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id_4600 | Passport Application You will need to fill in an application for a passport in the following circumstances: if you are applying for a passport for the first time, if you wish to replace your current passport, if your passport has expired, or if it has been lost or stolen. Your application form must be completed in your own handwriting. As proof of your citizenship and identity, you must enclose either your passport or your birth certificate. All documents must be originals; these will be returned with your passport. The standard time to process an application is up to 10 working days. The processing begins from when we have received the completed application form. Applicants should expect delays if the Passport Office receives a form with missing information. Extra time should be allowed for delivery to and from the Passport Office. Please provide two identical passport photos of yourself. Both photos must be the same in all respects and must be less than 12 months old. Ask someone who can identify you to fill in the Proof of Identity information and identify one of your photos. This person will be called your witness and needs to meet the following requirements: a witness must be aged 1 6 years or over, be contactable by phone during normal office hours and be the holder of a valid passport. A witness should fill in the Proof of Identity page in their own handwriting. A witness must also write the full name of the person applying for the passport on the back of one of the photos, sign their own name and date the back of the same photo. Photos with this identifying information written in the applicants own handwriting will not be accepted. | The passport applicant must sign their name on the back of both photos. | c |
id_4601 | Passport Application You will need to fill in an application for a passport in the following circumstances: if you are applying for a passport for the first time, if you wish to replace your current passport, if your passport has expired, or if it has been lost or stolen. Your application form must be completed in your own handwriting. As proof of your citizenship and identity, you must enclose either your passport or your birth certificate. All documents must be originals; these will be returned with your passport. The standard time to process an application is up to 10 working days. The processing begins from when we have received the completed application form. Applicants should expect delays if the Passport Office receives a form with missing information. Extra time should be allowed for delivery to and from the Passport Office. Please provide two identical passport photos of yourself. Both photos must be the same in all respects and must be less than 12 months old. Ask someone who can identify you to fill in the Proof of Identity information and identify one of your photos. This person will be called your witness and needs to meet the following requirements: a witness must be aged 1 6 years or over, be contactable by phone during normal office hours and be the holder of a valid passport. A witness should fill in the Proof of Identity page in their own handwriting. A witness must also write the full name of the person applying for the passport on the back of one of the photos, sign their own name and date the back of the same photo. Photos with this identifying information written in the applicants own handwriting will not be accepted. | A witness can be a relative of the applicant. | n |
id_4602 | Passport Application You will need to fill in an application for a passport in the following circumstances: if you are applying for a passport for the first time, if you wish to replace your current passport, if your passport has expired, or if it has been lost or stolen. Your application form must be completed in your own handwriting. As proof of your citizenship and identity, you must enclose either your passport or your birth certificate. All documents must be originals; these will be returned with your passport. The standard time to process an application is up to 10 working days. The processing begins from when we have received the completed application form. Applicants should expect delays if the Passport Office receives a form with missing information. Extra time should be allowed for delivery to and from the Passport Office. Please provide two identical passport photos of yourself. Both photos must be the same in all respects and must be less than 12 months old. Ask someone who can identify you to fill in the Proof of Identity information and identify one of your photos. This person will be called your witness and needs to meet the following requirements: a witness must be aged 1 6 years or over, be contactable by phone during normal office hours and be the holder of a valid passport. A witness should fill in the Proof of Identity page in their own handwriting. A witness must also write the full name of the person applying for the passport on the back of one of the photos, sign their own name and date the back of the same photo. Photos with this identifying information written in the applicants own handwriting will not be accepted. | An incomplete application will affect processing time. | e |
id_4603 | Passport Application You will need to fill in an application for a passport in the following circumstances: if you are applying for a passport for the first time, if you wish to replace your current passport, if your passport has expired, or if it has been lost or stolen. Your application form must be completed in your own handwriting. As proof of your citizenship and identity, you must enclose either your passport or your birth certificate. All documents must be originals; these will be returned with your passport. The standard time to process an application is up to 10 working days. The processing begins from when we have received the completed application form. Applicants should expect delays if the Passport Office receives a form with missing information. Extra time should be allowed for delivery to and from the Passport Office. Please provide two identical passport photos of yourself. Both photos must be the same in all respects and must be less than 12 months old. Ask someone who can identify you to fill in the Proof of Identity information and identify one of your photos. This person will be called your witness and needs to meet the following requirements: a witness must be aged 1 6 years or over, be contactable by phone during normal office hours and be the holder of a valid passport. A witness should fill in the Proof of Identity page in their own handwriting. A witness must also write the full name of the person applying for the passport on the back of one of the photos, sign their own name and date the back of the same photo. Photos with this identifying information written in the applicants own handwriting will not be accepted. | Photocopies of documents are acceptable in some circumstances. | c |
id_4604 | Pay day loans are becoming an increasing common phenomenon in the United Kingdom, with pay-day loans a now 2 billion a year industry. These loans are often extremely high interest over a short period of time, often reaching or exceeding 4000% APR. Due to these high interest rates, missing payments can lead to a debt spiralling effect, in which debtors are trapped under an ever increasing mountain of debt, often using new loans to pay off existing loans, worsening the problem. However for many people that are able to pay back the loan quickly and without incident, pay day loans may be seen as a more convenient alternative to credit cards and bank overdrafts. | Pay day loans can lead to bankruptcy | n |
id_4605 | Pay day loans are becoming an increasing common phenomenon in the United Kingdom, with pay-day loans a now 2 billion a year industry. These loans are often extremely high interest over a short period of time, often reaching or exceeding 4000% APR. Due to these high interest rates, missing payments can lead to a debt spiralling effect, in which debtors are trapped under an ever increasing mountain of debt, often using new loans to pay off existing loans, worsening the problem. However for many people that are able to pay back the loan quickly and without incident, pay day loans may be seen as a more convenient alternative to credit cards and bank overdrafts. | Pay day loans are a $2 billion industry | e |
id_4606 | Pay day loans are becoming an increasing common phenomenon in the United Kingdom, with pay-day loans a now 2 billion a year industry. These loans are often extremely high interest over a short period of time, often reaching or exceeding 4000% APR. Due to these high interest rates, missing payments can lead to a debt spiralling effect, in which debtors are trapped under an ever increasing mountain of debt, often using new loans to pay off existing loans, worsening the problem. However for many people that are able to pay back the loan quickly and without incident, pay day loans may be seen as a more convenient alternative to credit cards and bank overdrafts. | Pay day loans often reach or exceed 4000% APR | e |
id_4607 | Pay day loans are becoming an increasing common phenomenon in the United Kingdom, with pay-day loans a now 2 billion a year industry. These loans are often extremely high interest over a short period of time, often reaching or exceeding 4000% APR. Due to these high interest rates, missing payments can lead to a debt spiralling effect, in which debtors are trapped under an ever increasing mountain of debt, often using new loans to pay off existing loans, worsening the problem. However for many people that are able to pay back the loan quickly and without incident, pay day loans may be seen as a more convenient alternative to credit cards and bank overdrafts. | Pay day loans can lead to a debt spiralling effect | e |
id_4608 | Pennies make pounds In business, its not just what you spend and earn that counts, it's how you account for it as well. The accounts of a simple business might just keep track of what has been paid out, what has been received and what is due in. Even so, it is easy to get in a mess. A business makes goods or provides a service. It then needs to record the sales invoices sent out in the sales day book and in the customers sales ledger account (debtors account). Upon payment of the invoice the payment is recorded in the cash book and in the customers sales ledger account. A business will also receive goods or use a service. It then needs to record the invoice received in the purchase day book and in the suppliers purchase ledger account. On paying the invoice the payment is recorded in the cash book and in the suppliers purchase ledger account. Bank reconciliation checks the accuracy of cash book entries against the bank statements. Differences between the bank columns of the cash book and the bank statement may reflect errors made by the business or by the bank; however, they can usually be explained by cheques the business has written out that have yet to be presented to the bank or equally by any uncleared deposits. A petty cash book is used to maintain an office float, for example 50, to pay for miscellaneous office items like stamps, stationery and travelling expenses. The petty cash float cuts down on the need to write out cheques for small items and then have to make numerous bookkeeping entries. However, payments received in the form of notes and coins should be paid into the bank in the normal way and not into the petty cash box. Ideally receipts should be provided for petty cash claims and a petty cash voucher made out for monies paid out. In this way the sum of the receipts, vouchers and petty cash in the box should always equal the float (50). When the float runs low the payments recorded in the petty cash book are totalled up and the equivalent sum is withdrawn from the bank to top up the float to its original level. | No notes or coins are paid into the petty cash box. | c |
id_4609 | Pennies make pounds In business, its not just what you spend and earn that counts, it's how you account for it as well. The accounts of a simple business might just keep track of what has been paid out, what has been received and what is due in. Even so, it is easy to get in a mess. A business makes goods or provides a service. It then needs to record the sales invoices sent out in the sales day book and in the customers sales ledger account (debtors account). Upon payment of the invoice the payment is recorded in the cash book and in the customers sales ledger account. A business will also receive goods or use a service. It then needs to record the invoice received in the purchase day book and in the suppliers purchase ledger account. On paying the invoice the payment is recorded in the cash book and in the suppliers purchase ledger account. Bank reconciliation checks the accuracy of cash book entries against the bank statements. Differences between the bank columns of the cash book and the bank statement may reflect errors made by the business or by the bank; however, they can usually be explained by cheques the business has written out that have yet to be presented to the bank or equally by any uncleared deposits. A petty cash book is used to maintain an office float, for example 50, to pay for miscellaneous office items like stamps, stationery and travelling expenses. The petty cash float cuts down on the need to write out cheques for small items and then have to make numerous bookkeeping entries. However, payments received in the form of notes and coins should be paid into the bank in the normal way and not into the petty cash box. Ideally receipts should be provided for petty cash claims and a petty cash voucher made out for monies paid out. In this way the sum of the receipts, vouchers and petty cash in the box should always equal the float (50). When the float runs low the payments recorded in the petty cash book are totalled up and the equivalent sum is withdrawn from the bank to top up the float to its original level. | There will be no discrepancy between the bank statement and the cash book. | n |
id_4610 | Pennies make pounds In business, its not just what you spend and earn that counts, it's how you account for it as well. The accounts of a simple business might just keep track of what has been paid out, what has been received and what is due in. Even so, it is easy to get in a mess. A business makes goods or provides a service. It then needs to record the sales invoices sent out in the sales day book and in the customers sales ledger account (debtors account). Upon payment of the invoice the payment is recorded in the cash book and in the customers sales ledger account. A business will also receive goods or use a service. It then needs to record the invoice received in the purchase day book and in the suppliers purchase ledger account. On paying the invoice the payment is recorded in the cash book and in the suppliers purchase ledger account. Bank reconciliation checks the accuracy of cash book entries against the bank statements. Differences between the bank columns of the cash book and the bank statement may reflect errors made by the business or by the bank; however, they can usually be explained by cheques the business has written out that have yet to be presented to the bank or equally by any uncleared deposits. A petty cash book is used to maintain an office float, for example 50, to pay for miscellaneous office items like stamps, stationery and travelling expenses. The petty cash float cuts down on the need to write out cheques for small items and then have to make numerous bookkeeping entries. However, payments received in the form of notes and coins should be paid into the bank in the normal way and not into the petty cash box. Ideally receipts should be provided for petty cash claims and a petty cash voucher made out for monies paid out. In this way the sum of the receipts, vouchers and petty cash in the box should always equal the float (50). When the float runs low the payments recorded in the petty cash book are totalled up and the equivalent sum is withdrawn from the bank to top up the float to its original level. | The purchase ledger account could be described as a creditors account. | e |
id_4611 | Pennies make pounds In business, its not just what you spend and earn that counts, it's how you account for it as well. The accounts of a simple business might just keep track of what has been paid out, what has been received and what is due in. Even so, it is easy to get in a mess. A business makes goods or provides a service. It then needs to record the sales invoices sent out in the sales day book and in the customers sales ledger account (debtors account). Upon payment of the invoice the payment is recorded in the cash book and in the customers sales ledger account. A business will also receive goods or use a service. It then needs to record the invoice received in the purchase day book and in the suppliers purchase ledger account. On paying the invoice the payment is recorded in the cash book and in the suppliers purchase ledger account. Bank reconciliation checks the accuracy of cash book entries against the bank statements. Differences between the bank columns of the cash book and the bank statement may reflect errors made by the business or by the bank; however, they can usually be explained by cheques the business has written out that have yet to be presented to the bank or equally by any uncleared deposits. A petty cash book is used to maintain an office float, for example 50, to pay for miscellaneous office items like stamps, stationery and travelling expenses. The petty cash float cuts down on the need to write out cheques for small items and then have to make numerous bookkeeping entries. However, payments received in the form of notes and coins should be paid into the bank in the normal way and not into the petty cash box. Ideally receipts should be provided for petty cash claims and a petty cash voucher made out for monies paid out. In this way the sum of the receipts, vouchers and petty cash in the box should always equal the float (50). When the float runs low the payments recorded in the petty cash book are totalled up and the equivalent sum is withdrawn from the bank to top up the float to its original level. | One sale will result in three bookkeeping entries in three ledgers. | c |
id_4612 | People assume that they go to hospital to get well. However, in the past few years this perception has been challenged by the real risk of acquiring a deadly infection while in hospital. As a consequence, public confidence in the health service has suffered. An antibiotic-resistant strain of bacteria was first identified in the 1950s. It was a staphylococcus common in abscesses and bloodstream infections and it had become resistant to the antibiotic penicillin. Since then the bacteria have become resistant to a second antibiotic and have become established as a source of infection in many nursing homes and hospitals. Today they are believed to cause about 1,000 deaths each year as a result of hospital-acquired infections. Action that can beat this superbug is simple but expensive. It requires very high levels of hygiene and cleanliness and a programme of testing so that infected patients can be isolated and treated. | Staphylococcus infections kill around 1,000 people a year. | c |
id_4613 | People assume that they go to hospital to get well. However, in the past few years this perception has been challenged by the real risk of acquiring a deadly infection while in hospital. As a consequence, public confidence in the health service has suffered. An antibiotic-resistant strain of bacteria was first identified in the 1950s. It was a staphylococcus common in abscesses and bloodstream infections and it had become resistant to the antibiotic penicillin. Since then the bacteria have become resistant to a second antibiotic and have become established as a source of infection in many nursing homes and hospitals. Today they are believed to cause about 1,000 deaths each year as a result of hospital-acquired infections. Action that can beat this superbug is simple but expensive. It requires very high levels of hygiene and cleanliness and a programme of testing so that infected patients can be isolated and treated. | Staphylococcus became established as a source of infection in many nursing homes and hospitals in the 1950s. | c |
id_4614 | People assume that they go to hospital to get well. However, in the past few years this perception has been challenged by the real risk of acquiring a deadly infection while in hospital. As a consequence, public confidence in the health service has suffered. An antibiotic-resistant strain of bacteria was first identified in the 1950s. It was a staphylococcus common in abscesses and bloodstream infections and it had become resistant to the antibiotic penicillin. Since then the bacteria have become resistant to a second antibiotic and have become established as a source of infection in many nursing homes and hospitals. Today they are believed to cause about 1,000 deaths each year as a result of hospital-acquired infections. Action that can beat this superbug is simple but expensive. It requires very high levels of hygiene and cleanliness and a programme of testing so that infected patients can be isolated and treated. | Staphylococcus has become a superbug. | e |
id_4615 | People assume that they go to hospital to get well. However, in the past few years this perception has been challenged by the real risk of acquiring a deadly infection while in hospital. As a consequence, public confidence in the health service has suffered. An antibiotic-resistant strain of bacteria was first identified in the 1950s. It was a staphylococcus common in abscesses and bloodstream infections and it had become resistant to the antibiotic penicillin. Since then the bacteria have become resistant to a second antibiotic and have become established as a source of infection in many nursing homes and hospitals. Today they are believed to cause about 1,000 deaths each year as a result of hospital-acquired infections. Action that can beat this superbug is simple but expensive. It requires very high levels of hygiene and cleanliness and a programme of testing so that infected patients can be isolated and treated. | Infections of the bloodstream are more serious than abscesses. | n |
id_4616 | People assume that they go to hospital to get well. However, in the past few years this perception has been challenged by the real risk of acquiring a deadly infection while in hospital. As a consequence, public confidence in the health service has suffered. An antibiotic-resistant strain of bacteria was first identified in the 1950s. It was a staphylococcus common in abscesses and bloodstream infections and it had become resistant to the antibiotic penicillin. Since then the bacteria have become resistant to a second antibiotic and have become established as a source of infection in many nursing homes and hospitals. Today they are believed to cause about 1,000 deaths each year as a result of hospital-acquired infections. Action that can beat this superbug is simple but expensive. It requires very high levels of hygiene and cleanliness and a programme of testing so that infected patients can be isolated and treated. | If clean hospitals had been a priority in the 1950s we would not face this threat today. | n |
id_4617 | People should buy more fresh food that they then use to prepare proper meals and whenever possible buy locally produced food from local shops. Instead we treat food like fuel. We seek out the most convenient, which is often processed industrially and supplied by multinationals and this has consequences for both public health and the environment. We eat it in a hurry and on the move rather than together around a table. Pre-packed meals are wasteful because of all the packaging and distribution involved. People lack the skills and knowledge needed to turn back to good food. | The most convenient food is usually also the cheapest. | n |
id_4618 | People should buy more fresh food that they then use to prepare proper meals and whenever possible buy locally produced food from local shops. Instead we treat food like fuel. We seek out the most convenient, which is often processed industrially and supplied by multinationals and this has consequences for both public health and the environment. We eat it in a hurry and on the move rather than together around a table. Pre-packed meals are wasteful because of all the packaging and distribution involved. People lack the skills and knowledge needed to turn back to good food. | Many industrially produced meals contain too much fat and sugar giving rise to obesity and high blood pressure. This is the sort of thing the author is implying when he writes that industrially produced food has consequences for public health. | n |
