reaches a user-defined level, usually set a few hundred watts below the actual limit. The result is that Eigg residents have a keen sense of how much power different electrical appliances use, and are careful to minimise energy consumption. Demand is also managed by warning the entire island when renewable energy generation is lower than demand, and diesel generators are operating to back it up a so-called red light day, as opposed to green light days when there is sufficient renewable energy. Residents then take steps to temporarily reduce electricity demand further still, or postpone demand until renewable energy generation has increased. Energy use on the island has also been reduced through improved wall and loft insulation in homes, new boilers, solar water heating, carsharing and various small, energy-saving measures in households. New energy supplies are being developed, including sustainably harvested forests to supply wood for heating. Eigg Heritage Trust has installed insulation in all of its own properties at no cost to the tenants, while private properties have paid for their own insulation to be installed. The same applies for installations of solar water heating, although not all Trust properties have received this as yet. The Trust also operates a Green Grants scheme, where residents can claim 50 percent of the cost of equipment to reduce carbon emissions, up to a limit of 300. Purchases included bikes, solar water heating, secondary glazing, thicker curtains, and greenhouses to grow food locally, rather than importing it. Environmental benefits Prior to the installation of the new electricity grid and renewable energy generation, most households on Eigg used-diesel generators to supply electricity, resulting in significant carbon emissions. Homes were also poorly insulated and had old, inefficient oil-burning boilers, or used coal for heating. The work by the Eigg Heritage Trust to reduce energy use has resulted in significant reductions in carbon emissions from the islands households and businesses. The average annual electricity use per household is just 2,160 kilowatt hours (kWh), compared to a UK average in 2008 of 4,198 kWh. Domestic carbon emissions have fallen by 47 percent, from 8.4 to 4.45 tonnes per year. This compares to average UK household emissions of 5.5 to 6 tonnes per year. The emissions should fall even further over the next few years as the supply of wood for heating increases. Social benefits The completion of Eiggs electricity grid has made a significant difference to the islands residents, freeing them from dependence on diesel generators and providing them with a stable and affordable power supply. A reliable electricity supply has brought improvements in other areas, for example, better treatment of drinking water in some houses, and the elimination of the constant noise of diesel generators. Improved home insulation and heating has also yielded benefits, making it more affordable to keep homes at a comfortable temperature. One of the incentives for capping electricity use, rather than charging different amounts according to usage, was to make access to energy equitable. Every household has the same five kW cap, irrespective of income, so distributing the available resources equally across the islands population. Economic and employment benefits Eiggs electricity grid supports four part-time maintenance jobs on the island, and residents have also been employed for building work to improve Trust-owned houses and other buildings. Likewise, the start of organised harvesting of wood for heating has created several forestry jobs for residents. A part-time green project manager post has also been created. A wider economic impact has come from having a reliable and affordable electricity supply, which has enabled several new businesses to start up, including restaurants, shops, guest houses and self-catering accommodation. As Eigg has become known for cutting carbon emissions and protecting the environment, an increasing number of visitors have come to the island to learn about its work, bringing a further economic benefit to the residents | The new electricity grid has created additional employment opportunities on Eigg. | e |
id_4878 | Reducing electricity consumption on the Isle of Eigg Background The Isle of Eigg is situated off the West Coast of Scotland, and is reached by ferry from the mainland. For the island community of about a hundred residents, it has always been expensive to import products, materials and skilled labour from the mainland, and this has encouraged a culture of self-sufficiency and careful use of resources. Today, although the island now has most modern conveniences, CO2 emissions per household are 20 percent lower than the UK average, and electricity use is 50 percent lower. When Eigg designed its electricity grid, which was switched on in February 2008, it quickly became apparent that in order to keep the capital building costs down, it would be necessary to manage demand. This would also allow the island to generate most of its electricity from renewable sources, mainly water, wind and solar power. This goal was overseen by the Eigg Heritage Trust (EHT). The technology Eigg manages electricity demand mainly by capping the instantaneous power that can be used to five kilowatts (kW) for a household and ten kW for a business. If usage goes over the limit, the electricity supply is cut off and the maintenance team must be called to come and switch it back on again. All households and businesses have energy monitors, which display current and cumulative electricity usage, and sound an alarm when consumption reaches a user-defined level, usually set a few hundred watts below the actual limit. The result is that Eigg residents have a keen sense of how much power different electrical appliances use, and are careful to minimise energy consumption. Demand is also managed by warning the entire island when renewable energy generation is lower than demand, and diesel generators are operating to back it up a so-called red light day, as opposed to green light days when there is sufficient renewable energy. Residents then take steps to temporarily reduce electricity demand further still, or postpone demand until renewable energy generation has increased. Energy use on the island has also been reduced through improved wall and loft insulation in homes, new boilers, solar water heating, carsharing and various small, energy-saving measures in households. New energy supplies are being developed, including sustainably harvested forests to supply wood for heating. Eigg Heritage Trust has installed insulation in all of its own properties at no cost to the tenants, while private properties have paid for their own insulation to be installed. The same applies for installations of solar water heating, although not all Trust properties have received this as yet. The Trust also operates a Green Grants scheme, where residents can claim 50 percent of the cost of equipment to reduce carbon emissions, up to a limit of 300. Purchases included bikes, solar water heating, secondary glazing, thicker curtains, and greenhouses to grow food locally, rather than importing it. Environmental benefits Prior to the installation of the new electricity grid and renewable energy generation, most households on Eigg used-diesel generators to supply electricity, resulting in significant carbon emissions. Homes were also poorly insulated and had old, inefficient oil-burning boilers, or used coal for heating. The work by the Eigg Heritage Trust to reduce energy use has resulted in significant reductions in carbon emissions from the islands households and businesses. The average annual electricity use per household is just 2,160 kilowatt hours (kWh), compared to a UK average in 2008 of 4,198 kWh. Domestic carbon emissions have fallen by 47 percent, from 8.4 to 4.45 tonnes per year. This compares to average UK household emissions of 5.5 to 6 tonnes per year. The emissions should fall even further over the next few years as the supply of wood for heating increases. Social benefits The completion of Eiggs electricity grid has made a significant difference to the islands residents, freeing them from dependence on diesel generators and providing them with a stable and affordable power supply. A reliable electricity supply has brought improvements in other areas, for example, better treatment of drinking water in some houses, and the elimination of the constant noise of diesel generators. Improved home insulation and heating has also yielded benefits, making it more affordable to keep homes at a comfortable temperature. One of the incentives for capping electricity use, rather than charging different amounts according to usage, was to make access to energy equitable. Every household has the same five kW cap, irrespective of income, so distributing the available resources equally across the islands population. Economic and employment benefits Eiggs electricity grid supports four part-time maintenance jobs on the island, and residents have also been employed for building work to improve Trust-owned houses and other buildings. Likewise, the start of organised harvesting of wood for heating has created several forestry jobs for residents. A part-time green project manager post has also been created. A wider economic impact has come from having a reliable and affordable electricity supply, which has enabled several new businesses to start up, including restaurants, shops, guest houses and self-catering accommodation. As Eigg has become known for cutting carbon emissions and protecting the environment, an increasing number of visitors have come to the island to learn about its work, bringing a further economic benefit to the residents | Well-off households pay higher prices for the use of extra electricity. | c |