id_4619 | People should buy more fresh food that they then use to prepare proper meals and whenever possible buy locally produced food from local shops. Instead we treat food like fuel. We seek out the most convenient, which is often processed industrially and supplied by multinationals and this has consequences for both public health and the environment. We eat it in a hurry and on the move rather than together around a table. Pre-packed meals are wasteful because of all the packaging and distribution involved. People lack the skills and knowledge needed to turn back to good food. | The view that we do not respect food enough is consistent with the position adopted by the author in the passage. | e |
id_4620 | People should buy more fresh food that they then use to prepare proper meals and whenever possible buy locally produced food from local shops. Instead we treat food like fuel. We seek out the most convenient, which is often processed industrially and supplied by multinationals and this has consequences for both public health and the environment. We eat it in a hurry and on the move rather than together around a table. Pre-packed meals are wasteful because of all the packaging and distribution involved. People lack the skills and knowledge needed to turn back to good food. | The main point in the passage is that we treat food like fuel and seek out the cheapest and most convenient. | c |
id_4621 | People should buy more fresh food that they then use to prepare proper meals and whenever possible buy locally produced food from local shops. Instead we treat food like fuel. We seek out the most convenient, which is often processed industrially and supplied by multinationals and this has consequences for both public health and the environment. We eat it in a hurry and on the move rather than together around a table. Pre-packed meals are wasteful because of all the packaging and distribution involved. People lack the skills and knowledge needed to turn back to good food. | By good food the author means industrially produced meals. | c |
id_4622 | People should buy more fresh food to use in preparing proper meals. What is more, they should whenever possible buy locally produced food from local shops. Instead, we treat food like fuel: we seek out the cheapest and most convenient, which is often processed industrially and supplied by multinationals, which has consequences for both public health and the environment. We eat it in a hurry and on the move rather than eating together around a table. Many meals contain too much fat and sugar, giving rise to obesity and high blood pressure; pre-packed meals are expensive and wasteful because of all the packaging and distribution involved. People just do not respect food enough and largely lack the skills and knowledge needed to turn back to good food. | The authors attitude towards junk food is ambivalent. | c |
id_4623 | People should buy more fresh food to use in preparing proper meals. What is more, they should whenever possible buy locally produced food from local shops. Instead, we treat food like fuel: we seek out the cheapest and most convenient, which is often processed industrially and supplied by multinationals, which has consequences for both public health and the environment. We eat it in a hurry and on the move rather than eating together around a table. Many meals contain too much fat and sugar, giving rise to obesity and high blood pressure; pre-packed meals are expensive and wasteful because of all the packaging and distribution involved. People just do not respect food enough and largely lack the skills and knowledge needed to turn back to good food. | The author would probably consider the fact that people do not have time to appreciate food, buy it locally, prepare and cook it themselves and eat it together, as illustrative of his argument. | e |
id_4624 | People should buy more fresh food to use in preparing proper meals. What is more, they should whenever possible buy locally produced food from local shops. Instead, we treat food like fuel: we seek out the cheapest and most convenient, which is often processed industrially and supplied by multinationals, which has consequences for both public health and the environment. We eat it in a hurry and on the move rather than eating together around a table. Many meals contain too much fat and sugar, giving rise to obesity and high blood pressure; pre-packed meals are expensive and wasteful because of all the packaging and distribution involved. People just do not respect food enough and largely lack the skills and knowledge needed to turn back to good food. | It can be inferred from the passage that pre-packed meals are cheaper than fresh food. | c |
id_4625 | People with hypertension have a 60% greater risk of a heart attack when the temperature is more than five degrees cooler than the previous days temperature. As well as increasing blood pressure, cold weather can cause blood to thicken and make a clot more likely. Cholesterol levels also increase during cold weather and infections of the respiratory tract are far more common and contribute further to the risk of a heart attack. Hypertension is believed to affect 40% of adults in Northern Europe and very often goes unnoticed until serious damage to a sufferers health has occurred. | The passage describes the very unlikely situation whereby 40% of adults have a 60% risk of a heart attack when the temperature drops from one day to the next by more than five degrees. | c |
id_4626 | People with hypertension have a 60% greater risk of a heart attack when the temperature is more than five degrees cooler than the previous days temperature. As well as increasing blood pressure, cold weather can cause blood to thicken and make a clot more likely. Cholesterol levels also increase during cold weather and infections of the respiratory tract are far more common and contribute further to the risk of a heart attack. Hypertension is believed to affect 40% of adults in Northern Europe and very often goes unnoticed until serious damage to a sufferers health has occurred. | More hypertension sufferers have heart attacks during the winter months. | n |
id_4627 | People with hypertension have a 60% greater risk of a heart attack when the temperature is more than five degrees cooler than the previous days temperature. As well as increasing blood pressure, cold weather can cause blood to thicken and make a clot more likely. Cholesterol levels also increase during cold weather and infections of the respiratory tract are far more common and contribute further to the risk of a heart attack. Hypertension is believed to affect 40% of adults in Northern Europe and very often goes unnoticed until serious damage to a sufferers health has occurred. | Hyper tension can cause the blood to thicken and clot during a spell of cold weather. | c |
id_4628 | Performance enhancing drugs have generated controversy in professional sports for decades as demand for optimum performance ever rises. A new method of performance enhancement has been identified as a possible future problem, a process known as gene doping. As genetic research advances, it is possible that rogue athletes may use genetic technology to enhance their ability through gene doping, potentially improving their performance significantly. Because of the numerous controversies and ethical problems this kind of enhancement may bring, anti-doping authorities have pre-emptively banned genetic manipulation. | Gene doping may become a problem in the future may become a problem in the future | e |
id_4629 | Perhaps there was a time when the calling of the manager and that of the leader could be separated. A foreman in an industrial-era factory didnt have to give much thought to what he was producing or to the other people who were producing it. His or her job was to follow orders, organize the work, assign the right people to the necessary tasks, coordinate the results, and ensure the job was done as ordered. The focus was on efficiency. But in the new economy, where value comes increasingly from a knowledge of people, and where workers are no longer undifferentiated cogs in an industrial machine, management and leadership are not easily separated. People look to their managers not just to assign them a task but to define its purpose. Moreover, managers must organize workers not just to maximize efficiency but to nurture skills, develop talent and inspire results. | Maximising efficiency is no longer a task for a manager in the new economy. | c |
id_4630 | Perhaps there was a time when the calling of the manager and that of the leader could be separated. A foreman in an industrial-era factory didnt have to give much thought to what he was producing or to the other people who were producing it. His or her job was to follow orders, organize the work, assign the right people to the necessary tasks, coordinate the results, and ensure the job was done as ordered. The focus was on efficiency. But in the new economy, where value comes increasingly from a knowledge of people, and where workers are no longer undifferentiated cogs in an industrial machine, management and leadership are not easily separated. People look to their managers not just to assign them a task but to define its purpose. Moreover, managers must organize workers not just to maximize efficiency but to nurture skills, develop talent and inspire results. | In an industrial-era factory, a foreman did not think of what he was producing. | n |
id_4631 | Perhaps there was a time when the calling of the manager and that of the leader could be separated. A foreman in an industrial-era factory didnt have to give much thought to what he was producing or to the other people who were producing it. His or her job was to follow orders, organize the work, assign the right people to the necessary tasks, coordinate the results, and ensure the job was done as ordered. The focus was on efficiency. But in the new economy, where value comes increasingly from a knowledge of people, and where workers are no longer undifferentiated cogs in an industrial machine, management and leadership are not easily separated. People look to their managers not just to assign them a task but to define its purpose. Moreover, managers must organize workers not just to maximize efficiency but to nurture skills, develop talent and inspire results. | The responsibilities facing a modern manager are more heterogeneous than those of an industrial-era foreman. | e |
id_4632 | Persistent weakness in global demand and the lower value of oil products led Indias merchandise exports to fall for the sixth straight month in May, while a decline in gold imports helped the trade deficit narrow to a three-month low. | Rupee will appreciate against the dollar | c |
id_4633 | Persistent weakness in global demand and the lower value of oil products led Indias merchandise exports to fall for the sixth straight month in May, while a decline in gold imports helped the trade deficit narrow to a three-month low. | There will be softening of oil products in the global market | c |
id_4634 | Persistent weakness in global demand and the lower value of oil products led Indias merchandise exports to fall for the sixth straight month in May, while a decline in gold imports helped the trade deficit narrow to a three-month low. | There will be an increase in the collection of indirect taxes in the month of April and May | c |
id_4635 | Persistent weakness in global demand and the lower value of oil products led Indias merchandise exports to fall for the sixth straight month in May, while a decline in gold imports helped the trade deficit narrow to a three-month low. | There will be an increase in the domestic demand of gold and jewellery. | e |
id_4636 | Persons in custody have the right to remain silent, and that anything that you do or say may be used against you in a court of law. | Persons in custody are obliged to answer questions. | n |
id_4637 | Persons in custody have the right to remain silent, and that anything that you do or say may be used against you in a court of law. | If a person in custody remains silent, this may be used against you in a court of law. | e |
id_4638 | Persons in custody have the right to remain silent, and that anything that you do or say may be used against you in a court of law. | If a person is violent while in custody, that may be used against you in a court of law. | n |
id_4639 | Perus Machu Picchu has been a popular tourist destination since it was discovered in 1911. These mountain-top ruins have become one of the most famous symbols of the Incan emprre. The difficult terrain surrounding Machu Picchu meant that Spanish conquistadors never discovered the city. It has been theorised, given the virtual inaccessibility of the site, that it was built for religious rather than economic or military reasons. This UNESCO World Heritage Sites 200 buildings include many temples and houses. The construction of these buildings relied upon using many perfectly fitting granite blocks without the use of mortar. | Its valley location protected Machu Picchu from the Spanish conquistadors. | c |
id_4640 | Perus Machu Picchu has been a popular tourist destination since it was discovered in 1911. These mountain-top ruins have become one of the most famous symbols of the Incan emprre. The difficult terrain surrounding Machu Picchu meant that Spanish conquistadors never discovered the city. It has been theorised, given the virtual inaccessibility of the site, that it was built for religious rather than economic or military reasons. This UNESCO World Heritage Sites 200 buildings include many temples and houses. The construction of these buildings relied upon using many perfectly fitting granite blocks without the use of mortar. | Skilled stonemasons were mvolved in Machu Picchus construction. | e |
id_4641 | Perus Machu Picchu has been a popular tourist destination since it was discovered in 1911. These mountain-top ruins have become one of the most famous symbols of the Incan emprre. The difficult terrain surrounding Machu Picchu meant that Spanish conquistadors never discovered the city. It has been theorised, given the virtual inaccessibility of the site, that it was built for religious rather than economic or military reasons. This UNESCO World Heritage Sites 200 buildings include many temples and houses. The construction of these buildings relied upon using many perfectly fitting granite blocks without the use of mortar. | Machu Picchu was built in 1911. | c |
id_4642 | Perus Machu Picchu has been a popular tourist destination since it was discovered in 1911. These mountain-top ruins have become one of the most famous symbols of the Incan emprre. The difficult terrain surrounding Machu Picchu meant that Spanish conquistadors never discovered the city. It has been theorised, given the virtual inaccessibility of the site, that it was built for religious rather than economic or military reasons. This UNESCO World Heritage Sites 200 buildings include many temples and houses. The construction of these buildings relied upon using many perfectly fitting granite blocks without the use of mortar. | Machu Picchu ts known to have been a religious centre. | c |
id_4643 | Perus Machu Picchu has been a popular tourist destination since it was discovered in 1911. These mountain-top ruins have become one of the most famous symbols of the Incan emprre. The difficult terrain surrounding Machu Picchu meant that Spanish conquistadors never discovered the city. It has been theorised, given the virtual inaccessibility of the site, that it was built for religious rather than economic or military reasons. This UNESCO World Heritage Sites 200 buildings include many temples and houses. The construction of these buildings relied upon using many perfectly fitting granite blocks without the use of mortar. | Machu Picchu ss a rumed city in Peru. | e |
id_4644 | Phases of the Moon Traveling a distance of approximately 382,400 kilometers, the moon takes just over twenty-nine days to complete its orbit around the Earth. During this lunar cycle, many different phases of the moon are visible from Earth, even though the moon itself never changes shape. The cyclic period of the moon is determined by the extent to which the sun illuminates the moon on the side that is facing Earth. Just like Earth, the moon is sphere shaped, and thus always half illuminated by the sun. However, because the moon and the Earth are in synchronous rotation, we can see only the near side of the moon. The side we do not see is called the far side, or the dark side, a term that is often misunderstood. The dark side refers to the mysteriousness of this unseen side, not the amount of light it receives. Both the near and the far sides of the moon receive approximately the same amount of sunlight. Though we see a slightly different moon from Earth each day, its repetitive cycle is both predictable and functional. There are eight phases of the moon, each with a unique name that signifies how much of the moon is visible from Earth. In the early phases, the moon is said to be waxing, or gradually getting larger. The first phase is called new moon. In this phase, the moon is lined up between the Earth and the sun. The illuminated side of the moon is facing the sun, not the Earth, so from Earth, there appears to be no moon at all. As the moon begins to move slowly eastward away from the sun, it becomes slightly more visible. After new moon, the waxing crescent phase begins. During this phase, the moon appears to be less than half illuminated. First quarter occurs when one-half of the moon is visible. It is called first quarter, not because of its size, but because it represents the end of the first quarter of the moons cycle. The next phase is called waxing gibbous and represents a moon that is larger than half a sphere, but not quite a whole. This phase is followed by full moon, which occurs when the moons illuminated side is directly facing Earth. As the moon begins to get smaller again, it is said to be waning. The phases in the second half of the cycle appear the same as the first, except that the opposite half of the near side of the moon is illuminated, thus the moon appears to be shrinking rather than growing. Waning gibbous is followed by last quarter, when one-half of the moon is visible, and finally waning crescent. In the Northern Hemisphere, when the moon is waxing, the light of the moon increases from right to left. The opposite occurs in the Southern Hemisphere. Like the sun, the moon is an accurate tool for measuring time. A complete cycle of the moon is called a lunation. A full cycle of the moon typically lasts just under one calendar month, therefore, the phase of the moon that starts a month usually repeats just before the month is through. When two full moons occur in one calendar month the second one is called a blue moon. This phenomenon occurs about once every 2.7 years. Within one cycle, the moons age is calculated from the last day of the new moon. For example, the moon is approximately fifteen days old during the full moon phase. The moon can also be used to calculate the time of day. Just like the sun, the moon rises and sets each day and is visible on the Earths horizon. At new moon, the moon and sun rise and set at almost the same time. As the moon begins to wax, or move farther in its orbit, it rises approximately one hour later each day. By full moon, the moon rises at about the same time the sun sets and sets when the sun rises. Therefore, the moon is out in the daytime as often as it is at night even though it is not always as easy to see in the daylight. The Islamic calendar is based on the phases of the moon. The beginning of each new month in the Islamic calendar begins when the waxing crescent first appears in the night sky. The primary phases of the moon, which include new moon, first quarter, full moon, and last quarter are published in almanacs for each month. The phases can also be found on many calendars in the Western world. Despite the worlds fascination with the moon, its phases are not entirely unique. The planets Venus and Mercury have similar phases; however, unlike the moon, these planets can never be on the opposite side of the Earth from the sun. To see the equivalent of the full moon phase of these planets, we would need to have the capacity to see through the sun. | It takes about fifteen days for the moon to move from new moon to full moon. | e |
id_4645 | Phases of the Moon Traveling a distance of approximately 382,400 kilometers, the moon takes just over twenty-nine days to complete its orbit around the Earth. During this lunar cycle, many different phases of the moon are visible from Earth, even though the moon itself never changes shape. The cyclic period of the moon is determined by the extent to which the sun illuminates the moon on the side that is facing Earth. Just like Earth, the moon is sphere shaped, and thus always half illuminated by the sun. However, because the moon and the Earth are in synchronous rotation, we can see only the near side of the moon. The side we do not see is called the far side, or the dark side, a term that is often misunderstood. The dark side refers to the mysteriousness of this unseen side, not the amount of light it receives. Both the near and the far sides of the moon receive approximately the same amount of sunlight. Though we see a slightly different moon from Earth each day, its repetitive cycle is both predictable and functional. There are eight phases of the moon, each with a unique name that signifies how much of the moon is visible from Earth. In the early phases, the moon is said to be waxing, or gradually getting larger. The first phase is called new moon. In this phase, the moon is lined up between the Earth and the sun. The illuminated side of the moon is facing the sun, not the Earth, so from Earth, there appears to be no moon at all. As the moon begins to move slowly eastward away from the sun, it becomes slightly more visible. After new moon, the waxing crescent phase begins. During this phase, the moon appears to be less than half illuminated. First quarter occurs when one-half of the moon is visible. It is called first quarter, not because of its size, but because it represents the end of the first quarter of the moons cycle. The next phase is called waxing gibbous and represents a moon that is larger than half a sphere, but not quite a whole. This phase is followed by full moon, which occurs when the moons illuminated side is directly facing Earth. As the moon begins to get smaller again, it is said to be waning. The phases in the second half of the cycle appear the same as the first, except that the opposite half of the near side of the moon is illuminated, thus the moon appears to be shrinking rather than growing. Waning gibbous is followed by last quarter, when one-half of the moon is visible, and finally waning crescent. In the Northern Hemisphere, when the moon is waxing, the light of the moon increases from right to left. The opposite occurs in the Southern Hemisphere. Like the sun, the moon is an accurate tool for measuring time. A complete cycle of the moon is called a lunation. A full cycle of the moon typically lasts just under one calendar month, therefore, the phase of the moon that starts a month usually repeats just before the month is through. When two full moons occur in one calendar month the second one is called a blue moon. This phenomenon occurs about once every 2.7 years. Within one cycle, the moons age is calculated from the last day of the new moon. For example, the moon is approximately fifteen days old during the full moon phase. The moon can also be used to calculate the time of day. Just like the sun, the moon rises and sets each day and is visible on the Earths horizon. At new moon, the moon and sun rise and set at almost the same time. As the moon begins to wax, or move farther in its orbit, it rises approximately one hour later each day. By full moon, the moon rises at about the same time the sun sets and sets when the sun rises. Therefore, the moon is out in the daytime as often as it is at night even though it is not always as easy to see in the daylight. The Islamic calendar is based on the phases of the moon. The beginning of each new month in the Islamic calendar begins when the waxing crescent first appears in the night sky. The primary phases of the moon, which include new moon, first quarter, full moon, and last quarter are published in almanacs for each month. The phases can also be found on many calendars in the Western world. Despite the worlds fascination with the moon, its phases are not entirely unique. The planets Venus and Mercury have similar phases; however, unlike the moon, these planets can never be on the opposite side of the Earth from the sun. To see the equivalent of the full moon phase of these planets, we would need to have the capacity to see through the sun. | A lunation takes a little more than one month to complete. | c |