id_4879 | Reducing electricity consumption on the Isle of Eigg Background The Isle of Eigg is situated off the West Coast of Scotland, and is reached by ferry from the mainland. For the island community of about a hundred residents, it has always been expensive to import products, materials and skilled labour from the mainland, and this has encouraged a culture of self-sufficiency and careful use of resources. Today, although the island now has most modern conveniences, CO2 emissions per household are 20 percent lower than the UK average, and electricity use is 50 percent lower. When Eigg designed its electricity grid, which was switched on in February 2008, it quickly became apparent that in order to keep the capital building costs down, it would be necessary to manage demand. This would also allow the island to generate most of its electricity from renewable sources, mainly water, wind and solar power. This goal was overseen by the Eigg Heritage Trust (EHT). The technology Eigg manages electricity demand mainly by capping the instantaneous power that can be used to five kilowatts (kW) for a household and ten kW for a business. If usage goes over the limit, the electricity supply is cut off and the maintenance team must be called to come and switch it back on again. All households and businesses have energy monitors, which display current and cumulative electricity usage, and sound an alarm when consumption reaches a user-defined level, usually set a few hundred watts below the actual limit. The result is that Eigg residents have a keen sense of how much power different electrical appliances use, and are careful to minimise energy consumption. Demand is also managed by warning the entire island when renewable energy generation is lower than demand, and diesel generators are operating to back it up a so-called red light day, as opposed to green light days when there is sufficient renewable energy. Residents then take steps to temporarily reduce electricity demand further still, or postpone demand until renewable energy generation has increased. Energy use on the island has also been reduced through improved wall and loft insulation in homes, new boilers, solar water heating, carsharing and various small, energy-saving measures in households. New energy supplies are being developed, including sustainably harvested forests to supply wood for heating. Eigg Heritage Trust has installed insulation in all of its own properties at no cost to the tenants, while private properties have paid for their own insulation to be installed. The same applies for installations of solar water heating, although not all Trust properties have received this as yet. The Trust also operates a Green Grants scheme, where residents can claim 50 percent of the cost of equipment to reduce carbon emissions, up to a limit of 300. Purchases included bikes, solar water heating, secondary glazing, thicker curtains, and greenhouses to grow food locally, rather than importing it. Environmental benefits Prior to the installation of the new electricity grid and renewable energy generation, most households on Eigg used-diesel generators to supply electricity, resulting in significant carbon emissions. Homes were also poorly insulated and had old, inefficient oil-burning boilers, or used coal for heating. The work by the Eigg Heritage Trust to reduce energy use has resulted in significant reductions in carbon emissions from the islands households and businesses. The average annual electricity use per household is just 2,160 kilowatt hours (kWh), compared to a UK average in 2008 of 4,198 kWh. Domestic carbon emissions have fallen by 47 percent, from 8.4 to 4.45 tonnes per year. This compares to average UK household emissions of 5.5 to 6 tonnes per year. The emissions should fall even further over the next few years as the supply of wood for heating increases. Social benefits The completion of Eiggs electricity grid has made a significant difference to the islands residents, freeing them from dependence on diesel generators and providing them with a stable and affordable power supply. A reliable electricity supply has brought improvements in other areas, for example, better treatment of drinking water in some houses, and the elimination of the constant noise of diesel generators. Improved home insulation and heating has also yielded benefits, making it more affordable to keep homes at a comfortable temperature. One of the incentives for capping electricity use, rather than charging different amounts according to usage, was to make access to energy equitable. Every household has the same five kW cap, irrespective of income, so distributing the available resources equally across the islands population. Economic and employment benefits Eiggs electricity grid supports four part-time maintenance jobs on the island, and residents have also been employed for building work to improve Trust-owned houses and other buildings. Likewise, the start of organised harvesting of wood for heating has created several forestry jobs for residents. A part-time green project manager post has also been created. A wider economic impact has come from having a reliable and affordable electricity supply, which has enabled several new businesses to start up, including restaurants, shops, guest houses and self-catering accommodation. As Eigg has become known for cutting carbon emissions and protecting the environment, an increasing number of visitors have come to the island to learn about its work, bringing a further economic benefit to the residents | Eigg is quieter as a result of having a new electricity supply. | e |
id_4880 | Reflecting on the Mirror In all likelihood the first mirrors would have simply been pools of water that reflected the image of the one who looked into it. Natures mirror, while cheap and readily accessible, must have also been quite frustrating with the slightest disturbance on the surface of the water making it difficult to see clearly. It is not altogether clear when the first man-made mirrors were produced but mirrors made of brass are mentioned in the Bible, and after that mirrors of bronze were in common use among the ancient Egyptians, Romans and Greeks. In addition to bronze, the Greeks and Romans experimented with polished silver to produce simple mirrors. Crude forms of glass mirrors were first made in Venice in 1300. Small sheets of glass were cut from disks made by a spinning process. When this glass was backed with a covering of tin or lead, a mirror resulted. During the early periods of their development, mirrors were rare and expensive. France had glass factories but only in Venice, Italy was the secret of mirror foiling known. The chemical process of coating a glass surface with metallic silver was discovered by German chemist Justus von Liebig in 1835, and this advance inaugurated the modern techniques of mirror making. By the end of the 17th century mirrors were made in Britain and the manufacture of mirrors developed subsequently into an important industry in many other European countries. People wore them in their hats, or set them like jewels in their rings. Society glittered and shone like the firmament. A little later on, America was gripped by the mirror craze, only this time they were interested in larger mirrors. In house after house in residential districts and eastern cities there could be found one long mirror after another placed between two front parlour windows. In the manufacture of mirrors today, plate glass is cut to size, and all blemishes are removed by polishing with rouge. The glass is scrubbed and flushed with a reducing solution before silver is applied. The glass is then placed on a hollow, cast-iron tabletop, covered with felt, and kept warm by steam. A solution of silver nitrate is poured on the glass and left undisturbed for about 1 hour. The silver nitrate is reduced to a metallic silver and a lustrous deposit of silver gradually forms. The deposit is dried, coated with shellac, and painted. Most present-day mirrors therefore, are made up of these layers. Glass is used on top because it is smooth, clear, and protects the reflective surface. A mirror needs to be very smooth in order for the best reflection to occur. Mirrors may have plane or curved surfaces. A curved mirror is concave or convex depending on whether the reflecting surface faces toward the centre of the curvature or away from it. Curved mirrors in ordinary usage have surfaces of varying shapes. Perhaps the most common is spherical. Spherical mirrors produce images that are magnified or reduced exemplified, by mirrors for applying facial makeup and by rear-view mirrors for vehicles. Cylindrical mirrors are another common