id_4646 | Phases of the Moon Traveling a distance of approximately 382,400 kilometers, the moon takes just over twenty-nine days to complete its orbit around the Earth. During this lunar cycle, many different phases of the moon are visible from Earth, even though the moon itself never changes shape. The cyclic period of the moon is determined by the extent to which the sun illuminates the moon on the side that is facing Earth. Just like Earth, the moon is sphere shaped, and thus always half illuminated by the sun. However, because the moon and the Earth are in synchronous rotation, we can see only the near side of the moon. The side we do not see is called the far side, or the dark side, a term that is often misunderstood. The dark side refers to the mysteriousness of this unseen side, not the amount of light it receives. Both the near and the far sides of the moon receive approximately the same amount of sunlight. Though we see a slightly different moon from Earth each day, its repetitive cycle is both predictable and functional. There are eight phases of the moon, each with a unique name that signifies how much of the moon is visible from Earth. In the early phases, the moon is said to be waxing, or gradually getting larger. The first phase is called new moon. In this phase, the moon is lined up between the Earth and the sun. The illuminated side of the moon is facing the sun, not the Earth, so from Earth, there appears to be no moon at all. As the moon begins to move slowly eastward away from the sun, it becomes slightly more visible. After new moon, the waxing crescent phase begins. During this phase, the moon appears to be less than half illuminated. First quarter occurs when one-half of the moon is visible. It is called first quarter, not because of its size, but because it represents the end of the first quarter of the moons cycle. The next phase is called waxing gibbous and represents a moon that is larger than half a sphere, but not quite a whole. This phase is followed by full moon, which occurs when the moons illuminated side is directly facing Earth. As the moon begins to get smaller again, it is said to be waning. The phases in the second half of the cycle appear the same as the first, except that the opposite half of the near side of the moon is illuminated, thus the moon appears to be shrinking rather than growing. Waning gibbous is followed by last quarter, when one-half of the moon is visible, and finally waning crescent. In the Northern Hemisphere, when the moon is waxing, the light of the moon increases from right to left. The opposite occurs in the Southern Hemisphere. Like the sun, the moon is an accurate tool for measuring time. A complete cycle of the moon is called a lunation. A full cycle of the moon typically lasts just under one calendar month, therefore, the phase of the moon that starts a month usually repeats just before the month is through. When two full moons occur in one calendar month the second one is called a blue moon. This phenomenon occurs about once every 2.7 years. Within one cycle, the moons age is calculated from the last day of the new moon. For example, the moon is approximately fifteen days old during the full moon phase. The moon can also be used to calculate the time of day. Just like the sun, the moon rises and sets each day and is visible on the Earths horizon. At new moon, the moon and sun rise and set at almost the same time. As the moon begins to wax, or move farther in its orbit, it rises approximately one hour later each day. By full moon, the moon rises at about the same time the sun sets and sets when the sun rises. Therefore, the moon is out in the daytime as often as it is at night even though it is not always as easy to see in the daylight. The Islamic calendar is based on the phases of the moon. The beginning of each new month in the Islamic calendar begins when the waxing crescent first appears in the night sky. The primary phases of the moon, which include new moon, first quarter, full moon, and last quarter are published in almanacs for each month. The phases can also be found on many calendars in the Western world. Despite the worlds fascination with the moon, its phases are not entirely unique. The planets Venus and Mercury have similar phases; however, unlike the moon, these planets can never be on the opposite side of the Earth from the sun. To see the equivalent of the full moon phase of these planets, we would need to have the capacity to see through the sun. | Some planets have phases similar to the moons phases. | e |
id_4647 | Phases of the Moon Traveling a distance of approximately 382,400 kilometers, the moon takes just over twenty-nine days to complete its orbit around the Earth. During this lunar cycle, many different phases of the moon are visible from Earth, even though the moon itself never changes shape. The cyclic period of the moon is determined by the extent to which the sun illuminates the moon on the side that is facing Earth. Just like Earth, the moon is sphere shaped, and thus always half illuminated by the sun. However, because the moon and the Earth are in synchronous rotation, we can see only the near side of the moon. The side we do not see is called the far side, or the dark side, a term that is often misunderstood. The dark side refers to the mysteriousness of this unseen side, not the amount of light it receives. Both the near and the far sides of the moon receive approximately the same amount of sunlight. Though we see a slightly different moon from Earth each day, its repetitive cycle is both predictable and functional. There are eight phases of the moon, each with a unique name that signifies how much of the moon is visible from Earth. In the early phases, the moon is said to be waxing, or gradually getting larger. The first phase is called new moon. In this phase, the moon is lined up between the Earth and the sun. The illuminated side of the moon is facing the sun, not the Earth, so from Earth, there appears to be no moon at all. As the moon begins to move slowly eastward away from the sun, it becomes slightly more visible. After new moon, the waxing crescent phase begins. During this phase, the moon appears to be less than half illuminated. First quarter occurs when one-half of the moon is visible. It is called first quarter, not because of its size, but because it represents the end of the first quarter of the moons cycle. The next phase is called waxing gibbous and represents a moon that is larger than half a sphere, but not quite a whole. This phase is followed by full moon, which occurs when the moons illuminated side is directly facing Earth. As the moon begins to get smaller again, it is said to be waning. The phases in the second half of the cycle appear the same as the first, except that the opposite half of the near side of the moon is illuminated, thus the moon appears to be shrinking rather than growing. Waning gibbous is followed by last quarter, when one-half of the moon is visible, and finally waning crescent. In the Northern Hemisphere, when the moon is waxing, the light of the moon increases from right to left. The opposite occurs in the Southern Hemisphere. Like the sun, the moon is an accurate tool for measuring time. A complete cycle of the moon is called a lunation. A full cycle of the moon typically lasts just under one calendar month, therefore, the phase of the moon that starts a month usually repeats just before the month is through. When two full moons occur in one calendar month the second one is called a blue moon. This phenomenon occurs about once every 2.7 years. Within one cycle, the moons age is calculated from the last day of the new moon. For example, the moon is approximately fifteen days old during the full moon phase. The moon can also be used to calculate the time of day. Just like the sun, the moon rises and sets each day and is visible on the Earths horizon. At new moon, the moon and sun rise and set at almost the same time. As the moon begins to wax, or move farther in its orbit, it rises approximately one hour later each day. By full moon, the moon rises at about the same time the sun sets and sets when the sun rises. Therefore, the moon is out in the daytime as often as it is at night even though it is not always as easy to see in the daylight. The Islamic calendar is based on the phases of the moon. The beginning of each new month in the Islamic calendar begins when the waxing crescent first appears in the night sky. The primary phases of the moon, which include new moon, first quarter, full moon, and last quarter are published in almanacs for each month. The phases can also be found on many calendars in the Western world. Despite the worlds fascination with the moon, its phases are not entirely unique. The planets Venus and Mercury have similar phases; however, unlike the moon, these planets can never be on the opposite side of the Earth from the sun. To see the equivalent of the full moon phase of these planets, we would need to have the capacity to see through the sun. | The term blue moon refers to the color of the moon at certain times of the year. | c |
id_4648 | Phases of the Moon Traveling a distance of approximately 382,400 kilometers, the moon takes just over twenty-nine days to complete its orbit around the Earth. During this lunar cycle, many different phases of the moon are visible from Earth, even though the moon itself never changes shape. The cyclic period of the moon is determined by the extent to which the sun illuminates the moon on the side that is facing Earth. Just like Earth, the moon is sphere shaped, and thus always half illuminated by the sun. However, because the moon and the Earth are in synchronous rotation, we can see only the near side of the moon. The side we do not see is called the far side, or the dark side, a term that is often misunderstood. The dark side refers to the mysteriousness of this unseen side, not the amount of light it receives. Both the near and the far sides of the moon receive approximately the same amount of sunlight. Though we see a slightly different moon from Earth each day, its repetitive cycle is both predictable and functional. There are eight phases of the moon, each with a unique name that signifies how much of the moon is visible from Earth. In the early phases, the moon is said to be waxing, or gradually getting larger. The first phase is called new moon. In this phase, the moon is lined up between the Earth and the sun. The illuminated side of the moon is facing the sun, not the Earth, so from Earth, there appears to be no moon at all. As the moon begins to move slowly eastward away from the sun, it becomes slightly more visible. After new moon, the waxing crescent phase begins. During this phase, the moon appears to be less than half illuminated. First quarter occurs when one-half of the moon is visible. It is called first quarter, not because of its size, but because it represents the end of the first quarter of the moons cycle. The next phase is called waxing gibbous and represents a moon that is larger than half a sphere, but not quite a whole. This phase is followed by full moon, which occurs when the moons illuminated side is directly facing Earth. As the moon begins to get smaller again, it is said to be waning. The phases in the second half of the cycle appear the same as the first, except that the opposite half of the near side of the moon is illuminated, thus the moon appears to be shrinking rather than growing. Waning gibbous is followed by last quarter, when one-half of the moon is visible, and finally waning crescent. In the Northern Hemisphere, when the moon is waxing, the light of the moon increases from right to left. The opposite occurs in the Southern Hemisphere. Like the sun, the moon is an accurate tool for measuring time. A complete cycle of the moon is called a lunation. A full cycle of the moon typically lasts just under one calendar month, therefore, the phase of the moon that starts a month usually repeats just before the month is through. When two full moons occur in one calendar month the second one is called a blue moon. This phenomenon occurs about once every 2.7 years. Within one cycle, the moons age is calculated from the last day of the new moon. For example, the moon is approximately fifteen days old during the full moon phase. The moon can also be used to calculate the time of day. Just like the sun, the moon rises and sets each day and is visible on the Earths horizon. At new moon, the moon and sun rise and set at almost the same time. As the moon begins to wax, or move farther in its orbit, it rises approximately one hour later each day. By full moon, the moon rises at about the same time the sun sets and sets when the sun rises. Therefore, the moon is out in the daytime as often as it is at night even though it is not always as easy to see in the daylight. The Islamic calendar is based on the phases of the moon. The beginning of each new month in the Islamic calendar begins when the waxing crescent first appears in the night sky. The primary phases of the moon, which include new moon, first quarter, full moon, and last quarter are published in almanacs for each month. The phases can also be found on many calendars in the Western world. Despite the worlds fascination with the moon, its phases are not entirely unique. The planets Venus and Mercury have similar phases; however, unlike the moon, these planets can never be on the opposite side of the Earth from the sun. To see the equivalent of the full moon phase of these planets, we would need to have the capacity to see through the sun. | There are twelve months on the Islamic calendar. | n |
id_4649 | Phases of the Moon Traveling a distance of approximately 382,400 kilometers, the moon takes just over twenty-nine days to complete its orbit around the Earth. During this lunar cycle, many different phases of the moon are visible from Earth, even though the moon itself never changes shape. The cyclic period of the moon is determined by the extent to which the sun illuminates the moon on the side that is facing Earth. Just like Earth, the moon is sphere shaped, and thus always half illuminated by the sun. However, because the moon and the Earth are in synchronous rotation, we can see only the near side of the moon. The side we do not see is called the far side, or the dark side, a term that is often misunderstood. The dark side refers to the mysteriousness of this unseen side, not the amount of light it receives. Both the near and the far sides of the moon receive approximately the same amount of sunlight. Though we see a slightly different moon from Earth each day, its repetitive cycle is both predictable and functional. There are eight phases of the moon, each with a unique name that signifies how much of the moon is visible from Earth. In the early phases, the moon is said to be waxing, or gradually getting larger. The first phase is called new moon. In this phase, the moon is lined up between the Earth and the sun. The illuminated side of the moon is facing the sun, not the Earth, so from Earth, there appears to be no moon at all. As the moon begins to move slowly eastward away from the sun, it becomes slightly more visible. After new moon, the waxing crescent phase begins. During this phase, the moon appears to be less than half illuminated. First quarter occurs when one-half of the moon is visible. It is called first quarter, not because of its size, but because it represents the end of the first quarter of the moons cycle. The next phase is called waxing gibbous and represents a moon that is larger than half a sphere, but not quite a whole. This phase is followed by full moon, which occurs when the moons illuminated side is directly facing Earth. As the moon begins to get smaller again, it is said to be waning. The phases in the second half of the cycle appear the same as the first, except that the opposite half of the near side of the moon is illuminated, thus the moon appears to be shrinking rather than growing. Waning gibbous is followed by last quarter, when one-half of the moon is visible, and finally waning crescent. In the Northern Hemisphere, when the moon is waxing, the light of the moon increases from right to left. The opposite occurs in the Southern Hemisphere. Like the sun, the moon is an accurate tool for measuring time. A complete cycle of the moon is called a lunation. A full cycle of the moon typically lasts just under one calendar month, therefore, the phase of the moon that starts a month usually repeats just before the month is through. When two full moons occur in one calendar month the second one is called a blue moon. This phenomenon occurs about once every 2.7 years. Within one cycle, the moons age is calculated from the last day of the new moon. For example, the moon is approximately fifteen days old during the full moon phase. The moon can also be used to calculate the time of day. Just like the sun, the moon rises and sets each day and is visible on the Earths horizon. At new moon, the moon and sun rise and set at almost the same time. As the moon begins to wax, or move farther in its orbit, it rises approximately one hour later each day. By full moon, the moon rises at about the same time the sun sets and sets when the sun rises. Therefore, the moon is out in the daytime as often as it is at night even though it is not always as easy to see in the daylight. The Islamic calendar is based on the phases of the moon. The beginning of each new month in the Islamic calendar begins when the waxing crescent first appears in the night sky. The primary phases of the moon, which include new moon, first quarter, full moon, and last quarter are published in almanacs for each month. The phases can also be found on many calendars in the Western world. Despite the worlds fascination with the moon, its phases are not entirely unique. The planets Venus and Mercury have similar phases; however, unlike the moon, these planets can never be on the opposite side of the Earth from the sun. To see the equivalent of the full moon phase of these planets, we would need to have the capacity to see through the sun. | The moons of Venus and Mercury are visible from Earth. | n |
id_4650 | Phases of the Moon Traveling a distance of approximately 382,400 kilometers, the moon takes just over twenty-nine days to complete its orbit around the Earth. During this lunar cycle, many different phases of the moon are visible from Earth, even though the moon itself never changes shape. The cyclic period of the moon is determined by the extent to which the sun illuminates the moon on the side that is facing Earth. Just like Earth, the moon is sphere shaped, and thus always half illuminated by the sun. However, because the moon and the Earth are in synchronous rotation, we can see only the near side of the moon. The side we do not see is called the far side, or the dark side, a term that is often misunderstood. The dark side refers to the mysteriousness of this unseen side, not the amount of light it receives. Both the near and the far sides of the moon receive approximately the same amount of sunlight. Though we see a slightly different moon from Earth each day, its repetitive cycle is both predictable and functional. There are eight phases of the moon, each with a unique name that signifies how much of the moon is visible from Earth. In the early phases, the moon is said to be waxing, or gradually getting larger. The first phase is called new moon. In this phase, the moon is lined up between the Earth and the sun. The illuminated side of the moon is facing the sun, not the Earth, so from Earth, there appears to be no moon at all. As the moon begins to move slowly eastward away from the sun, it becomes slightly more visible. After new moon, the waxing crescent phase begins. During this phase, the moon appears to be less than half illuminated. First quarter occurs when one-half of the moon is visible. It is called first quarter, not because of its size, but because it represents the end of the first quarter of the moons cycle. The next phase is called waxing gibbous and represents a moon that is larger than half a sphere, but not quite a whole. This phase is followed by full moon, which occurs when the moons illuminated side is directly facing Earth. As the moon begins to get smaller again, it is said to be waning. The phases in the second half of the cycle appear the same as the first, except that the opposite half of the near side of the moon is illuminated, thus the moon appears to be shrinking rather than growing. Waning gibbous is followed by last quarter, when one-half of the moon is visible, and finally waning crescent. In the Northern Hemisphere, when the moon is waxing, the light of the moon increases from right to left. The opposite occurs in the Southern Hemisphere. Like the sun, the moon is an accurate tool for measuring time. A complete cycle of the moon is called a lunation. A full cycle of the moon typically lasts just under one calendar month, therefore, the phase of the moon that starts a month usually repeats just before the month is through. When two full moons occur in one calendar month the second one is called a blue moon. This phenomenon occurs about once every 2.7 years. Within one cycle, the moons age is calculated from the last day of the new moon. For example, the moon is approximately fifteen days old during the full moon phase. The moon can also be used to calculate the time of day. Just like the sun, the moon rises and sets each day and is visible on the Earths horizon. At new moon, the moon and sun rise and set at almost the same time. As the moon begins to wax, or move farther in its orbit, it rises approximately one hour later each day. By full moon, the moon rises at about the same time the sun sets and sets when the sun rises. Therefore, the moon is out in the daytime as often as it is at night even though it is not always as easy to see in the daylight. The Islamic calendar is based on the phases of the moon. The beginning of each new month in the Islamic calendar begins when the waxing crescent first appears in the night sky. The primary phases of the moon, which include new moon, first quarter, full moon, and last quarter are published in almanacs for each month. The phases can also be found on many calendars in the Western world. Despite the worlds fascination with the moon, its phases are not entirely unique. The planets Venus and Mercury have similar phases; however, unlike the moon, these planets can never be on the opposite side of the Earth from the sun. To see the equivalent of the full moon phase of these planets, we would need to have the capacity to see through the sun. | At certain times of the month, the moon rises at the same time as the sun. | e |
id_4651 | Pill Tech Pharmaceutical today announced tts definitive agreement to purchase Sousa Labs, a privately owned biotechnology company, for $195 millon. Hans Bitter, CEO of Pill Tech, stated: Sousa Labs has the expertise and now the resources to develop new drugs for Pill-Tech based on genomics. This is the third small biotech firm acquired by the pharmaceutical giant n as many months, an aggressive initiative fuelled by the impending patent exprration of four of PilTechs bestsclling drugs. One such medication, the antidepressant Dorvax, ts responsibk for a quarter of Pilt Techs sales. Given the lengthy time frame and heavy expense of developing and marketing novel drugs, some industry analysts believe Pill Tech should seek a merger partner with which to combine portfolios and cut operating costs. Despite questions over the companys ongoing acquisition strategy, its finances are solid with a market capitalisation of approximately $60 billion. | Pil Techs sales revenue will fall by a quarter as a consequence of the antidepressant Dorvaxs patent exprry. | n |
id_4652 | Pill Tech Pharmaceutical today announced tts definitive agreement to purchase Sousa Labs, a privately owned biotechnology company, for $195 millon. Hans Bitter, CEO of Pill Tech, stated: Sousa Labs has the expertise and now the resources to develop new drugs for Pill-Tech based on genomics. This is the third small biotech firm acquired by the pharmaceutical giant n as many months, an aggressive initiative fuelled by the impending patent exprration of four of PilTechs bestsclling drugs. One such medication, the antidepressant Dorvax, ts responsibk for a quarter of Pilt Techs sales. Given the lengthy time frame and heavy expense of developing and marketing novel drugs, some industry analysts believe Pill Tech should seek a merger partner with which to combine portfolios and cut operating costs. Despite questions over the companys ongoing acquisition strategy, its finances are solid with a market capitalisation of approximately $60 billion. | The passage suggests that tt is likely that Pill Tech will acquire more biotechnology companies. | e |
id_4653 | Pill Tech Pharmaceutical today announced tts definitive agreement to purchase Sousa Labs, a privately owned biotechnology company, for $195 millon. Hans Bitter, CEO of Pill Tech, stated: Sousa Labs has the expertise and now the resources to develop new drugs for Pill-Tech based on genomics. This is the third small biotech firm acquired by the pharmaceutical giant n as many months, an aggressive initiative fuelled by the impending patent exprration of four of PilTechs bestsclling drugs. One such medication, the antidepressant Dorvax, ts responsibk for a quarter of Pilt Techs sales. Given the lengthy time frame and heavy expense of developing and marketing novel drugs, some industry analysts believe Pill Tech should seek a merger partner with which to combine portfolios and cut operating costs. Despite questions over the companys ongoing acquisition strategy, its finances are solid with a market capitalisation of approximately $60 billion. | Newly developed drugs will offset the lost sales when gener versions of therr best-selling medicines become available. | n |
id_4654 | Pill Tech Pharmaceutical today announced tts definitive agreement to purchase Sousa Labs, a privately owned biotechnology company, for $195 millon. Hans Bitter, CEO of Pill Tech, stated: Sousa Labs has the expertise and now the resources to develop new drugs for Pill-Tech based on genomics. This is the third small biotech firm acquired by the pharmaceutical giant n as many months, an aggressive initiative fuelled by the impending patent exprration of four of PilTechs bestsclling drugs. One such medication, the antidepressant Dorvax, ts responsibk for a quarter of Pilt Techs sales. Given the lengthy time frame and heavy expense of developing and marketing novel drugs, some industry analysts believe Pill Tech should seek a merger partner with which to combine portfolios and cut operating costs. Despite questions over the companys ongoing acquisition strategy, its finances are solid with a market capitalisation of approximately $60 billion. | Uncertainty over Pil-Techs future direction has had a negative impact on its economic | c |
id_4655 | Pill Tech Pharmaceutical today announced tts definitive agreement to purchase Sousa Labs, a privately owned biotechnology company, for $195 millon. Hans Bitter, CEO of Pill Tech, stated: Sousa Labs has the expertise and now the resources to develop new drugs for Pill-Tech based on genomics. This is the third small biotech firm acquired by the pharmaceutical giant n as many months, an aggressive initiative fuelled by the impending patent exprration of four of PilTechs bestsclling drugs. One such medication, the antidepressant Dorvax, ts responsibk for a quarter of Pilt Techs sales. Given the lengthy time frame and heavy expense of developing and marketing novel drugs, some industry analysts believe Pill Tech should seek a merger partner with which to combine portfolios and cut operating costs. Despite questions over the companys ongoing acquisition strategy, its finances are solid with a market capitalisation of approximately $60 billion. | An alternative strategy for Pill-Techs future would be to form an alliance with another large pharmaceutical company. | e |
id_4656 | Pine Trees I am looking at a very thick twisted trunk, rising to medium height, at which point appears a stumpy canopy of spiky needles. Its a tree, but a very special one. Ron Simonson, a park ranger explains. Its a bristlecone pine, and its been given the name, Methuselah. I ask the obvious question, and Ron replies, Because like Methuselah from the bible, this tree is very old, one of the oldest living things on Earth in fact. I ask the next obvious question, and Ron replies, Basically Methuselah has existed throughout virtually all of recorded human history. I look again at this quiet and unassuming tree, beginning to realise it is worthy of great respect. Being in a cold climate, facing limited summer seasons, rooted in nutrient poor and dry soil, and subject to high winds and withering winters, bristlecone pines mature very slowly indeed. Yet mature they do, as with all pines becoming fractionally thicker every year as another growth ring is added to their truck. By counting these, we can accurately state that, as of 2011, Methuselah was4,842 years old, meaning that it sprouted as a seedling in 2832 BC, centuries before the ancient Egyptians began building their pyramids. And thats just one fascinating fact about that well-known species of tree the pine. Pines trees are native to most of the Northern Hemisphere. Several species have adapted to the harsh conditions of high elevations and latitudes, including Methuselah himself, growing among the peaks of the White Mountains of Northern California. Pines can be small, such as the Siberian Dwarf Pine, or huge, such as the Ponderosa Pine in the wilds of Oregon, and there are over 100 varieties in all. They have been introduced in to the more temperate portions of the Southern Hemisphere, where they are now grown widely, becoming a familiar feature in parks and gardens. It would not be too much of an exaggeration to say that almost everyone knows pines. These trees certainly have many telltale characteristics. They are evergreen, usually with needle-like foliage and a sharp pleasant pine smell. They are often large and imposing, with thick scaly bark, and always produce their signature pine cones. These formations are certainly not simple. They can be male (small, inconspicuous, and shedding pollen) or female (large, woody, and containing seeds), even when appearing on the same tree. They have numerous scales arranged in a spiral, with seeds (on the female) tucked within. As the cone opens, the seeds eventually fall out, mostly to be dispersed by the wind, or sometimes by birds. In some varieties, the cones remain closed until their binding resin is melted by forest fires. This last fact the need for wildfires for regeneration is another fascinating aspect of many pine species. In fire-prone areas, it can result in extensive stands of pines, a good example being in pine barrens. These are eco-regions of sandy nutrient-poor soil dominated by pines, since the frequency of natural (usually lightning-induced) fires weeds out the less fire-tolerant species. It is perhaps sad that modern fire prevention methods have resulted in the decline of many pine species in the wild, and most ancient pine barrens are now being taken over by other forest vegetation. However, the situation is very different for home and commercial use, which has seen pines become a very common sight. As these trees grow fast, can be planted in dense arrays, and produce attractive and easily moulded wood, they are favourites for commercial plantations. The wood is fragrant, but prone to decay, so it is most suitable for indoor or dry carpentry, rather than outdoors, where more durable varieties are necessary. As for other uses of pines, their branches are valued as Christmas trees, and their wood is also pulped in factories for paper and chipboard production. Pine resin is a byproduct, and this is collected for distillation into turpentine, an important industrial solvent. In a more homely sense, perhaps what people most like are the cones, the largest of which are regularly used by children and craft enthusiasts. With the widespread distribution of pines across the Northern Hemisphere, cones form part of the many traditional cultures there, where they are used for decorative purposes, fire starters, bird feeders, or just intriguing natural playthings for young children. Many people lament that modern manufactured toys in the more affluent of these countries have displaced cones, although some Nordic communities still teach traditional cone-craft in high schools. For some reason, I always come back to Methuselah. Ron tells me a story. In 1964, a student was taking a coring sample from another bristlecone pine in the area. His coring toll broke, so the tree was cut down to allow dating by an examination of a cross-section of its trunk. Upon doing this, to the astonishment of all, 4,844 rings were counted, signifying that the tree was even older than Methuselah. Ron smiles wryly at the thought. We deliberately killed the oldest life on Earth. Thats one reason why we keep the location of Methuselah a secret. This tree is precious, and must be kept free from all human interference. | Pines are familiar to most people. | e |
id_4657 | Pine Trees I am looking at a very thick twisted trunk, rising to medium height, at which point appears a stumpy canopy of spiky needles. Its a tree, but a very special one. Ron Simonson, a park ranger explains. Its a bristlecone pine, and its been given the name, Methuselah. I ask the obvious question, and Ron replies, Because like Methuselah from the bible, this tree is very old, one of the oldest living things on Earth in fact. I ask the next obvious question, and Ron replies, Basically Methuselah has existed throughout virtually all of recorded human history. I look again at this quiet and unassuming tree, beginning to realise it is worthy of great respect. Being in a cold climate, facing limited summer seasons, rooted in nutrient poor and dry soil, and subject to high winds and withering winters, bristlecone pines mature very slowly indeed. Yet mature they do, as with all pines becoming fractionally thicker every year as another growth ring is added to their truck. By counting these, we can accurately state that, as of 2011, Methuselah was4,842 years old, meaning that it sprouted as a seedling in 2832 BC, centuries before the ancient Egyptians began building their pyramids. And thats just one fascinating fact about that well-known species of tree the pine. Pines trees are native to most of the Northern Hemisphere. Several species have adapted to the harsh conditions of high elevations and latitudes, including Methuselah himself, growing among the peaks of the White Mountains of Northern California. Pines can be small, such as the Siberian Dwarf Pine, or huge, such as the Ponderosa Pine in the wilds of Oregon, and there are over 100 varieties in all. They have been introduced in to the more temperate portions of the Southern Hemisphere, where they are now grown widely, becoming a familiar feature in parks and gardens. It would not be too much of an exaggeration to say that almost everyone knows pines. These trees certainly have many telltale characteristics. They are evergreen, usually with needle-like foliage and a sharp pleasant pine smell. They are often large and imposing, with thick scaly bark, and always produce their signature pine cones. These formations are certainly not simple. They can be male (small, inconspicuous, and shedding pollen) or female (large, woody, and containing seeds), even when appearing on the same tree. They have numerous scales arranged in a spiral, with seeds (on the female) tucked within. As the cone opens, the seeds eventually fall out, mostly to be dispersed by the wind, or sometimes by birds. In some varieties, the cones remain closed until their binding resin is melted by forest fires. This last fact the need for wildfires for regeneration is another fascinating aspect of many pine species. In fire-prone areas, it can result in extensive stands of pines, a good example being in pine barrens. These are eco-regions of sandy nutrient-poor soil dominated by pines, since the frequency of natural (usually lightning-induced) fires weeds out the less fire-tolerant species. It is perhaps sad that modern fire prevention methods have resulted in the decline of many pine species in the wild, and most ancient pine barrens are now being taken over by other forest vegetation. However, the situation is very different for home and commercial use, which has seen pines become a very common sight. As these trees grow fast, can be planted in dense arrays, and produce attractive and easily moulded wood, they are favourites for commercial plantations. The wood is fragrant, but prone to decay, so it is most suitable for indoor or dry carpentry, rather than outdoors, where more durable varieties are necessary. As for other uses of pines, their branches are valued as Christmas trees, and their wood is also pulped in factories for paper and chipboard production. Pine resin is a byproduct, and this is collected for distillation into turpentine, an important industrial solvent. In a more homely sense, perhaps what people most like are the cones, the largest of which are regularly used by children and craft enthusiasts. With the widespread distribution of pines across the Northern Hemisphere, cones form part of the many traditional cultures there, where they are used for decorative purposes, fire starters, bird feeders, or just intriguing natural playthings for young children. Many people lament that modern manufactured toys in the more affluent of these countries have displaced cones, although some Nordic communities still teach traditional cone-craft in high schools. For some reason, I always come back to Methuselah. Ron tells me a story. In 1964, a student was taking a coring sample from another bristlecone pine in the area. His coring toll broke, so the tree was cut down to allow dating by an examination of a cross-section of its trunk. Upon doing this, to the astonishment of all, 4,844 rings were counted, signifying that the tree was even older than Methuselah. Ron smiles wryly at the thought. We deliberately killed the oldest life on Earth. Thats one reason why we keep the location of Methuselah a secret. This tree is precious, and must be kept free from all human interference. | Ponderosa pines are the largest. | n |
id_4658 | Pine Trees I am looking at a very thick twisted trunk, rising to medium height, at which point appears a stumpy canopy of spiky needles. Its a tree, but a very special one. Ron Simonson, a park ranger explains. Its a bristlecone pine, and its been given the name, Methuselah. I ask the obvious question, and Ron replies, Because like Methuselah from the bible, this tree is very old, one of the oldest living things on Earth in fact. I ask the next obvious question, and Ron replies, Basically Methuselah has existed throughout virtually all of recorded human history. I look again at this quiet and unassuming tree, beginning to realise it is worthy of great respect. Being in a cold climate, facing limited summer seasons, rooted in nutrient poor and dry soil, and subject to high winds and withering winters, bristlecone pines mature very slowly indeed. Yet mature they do, as with all pines becoming fractionally thicker every year as another growth ring is added to their truck. By counting these, we can accurately state that, as of 2011, Methuselah was4,842 years old, meaning that it sprouted as a seedling in 2832 BC, centuries before the ancient Egyptians began building their pyramids. And thats just one fascinating fact about that well-known species of tree the pine. Pines trees are native to most of the Northern Hemisphere. Several species have adapted to the harsh conditions of high elevations and latitudes, including Methuselah himself, growing among the peaks of the White Mountains of Northern California. Pines can be small, such as the Siberian Dwarf Pine, or huge, such as the Ponderosa Pine in the wilds of Oregon, and there are over 100 varieties in all. They have been introduced in to the more temperate portions of the Southern Hemisphere, where they are now grown widely, becoming a familiar feature in parks and gardens. It would not be too much of an exaggeration to say that almost everyone knows pines. These trees certainly have many telltale characteristics. They are evergreen, usually with needle-like foliage and a sharp pleasant pine smell. They are often large and imposing, with thick scaly bark, and always produce their signature pine cones. These formations are certainly not simple. They can be male (small, inconspicuous, and shedding pollen) or female (large, woody, and containing seeds), even when appearing on the same tree. They have numerous scales arranged in a spiral, with seeds (on the female) tucked within. As the cone opens, the seeds eventually fall out, mostly to be dispersed by the wind, or sometimes by birds. In some varieties, the cones remain closed until their binding resin is melted by forest fires. This last fact the need for wildfires for regeneration is another fascinating aspect of many pine species. In fire-prone areas, it can result in extensive stands of pines, a good example being in pine barrens. These are eco-regions of sandy nutrient-poor soil dominated by pines, since the frequency of natural (usually lightning-induced) fires weeds out the less fire-tolerant species. It is perhaps sad that modern fire prevention methods have resulted in the decline of many pine species in the wild, and most ancient pine barrens are now being taken over by other forest vegetation. However, the situation is very different for home and commercial use, which has seen pines become a very common sight. As these trees grow fast, can be planted in dense arrays, and produce attractive and easily moulded wood, they are favourites for commercial plantations. The wood is fragrant, but prone to decay, so it is most suitable for indoor or dry carpentry, rather than outdoors, where more durable varieties are necessary. As for other uses of pines, their branches are valued as Christmas trees, and their wood is also pulped in factories for paper and chipboard production. Pine resin is a byproduct, and this is collected for distillation into turpentine, an important industrial solvent. In a more homely sense, perhaps what people most like are the cones, the largest of which are regularly used by children and craft enthusiasts. With the widespread distribution of pines across the Northern Hemisphere, cones form part of the many traditional cultures there, where they are used for decorative purposes, fire starters, bird feeders, or just intriguing natural playthings for young children. Many people lament that modern manufactured toys in the more affluent of these countries have displaced cones, although some Nordic communities still teach traditional cone-craft in high schools. For some reason, I always come back to Methuselah. Ron tells me a story. In 1964, a student was taking a coring sample from another bristlecone pine in the area. His coring toll broke, so the tree was cut down to allow dating by an examination of a cross-section of its trunk. Upon doing this, to the astonishment of all, 4,844 rings were counted, signifying that the tree was even older than Methuselah. Ron smiles wryly at the thought. We deliberately killed the oldest life on Earth. Thats one reason why we keep the location of Methuselah a secret. This tree is precious, and must be kept free from all human interference. | Birds usually spread pine seeds. | c |
id_4659 | Pine Trees I am looking at a very thick twisted trunk, rising to medium height, at which point appears a stumpy canopy of spiky needles. Its a tree, but a very special one. Ron Simonson, a park ranger explains. Its a bristlecone pine, and its been given the name, Methuselah. I ask the obvious question, and Ron replies, Because like Methuselah from the bible, this tree is very old, one of the oldest living things on Earth in fact. I ask the next obvious question, and Ron replies, Basically Methuselah has existed throughout virtually all of recorded human history. I look again at this quiet and unassuming tree, beginning to realise it is worthy of great respect. Being in a cold climate, facing limited summer seasons, rooted in nutrient poor and dry soil, and subject to high winds and withering winters, bristlecone pines mature very slowly indeed. Yet mature they do, as with all pines becoming fractionally thicker every year as another growth ring is added to their truck. By counting these, we can accurately state that, as of 2011, Methuselah was4,842 years old, meaning that it sprouted as a seedling in 2832 BC, centuries before the ancient Egyptians began building their pyramids. And thats just one fascinating fact about that well-known species of tree the pine. Pines trees are native to most of the Northern Hemisphere. Several species have adapted to the harsh conditions of high elevations and latitudes, including Methuselah himself, growing among the peaks of the White Mountains of Northern California. Pines can be small, such as the Siberian Dwarf Pine, or huge, such as the Ponderosa Pine in the wilds of Oregon, and there are over 100 varieties in all. They have been introduced in to the more temperate portions of the Southern Hemisphere, where they are now grown widely, becoming a familiar feature in parks and gardens. It would not be too much of an exaggeration to say that almost everyone knows pines. These trees certainly have many telltale characteristics. They are evergreen, usually with needle-like foliage and a sharp pleasant pine smell. They are often large and imposing, with thick scaly bark, and always produce their signature pine cones. These formations are certainly not simple. They can be male (small, inconspicuous, and shedding pollen) or female (large, woody, and containing seeds), even when appearing on the same tree. They have numerous scales arranged in a spiral, with seeds (on the female) tucked within. As the cone opens, the seeds eventually fall out, mostly to be dispersed by the wind, or sometimes by birds. In some varieties, the cones remain closed until their binding resin is melted by forest fires. This last fact the need for wildfires for regeneration is another fascinating aspect of many pine species. In fire-prone areas, it can result in extensive stands of pines, a good example being in pine barrens. These are eco-regions of sandy nutrient-poor soil dominated by pines, since the frequency of natural (usually lightning-induced) fires weeds out the less fire-tolerant species. It is perhaps sad that modern fire prevention methods have resulted in the decline of many pine species in the wild, and most ancient pine barrens are now being taken over by other forest vegetation. However, the situation is very different for home and commercial use, which has seen pines become a very common sight. As these trees grow fast, can be planted in dense arrays, and produce attractive and easily moulded wood, they are favourites for commercial plantations. The wood is fragrant, but prone to decay, so it is most suitable for indoor or dry carpentry, rather than outdoors, where more durable varieties are necessary. As for other uses of pines, their branches are valued as Christmas trees, and their wood is also pulped in factories for paper and chipboard production. Pine resin is a byproduct, and this is collected for distillation into turpentine, an important industrial solvent. In a more homely sense, perhaps what people most like are the cones, the largest of which are regularly used by children and craft enthusiasts. With the widespread distribution of pines across the Northern Hemisphere, cones form part of the many traditional cultures there, where they are used for decorative purposes, fire starters, bird feeders, or just intriguing natural playthings for young children. Many people lament that modern manufactured toys in the more affluent of these countries have displaced cones, although some Nordic communities still teach traditional cone-craft in high schools. For some reason, I always come back to Methuselah. Ron tells me a story. In 1964, a student was taking a coring sample from another bristlecone pine in the area. His coring toll broke, so the tree was cut down to allow dating by an examination of a cross-section of its trunk. Upon doing this, to the astonishment of all, 4,844 rings were counted, signifying that the tree was even older than Methuselah. Ron smiles wryly at the thought. We deliberately killed the oldest life on Earth. Thats one reason why we keep the location of Methuselah a secret. This tree is precious, and must be kept free from all human interference. | Lightning storms benefit pine barrens. | e |