type of shape. These focus a parallel beam of light to a linear focus. A paraboloidal mirror is one which is often used to focus parallel rays to a sharp focus, as in a telescope mirror, or to produce a parallel beam from a source at its focus, such as a searchlight. A less common but useful shape is the ellipsoidal. Such a mirror will reflect light from one of its two focal points to the other. While the mirror is the focus of the production, the frame plays an important albeit slightly lesser role as the anchor by which the mirror is affixed to its proper place. From the late 17th century onward, mirrors and their frames played an increasingly important part in the decoration of rooms. Complementing the shiny reflective mirror, the early frames were usually of ivory, silver, ebony, or tortoiseshell or were veneered with walnut, olive, and laburnum. Needlework and bead frames were also to be found. Craftsmen such as Grinling Gibbons often produced elaborately carved mirror frames to match a complete decorative ensemble. The tradition soon became established of incorporating a mirror into the space over the mantelpiece: many of the early versions of these mirrors, usually known as overmantels, were enclosed in glass frames. The architectural structure of which these mirrors formed a part became progressively more elaborate. Focusing heavily on the effect created by mirrors, 18th century designers such as the English brothers Robert and James Adam created fireplace units stretching from the hearth to the ceiling. On the whole, mirror frames reflected the general taste of the time and were often changed to accommodate alterations in taste frames usually being cheaper and hence more easily replaced than the mirror itself. By the end of the 18th century, painted decoration largely supplanted carving on mirrors, the frames being decorated with floral patterns or classical ornaments. At the same time the French started producing circular mirrors. Usually surrounded by a neoclassical gilt frame that sometimes supported candlesticks, these mirrors enjoyed great popularity well into the 19th century. Improved skill in mirror making also made possible the introduction of the cheval glass, a freestanding full-length mirror, supported on a frame with four feet. These were mainly used for dressing purposes, though occasionally they had a decorative function. New, cheaper techniques of mirror production in the 19th century led to a great proliferation in their use. Not only were they regularly incorporated into pieces of furniture such as wardrobes and sideboards they were also used in everything from high-powered telescopes to decorative schemes in public places. Their popularity continues today. Through them, infants are able to develop an awareness of their individuality through mirror games. This type of emotional reflection stimulates babies to move various parts of their body and even promotes verbal utterances. | Spherical mirrors are commonly used in cars. | e |
id_4881 | Reflecting on the Mirror In all likelihood the first mirrors would have simply been pools of water that reflected the image of the one who looked into it. Natures mirror, while cheap and readily accessible, must have also been quite frustrating with the slightest disturbance on the surface of the water making it difficult to see clearly. It is not altogether clear when the first man-made mirrors were produced but mirrors made of brass are mentioned in the Bible, and after that mirrors of bronze were in common use among the ancient Egyptians, Romans and Greeks. In addition to bronze, the Greeks and Romans experimented with polished silver to produce simple mirrors. Crude forms of glass mirrors were first made in Venice in 1300. Small sheets of glass were cut from disks made by a spinning process. When this glass was backed with a covering of tin or lead, a mirror resulted. During the early periods of their development, mirrors were rare and expensive. France had glass factories but only in Venice, Italy was the secret of mirror foiling known. The chemical process of coating a glass surface with metallic silver was discovered by German chemist Justus von Liebig in 1835, and this advance inaugurated the modern techniques of mirror making. By the end of the 17th century mirrors were made in Britain and the manufacture of mirrors developed subsequently into an important industry in many other European countries. People wore them in their hats, or set them like jewels in their rings. Society glittered and shone like the firmament. A little later on, America was gripped by the mirror craze, only this time they were interested in larger mirrors. In house after house in residential districts and eastern cities there could be found one long mirror after another placed between two front parlour windows. In the manufacture of mirrors today, plate glass is cut to size, and all blemishes are removed by polishing with rouge. The glass is scrubbed and flushed with a reducing solution before silver is applied. The glass is then placed on a hollow, cast-iron tabletop, covered with felt, and kept warm by steam. A solution of silver nitrate is poured on the glass and left undisturbed for about 1 hour. The silver nitrate is reduced to a metallic silver and a lustrous deposit of silver gradually forms. The deposit is dried, coated with shellac, and painted. Most present-day mirrors therefore, are made up of these layers. Glass is used on top because it is smooth, clear, and protects the reflective surface. A mirror needs to be very smooth in order for the best reflection to occur. Mirrors may have plane or curved surfaces. A curved mirror is concave or convex depending on whether the reflecting surface faces toward the centre of the curvature or away from it. Curved mirrors in ordinary usage have surfaces of varying shapes. Perhaps the most common is spherical. Spherical mirrors produce images that are magnified or reduced exemplified, by mirrors for applying facial makeup and by rear-view mirrors for vehicles. Cylindrical mirrors are another common type of shape. These focus a parallel beam of light to a linear focus. A paraboloidal mirror is one which is often used to focus parallel rays to a sharp focus, as in a telescope mirror, or to produce a parallel beam from a source at its focus, such as a searchlight. A less common but useful shape is the ellipsoidal. Such a mirror will reflect light from one of its two focal points to the other. While the mirror is the focus of the production, the frame plays an important albeit slightly lesser role as the anchor by which the mirror is affixed to its proper place. From the late 17th century onward, mirrors and their frames played an increasingly important part in the decoration of rooms. Complementing the shiny reflective mirror, the early frames were usually of ivory, silver, ebony, or tortoiseshell or were veneered with walnut, olive, and laburnum. Needlework and bead frames were also to be found. Craftsmen such as Grinling Gibbons often produced elaborately carved mirror frames to match a complete decorative ensemble. The tradition soon became established of incorporating a mirror into the space over the mantelpiece: many of the early versions of these mirrors, usually known as overmantels, were enclosed in glass frames. The architectural structure of which these mirrors formed a part became progressively more elaborate. Focusing heavily on the effect created by mirrors, 18th century designers such as the English brothers Robert and James Adam created fireplace units stretching from the hearth to the ceiling. On the whole, mirror frames reflected the general taste of the time and were often changed to accommodate alterations in taste frames usually being cheaper and hence more easily replaced than the mirror itself. By the end of the 18th century, painted decoration largely supplanted carving on mirrors, the frames being decorated with floral patterns or classical ornaments. At the same time the French started producing circular mirrors. Usually surrounded by a neoclassical gilt frame that sometimes supported candlesticks, these mirrors enjoyed great popularity well into the 19th century. Improved skill in mirror making also made possible the introduction of the cheval glass, a freestanding full-length mirror, supported on a frame with four feet. These were mainly used for dressing purposes, though occasionally they had a decorative function. New, cheaper techniques of mirror production in the 19th century led to a great proliferation in their use. Not only were they regularly incorporated into pieces of furniture such as wardrobes and sideboards they were also used in everything from high-powered telescopes to decorative schemes in public places. Their popularity continues today. Through them, infants are able to develop an awareness of their individuality through mirror games. This type of emotional reflection stimulates babies to move various parts of their body and even promotes verbal utterances. | The first mirrors in America were used for decoration. | n |