id_4660 | Pink ladies. In 1973, the antipodean John Cripps cross-bred the Australian Lady Williams apple with the American Golden Delicious to combine the best features of both apples in the Cripps Pink. Today it is one of the best-known varieties of apples and is grown extensively in Australia and New Zealand, and in California and Washington in the United States. By switching from northern hemisphere fruit to southern hemisphere fruit the apple is available at its seasonal best all year round. The highest-quality apples are marketed worldwide under the trademark Pink LadyTM and, in order to preserve its premium appeal and price, about 65 per cent of the apples that do not meet the highest standard are sold under the name Cripps PinkTM. These standards are based on colour intensity and flavour. Both the Pink LadyTM and the Cripps PinkTM have become increasing popular with UK consumers. The Pink LadyTM held approximately 10 per cent of the UK apple market in 2005. The Cripps Red variety, also known as Cripps II, sells equally as well as the Pink LadyTM, with which it shares the same parentage. The premium grade is marketed as the SundownerTM. This apple is harvested in late May to early June, three weeks after Cripps Pink and a few weeks before Lady WilliamsTM. It can be cold-stored for longer than Cripps Pink and has an excellent shelf life. Cripps Red is sweeter than Lady WilliamsTM but not as sweet as Golden Delicious. Unlike the genuinely pink Pink LadyTM, the SundownerTM is a classic bi-coloured apple, about 45 per cent red from Lady WilliamsTM and 55 per cent green from Golden DeliciousTM. Apples that fall outside this colour ratio are rejected at the packing station and used for juice, whilst the smaller apples are retained for the home market. | Approximately two-thirds of the Cripps Pink variety fail to meet the highest standards required of the Pink LadyTM trademark. | c |
id_4661 | Pink ladies. In 1973, the antipodean John Cripps cross-bred the Australian Lady Williams apple with the American Golden Delicious to combine the best features of both apples in the Cripps Pink. Today it is one of the best-known varieties of apples and is grown extensively in Australia and New Zealand, and in California and Washington in the United States. By switching from northern hemisphere fruit to southern hemisphere fruit the apple is available at its seasonal best all year round. The highest-quality apples are marketed worldwide under the trademark Pink LadyTM and, in order to preserve its premium appeal and price, about 65 per cent of the apples that do not meet the highest standard are sold under the name Cripps PinkTM. These standards are based on colour intensity and flavour. Both the Pink LadyTM and the Cripps PinkTM have become increasing popular with UK consumers. The Pink LadyTM held approximately 10 per cent of the UK apple market in 2005. The Cripps Red variety, also known as Cripps II, sells equally as well as the Pink LadyTM, with which it shares the same parentage. The premium grade is marketed as the SundownerTM. This apple is harvested in late May to early June, three weeks after Cripps Pink and a few weeks before Lady WilliamsTM. It can be cold-stored for longer than Cripps Pink and has an excellent shelf life. Cripps Red is sweeter than Lady WilliamsTM but not as sweet as Golden Delicious. Unlike the genuinely pink Pink LadyTM, the SundownerTM is a classic bi-coloured apple, about 45 per cent red from Lady WilliamsTM and 55 per cent green from Golden DeliciousTM. Apples that fall outside this colour ratio are rejected at the packing station and used for juice, whilst the smaller apples are retained for the home market. | Colour is an important factor in the selection of both of the premium grades of Cripps apples referred to. | e |
id_4662 | Pink ladies. In 1973, the antipodean John Cripps cross-bred the Australian Lady Williams apple with the American Golden Delicious to combine the best features of both apples in the Cripps Pink. Today it is one of the best-known varieties of apples and is grown extensively in Australia and New Zealand, and in California and Washington in the United States. By switching from northern hemisphere fruit to southern hemisphere fruit the apple is available at its seasonal best all year round. The highest-quality apples are marketed worldwide under the trademark Pink LadyTM and, in order to preserve its premium appeal and price, about 65 per cent of the apples that do not meet the highest standard are sold under the name Cripps PinkTM. These standards are based on colour intensity and flavour. Both the Pink LadyTM and the Cripps PinkTM have become increasing popular with UK consumers. The Pink LadyTM held approximately 10 per cent of the UK apple market in 2005. The Cripps Red variety, also known as Cripps II, sells equally as well as the Pink LadyTM, with which it shares the same parentage. The premium grade is marketed as the SundownerTM. This apple is harvested in late May to early June, three weeks after Cripps Pink and a few weeks before Lady WilliamsTM. It can be cold-stored for longer than Cripps Pink and has an excellent shelf life. Cripps Red is sweeter than Lady WilliamsTM but not as sweet as Golden Delicious. Unlike the genuinely pink Pink LadyTM, the SundownerTM is a classic bi-coloured apple, about 45 per cent red from Lady WilliamsTM and 55 per cent green from Golden DeliciousTM. Apples that fall outside this colour ratio are rejected at the packing station and used for juice, whilst the smaller apples are retained for the home market. | The Pink LadyTM is equally as popular as the SundownerTM. | c |
id_4663 | Pink ladies. In 1973, the antipodean John Cripps cross-bred the Australian Lady Williams apple with the American Golden Delicious to combine the best features of both apples in the Cripps Pink. Today it is one of the best-known varieties of apples and is grown extensively in Australia and New Zealand, and in California and Washington in the United States. By switching from northern hemisphere fruit to southern hemisphere fruit the apple is available at its seasonal best all year round. The highest-quality apples are marketed worldwide under the trademark Pink LadyTM and, in order to preserve its premium appeal and price, about 65 per cent of the apples that do not meet the highest standard are sold under the name Cripps PinkTM. These standards are based on colour intensity and flavour. Both the Pink LadyTM and the Cripps PinkTM have become increasing popular with UK consumers. The Pink LadyTM held approximately 10 per cent of the UK apple market in 2005. The Cripps Red variety, also known as Cripps II, sells equally as well as the Pink LadyTM, with which it shares the same parentage. The premium grade is marketed as the SundownerTM. This apple is harvested in late May to early June, three weeks after Cripps Pink and a few weeks before Lady WilliamsTM. It can be cold-stored for longer than Cripps Pink and has an excellent shelf life. Cripps Red is sweeter than Lady WilliamsTM but not as sweet as Golden Delicious. Unlike the genuinely pink Pink LadyTM, the SundownerTM is a classic bi-coloured apple, about 45 per cent red from Lady WilliamsTM and 55 per cent green from Golden DeliciousTM. Apples that fall outside this colour ratio are rejected at the packing station and used for juice, whilst the smaller apples are retained for the home market. | Pink LadyTM is more expensive than SundownerTM. | n |
id_4664 | Planning a gap year The best reason to take a gap year between school and work or higher education is to improve your CV with experience overseas. This is why some school leavers in Britain now consider a year out to be essential. Many want to travel, with Sydney the favourite destination. Shooting Star is an organisation that helps school leavers by offering training followed by appropriate employment. We at Shooting Star offer much more than a trip abroad. At Shooting Star you acquire skills that lead to interesting jobs both for your gap year and future holidays. Magazines are full of Wanted adverts for washing up in a restaurant. Well, we dont do that its not our idea of excitement. We offer school leavers the chance for outdoor adventure, to teach things like sailing and snowboarding. No choice, really! In your year out you train, travel and work; you can combine work with pleasure and reap the rewards. You could become an experienced yacht skipper or instructor and many people go on to spend their future holidays being paid to enjoy their favourite sport. Australians and New Zealanders travel to Europe and North America in large numbers to gain overseas experience. Those who qualify with Shooting Star are very soon using their skills in jobs they could only dream about before, working outdoors and seeing more of the world. Wherever you come from, a gap year with Shooting Star means professional training and international adventure. Top tips for a successful gap year: Design your gap year in outline before applying for a permanent job or a college place. Human Resources officers or Admissions tutors will be impressed by a thought-out plan. Whats more important to you travel or work experience? You can be flexible with travel plans but you must research job opportunities in advance. Go to our website and click on Recruitment for ideas. Who do you know who has taken a gap year before? Shooting Star can put you in touch with someone who has just completed one. Sort out the admin in plenty of time air tickets, visas, insurance and medical matters such as vaccinations for some destinations. These are your responsibility. Who is in charge of your affairs while you are away? There will be forms to fill and letters to answer. Allow plenty of time to settle back home on your return and dont be surprised if it takes some time to readjust to everyday life! | For some young British people, the purpose of a gap year is to improve their academic qualifications. | c |
id_4665 | Planning a gap year The best reason to take a gap year between school and work or higher education is to improve your CV with experience overseas. This is why some school leavers in Britain now consider a year out to be essential. Many want to travel, with Sydney the favourite destination. Shooting Star is an organisation that helps school leavers by offering training followed by appropriate employment. We at Shooting Star offer much more than a trip abroad. At Shooting Star you acquire skills that lead to interesting jobs both for your gap year and future holidays. Magazines are full of Wanted adverts for washing up in a restaurant. Well, we dont do that its not our idea of excitement. We offer school leavers the chance for outdoor adventure, to teach things like sailing and snowboarding. No choice, really! In your year out you train, travel and work; you can combine work with pleasure and reap the rewards. You could become an experienced yacht skipper or instructor and many people go on to spend their future holidays being paid to enjoy their favourite sport. Australians and New Zealanders travel to Europe and North America in large numbers to gain overseas experience. Those who qualify with Shooting Star are very soon using their skills in jobs they could only dream about before, working outdoors and seeing more of the world. Wherever you come from, a gap year with Shooting Star means professional training and international adventure. Top tips for a successful gap year: Design your gap year in outline before applying for a permanent job or a college place. Human Resources officers or Admissions tutors will be impressed by a thought-out plan. Whats more important to you travel or work experience? You can be flexible with travel plans but you must research job opportunities in advance. Go to our website and click on Recruitment for ideas. Who do you know who has taken a gap year before? Shooting Star can put you in touch with someone who has just completed one. Sort out the admin in plenty of time air tickets, visas, insurance and medical matters such as vaccinations for some destinations. These are your responsibility. Who is in charge of your affairs while you are away? There will be forms to fill and letters to answer. Allow plenty of time to settle back home on your return and dont be surprised if it takes some time to readjust to everyday life! | Shooting Star finds employment for young people in the catering industry. | c |
id_4666 | Planning a gap year The best reason to take a gap year between school and work or higher education is to improve your CV with experience overseas. This is why some school leavers in Britain now consider a year out to be essential. Many want to travel, with Sydney the favourite destination. Shooting Star is an organisation that helps school leavers by offering training followed by appropriate employment. We at Shooting Star offer much more than a trip abroad. At Shooting Star you acquire skills that lead to interesting jobs both for your gap year and future holidays. Magazines are full of Wanted adverts for washing up in a restaurant. Well, we dont do that its not our idea of excitement. We offer school leavers the chance for outdoor adventure, to teach things like sailing and snowboarding. No choice, really! In your year out you train, travel and work; you can combine work with pleasure and reap the rewards. You could become an experienced yacht skipper or instructor and many people go on to spend their future holidays being paid to enjoy their favourite sport. Australians and New Zealanders travel to Europe and North America in large numbers to gain overseas experience. Those who qualify with Shooting Star are very soon using their skills in jobs they could only dream about before, working outdoors and seeing more of the world. Wherever you come from, a gap year with Shooting Star means professional training and international adventure. Top tips for a successful gap year: Design your gap year in outline before applying for a permanent job or a college place. Human Resources officers or Admissions tutors will be impressed by a thought-out plan. Whats more important to you travel or work experience? You can be flexible with travel plans but you must research job opportunities in advance. Go to our website and click on Recruitment for ideas. Who do you know who has taken a gap year before? Shooting Star can put you in touch with someone who has just completed one. Sort out the admin in plenty of time air tickets, visas, insurance and medical matters such as vaccinations for some destinations. These are your responsibility. Who is in charge of your affairs while you are away? There will be forms to fill and letters to answer. Allow plenty of time to settle back home on your return and dont be surprised if it takes some time to readjust to everyday life! | Training with Shooting Star can be expensive. | n |
id_4667 | Planning a gap year The best reason to take a gap year between school and work or higher education is to improve your CV with experience overseas. This is why some school leavers in Britain now consider a year out to be essential. Many want to travel, with Sydney the favourite destination. Shooting Star is an organisation that helps school leavers by offering training followed by appropriate employment. We at Shooting Star offer much more than a trip abroad. At Shooting Star you acquire skills that lead to interesting jobs both for your gap year and future holidays. Magazines are full of Wanted adverts for washing up in a restaurant. Well, we dont do that its not our idea of excitement. We offer school leavers the chance for outdoor adventure, to teach things like sailing and snowboarding. No choice, really! In your year out you train, travel and work; you can combine work with pleasure and reap the rewards. You could become an experienced yacht skipper or instructor and many people go on to spend their future holidays being paid to enjoy their favourite sport. Australians and New Zealanders travel to Europe and North America in large numbers to gain overseas experience. Those who qualify with Shooting Star are very soon using their skills in jobs they could only dream about before, working outdoors and seeing more of the world. Wherever you come from, a gap year with Shooting Star means professional training and international adventure. Top tips for a successful gap year: Design your gap year in outline before applying for a permanent job or a college place. Human Resources officers or Admissions tutors will be impressed by a thought-out plan. Whats more important to you travel or work experience? You can be flexible with travel plans but you must research job opportunities in advance. Go to our website and click on Recruitment for ideas. Who do you know who has taken a gap year before? Shooting Star can put you in touch with someone who has just completed one. Sort out the admin in plenty of time air tickets, visas, insurance and medical matters such as vaccinations for some destinations. These are your responsibility. Who is in charge of your affairs while you are away? There will be forms to fill and letters to answer. Allow plenty of time to settle back home on your return and dont be surprised if it takes some time to readjust to everyday life! | New trainees find it easy to get the sort of work they want. | e |
id_4668 | Planning a gap year The best reason to take a gap year between school and work or higher education is to improve your CV with experience overseas. This is why some school leavers in Britain now consider a year out to be essential. Many want to travel, with Sydney the favourite destination. Shooting Star is an organisation that helps school leavers by offering training followed by appropriate employment. We at Shooting Star offer much more than a trip abroad. At Shooting Star you acquire skills that lead to interesting jobs both for your gap year and future holidays. Magazines are full of Wanted adverts for washing up in a restaurant. Well, we dont do that its not our idea of excitement. We offer school leavers the chance for outdoor adventure, to teach things like sailing and snowboarding. No choice, really! In your year out you train, travel and work; you can combine work with pleasure and reap the rewards. You could become an experienced yacht skipper or instructor and many people go on to spend their future holidays being paid to enjoy their favourite sport. Australians and New Zealanders travel to Europe and North America in large numbers to gain overseas experience. Those who qualify with Shooting Star are very soon using their skills in jobs they could only dream about before, working outdoors and seeing more of the world. Wherever you come from, a gap year with Shooting Star means professional training and international adventure. Top tips for a successful gap year: Design your gap year in outline before applying for a permanent job or a college place. Human Resources officers or Admissions tutors will be impressed by a thought-out plan. Whats more important to you travel or work experience? You can be flexible with travel plans but you must research job opportunities in advance. Go to our website and click on Recruitment for ideas. Who do you know who has taken a gap year before? Shooting Star can put you in touch with someone who has just completed one. Sort out the admin in plenty of time air tickets, visas, insurance and medical matters such as vaccinations for some destinations. These are your responsibility. Who is in charge of your affairs while you are away? There will be forms to fill and letters to answer. Allow plenty of time to settle back home on your return and dont be surprised if it takes some time to readjust to everyday life! | Shooting Star helps with travel arrangements. | c |
id_4669 | Planning a gap year The best reason to take a gap year between school and work or higher education is to improve your CV with experience overseas. This is why some school leavers in Britain now consider a year out to be essential. Many want to travel, with Sydney the favourite destination. Shooting Star is an organisation that helps school leavers by offering training followed by appropriate employment. We at Shooting Star offer much more than a trip abroad. At Shooting Star you acquire skills that lead to interesting jobs both for your gap year and future holidays. Magazines are full of Wanted adverts for washing up in a restaurant. Well, we dont do that its not our idea of excitement. We offer school leavers the chance for outdoor adventure, to teach things like sailing and snowboarding. No choice, really! In your year out you train, travel and work; you can combine work with pleasure and reap the rewards. You could become an experienced yacht skipper or instructor and many people go on to spend their future holidays being paid to enjoy their favourite sport. Australians and New Zealanders travel to Europe and North America in large numbers to gain overseas experience. Those who qualify with Shooting Star are very soon using their skills in jobs they could only dream about before, working outdoors and seeing more of the world. Wherever you come from, a gap year with Shooting Star means professional training and international adventure. Top tips for a successful gap year: Design your gap year in outline before applying for a permanent job or a college place. Human Resources officers or Admissions tutors will be impressed by a thought-out plan. Whats more important to you travel or work experience? You can be flexible with travel plans but you must research job opportunities in advance. Go to our website and click on Recruitment for ideas. Who do you know who has taken a gap year before? Shooting Star can put you in touch with someone who has just completed one. Sort out the admin in plenty of time air tickets, visas, insurance and medical matters such as vaccinations for some destinations. These are your responsibility. Who is in charge of your affairs while you are away? There will be forms to fill and letters to answer. Allow plenty of time to settle back home on your return and dont be surprised if it takes some time to readjust to everyday life! | New trainees who want work experience should check out vacancies before they depart. | e |