id_4882 | Reflecting on the Mirror In all likelihood the first mirrors would have simply been pools of water that reflected the image of the one who looked into it. Natures mirror, while cheap and readily accessible, must have also been quite frustrating with the slightest disturbance on the surface of the water making it difficult to see clearly. It is not altogether clear when the first man-made mirrors were produced but mirrors made of brass are mentioned in the Bible, and after that mirrors of bronze were in common use among the ancient Egyptians, Romans and Greeks. In addition to bronze, the Greeks and Romans experimented with polished silver to produce simple mirrors. Crude forms of glass mirrors were first made in Venice in 1300. Small sheets of glass were cut from disks made by a spinning process. When this glass was backed with a covering of tin or lead, a mirror resulted. During the early periods of their development, mirrors were rare and expensive. France had glass factories but only in Venice, Italy was the secret of mirror foiling known. The chemical process of coating a glass surface with metallic silver was discovered by German chemist Justus von Liebig in 1835, and this advance inaugurated the modern techniques of mirror making. By the end of the 17th century mirrors were made in Britain and the manufacture of mirrors developed subsequently into an important industry in many other European countries. People wore them in their hats, or set them like jewels in their rings. Society glittered and shone like the firmament. A little later on, America was gripped by the mirror craze, only this time they were interested in larger mirrors. In house after house in residential districts and eastern cities there could be found one long mirror after another placed between two front parlour windows. In the manufacture of mirrors today, plate glass is cut to size, and all blemishes are removed by polishing with rouge. The glass is scrubbed and flushed with a reducing solution before silver is applied. The glass is then placed on a hollow, cast-iron tabletop, covered with felt, and kept warm by steam. A solution of silver nitrate is poured on the glass and left undisturbed for about 1 hour. The silver nitrate is reduced to a metallic silver and a lustrous deposit of silver gradually forms. The deposit is dried, coated with shellac, and painted. Most present-day mirrors therefore, are made up of these layers. Glass is used on top because it is smooth, clear, and protects the reflective surface. A mirror needs to be very smooth in order for the best reflection to occur. Mirrors may have plane or curved surfaces. A curved mirror is concave or convex depending on whether the reflecting surface faces toward the centre of the curvature or away from it. Curved mirrors in ordinary usage have surfaces of varying shapes. Perhaps the most common is spherical. Spherical mirrors produce images that are magnified or reduced exemplified, by mirrors for applying facial makeup and by rear-view mirrors for vehicles. Cylindrical mirrors are another common type of shape. These focus a parallel beam of light to a linear focus. A paraboloidal mirror is one which is often used to focus parallel rays to a sharp focus, as in a telescope mirror, or to produce a parallel beam from a source at its focus, such as a searchlight. A less common but useful shape is the ellipsoidal. Such a mirror will reflect light from one of its two focal points to the other. While the mirror is the focus of the production, the frame plays an important albeit slightly lesser role as the anchor by which the mirror is affixed to its proper place. From the late 17th century onward, mirrors and their frames played an increasingly important part in the decoration of rooms. Complementing the shiny reflective mirror, the early frames were usually of ivory, silver, ebony, or tortoiseshell or were veneered with walnut, olive, and laburnum. Needlework and bead frames were also to be found. Craftsmen such as Grinling Gibbons often produced elaborately carved mirror frames to match a complete decorative ensemble. The tradition soon became established of incorporating a mirror into the space over the mantelpiece: many of the early versions of these mirrors, usually known as overmantels, were enclosed in glass frames. The architectural structure of which these mirrors formed a part became progressively more elaborate. Focusing heavily on the effect created by mirrors, 18th century designers such as the English brothers Robert and James Adam created fireplace units stretching from the hearth to the ceiling. On the whole, mirror frames reflected the general taste of the time and were often changed to accommodate alterations in taste frames usually being cheaper and hence more easily replaced than the mirror itself. By the end of the 18th century, painted decoration largely supplanted carving on mirrors, the frames being decorated with floral patterns or classical ornaments. At the same time the French started producing circular mirrors. Usually surrounded by a neoclassical gilt frame that sometimes supported candlesticks, these mirrors enjoyed great popularity well into the 19th century. Improved skill in mirror making also made possible the introduction of the cheval glass, a freestanding full-length mirror, supported on a frame with four feet. These were mainly used for dressing purposes, though occasionally they had a decorative function. New, cheaper techniques of mirror production in the 19th century led to a great proliferation in their use. Not only were they regularly incorporated into pieces of furniture such as wardrobes and sideboards they were also used in everything from high-powered telescopes to decorative schemes in public places. Their popularity continues today. Through them, infants are able to develop an awareness of their individuality through mirror games. This type of emotional reflection stimulates babies to move various parts of their body and even promotes verbal utterances. | Only the wealthy could afford the first mirrors. | e |
id_4883 | Reflecting on the Mirror In all likelihood the first mirrors would have simply been pools of water that reflected the image of the one who looked into it. Natures mirror, while cheap and readily accessible, must have also been quite frustrating with the slightest disturbance on the surface of the water making it difficult to see clearly. It is not altogether clear when the first man-made mirrors were produced but mirrors made of brass are mentioned in the Bible, and after that mirrors of bronze were in common use among the ancient Egyptians, Romans and Greeks. In addition to bronze, the Greeks and Romans experimented with polished silver to produce simple mirrors. Crude forms of glass mirrors were first made in Venice in 1300. Small sheets of glass were cut from disks made by a spinning process. When this glass was backed with a covering of tin or lead, a mirror resulted. During the early periods of their development, mirrors were rare and expensive. France had glass factories but only in Venice, Italy was the secret of mirror foiling known. The chemical process of coating a glass surface with metallic silver was discovered by German chemist Justus von Liebig in 1835, and this advance inaugurated the modern techniques of mirror making. By the end of the 17th century mirrors were made in Britain and the manufacture of mirrors developed subsequently into an important industry in many other European countries. People wore them in their hats, or set them like jewels in their rings. Society glittered and shone like the firmament. A little later on, America was gripped by the mirror craze, only this time they were interested in larger mirrors. In house after house in residential districts and eastern cities there could be found one long mirror after another placed between two front parlour windows. In the manufacture of mirrors today, plate glass is cut to size, and all blemishes are removed by polishing with rouge. The glass is scrubbed and flushed with a reducing solution before silver is applied. The glass is then placed on a hollow, cast-iron tabletop, covered with felt, and kept warm by steam. A solution of silver nitrate is poured on the glass and left undisturbed for about 1 hour. The silver nitrate is reduced to a metallic silver and a lustrous deposit of silver gradually forms. The deposit is dried, coated with shellac, and painted. Most present-day mirrors therefore, are made up of these layers. Glass is used on top because it is smooth, clear, and protects the reflective surface. A mirror needs to be very smooth in order for the best reflection to occur. Mirrors may have plane or curved surfaces. A curved mirror is concave or convex depending on whether the reflecting surface faces toward the centre of the curvature or away from it. Curved mirrors in ordinary usage have surfaces of varying shapes. Perhaps the most common is spherical. Spherical mirrors produce images that are magnified or reduced exemplified, by mirrors for applying facial makeup and by rear-view mirrors for vehicles. Cylindrical mirrors are another common type of shape. These focus a parallel beam of light to a linear focus. A paraboloidal mirror is one which is often used to focus parallel rays to a sharp focus, as in a telescope mirror, or to produce a parallel beam from a source at its focus, such as a searchlight. A less common but useful shape is the ellipsoidal. Such a mirror will reflect light from one of its two focal points to the other. While the mirror is the focus of the production, the frame plays an important albeit slightly lesser role as the anchor by which the mirror is affixed to its proper place. From the late 17th century onward, mirrors and their frames played an increasingly important part in the decoration of rooms. Complementing the shiny reflective mirror, the early frames were usually of ivory, silver, ebony, or tortoiseshell or were veneered with walnut, olive, and laburnum. Needlework and bead frames were also to be found. Craftsmen such as Grinling Gibbons often produced elaborately carved mirror frames to match a complete decorative ensemble. The tradition soon became established of incorporating a mirror into the space over the mantelpiece: many of the early versions of these mirrors, usually known as overmantels, were enclosed in glass frames. The architectural structure of which these mirrors formed a part became progressively more elaborate. Focusing heavily on the effect created by mirrors, 18th century designers such as the English brothers Robert and James Adam created fireplace units stretching from the hearth to the ceiling. On the whole, mirror frames reflected the general taste of the time and were often changed to accommodate alterations in taste frames usually being cheaper and hence more easily replaced than the mirror itself. By the end of the 18th century, painted decoration largely supplanted carving on mirrors, the frames being decorated with floral patterns or classical ornaments. At the same time the French started producing circular mirrors. Usually surrounded by a neoclassical gilt frame that sometimes supported candlesticks, these mirrors enjoyed great popularity well into the 19th century. Improved skill in mirror making also made possible the introduction of the cheval glass, a freestanding full-length mirror, supported on a frame with four feet. These were mainly used for dressing purposes, though occasionally they had a decorative function. New, cheaper techniques of mirror production in the 19th century led to a great proliferation in their use. Not only were they regularly incorporated into pieces of furniture such as wardrobes and sideboards they were also used in everything from high-powered telescopes to decorative schemes in public places. Their popularity continues today. Through them, infants are able to develop an awareness of their individuality through mirror games. This type of emotional reflection stimulates babies to move various parts of their body and even promotes verbal utterances. | The Greeks and Egyptians used polished silver to make mirrors. | c |
id_4884 | Reflecting on the Mirror In all likelihood the first mirrors would have simply been pools of water that reflected the image of the one who looked into it. Natures mirror, while cheap and readily accessible, must have also been quite frustrating with the slightest disturbance on the surface of the water making it difficult to see clearly. It is not altogether clear when the first man-made mirrors were produced but mirrors made of brass are mentioned in the Bible, and after that mirrors of bronze were in common use among the ancient Egyptians, Romans and Greeks. In addition to bronze, the Greeks and Romans experimented with polished silver to produce simple mirrors. Crude forms of glass mirrors were first made in Venice in 1300. Small sheets of glass were cut from disks made by a spinning process. When this glass was backed with a covering of tin or lead, a mirror resulted. During the early periods of their development, mirrors were rare and expensive. France had glass factories but only in Venice, Italy was the secret of mirror foiling known. The chemical process of coating a glass surface with metallic silver was discovered by German chemist Justus von Liebig in 1835, and this advance inaugurated the modern techniques of mirror making. By the end of the 17th century mirrors were made in Britain and the manufacture of mirrors developed subsequently into an important industry in many other European countries. People wore them in their hats, or set them like jewels in their rings. Society glittered and shone like the firmament. A little later on, America was gripped by the mirror craze, only this time they were interested in larger mirrors. In house after house in residential districts and eastern cities there could be found one long mirror after another placed between two front parlour windows. In the manufacture of mirrors today, plate glass is cut to size, and all blemishes are removed by polishing with rouge. The glass is scrubbed and flushed with a reducing solution before silver is applied. The glass is then placed on a hollow, cast-iron tabletop, covered with felt, and kept warm by steam. A solution of silver nitrate is poured on the glass and left undisturbed for about 1 hour. The silver nitrate is reduced to a metallic silver and a lustrous deposit of silver gradually forms. The deposit is dried, coated with shellac, and painted. Most present-day mirrors therefore, are made up of these layers. Glass is used on top because it is smooth, clear, and protects the reflective surface. A mirror needs to be very smooth in order for the best reflection to occur. Mirrors may have plane or curved surfaces. A curved mirror is concave or convex depending on whether the reflecting surface faces toward the centre of the curvature or away from it. Curved mirrors in ordinary usage have surfaces of varying shapes. Perhaps the most common is spherical. Spherical mirrors produce images that are magnified or reduced exemplified, by mirrors for applying facial makeup and by rear-view mirrors for vehicles. Cylindrical mirrors are another common type of shape. These focus a parallel beam of light to a linear focus. A paraboloidal mirror is one which is often used to focus parallel rays to a sharp focus, as in a telescope mirror, or to produce a parallel beam from a source at its focus, such as a searchlight. A less common but useful shape is the ellipsoidal. Such a mirror will reflect light from one of its two focal points to the other. While the mirror is the focus of the production, the frame plays an important albeit slightly lesser role as the anchor by which the mirror is affixed to its proper place. From the late 17th century onward, mirrors and their frames played an increasingly important part in the decoration of rooms. Complementing the shiny reflective mirror, the early frames were usually of ivory, silver, ebony, or tortoiseshell or were veneered with walnut, olive, and laburnum. Needlework and bead frames were also to be found. Craftsmen such as Grinling Gibbons often produced elaborately carved mirror frames to match a complete decorative ensemble. The tradition soon became established of incorporating a mirror into the space over the mantelpiece: many of the early versions of these mirrors, usually known as overmantels, were enclosed in glass frames. The architectural structure of which these mirrors formed a part became progressively more elaborate. Focusing heavily on the effect created by mirrors, 18th century designers such as the English brothers Robert and James Adam created fireplace units stretching from the hearth to the ceiling. On the whole, mirror frames reflected the general taste of the time and were often changed to accommodate alterations in taste frames usually being cheaper and hence more easily replaced than the mirror itself. By the end of the 18th century, painted decoration largely supplanted carving on mirrors, the frames being decorated with floral patterns or classical ornaments. At the same time the French started producing circular mirrors. Usually surrounded by a neoclassical gilt frame that sometimes supported candlesticks, these mirrors enjoyed great popularity well into the 19th century. Improved skill in mirror making also made possible the introduction of the cheval glass, a freestanding full-length mirror, supported on a frame with four feet. These were mainly used for dressing purposes, though occasionally they had a decorative function. New, cheaper techniques of mirror production in the 19th century led to a great proliferation in their use. Not only were they regularly incorporated into pieces of furniture such as wardrobes and sideboards they were also used in everything from high-powered telescopes to decorative schemes in public places. Their popularity continues today. Through them, infants are able to develop an awareness of their individuality through mirror games. This type of emotional reflection stimulates babies to move various parts of their body and even promotes verbal utterances. | The first man-made mirrors were made of bronze. | c |