id_4670 | Plant Scents Everyone is familiar with scented flowers, and many people have heard that floral odours help the plant attract pollinators. This common notion is mostly correct, but it is surprising how little scientific proof of it exists. Of course, not all flowers are pollinated by biological agents for example, many kinds of grass are wind-pollinatedbut the flowers of the grasses may still emit volatiles. In fact, plants emit organic molecules all the time, although they may not be obvious to the human nose. As for flower scents that we can detect with our noses, bouquets that attract moths and butterflies generally smell sweet, and those that attract certain flies seem rotten to us. The release of volatiles from vegetative parts of the plant is familiar, although until recently the physiological functions of these chemicals were less clear and had received much less attention from scientists. When the trunk of a pine tree is injured- for example, when a beetle tries to burrow into it- it exudes a very smelly resin. This resin consists mostly of terpeneshydrocarbons with a backbone of 10, 15 or 20 carbons that may also contain atoms of oxygen. The heavier C20 terpenes, called diterpenes, are glue-like and can cover and immobilize insects as they plug the hole. This defence mechanism is as ancient as it is effective: Many samples of fossilized resin, or amber, contain the remains of insects trapped inside. Many other plants emit volatiles when injured, and in some cases, the emitted signal helps defend the plant. For example, (Z)_3_ hexenyl acetate, which is known as a green leaf volatile because it is emitted by many plants upon injury, deters females of the moth Heliothis virescens from laying eggs on injured tobacco plants. Interestingly, the profile of emitted tobacco volatiles is different at night than during the day, and it is the nocturnal blend, rich in several (Z)_3_hexen_i-olesters, that is most effective in repelling the night-active H. virescens moths. Herbivore induced volatiles often serve as indirect defences. These bulwarks exist in a variety of plant species, including corn, beans, and the model plant species Arabidopsis thaliana. Plants not only emit volatiles acutely, at the site where caterpillars, mites, aphids or similar insects are eating them but also generally from non-damaged parts of the plant. These signals attract a variety of predatory insects that prey on the plant-eaters. For example, some parasitic wasps can detect the volatile signature of a damaged plant and will lay their eggs inside the offending caterpillar; eventually, the wasp eggs hatch, and the emerging larvae feed on the caterpillar from the inside out. The growth of infected caterpillars is retarded considerably, to the benefit of the plant. Similarly, volatiles released by plants in response to herbivore egg laying can attract parasites of the eggs, thereby preventing them from hatching and avoiding the onslaught of hungry herbivores that would have emerged. Plant volatiles can also be used as a kind of currency in some very indirect defensive schemes. In the rainforest understory tree Leonardoxa Africana, ants of the species Petalomyrmex phylax patrol young leaves and attack any herbivorous insects that they encounter. The young leaves emit high levels of the volatile compound methyl salicylate, a compound that the ants use either as a pheromone or as an antiseptic in their nests. It appears that methyl salicylate is both an attractant and a reward offered by the tree to get the ants to perform this valuable deterrent role. Floral scent has a strong impact on the economic success of many agricultural crops that rely on insect pollinators, including fruit trees such as the bee-pollinated cherry, apple, apricot, and peach, as well as vegetables and tropical plants such as papaya. Pollination not only affects crop yield, but also the quality and efficiency of crop production. Many crops require most, if not all, ovules to be fertilized for optimum fruit size and shape. A decrease in fragrance emission reduces the ability of flowers to attract pollinators and results in considerable losses for growers, particularly for introduced species that had a specialized pollinator in their place of origin. This problem has been exacerbated by recent disease epidemics that have killed many honeybees, the major insect pollinators in the United States. One means by which plant breeders circumvent the pollination problem is by breeding self-compatible, or apomictic, varieties that do not require fertilization. Although this solution is adequate, its drawbacks include near genetic uniformity and consequent susceptibility to pathogens. Some growers have attempted to enhance honeybee foraging by spraying scent compounds on orchard trees, but this approach was costly, had to be repeated, had potentially toxic effects on the soil or local biota, and, in the end, proved to be inefficient. The poor effectiveness of this strategy probably reflects the inherent limitations of the artificial, topically applied compounds, which clearly fail to convey the appropriate message to the bees. For example, general spraying of the volatile mixture cannot tell the insects where exactly the blossoms are. Clearly, a more refined strategy is needed. The ability to enhance the existing floral scent, create scent de novo or change the characteristics of the scent, which could all be accomplished by genetic engineering, would allow us to manipulate the types of insect pollinators and the frequency of their visits. Moreover, the metabolic engineering of fragrance could increase crop protection against pathogens and pests. Genetic manipulation of the scent will also benefit the floriculture industry. Ornamentals, including cut flowers, foliage, and potted plants, play an important aesthetic role in human life. Unfortunately, traditional breeding has often produced cultivars with improved vase life, shipping characteristics, colour, and shape while sacrificing desirable perfumes. The loss of scent among ornamentals, which have a worldwide value of more than $30 billion, makes them important targets for the genetic manipulation of flower fragrance. Some work has already begun in this area, as several groups have created petunia and carnation plants that express the linalool synthase gene from C. Brewery. These experiments are still preliminary: For technical reasons, the gene was expressed everywhere in the plant, and although the transgenic plants did create small amounts of linalool, the level was below the threshold of detection for the human nose. Similar experiments in tobacco used genes for other monoterpene synthases, such as the one that produces limonene, but gave similar results. The next generation of experiments, already in progress, includes sophisticated schemes that target the expression of scent genes specifically to flowers or other organssuch as special glands that can store antimicrobial or herbivore- repellent compounds. | Heliothis virescens wont eat those tobacco leaves on which they laid eggs. | n |
id_4671 | Plant Scents Everyone is familiar with scented flowers, and many people have heard that floral odours help the plant attract pollinators. This common notion is mostly correct, but it is surprising how little scientific proof of it exists. Of course, not all flowers are pollinated by biological agents for example, many kinds of grass are wind-pollinatedbut the flowers of the grasses may still emit volatiles. In fact, plants emit organic molecules all the time, although they may not be obvious to the human nose. As for flower scents that we can detect with our noses, bouquets that attract moths and butterflies generally smell sweet, and those that attract certain flies seem rotten to us. The release of volatiles from vegetative parts of the plant is familiar, although until recently the physiological functions of these chemicals were less clear and had received much less attention from scientists. When the trunk of a pine tree is injured- for example, when a beetle tries to burrow into it- it exudes a very smelly resin. This resin consists mostly of terpeneshydrocarbons with a backbone of 10, 15 or 20 carbons that may also contain atoms of oxygen. The heavier C20 terpenes, called diterpenes, are glue-like and can cover and immobilize insects as they plug the hole. This defence mechanism is as ancient as it is effective: Many samples of fossilized resin, or amber, contain the remains of insects trapped inside. Many other plants emit volatiles when injured, and in some cases, the emitted signal helps defend the plant. For example, (Z)_3_ hexenyl acetate, which is known as a green leaf volatile because it is emitted by many plants upon injury, deters females of the moth Heliothis virescens from laying eggs on injured tobacco plants. Interestingly, the profile of emitted tobacco volatiles is different at night than during the day, and it is the nocturnal blend, rich in several (Z)_3_hexen_i-olesters, that is most effective in repelling the night-active H. virescens moths. Herbivore induced volatiles often serve as indirect defences. These bulwarks exist in a variety of plant species, including corn, beans, and the model plant species Arabidopsis thaliana. Plants not only emit volatiles acutely, at the site where caterpillars, mites, aphids or similar insects are eating them but also generally from non-damaged parts of the plant. These signals attract a variety of predatory insects that prey on the plant-eaters. For example, some parasitic wasps can detect the volatile signature of a damaged plant and will lay their eggs inside the offending caterpillar; eventually, the wasp eggs hatch, and the emerging larvae feed on the caterpillar from the inside out. The growth of infected caterpillars is retarded considerably, to the benefit of the plant. Similarly, volatiles released by plants in response to herbivore egg laying can attract parasites of the eggs, thereby preventing them from hatching and avoiding the onslaught of hungry herbivores that would have emerged. Plant volatiles can also be used as a kind of currency in some very indirect defensive schemes. In the rainforest understory tree Leonardoxa Africana, ants of the species Petalomyrmex phylax patrol young leaves and attack any herbivorous insects that they encounter. The young leaves emit high levels of the volatile compound methyl salicylate, a compound that the ants use either as a pheromone or as an antiseptic in their nests. It appears that methyl salicylate is both an attractant and a reward offered by the tree to get the ants to perform this valuable deterrent role. Floral scent has a strong impact on the economic success of many agricultural crops that rely on insect pollinators, including fruit trees such as the bee-pollinated cherry, apple, apricot, and peach, as well as vegetables and tropical plants such as papaya. Pollination not only affects crop yield, but also the quality and efficiency of crop production. Many crops require most, if not all, ovules to be fertilized for optimum fruit size and shape. A decrease in fragrance emission reduces the ability of flowers to attract pollinators and results in considerable losses for growers, particularly for introduced species that had a specialized pollinator in their place of origin. This problem has been exacerbated by recent disease epidemics that have killed many honeybees, the major insect pollinators in the United States. One means by which plant breeders circumvent the pollination problem is by breeding self-compatible, or apomictic, varieties that do not require fertilization. Although this solution is adequate, its drawbacks include near genetic uniformity and consequent susceptibility to pathogens. Some growers have attempted to enhance honeybee foraging by spraying scent compounds on orchard trees, but this approach was costly, had to be repeated, had potentially toxic effects on the soil or local biota, and, in the end, proved to be inefficient. The poor effectiveness of this strategy probably reflects the inherent limitations of the artificial, topically applied compounds, which clearly fail to convey the appropriate message to the bees. For example, general spraying of the volatile mixture cannot tell the insects where exactly the blossoms are. Clearly, a more refined strategy is needed. The ability to enhance the existing floral scent, create scent de novo or change the characteristics of the scent, which could all be accomplished by genetic engineering, would allow us to manipulate the types of insect pollinators and the frequency of their visits. Moreover, the metabolic engineering of fragrance could increase crop protection against pathogens and pests. Genetic manipulation of the scent will also benefit the floriculture industry. Ornamentals, including cut flowers, foliage, and potted plants, play an important aesthetic role in human life. Unfortunately, traditional breeding has often produced cultivars with improved vase life, shipping characteristics, colour, and shape while sacrificing desirable perfumes. The loss of scent among ornamentals, which have a worldwide value of more than $30 billion, makes them important targets for the genetic manipulation of flower fragrance. Some work has already begun in this area, as several groups have created petunia and carnation plants that express the linalool synthase gene from C. Brewery. These experiments are still preliminary: For technical reasons, the gene was expressed everywhere in the plant, and although the transgenic plants did create small amounts of linalool, the level was below the threshold of detection for the human nose. Similar experiments in tobacco used genes for other monoterpene synthases, such as the one that produces limonene, but gave similar results. The next generation of experiments, already in progress, includes sophisticated schemes that target the expression of scent genes specifically to flowers or other organssuch as special glands that can store antimicrobial or herbivore- repellent compounds. | Certain ants are attracted by volatiles to guard plants in the rainforest. | e |
id_4672 | Plant Scents Everyone is familiar with scented flowers, and many people have heard that floral odours help the plant attract pollinators. This common notion is mostly correct, but it is surprising how little scientific proof of it exists. Of course, not all flowers are pollinated by biological agents for example, many kinds of grass are wind-pollinatedbut the flowers of the grasses may still emit volatiles. In fact, plants emit organic molecules all the time, although they may not be obvious to the human nose. As for flower scents that we can detect with our noses, bouquets that attract moths and butterflies generally smell sweet, and those that attract certain flies seem rotten to us. The release of volatiles from vegetative parts of the plant is familiar, although until recently the physiological functions of these chemicals were less clear and had received much less attention from scientists. When the trunk of a pine tree is injured- for example, when a beetle tries to burrow into it- it exudes a very smelly resin. This resin consists mostly of terpeneshydrocarbons with a backbone of 10, 15 or 20 carbons that may also contain atoms of oxygen. The heavier C20 terpenes, called diterpenes, are glue-like and can cover and immobilize insects as they plug the hole. This defence mechanism is as ancient as it is effective: Many samples of fossilized resin, or amber, contain the remains of insects trapped inside. Many other plants emit volatiles when injured, and in some cases, the emitted signal helps defend the plant. For example, (Z)_3_ hexenyl acetate, which is known as a green leaf volatile because it is emitted by many plants upon injury, deters females of the moth Heliothis virescens from laying eggs on injured tobacco plants. Interestingly, the profile of emitted tobacco volatiles is different at night than during the day, and it is the nocturnal blend, rich in several (Z)_3_hexen_i-olesters, that is most effective in repelling the night-active H. virescens moths. Herbivore induced volatiles often serve as indirect defences. These bulwarks exist in a variety of plant species, including corn, beans, and the model plant species Arabidopsis thaliana. Plants not only emit volatiles acutely, at the site where caterpillars, mites, aphids or similar insects are eating them but also generally from non-damaged parts of the plant. These signals attract a variety of predatory insects that prey on the plant-eaters. For example, some parasitic wasps can detect the volatile signature of a damaged plant and will lay their eggs inside the offending caterpillar; eventually, the wasp eggs hatch, and the emerging larvae feed on the caterpillar from the inside out. The growth of infected caterpillars is retarded considerably, to the benefit of the plant. Similarly, volatiles released by plants in response to herbivore egg laying can attract parasites of the eggs, thereby preventing them from hatching and avoiding the onslaught of hungry herbivores that would have emerged. Plant volatiles can also be used as a kind of currency in some very indirect defensive schemes. In the rainforest understory tree Leonardoxa Africana, ants of the species Petalomyrmex phylax patrol young leaves and attack any herbivorous insects that they encounter. The young leaves emit high levels of the volatile compound methyl salicylate, a compound that the ants use either as a pheromone or as an antiseptic in their nests. It appears that methyl salicylate is both an attractant and a reward offered by the tree to get the ants to perform this valuable deterrent role. Floral scent has a strong impact on the economic success of many agricultural crops that rely on insect pollinators, including fruit trees such as the bee-pollinated cherry, apple, apricot, and peach, as well as vegetables and tropical plants such as papaya. Pollination not only affects crop yield, but also the quality and efficiency of crop production. Many crops require most, if not all, ovules to be fertilized for optimum fruit size and shape. A decrease in fragrance emission reduces the ability of flowers to attract pollinators and results in considerable losses for growers, particularly for introduced species that had a specialized pollinator in their place of origin. This problem has been exacerbated by recent disease epidemics that have killed many honeybees, the major insect pollinators in the United States. One means by which plant breeders circumvent the pollination problem is by breeding self-compatible, or apomictic, varieties that do not require fertilization. Although this solution is adequate, its drawbacks include near genetic uniformity and consequent susceptibility to pathogens. Some growers have attempted to enhance honeybee foraging by spraying scent compounds on orchard trees, but this approach was costly, had to be repeated, had potentially toxic effects on the soil or local biota, and, in the end, proved to be inefficient. The poor effectiveness of this strategy probably reflects the inherent limitations of the artificial, topically applied compounds, which clearly fail to convey the appropriate message to the bees. For example, general spraying of the volatile mixture cannot tell the insects where exactly the blossoms are. Clearly, a more refined strategy is needed. The ability to enhance the existing floral scent, create scent de novo or change the characteristics of the scent, which could all be accomplished by genetic engineering, would allow us to manipulate the types of insect pollinators and the frequency of their visits. Moreover, the metabolic engineering of fragrance could increase crop protection against pathogens and pests. Genetic manipulation of the scent will also benefit the floriculture industry. Ornamentals, including cut flowers, foliage, and potted plants, play an important aesthetic role in human life. Unfortunately, traditional breeding has often produced cultivars with improved vase life, shipping characteristics, colour, and shape while sacrificing desirable perfumes. The loss of scent among ornamentals, which have a worldwide value of more than $30 billion, makes them important targets for the genetic manipulation of flower fragrance. Some work has already begun in this area, as several groups have created petunia and carnation plants that express the linalool synthase gene from C. Brewery. These experiments are still preliminary: For technical reasons, the gene was expressed everywhere in the plant, and although the transgenic plants did create small amounts of linalool, the level was below the threshold of detection for the human nose. Similar experiments in tobacco used genes for other monoterpene synthases, such as the one that produces limonene, but gave similar results. The next generation of experiments, already in progress, includes sophisticated schemes that target the expression of scent genes specifically to flowers or other organssuch as special glands that can store antimicrobial or herbivore- repellent compounds. | Pollination only affects fruit trees production rather than other crop trees. | n |
id_4673 | Plant Scents Everyone is familiar with scented flowers, and many people have heard that floral odours help the plant attract pollinators. This common notion is mostly correct, but it is surprising how little scientific proof of it exists. Of course, not all flowers are pollinated by biological agents for example, many kinds of grass are wind-pollinatedbut the flowers of the grasses may still emit volatiles. In fact, plants emit organic molecules all the time, although they may not be obvious to the human nose. As for flower scents that we can detect with our noses, bouquets that attract moths and butterflies generally smell sweet, and those that attract certain flies seem rotten to us. The release of volatiles from vegetative parts of the plant is familiar, although until recently the physiological functions of these chemicals were less clear and had received much less attention from scientists. When the trunk of a pine tree is injured- for example, when a beetle tries to burrow into it- it exudes a very smelly resin. This resin consists mostly of terpeneshydrocarbons with a backbone of 10, 15 or 20 carbons that may also contain atoms of oxygen. The heavier C20 terpenes, called diterpenes, are glue-like and can cover and immobilize insects as they plug the hole. This defence mechanism is as ancient as it is effective: Many samples of fossilized resin, or amber, contain the remains of insects trapped inside. Many other plants emit volatiles when injured, and in some cases, the emitted signal helps defend the plant. For example, (Z)_3_ hexenyl acetate, which is known as a green leaf volatile because it is emitted by many plants upon injury, deters females of the moth Heliothis virescens from laying eggs on injured tobacco plants. Interestingly, the profile of emitted tobacco volatiles is different at night than during the day, and it is the nocturnal blend, rich in several (Z)_3_hexen_i-olesters, that is most effective in repelling the night-active H. virescens moths. Herbivore induced volatiles often serve as indirect defences. These bulwarks exist in a variety of plant species, including corn, beans, and the model plant species Arabidopsis thaliana. Plants not only emit volatiles acutely, at the site where caterpillars, mites, aphids or similar insects are eating them but also generally from non-damaged parts of the plant. These signals attract a variety of predatory insects that prey on the plant-eaters. For example, some parasitic wasps can detect the volatile signature of a damaged plant and will lay their eggs inside the offending caterpillar; eventually, the wasp eggs hatch, and the emerging larvae feed on the caterpillar from the inside out. The growth of infected caterpillars is retarded considerably, to the benefit of the plant. Similarly, volatiles released by plants in response to herbivore egg laying can attract parasites of the eggs, thereby preventing them from hatching and avoiding the onslaught of hungry herbivores that would have emerged. Plant volatiles can also be used as a kind of currency in some very indirect defensive schemes. In the rainforest understory tree Leonardoxa Africana, ants of the species Petalomyrmex phylax patrol young leaves and attack any herbivorous insects that they encounter. The young leaves emit high levels of the volatile compound methyl salicylate, a compound that the ants use either as a pheromone or as an antiseptic in their nests. It appears that methyl salicylate is both an attractant and a reward offered by the tree to get the ants to perform this valuable deterrent role. Floral scent has a strong impact on the economic success of many agricultural crops that rely on insect pollinators, including fruit trees such as the bee-pollinated cherry, apple, apricot, and peach, as well as vegetables and tropical plants such as papaya. Pollination not only affects crop yield, but also the quality and efficiency of crop production. Many crops require most, if not all, ovules to be fertilized for optimum fruit size and shape. A decrease in fragrance emission reduces the ability of flowers to attract pollinators and results in considerable losses for growers, particularly for introduced species that had a specialized pollinator in their place of origin. This problem has been exacerbated by recent disease epidemics that have killed many honeybees, the major insect pollinators in the United States. One means by which plant breeders circumvent the pollination problem is by breeding self-compatible, or apomictic, varieties that do not require fertilization. Although this solution is adequate, its drawbacks include near genetic uniformity and consequent susceptibility to pathogens. Some growers have attempted to enhance honeybee foraging by spraying scent compounds on orchard trees, but this approach was costly, had to be repeated, had potentially toxic effects on the soil or local biota, and, in the end, proved to be inefficient. The poor effectiveness of this strategy probably reflects the inherent limitations of the artificial, topically applied compounds, which clearly fail to convey the appropriate message to the bees. For example, general spraying of the volatile mixture cannot tell the insects where exactly the blossoms are. Clearly, a more refined strategy is needed. The ability to enhance the existing floral scent, create scent de novo or change the characteristics of the scent, which could all be accomplished by genetic engineering, would allow us to manipulate the types of insect pollinators and the frequency of their visits. Moreover, the metabolic engineering of fragrance could increase crop protection against pathogens and pests. Genetic manipulation of the scent will also benefit the floriculture industry. Ornamentals, including cut flowers, foliage, and potted plants, play an important aesthetic role in human life. Unfortunately, traditional breeding has often produced cultivars with improved vase life, shipping characteristics, colour, and shape while sacrificing desirable perfumes. The loss of scent among ornamentals, which have a worldwide value of more than $30 billion, makes them important targets for the genetic manipulation of flower fragrance. Some work has already begun in this area, as several groups have created petunia and carnation plants that express the linalool synthase gene from C. Brewery. These experiments are still preliminary: For technical reasons, the gene was expressed everywhere in the plant, and although the transgenic plants did create small amounts of linalool, the level was below the threshold of detection for the human nose. Similar experiments in tobacco used genes for other monoterpene synthases, such as the one that produces limonene, but gave similar results. The next generation of experiments, already in progress, includes sophisticated schemes that target the expression of scent genes specifically to flowers or other organssuch as special glands that can store antimicrobial or herbivore- repellent compounds. | We have little evidence to support the idea that scent attracts pollinators. | e |
id_4674 | Plant Scents Everyone is familiar with scented flowers, and many people have heard that floral odours help the plant attract pollinators. This common notion is mostly correct, but it is surprising how little scientific proof of it exists. Of course, not all flowers are pollinated by biological agents for example, many kinds of grass are wind-pollinatedbut the flowers of the grasses may still emit volatiles. In fact, plants emit organic molecules all the time, although they may not be obvious to the human nose. As for flower scents that we can detect with our noses, bouquets that attract moths and butterflies generally smell sweet, and those that attract certain flies seem rotten to us. The release of volatiles from vegetative parts of the plant is familiar, although until recently the physiological functions of these chemicals were less clear and had received much less attention from scientists. When the trunk of a pine tree is injured- for example, when a beetle tries to burrow into it- it exudes a very smelly resin. This resin consists mostly of terpeneshydrocarbons with a backbone of 10, 15 or 20 carbons that may also contain atoms of oxygen. The heavier C20 terpenes, called diterpenes, are glue-like and can cover and immobilize insects as they plug the hole. This defence mechanism is as ancient as it is effective: Many samples of fossilized resin, or amber, contain the remains of insects trapped inside. Many other plants emit volatiles when injured, and in some cases, the emitted signal helps defend the plant. For example, (Z)_3_ hexenyl acetate, which is known as a green leaf volatile because it is emitted by many plants upon injury, deters females of the moth Heliothis virescens from laying eggs on injured tobacco plants. Interestingly, the profile of emitted tobacco volatiles is different at night than during the day, and it is the nocturnal blend, rich in several (Z)_3_hexen_i-olesters, that is most effective in repelling the night-active H. virescens moths. Herbivore induced volatiles often serve as indirect defences. These bulwarks exist in a variety of plant species, including corn, beans, and the model plant species Arabidopsis thaliana. Plants not only emit volatiles acutely, at the site where caterpillars, mites, aphids or similar insects are eating them but also generally from non-damaged parts of the plant. These signals attract a variety of predatory insects that prey on the plant-eaters. For example, some parasitic wasps can detect the volatile signature of a damaged plant and will lay their eggs inside the offending caterpillar; eventually, the wasp eggs hatch, and the emerging larvae feed on the caterpillar from the inside out. The growth of infected caterpillars is retarded considerably, to the benefit of the plant. Similarly, volatiles released by plants in response to herbivore egg laying can attract parasites of the eggs, thereby preventing them from hatching and avoiding the onslaught of hungry herbivores that would have emerged. Plant volatiles can also be used as a kind of currency in some very indirect defensive schemes. In the rainforest understory tree Leonardoxa Africana, ants of the species Petalomyrmex phylax patrol young leaves and attack any herbivorous insects that they encounter. The young leaves emit high levels of the volatile compound methyl salicylate, a compound that the ants use either as a pheromone or as an antiseptic in their nests. It appears that methyl salicylate is both an attractant and a reward offered by the tree to get the ants to perform this valuable deterrent role. Floral scent has a strong impact on the economic success of many agricultural crops that rely on insect pollinators, including fruit trees such as the bee-pollinated cherry, apple, apricot, and peach, as well as vegetables and tropical plants such as papaya. Pollination not only affects crop yield, but also the quality and efficiency of crop production. Many crops require most, if not all, ovules to be fertilized for optimum fruit size and shape. A decrease in fragrance emission reduces the ability of flowers to attract pollinators and results in considerable losses for growers, particularly for introduced species that had a specialized pollinator in their place of origin. This problem has been exacerbated by recent disease epidemics that have killed many honeybees, the major insect pollinators in the United States. One means by which plant breeders circumvent the pollination problem is by breeding self-compatible, or apomictic, varieties that do not require fertilization. Although this solution is adequate, its drawbacks include near genetic uniformity and consequent susceptibility to pathogens. Some growers have attempted to enhance honeybee foraging by spraying scent compounds on orchard trees, but this approach was costly, had to be repeated, had potentially toxic effects on the soil or local biota, and, in the end, proved to be inefficient. The poor effectiveness of this strategy probably reflects the inherent limitations of the artificial, topically applied compounds, which clearly fail to convey the appropriate message to the bees. For example, general spraying of the volatile mixture cannot tell the insects where exactly the blossoms are. Clearly, a more refined strategy is needed. The ability to enhance the existing floral scent, create scent de novo or change the characteristics of the scent, which could all be accomplished by genetic engineering, would allow us to manipulate the types of insect pollinators and the frequency of their visits. Moreover, the metabolic engineering of fragrance could increase crop protection against pathogens and pests. Genetic manipulation of the scent will also benefit the floriculture industry. Ornamentals, including cut flowers, foliage, and potted plants, play an important aesthetic role in human life. Unfortunately, traditional breeding has often produced cultivars with improved vase life, shipping characteristics, colour, and shape while sacrificing desirable perfumes. The loss of scent among ornamentals, which have a worldwide value of more than $30 billion, makes them important targets for the genetic manipulation of flower fragrance. Some work has already begun in this area, as several groups have created petunia and carnation plants that express the linalool synthase gene from C. Brewery. These experiments are still preliminary: For technical reasons, the gene was expressed everywhere in the plant, and although the transgenic plants did create small amounts of linalool, the level was below the threshold of detection for the human nose. Similar experiments in tobacco used genes for other monoterpene synthases, such as the one that produces limonene, but gave similar results. The next generation of experiments, already in progress, includes sophisticated schemes that target the expression of scent genes specifically to flowers or other organssuch as special glands that can store antimicrobial or herbivore- repellent compounds. | Pollination only affects fruit trees production rather than other crop trees. | c |
id_4675 | Plastic bags litter our streets, kill wildlife, block drains and remain in the environment for decades. Plastic bags account for less than 1% of the household waste sent to landfill sites. Eighty per cent are recycled at least once as bin liners or are put to some other reuse. They are more energy efficient than alternatives such as paper or cardboard. If they are incinerated in energy from waste plants then some of the energy used in their manufacture can be recovered. | Plastic bags have a high reuse rate for a disposable item. | n |
id_4676 | Plastic bags litter our streets, kill wildlife, block drains and remain in the environment for decades. Plastic bags account for less than 1% of the household waste sent to landfill sites. Eighty per cent are recycled at least once as bin liners or are put to some other reuse. They are more energy efficient than alternatives such as paper or cardboard. If they are incinerated in energy from waste plants then some of the energy used in their manufacture can be recovered. | On balance the passage can be judged as coming down in favour of a case for the banning or taxing of plastic bags. | c |
id_4677 | Plastic bags litter our streets, kill wildlife, block drains and remain in the environment for decades. Plastic bags account for less than 1% of the household waste sent to landfill sites. Eighty per cent are recycled at least once as bin liners or are put to some other reuse. They are more energy efficient than alternatives such as paper or cardboard. If they are incinerated in energy from waste plants then some of the energy used in their manufacture can be recovered. | Plastic bags are a hygienic and convenient way of carrying things. | n |
id_4678 | Plastics represent the fastest-growing category of waste. Worldwide consumers use 500 billion plastic shopping bags and drink 154 billion litres of bottled water annually. The majority of these bags and bottles are made from polyethylene terepthalate (PET), a plastic derived from crude oil. Because PET takes over 1,000 years to degrade and leaks dangerous chemicals into the soil, many communities have instituted recycling programmes to reduce the amount of plastic destined for landfill. However, recycling plastic is not a perfect solution. Firstly, there are many different types of plastic, and sorting them makes recycling labour-intensive. Secondly, because the quality of plastic degrades with each reuse, recycled plastic has a low value. To reduce costs most of Europes plastic is shipped to China for recycling processing. The downside to this is that the transportation consumes large amounts of energy and working conditions in the Chinese processing factories are poor. While recycling plastic may salve the conscience of western consumers, reducing plastic proliferation is a better solution. | Plastic recycling does not extend the life of the material indefinitely. | e |
id_4679 | Plastics represent the fastest-growing category of waste. Worldwide consumers use 500 billion plastic shopping bags and drink 154 billion litres of bottled water annually. The majority of these bags and bottles are made from polyethylene terepthalate (PET), a plastic derived from crude oil. Because PET takes over 1,000 years to degrade and leaks dangerous chemicals into the soil, many communities have instituted recycling programmes to reduce the amount of plastic destined for landfill. However, recycling plastic is not a perfect solution. Firstly, there are many different types of plastic, and sorting them makes recycling labour-intensive. Secondly, because the quality of plastic degrades with each reuse, recycled plastic has a low value. To reduce costs most of Europes plastic is shipped to China for recycling processing. The downside to this is that the transportation consumes large amounts of energy and working conditions in the Chinese processing factories are poor. While recycling plastic may salve the conscience of western consumers, reducing plastic proliferation is a better solution. | There are economic drawbacks to recycling plastic. | e |
id_4680 | Plastics represent the fastest-growing category of waste. Worldwide consumers use 500 billion plastic shopping bags and drink 154 billion litres of bottled water annually. The majority of these bags and bottles are made from polyethylene terepthalate (PET), a plastic derived from crude oil. Because PET takes over 1,000 years to degrade and leaks dangerous chemicals into the soil, many communities have instituted recycling programmes to reduce the amount of plastic destined for landfill. However, recycling plastic is not a perfect solution. Firstly, there are many different types of plastic, and sorting them makes recycling labour-intensive. Secondly, because the quality of plastic degrades with each reuse, recycled plastic has a low value. To reduce costs most of Europes plastic is shipped to China for recycling processing. The downside to this is that the transportation consumes large amounts of energy and working conditions in the Chinese processing factories are poor. While recycling plastic may salve the conscience of western consumers, reducing plastic proliferation is a better solution. | The proliferation of shopping bags and water bottles has made plastic the fastest-growing category of waste. | n |
id_4681 | Plastics represent the fastest-growing category of waste. Worldwide consumers use 500 billion plastic shopping bags and drink 154 billion litres of bottled water annually. The majority of these bags and bottles are made from polyethylene terepthalate (PET), a plastic derived from crude oil. Because PET takes over 1,000 years to degrade and leaks dangerous chemicals into the soil, many communities have instituted recycling programmes to reduce the amount of plastic destined for landfill. However, recycling plastic is not a perfect solution. Firstly, there are many different types of plastic, and sorting them makes recycling labour-intensive. Secondly, because the quality of plastic degrades with each reuse, recycled plastic has a low value. To reduce costs most of Europes plastic is shipped to China for recycling processing. The downside to this is that the transportation consumes large amounts of energy and working conditions in the Chinese processing factories are poor. While recycling plastic may salve the conscience of western consumers, reducing plastic proliferation is a better solution. | The passage suggests that finding alternatives to PET is a preferable solution to recycling. | c |
id_4682 | Plastics represent the fastest-growing category of waste. Worldwide consumers use 500 billion plastic shopping bags and drink 154 billion litres of bottled water annually. The majority of these bags and bottles are made from polyethylene terepthalate (PET), a plastic derived from crude oil. Because PET takes over 1,000 years to degrade and leaks dangerous chemicals into the soil, many communities have instituted recycling programmes to reduce the amount of plastic destined for landfill. However, recycling plastic is not a perfect solution. Firstly, there are many different types of plastic, and sorting them makes recycling labour-intensive. Secondly, because the quality of plastic degrades with each reuse, recycled plastic has a low value. To reduce costs most of Europes plastic is shipped to China for recycling processing. The downside to this is that the transportation consumes large amounts of energy and working conditions in the Chinese processing factories are poor. While recycling plastic may salve the conscience of western consumers, reducing plastic proliferation is a better solution. | It costs less money to recycle plastic in China than it does in European countries. | e |
id_4683 | Please check the availability of two tickets from Delhi to Lucknow. | The person checking knows the details of the person travelling. Central Bank of India (PO) | n |
id_4684 | Please check the availability of two tickets from Delhi to Lucknow. | The person checking knows the desired mode of travel. | e |
id_4685 | Please send an official letter rather than semi official on this subject this time. | The format and emphasis of different type of letter is different | e |
id_4686 | Please send an official letter rather than semi official on this subject this time. | We can send different type of letter on the same subject Central Bank of India (PO) | e |
id_4687 | Police officers are in pursuit of a stolen vehicle. Officer Baker is directly behind the stolen car. Officer Lopez is behind Baker; Officer O'Malley is behind Lopez. Officer Reinhart is ahead of the stolen car and coming from the opposite direction. Officer Reinhart makes a U-turn and joins the pursuit. He pulls in behind Officer Lopez. Officer Baker pulls up on the driver's side of the stolen vehicle and Officer Lopez pulls up on the other side. | Officer Lopez is directly behind the vehicle | c |
id_4688 | Police officers are in pursuit of a stolen vehicle. Officer Baker is directly behind the stolen car. Officer Lopez is behind Baker; Officer O'Malley is behind Lopez. Officer Reinhart is ahead of the stolen car and coming from the opposite direction. Officer Reinhart makes a U-turn and joins the pursuit. He pulls in behind Officer Lopez. Officer Baker pulls up on the driver's side of the stolen vehicle and Officer Lopez pulls up on the other side. | Officer Baker is directly behind the vehicle | c |
id_4689 | Police officers are in pursuit of a stolen vehicle. Officer Baker is directly behind the stolen car. Officer Lopez is behind Baker; Officer O'Malley is behind Lopez. Officer Reinhart is ahead of the stolen car and coming from the opposite direction. Officer Reinhart makes a U-turn and joins the pursuit. He pulls in behind Officer Lopez. Officer Baker pulls up on the driver's side of the stolen vehicle and Officer Lopez pulls up on the other side. | Officer O'Malley is directly behind the vehicle | c |
id_4690 | Police officers are in pursuit of a stolen vehicle. Officer Baker is directly behind the stolen car. Officer Lopez is behind Baker; Officer O'Malley is behind Lopez. Officer Reinhart is ahead of the stolen car and coming from the opposite direction. Officer Reinhart makes a U-turn and joins the pursuit. He pulls in behind Officer Lopez. Officer Baker pulls up on the driver's side of the stolen vehicle and Officer Lopez pulls up on the other side. | Officer Reinhart is directly behind the vehicle | e |
id_4691 | Police were called to an address in town just before midnight on Friday. The caller reported a disturbance and stated that one of the men in the house had suffered facial injuries. The following facts are known: Brian and Carol Thompson live at the address with their children Darren (21 years), Louise (19 years) and Paul (18 years). Brian's friend Charlie had called around for the evening. Paul, who was studying for exams, remained in his bedroom. Louise went out with friends and returned home drunk at 11.50hrs that night. Darren was with his girlfriend Lisa, and they listened to loud music in his bedroom. | Charlie may have got drunk and initiated the trouble. | e |
id_4692 | Police were called to an address in town just before midnight on Friday. The caller reported a disturbance and stated that one of the men in the house had suffered facial injuries. The following facts are known: Brian and Carol Thompson live at the address with their children Darren (21 years), Louise (19 years) and Paul (18 years). Brian's friend Charlie had called around for the evening. Paul, who was studying for exams, remained in his bedroom. Louise went out with friends and returned home drunk at 11.50hrs that night. Darren was with his girlfriend Lisa, and they listened to loud music in his bedroom. | Paul might have argued with Darren because of the noise and could have punched him in the face. | e |
id_4693 | Police were called to an address in town just before midnight on Friday. The caller reported a disturbance and stated that one of the men in the house had suffered facial injuries. The following facts are known: Brian and Carol Thompson live at the address with their children Darren (21 years), Louise (19 years) and Paul (18 years). Brian's friend Charlie had called around for the evening. Paul, who was studying for exams, remained in his bedroom. Louise went out with friends and returned home drunk at 11.50hrs that night. Darren was with his girlfriend Lisa, and they listened to loud music in his bedroom. | Carol was upset because of the incident and called the police. | n |
id_4694 | Police were called to an address in town just before midnight on Friday. The caller reported a disturbance and stated that one of the men in the house had suffered facial injuries. The following facts are known: Brian and Carol Thompson live at the address with their children Darren (21 years), Louise (19 years) and Paul (18 years). Brian's friend Charlie had called around for the evening. Paul, who was studying for exams, remained in his bedroom. Louise went out with friends and returned home drunk at 11.50hrs that night. Darren was with his girlfriend Lisa, and they listened to loud music in his bedroom. | There can be no doubt that Brian and Louise had argued about her drunken state, and she'd assaulted him. | c |
id_4695 | Political and family values within society have impacted upon the modern family structure. Traditionally, it has been the mans role to be the breadwinner for the family providing the funds to pay for food and shelter. However, due to the many new and unique responsibilities placed upon families, in numerous cases both men and women fathers and mothers have had to enter the workforce. Generally, the reasons for both being involved in the workforce revolve around the need to add to the familys current financial base. To a lesser extent, the need to interact with adults in a stimulating work environment is another popular reason. Whatever their reasons, for many families, the decision for father and mother to go out of the home and join the labour force has led to a number of side effects within the home which, in turn, impact upon their performance as employees. Many researchers agree that attitudes towards work are carried over into family life. This spillover can be positive or negative. Positive spillover refers to the spread of satisfaction and positive stimulation at work resulting in high levels of energy and satisfaction at home. If the amount of research is to be taken as an indication, it would seem that positive spillover is not a dominant occurrence in the workplace with most research focussing on the effects of negative spillover. Often pointing out the incompatible nature of work and family life, the research focuses on problems and conflict at work which has the effect of draining and preoccupying the individual, making it difficult for him or her to participate fully in family life. Social scientists have devised a number of theories in an attempt to explain the work-family dynamic. Compensation theory is one which has been widely used. It assumes that the relationship between work and family is negative by pointing out that high involvement in one sphere invariably the work sphere leads to low involvement in the other. As an individual advances within a career, demands typically fluctuate from moderate to more demanding and if the advancing worker has younger children, this shift in work responsibilities will usually manifest itself in the form of less time spent with the family. Researchers subscribing to this theory point out that the drain on family time is significantly related to work-family conflict with an escalation in conflict as the number of family members increase. The human state is one of change. In exploring the work-family dynamic it can be clearly seen that as the pattern of adult development for men and women differs and as family and career demands fluctuate, individuals may link work and family roles differently at different stages of their life. Hence, the relationship between work and family is constantly changing over a persons life. The developmental approach therefore adopts a psychological-developmental framework to explore the dynamics of the relationship between individual, family, and career developments in the life-span of a worker. Interpersonal climates influence motivation of both family and work-related activities in the family and the workplace. Within the family, the feeling of being valued by ones partner directly affects a persons self-determination, while at the same time within the workplace, the feeling of being autonomy-supported by ones employer was shown to have an effect on ones self-determined motivation towards work related activities. Studies built on the theory of self-determination point out that if people have a high level of self-determination, they decide which activities to devote themselves to and thus participate in a positive way, making it difficult for family alienation to occur. Segmentation theory proposes that work and family are actually two entirely separate domains and individuals are able to maintain a clear demarcation between the two. Theorists subscribing to this view maintain that emotions, attitudes and behaviours enlisted in the two different environments are separate and will not have any impact upon work or family. While this theory is certainly applicable for some, apparently not all men and women are able to neatly divide the two experiences. Winthrope points out that, Even though a woman may enter the workforce, research has shown that within the context of the family, the care of her husband and children as well as the living quarters is still heavily the womans domain. This kind of idea is tied up in the old adage; a womansplace is in the home. She is seen as the one who takes care of all domestic duties whereas, stereotypically, it is the man who brings home the food for the family. The degree to which this is felt is certainly based upon societal expectations and behavioural norms. Despite this, there has been no positive link shown that one sex experiences greater difficulty in managing work-family conflicts over another. Perhaps the most positive relation that could be established between work and conflict was in regard to irregular work hours. Factors such as having to work on weekends, having to work longer than nine hours per day or having to work during vacation periods all added to the conflict dynamic. Additionally, rank or position and thus expectations of workers and time demands all showed a negative impact upon family and work relations. Many have conducted empirical research in relation to work-family conflict and job satisfaction with significantly varying results. However, one generally recognised outcome about which few researchers disagree is that when work-family conflict arises, job satisfaction decreases. | Lack of money is the main reason both fathers and mothers enter the workforce. | e |