id_4885 | Refund policy You should be aware of Bathworths refund policy for all fee-paying international students enrolled at Bathworth University. General refund for new students A general refund may be given if written notice of withdrawal from units or intermission from a course of study is received by the University Semester 1 and 2 up to and on the official starting date of the semester90% refund of the course fee, or: after the official starting date of a semester and up to and including the HECS census datefifty per cent (50%) refund of the course fee. when a student withdraws or discontinues from a unit or course of study after the HECS census date for the semesterno refund shall be given. Semester Summer Withdrawal from units up to and including 13 December90% refund After 13 Decemberno refund shall be given. Full refund A full refund may be given in special circumstances. Such circumstances should be beyond the control of the student . The following reasons are grounds to apply for a full refund: a student is refused a student visa an offer is withdrawn or an enrolment terminated because the University is unable to provide the course of study, or a student withdraws from a unit on the advice of a Faculty Course Adviser and does not enroll in a replacement unit (the signature of the Faculty is needed) the University changes or is unable to offer units such that a student is prevented from completing the unit/s a student is unable to fulfill the requirements of an offer a student withdraws from a unit and enrolls in a replacement unit in the same semester. Executive discretion may be exercised for applications which do mt comply with the above provisions but for which extraordinary circumstances may exist. Application for a refund in special circumstances must be made in writing and sent to the Executive Director. Proof of payment and validation of the reasons for applyhg for a refund will be required. Methods of refund The following apply to refunds: Refunds will be made in Australian dollars only, by cheque. Refunds in the form of the transfer of fees to another institution will not be made directly to a student. The student must provide evidence of acceptance into that institution before the approved refund will be transferred. | University transfer of refund fees can be done if handled by both universities. | e |
id_4886 | Refund policy You should be aware of Bathworths refund policy for all fee-paying international students enrolled at Bathworth University. General refund for new students A general refund may be given if written notice of withdrawal from units or intermission from a course of study is received by the University Semester 1 and 2 up to and on the official starting date of the semester90% refund of the course fee, or: after the official starting date of a semester and up to and including the HECS census datefifty per cent (50%) refund of the course fee. when a student withdraws or discontinues from a unit or course of study after the HECS census date for the semesterno refund shall be given. Semester Summer Withdrawal from units up to and including 13 December90% refund After 13 Decemberno refund shall be given. Full refund A full refund may be given in special circumstances. Such circumstances should be beyond the control of the student . The following reasons are grounds to apply for a full refund: a student is refused a student visa an offer is withdrawn or an enrolment terminated because the University is unable to provide the course of study, or a student withdraws from a unit on the advice of a Faculty Course Adviser and does not enroll in a replacement unit (the signature of the Faculty is needed) the University changes or is unable to offer units such that a student is prevented from completing the unit/s a student is unable to fulfill the requirements of an offer a student withdraws from a unit and enrolls in a replacement unit in the same semester. Executive discretion may be exercised for applications which do mt comply with the above provisions but for which extraordinary circumstances may exist. Application for a refund in special circumstances must be made in writing and sent to the Executive Director. Proof of payment and validation of the reasons for applyhg for a refund will be required. Methods of refund The following apply to refunds: Refunds will be made in Australian dollars only, by cheque. Refunds in the form of the transfer of fees to another institution will not be made directly to a student. The student must provide evidence of acceptance into that institution before the approved refund will be transferred. | A student may get a full refund if withdrawing for personal reasons, but it is at the universitys discretion. | e |
id_4887 | Refund policy You should be aware of Bathworths refund policy for all fee-paying international students enrolled at Bathworth University. General refund for new students A general refund may be given if written notice of withdrawal from units or intermission from a course of study is received by the University Semester 1 and 2 up to and on the official starting date of the semester90% refund of the course fee, or: after the official starting date of a semester and up to and including the HECS census datefifty per cent (50%) refund of the course fee. when a student withdraws or discontinues from a unit or course of study after the HECS census date for the semesterno refund shall be given. Semester Summer Withdrawal from units up to and including 13 December90% refund After 13 Decemberno refund shall be given. Full refund A full refund may be given in special circumstances. Such circumstances should be beyond the control of the student . The following reasons are grounds to apply for a full refund: a student is refused a student visa an offer is withdrawn or an enrolment terminated because the University is unable to provide the course of study, or a student withdraws from a unit on the advice of a Faculty Course Adviser and does not enroll in a replacement unit (the signature of the Faculty is needed) the University changes or is unable to offer units such that a student is prevented from completing the unit/s a student is unable to fulfill the requirements of an offer a student withdraws from a unit and enrolls in a replacement unit in the same semester. Executive discretion may be exercised for applications which do mt comply with the above provisions but for which extraordinary circumstances may exist. Application for a refund in special circumstances must be made in writing and sent to the Executive Director. Proof of payment and validation of the reasons for applyhg for a refund will be required. Methods of refund The following apply to refunds: Refunds will be made in Australian dollars only, by cheque. Refunds in the form of the transfer of fees to another institution will not be made directly to a student. The student must provide evidence of acceptance into that institution before the approved refund will be transferred. | Each day you wait the refund becomes less and less | c |
id_4888 | Refund policy You should be aware of Bathworths refund policy for all fee-paying international students enrolled at Bathworth University. General refund for new students A general refund may be given if written notice of withdrawal from units or intermission from a course of study is received by the University Semester 1 and 2 up to and on the official starting date of the semester90% refund of the course fee, or: after the official starting date of a semester and up to and including the HECS census datefifty per cent (50%) refund of the course fee. when a student withdraws or discontinues from a unit or course of study after the HECS census date for the semesterno refund shall be given. Semester Summer Withdrawal from units up to and including 13 December90% refund After 13 Decemberno refund shall be given. Full refund A full refund may be given in special circumstances. Such circumstances should be beyond the control of the student . The following reasons are grounds to apply for a full refund: a student is refused a student visa an offer is withdrawn or an enrolment terminated because the University is unable to provide the course of study, or a student withdraws from a unit on the advice of a Faculty Course Adviser and does not enroll in a replacement unit (the signature of the Faculty is needed) the University changes or is unable to offer units such that a student is prevented from completing the unit/s a student is unable to fulfill the requirements of an offer a student withdraws from a unit and enrolls in a replacement unit in the same semester. Executive discretion may be exercised for applications which do mt comply with the above provisions but for which extraordinary circumstances may exist. Application for a refund in special circumstances must be made in writing and sent to the Executive Director. Proof of payment and validation of the reasons for applyhg for a refund will be required. Methods of refund The following apply to refunds: Refunds will be made in Australian dollars only, by cheque. Refunds in the form of the transfer of fees to another institution will not be made directly to a student. The student must provide evidence of acceptance into that institution before the approved refund will be transferred. | If you enroll in a course and then later find out you do not have the right qualifications to take the program, you may get a refund. | e |
id_4889 | Refund policy You should be aware of Bathworths refund policy for all fee-paying international students enrolled at Bathworth University. General refund for new students A general refund may be given if written notice of withdrawal from units or intermission from a course of study is received by the University Semester 1 and 2 up to and on the official starting date of the semester90% refund of the course fee, or: after the official starting date of a semester and up to and including the HECS census datefifty per cent (50%) refund of the course fee. when a student withdraws or discontinues from a unit or course of study after the HECS census date for the semesterno refund shall be given. Semester Summer Withdrawal from units up to and including 13 December90% refund After 13 Decemberno refund shall be given. Full refund A full refund may be given in special circumstances. Such circumstances should be beyond the control of the student . The following reasons are grounds to apply for a full refund: a student is refused a student visa an offer is withdrawn or an enrolment terminated because the University is unable to provide the course of study, or a student withdraws from a unit on the advice of a Faculty Course Adviser and does not enroll in a replacement unit (the signature of the Faculty is needed) the University changes or is unable to offer units such that a student is prevented from completing the unit/s a student is unable to fulfill the requirements of an offer a student withdraws from a unit and enrolls in a replacement unit in the same semester. Executive discretion may be exercised for applications which do mt comply with the above provisions but for which extraordinary circumstances may exist. Application for a refund in special circumstances must be made in writing and sent to the Executive Director. Proof of payment and validation of the reasons for applyhg for a refund will be required. Methods of refund The following apply to refunds: Refunds will be made in Australian dollars only, by cheque. Refunds in the form of the transfer of fees to another institution will not be made directly to a student. The student must provide evidence of acceptance into that institution before the approved refund will be transferred. | If you make a mistake and enroll in the wrong courses and later are advised not to take the course by a school adviser, you may get a refund. | e |
id_4890 | Refund policy You should be aware of Bathworths refund policy for all fee-paying international students enrolled at Bathworth University. General refund for new students A general refund may be given if written notice of withdrawal from units or intermission from a course of study is received by the University Semester 1 and 2 up to and on the official starting date of the semester90% refund of the course fee, or: after the official starting date of a semester and up to and including the HECS census datefifty per cent (50%) refund of the course fee. when a student withdraws or discontinues from a unit or course of study after the HECS census date for the semesterno refund shall be given. Semester Summer Withdrawal from units up to and including 13 December90% refund After 13 Decemberno refund shall be given. Full refund A full refund may be given in special circumstances. Such circumstances should be beyond the control of the student . The following reasons are grounds to apply for a full refund: a student is refused a student visa an offer is withdrawn or an enrolment terminated because the University is unable to provide the course of study, or a student withdraws from a unit on the advice of a Faculty Course Adviser and does not enroll in a replacement unit (the signature of the Faculty is needed) the University changes or is unable to offer units such that a student is prevented from completing the unit/s a student is unable to fulfill the requirements of an offer a student withdraws from a unit and enrolls in a replacement unit in the same semester. Executive discretion may be exercised for applications which do mt comply with the above provisions but for which extraordinary circumstances may exist. Application for a refund in special circumstances must be made in writing and sent to the Executive Director. Proof of payment and validation of the reasons for applyhg for a refund will be required. Methods of refund The following apply to refunds: Refunds will be made in Australian dollars only, by cheque. Refunds in the form of the transfer of fees to another institution will not be made directly to a student. The student must provide evidence of acceptance into that institution before the approved refund will be transferred. | You are entitled to a full refund if you are ill and cannot complete the course. | c |
id_4891 | Regulations for the Use of the Auditorium of Macao Museum of Art 1. To provide suitable management and use of the Auditorium the Macao Museum of Art (the Museum) has established regulations in this document. 2. Standard rental terms for the Auditorium of the Museum and its facilities are as follows: 2.1 The conference room can seat 108. Facilities include: sound system, lighting, air-conditioning, microphone/s, screen, videocassette recorder, projector, visualizer, DVD player, CD player and recorder. Such facilities are suitable for seminars, lectures and audio-visual activities. 2.2 One session is classed as four hours, and is charged at $3, 000. Less than four hours is deemed one session. 2.3 If application is made 90 days prior, a $1, 000 deposit will be charged; if less than 30 days, a $1, 500 deposits will be charged. The balance must be paid prior the day of use. 2.4 After the application is approved, the applicant cannot cancel the booking without just cause. If the applicant decides not to use the facilities, the fee cannot be refunded. The pre-paid deposit and/or rental are non refundable. However, if due to certain unavoidable circumstance, such as a natural disaster, and the applicant cannot use the facilities, it can write to the Museum and state the reason with a request for refund. 3. Applications from organisations, schools, private organisations (users) except the Museum must fit the following criteria: 3.1 Promote art and cultural activities 3.2 International art and cultural exchange activities 3.3 Academic and educational activities 3.4 Conferences and celebration activities organised by the Government 4. The time for the use of the Auditorium is from Tuesday to Sunday; 10:00 a. m. to 7:00 p. m. | If a natural disaster occurs the Museum will give a refund. | n |
id_4892 | Regulations for the Use of the Auditorium of Macao Museum of Art 1. To provide suitable management and use of the Auditorium the Macao Museum of Art (the Museum) has established regulations in this document. 2. Standard rental terms for the Auditorium of the Museum and its facilities are as follows: 2.1 The conference room can seat 108. Facilities include: sound system, lighting, air-conditioning, microphone/s, screen, videocassette recorder, projector, visualizer, DVD player, CD player and recorder. Such facilities are suitable for seminars, lectures and audio-visual activities. 2.2 One session is classed as four hours, and is charged at $3, 000. Less than four hours is deemed one session. 2.3 If application is made 90 days prior, a $1, 000 deposit will be charged; if less than 30 days, a $1, 500 deposits will be charged. The balance must be paid prior the day of use. 2.4 After the application is approved, the applicant cannot cancel the booking without just cause. If the applicant decides not to use the facilities, the fee cannot be refunded. The pre-paid deposit and/or rental are non refundable. However, if due to certain unavoidable circumstance, such as a natural disaster, and the applicant cannot use the facilities, it can write to the Museum and state the reason with a request for refund. 3. Applications from organisations, schools, private organisations (users) except the Museum must fit the following criteria: 3.1 Promote art and cultural activities 3.2 International art and cultural exchange activities 3.3 Academic and educational activities 3.4 Conferences and celebration activities organised by the Government 4. The time for the use of the Auditorium is from Tuesday to Sunday; 10:00 a. m. to 7:00 p. m. | The deposit increases for later bookings. | e |
id_4893 | Regulations for the Use of the Auditorium of Macao Museum of Art 1. To provide suitable management and use of the Auditorium the Macao Museum of Art (the Museum) has established regulations in this document. 2. Standard rental terms for the Auditorium of the Museum and its facilities are as follows: 2.1 The conference room can seat 108. Facilities include: sound system, lighting, air-conditioning, microphone/s, screen, videocassette recorder, projector, visualizer, DVD player, CD player and recorder. Such facilities are suitable for seminars, lectures and audio-visual activities. 2.2 One session is classed as four hours, and is charged at $3, 000. Less than four hours is deemed one session. 2.3 If application is made 90 days prior, a $1, 000 deposit will be charged; if less than 30 days, a $1, 500 deposits will be charged. The balance must be paid prior the day of use. 2.4 After the application is approved, the applicant cannot cancel the booking without just cause. If the applicant decides not to use the facilities, the fee cannot be refunded. The pre-paid deposit and/or rental are non refundable. However, if due to certain unavoidable circumstance, such as a natural disaster, and the applicant cannot use the facilities, it can write to the Museum and state the reason with a request for refund. 3. Applications from organisations, schools, private organisations (users) except the Museum must fit the following criteria: 3.1 Promote art and cultural activities 3.2 International art and cultural exchange activities 3.3 Academic and educational activities 3.4 Conferences and celebration activities organised by the Government 4. The time for the use of the Auditorium is from Tuesday to Sunday; 10:00 a. m. to 7:00 p. m. | The price for 4 hours and the price for under 4 hours are the same. | e |