id_4696 | Political and family values within society have impacted upon the modern family structure. Traditionally, it has been the mans role to be the breadwinner for the family providing the funds to pay for food and shelter. However, due to the many new and unique responsibilities placed upon families, in numerous cases both men and women fathers and mothers have had to enter the workforce. Generally, the reasons for both being involved in the workforce revolve around the need to add to the familys current financial base. To a lesser extent, the need to interact with adults in a stimulating work environment is another popular reason. Whatever their reasons, for many families, the decision for father and mother to go out of the home and join the labour force has led to a number of side effects within the home which, in turn, impact upon their performance as employees. Many researchers agree that attitudes towards work are carried over into family life. This spillover can be positive or negative. Positive spillover refers to the spread of satisfaction and positive stimulation at work resulting in high levels of energy and satisfaction at home. If the amount of research is to be taken as an indication, it would seem that positive spillover is not a dominant occurrence in the workplace with most research focussing on the effects of negative spillover. Often pointing out the incompatible nature of work and family life, the research focuses on problems and conflict at work which has the effect of draining and preoccupying the individual, making it difficult for him or her to participate fully in family life. Social scientists have devised a number of theories in an attempt to explain the work-family dynamic. Compensation theory is one which has been widely used. It assumes that the relationship between work and family is negative by pointing out that high involvement in one sphere invariably the work sphere leads to low involvement in the other. As an individual advances within a career, demands typically fluctuate from moderate to more demanding and if the advancing worker has younger children, this shift in work responsibilities will usually manifest itself in the form of less time spent with the family. Researchers subscribing to this theory point out that the drain on family time is significantly related to work-family conflict with an escalation in conflict as the number of family members increase. The human state is one of change. In exploring the work-family dynamic it can be clearly seen that as the pattern of adult development for men and women differs and as family and career demands fluctuate, individuals may link work and family roles differently at different stages of their life. Hence, the relationship between work and family is constantly changing over a persons life. The developmental approach therefore adopts a psychological-developmental framework to explore the dynamics of the relationship between individual, family, and career developments in the life-span of a worker. Interpersonal climates influence motivation of both family and work-related activities in the family and the workplace. Within the family, the feeling of being valued by ones partner directly affects a persons self-determination, while at the same time within the workplace, the feeling of being autonomy-supported by ones employer was shown to have an effect on ones self-determined motivation towards work related activities. Studies built on the theory of self-determination point out that if people have a high level of self-determination, they decide which activities to devote themselves to and thus participate in a positive way, making it difficult for family alienation to occur. Segmentation theory proposes that work and family are actually two entirely separate domains and individuals are able to maintain a clear demarcation between the two. Theorists subscribing to this view maintain that emotions, attitudes and behaviours enlisted in the two different environments are separate and will not have any impact upon work or family. While this theory is certainly applicable for some, apparently not all men and women are able to neatly divide the two experiences. Winthrope points out that, Even though a woman may enter the workforce, research has shown that within the context of the family, the care of her husband and children as well as the living quarters is still heavily the womans domain. This kind of idea is tied up in the old adage; a womansplace is in the home. She is seen as the one who takes care of all domestic duties whereas, stereotypically, it is the man who brings home the food for the family. The degree to which this is felt is certainly based upon societal expectations and behavioural norms. Despite this, there has been no positive link shown that one sex experiences greater difficulty in managing work-family conflicts over another. Perhaps the most positive relation that could be established between work and conflict was in regard to irregular work hours. Factors such as having to work on weekends, having to work longer than nine hours per day or having to work during vacation periods all added to the conflict dynamic. Additionally, rank or position and thus expectations of workers and time demands all showed a negative impact upon family and work relations. Many have conducted empirical research in relation to work-family conflict and job satisfaction with significantly varying results. However, one generally recognised outcome about which few researchers disagree is that when work-family conflict arises, job satisfaction decreases. | Conflict between work and family increases according to the size of the family. | e |
id_4697 | Political and family values within society have impacted upon the modern family structure. Traditionally, it has been the mans role to be the breadwinner for the family providing the funds to pay for food and shelter. However, due to the many new and unique responsibilities placed upon families, in numerous cases both men and women fathers and mothers have had to enter the workforce. Generally, the reasons for both being involved in the workforce revolve around the need to add to the familys current financial base. To a lesser extent, the need to interact with adults in a stimulating work environment is another popular reason. Whatever their reasons, for many families, the decision for father and mother to go out of the home and join the labour force has led to a number of side effects within the home which, in turn, impact upon their performance as employees. Many researchers agree that attitudes towards work are carried over into family life. This spillover can be positive or negative. Positive spillover refers to the spread of satisfaction and positive stimulation at work resulting in high levels of energy and satisfaction at home. If the amount of research is to be taken as an indication, it would seem that positive spillover is not a dominant occurrence in the workplace with most research focussing on the effects of negative spillover. Often pointing out the incompatible nature of work and family life, the research focuses on problems and conflict at work which has the effect of draining and preoccupying the individual, making it difficult for him or her to participate fully in family life. Social scientists have devised a number of theories in an attempt to explain the work-family dynamic. Compensation theory is one which has been widely used. It assumes that the relationship between work and family is negative by pointing out that high involvement in one sphere invariably the work sphere leads to low involvement in the other. As an individual advances within a career, demands typically fluctuate from moderate to more demanding and if the advancing worker has younger children, this shift in work responsibilities will usually manifest itself in the form of less time spent with the family. Researchers subscribing to this theory point out that the drain on family time is significantly related to work-family conflict with an escalation in conflict as the number of family members increase. The human state is one of change. In exploring the work-family dynamic it can be clearly seen that as the pattern of adult development for men and women differs and as family and career demands fluctuate, individuals may link work and family roles differently at different stages of their life. Hence, the relationship between work and family is constantly changing over a persons life. The developmental approach therefore adopts a psychological-developmental framework to explore the dynamics of the relationship between individual, family, and career developments in the life-span of a worker. Interpersonal climates influence motivation of both family and work-related activities in the family and the workplace. Within the family, the feeling of being valued by ones partner directly affects a persons self-determination, while at the same time within the workplace, the feeling of being autonomy-supported by ones employer was shown to have an effect on ones self-determined motivation towards work related activities. Studies built on the theory of self-determination point out that if people have a high level of self-determination, they decide which activities to devote themselves to and thus participate in a positive way, making it difficult for family alienation to occur. Segmentation theory proposes that work and family are actually two entirely separate domains and individuals are able to maintain a clear demarcation between the two. Theorists subscribing to this view maintain that emotions, attitudes and behaviours enlisted in the two different environments are separate and will not have any impact upon work or family. While this theory is certainly applicable for some, apparently not all men and women are able to neatly divide the two experiences. Winthrope points out that, Even though a woman may enter the workforce, research has shown that within the context of the family, the care of her husband and children as well as the living quarters is still heavily the womans domain. This kind of idea is tied up in the old adage; a womansplace is in the home. She is seen as the one who takes care of all domestic duties whereas, stereotypically, it is the man who brings home the food for the family. The degree to which this is felt is certainly based upon societal expectations and behavioural norms. Despite this, there has been no positive link shown that one sex experiences greater difficulty in managing work-family conflicts over another. Perhaps the most positive relation that could be established between work and conflict was in regard to irregular work hours. Factors such as having to work on weekends, having to work longer than nine hours per day or having to work during vacation periods all added to the conflict dynamic. Additionally, rank or position and thus expectations of workers and time demands all showed a negative impact upon family and work relations. Many have conducted empirical research in relation to work-family conflict and job satisfaction with significantly varying results. However, one generally recognised outcome about which few researchers disagree is that when work-family conflict arises, job satisfaction decreases. | High income earners balance work and family life better than low income earners. | n |
id_4698 | Political and family values within society have impacted upon the modern family structure. Traditionally, it has been the mans role to be the breadwinner for the family providing the funds to pay for food and shelter. However, due to the many new and unique responsibilities placed upon families, in numerous cases both men and women fathers and mothers have had to enter the workforce. Generally, the reasons for both being involved in the workforce revolve around the need to add to the familys current financial base. To a lesser extent, the need to interact with adults in a stimulating work environment is another popular reason. Whatever their reasons, for many families, the decision for father and mother to go out of the home and join the labour force has led to a number of side effects within the home which, in turn, impact upon their performance as employees. Many researchers agree that attitudes towards work are carried over into family life. This spillover can be positive or negative. Positive spillover refers to the spread of satisfaction and positive stimulation at work resulting in high levels of energy and satisfaction at home. If the amount of research is to be taken as an indication, it would seem that positive spillover is not a dominant occurrence in the workplace with most research focussing on the effects of negative spillover. Often pointing out the incompatible nature of work and family life, the research focuses on problems and conflict at work which has the effect of draining and preoccupying the individual, making it difficult for him or her to participate fully in family life. Social scientists have devised a number of theories in an attempt to explain the work-family dynamic. Compensation theory is one which has been widely used. It assumes that the relationship between work and family is negative by pointing out that high involvement in one sphere invariably the work sphere leads to low involvement in the other. As an individual advances within a career, demands typically fluctuate from moderate to more demanding and if the advancing worker has younger children, this shift in work responsibilities will usually manifest itself in the form of less time spent with the family. Researchers subscribing to this theory point out that the drain on family time is significantly related to work-family conflict with an escalation in conflict as the number of family members increase. The human state is one of change. In exploring the work-family dynamic it can be clearly seen that as the pattern of adult development for men and women differs and as family and career demands fluctuate, individuals may link work and family roles differently at different stages of their life. Hence, the relationship between work and family is constantly changing over a persons life. The developmental approach therefore adopts a psychological-developmental framework to explore the dynamics of the relationship between individual, family, and career developments in the life-span of a worker. Interpersonal climates influence motivation of both family and work-related activities in the family and the workplace. Within the family, the feeling of being valued by ones partner directly affects a persons self-determination, while at the same time within the workplace, the feeling of being autonomy-supported by ones employer was shown to have an effect on ones self-determined motivation towards work related activities. Studies built on the theory of self-determination point out that if people have a high level of self-determination, they decide which activities to devote themselves to and thus participate in a positive way, making it difficult for family alienation to occur. Segmentation theory proposes that work and family are actually two entirely separate domains and individuals are able to maintain a clear demarcation between the two. Theorists subscribing to this view maintain that emotions, attitudes and behaviours enlisted in the two different environments are separate and will not have any impact upon work or family. While this theory is certainly applicable for some, apparently not all men and women are able to neatly divide the two experiences. Winthrope points out that, Even though a woman may enter the workforce, research has shown that within the context of the family, the care of her husband and children as well as the living quarters is still heavily the womans domain. This kind of idea is tied up in the old adage; a womansplace is in the home. She is seen as the one who takes care of all domestic duties whereas, stereotypically, it is the man who brings home the food for the family. The degree to which this is felt is certainly based upon societal expectations and behavioural norms. Despite this, there has been no positive link shown that one sex experiences greater difficulty in managing work-family conflicts over another. Perhaps the most positive relation that could be established between work and conflict was in regard to irregular work hours. Factors such as having to work on weekends, having to work longer than nine hours per day or having to work during vacation periods all added to the conflict dynamic. Additionally, rank or position and thus expectations of workers and time demands all showed a negative impact upon family and work relations. Many have conducted empirical research in relation to work-family conflict and job satisfaction with significantly varying results. However, one generally recognised outcome about which few researchers disagree is that when work-family conflict arises, job satisfaction decreases. | Work-family conflict is due largely to constant changes in work hours. | e |
id_4699 | Political and family values within society have impacted upon the modern family structure. Traditionally, it has been the mans role to be the breadwinner for the family providing the funds to pay for food and shelter. However, due to the many new and unique responsibilities placed upon families, in numerous cases both men and women fathers and mothers have had to enter the workforce. Generally, the reasons for both being involved in the workforce revolve around the need to add to the familys current financial base. To a lesser extent, the need to interact with adults in a stimulating work environment is another popular reason. Whatever their reasons, for many families, the decision for father and mother to go out of the home and join the labour force has led to a number of side effects within the home which, in turn, impact upon their performance as employees. Many researchers agree that attitudes towards work are carried over into family life. This spillover can be positive or negative. Positive spillover refers to the spread of satisfaction and positive stimulation at work resulting in high levels of energy and satisfaction at home. If the amount of research is to be taken as an indication, it would seem that positive spillover is not a dominant occurrence in the workplace with most research focussing on the effects of negative spillover. Often pointing out the incompatible nature of work and family life, the research focuses on problems and conflict at work which has the effect of draining and preoccupying the individual, making it difficult for him or her to participate fully in family life. Social scientists have devised a number of theories in an attempt to explain the work-family dynamic. Compensation theory is one which has been widely used. It assumes that the relationship between work and family is negative by pointing out that high involvement in one sphere invariably the work sphere leads to low involvement in the other. As an individual advances within a career, demands typically fluctuate from moderate to more demanding and if the advancing worker has younger children, this shift in work responsibilities will usually manifest itself in the form of less time spent with the family. Researchers subscribing to this theory point out that the drain on family time is significantly related to work-family conflict with an escalation in conflict as the number of family members increase. The human state is one of change. In exploring the work-family dynamic it can be clearly seen that as the pattern of adult development for men and women differs and as family and career demands fluctuate, individuals may link work and family roles differently at different stages of their life. Hence, the relationship between work and family is constantly changing over a persons life. The developmental approach therefore adopts a psychological-developmental framework to explore the dynamics of the relationship between individual, family, and career developments in the life-span of a worker. Interpersonal climates influence motivation of both family and work-related activities in the family and the workplace. Within the family, the feeling of being valued by ones partner directly affects a persons self-determination, while at the same time within the workplace, the feeling of being autonomy-supported by ones employer was shown to have an effect on ones self-determined motivation towards work related activities. Studies built on the theory of self-determination point out that if people have a high level of self-determination, they decide which activities to devote themselves to and thus participate in a positive way, making it difficult for family alienation to occur. Segmentation theory proposes that work and family are actually two entirely separate domains and individuals are able to maintain a clear demarcation between the two. Theorists subscribing to this view maintain that emotions, attitudes and behaviours enlisted in the two different environments are separate and will not have any impact upon work or family. While this theory is certainly applicable for some, apparently not all men and women are able to neatly divide the two experiences. Winthrope points out that, Even though a woman may enter the workforce, research has shown that within the context of the family, the care of her husband and children as well as the living quarters is still heavily the womans domain. This kind of idea is tied up in the old adage; a womansplace is in the home. She is seen as the one who takes care of all domestic duties whereas, stereotypically, it is the man who brings home the food for the family. The degree to which this is felt is certainly based upon societal expectations and behavioural norms. Despite this, there has been no positive link shown that one sex experiences greater difficulty in managing work-family conflicts over another. Perhaps the most positive relation that could be established between work and conflict was in regard to irregular work hours. Factors such as having to work on weekends, having to work longer than nine hours per day or having to work during vacation periods all added to the conflict dynamic. Additionally, rank or position and thus expectations of workers and time demands all showed a negative impact upon family and work relations. Many have conducted empirical research in relation to work-family conflict and job satisfaction with significantly varying results. However, one generally recognised outcome about which few researchers disagree is that when work-family conflict arises, job satisfaction decreases. | Men handle work stresses better than women. | c |
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