id_4894 | Regulations for the Use of the Auditorium of Macao Museum of Art 1. To provide suitable management and use of the Auditorium the Macao Museum of Art (the Museum) has established regulations in this document. 2. Standard rental terms for the Auditorium of the Museum and its facilities are as follows: 2.1 The conference room can seat 108. Facilities include: sound system, lighting, air-conditioning, microphone/s, screen, videocassette recorder, projector, visualizer, DVD player, CD player and recorder. Such facilities are suitable for seminars, lectures and audio-visual activities. 2.2 One session is classed as four hours, and is charged at $3, 000. Less than four hours is deemed one session. 2.3 If application is made 90 days prior, a $1, 000 deposit will be charged; if less than 30 days, a $1, 500 deposits will be charged. The balance must be paid prior the day of use. 2.4 After the application is approved, the applicant cannot cancel the booking without just cause. If the applicant decides not to use the facilities, the fee cannot be refunded. The pre-paid deposit and/or rental are non refundable. However, if due to certain unavoidable circumstance, such as a natural disaster, and the applicant cannot use the facilities, it can write to the Museum and state the reason with a request for refund. 3. Applications from organisations, schools, private organisations (users) except the Museum must fit the following criteria: 3.1 Promote art and cultural activities 3.2 International art and cultural exchange activities 3.3 Academic and educational activities 3.4 Conferences and celebration activities organised by the Government 4. The time for the use of the Auditorium is from Tuesday to Sunday; 10:00 a. m. to 7:00 p. m. | The conference room is equipped with a DVD recorder. | c |
id_4895 | Regulations for the Use of the Auditorium of Macao Museum of Art 1. To provide suitable management and use of the Auditorium the Macao Museum of Art (the Museum) has established regulations in this document. 2. Standard rental terms for the Auditorium of the Museum and its facilities are as follows: 2.1 The conference room can seat 108. Facilities include: sound system, lighting, air-conditioning, microphone/s, screen, videocassette recorder, projector, visualizer, DVD player, CD player and recorder. Such facilities are suitable for seminars, lectures and audio-visual activities. 2.2 One session is classed as four hours, and is charged at $3, 000. Less than four hours is deemed one session. 2.3 If application is made 90 days prior, a $1, 000 deposit will be charged; if less than 30 days, a $1, 500 deposits will be charged. The balance must be paid prior the day of use. 2.4 After the application is approved, the applicant cannot cancel the booking without just cause. If the applicant decides not to use the facilities, the fee cannot be refunded. The pre-paid deposit and/or rental are non refundable. However, if due to certain unavoidable circumstance, such as a natural disaster, and the applicant cannot use the facilities, it can write to the Museum and state the reason with a request for refund. 3. Applications from organisations, schools, private organisations (users) except the Museum must fit the following criteria: 3.1 Promote art and cultural activities 3.2 International art and cultural exchange activities 3.3 Academic and educational activities 3.4 Conferences and celebration activities organised by the Government 4. The time for the use of the Auditorium is from Tuesday to Sunday; 10:00 a. m. to 7:00 p. m. | The document provides general information for use of the Auditorium of Macao Museum of Art. | c |
id_4896 | Regulations for the Use of the Auditorium of Macao Museum of Art 1. To provide suitable management and use of the Auditorium the Macao Museum of Art (the Museum) has established regulations in this document. 2. Standard rental terms for the Auditorium of the Museum and its facilities are as follows: 2.1 The conference room can seat 108. Facilities include: sound system, lighting, air-conditioning, microphone/s, screen, videocassette recorder, projector, visualizer, DVD player, CD player and recorder. Such facilities are suitable for seminars, lectures and audio-visual activities. 2.2 One session is classed as four hours, and is charged at $3, 000. Less than four hours is deemed one session. 2.3 If application is made 90 days prior, a $1, 000 deposit will be charged; if less than 30 days, a $1, 500 deposits will be charged. The balance must be paid prior the day of use. 2.4 After the application is approved, the applicant cannot cancel the booking without just cause. If the applicant decides not to use the facilities, the fee cannot be refunded. The pre-paid deposit and/or rental are non refundable. However, if due to certain unavoidable circumstance, such as a natural disaster, and the applicant cannot use the facilities, it can write to the Museum and state the reason with a request for refund. 3. Applications from organisations, schools, private organisations (users) except the Museum must fit the following criteria: 3.1 Promote art and cultural activities 3.2 International art and cultural exchange activities 3.3 Academic and educational activities 3.4 Conferences and celebration activities organised by the Government 4. The time for the use of the Auditorium is from Tuesday to Sunday; 10:00 a. m. to 7:00 p. m. | Not all applications from schools will be accepted. | e |
id_4897 | Regulations for the Use of the Auditorium of Macao Museum of Art 1. To provide suitable management and use of the Auditorium the Macao Museum of Art (the Museum) has established regulations in this document. 2. Standard rental terms for the Auditorium of the Museum and its facilities are as follows: 2.1 The conference room can seat 108. Facilities include: sound system, lighting, air-conditioning, microphone/s, screen, videocassette recorder, projector, visualizer, DVD player, CD player and recorder. Such facilities are suitable for seminars, lectures and audio-visual activities. 2.2 One session is classed as four hours, and is charged at $3, 000. Less than four hours is deemed one session. 2.3 If application is made 90 days prior, a $1, 000 deposit will be charged; if less than 30 days, a $1, 500 deposits will be charged. The balance must be paid prior the day of use. 2.4 After the application is approved, the applicant cannot cancel the booking without just cause. If the applicant decides not to use the facilities, the fee cannot be refunded. The pre-paid deposit and/or rental are non refundable. However, if due to certain unavoidable circumstance, such as a natural disaster, and the applicant cannot use the facilities, it can write to the Museum and state the reason with a request for refund. 3. Applications from organisations, schools, private organisations (users) except the Museum must fit the following criteria: 3.1 Promote art and cultural activities 3.2 International art and cultural exchange activities 3.3 Academic and educational activities 3.4 Conferences and celebration activities organised by the Government 4. The time for the use of the Auditorium is from Tuesday to Sunday; 10:00 a. m. to 7:00 p. m. | The Auditorium closes at 7pm on Mondays. | n |
id_4898 | Relations between Sweden and the European Community had always been restricted in scope by Sweden's traditional neutrality and for many years any suggestion of Community membership was out of the question. But the upheavals in Eastern Europe in the early 1990s gradually led to the conclusion that membership of the EC was no longer incompatible with its neutral stance. People came to the conclusion that Sweden has already taken over a large part of the Community rules and began to weigh up the pros and cons of membership along the lines sought by Austria. | Sweden applied for membership of the European Community after other neutral countries had joined. | n |
id_4899 | Relations between Sweden and the European Community had always been restricted in scope by Sweden's traditional neutrality and for many years any suggestion of Community membership was out of the question. But the upheavals in Eastern Europe in the early 1990s gradually led to the conclusion that membership of the EC was no longer incompatible with its neutral stance. People came to the conclusion that Sweden has already taken over a large part of the Community rules and began to weigh up the pros and cons of membership along the lines sought by Austria. | The European Community rejected Sweden's application for membership because of its neutrality. | n |
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